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Vincristine sulfate
Cat. No. 1257
Price and AvailabilityBy clicking submit you agree to accept a cookie from Tocris Bioscience. For details, please read our privacy and cookie policy.
Chemical Name: 22-Oxovincaleukoblastine
Biological ActivityAnticancer agent; microtubule disrupter. Induces apoptosis in human lymphoma cells.
Technical DataM.Wt:
The technical data provided above is for guidance only. For batch specific data refer to the Certificate of Analysis.
All Tocris products are intended for laboratory research use only.
Certificate of Analysis / Product Datasheet / Safety Datasheet
References are publications that support the products' biological activity.
Wang et al (1999) The effect of antimicrotubule agents on signal transduction pathways of apoptosis. Cancer Chemother.Pharmacol. 44 355. PMID: 10501907.
Takano et al (1993) Apoptosis induced by microtubule disrupting drugs in cultured human lymphoma cells. Inhibitory effects of phorbol ester and zinc sulphate. Pathol.Res.Pract. 189 197. PMID: 8321748.
Jordan et al (1985) Comparison of the effects of vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinepidine on microtubule dynamics and cell proliferation in vitro. Cancer Res. 45 2741. PMID: 3986806.
If you know of a relevant reference for Vincristine sulfate please let us know.
Citations are publications that use Tocris products. Selected citations for Vincristine sulfate include:
Goldman et al (2015) Temporally sequenced anticancer drugs overcome adaptive resistance by targeting a vulnerable chemotherapy-induced phenotypic transition. Nat Commun 6 6139. PMID: 25669750.
Knutson et al (2014) Synergistic Anti-Tumor Activity of EZH2 Inhibitors and Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists in Models of Germinal Center Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. PLoS One 9 e111840. PMID: 25493630.
Heinemann et al (2011) Synergistic effects of oncolytic reovirus and docetaxel chemotherapy in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 11 221. PMID: 21645351.
Do you know of a great paper that uses Vincristine sulfate from Tocris? If so please let us know.
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Keywords: Vincristine sulfate, supplier, Disrupts, microtubules, Tau, Tubulin, Mitosis, chemotherapeutics, Tocris Bioscience, Microtubule products
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Here is your summary of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 ! A stage had reached when codification of law of marriage had become necessary to solve many controversial issues arising out of Hindu marriage and succession. There was a necessity for codified law applicable to all Hindus. A uniform and comprehensive law governing all Hindus and […]
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Canon 50d Body
Canon 50d Lenses
Canon 50d Flashes
Canon 50d Studio Equipment
Canon 50d Tutorials
Canon 50d Memory Cards
This item has been shown 51 times.
Canon 50D Digital Camera Body
84,000 Actuations
It comes with:- Battery- Aftermarket Charger- Compactflash Card- Data cable- Strap- Body Cap
Rating: 8.5/10. It shows moderate wear. LCD has several scratches.
Rating: 10/10. All camera functions work well. All LCDs work with no bleed. All buttons and dials work properly.


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Most people think that the holiday devoted to Eros is nothing more than a date manufactured by card companies as a way to push their product. And in fact, greeting-card retailers report that nearly one fourth of their yearly sales occur in accordance with Valentine's Day. However, the holiday isn't just some hoax perpetrated by those who sell sentimental greetings. It does, in fact, have some basis in historical fact (and rumor). Although companies that sell cards, flowers, and chocolates have definitely seized on February 14th as an opportunity for capitalistic fulfillment, it doesn't mean that there isn't a history behind the holiday that gets hit with Cupid's arrow.
If you're looking to find the facts, you might be interested to know that this holiday comes as a convergence of two different religions. Romans (and previous peoples of the area) originally celebrated a "pagan" festival from February 13th to the 15th known as Lupercalia. It involved ritual cleansing and purification of an area to bring about fertility. It probably led to a lot of babies being born around the end of the year, hence the love aspect. When Christianity moved into the Roman Empire, they likely decided (as they usually did) to adopt the native holidays into their canon as a way to reduce conflict for those wishing to join the church (without cutting ties to their traditions). And here's how they did it.
Although there were actually three possible figures identified as the basis for St. Valentine, the most likely suspect seems to be a bishop who was practicing in Rome during the reign of Claudius II (the latter part of the 3rd century A.D.). At that time, Rome was facing enemies on several fronts and Claudius decided that the best way to keep the resolve of his soldiers strong was to deny them the right to marry (he felt that wives and kids would pose a distraction). Not surprisingly, the soldiers didn't take too kindly to this restriction, and often found ways to marry in secret. Enter Valentine. According to legend, he was one of many clerics who helped soldiers and their lovers come together in the holy unity of marriage.
Unfortunately, Claudius wasn't very pleased when he discovered Valentine's antics and quickly put him in jail. He might have lived, except for the fact that he tried to convert Claudius, thus offending the emperor and virtually signing his own death warrant. The next part of the story is largely chalked up to rumor, but it is said that he healed the daughter of one of his jailers, becoming good friends with her thereafter. And just before his death sentence was carried out, he sent her a note reading "From Your Valentine", starting a tradition by which young lovers exchanged written vows of love called valentines.
Following his death, the Christian church made Valentine a saint, supposedly in concert with the date of his execution, February 14th. Although it could simply be coincidence that this date falls smack in the middle of Lupercalia, it is far more likely that the date was chosen so that the fertility rite could be easily folded in with a Christian holiday (as saint days were cause for celebration). In any case, the date eventually evolved into what we see today, with the giving of valentines reaching a height of popularity during the Victorian era, when many of the formal decorative elements were added (hearts, lace, cherubs, and so on). So if you've always thought that Valentine's Day was just a means of getting people to buy cards, you should know that the tradition and history tied up with this holiday has more to do with religion than worshipping at the altar of consumerism.
Shirley Simpson writes for Ryson which specializes in vertical conveyors and incline conveyor systems to help reduce your business operation costs.


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Victoria's first vineyard, Yering Station, is located in the 'heart' of the Yarra Valley only one hours drive from Melbourne. As a family-owned winery, Yering Station has been recognised for its commitment to excellence, recently being inducted into the Australian Tourism Awards 'Hall of Fame' for Best Tourism Winery, 2005. Yering Station is renowned for producing award-winning wines of world-class quality and distinction. Now led by Winemaker Willy Lunn, Yering Station was honoured with the prestigious 'Winemaker of the Year' at the International Wine and Spirit Competition in London, 2004. The vineyard is a small 2.5-acre patch planted in the mid 1980's on an easterly aspect. The vines are typically low cropping and produce just 1.2 tonnes of grapes per acre. The addition of a small amount of Viognier to fermenting grapes is a technique used for many years by the producers in the Northern Rhone appellation 'Cote Rotie', this adds an opulent, aromatic quality to the nose and softens the palate. The resulting wine is dark red in colour with spicy black pepper aromas that dominate the nose, underneath there is a complex array of violet, blackberry jam, liquorice and fine oak. The palate is silky and rich, with a wonderful poise. There are layers of concentrated, fine-grained tannins with loads of powerful fruit, these flavours cascade through the palate and provide a wonderful length of flavour with a persistent finish. Has enough concentration and structure to hold its own with the most full flavoured of foods - Beef, Lamb and mature cheese.more ↓ less ↑
|95% Shiraz, 5% Viognier
|Rich but Silky
Coming soon!


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Web Cam GirlsFavorites [+]
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A man from the Hunan province from China is getting what he deserves after stringing women along. He dated 17 women all at the same time, juggling the relationships simultaneously. But when he got into a car accident and was sent to the hospital, that's when his concerned girlfriends came to visit him and wish him well. All 17 of them.
The doctors were apparently the ones who contacted his significant others. Xiao Li was one of those women who had been dating him, Li for 18 months.
"I was really worried when I heard that he was in the hospital. But when I started seeing more and more beautiful girls show up, I couldn't cry anymore."
The list of this guy's crimes and lies seem endless. One woman had given him money for nine years. One was planning their wedding. Another had already had a child with him.
Wang Fang, the woman who had a child with him, said "We've already had a son together. What can I do now? I don't love him anymore, but I do love my son."
Police officers are now investigating this case for fraud, thank goodness. Hopefully this guy will end up alone.
Read More: This Woman Took Her Wheelchair-Bound Mother On A World Tour To Cheer Her Up


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Corporate headshots
The following are Nicole's head shots from James Studio. This is a sample of the James Studio Mini Session.
I recently enjoyed photographing Zoey the dog in the home of Kathy and Steve. It is especially fun to photograph people in their own home. And Zoey is a cute dog that revealed some fun personality. I felt that she deserved some special attention, and so I created this computer-enhanced, graphically designed painting of Zoey with her owners in the […]
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We help you find a Southsea harpsichord tutor. Harpsichord tuition are the perfect way to learn a stimulating new hobby, pick up a new skill and attain confidence in harpsichord. Please use our service to find Southsea harpsichord tutors and choose which best suits your needs so you can start your harpsichord tuition in Southsea straight away!
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text: Lionhead Studios, the geniuses behind Fable 2, just released the March edition of their online paper, the Lionhead Times. In this month's edition they talk about the big GDC announcement, what the development team thought, and a recap of everyone's reactions to it. Let's just say Peter Molyneux and that little dog put a lot of stress on the team, but everyone survived. Also, more interesting, is that Lionhead promises to release a monthly(ish) video blog looking at Fable 2's development process, current events, and whatever the heck else they want called the Lionhead Video Diary. They hope to be putting out the first episode in the next few weeks both online and on the XBLM, so watch for it. Make the jump and get your very own copy of the Lionhead Times.


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Dream Catcher
Sweet dreams are made of these.
