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Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation?
- Daniel Randall
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1 Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? Alexandra Soares Rodrigues Escola Superior de Educação de Bragança Instituto Politécnico de Bragança CELGA Universidade de Coimbra (Portugal) ABSTRACT. Conversion is sometimes described as a syntactic phenomenon by which a lexical item changes its lexical category according to the syntactic environment where it is inserted. This syntactic-ordered approach comes from theoretical fields that conceive the lexicon as the domain of irregularity, whilst regular patterns are treated in syntax (Chomsky 1995). However, Portuguese converted deverbal nouns (remendo event of mending, curte event of having fun, trinca event of biting ) manifest a structural behaviour that permits us to situate their formation in the lexicon instead of in the syntax. According to the theoretical allusion we made above, this would characterise converted deverbal nouns as lacking a regular pattern. However, what we mean is that the lexicon is not the field of irregularity. Apart from the irregular material that must be stored in long term memory as to be used by speakers, such as inherited lexemes (e.g. rato mouse, cão dog, rir to laugh, verde green, etc.), the lexicon is the domain of word formation, which is constraint-based (Rodrigues 2008, 2009). This means the word formation part of the lexicon is constrained by regular patterns that are neither directional in principle, nor syntactic in nature. We follow Jackendoff (2002) conception on the lexicon, conceiving it an interface of syntax, phonology and semantics. Converted deverbal nouns formation seems to agree with this conception, since it depends on phonological, semantic and syntactical constraints (Rodrigues 2004, 2009). Portuguese verb-into-noun conversion is not a simple case of syntactic environment. This is specially visible when we confront this lexical conversion with a purely syntactic type of nominalisation (Kerleroux 1996), such as the one that occurs in O estudar matemática traz-me vantagens. Studying maths brings me advantages or O remendar roupa é um recurso nesta época. Mending cloths is a good resource nowadays. Apart from the syntactic constraints that converted deverbal nouns must follow (e.g. as real nouns they cannot directly theta-mark, whilst syntactic nominalisations can), these nouns display phonological constraints in their formation and a semantic variability that is not observable in syntactic nominalisations. This semantic variability is not exclusively explainable by the syntactic environment. Moreover, the formation of converted deverbal nouns obeys
2 90 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? to structural constraints that do not act upon syntactic nominalisation. All this means that conversion is not syntactic in nature. Yet it is not irregular either. This evidences that the mainstream generative grammar conception on the lexicon should be abandoned. KEY-WORDS. lexical conversion, nominalisation, Portuguese word formation, deverbal nouns. 1. Introduction We intend to demonstrate that V to N conversion, following the process formation of [abraç] V o] N, is not a syntactic process. For that, we will distinguish lexical conversion from syntactic nominalisations. We follow the parallel architecture of Jackendoff (2002). According to this, the lexicon is an interface between syntax, phonology and semantics. We consider word formation a lexical domain with its own rules, which are basically constraints, which are not dependent on syntactic principles. We believe the lexicon is not the domain of irregularity, as Chomsky proposes. According to Chomsky (1981), grammar is divided into the core and the periphery. According to Chomsky, only regular matters are the object of linguistics. However, this is to say that many linguistic phenomena are put aside. The problem is that every language contains irregular material, and people acquire and use that material as proficiently as they use the regular one. Moreover, following Chomsky s proposal of focusing on the core of the grammar and leaving aside the periphery brings another risk: whenever the theoretical model fails to explain some phenomenon, it is very tempting to leave it to the periphery. Nevertheless, one should not decide of the peripheral character of the object without having tested the effectiveness of the model. What have these theoretical and philosophical considerations to do with conversion? Conversion is sometimes characterised as an irregular domain. We think it is not so irregular as that, we would say, since it obeys to structural constraints, belonging to phonological, syntactic and semantic domains (Rodrigues 2004; Rodrigues 2009). This means that conversion does neither generate every hypothetical word, nor it is subdued to overgeneration.
3 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? 91 Since word formation is not syntax, or it is not reducible to syntax, we need to observe that object with appropriate lens. Word formation is only periphery if analysed by the wrong lens. Otherwise, it will be explainable. Thus, we have three steps to track: 1 st : is conversion a syntactic process? Or does it involve other structures? Do syntactic principles explain every part of conversion phenomenon? No. It is not explainable by syntax principles. 2 nd : if it is not syntax, is it irregular, that is, periphery, following Chomsky s label? No. It is not syntax, but, in spite of it, it is not irregular. On the contrary, converted deverbal nouns (CDN) formation has a regular pattern. 3 rd : So, what is it? It is word formation at a lexical level, with its own rules, with its own regularity. 2. Defining lexical categories One problem that emerges when dealing with conversion is the definition of lexical categories. For this, we will follow Baker (2003: 17). Since we are concerned with the distinction between verbs and nouns, we make only reference to these two categories. Baker (2003: 20) defines verbs as a lexical category that has a specifier («Only verbs are true predicates, with the power to license a specifier, which they typically theta-mark.»). In what concerns nouns, these are defined by Baker (2003: 96) as having a referential index. Since Baker proposal is to define lexical categories according to their differences, we have here the criteria that permit us to distinguish verbs from nouns: «No syntactic node can both license a specifier and bear a referential index.» (Baker 2003: 96). Bearing a referential index is dependent on the criterion of identity. According to Geach (1962), only a noun can occur in the frame X is the same as Y. Because of this identity criterion, nouns are the only category that may occur with determiners, bear plurality and quantification, and bear a relationship of coreference, such as anaphora.
