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Institute of Physical, Chemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, , Russia 2
- Moris Shelton
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1 Revista Mexicana de Carbonate Ciencias accumulation Geológicas, v. morphology 21, núm. 1, in 2004, a soil p. chronosequence in the southern Pre-Ural, Russia 185 Carbonate accumulation morphology in a soil chronosequence in the southern Pre-Ural, Russia: Significance for Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction Olga S. Khokhlova 1,* and Alsu M. Kouznetsova 2 1 Institute of Physical, Chemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, , Russia 2 Laboratory of Electronic Microscopy, Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskyje Gory, Moscow,119992, Russia * ABSTRACT A chronosequence consisting of paleosols buried under kurgans of the Savromatian (2,500 2,600 yr BP) and the Late Sarmatian Time (1,700 1,800 yr BP), along with the modern Dark Kastanozems was studied in a dry steppe area of the southern Pre-Ural region, Russia. We focus on morphological features of carbonate accumulations, that occur as white soft spots (WSSs) at different scales of soil mass organization, to understand their role in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The carbonate accumulations in Bk horizons of paleosols buried within the Savromatian period and of the modern Dark Kastanozems are similar in quantity but differ slightly in their diameter. Calcic features in the Savromatian paleosols are diverse and have signs of both dissolution (calcite crystals in voids) and segregation. Only in the Savromatian paleosols, desiccation cracks have broken the WSSs into pieces. We consider highly probable that the Savromatian paleosols formed under slightly drier and more continental climate than present. The Late Sarmatian paleosols are characterized by WSSs in Bk horizons with the largest size and greatest quantity, and their diversity is great enough to divide the Late Sarmatian paleosols into two morphological groups, upper and lower, based on signs of dissolution. The lower group shows no signs of dissolution, so we conclude that the WSSs formed in stable dry climatic conditions. Establishment of a more humid climate at the beginning of the Late Sarmatian period produced signs of dissolution preserved in the upper group that was buried late in this chronointerval. The WSSs in the modern soils have the clearest signs of dissolution compared with other soils in the chronosequence, which we interpret to indicate that the modern climate is likely the most humid interval of the late Holocene. Detailed investigation of morphological peculiarities of carbonate accumulations on the different scales of soil mass organization in the chronosequences of steppe soils is a valuable source of information on the paleoecological situation of Holocene climate intervals and can be successfully used for that aim. Key words: pedogenic carbonates, soil chronosequence, Kastanozems, Holocene, Russia. RESUMEN Se estudió una cronosecuencia consituida por paleosuelos sepultados bajo kurgans del Savromatiano (2,500 2,600 yr BP) y del Sarmatiano tardío (1,700 1,800 yr BP), así como por Kastanozems oscuros modernos, en un área de estepa seca de la región Meridional pre-ural en Rusia. Nos enfocamos en las características morfológicas de acumulaciones de carbonatos, presentes como manchas blancas suaves (WSSs) a diferentes escalas de organización de la masa del suelo, para entender su papel en la reconstrucción paleoambiental. Las acumulaciones de carbonatos en los horizontes Bk de paleosuelos sepultados durante el Savromatiano y de Kastanozems oscuros son similares en cantidad
2 186 Khokhlova and Kouznetsova pero difieren ligeramente en su diámetro. Los rasgos cálcicos en los paleosuelos Savromatiano son diversos y muestran signos de disolución (cristales de calcita en huecos) y segregación. Únicamente en los paleosuelos del Savromatiano se observa que las grietas de desecación han roto en pedazos las manchas blancas suaves (WSSs). Consideramos muy probable que los paleosuelos del Savromatiano se hayan formado bajo un clima ligeramente más seco y continental que el actual. Los paleosuelos del Sarmatiano tardío se caracterizan por tener WSSs en los horizontes Bk con el mayor tamaño y en mayor cantidad; su diversidad es suficientemente amplia para dividir a los paleosuelos del Sarmatiano tardío en dos grupos morfológicos, superior e inferior, con base en los signos de disolución. El grupo inferior no muestra signos de disolución, por lo que se concluye que los WSSs se formaron en condiciones climatológicas secas y estables. El establecimiento de un clima más húmedo al inicio del Sarmatiano tardío produjo signos de disolución preservados en el grupo superior, que fue sepultado tardíamente en este cronointervalo. Los WSSs en los suelos modernos muestran los signos más