Classic dream catchers are made from a willow hoop, but our modern interpretation includes a gold-toned metal ring that pairs perfectly with the included vegan leather cording and wood beads. Weave your good intentions into a unique design that's all your own, making this into a dream that's worth journaling about.


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Domain Name: wilson-disease.com
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Is Nascar Pleasing its Fans, Toying With Death or Both?
Like fighting in the NHL, concussive brutality in the NFL and neck tattoos in the NBA, the threat of wild, scary, super-telegenic car crashes is one of the less reputable but undeniable elements in Nascar's appeal. Put a bunch of macho dudes in souped-up sedans in a tight space, and accidents will happen.
The issue that Nascar faces at the moment is different. In Sunday's Sprint Cup race in Hampton, Ga., star racer Carl Edwards nudged the bumper of Brad Keselowski's car in retaliation for an earlier on-track incident, propelling Keselowski into a dramatic airborne crash. On Tuesday, Edwards was handed a penalty that many drivers and racing pundits found stunningly light: a three-race probation. This might be a good time to look at the picture of that accident again.


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|Five Night at Freddy's:Spare Parts
|Game Information
|Microsoft Windows, iOS, Android,Wii U
|Clickteam Fusion
|Micino Z
|Graphic Adventure
|Survival Horror
|Release date(s)
|Steam, App Store, Google Play, Desura, Greenlight
|Port of
|(only for Mobile)
|Proceeded by
|Followed by
Five Night at Freddy's:Spare Parts is a spin-off of the game Five Night at Freddy's.
Five Night at Freddy's:Spare Parts talks about of the pizzeria "Freddy Fazbear Pizza" in an unknown time.Strange animatronic forgotten come to life.
the pizzeria "Freddy Fazbear Pizza" begins to add new and old animatronics to his "staff" .the pizzeria has a great success but at the very moment of its greatest splendor happens a disaster. A security guard is found in many pieces in his office.so "Freddy Fazbear Pizza" begins losing his fame. you will be the new security guard and you have to withstand five nights at freddy
- Freddy Fazbear
- Bonnie the Bunny
- Chica the Chicken
- Foxy the Pirate Fox
- Ron the Rhino
- Toy Freddy
- Toy Bonnie
- Toy Chica
- Mangle
- Toy BB
- Toy Ron
Very Old
Very New
- Gatten the Cat
- Golden Freddy
Unknow Ones
- Springtrap
In this game there will be two maps: one for the basement, and one for the ground floor
Cameras A
the rooms on the ground floor
- Main Hall
- North Corridor
- South Corridor
- West Corridor
- East Corridor
- Play Room
- Room of plush
- Library
- Indoor Playground
- Staff Only
- Room of Technology
- Kitchen
- Hall 1
- Hall 2
- Hall 3
- Hall 4
- Showstage
- Backstage
- Prize Corner
- Bathroom
- Freezer Room
And of course "the office"
Cameras B
The underground rooms
- Room of the spare parts
- The room for repairs
- Room of the "newcomers"
- Stairs
Game mechanics
The animatronic have thermal cameras (obviously broken). Both they come close to you Because of that. you will have a button That will have two functions: the first is to create a heat source That will attract animatronic somewhere else. the second is to cool in the office to make away animatronics. the second function you can use limited Because the cold can kill the player.
When you use one of These functions the cameras are turned off for a while
if you will be attacked by Gatten you can change your office as you want (by removing the fan, put Plushes, upload images from your computer and put them in the game as posters ,etc.) but you will lose the night.


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DJ Puffy wins Red Bull #3style World Finals 2016
He made history for Barbados when he won his qualifier on day two of the 2016 Red Bull #3Style competition and then made history for the entire Caribbean by winning the World Finals tonight, December 17.
When DJ Flip and DJ Byte announced DJ Puffy as the winner, the 25-year-old clasped his hands and dropped to his knees in complete shock.
Amongst the prizes that Puffy was presented with was a one-of-a-kind, special edition gold Pioneer set.
Just as he ended his set, in his winning speech he said, "I didn't make history tonight, you did!
"You all after Tuesday night, y'all embraced and showed me that love and all I could do is give it right back."
Puffy added, "It's truly a blessing to share stages with the top 23 deejays in the world, it has been an amazing and phenomenal couple of days. To all the sponsors – Red Bull, Pioneer, Serato, Dj City, everybody, thank you."
He also thanked the audience, competitors and judges for embracing him over the past couple of days in Santiago, Chile.


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Reviewed By William L (Canandaigua, NY) —7/25/2017 7:00 AM
Too off loud 50 series cause drone was so bad , this one is great to bad not stainless.
Reviewed By Nick V (Forney, TX) Reviewed for a 2004 Chevy SSR —7/25/2017 6:36 AM
Installer on a 5.3 SSR. Has the sound I wanted. Not too loud, I assume because of the Catalytic Converters. Added pipe to the front so it is installed closer to tailpipes under the bed, so no noticeable Drone inside cab.


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Virgin's boss John Borghetti speaks with Ticky Fullerton
The domestic airline market is proving to be a very aggressive fly zone. Today, Virgin Australia revealed half-year results hit by a flood of new seat capacity on the market, the highest since 2004.
TICKY FULLERTON, PRESENTER: Last week Virgin Australia won Domestic Airline of the Year at Roy Morgan's Customer Satisfaction Awards, but the domestic market is proving to be a very aggressive fly zone.
Today the airline revealed half-year results hit by a flood of new seat capacity on the market, the highest since 2004 - thanks to Qantas as well - and a net profit of $23 million, down from $52 million in the previous period, which also benefitted $6 billion from Qantas' fleet grounding last year.
I spoke to CEO John Borghetti after his analyst and media briefings.
John Borghetti, thank you for joining me again.
JOHN BORGHETTI, CEO, VIRGIN: Hi, Ticky. Great to see you.
TICKY FULLERTON: If I could coin a phrase, the game has really changed in the domestic market, this flood of capacity.
JOHN BORGHETTI: I guess you could say it's game on. You know, the fact is that two years ago we - I remember standing in this very room giving an outlook and saying that we had to change our business, we had to reposition it and diversify our revenue base to shoulder - to fend off any shocks that could occur, whether they'd be floods, etc.
What I didn't expect at the time is that we had to fend off floods of capacity as well and - but we've managed to do that and we've done it very well, I think.
TICKY FULLERTON: You slightly disappointed the market today, it would seem. Revenue's up, profit's down. Now Qantas was never going to let you get away with taking the corporate market away from them, was it?
JOHN BORGHETTI: Well, we don't want all the market, but we are making good progress and our numbers are up in the corporate market.
TICKY FULLERTON: They're very driven by this concept of market share overall in the domestic market. Their strategy is obviously a defensive one. Who is going to come out ahead in this game?
JOHN BORGHETTI: Well, I think we've proved in the last six months that we have come out ahead. I mean, if you exclude the Boeing payments on the Qantas results, our performance has frankly outshone them on a number of fronts. Our yield performance was better and so on.
We've always had a view that capacity is a result of strategy; it shouldn't be your strategy. And that's exactly the path we've gone down. And we've grown capacity significantly on the Perth route. If you look at all our operations to Perth, we've put wider aircraft for a good reason, and that is, they're a much more comfortable aeroplane to fly in, so you're attracting better yield passengers.
But when you look at our capacity growth on the rest of Australia, it's actually been very moderate; in some cases it's been below market growth. Conversely, if you want to stick to a particular line in the sand, so to speak ...
TICKY FULLERTON: Because the market share is about revenue kilometres, it's about distance, isn't it?
JOHN BORGHETTI: It's about distance, exactly right, Ticky. And so for every seat that we put on on Sydney to Perth, you need to put on 10 seats on Melbourne-Sydney to compensate for that distortion. And that's exactly what's happened. If you look at our growth on a triangle, we've grown at about 3 per cent. Jetstar's grown at I think 50 per cent.
TICKY FULLERTON: Well, Qantas' Alan Joyce says he reckons that they're at a turning point, he said last week. He's going to take you on more on the trans-continental route with a reconfiguration of his widebody's A-380s and he said this will help the airline, "leap frog anything the competitors are doing".
JOHN BORGHETTI: Well then he's got nothing to worry about, has he?
TICKY FULLERTON: Let me move to a very significant item to hit your profits and that is the carbon tax, which, as a result of all this competition you weren't able to recover from the customer. I would imagine that you were a sure fire Tony Abbott vote, aren't you?
JOHN BORGHETTI: Well it's actually very interesting because when the carbon tax was introduced, we always said it was going to be about between $40 and $50 million a year in terms of cost. But we were confident that to some degree we'd be able to recoup some of that through airfares. But of course because of the capacity flood, as they keep calling it, that's occurred in the market, pricing has taken a hit.
TICKY FULLERTON: Meanwhile your reservation system and indeed this code sharing in Australia is paying dividends presumably both domestically and your international business, which has done well this half.
JOHN BORGHETTI: Absolutely. And this sabre system, this SabreSonic, which is the name of the system, will open global reach for us.
TICKY FULLERTON: Do you feel there's going to be much of a change in the international competition now that Emirates and Qantas have tied up?
JOHN BORGHETTI: Well, that's an interesting point and we see that as an opportunity, frankly. And that's - you would have seen us announce co-chair with Singapore Airlines from Asia to Europe because we feel that there is an opportunity there now of linking Asia with Europe.
The Middle East is very important and of course we fly to Abu Dhabi and our relationship with Etihad is a very strong one. But the fact is that in this market you need to give your customers a choice of both. You cannot decide that one is more important than the other. At least we don't believe that that's right. So it's a perfect opportunity for us to do both.