4 92 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? We will evaluate nominalisations using those different syntactic structures that depend on the identity criterion and see what they will evidence about them. 3. Comparing syntactic nominalisation with lexical conversion 3.1. The identity criterion According to Baker (2003), only nouns have the criterion of identity. This means that only nouns may occur in sentences such as X é o mesmo que Y ( X is the same as Y ). This is true for non-constructed nouns such as lápis pencil or carro car, as examples (1) show. (Every sentence was attested with 60 naive native speakers.) (1) a. Este lápis é o mesmo que vimos ontem. This pencil is the same we saw yesterday. b. Este carro é o mesmo que vimos ontem. This car is the same we saw yesterday. In what concerns event deverbal nouns, the same construction is possible if the denotatum has ontological conditions that fit it, for instance, if it means a type and not an instance. This is because events have ontological limits that coarct their durability in time (example 2). (2) *Este é a mesma plantação de árvores a que assistimos ontem. This is the same planting of trees we have attended yesterday. Event nouns may only appear in this structure if they designate an event with no interruption along time. Thus, we consider that this is not a good criterion to measure nominality Determiners Because of having a referential index, nouns are syntactically related with determiners and quantifiers. Thus, according to Baker, the occurrence of determiners is only bearable
5 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? 93 by nouns. This is true for deverbal nouns and for infinitive nominalisations (examples 3). (3) a. O apodrecimento da fruta. The rot of the fruit. b. O apodrecer a fruta/ o apodrecer da fruta. The rot-inf the fruit/ the rot-inf of.the fruit. Rotting the fruit./ The rotting of the fruit. c. A apanha da fruta. The gathering of the fruit Plurality Plurality is another criterion that encompasses nouns. Notice that when verbs have number morphemes, these are a syntactic consequence of agreement with a noun projection (Baker 2003: 107). Let us examine what happens with pluralising verbs (4a, 5b, 6a), comparing them with deverbal nouns (examples 4b, 5 a, 6c). (4) a. *Os remendares são cuidados. The-PL mend-inf-pl are careful The mendings are careful. b. Os remendos a que assistimos são cuidados. The-PL mend-cdn-pl to which attend-1 st PL are careful The mendings we have attended are careful. c. O remendar a que assistimos é cuidado. The mend-inf to which attend-1stpl is careful. The mending we have attended is careful. (5) a. As reconstruções da cidade foram trabalhosas. The reconstructions of the city were arduous.
6 94 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? b. *Os reconstruires da cidade foram trabalhosos. The-PL reconstruct-inf PL of.the city were arduous *The reconstructings of the city were arduous. (6) a. *Estamos a assistir aos saltares em série dos atletas. Be-1stPLto attend to.the.pl jump-inf PL in series of.the-pl athletes *We are attending to the jumps in series of the athletes. b. Estamos a assistir aos saltos em série dos atletas. Be-1st PL to attend to.the-pl jumps-pl in series of.the athletes We are attending to the jumps in series of the athletes. c. Estamos a assistir ao saltar do atleta. Be-1stPL to attend to.the jump-inf of.the athlete We are attending to the athlete jumping. Examples (4-6) show that, although there had been a nominalisation, verbs cannot undergo pluralisation, contrarily to CDNs and suffixed deverbal nouns. This seems to evidence that when changes occur at the morphological level, they are not accepted, whilst if changes are merely syntactic, they are accepted, in infinitive nominalisations. What is inside the scope of the word in itself is not accepted, only what is outside. This make way to the hypothesis that nominalisation is not the same as conversion and, more than that, conversion is at a different level than nominalisation it occurs in the lexicon Quantifiers Quantifiers evidence the criterion of identity focused on by Baker in relation to nouns. In what concerns syntactic nominalisations, quantifiers are restricted, since pluralisation also is. (7) a. *Os dois saltares a que assistimos foram consecutivos. The-PLtwo jump-inf.pl to which attend-1stpl be-3rdpl
7 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? 95 consecutive-pl *The two jumpings we attended to were consecutive. b. Os dois saltos a que assistimos foram consecutivos. The.PL jumps-n PL to which attend-1stpl be-3rdpl consecutive The two jumps we attended to were consecutive. (8) a. *Os dois abraçares foram sinceros. The-PL two hug-inf PL be-3rdpl sincere The two huggings were sincere. b. Os dois abraços foram sinceros. The-PL two hugs-n PL be-3rdpl sincere The two hugs were sincere Anaphora Another criterion that provides nominality is anaphora (Baker 2003: ). This is true because «the antecedent of a pronoun must be a referentialindex-bearing noun projection.» (p. 128). See examples (9-11) below. From these examples we may see that infinitive nominalisations do not accept anaphora. (9) Isto é o bolo. O João fê-lo ontem. This is the cake. John made it yesterday. Anaphora is possible with event nouns (10a, 11c) but it is not grammatical with infinitive nominalisations (10b; 11a,b): (10) a. Isto é a comemoração. O João organizou-a ontem. This is the commemoration. John organised it yesterday. b. *Isto é o comemorar. O João organizou-o ontem. This is the commemorating-inf. The John organised it yesterday *This is the commemorating. John organised it yesterday.
8 96 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? (11) a. *Isto é o apanhar a fruta. O João organiza-o bem. This is the gather-inf the fruit. The John organises-it well *This is the gathering the fruit. John organises it well. b. *Isto é o apanhar da fruta. O João organiza-o bem. This is the gather-inf of.the fruit. The John organises-it well This is the gathering of the fruit. John organises it well. c. Isto é a apanha da fruta. O João organiza-a bem. This is the gather-cdn of.the fruit. The John organises-it well. This is the gathering of the fruit. John organises it well Conclusions on the criterion of identity and its syntactic consecutions X is the same as Y Concrete nouns Table 1 summarises data exposed till now. Suffixed Deverbal nouns Converted deverbal nouns Syntactic Nominalisation depends on the semantics determiners quantifiers pluralisation anaphora Table 1. Different nouns and nominalisations and its acceptability towards syntactic environments of nouns Table 1. synthesises that syntactic nominalisations only bear determiners. They fail the criterion of identity with the structure X is the same as Y, since this depends more on semantic typology. Infinitive nominalisations also fail plurality, quantification and anaphora. These results evidence that a lexical category is not a simple question of syntactic environment. Now we will add more syntactic occurrences that characterise verbs in general and specifically in Romance languages (Kerleroux 1996:70).
9 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? Clitics Verbs have their complements actualised by clitics (examples 12a, b; 13a, b). Nouns do not (12 c, d, e, f; 13c, d). (12) a. O derrubar árvores é uma atitude insensata. The cut.down-inf trees is a attitude senseless Cutting down trees is a senseless attitude. b. O derrubá-las é uma atitude insensata. The cutt.down-inf-it-fem PL be-1 st SG a attitude senseless Cutting down them is senseless. c. O derrube de árvores é insensato. The cut.down-cdn of trees is senseless The cutting down of trees is senseless. d. *O derrube- as é insensato. The cut.down-cdn-them is senseless *The cutting down them is senseless. e. O derrubamento de árvore. The cut.down-sufdevn of trees The cutting down of trees. f. *O derrubamento- as. The cut.down-sufdevn-them *The cutting down them. (13) a. O desejar livros é uma atitude sensata. The desire-inf books is a attitude sensible Desiring books is a sensible attitude. b. O desejá-los é uma atitude sensata. The desire-inf-them is a attitude sensible Desiring them is a sensible attitude.
