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|"Craig McClanahan" <craig...@apache.org>
|Re: [all] jarfiles in svn
|Mon, 08 Jan 2007 22:09:28 GMT
On 1/8/07, Joerg Heinicke <email@example.com> wrote: > > Simon Kitching <skitching <at> apache.org> writes: > > > When using maven, only the first run needs to download the jars ... So, > no need > > for "internet access at build time". > > > > For ant ... This can be run *once* to download the jars, but is not part > of the > > main build task, so there is no need for "internet access at build > time". > > Even if only for the first run you need a build environment for > downloading the > dependencies. That's the point. > > > > (I speak from experience. In my company ...) > > > > A poor corporate internet access policy at one company is *NOT* a good > > justification for misusing the Apache SVN repository. > > 1. How can be a misuse what was (inevitably?) custom for years? I don't > know how > Jakarta Commons handled this before Maven. Of course SVN might not be > perfect > for it. But as long as infrastructure team does not even discourage from > committing jars I don't see a real problem with it. And for commons > transaction > we talk about other magnitudes than for Cocoon (665 KB vs. 40-45 MB). > > 2. I don't give justifications for enacting a law or something like that. > I only > gave an argument which might be considered as well. Other examples might > be > imaginable. If it is common understanding to do it the other way, be it > for > unification or other reasons mentioned, I'm ok with it. The problem here is not disk space or overhead on the SCM server (although you won't hurt my feelings if you take actions that make the Apache Subversion server run faster :-). The problem is one of engineering best practices. Storing JAR files in your source repository (or pretty much any other scenario where you check in things that have been generated, instead of rebuilding them) has the following negative impacts: * Bypasses the normal mechanisms people use to verify that the bits they are depending on have not been corrupted (either accidentally or maliciously). A cautious downstream user will go directly to the origin for every package they depend on, and validate checksums and signatures. You are asking your downstream users to trust *you* to not have messed with these jar files. * Typically leads to a build environment where *only* the copy of the dependent jars in your repository are used. That makes life much harder for downstream users who might have several packages that need the same dependency, and need to be sure that their entire application * Creates redundant copies of shared dependencies in the build environment of your downstream users (if they use lots of packages that follow the same practice). It's one thing to make a mess of redundant copies on our own server. It's quite another thing to make a mess in your user's directory, for every user. This is not the same as saying "do not distribute such jars in a binary distribution." That is a convenience that many projects offer ... but please let your user opt out of *only* being allowed to use the version you shipped. Thanks for your understanding. > > Jörg Craig
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About the Book
Studies in overlaid printer's inks, roughly laid down with a roller and enlarged to show the texture and colour detail
Features & Details
- Category Arts & Photography
Small Square, 7×7 in, 18×18 cm
64 Pages
- Publish Date Mar 31, 2014
- Language English
- Tags art, design, press, paint, ink, graphics, abstract, printmaking
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Umoro expands into fashion focused active wear apparel.
In 2013 we launched our iconic portable supplement bottle, the Umoro One. This innovation in design helped our brand rise quickly into the forefront of the fitness industry. Now we've set our sights on the exciting apparel market with the launch of an 18-piece clothing collection.
Sixteen items are available in either male or female styles and sizes. Two items a performance jacket and jogger are unisex and will release in Mid-June 2016.Umoro's Spring/Summer 2016 collection features a blend between athletic and casual wear. The collection includes a set of classic tees with the iconic Umoro emblem and sleeveless tees that sport a sleek, scooped bottom. With many more styles for you to explore we are beyond thrilled to make this introduction to you.


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An excerpt from Chris Matthews' interview of Republican Michele Bachmann of Minnesota, October 1:
Matthews: You believe that Barack Obama may, you're suspicious because of this relationship, may have anti-American views. Otherwise it's probably irrelevant to this discussion...
Bachmann: Absolutely...I absolutely...yes...
Matthews: So you believe that Barack Obama may have anti-American views?
Bachmann: Absolutely. I'm very concerned that he may have anti-American views. That's what the American people are concerned about.
Matthews asked his questions clearly and repeatedly. Bachmann left no doubt that she understood the questions and was "absolutely" suspicious that Obama harbors "anti-American views."
Now listen to the following video, taken in St. Louis, where Bachmann states that her "misstatement" was the fault of Matthews, who laid a trap for her:
According to Bachmann, Matthews' use of the term "anti-American" hypnotized her to the point that she was powerless to stop using it herself. More evidence of the spellbinding, malignant effect of the "liberal media."


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California Hot Rod 1961 Chevrolet Apache 10 Custom Truck
- Make: Chevrolet
- Model: Other Pickups
- SubModel: apache
- Type: Cab & Chassis
- Trim: custom
- Year: 1961
- Mileage: 106,000
- VIN: 1c1440110408
- Color: copper
- Engine size: 327
- Number of cylinders: 8
- Fuel: Gasoline
- Transmission: Automatic
- Drive type: RWD
- Interior color: black
- Vehicle Title: Clear Want to buy? Contact seller!
1961 Chevrolet Other Pickups apache
California Hot Rod '61 Chevrolet Apache c-10 Custom Truck.
106,000 Original miles. Bought from an old local 5 years ago. A True Survivor in Very! Rare Condition. Started as a White truck and was painted Copper color over 35 years ago. Has always been nice and never used as a work truck. Just driven local. Valve Covers say 350 but is a 327. No fluid leaks. Bumper to bumper engine was rebuilt at 86,000 miles. No smoke, overheat or noise. Runs and Drives great. Transmission works great and shifts great, but doesn't hold in park on hill but parking brake works well. Has not been registered since 2005, but is in Non-Op with No Back Fees. Body is in Amazing condition, has some minor rust on bottom of front fenders from debris buildup between fender and brace and very minor in cab corners as viewed. nothing has been covered up & no paint work in over 35 years. Bed has original wood and needs new boards. Surface rust viewed in bed, no holes or deep pitting. Rare automatic transmission, power steering, power hydro-vac brakes & factory turn signals. Also, one of only two years of torsion bar front springs. Can adjust the height by just turning 2 bolts.
Did some recent things to it, rebuilt carburetor, replaced alternator, master cylinder, tuned up, points and plugs. Still needs turn signal switch, fuel sending unit, rear window has a crack (can view in pics).
Very Rare Condition for its age. A True Survivor. Hate to sell but need the money.
$1,000 Deposit due within 48 hours of auction ending. Balance payable within 1 week. Any additional questions, feel free to contact me at (209) 728-4661. Thanks, Mike


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Introducing Stanley
Stanley is the online administration and support system for the Practice Standards Scheme through which the awards assessment process is managed.
Offering step-by-step guidance on the requirements of each award, Stanley provides a document storage facility, a reminder service for appointments and expiry dates, a self-assessment tool to mark your progress and an easier way to communication with the assessors and PSS Team here at the College.
The award assessment process
Awards assessments are entirely optional, and will be assessed separately to base accreditation levels. Practices in the Scheme can apply for awards at any time. The awards focus on behaviours and outcomes, as opposed to facilities and equipment, thus are assessed in a different manner.
- The awards are made up of modules. In order for a practice to be classed as 'Good' in an award, they must have achieved at least 60% of the available points in all modules within that award. Likewise for a practice to be classed as 'Outstanding' in an award, they must have achieved at least 80% of the available points in all modules in that award.
- In order to achieve award points the practice must demonstrate the behaviour or action on the day of the assessment. Practices cannot send in evidence after the assessment visit in order to gain award points.
- To gain an award the practice must have achieved GP level in the relevant modules, even if they are a Core Standards practice. Core Standards practices will be assessed for any extra GP requirements at same time as the award assessment
- If practices do not achieve their anticipated level on the day they can apply for a re-assessment visit. They cannot do this until at least three months after the first visit in order to allow practices time to set up systems or change behaviours.
The Practice Standards Modules, Rules of the Scheme and the PSS Handbook are available to download from the 'Related documents' box.
Who are the Assessors?
- All assessors have at least five years' experience in clinical practice; to have been in clinical practice within the lastthree years; and have suitable experience for the types of practice they are assessing.
- A list of the current assessors can be found on our 'Meet the PSS Assessors' page.


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Sold Out
2 x Americano Truffles, 2 x Latte Crisp, 2 x Espresso Truffles
Fine luxury British chocolate
Hand-finished, carefully crafted by our Brithish chocolatiers.
The ultimate chocolate experience
A tantalising fusion of self-indulgent chocolate with real ground coffee beans
Made in the UK in the heart of Dorset.
6 chocolates, 80g of product
Sugar, cocoa mass, palm oil, cocoa butter, skimmed milk powder, whole milk powder, milk sugar, fat reduced cocoa powder, ground coffee, rapeseed oil, emulsifier (soya lecithin), rice, whey powder (from milk), sunflower oil, natural flavourings (contains barley), salt, niacin, iron, vitamin B6, riboflavin (B2), thiamin (B1), folic acid, vitamin B12.
For allergens, see ingredients in bold. Also, may contain nuts & egg.
3 x Dark Caramel Love Hearts, 3 x Milk Caramel Love HeartsFine luxury British chocolateHand-finished,...
Sold Out
6 x Marc de Champagne TrufflesFine luxury British chocolateHand-finished, carefully crafted by our Brithish chocolatiers.The...
6 x pink Marc de Champagne TrufflesFine luxury British chocolateHand-finished, carefully crafted by our Brithish...
3 x rose creams, 3 x violet creams A smooth, soft fondant combined with a...


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Contact Information
We are located at:
660 North Main Avenue
Suite 100
San Antonio, Texas 78205-1217
Free parking is available on a first-come, first-served basis at our auxiliary parking lot at 105 San Pedro Avenue. Parking permits can be obtained at our front desk.
For rental rates and booking, please contact the Meeting Center Manager by email at [email protected] or call (210)226-4600.
When making hotel reservations, request the corporate rate for the American Payroll Association (parent company to SAMC). Click here to find more information about our Partner Hotels.


text: Similar to the Smackdown one who do you feel to be underutilized on the raw brand? Firstly I'm going to see Santino Marella he's the total package with a goofy gimmick imo. He can connect with the audience, wrestle and cut an enjoyable promo. It's a shame he enjoys the comedy gimmick so much I can see him becoming a world champion with a big over haul. Brodus Clay would be my second choice. He has the mic to carry any feud as a heel. Plus his size and ring style make it very easy for the babyface to get sympathy. I personally would love him to be Ryders next feud let Ryder win by DQ at the rumble as Brodus makes his statement by roll up at EC then have Brodus win at mania in a 8 minute opener. In short get him on TV WWE. Drew McIntyre should also be featured alot more prominently. I can't recall many other people who can convey aggression as well as Drew. Many people compare Bobby Roode to the 2000 incarnation of HHH. I personally class drew as closer. The good thing is he is only very young so hopefully he gets more TV after paying his dues so to speak. My final choice would be R-Truth. I know he mainevented survivor series but both he and Miz felt like just tag alongs to the Rock / Cena feud. His in ring work isn't the best but I believe he could carry it on the mic like he did in his early run in TNA and the conspiracy angle. If treat seriously he could be a star.