TICKY FULLERTON: Just on your acquisitions, Sky West and Tiger in particular, the ACCC is considering this. Now, various people, airports included, who are worried about indications from Singapore Airlines that Tiger Australia may be wound up if the ACCC fails to authorise the Virgin transaction.
Now, do you see that as a very convincing argument for the ACCC or a little bit of a convenient argument, given that they're your shareholder, Singapore?
JOHN BORGHETTI: Well, I don't think Singapore Airlines has ever said that. I think the Singapore board - sorry, the Tiger board has said that and that isn't Singapore Airlines, it's an independent company. The fact is this is a business that's been losing between $15 and $20 million every three months and they've got 10 or 11 aircraft.
How long can you sustain those losses of $60 to $80 million a year? Very difficult. Now, it's not for me to say whether they're going to continue or not. That's their decision.
But what I do know is that if we do get Tiger, two things will happen. The first is Tiger will grow and Tiger will bring competition to Jetstar. Because if you look at the budget market today, we run the risk if we don't pick up Tiger and do something with Tiger and expand it, of there being a monopoly at the budget end with just Jetstar, which is a reverse situation to two years ago when we had a monopoly situation with just Qantas at the premium end.
So, the good thing for us is that if we are successful in getting Tiger, and of course SkyWest for that matter, and we already have Virgin positioning itself in a premium space, we'll have three airlines that will be the lowest cost providers in their respective spaces, and that's a very, very powerful, competitive position to be in.
TICKY FULLERTON: John Borghetti, thank you for very much for joining us.
JOHN BORGHETTI: Thank you for speaking to me.


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Does anyone have any experience migrating virtual servers to a physical? i am running Server 2008 on my host and Microsoft Virtual server 2005 SP1 with all the patches and updates. my guest servers are also running server 2008. I have found that this setup is not ideal and the servers are not stable. They crash a lot and are often slow. I'd like to ultimately migrate the virtual servers to run on the physical machine and not worry about virtualization for the time bring. I am running spiceworks and WSUS on one virtual and a SharePoint server 2007 on the other. I think it might be best to convert the virtual with SW and WSUS and just transfer the SharePoint site after the fact. Any advice? thoughts? Has anyone ever done anything like this?
8 Replies
Apr 24, 2009 at 1:11 UTC
I love Backup Exec System Recovery for something like this.
I'm surprised you're having problems with stability, though I must say Virtual Server was aweful so I'm not surprised you're having performance issues. I've heard Hyper-V is better and I'm a VMware wonk.
It's funny you mention the stability issue though because I was just thinking exactly the OPPOSITE as you. I had to build a terminal server from scratch on my virtual host and it took about 3 hours (apps and everything). The thing was blazing fast with less the 30 seconds on the boot times from "OK" on the restart menu to the "CTRL-ALT-DEL" button.
Then I had to reboot one of my physical DC's and it was over 30 minutes! Took so long I actually power cycled the thing a couple of times. Obviously I have to investigate what's going on, but once it finally got up everything seems ok (and gawd forbid it give me an actually error or anything, that would be too easy).
Anyway I was thinking that this kind of thing NEVER happens to my virtual machines (jinxed now, right?).
Oh well, I'm sure that didn't help :)
Apr 24, 2009 at 1:31 UTC
I didn't think of backup exec that just might work... I think the stability issue might come from server 08 running on top of server 08. I have heard hyper -V is better as well. Part of my problem is while I am running 4 xeons on 16GB ram non of the hardware wasn't ever designed for virtualization. i'm thinking a super beefy box at this point is better.
Apr 24, 2009 at 1:43 UTC
Your box actually sounds pretty good, to me!
Before you go crazy on a new server, consider copying your VHD's to your local PC and reinstall on your server either Hyper-V Server or ESXi and I think you'll see a dramatic performance improvement. With ESXi you can easily get 8-10 VM's with 1 to 2 vCPU's and 2gb of RAM on that hardware (depending on load, of course).
Apr 24, 2009 at 2:22 UTC
We routinely use Acronis Enterprise to image the systems we move from physical to virtual, but as we also use it to image physical servers from base system images, I can't see any reaosn why you can't use it to take an image of the virtual system and then load it onto a physical machine.
Apr 24, 2009 at 3:04 UTC
Wow...haven't heard of stability issues like that with VM's. I've got a Virtual Server 2005 box on a dual-quad core Xeon 1.6 with 16gb RAM, and haven't had any stability problems in 2 years. It's running a DC, file server, BES, Exchange, a couple of Terminal Servers, SQL, web server, our Timeclock system, and a couple of extras that don't do much right now. Longest running VM is Exchange at 69 days right now, last restart was due to updates.
Hyper-V does get better performance, but Virtual Server doesn't do too bad...
I just read your post again and see that your host OS is 2008 - may want to take a look here:
Not sure that it would apply, but maybe...
Apr 24, 2009 at 3:28 UTC
Niagara Technology Group (NTG) is an IT service provider.
I too ran Virtual Server 2005 for several years on W2K3 and had no stability problems. It worked very well for us.
Apr 27, 2009 at 3:47 UTC
Four xeons and 16 GB of ram should be plenty.....
I'm personally more of a VMware guy myself but there are plenty of options out there. I personally like the idea of using Acronis to image the virtual machines as you could then do a universal restore (lets you restore to a hardware platform other than the one you took the image from) when you change platforms whether it be to another virtual or a different physical platform.
If it were me, and the licensing was affordable, I would get the Acronis True Image Echo Server software for imaging the servers along with enough licenses for all of the servers you need to image. Get yourself a sizable USB HDD to store the images. This is going to sound a little redundant but I personally would do the following:
1.) Image each of the individual virtual machines.
2.) Image the host containing including all of the virtual machines.
The reason I suggest this is that you need to have a fallback plan if the rebuild and restructure goes awry. If the universal restores fail for the individual virtual machines or something else happens then you can always restore the entire host and regroup for a later date.
Then I would rebuild the server with either ESXi or VMware Server on top on Linux or Windows 2003 or above. I'd prefer Linux on the VMware Server route just because it doesn't chew through as much RAM as Windows Server 2003/2008. And its one less license to burn....Then create your VM's with enough resources for each one (CPU, RAM, disk space, etc) and restore your virtual machines one by one using the universal restore option within Acronis.
That's just one way though...there are many.
Apr 28, 2009 at 8:45 UTC
First of all: If you are using 2008 as a host OS, use Hyper-V and nothing else.
OK, I should say you must have a 64bit system to use it. Or you run Hyper-V Server on your physical box. Costs only 28 dollars.
The Hyper-V Management Console can import Virtual Server VMs as well, but they can never ever be reverted to Virtual Server VMs again if you do this.
When you want to migrate your servers from VM to PM, use sysprep to delete all virtual hardware related information from the OS, then make an image (Acronis true image pro should do, home is incompatible to Windows Server) and install the image on your physical box. This should do the trick.
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You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
[Graphic Omitted]
Public Health Service National Institutes of Health
Prepared by the Office of Scientific and Health
Reports National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders
and Stroke
Bethesda, Maryland 20205
NIH Publication No. 84-158 September 1984
Headache, Hope Through Research was written by
Diane Striar of the Office of Scientific and Health Reports, NINCDS,
For 2 years, Jim suffered the excruciating pain of
cluster headaches. Night after night he paced the floor, the pain
driving him to constant motion. He was only 48 years old when the
clusters forced him to quit his job as a systems analyst. One year
later, his headaches are controlled. The credit for Jim's recovery
belongs to the medical staff of a headache clinic. Physicians there
applied the latest research findings on headache, and prescribed for
Jim a combination of new drugs.
* Joan was a victim of frequent migraine. Her
headaches lasted 2 days. Nauseous and weak, she stayed in the dark
until each attack was over. Today, although migraine still interferes
with her life, she has fewer attacks and less severe headaches than
before. A specialist prescribed an antimigraine program for Joan that
included improved drug therapy, a new diet and relaxation training.
* An avid reader, Peggy couldn't put down the new
mystery thriller. After 4 hours of reading slumped in bed, she knew she
had overdone it. Her tensed head and neck muscles felt as if they were
being squeezed between two giant hands. But for Peggy, the
muscle-contraction headache and neck pain were soon relieved by a hot
shower and aspirin.
An estimated 40 million Americans experience
chronic headaches. For at least half of these people, the problem is
severe and sometimes disabling. It can also be costly: headache
sufferers make over 8 million visits a year to doctor's offices.
Migraine victims alone lose over 64 million workdays because of
headache pain.
Understanding why headaches occur and improving
headache treatment are among the research goals of the National
Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke
(NINCDS). As the focal point for brain research in the Federal
Government, the NINCDS also supports and conducts studies to improve
the diagnosis of headaches and to find ways to prevent them.
Some headaches require prompt medical attention.
Why does it hurt?
What hurts when you have a headache? Several areas
of the head can hurt, including a network of nerves which extends over
the scalp and certain nerves in the face, mouth, and throat. Also
sensitive to pain, because they contain delicate nerve fibers, are the
muscles of the head and blood vessels found along the surface and at
the base of the brain.
The bones of the skull and tissues of the brain
itself, however, never hun, because they lack pain-sensitive nerve
The ends of these pain-sensitive nerves, called
nociceptors, can be stimulated by stress, muscular tension, dilated
blood vessels, and other triggers of headache. Once stimulated, a
nociceptor sends a message up the length of the nerve fiber to the
nerve cells in the brain, signaling that a pan of the body hurts. The
message is determined by the location of the nociceptor. A person who
suddenly realizes "My toe hurts," is responding to nociceptors in the
foot that have been stimulated by the stubbing of a toe.