10 98 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? c. O desejo de livros é sensato. The desire-cdn of books is sensible The desire for books is sensible. d. *O desejo- los é sensato. The desire-cdn- them is sensible *The desire them is sensible. Examples (12) and (13) show that clitics may only occur with verbs, even if they are nominalised Theta-mark Verbs may theta-mark directly (examples 14a, b), whilst nouns need a preposition (14d, e, f). (14) a. O João derrubou uma árvore. John cut down a tree. b. O derrubar árvores é insensato. The cut.down-inf trees is senseless Cutting trees is senseless. c. O derrubar de árvores é insensato. The cut.down-inf of trees is senseless The cutting down of trees is senseless. d. O derrube de árvores é insensato. The cut.down-cdn of trees is senseless The cutting down of trees is senseless. e. *O derrube árvores é insensato. The cut.down-cdn trees is senseless *The cutting down trees is senseless.
11 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? 99 f. *O derrubamento árvores é insensato. The cut.down-sufdevn trees is senseless *The cutting down trees is senseless. 3.4 Modification Verbs are modified by adverbs (examples 15a, b), whilst nouns are modified by adjectives (example 15c). (15) a. O [saber pouco] apoquenta-a. The know-inf little scares- her Knowing little scares her. b. O [passear ocasionalmente] entorpece as pernas. The walk-inf occasionally numbs the legs Walking occasionally numbs the legs. c. *O [passeio ocasionalmente] entorpece as pernas. The walk-cdn occasionally numbs the legs *The walk occasionally numbs the legs. 3.5 Sum up on verb vs. noun criteria We have now conditions to add more details about verb vs. noun behaviour in table 2. Concrete nouns Suffixed Deverbal nouns Converted deverbal nouns adverbs direct theta-mark complements as clitic Syntactic Nominalisation [VP] DP Table 2. Syntactic behaviour of verbs in Romance languages in nominalisations and nouns. Table 2 shows syntactic occurrences of verbs in Romance languages. As we can see, only [VP] DP syntactic nominalisations admit those occurrences such as adverbs, complements as clitics and a direct theta-mark. Concrete
12 100 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? nouns, suffixed deverbal nouns and CDNs do not. We use determiner phrase following Brito (1993), instead of noun phrase. This is so because we defend there is no real noun, but a nominalization which is built by the determiner. Otherwise nominalisations would accept every criteria applied to nouns. Comparing data in table 1 and 2, we may conclude that syntactic nominalisation detaches from other nominal occurrences. The last ones display a typical noun syntactic behaviour, whilst nominalised [VP] do not. Nominalised [VP] shows a typical syntactic verbal behaviour, whilst CDNs do not. As we will see in section 4, there is a kind of nominalisation that is in-between both poles, but it does not follow every N criteria. 4. Are all syntactic nominalisations the same? We want to demonstrate that conversion is not a syntactic nominalisation. However, first we need to observe if syntactic nominalisations of verbs are all the same (See Brito 2012 for different kinds of nominalisations.). 4.1 CDNs Converted deverbal nouns correspond to real nouns. They are not a syntactic nominalisation. As we will see in section 5, there are structural marks that point out this. Example 16 provides an example of a CDN. (16) O João fez uma compra fabulosa. John made a fabulous purchase [VP] DP Nominalisation of a verbal phrase (example 17) constitutes a kind of syntactic nominalisation. (17) O [comprar livros] faz- me bem. [VP] DP The buy-inf books do-3 rd SG- me well Buying books does me well. Syntactic behaviour that evidence that [VP] DP corresponds to a syntactic nominalisation operated by the determiner are focused on as following: i) It does not admit pluralisation (example 18):
13 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? 101 (18) *Os comprares livros fazem-me bem. The-PL buy-inf PL books do-pl-me well *The buys books do me well. ii) It admits clitics (examples 19-20): (19) O [abrir-se a porta] foi efeito do vento. The openinf-itself-antcaus the door was effect of.the wind The opening of the door was the wind effect. (20) O [barbear-se o João] foi efeito do noivado. The shave-inf-himself the John was effect of.the engagement Shaving himself by John was the engagement effect. Notice that, when there is a clitic, a preposition to theta-mark is excluded (19-20). Clitics and preposition exclude each other. The clitic is verbal and the occurrence of Preposition, which serves the noun because this does not theta-mark directly, is nominal. This shows that what is nominalised is a phrase [VP] and not a lexical item [V]. Notice also that a real lexicalised nominal infinitive excludes the clitic (see section 4.5) Metalinguistic nominalisation Metalinguistic nominalisation is represented in examples (21a, b), which correspond to citations. (21) a. Aquele não tenho tempo para ler é falso. [S] DP That I have no time to read is false. b. O as armas e barões assinalados está na memória de toda a gente. [s] DP The as armas e os barões assinalados is in the memory of everybody.
14 102 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? Metalinguistic nominalisations do not take obligatory lexicalisation. If so, we would always have to presuppose a noun for every word, phrase and sentence (Kerleroux 1996: 101) [V] DP The nominalisation of the verb as a lexical item is exemplified in (22a, b, c, d, g, h). (22) a. Aquele [caminhar] lento. [V] DP That walk-inf slow That slow walking. b. Aquele [observar] de aves. [V] DP That watch-inf of birds That watching of birds. c. *O [observar] lento aves. The watch-inf slow birds *That slow watching birds. d. O [observar] lento de aves. [V] DP The watch-inf slow of birds The slow watching of birds. e. O [observar lentamente aves]. [VP] DP The watch-inf slowly birds The slowly watching birds. f. *O [observar lentamente de aves]. The watch-inf slowly of birds *The slowly watching of birds. g. *O observá-las lento. The watch-inf-them slow *The slow watching them.