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Posted: Tuesday, March 21, 2017 3:16 PM
Looking for some company this afternoon? Look no further. in Columbia now Treat me like the Queen I am, and I will treat you like the king you are. Get it while it lasts, 5736533430 call or text, but straight to the point please.
• Location: Columbia, Columbia/Jeff City
• Post ID: 24268712 columbiamo


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The Freedom Award is the Department of Defense's highest honor for employer support of National Guard and Reserve employees. The 2013 award recipients represent large and small businesses, as well as public sector agencies. They have distinguished themselves from a field of nearly 2,900 nominations submitted by Reserve Component Service members. These employers have gone above and beyond their legal obligations to military employees, offering formal and informal initiatives that ensure service members and their families are taken care of throughout all types of military service. The recipients' measures of support included creating special hiring programs, providing personal support to families such as home maintenance, and continuing full benefits, salary, and additional paid leave options during deployment.About Humana Humana Inc., headquartered in Louisville, Ky., is a leading health care company that offers a wide range of insurance products and health and wellness services that incorporate an integrated approach to lifelong well-being. By leveraging the strengths of its core businesses, Humana believes it can better explore opportunities for existing and emerging adjacencies in health care that can further enhance wellness opportunities for the millions of people across the nation with whom the company has relationships. More information regarding Humana is available to investors via the Investor Relations page of the company's web site at www.humana.com, including copies of:
- Annual reports to stockholders;
- Securities and Exchange Commission filings;
- Most recent investor conference presentations;
- Quarterly earnings news releases;
- Replays of most recent earnings release conference calls;
- Calendar of events (including upcoming earnings conference call dates and times, as well as planned interaction with research analysts and institutional investors);
- Corporate Governance information.


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Editorial, ECAL
Year: 2017; Street newspaper, issue 0. The content of the newspaper is created by homeless people. In collaboration with Sasha Marshani.
GGK '1958-70. The Bauhaus Business
Book, Editorial
Year: 2017; A story of an advertising agency GGK (Gerstner, Gredinger and Kutter);
New lettering as a result of workshop with Radim Peško
Year: 2016
I now believe in Signs
Poster A0; Year: 2015;
AMS archive: 2009-14
Book, Editorial, Print
Year: 2015; Media: Book; Format: A5; Open binding, 96 pages. An analog archive of the AMS tumblr, containing all the guest mixes and the moodboard, seeking for childhood dreams, russian identity, nostalgia, and music-related imagery.
Excavate. Vom Herausgraben und Zusammentragen von Dingen
Book, Editorial, Print, Photography
Year: 2012; 18 x 25 cm, 175 pages. Excavate is a book project exploring the phenomena of collecting. Interviews with Günter Höhne (GDR design expert), Simon Menner (artist), Thomas Olbricht (art collector), Stephan Steigleder (vinyl collector), etc.
Book. Format: SRA3, spiral binding. Teachers: Marie Lusa, Bruno Ceschel
Year: 2015; A project about the food photography. The goal was to extract image fragments (at 4800dpi) from the food magazine (single source, MMM refers to it's logo) in a way that would emphasize the visual language of the food advertising.
AEM Ritm-Kaskad and Dices record sleeve
Print, Packaging, Editing
Year: 2015; Media: 7" record sleeves. Cover artwork is based on the pattern excersice from Arim Hoffmann's book "Graphic Design Manual" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmr-oNfkfn0
My contribution to 00:00 24:00 — MAAD × Studio Noi
Year: 2016
Year: 2015; A website proposal for the music service Soundstamps


text: Bundesliga Dortmund set to sign Turkish talent Emre Mor vor 2 Stunden 18-year-old Emre Mor has already made two appearances for the Turkey national team in the build-up to EURO 2016. Summary Emre Mor to join Dortmund on a five-year-deal ion the summer.Mor signs on from Danish side FC Nordsjaelland.18-year-old becomes Dortmund's fifth signing of the summer. Borussia Dortmund are set to complete the signing of another rising star in 18-year-old Emre Mor. The Turkey international has put pen to paper on a five-year deal after agreeing to move from Danish top-tier side FC Nordsjaelland. "Emre Mor is an incredibly gifted and versatile young attacking player with huge potential," said Dortmund's sporting director Michael Zorc.'BVB are an exceptional club'Born and raised in Denmark, but possessing a Turkish passport, Mor made 13 appearances in the Danish Superligaen last season, scoring twice and setting up a further two goals. After making a non-appearance off the bench against England, the youngster made his international debut in the build-up to UEFA EURO 2016 featuring against both Montenegro and Slovenia. Mor joins fellow BVB midfielder Nuri Sahin in Turkey's 23-man squad for the competition, but is eagerly anticipating taking another step forward in his career under Thomas Tuchel."BVB are an exceptional club in Europe with a unique fan base," said Mor. "I'm really looking forward to meeting my new team-mates and I can hardly wait for the start of the season and making my first appearance for Borussia." I am very honoured and happy to be a part of the Dortmund Family and to play in one of the biggest clubs in the World! I am looking forward to meet all my team mates, and all the fans! Big thanks to FCNordsjælland and all the people around me! #EM9 #Dortmund #BVB #bigmoment #alhamdulillah Ein von Emre Mor (@e.mor29) gepostetes Foto am 7. Jun 2016 um 6:09 Uhr More news Bundesliga Bundesliga European Dream Team Battle: midfield Bundesliga Pulisic's Dortmund dream comes true Bundesliga Christian Pulisic: Dortmund's new gem Free! Get the Bundesliga newsletter delivered straight to your inbox. Sign up today! Subscribe


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Multnomah University prepares students for meaningful careers that serve Jesus whether they're called to traditional ministry or the marketplace.
Stay connected to our community and help the next generation of Christian leaders become agents of positive change, whether they're serving across the street or across an ocean.
MU Online courses are designed to help you benefit from the learning community around you. We want to connect your life to your education. The things that are most important to you will become key components in your spiritual development, and your interaction with professors and classmates will further enrich your experience.
Students in each online class advance through a structured series of course material guided by Christian professors. Your classmates will be students from other Christian colleges and universities that have joined the consortium. Although classes will be asynchronous (all students do not need to be online at the same time), you will have regular contact with your instructors and classmates through forums and email.
Can I transfer credits from another institution?
Yes, as long as they fit into the program you're pursuing. Coursework that is applicable to your program and from an accredited institution where you received satisfactory grades will most likely transfer. Please note that to graduate from Multnomah, you must earn at least 30 credits from MU. Contact Admissions for details.
Do you accept credit for Life Experience?
Yes, through our Prior Learning Experience process.
Can MU Online courses be applied toward the on-campus programs at Multnomah and vice versa?


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The excitement and anticipation that comes along with the holiday season is sometimes overwhelming for children, especially those with ADHD.
What do you do over the holiday season? Do you often visit with friends and relatives, staying later than your child's normal bedtime? Do you deviate from your normal schedule more often than you stick to it? Do you have rushed days, spend weekends completing holiday activities? Besides the hustle and bustle of the holidays, children are inundated with excessive commercials for the latest toys and bombarded with images of Christmas. Their excitement begins before Thanksgiving and with each passing day, it grows.
Children with ADHD thrive with consistency. They work well in a structured environment. With the disruption of daily schedules, your child may suffer in school and their behavior at home may be disasterous. Children that are normally hyperactive may become even more so. (Is that really possible?) Children that are distracted easily will find it even more difficult to stay focused on the mundane school tasks. Children that are impulsive may find their impulsiveness increase. For some parents, this change in behaviors can begin as early as October and last well into January.
For children that have a hard time socially, this time of year may be especially difficult. Their classmates may make plans to get together with friends over the winter break from school. For the child that does not have many friends, this may make them feel even more isolated. Family gatherings may be stressful if your child does not yet have the social skills to act appropriately, or they may spend the day feeling left out and alone. Some parents complain that fights with siblings increase as well during the holiday season.
Parents must deal with their own commitments and responsibilities during this time as well as help their child cope with the daily stress the holidays bring. Parents can end up frazzled and frustrated, impatiently waiting for the season to end rather than enjoying this special time of the year.