A number of chemicals help transmit pain-related
information to the brain. Some of these chemicals are natural
painkilling proteins called endorphins, Greek for "the morphine
within." One theory suggests that people who suffer from severe
headache and other types of chronic pain have lower levels of
endorphins than people who are generally pain free.
When you should see a physician
Not all headaches require medical attention. Some
result from missed meals or occasional muscle tension and are easily
remedied. But some types of headache are signals of more serious
disorders such as head injury and call for prompt medical care. These
* Sudden, severe headache
* Headache associated with convulsions
* Headache accompanied by confusion or loss of
* Headache following a blow on the head
* Headache associated with pain in the eye or ear
* Persistent headache in a person who was
previously headache free
* Recurring headache in children
* Headache associated with fever
* Headache which interferes with normal life
A headache sufferer usually seeks help from a
family practitioner. If the problem is not relieved by standard
treatments, the patient may then be referred to a specialist--perhaps
an internist or neurologist. Additional referrals may be made to
Diagnosis: What the physician looks for
Diagnosing a headache is like playing Twenty
Questions. Experts agree that a detailed question-and-answer session
witha patient can often produce enough information for a diagnosis.
Many types of headaches have dear-cut symptoms which fall into an
easily recognizable pattern.
A medical history often provides a physician with
enough clues about a patient's headaches to make a diagnosis.
Patients may be asked: How often do you have
headaches? Where is the pain? How long do the headaches last? When did
you first develop headaches?
The patient's sleep habits and family and work
situations may also be probed.
Most physicians will also obtain a full medical
from the patient, inquiring about past head trauma or surgery
and about the use of medications. A blood test may be ordered
to screen for thyroid disease, anemia, or infections which
might cause a headache. X rays may be taken to rule out the
possibility of a brain tumor or blood clot.
A test called an
electroencephalogram (EEG) may be given
to measure brain activity. EEG's can indicate a malfunction in
the brain, but they cannot usually pinpoint a problem that
might be causing a headache. A physician may suggest that a
patient with unusual headaches undergo a computed tomographic
(CT) scan. The CT scan produces images of the brain that show
variations in the density of different types of tissue. The
scan enables the physician to distinguish, for example, between
a bleeding blood vessel in the brain and a brain tumor. The CT
scan is an important diagnostic tool in cases of headache
associated with brain lesions or other serious disease. Experts
generally agree, however, that this sophisticated and expensive
technology is not required to diagnose simple or periodic
An eye exam is usually performed to check for
weakness in
the eye muscle or unequal pupil size. Both of these symptoms
are evidence of an aneurysm--an abnormal ballooning of a blood
vessel. A physician who suspects that a headache patient has an
aneurysm may also order an angiogram. In this test, a special
fluid which can be seen on an X ray is injected into the
patient and carried in the bloodstream to the brain to reveal
any abnormalities in the blood vessels there.
Thermography, an experimental technique for
headache, promises to become a Useful clinical tool. In
thermography, an infrared camera converts skin temperature into
a color picture or thermogram with different degrees of heat
appearing as different colors. Skin temperature is affected
primarily by blood flow. Research scientists have found that
thermograms of headache patients show strikingly different heat
patterns from those of people who never or rarely get headaches.
Scientists at this clinic use thermography to
headache. An infrared camera converts skin temperature, which
is influenced by blood flow, into a color picture or
thermogram. Each type of headache produces a distinctive heat
pattern on a thermogram, so investigators can "see" their
patients' headaches in living color.
A physician analyzes the results of all these
tests along with a patient's medical history in order to arrive
at a diagnosis.
Headaches are diagnosed as:
* Vascular
* Muscle contraction
* Traction
* Inflammatory
Vascular headaches--a group that includes the
well-known migraine--are so named because they are thought to involve
abnormal function of the brain's blood vessels or vascular system.
Muscle contraction headaches appear to involve the tightening or
tensing of facial and neck muscles. Traction and inflammatory headaches
are symptoms of other disorders, ranging from stroke to sinus
infection. Some people have more than one.type of headache.
Migraine headaches: A painful malady
The most common type of vascular headache is migraine.
Migraine headaches are usually characterized by severe pain on
one or both sides of the head, an upset stomach, and at times
disturbed vision.
Basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar remembers experiencing
his first migraine at age 14. The pain was unlike the
discomfort of his previous mild headaches.
"When I got this one I thought, 'This is a headache'," he
says. "The pain was intense and I felt nausea and a great
sensitivity to light. All I could think about was when it would
stop. I sat in a dark room for an hour and it passed."
[Graphic Omitted]
Basketball star and migraine sufferer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
(holding a ball) has played some of his best games after
overcoming headache attacks.
Symptoms of migraine. Abdul-Jabbar's sensitivity to light
is a standard symptom of the two most prevalent types of
migraine-caused headache: classic and common.
The major difference between the two types is the
appearance of neurological symptoms 10 to 30 minutes before a
classic migraine attack. These symptoms are called an aura. The
person may see flashing lights or zigzag lines, or may
temporarily lose vision. Other classic symptoms include speech
difficulty, weakness of an arm or leg, tingling of the face or
hands, and confusion.
The pain of a classic migraine headache is described as
intense, throbbing, or pounding and is felt in the forehead,
temple, ear, jaw, or around the eye. Classic migraine starts on
one side of the head but may eventually spread to the other
side. An attack lasts 1 to 2 pain-wracked days.
If you were about to experience a classic migraine headache,
you might find it difficult to read this pamphlet. You could
lose part of your vision temporarily and see zigzag lines and
black dots. Such visual problems--and other neurological
symptoms--often precede classic migraine.
Migraines involve blood flow changes in the brain.
The common migraine--a term that reflects the disorder's
greater occurrence in the general population--is not preceded
by an aura. But some people experience a variety of vague
symptoms beforehand, including mental fuzziness, mood changes,
fatigue, and unusual retention of fluids. During the headache
phase of a common migraine, a person may have diarrhea and
increased urination, as well as nausea and vomiting. Common
migraine pain can last 3 or 4 days.
Both classic and common migraine can strike as often as
several times a week, or as rarely as once every few years,
Both types can occur at any time. Some people, however,
experience migraines at predictable times -near the days of
menstruation or every Saturday morning after a stressful week
of work.
The migraine process. Research scientists are unclear
about the precise cause of migraine headaches. There seems to
be general agreement, however, that a key element is blood flow
changes in the brain. People who get migraine headaches appear
to have blood vessels that overreact to various triggers.
Scientists have devised one theory of migraine which
explains these blood flow changes and also certain biochemical
changes that may be involved in the headache process. According
to this theory, the nervous system responds to a trigger such
as stress by creating a spasm in the nerve-rich arteries at the
base of the brain. The spasm closes down or constricts several
arteries supplying blood to the brain, including the scalp
artery and the carotid or neck arteries.
As these arteries constrict, the flow of blood to the
brain is reduced. At the same time, blood-clotting particles
called platelets clump together--a process which is believed to
release a chemical called serotonin. Serotonin acts as a
powerful constrictor of arteries, further reducing the blood
supply to the brain.
Reduced blood flow decreases the brain's supply of oxygen.
Symptoms signaling a headache, such as distorted vision or
speech, may then result, similar to symptoms of stroke.
One theory of the migraine process: (a) a patient's nervous
system responds to a trigger such as stress by creating a spasm
in the arteries at the base of the brain. The spasm and the
release of serotonin reduce blood flow to the brain.
Blood-borne oxygen is decreased, causing the "aura" of
neurological symptoms; (b) arteries in and around brain tissue
then dilate or widen to meet the brain's energy and oxygen
needs. Pain-producing chemicals are released and nerve endings
on the scalp are stimulated. The patient then feels a throbbing
pain in the head.
Reacting to the reduced oxygen supply, certain arteries
within the brain open wider to meet the brain's energy needs.
This widening or dilation spreads, finally affecting the neck
and scalp arteries. The dilation of these arteries triggers the
release of pain-producing substances called prostaglandins from
various tissues and blood cells. Chemicals which cause
inflammation and swelling, and substances which increase
sensitivity to pain are also released. The circulation of these
chemicals and the dilation of the scalp arteries stimulate the
pain-sensitive nociceptors. The result, according to this
theory: a throbbing pain in the head.
Women and migraine. Although boys and girls seem to be
equally affected by migraine, the condition is more common in
adult women than in men. Both sexes may develop migraine in
infancy, but most often the disorder begins between the ages of
5 and 35.
The relationship between female hormones and migraine is
still unclear. Women may have "menstrual migraine"--headaches
around the time of their menstrual period--which may disappear
during pregnancy. Other women develop migraine for the first
time when they are pregnant. Some are first affected after
The effect of oral contraceptives on headaches is
perplexing. Scientists report that some migrainous women who
take birth control pills experience more frequent and severe
attacks. However, a small percentage of women have fewer and
less severe migraine headaches when they take birth control
pills. And normal women who do not suffer from headaches may
develop migraines as a side effect when they use oral
contraceptives. Investigators around the world are studying
hormonal changes in migrainous women in the hope of identifying
the specific ways these naturally occurring chemicals cause
Triggers of headache. The existence of a migraine
personality is a controversial theory which suggests that
migraine patients are compulsive, rigid, and perfectionistic.
Most scientists believe, however, that not all migraine patients
have these traits and that not all individuals with these
personality characteristics have migraine.
"Migraine is triggered by things that are not so terrible."
Rather than focusing on character traits, says one
headache specialist, it would be better to view people who get
migraines as having an inherited abnormality in the regulation
of blood vessels. Many sufferers have a family history of
migraine, but the exact hereditary nature of this condition is
still unknown.