15 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? 103 h. *Os observares de aves. The-PL watch-inf of birds *The watchings of birds. When there is a VP nominalisation, it may occur with adverb (22e) and not with adjective (22c) and it excludes preposition to theta-mark (22e, f). When there is a V nominalisation, it cannot occur with an adverb (22f), but with an adjective (22d) and it does not directly theta-mark (22c), but via preposition (22d). It does neither admit clitics (22g) nor pluralisation (22h) Lexicalised nominalisations There are in the lexicon some nominalisations that have been lexicalised. This means there is an infinitive verbal form that, by means of its usage frequency, has undergone a process of blockage as a noun. This means that this form is not lexically coincident with the inflectional verb form; instead, it corresponds to a different lexical item, with its own conceptual and syntactic structures (Kerleroux 1996: 75). Examples of lexicalised nominalisations are provided in examples (23-27). (23) Os olhares do João. John s glances. (24) O pôr do sol The sunset (25) O comer está na mesa. The meal is on the table. (26) O jantar está na mesa. Dinner is on the table. (27) O cantar de amigo. A kind of medieval song
16 104 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? Lexicalised nominalisations are characterised by the following syntactic behaviours (i-vi): i) it does not take clitics (examples 28a, c), contrarily to verbs (examples 28b, d): (28) a. *O pôr-se do sol. The set-itself of.the sun *The sun-itself-set. b. O sol pôs-se às 20:11. The sun set-1st SING-itself at.the-pl 20:11 The sun set at 20:11. c. *O jantar-se está na mesa. The dinner-inf-nom CL is on.the table *One having dinner is on the table. d. Jantar-se às 21:00 é tarde? Dinner-INF-NOM CL at.the-pl 21:00 is late Is it late to have dinner at 21:00? ii) it takes pluralisation (os olhares, os jantares); iii) it does not occur with adverbs (examples 29b), but with adjectives (examples 29a) (29) a. O jantar delicioso The delicious dinner b. *O jantar deliciosamente *The deliciously dinner. iv) it may be the base of a compound following the paradigm V+N (guarda-chuva literally save V -rain NN umbrella, corta-vento literally cut V - wind NN windcheater, guarda-rios literally save V -rivers NN kingfisher ), such as demonstrated in the examples (30).
17 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? 105 (30) a. O guarda-jantares The keep-dinners b. O guarda-cantares The keep-songs c. O resguarda-olhares The keep.away-glances Notice that constructions V+ INFINITIVE such as the ones exemplified in (31) are not accepted. (31) a.*o guarda- passeares The keep- walk-infinitive.pl b. *O guarda- pintares The keep- paintinfinitive.pl c. *O guarda- trepares The keep- climbinfinitive.pl Examples (31) show that the infinitive form must be in the lexicon as such to function as a base in this form. Otherwise they will not integrate word-formation bases (Corbin 1987). Contrasting examples (30) with (31), we may check that only lexicalised nominalisations have occurrences equal to the ones of CDNs, in what refers to compounds formation. CDNs may constitute the base of compounds following the paradigm V+N (examples 32). (32) a. para- roncos stop- snores-cdn.pl b. para-choques stop- collisions- CDN.PL bumper
18 106 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? 4.6. Summing up CDNs vs. nominalisations Table 3. summarises the main conclusions on the differences between conversion (CDNs) and syntactic nominalisations. pluralisation Theta-mark via Prep Adjectival modification Base of other words anaphora Adverbial modification CDNs Lexicalised [V] N [V] DP [VP] DP Table. 3 Syntactic environment of conversion and nominalisation clitics From the analysis of table 3, we may observe that CDNs and lexicalised Vs are in a pole which is typical of nouns. They undergo pluralisation, they are only able to theta-mark via preposition, they admit adjectival modification, and they may function as bases for other words. They reject adverbial modification and clitics. [VP] DP are in the opposite pole obeying to verb environment. In spite of occurring with determiner, [VP] DP do not pluralise, theta-mark directly instead of via preposition, and they do not function as bases for other words. On the contrary, they accept adverbial modification and clitics. In between these two poles are [V] DP. Behaving like verbs, they can neither pluralise nor be the bases of other words, in the infinitive form. Behaving like nouns, they theta-mark via preposition and not directly, they take adjectives as modifiers and reject adverbs for it, and they reject clitics. 5. Why conversion is not a simple question of syntactic mechanisms Until now we have observed that syntactic nominalisations are not at the same level of nouns. Syntactically speaking, on one hand, nominalisations cannot undergo the syntactic environment every noun can bear. On the other hand, syntactic nominalisations undergo syntactic environment verbs can bear. In between nominalisation [V] DP does not provide a total nominal behaviour to those items.
19 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? 107 It is now the time to search for evidence about conversion at the lexical level. Is the production of items such as arranque starting-cdn, mordo bite-cdn, apanha gathering-cdn, abate cut(trees) ; slaughter (animals)- CDN, derrube nocking down-cdn), descanso rest-cdn the same as nominalisations such as o arrancar (the) starting-infinitive, o morder (the biting-infinitive), o apanhar (the) gathering -CDN? Until now, we have concluded that the first kind of nouns seems to be real nouns, since they obey to every criteria identified by Baker (2003) that a noun must have. Nominalised infinitives still obey to verbal criteria, despite of the occurrence of the determiner. Even in between nominalisations fail some N behaviour. We need to understand if conversion is a real word formation process or if it is simply a syntactic one. Let us compare deverbal derivations in the next sentence (examples 33 to 37). (33) a. O encaixar a madeira leva muito tempo. The fit-inf the wood takes a.lot.of time Fitting the wood takes a lot of time. b. O encaixe da madeira leva muito tempo. The fit-cdn of.the wood takes a.lot.of time The fitting of the wood takes a lot of time. c. O encaixe que escolhi é de metal. The fit-cdn-conc that choose-1st SING is of metal The dowel that I have chosen is made of metal. (34) a. O abrigar dos animais por Noé foi rápido. The shelter-inf of.the-pl animals by Noah was quick The sheltering of the animals by Noah was quick. b. O abrigo dos animais por Noé foi rápido. The shelter-cdn of.the-pl animals by Noah was quick The sheltering of the animals by Noah was quick.
20 108 Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares - Is conversion a syntactic or a lexical process of word formation? c. O abrigo era de madeira. The shelter-cdn-conc was of wood The shelter was made of wood. (35) a. O derrubar sobreiros é proibido por lei. The cut.down-inf cork.oak is forbidden by law Cutting down cork oaks is forbidden by law. b. O derrube de sobreiros é proibido por lei. The cut.down-cdn of cork.oak is forbidden by law The cutting down of cork oaks is forbidden by law. c. *O derrube de sobreiros que vi ontem é um mau produto. The cut.down-cdn of cork.oak that see-1stsing yesterday is a bad product *The cutting down of cork oaks I saw yesterday is a bad product. (36) a. O remendar roupa é uma boa solução. The mend-inf cloth is a good solution Mending cloth is a good solution. b. O remendo da roupa é uma boa solução. The men-cdn of.the cloth is a good solution The mending of the cloth is a good solution. c. O remendo que vi ontem é um bom produto (feito à mão). The mend-cdn.conc that see-1stsing yesterday is a good product (made by.the hand) The mend that I saw yesterday is a good product (handmade).
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Smoosh by Christa Casebeer
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Designed for Nerd Girl Yarns' Knit it or Spin it Sparkle Roving & size 50 needles, this cowl takes no time at all to whip up for yourself or as a gift that is soft, warm and has a hint of shimmer.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Spring football opened for the Iowa Hawkeyes last week and the Hawks look to go into fall as one of the favorites in the Big Ten West.