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To assess the extent of intra-species diversity and the links between phylogeny, lifestyle (habitat and pathogenicity) and phenotype, we assayed the growth yield on 95 carbon sources of 168 Escherichia strains. We also correlated the growth capacities of 14 E. coli strains with the presence/absence of enzyme-coding genes. Globally, we found that the genetic distance, based on multilocus sequence typing data, was a weak indicator of the metabolic phenotypic distance. Besides, lifestyle and phylogroup had almost no impact on the growth yield of non-Shigella E. coli strains. In these strains, the presence/absence of the metabolic pathways, which was linked to the phylogeny, explained most of the growth capacities. However, few discrepancies blurred the link between metabolic phenotypic distance and metabolic pathway distance. This study shows that a prokaryotic species structured into well-defined genetic and lifestyle groups can yet exhibit continuous phenotypic diversity, possibly caused by gene regulatory effects.
Species have been first differentiated from morphological traits, and nowadays phenotypic criteria are still used to characterize them. Even for bacteria, phenotypic characteristics should agree with phylogenetic relatedness to constitute a species (Wayne et al., 1987; Stackebrandt et al., 2002). The underlying idea is that genetically distinct organisms should also be phenotypically distinct. Several cases, for which phylogeny, phenotype and ecological niche are related, support this view. For instance, in the group of asexual species of bdelloid rotifers, genetic and morphological clusters are the same and result from niche divergence (Fontaneto et al., 2007). In bacteria of the genus Bacillus, genetic groups and growth temperature are also linked as a consequence of the ecology of these species (Guinebretière et al., 2008).
However, several studies have revealed that the genetic distances and the phenotypes can be poorly related, as it has been found in eukaryotes species such as Zea mays (maize) (Burstin & Charcosset, 1997) and Lolium perenne (ryegrass) (Roldán-Ruiz et al., 2001). Similar results have been observed for bacterial species such as members of the genus Cronobacter (Baldwin et al., 2009) and strains of Staphylococcus aureus (Morandi et al., 2010). A well-known phenomenon that can disrupt the link between genetic distance and phenotype is the phenotypic convergence resulting from similar ecological niches of distinct genetic groups. For instance, life-history strategies are associated with specific habitats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and genetically distant strains sharing the same habitat have similar life-history strategies (Spor et al., 2009).
The E. coli species is of particular interest to study the relationships between phylogenetic relatedness and phenotypic variation. The evolutionary history of the species (Lecointre et al., 1998) revealed that the strains are distributed among five main phylogroups: A, B1, B2, D and E (Herzer et al., 1990; Escobar-Páramo et al., 2004a). In addition, natural isolates of E. coli are found in a variety of habitats, which can be either vertebrate hosts or water or soil (Hartl & Dykhuizen, 1984) and can be commensals (Tenaillon et al., 2010), intra-intestinal pathogens (Intestinal Pathogenic E. coli or InPEC) or extra-intestinal pathogens (extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli or ExPEC) (Kaper et al., 2004). We chose to call lifestyles the combinations of habitat and pathogenicity. The prevalence of the different phylogroups varies slightly between lifestyles. For instance, farm animals exhibit a higher proportion of A and B1 strains and a lower proportion of B2 and D strains than wild animals. Likewise, ExPEC strains belong mainly to the phylogroup B2 (Picard et al., 1999). However, there is no clear-cut link between phylogroups and lifestyles, i.e. no lifestyle can be uniquely attributed to a given phylogroup (Gordon & Cowling, 2003; Escobar-Páramo et al., 2006). E. coli genome, which encompasses approximately 4700 genes, is highly dynamic: the core-genome, the genes present in all the sequenced genomes, is about 2000 genes, whereas the pan genome, the full set of nonorthologous genes among all genomes, reaches 18 000 genes (Rasko et al., 2008; Touchon et al., 2009).
Based on this large genetic diversity and the various lifestyles, we expect to find a large phenotypic variation within the species. The nonrandom distribution of the phylogroups among different lifestyles may indicate that these groups differ in phenotypes. Besides, as anthropogenic factors such as domestication play a major role in the ecological structure and the level of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escobar-Páramo et al., 2006; Skurnik et al., 2006), the exposure of a strain animal host to humans could influence the phenotype of the bacterium. The prevalence of E. coli and the relative abundance of the phylogroups depend on the host diet (Gordon & Cowling, 2003), which might also have an impact on the strain phenotype. Finally, the strain phenotype could be globally linked to the pathogenic nature of the bacterium as this has been shown to be the case for a given metabolic phenotypic character. Indeed, the use of deoxyribose constitutes a fitness advantage for the competitiveness of extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli strains (Bernier-Febreau et al., 2004; Martinez-Jéhanne et al., 2009).
To assess the extent of intra-species diversity as well as the links between phylogeny, lifestyle and phenotype, we assayed the growth yield (carbon source utilization) of a panel of genetically diverse E. coli natural isolates. We included several phylogenetic outgroups in the study as well as one phenotypic outgroup to test whether our methodology gives a global and representative image of a strain phenotype. Metabolic capacities are conditioned by the occurrence of specific enzymatic reactions in the cell that can be inferred from the strain gene content. Therefore, to go further, we studied in a subset of strains the relationship between growth capacities and metabolic pathways reconstructed from complete genome data. Hence, we were able to analyse the correlations between phylogenetic distance, metabolic phenotypic distance and metabolic pathway presence. Overall, the strain growth yield seemed to present continuous variations around the species average, whereas the pattern of the presence/absence of the metabolic pathways was linked to the species phylogeny. Finally, we discussed the impact of the species life cycle on the metabolic phenotypic diversity and the molecular mechanisms that could account for discrepancies between growth and the presence of metabolic pathways.
The growth experiments were conducted on 168 bacterial strains comprising 159 E. coli/Shigella strains, six cryptic Escherichia clade strains, two E. fergusonii strains and one E. albertii strain. E. fergusonii, E. albertii and cryptic Escherichia clade strains were used as phylogenetic outgroups. The cryptic Escherichia clades are Escherichia lineages that have recently been reported. Strains belonging to these clades are very divergent from E. coli based on DNA sequence data; however, no biochemical feature allowed distinguishing them from E. coli (Walk et al., 2009). The non-Shigella E. coli strains were chosen as representative of the genetic diversity of the species based on the triplex PCR phylogrouping (Clermont et al., 2000) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data from more than 4000 isolates from various collections (Picard et al., 1999; Escobar-Páramo et al., 2004a,b, 2006; Clermont et al., 2011). To have four groups of comparable genetic diversity, we chose to make one genetic group, A/B1, from the close A and B1 phylogroups. One hundred and fifty E. coli strains belonged to the genetic groups A/B1 (75 strains), B2 (38 strains), D (26 strains) and E (11 strains). Moreover, three strains did not belong to any group and were thus labelled 'ungrouped'. We also included six Shigella strains distributed into different Shigella-specific phylogroups (two in S1, one in S2, one in S3, one in SD1 and one in SS [Pupo et al., 2000; Escobar-Páramo et al., 2003]). These strains were used as phenotypic outgroup. Indeed, Shigella strains are intra-cellular human-specific pathogens that emerged from different E. coli phylogroups but present similar distinctive biochemical features as a consequence of their common lifestyle (Pupo et al., 2000; Escobar-Páramo et al., 2003). The 153 non-Shigella E. coli strains were divided into several lifestyle groups: three pathogenic groups (commensal [90 strains], ExPEC [28 strains] and InPEC [35 strains]), four host anthropogenic groups (according to their exposure to humans: humans [53 strains], pet dogs [19 strains], farm animals [49 strains] and wildlife animals [32 strains]) (Skurnik et al., 2006) and four host diets (insectivorous and granivorous birds [19 strains], carnivorous mammals [24 strains], herbivorous mammals [39 strains] and omnivorous mammals [71 strains]). The strains were selected to have comparable genetic diversity in the different lifestyle groups. The study on the relationship between growth capacities and metabolic pathways was conducted on a subset of 13 commensal and pathogenic E. coli strains for which the complete genome sequence was available (http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/microscope/) as well as on the laboratory strain K-12. The main characteristics of all the strains are given Table S1. For each strain, the reference stock was conserved at −80 °C with glycerol.
Cells from the stock were grown overnight in Luria–Bertani broth at 37 °C then pelleted and washed once with minimal buffer (100 mm NaCl, 30 mm triethanolamine HCl, 5 mm NH4Cl, 2 mm NaH2PO4, 0.25 mm Na2SO4, 0.05 mm MgCl2, 1 mm KCl, 1 μm FeCl3 and pH 7.1) and finally resuspended in minimal buffer. Growth capacities were assayed using commercially available Biolog GN2 microplates (AES Chemunex, Combourg, France). Each of the 96 wells of a Biolog GN2 microplate contains a simple carbon source presented Fig. S1, except one used as control, and a tetrazolium dye, which is an indicator of oxidative carbon metabolism correlated with bacterial growth (MacLean & Bell, 2002, 2003; MacLean et al., 2004; Venail et al., 2008). Each well of the Biolog GN2 microplates was inoculated with 100 μL of cell suspension diluted at an optical density (OD) of 0.03 measured on an Ultrospec 1100 pro spectrophotometer.
We measured the OD at 750 nm with a Tecan Infinite M200 plate reader after 18 h of growth at 37 °C in an incubator where the plates were shaken. We then subtracted the blank value (OD reached in the control well) to the OD after culture in each well. We called this value the growth yield. Experiments were conducted at eight different dates with a block design for the strains and 14 strains were replicated twice. Growth yield was corrected for a date effect using its least-square mean value computed by an analysis of variance (anova) comprising five factors: the date of the assay, the phylogenetic group of the strain, its pathogenic group, the strain host anthropogenic group and its diet. The residual of the model contained both experimental error and genetic variation between strains of the same group. A separate analysis was conducted for each carbon source (see section Statistical analyses). All subsequent analyses were performed on growth yield corrected for the date effect. To determine a threshold above which growth was considered to be positive, we applied Gaussian mixture models to the growth yields (Fraley & Raftery, 2002, 2006). The optimal model according to the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) had three components: two of them with an average OD close to zero and the third one with an average OD close to one (Fig. S2). We chose to consider growth as positive whenever the corrected OD belonged to the third population with a 5% false-positive rate. Hence, positive growth corresponded to a growth yield >0.3388 OD units.
To estimate the genetic divergence between strains, we used the MLST data generated from eight partial genes: dinB (450 bp), icdA (516 bp), pabB (468 bp), polB (450 bp), putP (456 bp), trpA (561 bp), trpB (594 bp) and uidA (600 bp) (Jaureguy et al., 2008; http://www.pasteur.fr/recherche/genopole/PF8/mlst/EColi.html). The phylogenetic tree was inferred with the software PhyML 3.0 (Guindon & Gascuel, 2003) using a generalized time-reversible (GTR) model with optimized equilibrium frequencies, estimated proportion of invariable sites, four substitution rate categories using the mean as the centre of each class and estimated gamma distribution parameter. The tree topology was optimized to maximize the likelihood using the nearest neighbour interchanges (NNIs) tree topology search operation with no random starting tree and a neighbour-joining input tree. The tree was plotted with the R package APE (Paradis et al., 2004). The genetic divergence (dG) is the distance between strains derived from this phylogenetic tree by the R package APE.
Analyses of variance were performed on each substrate for which growth was positive for at least one strain. The growth yield was analysed using a linear model with four main effects: the phylogenetic group of the strain, its pathogenic group, the strain host anthropogenic group and its diet. Type-III anova tables were computed using the R package car (Fox & Weisberg, 2010). P-values of the F-tests from the anova tables were cumulated, and the effects for which the false-positive discovery rate, FDR (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995; Strimmer, 2009), was <0.1 % were considered significant. For those effects, we computed the least-square means and corresponding error variance for each group. The growth yield was also used to determine the metabolic phenotypic distance (dP) between strains, the Euclidean distance between vectors of growth yields and to run a principal component analysis (PCA) computed with the software R (R Development Core Team, 2009). All the Mantel tests between the different distances were performed using the R package ade4 (Dray & Dufour, 2007).
In the study on the relationship between growth capacities and metabolic pathways, which comprised fewer strains (14 strains for which the complete genome sequence was available), the growth assay procedure was the same than for the other growth experiments except that the OD at 750 nm of each well of the microplates were monitored every 25 min during the 18 h of growth at 37 °C in a Tecan Infinite M200 plate reader where the plates were also shaken. The whole process (overnight growth and microplating) was repeated at least twice on different days. Thus, for each carbon source, growth was represented by two to three curves. The growth yield was estimated from the growth curve after performing a cubic spline interpolation using the software R (R Development Core Team, 2009). It corresponded to the amplitude of growth, i.e. to the OD reached after 18 h of growth minus the initial OD. This procedure minimized the biochemical assay errors to compare the metabolic capabilities of the strains with their gene contents. Growth was considered positive if the growth yield, averaged on the replicates, was greater than the growth threshold (0.2578 OD units), determined using Gaussian mixture models as in the other growth experiments.