"It's like a cocked gun with a hair trigger," explains the
specialist. "A person is born with a potential for migraine and
the headache is triggered by things that are really not so
These triggers include stress and other normal emotions,
as well as biological and environmental conditions. Fatigue,
glaring or flickering lights, the weather, and even certain
foods can set off migraine. It may seem hard to believe that
eating such seemingly harmless foods as yogurt, nuts, and lima
beans can result in a painful migraine headache. However, some
scientists believe that these foods and several others contain
chemical substances such as tyramine which constrict
arteries--the first step of the migraine process. Other
scientists believe that foods cause headaches by setting off an
allergic reaction in susceptible people.
While a food-triggered migraine usually occurs soon after
eating, other triggers may not cause immediate pain. Scientists
report that people can develop migraine not only during a
period of stress but also afterwards when their vascular
systems are still reacting. The "Preacher Monday-Morning
Headache" is named for those clergymen who get migraines a day
after the stress of delivering a Sunday sermon. Migraines that
wake people up in the middle of the night are also believed to
result from a delayed reaction to stress.
Other forms of migraine. In addition to classic and
common, migraine headache can take several other forms:
Patients with hemiplegic migraine have temporary paralysis
on one side of the body, a condition known as hemiplegia. Some
people may experience vision problems and vertigo--a feeling
that the world is spinning. These symptoms begin 10 to 90
minutes before the onset of headache pain.
In ophthalmoplegic migraine, the pain is around the eye
and is associated with a droopy eyelid, double vision, and
other sight problems.
Basilar artery migraine involves a disturbance of a major
brain artery. Preheadache symptoms include vertigo, double
vision, and poor muscular coordination. This type of migraine
occurs primarily in adolescent and young adult women and is
often associated with the menstrual cycle.
Benign exertional headache is brought on by running,
lifting, coughing, sneezing, or bending. The headache begins at
the onset of activity, and pain rarely lasts more than several
Status migrainosus is a rare and severe type of migraine
that can last 72 hours or longer. The pain and nausea are so
intense that people who have this type of headache must be
hospitalized. The use of certain drugs can trigger status
migrainosus. Neurologists report that many of their status
migrainosus patients were depressed and anxious before they
experienced headache attacks.
Headache-free migraine is characterized by such migraine
symptoms as visual problems, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or
diarrhea. Patients, however, do not experience head pain.
Headache specialists have suggested that unexplained pain in a
particular part of the body, fever, and dizziness could also be
possible types of headache-free migraine.
Treating migraine headache
During the Stone Age, pieces of a headache sufferer's
skull were cut away with flint instruments to relieve pain.
Another unpleasant remedy used in the British Isles around the
ninth Century involved drinking "the juice of elderseed, cow's
brain, and goat's dung dissolved in vinegar." Fortunately,
today's headache patients are spared such drastic measures.
Common sense rather than scientific discovery was the basis of
many early migraine remedies. This 19th century French cartoon
shows a family responding to the needs of a migraine sufferer
by creating a dark, quiet atmosphere.
Drug therapy, biofeedback training, stress reduction, and
elimination of certain foods from the diet are the most common
methods of preventing and controlling migraine and other
vascular headaches. Joan, the migraine sufferer, was helped by
treatment with a combination of an antimigraine drug and diet
Regular exercise, such as swimming or vigorous walking,
can also reduce the frequency and severity of migraine
headaches. Joan found that yoga and whirlpool baths helped her
During a migraine headache, temporary relief can sometimes
be obtained by using cold packs or by pressing on the bulging
artery found in front of the ear on the painful side of the
Drug therapy. There are two ways to approach the treatment
of migraine headache with drugs: prevent the attacks, or
relieve symptoms after the headache occurs.
With biofeedback, migraine may become less frequent.
For infrequent migraine, drugs can be taken at the first
sign of a headache in order to stop it or to at least ease the
pain. People who get occasional mild migraine may benefit by
taking aspirin or acetaminophen at the start of an attack.
Aspirin raises a person's tolerance to pain and also
discourages clumping of blood platelets. Small amounts of
caffeine may be useful if taken in the early stages of
migraine. But for most migraine sufferers who get moderate to
severe headaches, and for all cluster patients, stronger drugs
may be necessary to control the pain.
One of the most commonly used drugs for the relief of
classic and common migraine symptoms is ergotamine tartrate, a
vasoconstrictor which helps counteract the painful dilation
stage of the headache. For optimal benefit, the drug is taken
during the early stages of an attack. If a migraine has been in
progress for about an hour and has passed into the final
throbbing stage, ergotamine tartrate will probably not help.
Because ergotamine tartrate can cause nausea and vomiting,
it may be combined with antinausea drugs. Research scientists
caution that ergotamine tartrate should not be taken in excess
or by people who have angina pectoris, severe hypertension, or
vascular, liver, or kidney disease.
Patients who are unable to take ergotamine tartrate may
benefit from other drugs that constrict dilated blood vessels
or help reduce blood vessel inflammation.
For headaches that occur three or more times a month,
preventive treatment is usually recommended. Drugs used to
prevent classic and common migraine include methysergide
maleate, which counteracts blood vessel constriction,
propranolol, which stops blood vessel dilation, and
amitriptyline, an antidepressant.
In a study of propranolol, amitriptyline, and biofeedback
conducted by the Houston Headache Clinic, scientists found that
migraine patients improved most on a combination of propranolol
and biofeedback. Patients who had mixed migraine and
muscle-contraction headaches received the greatest benefit from
a combination of propranolol, amitriptyline, and biofeedback.
Another recent study showed that propranolol may continue
to prevent migraine headaches even after patients have stopped
taking the drug. The scientists who conducted the study
speculate that long-term therapy with propranolol may have a.
lasting effect on blood vessels, training them to react less
than usual to the triggers of migraine.
Antidepressants called MAO inhibitors also prevent
migraine. These drugs block an enzyme called monoamine oxidase
which normally helps nerve cells absorb the artery-constricting
chemical, serotonin.
MAO inhibitors can have potentially serious side
effects--particularly if taken while ingesting foods or
beverages that contain tyramine, a substance that closes down
Several new drugs for the prevention of migraine have been
developed in recent years, including papaverine hydrochloride,
which produces blood vessel dilation, and cyproheptadine, which
counteracts serotonin.
All these antimigraine drugs can have adverse side
effects. But they are relatively safe when used carefully. To
avoid long-term side effects of preventive medications,
headache specialists advise patients to reduce the dosage of
these drugs and then to stop taking them as soon as possible.
Biofeedback and relaxation training. Drug therapy for
migraine is often combined with biofeedback and relaxation
training. Biofeedback is a space-age word for a technique that
can give people better control over such body function
indicators as blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, muscle
tension, and brain waves. Thermal biofeedback allows a patient
to consciously raise hand temperature. Some patients who are
able to increase hand temperature can reduce the number and
intensity of migraines. The mechanism of this hand-warming
effect is being studied by research scientists.
An NINCDS grantee at the State University of New
York in Albany instructs a headache patient in thermal biofeedback. A
temperature-sensitive device attached to her forefinger is connected to
a feedback meter that tells the patient if and how much she is warming
her hands.
[This is a unit we call the Stress Computer.]
"To succeed in biofeedback," says a headache
specialist, "you must be able to concentrate and you must be motivated
to get well."
A patient learning thermal biofeedback wears a
device which transmits the temperature of an index finger or hand to a
monitor. While the patient tries to warm his hands, the monitor
provides feedback either on a gauge that shows the temperature reading
or by emitting a sound or beep that increases in intensity as the
temperature increases. The patient is not told how to raise hand
temperature, but is given suggestions such as "Imagine that your hands
feel very warm and heavy."
"I have a good imagination," says one headache
sufferer who traded in her medication for thermal biofeedback. The
technique decreased the number and severity of headaches she
In another type of biofeedback called
electromyographic or
EMG training, the patient learns to control muscle tension in
the face, neck, and shoulders.
Either kind of biofeedback may be combined with
relaxation training, during which patients learn to relax the mind and
Biofeedback can be practiced at home with a
portable monitor. But the ultimate goal of treatment is to wean the
patient from the machine. The patient can then use biofeedback anywhere
at the first sign of a headache.
The antimigraine diet. Scientists estimate that a
small percentage of migraine sufferers will benefit from a treatment
program focused solely on eliminating headache-provoking foods and
Other migraine patients may be helped by a diet to
low blood sugar. Low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can cause
dilation of the blood vessels in the head. This condition can
occur after a period without food: overnight, for example, or
when a meal is skipped. People who wake up in the morning with
a headache may be reacting to the low blood sugar caused by the
lack of food overnight.
Treatment for headaches caused by low blood sugar
of scheduling smaller, more frequent meals for the patient. A
special diet designed to stabilize the body's sugar-regulating
system is sometimes recommended.
For the same reason, many specialists also
recommend that
migraine patients avoid oversleeping on weekends. Sleeping late
can change the body's normal blood sugar level and lead to a
Beyond migraine: Other vascular headaches
After migraine, the most common type of vascular
is the toxic headache produced by fever. Pneumonia, measles,
mumps, and tonsillitis are among the diseases that can cause
severe toxic vascular headaches. Toxic headaches can also
result from the presence of foreign chemicals in the body.
Other kinds of vascular headaches include "clusters," which
cause repeated episodes of intense pain, and headaches
resulting from a rise in blood pressure.