Iowa finished the season ranked ninth in the nation, the fifth time since 2002 the Hawkeyes finished in the top 10.
Iowa started the season 12-0 for the first time in school history. The 12 wins are a program record. It was the fifth time in school history Iowa has completed an undefeated regular season, the first since 1922.
MOUNT VERNON– The move outdoors brings a new look to the 2016 track season. Solon's girls could see how they do on the full-size 400 meter track, while adding events like the shuttle hurdle relay, discus… even the 3,000, which are difficult– or impossible– to accommodate in early season indoor meets.
MOUNT VERNON– The Solon Boys started the outdoor season by taking third at the Mount Vernon Relays with 103 points, trailing Lisbon (111) in second, and event host Mount Vernon (129) in first. The weather was overcast on Saturday, March 26; the temperatures reached the 50s and the wind was relatively calm from the south-southeast at about 10-20 miles per hour. As the competitors filed into the track, the public address system came to life, blaring Huey Lewis and the News' "Jacob's Ladder."
North Liberty Leader
TIFFIN– The 2016 high school soccer season starts on Tuesday, April 5, for Tim Benson and his Clear Creek Amana (CCA) Clippers. With only five seniors on the varsity squad, he describes the team as, "Young but hungry." A large junior class is coming off two outstanding years at the junior varsity level, Benson said, an achievement made without five of their classmates who played mostly varsity soccer: Wyatt Sedlacek, Trey Godbolt, Erick Martinez, Ian McDonald and Tyreke Williams.
North Liberty Leader
TIFFIN– For two years, the Clear Creek Amana (CCA) varsity girls soccer team has been in the top five for Class 1A in the state of Iowa. This season the squad moves up to Class 2A along with seven other teams, including defending 1A champion Bishop Heelan (Sioux City) and state-qualifier LaPorte City-Union. Coach Matt Harding, in his fourth year with the program, noted 2A champion Ankeny and runner-up Pleasant Valley are moving out of the class and going up to 3A with six additional teams.
North Liberty Leader
AMES– Clear Creek Amana (CCA) and Iowa City West High track and field athletes were in action Monday, March 14, at the Iowa State Girls' High School Classic indoor meet, held at the Lied Recreation Center on the Iowa State University campus in Ames.
By Don Lund
Sports Writer
For the third straight season, the Iowa Hawkeyes got knocked out of the Big Ten Tournament in the first game.
I didn't see this coming.
I also didn't see Illinois, which came into the game shooting 36 percent from 3-point range, shooting 44 percent (10-23) against Iowa.
I also didn't see Anthony Clemmons not scoring a point in the game. He was 0-8 from the floor.
Anthony has started 31 games this year, averages 9.3 points per game and has only been shut-out once before… a 77-66 win over Nebraska.
IOWA FALLS– The Corridor Competitive Equine competed in the 2016 Iowa Youth Equine Extravaganza March 5 and 6 at the Ellsworth Equestrian Center in Iowa Falls. The members competing were Audrey Lester, Erika Law, Brooke Miller, Maddy Santos and Abby Kaska.
Maddy Santos participated in the Hippology Contest, receiving ninth place out of 46.
In the Senior Division, Audrey Lester earned third place in Oral Reasons and 10th place Overall.
In the Junior Division, Abby Kaska received first place on Individual Placings and Oral Reasons, earning her a first place Overall (out of 42).
SOLON– Solon's loss will be the University of Iowa's gain.
Peter Gustin, the head coach of Solon's varsity volleyball program, has accepted a position as a volunteer assistant with the Hawkeyes.
Gustin became Solon's head coach after the unexpected departure of coach Kurt Trout at the beginning of the 2012 season. Trout had led the Lady Spartans to their first-ever tournament appearance in 2011.
Under Gustin, the Solon girls reached the tournament final three straight years, winning the 3A championship in 2014.
SOLON– Although Brett Smith passed away nearly four years ago, his memory is still going strong in the hearts of his friends, family and community.
The son of Jeff and Carmen Smith, Brett was diagnosed with Acute Myloid Leukemia in January of his senior year. He was treated at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics but was later sent to the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas, and passed away there on April 16, 2012.
In 2014, Sarah Drea and Brady Smith, first cousins of Brett, organized a running and walking event in honor of their family member.
DES MOINES– If there was an underlying theme to the Iowa City West High boys' 2016 Class 4A State Basketball Tournament experience, it had to be, "We needed to play better."
The West High Trojans, in their sixth-consecutive state tournament appearance, knocked off Des Moines Hoover in the first round and Cedar Falls in the semifinals before falling 46-39 to West Des Moines Valley in the championship.
TIFFIN– After 10 years leading the Clear Creek Amana (CCA) varsity boys track and field program, coach Tony Brack resigned last year, and his three-year assistant, Ben Robison, took the helm of both the boys cross country and track programs.
Robison is assisted by Karl Vogel, Jackson Litterer, Ronnie Hughes and Matt Hoch and inherits a squad with two returning state qualifiers in the form of Eric Douglass (1,600 and 3,200-meter runs) and Derek Toy (400-meter hurdles). Douglass is a senior while Toy is a junior.


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Cheesy Chicken Bake
This delicious dish combines two types of cheese with a delicious blend of whole grain mustard and seasonings to complement the flavors. Read More
Perfect Peach Cobbler
We'll be using THIS cobbler recipe for ALL of our cobblers from now on Read More
Burgers & Fries Seasoning Mix
DIY Grilling Mate Perfect Burger and Fries Seasoning Mix recipe and tips for Awesome burgers Every Time Read More
July 23: National Hot Dog Day
July 23rd is National Hot Dog Day- Celebrate in style with these delicious hot dog topping recipes, learn where to get Free Hot Dogs and how national hot dog day began Read More
Hot, Cold and Bag Lunch Ideas for the entire family
Easy nutritious ideas for homemade bag lunches, hot and cold lunch and homemade lunchables, Dirt cheap bag lunch ideas for the whole family Read More
This Country Apple Fritter Bread is a favorite in our house year round, but I really love it with Cortland apples in early fall. It makes a wonderful gift for the neighbors too
1/3 cup brown...
DD made friends (Hmmm...) with one of the chefs at The Med and wriggled this recipe from him:
The Med's Lemon Herb Chicken and Veggie Kebabs
For the Marinade:
1/4 cup extra virgin olive oil


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Discussion in 'Media Gallery Support' started by ManagerJosh, Jun 26, 2016.
Is it possible to search for particular values in custom fields
No, it isn't.
Limitation of XF?