The metabolic pathways present in the sequenced strains were recovered using the metabolic profiles from the Microcyc website (http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/microcyc). The process to determine these metabolic profiles is as described in Vieira et al., 2011. For one strain, each pathway was represented by its completion percentage. For example, a pathway for which all the enzyme-coding genes are present in the genome has a completion of 1, if half the enzyme-coding genes are missing, the completion is 0.5, and 0 if the pathway was not inferred in the strain. We defined the metabolic pathway completion distance between two strains (dM) as the Euclidean distance between their vectors of pathway completions. To link the carbon sources allowing growth of at least one of the 14 sequenced strains to the metabolic pathways specifically involved in their degradation, we first selected all the pathways where the carbon source intervened as substrate or product of a reaction. Then, among this first selection of pathways, we manually removed those not involved in the degradation of the carbon source of interest. To link a maximum of carbon sources to pathways, we manually added four pathways because they involved reactions not classified as part of a pathway or because the reactions were not described yet in the Metacyc 13.0 database. These pathways concerned the following substrates: N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (enzymes: N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase, EC 22.214.171.124; galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase, no EC; 6-phosphofructokinase I, EC 220.127.116.11; tagatose 6-phosphate aldolase 1, EC 188.8.131.52 [Mukherjee et al., 2008]), lactulose (enzyme: cryptic beta-D-galactosidase, EC 184.108.40.206), D-serine (enzyme: D-serine ammonia-lyase, EC 220.127.116.11) and D-raffinose (enzyme: alpha-galactosidase, EC 220.127.116.11). We successfully matched 43 carbon sources to their degradation pathways (Table S2) but we were unable to relate the consumption of glycyl-L-aspartic acid, L-alanyl-glycine and methylpyruvate to any metabolic pathway.
We implemented a simplified model for the relationship between the metabolic phenotypic distance (dP) between two strains and their genetic distance (dG), defined here as the proportion of genes that are not identical by descent between the two strains. Some of the genetic differences can also be because of horizontal gene transfers independently of their phylogeny with a probability Λ. Moreover, only a fraction of the genetic differences cause gene inactivation. We called μ the probability that a genetic difference did not change the gene functionality. Therefore, the probability pM that two genes had a functional difference was
Genetic differences may not always translate into phenotypic differences. Here, the phenotypic observation is the growth (P= 1) or absence of growth (P= 0) on a given carbon source. We supposed that all n genes of the pathway needed to be functional for the pathway to be functional (M = 1). Hence, the probability that two strains had a functional difference (ΔM ≠ 0) for a given carbon source was
Our lack of knowledge on the metabolic network as well as differences in the gene regulatory network can lead to unexpected phenotypes according to the pathway functionalities. We defined the parameter δM as the probability that two strains share a common phenotype (ΔP = 0) on a given substrate while having different pathway functionalities (ΔM ≠ 0) concerning this carbon source: δM = P(ΔP = 0 | ΔM ≠ 0). Similarly, δP was the probability that two strains have different phenotypes (ΔP ≠ 0) while having the same pathway functionalities (ΔM = 0): δP = P(ΔP ≠ 0 | ΔM = 0). Thus, the probability that two strains have different growth capacities on a carbon source was
Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess the relationship between genetic and phenotypic distances using parameters taken from our experimental data. We used the number of genes implied in each of the 395 metabolic pathways recovered in the 14 sequenced strains we studied. The proportion of genes that are not identical between two strains is proportional to the genetic distance between these strains and were consequently drawn in an uniform distribution on an interval corresponding to the observed values for our data (between zero and 0.25). We computed pM between 10 000 strain pairs with μ= 0.83 (Patel & Loeb, 2000) and Λ= 0.13 (Ochman et al., 2000). For each pathway, the number of genes having different functionalities between two strains was drawn in a binomial distribution with a probability pM and a number of trials equal the number of genes implied in the pathway. The metabolic pathway completion distance between two strains (dM), defined as the Euclidean distance between vectors of pathway completions, was then calculated, as well as the vector of differences for pathway functionalities ΔM. The metabolic phenotypic distance between two strains (dP), defined as the Euclidean distance between vectors of qualitative growth status, was computed as the square root of the sum of two random variables following binomial laws: the first one of probability 1 − δM on all the carbon sources for which the pathway functionalities differed between the two strains (ΔM ≠ 0), and the second one of probability δP on all the carbon sources corresponding to pathways having the same functionality (ΔM = 0) (eqn 3). We determined δM and δP using the metabolic pathway completion and growth data for each strain couple of the 14 sequenced strains and took the average values as estimates: δM = 0.63 and δP = 0.21. Moderate changes of the parameter values (μ, Λ, δM and δP) did not significantly change the simulation output (data not shown).
Our strain sample consisted in 159 E. coli strains (comprising six Shigella strains), six cryptic Escherichia clade strains, two E. fergusonii strains and one E. albertii strain. The phylogenetic tree of these strains shows that the non-Shigella E. coli strains constitute four distinct genetic groups (A/B1, B2, D and E) (Fig. 1). To estimate their metabolic phenotypic diversity, we assessed their growth yield on 95 different carbon sources. Figure 2 represents the plot of the metabolic phenotypic distance (dP) vs. the genetic distance (dG) between couples of strains. As expected, E. fergusonii strains as well as E. albertii strains are clearly distant both genetically and phenotypically, whereas cryptic Escherichia clade strains are quite divergent genetically but not phenotypically. That is why they have only recently been uncovered although they are genetically very divergent from E. coli (Walk et al., 2009). On the contrary, Shigella strains, which show dG of the same order than other couples of E. coli strains, are phenotypically distinct when compared to non-Shigella E. coli strains. However, two Shigella strains present dP similar to the ones between two non-Shigella E. coli strains, which confirms the phenotypic convergence of these strains. Therefore, our phenotypic assay allows for a representative determination of a strain global phenotype.
Overall, there was only a very weak correlation between dG and dP (Mantel test R² = 0.02, P-value = 0.0076). When the Shigella and cryptic Escherichia clade strains were removed, the correlation increased (Mantel test R² = 0.10, P-value < 0.0001), showing that these two opposite cases (low dG, high dP and high dG, low dP) are typical causes of the disruption of the link between dG and dP. Within the non-Shigella E. coli strains, the correlation is still significant but very weak (Mantel test R² = 0.01, P-value = 0.0036). Interestingly, the distribution of dG for the non-Shigella E. coli strains exhibited two peaks corresponding to the intra-phylogroup and inter-phylogroup comparisons, whereas the distribution of dP was unimodal (Fig. 2). Thus, although E. fergusonii and E. albertii species as well as Shigella strains appeared clearly distinct phenotypically from non-Shigella E. coli strains, the different E. coli phylogroups rather seemed to display continuous phenotypic variations. The structure of the metabolic phenotypic diversity within E. coli species is unknown, and thus, in the following analyses, we focused on non-Shigella E. coli strain metabolic phenotypes in relation to the phylogroups and lifestyles of these strains.
Of the 95 carbon sources, 40 showed no growth for any strain, seven allowed growth of all 153 non-Shigella E. coli strains and 48 were variably used among the strains (Fig. 3, see also Fig. S1 for more details). On average, two strains differently used nine substrates. Thus, the growth capacities within the species were highly variable. The genetic diversity in E. coli species is highly structured (Escobar-Páramo et al., 2004a). One hundred and fifty strains were classified into one of the four genetic groups (A/B1, B2, D and E). Each strain was also characterized by three lifestyles: its pathogenic group (commensal, ExPEC or InPEC), its host anthropogenic group (according to its exposure to humans: human, pet dog, farm animal or wildlife animal) and its host diet (insectivorous and granivorous bird, carnivorous mammal, herbivorous mammal or omnivorous mammal). To analyse the effect of the genetic group and the lifestyle on the growth yield, we carried out an anova for each carbon source allowing the growth of at least one strain. No significant effect was detected for the host anthropogenic group and the host diet, and only seven of the 55 substrates showed significant grouping effects (Table 1). For instance, the D-serine was differently used among the phylogroups. Members of the B2 group had a higher growth yield on average on this substrate than other strains, which confirmed the results obtained in a study using strains of serotype K1 mainly found in the B2 group (Moritz & Welch, 2006; Bidet et al., 2007). On the contrary, the p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was almost not used by the strains of the group B2 compared to other strains. Interestingly, the hca operon involved in the degradation of this substrate has been found specifically absent in all the group B2 strains (Touchon et al., 2009). However, even in these cases, most of the variance remained unexplained by the model (R² ≤ 0.30). Consequently, on the plots of the PCA based on the growth yield, strains were not grouped by phylogroup or pathogenic group (Fig. 4) or any other lifestyle group (data not shown). Overall, the growth yield diversity did not structure the species into groups, as found previously (Fig. 2), as just a unique cloud of strains emerged from the PCA. Thus, the genetic group, as well as the lifestyle group we studied, were very weakly correlated to the growth yield, and, within a given group, phenotypes vary as much as across the whole non-Shigella E. coli strains.
To catabolize a carbon source, a strain must have specific enzymes. Consequently, to check whether the strain growth phenotypes reflect their metabolic gene content, we focused on 14 strains, which had their genome fully sequenced. We recovered the 395 metabolic pathways present in at least one of these 14 strains. About two-thirds (249 pathways) of these 395 pathways were conserved among the strains. A strong correlation (Mantel test R² = 0.56, P-value < 0.0001) was found between the genetic distance (dG) and the metabolic pathway completion distance (dM) (Fig. 5a). On the contrary, the correlation between dP and dM was weak (Mantel test R² = 0.11, P-value = 0.0057, Fig. 5b). Therefore, the presence/absence of metabolic pathways is linked to the genetic distance between strains and thus depends on their genetic group but is only weakly related to their growth yields.
To understand the weak correlation between dP and dM, we tried to link the metabolic pathways to the carbon sources they catabolize. Of the 46 carbon sources allowing growth of at least one of the 14 sequenced strains, 43 were successfully linked to one or more pathways. For each strain-by-carbon source combination, we compared the growth status to the presence of the corresponding pathways. Overall, there was quite a good agreement between the presence or absence of metabolic pathways and the growth status as 73% of the cases were coherent, i.e. there was no growth when the pathway was absent or incomplete (53 cases) and growth when the pathway was complete (387 cases). However, we also found inconsistencies in 27 % of the cases, either strains growing while not having the complete required degradation pathway (42 cases) or strains not growing while having the complete degradation pathway (120 cases). Notice that the presence of the degradation pathway does not allow for quantitative predictions. For example, the cases for which the strains grew while not having the complete required degradation pathway did not correspond to particularly low growth yields as they varied in the same range as the growth yields resulting from complete pathways (data not shown).
To understand how dM and dP can be weakly correlated while the metabolic gene content explain most of the growth capacities, we modelled the phenotypes of a population of strains according to their metabolic gene presence and pathway functionality (all genes must be present for the pathway to be functional). The metabolic pathway completion distance is based on genome sequences and annotations and may not be fully indicative of the phenotypic distance. Indeed, two parameters translate the possible disruption between metabolic pathways and phenotypes. The first, δM, is the probability that two strains share a common phenotype on a given substrate (growth or no growth) while having different pathway functionalities concerning this carbon source. The second, δP, is the probability that two strains have different phenotypes emerging from the same pathway functionalities. Based on the discrepancies between the observed growth phenotypes and the predicted ones in our data set, we estimated on average δM = 0.63 and δP = 0.21. Interestingly, the high value for δM is mainly because of the cases where the two strains grew while having different pathway functionalities, which means that one strain could grow without the complete corresponding pathway. Using the relationship between the probability that two strains show different phenotypes on a given substrate and the probability that their related pathways have different functionality (eqn 3), we simulated the metabolic pathway distance and the metabolic phenotypic distance between 10 000 strain pairs with a metabolic network composed of 395 pathways (Fig. 6). The plot of the metabolic phenotypic distance according to the metabolic pathway distance thus obtained (Fig. 6b) was similar to the one experimentally observed (Fig. 5b). Moreover, the correlation between dM and dG (Fig. 6a) was indeed strong (R² = 0.58), as experimentally observed (Fig. 5a), whereas the one between dP and dM was weak (R² = 0.07). Therefore, the moderate proportion of discrepancies between the presence/absence of metabolic genes and growth phenotypes suffices to blur the link between metabolic phenotypic distance and metabolic pathway distance. The presence/absence of the metabolic pathways explains most of the growth capacities, that is the average strain metabolic phenotype, but is not a good predictor of the phenotypic differences between strains.
We found that on average, in the Biolog GN2 microplate, a strain is able to metabolize 36 carbon sources, seven of which are common to all strains. Beside, several consumed substrates have been shown to be used in the natural habitats, such as L-arabinose, D-galactose, L-fucose, D-gluconic acid, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-glucuronic acid and D-mannose (Chang et al., 2004; Fabich et al., 2008). We also found a great metabolic phenotypic diversity because between two strains nine substrates are differently used on average and globally 48 carbon sources could be used by some strains and not by others. This confirms that it is necessary to study several natural isolates to encompass more aspects of a ubiquitous species such as E. coli and that the laboratory model strain K-12 alone is definitely not representative of the whole species (Hobman et al., 2007). The observed diversity is not surprising for microbial species as shown by previous numerical taxonomy studies (Johnson et al., 1975; Sneath et al., 1981). We assessed the effects of the strain phylogroup as well as of different lifestyles (pathogenicity, host exposure to humans and host diet) on the metabolic phenotypes, and we concluded that the metabolic phenotypic diversity of non-Shigella E. coli strains is very weakly linked to the strain phylogeny or to their lifestyle. Moreover, the observed variation is unlikely to be explained by other lifestyles as it did not appear to be structured at all. Indeed, the non-Shigella E. coli strain growth yield rather seems to present continuous variations around the species average.