Chemical culprits. Repeated exposure to nitrite
can result in a dull, pounding headache that may be accompanied
by a flushed face. Nitrite, which dilates blood vessels, is
found in such products as heart medicine and dynamite. Hot dogs
and other meats containing sodium nitrite can also cause
"Chinese restaurant headache" can occur when a
individual eats foods prepared with monosodium glutamate
(MSG)--a staple in many Oriental kitchens. Soy sauce, meat
tenderizer, and a variety of packaged foods contain this
chemical which is touted as a flavor enhancer.
Vascular headache can also result from exposure to
poisons, even common household varieties like insecticides,
carbon tetrachloride, and lead. Children who eat flakes of lead
paint may develop headaches. So may anyone who has contact with
lead batteries or lead-glazed pottery.
Painters, printmakers, and other artists may
headaches after exposure to art materials that contain
chemicals called solvents. Solvents, like benzene, are found in
turpentine, spray adhesives, robber cement, and inks.
Drugs such as amphetamines can cause headaches as
a side
effect. Another type of drug-related headache occurs during
withdrawal from long-term therapy with the antimigraine drug
ergotamine tartrate.
Jokes are often made about alcohol hangovers but
headache associated with "the morning after" is no laughing
matter. Fortunately, there are several suggested remedies for
the pain, including ergotamine tartrate. The hangover headache
may also be reduced by taking honey, which speeds alcohol
metabolism, or caffeine, a constrictor of dilated arteries.
Caffeine, however, can cause headaches as well as cure them.
Heavy coffee drinkers often get headaches when they try to
break the caffeine habit.
Cluster headaches. Cluster headaches, named for
repeated occurrence in groups or clusters, begin as a minor
pain around one eye, eventually spreading to that side of the
face. The pain quickly intensifies, compelling the victim to
pace the floor or rock in a chair. "You can't lie down, you're
fidgety," explains a cluster patient. "The pain is unbearable."
Other symptoms include a stuffed and runny nose and a droopy
eyelid over a red and tearing eye.
The typical cluster patient is tall and muscular.
Cluster headaches last between 30 and 45 minutes.
But the
relief people feel at the end of an attack is usually mixed
with dread as they await a recurrence. Clusters can strike
several times a day or night for several weeks or months. Then,
mysteriously, they may disappear for months or years. Many
people have cluster bouts during the spring and fall. At their
worst, chronic cluster headaches can last continuously for
Cluster attacks can strike at any age but usually
between the ages of 20 and 40. Unlike migraine, cluster
headaches are more common in men and do not run in families.
Research scientists have observed certain physical similarities
among people who experience cluster headache. The typical
cluster patient is a tall, muscular man with a ragged facial
appearance and a square, jutting or dimpled chin. The texture
of his coarse skin resembles an orange peel. Women who get
clusters may also have this type of skin.
Studies of cluster patients show that they are
likely to
have hazel eyes and that they tend to be heavy smokers and
drinkers. Paradoxically, both nicotine, which constricts
arteries, and alcohol, which dilates them, trigger duster
headaches. The exact connection between these substances and
cluster attacks is not known.
Despite a cluster headache's distinguishing
characteristics, its relative infrequency and similarity to
such disorders as sinusitis can lead to misdiagnosis. Some
cluster patients have had tooth extractions, sinus surgery, or
psychiatric treatment in a futile effort to cure their pain.
Research studies have turned up several clues as
to the
cause of cluster headache, but no answers. One clue is found in
the thermograms of untreated cluster patients, which show a
"cold spot" of reduced blood flow above the eye.
The sudden start and brief duration of cluster
can make them difficult to treat. By the time medicine is
absorbed into the body, the attack is often over. However,
research scientists have identified several effective drugs for
these headaches. The antimigraine drug ergotamine tartrate can
subdue a cluster, if taken at the first sign of an attack.
Injections of dihydroergotamine, a form of ergotamine tartrate,
are sometimes used to treat clusters.
A thermogram of a normal person shows a
symmetrical heat pattern on the individual's forehead.
Graphic Omitted]
A cluster headache patient's thermogram shows a
cold area
(appears white) of reduced blood flow on the left side of the
Some cluster patients can prevent attacks by taking
propranolol or methysergide. Investigators have also discovered
that mild solutions of cocaine hydrochloride applied inside the
nose can quickly stop cluster headaches in most patients. This
treatment may work because it both blocks pain impulses and it
constricts blood vessels.
Another option that works for some cluster
patients is
rapid inhalation of pure oxygen through a mask for 5 to 15
minutes. The oxygen seems to ease the pain of cluster headache
by reducing blood flow to the brain.
In chronic cases of cluster headache, certain
nerves may be surgically cut or destroyed to provide relief.
These procedures have had limited success. Some cluster
patients have had facial nerves cut only to have them
regenerate years later.
Painful pressure. Chronic high blood pressure can
headache, as can rapid rises in blood pressure like those
experienced during anger, vigorous exercise, or sexual
The severe "orgasmic headache" occurs right before
and is believed to be a vascular type. Since sudden rapture of
a cerebral blood vessel can also occur during orgasm, this type
of headache should be promptly evaluated by a doctor.
Muscle-contraction headaches: The everyday menace
It's 5:00 p.m. and your boss has just asked you to
a 20-page briefing paper. Due date: tomorrow. You're angry and
tired and the more you think about the assignment, the tenser
you become. Your teeth clench, your brow wrinkles, and soon you
have a splitting tension headache.
Tension headache is named not only for the role of
in triggering the pain, but also for the contraction of neck,
face, and scalp muscles brought on by stressful events. Tension
headache is a severe but temporary form of muscle-contraction
headache. The pain is mild to moderate and feels like pressure
is being applied to the head or neck. The headache usually
disappears after the period of stress is over.
By contrast, chronic muscle-contraction headaches
can last
for weeks, months, and sometimes years. The pain of these
headaches is often described as a tight band around the head or
a feeling that the head and neck are in a cast. "It feels like
somebody is tightening a giant vise around my head," says one
patient. The pain is steady, and is usually felt on both sides
of the head. Chronic muscle-contraction headaches can cause
sore scalps-even combing one's hair can be painful.
Many scientists believe that the primary cause of
the pain
of muscle-contraction headache is sustained muscle tension.
Other studies suggest that restricted blood flow may cause or
contribute to the pain
.Occasionally, muscle-contraction headaches will be
accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision, but there
is no preheadache syndrome as with migraine. Muscle-contraction
headaches have not been linked to hormones or foods, as has
migraine, nor is there a strong hereditary connection.
It's election night, November 1982, and the
reporters at this
busy newspaper could be prime candidates for tension headaches.
Circumstances that might trigger headaches include deadline
pressure and glaring lights.
Research has shown that for many people, chronic
muscle-contraction headaches are caused by depression and
anxiety. These people tend to get their headaches in the early
morning or evening when conflicts in the office or home are
Emotional factors are not the only triggers of
muscle-contraction headaches. Certain physical postures--such
as holding one's chin down while reading--can lead to head and
neck pain. Tensing head and neck muscles during sexual
excitement can also cause headache. So can prolonged writing
under poor light, or holding a phone between the shoulder and
ear, or even gum-chewing.
More serious problems that can cause
headaches include degenerative arthritis of the neck and
temporomandibular joint dysfunction, or TMJ. TMJ is a disorder
of the joint between the temporal bone (above the ear) and the
mandible or lower jaw bone. The disorder results from poor bite
and jaw clenching.
Treatment for muscle-contraction headache varies.
first consideration is to treat any specific disorder or
disease that may be causing the headache. For example,
arthritis of the neck is treated with anti-inflammatory
medication and temporomandibular joint dysfunction may be
helped by corrective devices for the mouth and
Acute tension headaches not associated with a
disease are treated with muscle relaxants and analgesics like aspirin
and acetaminophen. Stronger analgesics, such as propoxyphene and
codeine, are sometimes prescribed. As prolonged use of these drugs can
lead to dependence, patients taking them should have periodic medical
checkups and follow their physicians' instructions carefully.
Nondrug therapy for chronic muscle-contraction
headaches includes biofeedback, relaxation training, and counseling. A
technique called cognitive restructuring teaches people to change their
attitudes and responses to stress. Patients might be encouraged, for
example, to imagine that they are coping successfully with a stressful
situation. In progressive relaxation therapy, patients are taught to
first tense and then relax individual muscle groups. Finally, the
patient tries to relax his or her whole body. Many people imagine a
peaceful scene--such as lying on the beach or by a beautiful lake.
Passive relaxation does not involve tensing of muscles. Instead,
patients are encouraged to focus on different muscles,suggesting that
they relax. Some people might think to themselves, Relax or My muscles
feel warm.
[Our series of tapes Stress Control is an excellent
program to relax.]
People with chronic muscle-contraction headaches
my also
be helped by taking antidepressants or MAO inhibitors. Mixed
muscle-contraction and migraine headaches are sometimes treated
with barbiturate compounds, which slow down nerve function in
the brain and spinal cord.
People who suffer infrequent muscle-contraction headaches
may benefit from a hot shower or moist heat applied to the back
of the neck. Cervical collars are sometimes recommended as an
aid to good posture. Physical therapy, massage, and gentle
exercise of the neck may also be helpful.
When headache is a warning
Like other types of pain, headaches can serve as
signals of more serious disorders. This is particularly true
for headaches caused by traction or inflammation.
Traction headaches can occur if the pain-sensitive
parts of
the head are pulled, stretched, or displaced, as, for example,
when eye muscles are tensed to compensate for eyestrain.
Headaches caused by inflammation include those related to
meningitis as well as those resulting from diseases of the
sinuses, spine, neck, ears, and teeth. Ear and tooth infections
and glaucoma can cause headaches. In oral and dental disorders,
headache is experienced as pain in the entire head, including
the face.