I wouldn't necessarily say that.
You can search for users by custom user field values in the Admin CP. The content search system itself doesn't store custom field values for content such as media and resources, but theoretically it could in the future.
I'm not even sure it has been suggested before for either MG or RM but that would be a good catalyst for future inclusion of the feature.
Separate names with a comma.


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thomson4 Review
fan review
Good fan. Blades were missing out of box but customer service sent new ones no questions asked. Light not too bright, but fits my needs.
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? what i was expecting.
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. good quality.
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Was This Review Helpful?


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Condition: Standard
DustJacket: Standard
All Product Details
"How had the pair of elderly Jewish lesbians survived the Nazis?and#8221; Janet Malcolm asks at the beginning of this extraordinary work of literary biography and investigative journalism. The pair, of course, is Gertrude Stein, the modernist master and#147;whose charm was as conspicuous as her fatnessand#8221; and and#147;thin, plain, tense, sourand#8221; Alice B. Toklas, the and#147;worker beeand#8221; who ministered to Steinand#8217;s needs throughout their forty-year expatriate and#147;marriage.and#8221; As Malcolm pursues the truth of the coupleand#8217;s charmed life in a village in Vichy France, her subject becomes the larger question of biographical truth. and#147;The instability of human knowledge is one of our few certainties,and#8221; she writes.and#160;
The portrait of the legendary couple that emerges from this work is unexpectedly charged. The two world wars Stein and Toklasand#160; lived through together are paralleled by the private war that went on between them. This war, as Malcolm learned, sometimes flared into bitter combat.
Two Lives is also a work of literary criticism. and#147;Even the most hermetic of [Steinand#8217;s] writings are works of submerged autobiography,and#8221; Malcolm writes. and#147;The key ofand#160; 'I' will not unlock the door to their meaningand#151;you need a crowbar for thatand#151;but will sometimes admit you to a kind of anteroom of suggestion.and#8221; Whether unpacking the accessible Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, in which Stein and#147;solves the koan of autobiography,and#8221; or wrestling with The Making of Americans, a masterwork of and#147;magisterial disorder,and#8221; Malcolm is stunningly perceptive.
Praise for the
A: I stumble on most of my subjects. In the case of Stein, The New Yorker asked me to contribute to an issue on food, and I decided to write about The Alice B. Toklas Cook Book. In the course of rereading Toklas's chapter on her cooking in occupied France, I became curious about Stein and Toklas's wartime history. I wondered how they survived the Nazi occupation.
Q: How did you determine the circumstances of their survival?
A:and#160;I learned of a man named Bernard Faand#255;, who was an influential figure in the Vichy regime, and who protected Stein and Toklas. I was alerted to his existence by the three Stein scholars--Ulla Dydo, Edward Burns, and Bill Rice--who function in the book as a kind of Greek Chorus.
Q: Did you enjoy your encounter with the Stein scholars as much as it seems?
A: I did indeed.and#160;My encounter with them was one of unmitigated pleasure. Their splendid generosity and beauty of character was without parallel. I have written about the problem of the journalist/subject encounter, but what I wrote doesn't have bearing on this encounter.and#160;Q: How problematic was it to parse Stein's famously difficult The Making of Americans?
A:and#160;As I wrote,and#160;I had to take a knife and hack the 950-page book into six sections in order to read it.and#160;Reading it was both an ordeal and one of the most interesting literary experiences of my life.and#160;There is nothing like it in literature. I wouldn't recommend it to everyone, but for anyone who is interested in Stein, it is a necessary work.


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Wednesday, March 10, 2010
Views from the window
Despite the small size (under 600 SF) and the lack of parking, our apartment is just the right space for us; and it gives us marvellous views on a daily basis. Last night I saw a pair of fairy terns, ethereal petrel-like birds of nearly supernatural whiteness, dip and sway over the treetops where they nest on the bare branches. Set against a lowering bruise-colored sky, they looked less like birds and more like bird-shaped portals into a light-filled space beyond. Just now I turned and looked out to see, through the pouring rain, a hazy rainbow earthing itself in the campus of the private school opposite, so close that I could almost reach out and tie a knot in it.
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(Courtesy: Giphy)
The Situation: My husband and I had just gotten off the Futaleufú River in Patagonia, Chile, where we'd been white water rafting for a week. We were tired. We were grimy. We were looking forward to a hot shower, some clean clothes, and a soft bed—all back at home in Philadelphia.
Our fantasies of home wouldn't come true for another week.
On the day in 2010 when we were scheduled to fly home from Santiago, the sixth largest earthquake ever recorded devastated parts of Chile's capital city, home to the only international airport in the country.
The Experts: Lynn O'Rourke Hayes, travel expert and owner, www.familytravel.com; Kevin Kato, former resident of Fukushima City, Japan and Author of For Now: After the Quake - A Father's Journey, a firsthand account of living through the Great Tohoku Earthquake of March 11, 2011; Dan DeoCampo, associate professor of geosciences at Georgia State University.
The Solution: Even if you're not directly in the quake's path, your trip is likely to be affected, and probably not for the better.
According to Hayes, your best defense is a good offense. "Trip planning should include assessing the risks of your destination. The U.S. Geological Survey provides earthquake information by country and by state. If you are traveling to an area with significant seismic activity, consider signing up for the organization's earthquake notification service to receive notifications on your phone," Hayes said.
Before you go register with your country's embassy so that they know how to reach your loved ones in case of a disaster.
If despite best efforts, you find yourself in the epicenter, get to a shelter immediately, says Kato. "It will be your best jumping off point - for water, food and facilities, as well as for figuring out your next move," he says.
(Photo: Thinkstock)
And that's not all, says DeoCampo. Be aware that the earthquake itself isn't the only danger. "If you are in a tsunami area, move to higher ground," he recommends. "If you are in the mountains, beware of landslides, especially in steep valleys."
Once you're in a safe place, contact folks back home, both because they may be worried and because they may have information from the news services that you can't access because the communications infrastructure is out. Be flexible: For example, when my husband and I were stuck in Chile, our cell phones didn't work, but we found a wifi café where we could email home and post on social media.
Getting out of the earthquake zone may require you to be creative. Ask friends in other places to make calls for you; in our case, one friend found that calling the airline's China office worked when she couldn't get through to the South American one. Explore other modes of transportation. In Chile, when the Santiago airport was out of commission, the one in Buenos Aires was fine. Sure, we had to ride on a bus over unpaved roads for a day and a half to get there, but at least we were on our way home.