In vivo, E. coli has a mixed-substrate growth (Harder & Dijkhuizen, 1982; Lendenmann et al., 1996). In environments that contain low concentrations of a variety of substrates, the ability to consume simultaneously several carbon sources even confers a competitive advantage. Indeed, the maximum growth rate of E. coli K-12 consuming simultaneously a mixture of two substrates is greater than its maximum growth rate when cultured with either one of the two carbon sources (Narang et al., 1997). In addition, it has been shown that the ability to consume carbon sources impacts on E. coli colonization in vivo (Chang et al., 2004). For several pathogens, specific metabolic capabilities constitute a fitness advantage or are even necessary for their spread, such as sucrose consumption for Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization (Iyer & Camilli, 2007) or lactate uptake for nasopharyngeal colonization by Neisseria meningitidis (Exley et al., 2005). Moreover, in a new environment, metabolic capabilities of E. coli strains are optimized within a few hundred generations only (Dekel & Alon, 2005). Thus, being able to catabolize and use more than one carbon source is an advantage for both bacterial survival and spread. Therefore, a fraction of the observed metabolic phenotypic diversity might have been selected for and could be the result of the adaptation to slightly different environments. In this respect, the nutrient-niche hypothesis states that several ecological niches correspond to different nutrient availability within the intestine (Freter, 1983). In that case, the growth yield variation would correspond to different nutritional strategies of the strains adapted to continuous variations in their environment rather than to an environment compartmented into several discrete niches. Accordingly, EDL933 and K-12 have been shown to consume different carbon sources in vivo (Fabich et al., 2008). Besides, the ecological niche of a strain is not constant because E. coli spends half of its life cycle in its primary habitat (gut of vertebrates) and the other half in the environment (water and soil) (Savageau, 1983). Its geographical spread is rapid and accompanied by frequent ecological niche shifts. For instance, in a farm environment, from the inoculation of a cow, a strain can be recovered from caretakers, mice, pigs, fowls and flies in a few days (Marshall et al., 1990). Other studies showed that E. coli can establish and persist for a few days in fish intestines, giving them the opportunity to spread to distant waters (Rio-Rodriguez et al., 1997; Guzmán et al., 2004). Therefore, the continuous variations in metabolic phenotypes can also reflect the adaptation to past niches. Part of the large variability of metabolic phenotypes can also be neutral, having evolved by means of mutations, horizontal gene transfers and genetic drift. Indeed, the high mutational robustness of metabolic networks allows for phenotypic innovations at a low evolutionary cost, as it had been shown from in silico analyses (Matias Rodrigues & Wagner, 2009).
Less than half of the genome of a strain is shared by all the strains of the species (Rasko et al., 2008; Touchon et al., 2009). Consequently, one expects that part of the observed variation is because of unshared metabolic pathways obtained by horizontal gene transfers or differential gene loss. Accordingly, 73% of the diversity in growth capacities was explained by the presence/absence of degradation pathways. This proportion of explained growth is approximately the same as the level of agreement between experimental and computational results predicted by flux balance analysis calculations of a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction for E. coli K-12 (Feist et al., 2007) and falls within the range found in published data on different microorganism species (between 57% and 94%) (Durot et al., 2009). The agreement between growth and metabolic pathway presence in our data is relatively good considering that genome-scale models are more elaborate than our methodology, as they account for the network structure and are often refined with experimental data.
Although E. coli core genome represents only 11% of its pan-genome (Touchon et al., 2009), we found that about two-thirds of the pathways present in the species show no difference in completion percentages between the 14 sequenced strains. This observation is in agreement with the fact that E. coli core metabolism represents 57% of its pan-metabolism (Vieira et al., 2011). Moreover, 27% of the differences that we observed in metabolic capabilities were not explained by the presence or absence of the corresponding degradation pathways and were used to determine the parameters of the in silico simulations of metabolic phenotypes. Growth of strains that do not have the expected metabolic pathways can be caused presumably by unknown or unspecific enzymes that can catalyse several reactions. For instance, no strain had the complete pathway for the degradation of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid as the enzyme catalysing one of its reactions is not described yet in the database. The cases for which strains had a metabolic pathway but did not grow on the corresponding carbon source can be because of mutations on coding genes or regulatory sequences, which can inactivate a metabolic pathway. Indeed, even if enzyme-coding genes are detected in a genome, missense mutations could still have modified the enzyme activity. Moreover, differences in regulatory networks between strains could affect the expression of the enzyme. For instance, it has been shown that the transcriptome was under selection in the Shigella strains (Le Gall et al., 2005). In addition, the evolution of E. coli strains in laboratory conditions during a relatively short period revealed that most of the adaptation, i.e. increase in growth rate, was achieved by a transcriptional adjustment (Cooper et al., 2003; Herring et al., 2006). Likewise, the protein expression level has been shown to be rapidly optimized by evolution in E. coli (Dekel & Alon, 2005). On the whole, the presence/absence of metabolic pathways is a relatively good predictor of the average growth phenotype although there is an intermediate layer between the metabolic network and the phenotypes. Therefore, the metabolic pathways are distributed according to the phylogroups, but the discrepancies caused by the regulatory layer break this structure and lead to continuous variations in the metabolic phenotypes.
We thank Bertrand Picard, Olivier Martin, Meriem El Karoui, Delphine Sicard, Olivier Tenaillon and Thibault Nidelet for many helpful discussions and remarks on the manuscript as well as the Laboratoire de Génomique Comparative and François Le Fèvre for the data on metabolic pathways. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on our manuscript. This work was partially supported by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, the Délégation Générale pour l'Armement, the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (APUA) in the frame of the Reservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance (ROAR) projects 2006–2007 and the grant ANR-08-SYSC-011 from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche.
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article:
Figure S1 Diversity of carbon source use by 153 non-Shigella E. coli strains.
Figure S2 Representation of the three Gaussian distributions that best fit the growth yield data according to the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) applied to Gaussian mixture models.
Table S1 Characteristics of the Escherichia strains used in the study.
Table S2 Metabolic pathways involved in the consumption of 43 carbon sources allowing growth of at least one of the 14 fully sequenced E. coli strains.
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Chat with Landon Donovan
Donovan is tied for first with eight goals this season.
Welcome to SportsNation! On Thursday, Los Angeles Galaxy forward Landon Donovan will stop by to chat about about his ESPYS nomination. Donovan is up for Best MLS player. Voting is underway.
In his 12th season in the MLS, Donovan has 128 career goals, including a team-high eight goals this season. He has won seven Honda Player of the Year awards, which recognizes the best player on the U.S. men's national soccer team.
Send your questions now and join Donovan Thursday at 4 p.m. ET/1 p.m. PT!
More Special Guests: Previous chats | SportsNation
Buzzmaster (3:54 PM)
ESPYS nominee, and member of the L.A. Galaxy and Team USA, Landon Donovan will be here at the top of the hour to take your questions!
Buzzmaster (4:00 PM)
We've got Landon!
john L (lynchburg, va)
What's your favorite goal celebration?
Landon Donovan (4:01 PM)
I generally don't plan these things out, so generally speaking, I do what comes naturally, but more often than not these days, it's a jump/fist pump sort of thing.
Geoff (Boston)
Will you be coming back to Twitter? You were the most interesting voice in the MLS community.
Landon Donovan (4:02 PM)
We'll see. At this point, I don't have any desire to. But who knows, maybe.
Chris (Carmel, IN)
How has the team handled the loss in the Gold Cup Final? What is the next step?
Landon Donovan (4:02 PM)
Obviously, we were disappointed by the outcome.I think the reality of that moment was that Mexico was the better team that day. We feel like we made quite a bit of progress during the Gold Cup, but we definitely still have a ways to go.
Patrick (Kansas)
Hey Landon how did you like the new LiveSTRONG Sporting Park in Kansas City, KS.
Landon Donovan (4:03 PM)
Absolutely loved it. I was really impressed with every part of it. From the lockerrooms to the way the stadium was configured to the atmosphere it provided. Everything was very impressive. They went out of their way to pay attention to every detail.
Ryan (Colorado)
Whats it going to take for the US to be a Dominant power in international soccer?
Landon Donovan (4:04 PM)
We still need time. I know people want results immediately. The reality is that it will take time to keep developing, keep producing players at that level. It will take some time to get there. It's probably a slower process than people wnat.
Cheesehead Sports Nut (Chicago, IL)
"The Goal" will be remembered along with Paul Caligiuri's goal as the two most important goals in American soccer history. Can you talk us through "The Goal" please?
Landon Donovan (4:06 PM)
Well, for me, there wasn't as much behind it as there might have been for the American public. For me, it just meant that we qualified for the next round. But obviously understanding the context of it, the emotions and the ups and downs made it that more special. If I go back and watch the game, I can understand why the reaction was that passionate from the American public.
Thomas Griffin (San Diego, CA)
What is the mood in the USA locker room regarding Coach Bob Bradley and his future with USA soccer?
Landon Donovan (4:07 PM)
We all have really enjoyed, I think, playing for the coaching staff. We have done things that have never been done in American soccer history with this staff. A lot of progress has been made. When things don't go well, there is a lot of scrutiny. We expect the coaching staff to stay there and for us to grow with them on the national team.
Kevin (Hartford, CT)
How closely have you been following the women's world cup? Are you friends with any players on the U.S. team?
Landon Donovan (4:08 PM)
I follow very closely. I wouldn't say I'm friends with them, but I am certainly friendly with them. I have a lot of respect for them. We see a lot of them come through the Home Depot Center and we chat with them. We all understand what they're going through and we're very supportive of them. We hope they can get the Cup back in American hands.
Raisa (Florida)
How was it like having to play with Freddy Adu on field? Do you think he will become the new Landon Donovan?
Landon Donovan (4:09 PM)
You don't want to overreact to what happened, but I think we all saw in this camp that he was very effective. More so than that, we saw a lot of progress. His attitude was great. His play in the game spoke for itself. We hope he can get some regular first team football somehwere and keep developing.
Chris (Carmel, IN)
How exciting is the rapid expansion of the MLS for the players? And do you think there is a big enough fan base to support potentially 20+ teams?
Landon Donovan (4:11 PM)
It's been really nice as someone who has been in this league now for 10 years to see it continue to grow. It's nice to see new teams come in and succeed. We all completely expect that when Montreal comes in and potentially a 20th team that it will succeed. The commissioner has done a good job of bringing in teams that can be successful. When you have fan bases built in before you bring the teams in, its good for the fans and those cities.
PT (Louisiana)
In your time in Germany and England, to what extent do fans and fellow players that you've played with in Europe follow American sports? More or less than Americans follow soccer in Europe?
Landon Donovan (4:12 PM)
I would say it's significantly less. If the NBA Finals are on or the Super Bowl is on, people in Europe would watch. But there is a massive love for soccer around the world from Americans. That's because we have so many different ethnicities in America. They want to support their teams and they do so passionately.
Donald Gonzalez (Salt Lake, UT)
Why do you think this USA team could not handle being up 2-0 to Mexico?
Landon Donovan (4:13 PM)
I think we felt pretty good about where we were, obviously, but then Mexico just made a special play. It was a good finish and a good goal. It turned the momentum and the tide of the game.
Nathan (Missouri)
Landon, is it difficult going back and forth from MLS to U.S. National Team all the time?
Landon Donovan (4:14 PM)
It used to be a little bit difficult, but I've learned how to adapt. There is different aspects of it, the mental aspect, the physical aspect, knowing what your role is for each team. Those things can be difficult, but when you have experience doing it and you get used to it, you get more comfortable.
Nathan (Missouri)
Landon, how much of an honor is it to be up for the ESPY of Best MLS player?
Landon Donovan (4:15 PM)
It's always nice to be nominated. I've been fortunate enough to be nominated and I've won a few times. It's nice that ESPN makes a concerted effort to support soccer in that way. There were a lot of good players and competition last year. It will be interesting and it will be a fun night.
Brad (Gadsden,Alabama)
Landon, Do you have any pre-game rituals?
Landon Donovan (4:15 PM)
Not so much rituals, but I have a way of doing things fairly consistently. From the timing of my meals to how I prepare. I try to do the same things at the same time so it puts me in a mindset that it's time to perform.
Do you anticipate going back to the EPL on loan when the MLS is on break?
Landon Donovan (4:16 PM)
There are a few factors. First and foremost is does someone want me? If that's the case, second, how do I feel? If I feel my body is right and I feel I'd be into it, that's absolutely something I would consider it. I enjoyed my time with Everton.
Xay (San Diego, CA)
Landon, do you enjoy the summer exhibitions? Are you looking forward to playing Real Madrid and Man City?
Landon Donovan (4:17 PM)
Yeah, we really enjoy them. A little part of it is weird to play them in the middle of your season. But the reality is you don't get the chance to play games like that. There are good, fun, intense games for everybody.
Ashley (Georgia)
Landon, what's the greatest achievement for you in your soccer career thus far, or possibly your favorite moment?
Landon Donovan (4:18 PM)
There are a few that come to mind. Playing in the U-17 world championships was really special. It was my first opportunity to play in an important tournament. Playing in the Olympics will always be special. Being able to represent your country is special. And playing in the World Cup has been great. That was my dream as a kid.
Landon Donovan (4:19 PM)
Thanks to everyone for participating. We appreciate it always. We're thankful for your support.
Use a Facebook account to add a comment, subject to Facebook's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Your Facebook name, photo & other personal information you make public on Facebook will appear with your comment, and may be used on ESPN's media platforms. Learn more.