This research patient is rating the intensity of
acute pain transmitted by electrodes. From her ratings,
investigators hope to determine whether a chronic pain drug she
is taking for facial pain and headache is effective against
acute pain.
Traction and inflammatory headaches are treated by
the underlying problem. This may involve surgery, antibiotics
or other drugs.
Characteristics of the various types of traction
inflammatory headaches vary by disorder:
* Brain tumor. Brain tumors are diagnosed in about
people every year. As they grow, these tumors sometimes
cause headache by pushing on the outer layer of nerve
tissue that covers the brain or by pressing against
pain-sensitive blood vessel walls. Headache resulting from
a brain tumor may be periodic or continuous. Typically, it
feels like a strong pressure is being applied to the head.
The pain is relieved when the tumor is destroyed by
surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.
* Stroke. Headache may accompany several
conditions that can
lead to stroke, including hypertension or high blood
pressure, arteriosclerosis, and heart disease. Headaches
are also associated with completed stroke, the latter
occurs when brain cells die from lack of sufficient
Many stroke-related headaches can be prevented by
management of the patient's condition through diet, exercise,
and medication.
Mild to moderate headaches are associated with
"little strokes," or transient ischemic attacks (TIA's), which
result from a temporary lack of blood supply to the brain. The
head pain occurs near the clot or lesion that blocks blood
The similarity between migraine and symptoms of
TIA can
cause problems in diagnosis. The rare person under age 40 who
suffers a TIA may be misdiagnosed as having migraine;
similarly, TIA-prone older patients who suffer migraine may be
misdiagnosed as having stroke-related headaches.
* Spinal tap. About one-fourth of the people who
undergo a
lumbar puncture or spinal tap develop a headache. Many
scientists believe these headaches result from leakage of
the cerebrospinal fluid that flows through pain-sensitive
membranes around the brain and down to the spinal cord.
The fluid, they suggest, drains through the tiny hole
created by the spinal tap needle, causing the membranes to
rub painfully against the bony skull. Since headache pain
occurs only when the patient stands up, the "cure" is to
remain lying down until the headache runs its
course--anywhere from a few hours to several days.
* Head trauma. Headaches may develop after a blow
to the
head, either immediately or months later. There is little
relationship between the severity of the trauma and the
intensity of headache pain. One cause of trauma headache
is scar formation in the scalp. Another is ruptured blood
vessels which result in an accumulation of blood called a
hematoma. This mass of blood can displace brain tissue and
cause headaches as well as weakness, confusion, memory
loss, and seizures. Hematomas can be drained to produce
rapid relief of symptoms.
* Arteritis and meningitis. Arteritis, an
inflammation of
certain arteries in the head, primarily affects people
over age 50. Symptoms include throbbing headache, fever,
and loss of appetite. Some patients experience blurring
or loss of vision. Prompt treatment with corticosteroid
drugs helps to relieve symptoms.
Headaches are also caused by infections of
meninges, the
brain's outer covering, and phlebitis, a vein
* Tic douloureux. Tic douloureux, or trigeminal
results from a disorder of the trigeminal nerve. This
nerve supplies the face, teeth, mouth, and nasal cavity
with feeling and also enables the mouth muscles to chew.
Symptoms are headache and intense facial pain that comes
in short, excruciating jabs set off by the slightest touch
to or movement of trigger points in the face or mouth.
People with tic douloureux often fear brushing their teeth
or chewing on the side of the mouth that is affected. Many
tic douloureux patients are controlled with drugs,
including carbamazepine. Patients who do not respond to
drugs may be helped by surgery on the trigeminal nerve.
* Sinus infection. In a condition called acute
sinusitis, a
viral or bacterial infection of the upper respiratory
tract spreads to the membrane which lines the sinus
cavities. When one or all four of these cavities are filled
with bacterial or viral fluid, they become inflamed,
causing pain and sometimes headache. Treatment of acute
sinusitis includes antibiotics, analgesics, and
Chronic sinusitis may be caused by an allergy to
irritants as dust, ragweed, animal hair, and smoke.
Research scientists disagree about whether chronic
sinusitis triggers headache.
Acute sinusitis headaches can occur when one or
all four of the
sinus cavities fill with bacterial or viral fluid. The
particular cavity affected determines the location of the sinus
A patient in the throes of a tic douloureux attack feels
sudden, violent jabs of pain in the face, mouth, and head.
This child has a good chance of controlling her
headaches with
thermal biofeedback therapy, say NINCDS-supported scientists
conducting migraine research at the State University of New
York, Albany.
A childhood problem
Like adults, children experience the infections,
and stresses that can lead to headaches. In fact, research
shows that as young people enter adolescence and encounter the
stresses of puberty and secondary school, the frequency of
headache increases.
[We have the set Stress Control for Kids]
Migraine headaches often begin in childhood or
adolescence. According to a recent health interview survey,
over a million children age 16 and under experience migraine
and other vascular headaches.
Children with migraine often have nausea and
vomiting. Some children have periodic vomiting, but no
headache--the so-called "abdominal migraine." Research
scientists have found that these children usually develop
headaches when they are older.
Phenobarbital, cypropheptadine, and certain
drugs are used to treat migraines in children. A diet may be
prescribed to protect the child from foods that trigger
headache. Sometimes psychological counseling or even
psychiatric treatment for the child and the parents is
recommended. NINCDS-supported scientists at the State University
of New York in Albany find that thermal biofeedback can help
children with migraines control their headaches.
About 90 percent of chronic headache patients can
be helped
Childhood headache can be a sign of depression.
should alert the family pediatrician if a child develops
headaches along with other symptoms such as a change in mood or
sleep habits. Antidepressant medication and psychotherapy are
effective treatments for childhood depression and related
Research intervenes
Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment enable
physicians and psychologists today to help about 90 percent of
chronic headache patients, according to the director of a major
U.S. headache clinic. These methods are based on years of
scientific research. New research should lead to even more
advanced techniques of headache management.
Some scientists explore the role that certain
foods play
in causing this disorder. Others are more concerned with the
function of the autonomic nervous systems of headache-prone
people. The autonomic nervous system automatically controls a
variety of essential body functions, including the flow of
blood throughout the body and the working of the pupils of the
At the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic
scientists supported by the National Institute of Neurological
and Communicative Disorders and Stroke are gauging the
autonomic nervous system activity of normal controls and
headache patients with a technique called "pupillometry." This
technique measures the response of the iris, or eye muscle, to
light and darkness. Migraine, cluster, and muscle-contraction
headache patients are included in the study. Each patient sits
in a chair with his or her head in a chin rest. The eye is
stimulated with light and then with darkness. A television
camera in front of the patient picks up the reaction of the
iris and translates it into a graph which provides clues about
the functioning of the patient's autonomic nervous system.
[Graphic Omitted]
NINCDS-supported scientists at the Philadelphia
College of
Osteopathic Medicine study a headache patient's reaction to
stress. The stress, in this case, is cold water into which the
patient dips her arm.
Another experiment with the pupillometer involves
measuring eye muscle reaction to light and darkness after
stress. In this study, stress is simulated by dipping the
patient's arm in very cold water for up to 20 seconds.
Preliminary findings from these studies suggest
under stress-free conditions, the autonomic nervous systems of
both people with common migraine and of people without
headaches react normally. Paradoxically, migraine patients
during stress show reduced autonomic nervous system activity, a
condition that should prevent the decreased blood flow thought
to cause headaches.
However, NINCDS-supported scientists at Southern
University in Carbondale report a different connection between
blood flow and migraine headache.
Using an infrared light sensor that measures the
of blood vessels, the investigators have found that, after
stress, blood flow returns to normal more quickly in
headache-free people than in patients with migraine and
muscle-contraction headache. This finding supports the theory
that restricted or decreased blood flow may cause or contribute
to headache.
The scientists also found that different types of
headaches are characterized by different blood flow patterns.
An NINCDS grantee at the State University of New
York; Albany,
monitors the results of a biofeedback study that compares
home-based headache programs with office-based programs.
After stress, the temporal arteries in the
foreheads of
migraine patients expand to a greater degree than the arteries
of muscle-contraction headache patients. People with the same
type of headache also show differences in blood flow
patterns--offering evidence that there are a variety of causes
for each headache type.
Testing new treatments. Scientists are also
developing new therapies and analyzing the effectiveness of current
treatment methods for headache. The research team at Southern Illinois
University is comparing a biofeedback method that monitors blood flow
with a method that monitors muscular tension in the head. This research
should lead to improved understanding of individual differences in
treatment response.
Several scientists are studying the value of
biofeedback and other forms of treatment carried out in the patient's
home. Home-based programs may be a boon to patients in rural areas who
have limited access to medical care and cannot afford frequent visits
to headache specialists.
In NINCDS-supported research at the State
University of New York in Albany, scientists are comparing the
effectiveness of a standard office-based relaxation training program
for muscle-contraction, migraine, and mixed-headache patients with a
similar program conducted by patients at home. Patients in the
home-based program are seen in the office once a month but rely heavily
on manuals, cassettes, and portable biofeedback devices.
Preliminary results suggest that home-based and
office-based programs are equally effective. "If these relaxation
techniques are learned at home," speculates the investigator, "they may
transfer more readily to the home situation--where they will be used to
cope with daily stresses."
Furthermore, at the University of Washington in
Seattle an NINCDS-supported investigator is finding that home-based
treatment involving only dietary changes is as effective in treating
migraine patients as a home-based program of biofeedback and stress
Thermal biofeedback training, which involves the
conscious warming of parts of the body through thought control, is
believed to work because it gives people a feeling of control over
their headaches. An NINCDS-supported study at Midwest Research
Institute in Kansas City, Missouri, raises the possibility that this
feeling of control is a more important factor in decreasing headaches
than is the actual warming of the hands.