(Photo: Thinkstock)
Other, unexpected consequences of an earthquake? Well, all of Chile's banks were headquartered in Santiago. We couldn't get money out of the ATMs (because the banks were destroyed). Our credit cards didn't work (because the cables that would link to the banks were out). Had it not been for the kindness of strangers, we would have been hungry and homeless on top of wet and cold.
Just in case, keep cash in a safe place in your luggage—you probably won't need it, but Murphy's Law says that the earthquake will strike just when you're fresh out of coin.
Lisa Tucker McElroy is a law professor and freelance writer who spends most of her time living with her husband, two teen daughters, and two wirehaired dachshunds in Wallingford, Pennsylvania. When she's not home, you can find her on safari in Kenya, on a Vespa tour in Tuscany, or in the halls of the United States Supreme Court. Lisa, the author of eleven books for children, also writes for Redbook, TravelAge West, Huffington Post, Slate, and lots of other publications and websites.


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- You are here:
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To make 3x 500g jars of onion chutney you will need:
- Onions = �1.13
- Sugar = 83p
- 2 garlic cloves = 8p
- Wine vinegar = 46p
- Balsamic vinegar = 20p
- Mustard = 1p
Price per gift: 73p
Average packaging costs
- Jars and airtight lids: �2.50 per jar with lid
- Labels: Free! Tags and labels
- Ribbon: �2.00 for 3 metres
How to store/gift wrap: Store in airtight jars in a cool, dark place. Once open, store in the fridge to keep it fresher for longer. Most chutney lasts a couple of months once made. Just make sure you sterilise your jars beforehand and seal tightly. Gift wrap with a bow around the seal of the jar and label to finish.
Recipes to try:
- Get the recipe: Onion chutney (pictured, with pricing above)
- Get the recipe: Apple chutney
- Get the recipe: Fig chutney
See more chutney recipes
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All Lakeshore athletic events are free and open to the public. Click here if interested in volunteering for an event.
Power Soccer League Day
November 5-6
Five of the top teams from the Southeastern Power Soccer League, including the Lakeshore Power, will compete in 14 "friendly" games over two days. To learn more about power soccer, visit www.powersoccerusa.org.
Click here for tournament schedule.
Lakeshore's Wheelchair Basketball and Wheelchair Rugby Season Opener
November 19
This one-day event will feature two sports and seven teams from Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee. Lakeshore's Lightning and Storm wheelchair basketball teams will take on teams from The University of Alabama and Atlanta. On the wheelchair rugby court, the Lakeshore Demolition will play a double header against Tennessee.
Click here for tournament schedule.
Pioneer Classic Wheelchair Basketball Tournament
January 13-15
One of the nation's premier wheelchair basketball tournaments, the 30th annual Pioneer Classic will feature 19 teams from across the country competing for Division I, II and III titles. Saturday, January 14 will feature exhibition games from Lakeshore's youth teams, the Lakers and Sharks.
Click here for tournament schedule.
Demolition Derby Wheelchair Rugby Tournament
February 3-5
Ten of the nation's best Division I and II wheelchair rugby teams will battle it out at the 20th edition of the Demolition Derby. This tournament, midway through the season, will be a great indicator of the top teams vying for the U.S. Quad Rugby Association (USQRA) national title.
Tournament schedule and information coming soon.
Youth Southeastern Conference Wheelchair Basketball Championships
March 3-5
The southeast's best Prep and 10' Varsity Division youth wheelchair basketball teams will compete for the SEC conference title. Placement at this tournament will determine qualification and seeding for the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA) National Tournament in April.
Tournament schedule and information coming soon.


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Chloé cut-out chiffon blouse Size XS
We have carefully measured each garment to help you determine if the garment you are interested in, is actually the right size for you. You can see the exact measurements of every garment in every item description found on the OWN THE COUTURE site.
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Chloé brown sheer chiffon blouse with embroidered cut-outs at waist. Hidden front button closure and buttons at cuffs. Not lined. Designer label, sizing and fabric content labels have been removed. From Spring/Summer 2002 Collection.Size XS estimated from measurements
Fabric content: Fabric content label has been removed feels like silk
Condition: Excellent condition, little signs of wear
Measurements: Bust 34"; Waist 29"; Sleeve length 24"; Length 22"


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Model Railroading: How to Plan, Build, and Maintain Your Trains and Pikes
This book has three main sections: The World of Model Trains, Your First Train, Planning Your Pike, Your Railroad Empire. There are many chapters within this sections. Some of them are: Tips, Tricks and Gimmicks, The Story of Locomotives, Do-It-Yourself Kits, Architectures, Painting and Decorating, Landscaping, Maintenance, Your Track Layout and more.
Please visit Help Page for Questions
regarding ISBN / ISBN-10 / ISBN10, ISBN-13 / ISBN13, EAN / EAN-13, and Amazon
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Copyright © 2003-2014 AllDiscountBooks.net All rights reserved.


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Tri-axis Accelerometer Speeds Multiplexed Switching for HDD Protection
Kionix announced a tri-axis analog accelerometer that improves multiplexed switching for hard-disk-drive (HDD) protection by 400 percent over its predecessor, the KXPB5. The new KXTH5 boosts the speed at which the hard disk drive can detect a "drop," thereby increasing system robustness. The KXTH5 features an integrated four-channel multiplexer that decreases system microcontroller (MCU) requirements to one analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and two digital I/O's; a very high sampling rate of 32 kHz per axis that, when combined with the short 5 µs settling time of the integrated multiplexer, is asserted to match the performance of three separate analog outputs; a high signal-to-noise ratio with desirable performance over temperature, improving resolution of motion; low noise density that improves resolution and accuracy; low power consumption of 350 µA when operating and 5 µA on standby; customizable operation at any value between 1.8V and 3.6V DC, programmed at the factory to function correctly at the customer-specified voltage; factory-programmable sensitivity that allows a customization range at any value between ±1.5 g to ±6 g, tailoring the function to the customer's application; and noise management with factory-programmable options for a switched-capacitor low-pass filter or no low-pass filter.
607-257-1080, www.kionix.com
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Good lightweight rack
Reviewed By Micah H (TRUCKEE, CA) Reviewed for a 2011 Toyota Tacoma —10/3/2016 10:07 AM
Good looks and quality, strong enough to throw a few ladders on and drive down the freeway without feeling like they will fall off.
Reviewed By Peter F (CAPTAIN COOK, HI) Reviewed for a 2002 Toyota Tacoma —8/23/2014 2:33 AM
Rack fairly easy to install but no thanks to instructions. Have to read a lot into them. Once on its proven to be very functional. Have hauled lumber, and tandem kayak so far. Wish it came with extra bolts tho. Stripped one on install and had to cob one together. All in all a great product.