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Maritime Electric
Electricity rates will go up for Islanders and plans for a new $68-million power generator will be shelved if a new joint proposal by the P.E.I. government and Maritime Electric is approved by the Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission.
The P.E.I. government and Maritime Electric have issued the joint application to IRAC for a new General Rate Agreement.
This agreement proposes to increase electricity rates incrementally over the next three years.
The increase would amount to 2.3 per cent for the average residential customer every year for the next three years – amounting to a total 6.9 per cent increase by 2018.
The utility estimates this will be an increase of about $2.60 a month each year for the next three years.
RELATED: P.E.I. energy accord cuts power rates by 14 per cent (March 2011)
Energy Minister Paula Biggar says this proposed rate agreement has been struck with the utility to ensure electricity price stability for Island ratepayers.
She noted Maritime Electric had previously applied for a higher rate increase of 2.5 per cent for 2016, so this new agreement lowers that amount for Islanders and locks it in at a predictable rate for three years.
"If we hadn't come to this three-year agreement, there would be an annual filing for rate increases by Maritime Electric," Biggar said.
"This would have meant an annual hearing process and no real guarantee on what the rates would be… this will stabilize our rates."
The rate increase is necessary due to the costs of the new underwater power cable and inflation of production costs for the utility.
The money will also go toward beginning the process of decommissioning the Charlottetown thermal plant on Cumberland Street.
As part of this agreement, Maritime Electric has withdrawn its previous application to IRAC for a rate increase and has also withdrawn its application for a new $68-million combustion turbine generator.
This new diesel-fired generator was thought to be necessary due to growing demand for electricity in P.E.I.
But thanks to a new deal signed between Maritime Electric and New Brunswick, P.E.I.'s transmission capacity from N.B. will be increased from 80 megawatts to 130 megawatts.
This eliminates the need for the CT4 generator.
Fred O'Brien, CEO of Maritime Electric, says this plan has been approved by the New Brunswick System Operator.
"We feel confident this is the right way to go."
Another aspect of this agreement will see Maritime Electric accept a slightly lower equity return to its shareholders of 9.35 per cent, down from 9.7 per cent.
O'Brien says this is the lower end of the range that would be acceptable for investors in a company of Maritime Electric's size.
"We felt that (lowering the equity return) was necessary to show our commitment to this agreement and to make the agreement work, so we were willing to do that."
Biggar acknowledges this agreement does mean to an increase in electricity rates for Islanders. But she explains this will ensure more stability for ratepayers in a market prone to price volatility in light of the soon to be expired P.E.I. Energy Accord.
"There is a need to ensure that we have stable and predictable energy coming to P.E.I. and this was the most economical way to fund that," Biggar said.
Meanwhile the province is in the midst of developing a provincial energy strategy. An RFP for the work on this strategy closed on Jan. 15.
Biggar said the successful bidder would be announced soon, followed by public consultations. The completed energy strategy is expected in the spring.