Patients who had frequent migraines were told that
they would be given one of two types of biofeedback: "real temperature
biofeedback," where a sound indicated their real hand temperature, or
"bogus biofeedback," where a prerecorded sound emitted from the monitor
would be unrelated to the patient's effort to warm the hands. Neither
the patients nor the technicians training them knew whose feedback was
real or bogus. Throughout the 6 weeks of training, the scientists
emphasized to the patients that biofeedback should become an integral
pan of their lives because it was giving them control over their
Patients in the bogus biofeedback group had a
success rate that rivaled the one in the real biofeedback group. More
than 80 percent of patients in both groups reduced the frequency and
intensity of their headaches, as well as the quantity of medication
they had been taking to control pain.
"It isn't so much the physical mechanism of
migraine that matters," explains the principal investigator, "but a
person's ability to cope with the syndrome and to take charge of his or
her body. The emphasis on self-control is what made these people
Another important area of research is the study of
beta-blocking drugs like propranolol, which are used to prevent
Beta-blockers stop the activities of beta
receptors-cellsin the brain and heart which control the dilation of
blood vessels. The ability of beta-blockers to halt the dilation of
blood vessels in the brain is believed to be a major reason for their
antimigraine action. But because the drugs also affect heart
receptors--slowing the heart rate--they cannot be used by people who
have certain heart conditions.
Scientists at Massachusetts General Hospital study
these tiny brain blood vessels in the hope of developing migraine drugs
with fewer side effects.
An NINCDS-supported neurologist at Massachusetts
General Hospital prepares brain tissue for a study of beta
receptors--cells that control the dilation of blood vessels. This
research could lead to the development of new medications for vascular
"I have learned not to worry."
This problem may be resolved by NINCDS-supported
research at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. A research team
there is using biochemical techniques to find out if there is a certain
type of beta receptor that exists in the blood vessels of the brain but
not in the heart. The discovery of thisreceptor could lead to the
development of beta-blocking agents that would affect brain receptors
Another NINCDS-funded study at the University of
Kansas Medical Center is comparing the effectiveness of propranolol
with that of the antidepressant amitriptyline in the preventionof
migraine. Physical and psychological characteristics ofmigraine
patients are being correlated with their responses to the two drags.
Investigators supported by the National Institutes
of Health General Clinical Research Center at the University of
Colorado in Denver are studying the antimigraine properties of a class
of drugs called calcium-channel blockers. Research onthese drugs is
also under way at the U.S. Air Force Medical Center, Wright-Patterson
AFB in Ohio. Calcium-channel blockers interfere with the constriction
of arteries, an effect that appears to be responsible for reducing the
frequency of headaches in patients studied so far.
High technology in diagnosis. Physicians of the
future may diagnose their patients' headaches with the aid of a
computer.A computer might take a patient's medical history, store
information on headache characteristics, and keep data on patients and
their treatments. Programs might even be devised to explain to patients
the way to take prescribed medications and the side effects of those
Scientists at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston are
taking the first steps toward computer-assisted headache practice in a
study funded by the National Library of Medicine. They are creating a
working model for a headache interview program in which a computer will
collect patient histories and symptoms. The scientists envision that an
"automated physician' s assistant" will eventually free health care
providers from collecting routine medical information, allowing them to
devote more time to physical examination and treatment.
A final word of hope
If you suffer from headaches and none of the
standardtreatments help, do not despair. Some people find that their
headaches disappear once they deal with a troubled marriage, pass their
law board exams, or resolve some other stressful problem. Others find
that if they control their psychological reaction to stress, the
headaches disappear.
"I had migraines for several years," says one
woman, "and then they went away. I think it was because I lowered my
personal goals in life. Today, even though I have 100 things to do at
night, I don't worry about it. I learned to say no."
For those who cannot say no, or who get headaches
anyway, today's headache research offers hope. The work of
NINCDS-supported scientists around the world promises to improve our
understanding of this complex disorder and how to treat it.
Where to get help
Finding a clinic or physician who specializes in
headache is a task made easier by the National Migraine Foundation. The
foundation provides a list of clinics in the U.S. as well as the names
of physicians in a specific geographic area who are members of the
American Association for the Study of Headache. The foundation also
supports research and education in migraine headache.
National Migraine Foundation
5252 North Western Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60625
(312) 878-7715
Inquiries about NINCDS research on headache may be
directed to:
Office of Scientific and Health Reports
National Institute of Neurological and
Communicative Disorders and Stroke
Building 31, Room 8A-06
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 20205
(301) 496-5751
Photograph Credits:
Dr. Leonard S. Rubin, Philadelphia College of
Osteopathic Medicine, Cover, page 30.
Bill Branson, NIH, pages 3, 5.
Associated Press/Wide World Photos, Inc., page 6.
Adapted from Oliver W. Sacks, Migraine, The
Evolution of a Common Disorder, 1970, University of California Press,
page 7.
Adapted from an original painting by Frank H.
Netter, M.D., in Clinical Symposia, copyright by CIBA Pharmaceutical
Company, Division of CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, page 9.
National Library of Medicine, page 13.
Will Yurman, State University of New York, Albany,
pages 16, 28, 31.
Dr. Ninan T. Mathew, Houston Headache Clinic, page
20 (upper and lower).
Courtesy of The Washington Post, page 22.
John Crawford, NIH, page 24.
Adapted from drawing, Massachusetts General
Hospital News, November 1982, page 27 (upper).
National Institute of Dental Research,. page 27
Dr. James A. Nathanson, Massachusetts General
Hospital, page 33 (upper and lower).
Now take
a Stress Test this
scale will help determine the level of pressure you are facing from
major life stress events in the past year.
Product Discounts -
Click here to see this page which lists various discounts including
those for stores, mail order and monthly contract purchases
Home - Products
& Services - Order Form
::: stressmarket.com
:::P.O. Box 127, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA::: Orders 1.800.578.7377
| Local 360.457.9223 | Fax 360.457.9466


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
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|DO NOT REPLY [Bug 39218] New: - Wrong order in TC class loading
|Wed, 05 Apr 2006 21:19:02 GMT
DO NOT REPLY TO THIS EMAIL, BUT PLEASE POST YOUR BUG· RELATED COMMENTS THROUGH THE WEB INTERFACE AVAILABLE AT <http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=39218>. ANY REPLY MADE TO THIS MESSAGE WILL NOT BE COLLECTED AND· INSERTED IN THE BUG DATABASE. http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=39218 Summary: Wrong order in TC class loading Product: Tomcat 5 Version: 5.5.16 Platform: All OS/Version: All Status: NEW Severity: enhancement Priority: P2 Component: Catalina AssignedTo: firstname.lastname@example.com ReportedBy: firstname.lastname@example.com I propose an enhancement for Bootstrap / ClassLoaderFactory. At the moment, TC 5.5 gives the users the choice to define their class loader configurations in catalina.properties. Each class loader is being configured via a comma seperated list of places to look for classes. Now Bootstrap and ClassLoaderFactory do something, a normal user does not expect: they do not keep the order of the entries. They rearrange all entries, such that all directories are searched first, then all *.jar type entries and at the end all URL form entries. This leads to unexpected code being loaded (e.g. in the case of adding product patches and adding instance specific classes etc.). I attach a patch, which does only slightly change the code, but includes the following changes: 1) Keep the order of entries when constructing the class loader 2) allow ${catalina.home} and ${catalina.base} not only at the beginning of tokens (useful in the case of URLs) The same patch applies to the yet unchanged classes in 6.0. If there is some interest, I can contribute a patch for 5.0 as well. I hope someone has a little spare time left to review the patch. In case the patch is being applied, I would also send some documentation for catalina.properties. One last word: TC 5.5 hs a comment # Please note that for individual jar files, e.g. bar.jar, you need the URL form # starting with file:. before shared.loader in catalina.proprties. This comment is no longer true in 5.5, even without this patch. -- Configure bugmail: http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are the assignee for the bug, or are watching the assignee. --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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text:
Palmetto Bay, FL 33176
Palmetto Bay, FL 33157
Palmetto Bay, FL 33158
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Now find out how landlords and property managers will view your rental application.
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text:
HAMPDEN, Maine – The Hampden Garden Club's annual Perennial Plant and Pie Sale will be held from 8:00 AM to noon Saturday, May 19 at Harmony Hall, 24 Kennebec Road, Hampden. Several hundred reasonably priced plants will be offered for sale along with homemade pies. All proceeds go to benefit the restoration of historic
Harmony Hall. For more information call Pat at 207-862-3909.
This post was contributed by a community member. Submit your news →


text: We spent two nights here as part of a trip around Borneo organised by Divedownbelow (see separate review). We arrived with our guide (Patrick) on a very hot and sticky day at lunchtime and had our bags whisked away by the lovely staff to our room whilst we sat down for lunch. Yes there are a lot of stairs here... More


text:
Moroccan Tile Afghan by Tamara Kelly
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 189 projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© Tamara Kelly
© Tamara Kelly
© Tamara Kelly
© Tamara Kelly
Moroccan Tile Afghan
This pattern is available for free.
The pattern is written for a throw/afghan sized blanket, as that's the size I've made. Based on the throw, I've created a chart with info to make 5 other sizes! (Since everyone's gauge is different, and the type of yarn used can affect the outcome as well, these are only guidelines – you'll need to make your own gauge swatch if you need it to be exact!) And of course, you can make the whole thing in only two colors if you like – it's all up to you!
For more information, see: http://www.mooglyblog.com/moroccan-tile-afghan/