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US stock indexes showed growth yesterday and are near historic highs levels. The growth of oil prices was supported by the rise of the energy sector shares, which helped to neutralize the negative impact of weak statistics on growth in the number of initial claims for unemployment benefits in the US by 1 thousand, to 295 million, as well as the decline in sales of new homes to 481 thousand, compared with an expected 514 thousands. Today, the dynamics of prices will depend on the data on orders for durable goods (12:30 GMT). In the United States continues the corporate reporting season, which supports the optimism on the markets. We maintain our medium-term negative outlook on the US market, but do not exclude the price correction in the near future.
Major stock indexes in Europe showed mixed trends. So, the British indexes rose despite weak retail sales data, which in March showed a fall of 0.5% against the expected growth of 0.4%. At the same time manufacturing and service PMI in the euro zone fell to 51.9 and 53.7 respectively. Investors continue to monitor the Greek debt crisis. Today, the markets have been supported by the news on the growth of the index of business sentiment in Germany in April to 108.6, which is 0.1 better than expected and 0.7 better than analysts' expectations. We maintain a positive medium-term outlook for the markets of the region in connection with the program of quantitative easing in the euro area, but note the risks associated with the situation in Greece, which is trying to restructure its debts.
Markets in the Asia-Pacific region could not show uniform dynamics. The Japanese market has declined despite the positive data on the index of business activity in Japan in February, which rose by 0.1%, against an expected decline in prices by 0.9%. Negative once again was the strengthening of the yen against the US dollar. Chinese investors continue to expect additional measures to stimulate the growth of the economy, which continues to slowdown. On Monday, is projected low activity of investors in the absence of important macroeconomic background in the region and in the world.


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5 Minute Lemon Pie
READY IN: 5mins
Recipe by Darlene Summers
This is a fast and EASY lemon pie. You can put the topping on top or leave it off--it is good either way.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 1⁄4 cups cold milk
- 2 (3 1/2 ounce) packages instant lemon pudding mix
- 1 (8 ounce) container Cool Whip Topping, thawed
- 1 graham cracker crumb crust (6 oz. or 9 inch)
Directions See How It's Made
- Pour 1 1/4 cups cold milk in a large bowl.
- Beat in 2 packages pudding mix and 1/2 the tub of Cool Whip.
- Spread in prepared graham crust.
- Spread remaining Cool Whip topping on top of pie and serve immediately or refrigerate till time to serve.


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The display and use of drug information on this site is subject to express terms of use. By continuing to view the drug information, you agree to abide by such terms of use.
GENERIC NAME: THIAMINE - INJECTION (THIGH-uh-min)
Medication Uses | How To Use | Side Effects | Precautions | Drug Interactions | Overdose | Notes | Missed Dose | Storage
USES: This medication is used to treat or prevent a lack of thiamine (deficiency) when the form taken by mouth cannot be used or would not work as well as the injection. Thiamine is a B vitamin that helps your body to use carbohydrates for energy. It is also important for normal function of your heart, muscles, and nervous system. Most people get enough thiamine in their diet, but certain health conditions (e.g., alcoholism, poor nutrition, pregnancy, stomach/intestinal diseases) can cause a deficiency in thiamine. Serious thiamine deficiency can lead to nerve damage, heart failure, and mental/mood conditions (e.g., confusion, psychosis).
HOW TO USE: This medication is given by injection into a muscle or vein as directed by your doctor. Dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment.If you are giving this medication to yourself at home, learn all preparation and usage instructions from your health care professional. Before using, check this product visually for particles or discoloration. If either is present, do not use the liquid. Learn how to store and discard medical supplies safely.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. This copyrighted material has been downloaded from a licensed data provider and is not for distribution, except as may be authorized by the applicable terms of use.
CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.
Need help identifying pills and medications?
Use the pill identifier tool on RxList.


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Delayed setting single use epoxy is the perfect product to use when you need more time to work to get your project pieces in place. This product allows you 30 minutes to arrange and rearrange pieces. Package contains just the right amount of product for most small projects. The metal tubes dispense effortlessly, and are easy to mix.
California residents: see Proposition 65 information
- Extra strong 2000 PSI
- Sets in 30 minutes
- Full cure in 24 hours
- Light yellow cure color
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'No Survivors' music video - Uncle: Episode 2 - BBC Three MP3
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God Dethroned - No Survivors Album: Passiondale Year: 2009 I don't own this music.
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How to guide on "The Dragon's Reach, Part 1" achievements in MMORPG Guild Wars 2. Part 3 - The Waypoint Conundrum "Crate Scrapper" Check out the ...
Russian Flight 7K9268 Passenger List, Egypt Reports No Survivors of Sinai Crash MP3
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text:
- truss bridge
- noun Date: 1840 a bridge supported mainly by trusses — see bridge illustration
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
Truss bridge — for a single track railway, converted to pedestrian use and pipeline support Ancestor Beam bridge[ … Wikipedia
Truss bridge — Bridge Bridge (br[i^]j), n. [OE. brig, brigge, brug, brugge, AS. brycg, bricg; akin to Fries. bregge, D. brug, OHG. brucca, G. br[ u]cke, Icel. bryggja pier, bridge, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and prob. Icel. br[=u] bridge, Sw. & Dan. bro bridge,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
truss bridge — truss′ bridge n. civ a bridge in which the loads are supported by trusses • Etymology: 1830–40, amer … From formal English to slang
truss bridge — ☆ truss bridge n. a bridge supported chiefly by trusses … English World dictionary
truss bridge — noun a bridge supported by trusses • Hypernyms: ↑bridge, ↑span • Part Meronyms: ↑truss * * * noun : a bridge supported mainly by trusses see bridge illustration * * * a bridge in which the loads are supported by trusses. [1830 40, Amer … Useful english dictionary
truss bridge — a bridge in which the loads are supported by trusses. [1830 40, Amer.] * * * … Universalium
truss bridge — /ˈtrʌs brɪdʒ/ (say trus brij) noun a bridge in which the greatest strain is taken by trusses … Australian English dictionary
Continuous truss bridge — Astoria Megler Bridge is North America s longest continuous truss bridge … Wikipedia
List of longest continuous truss bridge spans — This list of continuous bridge spans ranks the world s continuous truss bridges in two ways. First by the length of main span (the longest length of unsupported roadway) and second by the total length of continuous truss spans.This list includes… … Wikipedia
Double-Span Metal Pratt Truss Bridge — U.S. National Register of Historic Places … Wikipedia