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If you can get past the somewhat prickly exterior, hedgehogs are a total bundle of cute. It also turns out that one hedgehog has another hidden talent as both a bowling ball and great bowler as exhibited by this short clip from shahan albaloshi above.
If he keeps on nailing those strikes, we're thinking he may want to consider finally breaking that whole species barrier in bowling and possibly going professional!
Jessica Trinh's Stunning Pet Photos


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- Electro-bioscopy
- Electro-bioscopy E*lec`tro-bi*os"co*py, n. [Electro- + Gr. ? life + -scopy.] (Biol.) A method of determining the presence or absence of life in an animal organism with a current of electricity, by noting the presence or absence of muscular contraction. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.


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We only stayed one night for a baseball tournament, and it was good. No problems and nothing to complain about. The lady that was working when we checked in, was great, she apologized for the cookies being delayed (which I didn't even know about). She made sure my boys got some though. THANK YOU! We will be back in April!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Guesthouse Intl Inn (formerly Cedars Suites), one of Yakima's youngest hotels, is frequently referred to as the Hidden Jewel of Yakima. Located steps from the Yakima Convention Center and Visitors Center and the Yakima Sundome, Yakima County Fairgrounds, and Yakima Speedway are only 0.5 mile away. The GuestHouse Inn also is the perfect starting point for your Yakima Valley Wineries Tour. ... more less
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Points to Remember
- The order of terms in a ratio is very important.
Example: 5:6 is not the same as 6:5.
- Ratio between two quantities should be in the most simplified form obtained by cancelling out all common factors of the two terms.
Example: If there is a ratio 30:24, it has to be written in its most simplified form which is 5:4.
- Ratio is a comparison of two or more quantities of the same kind only. By "same kind", we mean that the units of the quantities being compared must be same.
Example: Comparison of a girl's height to a boy's height is possible. But, comparison of a girl's height to a boy's age or weight is not meaningful.
- Ratio is a comparison of two or more quantities of the same kind expressed in the same unit only. The quantities compared must have same unit.
Example: Comparison of 10 kg rice to 200 grams of sugar is not possible, because rice is expressed in kg but sugar is expressed in grams.
(By converting kg in terms of grams, the comparison is made possible and is written as 10,000:200.)
- If the ratio of two quantities can be expressed as a ratio of two integers, the quantities are said to be commensurable.
Example: cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers; therefore, are incommensurable quantities, whereas the ratio 3:2 is a ratio of commensurable quantities.
- Both terms of a ratio can be multiplied or divided by the same number (except zero).
Example: The ratio 2:3 is same as 4:6 because 2:3 is multiplied by 2 to get 4:6.
- Continued ratio is the relation between the magnitudes of more than two quantities of the same kind. The continued ratio of three similar quantities a, b, c is written as a:b:c.
Example: Let the weight of three boys be 35 kg, 39 kg and 41 kg.
Then, the continued ratio of the weight of the three boys is 35:39:41.
- Two or more ratios can be bridged in order to have a continued ratio between them.
We have to make sure that the consequent of the firsi ratio is equal to the antecedent of the second ratio.
LCM of 5 and 6 is 5 × 6 = 30.
Multiplying first ratio by 6 and second ratio by 5, we get
b:c = 18:30 and c:d = 30:40
Now a:b = 1:2 and b:c = 18:30
LCM of 2 and 18 is 18.
Multiplying first ratio by 9 and second ratio by 1, we get
a:b = 9:18, b:c = 18:30 and c:d = 30:40
a:b:c:d = 9:18:30:40
- Whenever a ratio a:b is given between two magnitudes, we always express the actual magnitudes as ka and kb, where k is a constant.
The two quantities can be assumed as 2k and 3k.
2k = 20 ⇒ k = 10
3k = 3 × 10 = 30
Hence, the second quantity is 30.
- To compare two ratios, convert them into equivalent like fractions.
So, (applying LCM to 7/10 and 3/4)
As 15 > 14,
Hence, 3.6: 4.8 is greater ratio.
- In the ratio a:b, if a > b, then it is known to be of greater inequality.
Example: The ratios 6:5, 7:3, 18:5, etc., are all ratios of greater inequalities.
- In the ratio a:b, if a < b, then it is known to be of lesser inequality.
Example: The ratios 3:4, 7:10, 15:25, etc., are all ratios of lesser inequalities.
- If a:b and c:d are two ratios, then ac:bd is their compound ratio.
Example: Let 5:6 and 7:8 be two ratios, then the compound ratio of these two ratios will be 5 × 7:6 × 8 = 35:48.
- One ratio is the inverse of another if their product is 1. Thus, a:b is the inverse of b:a and vice-versa. Also, inverse ratio of a:b:c is bc:ac:ab.
Example: Inverse ratio of 5:4 is 4:5.
- a2:b2 is the duplicate ratio of a:b.
Example: Let 4:5 be a ratio, then its duplicate ratio is 42:52 = 16:25.
Note: Duplicate ratio is obtained by compounding a ratio with itself.
- a3:b3 is the triplicate ratio of a:b.
Example: Let 4:5 be a ratio, then its triplicate ratio is 43:53 = 64:125.
Note: Triplicate ratio is obtained by compounding a ratio with itself twice.
Example: Let 25:36 be a ratio, then its sub-duplicate ratio is
Note: When a sub-duplicate ratio is compounded with itself, we get the original ratio.
- .
Example: Let 27: 8 be a ratio, then its sub-triplicate ratio is.
Note: When a sub-triplicate ratio is compounded with itself twice, we get the original ratio.
- If a quantity is increased or decreased in the ratio a:b, it means,
Now, let us find the new salary of the employees after increasing their salary in the ratio of 3:4.
Note: In the above point, if a > b, then the quantity is reduced in the ratio a:b; and if a < b, then the quantity is increased in the ratio a:b.
- If a given number N has to be divided into two parts, A and B, which are in the ratio a:b, then .
ExampleDivide 1458 into two parts in the ratio of 2:7.SolutionN = 1458, a = 2, b = 7
- If a given number N has to be divided into three parts A, B and C, which are in the ratio a:b:c, then
ExampleA pencil of length 12 cm. is broken down into three parts in the ratio 1:2:3. What are the lengths of the three parts?SolutionN = 12, a = 1, b = 2, c = 3ExampleFind three numbers in the ratio 2:3:4, so that the sum of their cubes is equal to 792.SolutionLet the numbers be 2x, 3x and 4x. Then, we have
Hence, the required numbers are 2x = 4, 3x = 6, 4x = 8
ExampleA:B = 1:2, B:C = 3:4, C:D = 8:12 and D:E = 12:16. Find A:B:C:D:E.SolutionA:B = 1:2 = 3:6
ExampleThe ratio of money with Rahul and Sachin is 7:15 and that with Sachin and Laxman is 7:16. If Rahul has ₹980, how much money does Laxman have?Solution
Two different ratios are given, we should first express them as a continued ratio to get the ratio of money that the three boys have.
The ratio of money with Rahul, Sachin and Laxman is 49:105:240
Hence, Laxman has ₹4800.Example₹850 is divided among 8 men, 10 women and 12 boys such that their respective shares are in the ratio of 9:8:4. What is the share of a boy?SolutionThe ratio of shares of groups of 8 men, 10 women and 12 boys:ExampleDivide ₹1540 among A, B, C so that A will receive as much as B and C together and B will receive of what A and C together do.SolutionA's share : (B + C)'s share = 2:9 ..................... (1)ExampleHow many one rupee coins, fifty paise coins and twenty five paise coins of which the numbers are proportional to 2.5, 3 and 4, together worth ₹210?SolutionRatio of number of 1 rupee, 50 paise and 25 paise coins = 2.5:3:4 = 5:6:8.
Number of 25 paise coins = 4 × 42 = 168.ExampleIf a carton containing 25 mirrors is dropped, which of the following cannot be the ratio of broken mirrors to unbroken mirrors?SolutionThere are 25 mirrors in the carton.ExampleA 48 litre mixture contains water: milk in the ratio 3 : 5. How much water should be added to this mixture to reverse this ratioSolution


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Based in Stans, Switzerland, Pilatus Aircraft has been building single-engine aircraft since 1939. In late 2011, Pilatus delivered its 1,100th PC-12. As the most prominent member of the Pilatus family, the PC-12 is known for its precision, quality and versatility. It has been the sole aircraft in the PlaneSense® program fleet – in a comfortable, six passenger configuration, since the first share owner joined the program in 1996.
Note: This article is displaying as it appeared in Volume 07 of our PlaneSense: Informational Quarterly newsletter.
Images courtesy of Terri Dowaliby
Click here to return to the index of articles.


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|Core Material:
|Rocker Type:
|Hybrid, Progressive 3
|Mounting System:
|6 inch
|Center Fin:
|Side Fins:
|4 Bolt On
|Flex Core:
|Rail Ready Base:
|Manufacturer Warranty:
|1 Year
The O'Brien Format Wakeboard features a Fusion Core body; resulting in a lighter board and faster ride. The rounded edges of this board will enhance your big air tricks, and help you gain faster speed that allows for a higher lift off the wake. This Josh Sanders pro model wakeboard by O'Brien features full-length wood stringers for added versatility and strength, a uniquely contoured rocker, which allows for smoother landings, and O'Brien's signature Delta base technology, which reduces drag through the water. The O'Brien Format Wakeboard will be one of the best boards you will ever own!
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Industrial and commercial lighting at wholesale prices
Clean and classic lines with painted nickel accents define this
outdoor wet location wall sconce. UL listed for wet location.
Can be ordered with photo sensor option (PC). Include die-cast
aluminum polished chrome accents that are corrosion resistant.
A uniquely designed rain shield protects the electrical components
from moisture. Fixture mounts to standard junction box (not included).
Back plate is die-formed of 18-gauge aluminum. Accent details
are die-cast aluminum with a painted nickel finish. Standard
mounting holes and hardware are included. Power supply
connections must be made inside a junction box (not included).
Product Reviews


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We do not have any Active Shooter Bags at this time. We have no ETA. We have tuned on the inventory so that you may order them. Ordering them now is considered a pre order and is non refundable.
By placing this order you agree to the above terms.
Main compartment is 8" tall x 9" wide x 4.5" deep. All walls are velcro lined to work with many of our velcro backed mag cards and bag organizers.
Three (3) front mag pouches have adjustable lids that will work with both M4 and AK mags or our 8 round 12ga pull out trays.
Rear pocket is velcro lined and designed to carry a Glock 19 sized pistol in our S.O.E. horizontal velcro adjustable holster.
Removable shoulder strap and a carry handle.
Specifications: Genuine Cordura nylon
Available Colors:


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Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (19 June 1417 – 7 October 1468), popularly known as the Wolf of Rimini, was an Italian condottiero and nobleman, a member of the House of Malatesta and lord of Rimini, Fano and Cesena from 1432. He was widely considered by his contemporaries as one of the most daring military leaders in Italy and commanded the Venetian forces in the 1465 campaign against the Ottoman Empire. He was also a poet and patron of the arts.
Sigismondo Pandolfo was born in Brescia, northern Italy, the eldest of the two illegitimate sons of Pandolfo III Malatesta and Antonia da Barignani. His younger brother, Domenico Novello Malatesta, was born also in Brescia on 5 August 1418. Also, he had an eldest (and also illegitimate) half-brother, Galeotto Roberto Malatesta, born in 1411 from the relationship of their father Pandolfo III with Allegra de' Mori.
Following the family's tradition, he debuted as man-at-arms at the age of 13 against his relative Carlo II Malatesta, lord of Pesaro and Pope Martin V's ally, who aimed to annex Rimini, Cesena and Fano to his territories. After his victory Sigismondo obtained, together with his brothers Galeotto Roberto and Domenico, the title of Papal vicar for those cities. In 1431, albeit with inferior forces, he repelled another invasion by the Malatestas of Pesaro. When his elder brother soon abdicated, he became lord of Rimini, at the age of only 15.
In 1432 he accepted the command of a Papal corps, defeating the Spanish condottiero Sante Cirillo and thwarting Antonio I Ordelaffi's attempt to capture Forlì (1435-36). However, the following year Sigismondo occupied the Papal city of Cervia and was excommunicated; he was soon pardoned and created commander of the Papal Army. Later he fought in Romagna and the Marche alongside Francesco Sforza. In the meantime he married his niece Ginevra d'Este, Niccolò III's legitimate daughter by his second wife Parisina Malatesta, first cousin of Sigismondo. On 12 October 1440 she died, and rumours were that she had been poisoned by Sigismondo.[1] Two years later he married Polissena Sforza, Francesco I's illegitimate daughter; they had two children: a son, Galeotto, born in 1442 and who only lived a few months, and a daughter, Giovanna, born in 1444 and later Duchess of Camerino by marriage. In this period he scored a noteworthy victory against Niccolò Piccinino, managing to obtain some territories of Pesaro.
In his restless attitude he betrayed Sforza twice, but he also betrayed his momentary ally against him, Niccolò Piccinino. Enmity against Sforza turned into true hatred when his father-in-law bought the seignory of Pesaro from Carlo Malatesta. Therefore Sigismondo allied with Pope Eugene IV and the duke of Milan. Later, he was hired by King Alfonso V of Naples, but soon after received the money for the condotta passed at the service of Florence against the former. In 1445 he forced the Neapolitans to leave the siege of Piombino in Tuscany. In 1449 his second wife Polissena died under mysterious circumstances. Francesco Sforza claimed Sigismondo had her drowned by one of his servants, but this has remained unconfirmed. During his two marriages, he had also numerous mistresses, but only two were the most famous: Vannetta dei Toschi, who bore him a son, Roberto, in 1441, and Isotta degli Atti, who bore him four children: Giovanni (who died in infancy), Margherita -later wife of Carlo di Fortebraccio-, Sallustio and Antonia (also called Anna) -later the first wife of Rodolfo Gonzaga, Lord of Castiglione delle Stiviere, who beheaded her in 1483 when she was discovered in adultery-.
After 1449 Malatesta was variously under Venice, Florence, Siena, Naples and Sforza himself. The Peace of Lodi (1454), from which he was excluded, pushed the major Italian powers against him. His territories were repeatedly invaded by Aragonese, Venetian and Papal troops. In 1456 Sigismondo married Isotta degli Atti, her long-time mistress and legitimized their three surviving children; the only son, Sallustio, was declared his heir. On 25 December 1460, a famous process in absentia was held in Rome against Sigismondo. Pope Pius II, who considered him guilty of treachery towards Siena arising from his long-running feud with Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, excommunicated him, declaring him a heretic and attributing to Sigismondo a series of sins (incest, sodomy against his son Roberto and others) which smeared his reputation for centuries.
A true crusade was then launched against Malatesta. The first contingent of Papal troops was defeated in the July 1461, but he was severely crushed on 12 August 1462 by Federico da Urbino near Senigallia. The war ended in 1463 with the loss of all Sigismondo's territories apart from Rimini and a territory of five miles around it: both however were to return to the Papal States after his death. He then sought more fortune as general for Venice in its war against the Ottomans, as a field commander in the Peloponnesus (1464-1466).
In an attempt to reverse this situation, Sigismondo appears to have intended to murder Pius' successor, Pope Paul II (who had asked him to exchange Rimini for Spoleto and Camerino), in 1468, but lost his nerve and returned to Rimini. He died in his residence of Castel Sismondo a few months later.
He was succeeded by his legitimated son and heir Sallustio, under the regency of his mother Isotta; but one year later (1469) his illegitimate son Roberto, also a skilled condottiero, managed briefly to maintain control over Rimini.
Patron of art and reputation
Sigismondo's valour and skill as general were widely recognized by his contemporaries. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia[2]:
From his childhood he was a skilful and daring soldier, and throughout his life was regarded as almost the first captain in Italy
He was not a religious man, and his Tempio Malatestiano, also known as San Francesco, built in Rimini, by Leon Battista Alberti and decorated by artists including Piero della Francesca and Agostino di Duccio, was essentially a lay monument to Isotta degli Atti, his lover and third wife. It was a landmark Renaissance building, being the first church to use the Roman triumphal arch as part of its structure. Sigismondo also built a notable series of fortifications in his Romagna possessions, including the Rocche ("Castles") of Rimini and Fano.
Malatesta's reputation (albeit minor) was largely based on Pius II's perception of him, although numerous contemporary chronicles described him as a tyrant and a womanizer: he delved in "rape, adultery, and incest".[3] Italian Renaissance historian Francesco Guicciardini defined him "enemy of every peace and well-living".[4] His deeds and political manoeuvers were characterized by all the typical play of violence, intrigues and subtleties typical of Renaissance Italy; however, Sigismondo was well aware of his sins, and tried to justify them in a series of love sonnets dedicated to Isotta.
In 1906, Edward Hutton published the historical novel Sigismondo Malatesta, mostly sympathetic to its hero. It was slightly revised and reprinted under the title The Mastiff of Rimini in 1926.
Hutton's novel and Charles Emile Yriarte's Un condottiere au XV Siècle (1882) were among the main sources of American poet Ezra Pound's Malatesta Cantos (Cantos 8-11), first published in 1923. These are an admiring howbeit fragmentary account of Malatesta's career as warrior, lover and patron.
Largely influenced by Pound, as well as by C. G. Jung, the critic Adrian Stokes devoted a study, The Stones of Rimini (1934), to the art created at Sigismondo's court.
- Rendina, Claudio (1994). I capitani di ventura. Newton Compton.
External links
- Commune di Rimini (translated)
- "House of Malatesta". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/House_of_Malatesta.
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.


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- Usurp
- Usurp U*surp", v. i.
To commit forcible seizure of place, power, functions, or the
like, without right; to commit unjust encroachments; to be,
or act as, a usurper.
[1913 Webster]
The parish churches on which the Presbyterians and fanatics had usurped. --Evelyn. [1913 Webster]
And now the Spirits of the Mind Are busy with poor Peter Bell; Upon the rights of visual sense Usurping, with a prevalence More terrible than magic spell. --Wordsworth. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.


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Product details
Atmos Mastic is a 2-part epoxy mastic suitable for quick repairs to holes and leaking joints in both metal and plastic pipe work.
- Features: Sets under water and on damp surfaces.
- Delivery information: Delivered to mainland UK only.
- Usage: Suitable for use on many hard surfaces.
- Safety information: May cause skin and eye irritation. Use in well ventilated area, wear latex gloves.
Atmos Mastic - 80g is rated out of 5 by 5.
Rated 1 out of 5 by Anonymous from Drips and drips Used this product twice and both times failed to stop the drip. Might work on very small drips without any pressure but with a bit of water pressure behind it the drip still comes through.
Date published: 2013-04-12
Rated 5 out of 5 by Anonymous from Excellent product Excellent product and easy to use (even to a DIY numpty like me!)
Date published: 2012-02-01
Rated 4 out of 5 by Anonymous from As expected - more or less Easy to cut the tubes, and replace the caps. But do be careful - use a cutting board. Both products are quite 'thick', and it takes a while to work the two together. (So I won't give it five stars). But it did the job - a weeping solder joint close to the central heating pump. (Alternative would have been to draindown the system, reheat of the joint, refill the system to check if the leak had stopped (!), then put in fresh inhibitor)
Date published: 2011-09-19
Rated 3 out of 5 by Anonymous from Atmos Mastic It did not do the work as per packing description. It hardend but did not stop water leak. It would be ok to use where the surface is completely dry.
Date published: 2010-10-13
Rated 3 out of 5 by Anonymous from Well???? Not easy to use, and did not work very well. Maybe it was my application??
Date published: 2010-10-08


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Trade Secrets is a great place for purchasing hair supplies, hair accessories ... from curling irons, blow dryers, hair extensions to top salon quality shampoo, conditioner and sprays. The staff are very friendly and knowledgeable. They take the time to answer your questions and even help you to try some of their merchandise and products while in the store.
Store is kind of small and cramped with many things. But it is where I find the Best brush for my long, thick hair.
These reviews are the subjective opinions of ChickAdvisor members and not of ChickAdvisor Inc.


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|"Jakob Homan (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Created: (HDFS-1081) Performance regression in DistributedFileSystem::getFileBlockLocations in secure systems
|Tue, 06 Apr 2010 01:14:27 GMT
Performance regression in DistributedFileSystem::getFileBlockLocations in secure systems ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key: HDFS-1081 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HDFS-1081 Project: Hadoop HDFS Issue Type: Improvement Components: security Reporter: Jakob Homan Assignee: Jakob Homan We've seen a significant decrease in the performance of DistributedFileSystem::getFileBlockLocations() with security turned on Y20. This JIRA is for correcting and tracking it both on Y20 and trunk. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
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