claros de disolución en comparación con los otros suelos en la cronosecuencia, lo que interpretamos como indicio de que el clima moderno es probablemente la fase más húmeda del Holoceno tardío. Una investigación detallada de las peculiaridades morfológicas de las acumulaciones de carbonatos en las diferentes escalas de organización de la masa del suelo, en cronosecuencias de suelos de estepa, es una valiosa fuente de información sobre la situación paleoecológica de los climas del Holoceno que puede ser usada con éxito para ese propósito. Palabras claves: carbonato pedogenético, cronosecuencias de suelos, Kastanozem, Holoceno, Rusia. INTRODUCTION The study of paleosols buried under archaeological settlements or monuments such as funeral mounds (kurgans) is widely used to reconstruct paleoenvironments of the Holocene for different world regions (Stewens and Walker, 1970; Yaalon, 1971; Limbray, 1975; Vreeken, 1975; King et al., 1978; Holliday, 1989; Barba, 1994) and particularly Russia (Zolotun, 1974; Veklich et al., 1979; Akhtyrtsev and Akhtyrtsev, 1986; Gennadiev, 1990; Ivanov, 1992; Demkin, 1997; Dergacheva, 1997; Alexandrovskiy, 2002). Among properties of paleosols buried under kurgans in the steppe zone of Russia, the characteristics of humus and soluble salts have been studied in detail and their paleoenvironmental interpretation is more or less similar. The researchers have also paid much attention to carbonates in these paleosols. In most cases, the depth of carbonates (established by reaction with HCl), total carbonate content, and carbonate resources in the solum (upper 1 or 2 m) as well as field morphology were used to characterize the carbonate profile. At the same time, it may be assumed that the morphological peculiarities of pedogenic carbonate accumulations studied at different scales of soil mass organization have not been used for paleoecological reconstructions, but their study may be highly informative and should be considered. This assumption is based on some previous studies where the morphology and rate of carbonate accumulation in modern soils and paleosols seem to be connected with certain environmental conditions of a region and/or chronointerval studied, as shown in a number of soil climo- and chronosequences in semiarid and arid regions (Kubiena, 1938; Gile et al., 1966; Wieder and Yaalon, 1982; Birkeland, 1984; Reheis, 1987; West et al., 1988; Polyakov, 1989; Gile, 1993, 1995; Verrecchia and Verrecchia, 1994). Detailed morphological studies of carbonate neoformations proved useful in paleoclimatic interpretation of Pleistocene paleosols in loess-paleosol sequences (Kemp, 1995; Becze- Deak et al., 1997) and of Holocene Chernozems (Khokhlova et al., 2001). The main aim of this work was to study the morphological features of carbonate accumulations on different scales of soil mass organization in a soil chronosequence in the dry steppe area of the southern Pre- Ural, and to understand the utility of these characteristics for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The study site is located near Pokrovka village in Sol - Iletsky district, Orenburg region (50 55 N, E). Geomorphologically, this territory belongs to the Poduralskoje Plateau, in the southeastern end of the Southern Ural mountain range (Figure 1). Relief is slightly rolling with predominant heights of about m. The climate is continental; mean January temperature is -10 C, July +28 C. Mean annual precipitation is about 300 mm, potential evaporation is two times higher than precipitation. Natural vegetation of the research area has been totally destroyed by agricultural tillage. The predominant modern soils of the area are Dark Kastanozems that formed in stratified alluvial loams. The key site of our study is the Pokrovka 10 burial ground situated on the true surface of the first terrace of the Ilek and Khobda rivers (tributaries of the Ural river), two kilometers south of Pokrovka village. Archaeological excavations of this ground with more than 100 kurgans have
3 Carbonate accumulation morphology in a soil chronosequence in the southern Pre-Ural, Russia 187 polarizing microscope. The other sample was investigated under a binocular microscope and the most indicative areas were studied under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, samples of WSSs and of soil mass without visible carbonate accumulations (SM) were collected from the walls of all pits with a knife. The mineralogical composition of WSSs and SM was analyzed by means of differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The thermal analysis was used to determine the carbonate content and the characteristics of calcite lattice in the WSSs. RESULTS Figure 1. Map of the research area. Arrow shows the location of the study site near Pokrovka village in Sol -Iletsky district, Orenburg region. been carried out since 1995 under the leadership of Prof. L.T. Yablonsky (Institute of Archaeology, RAS, Moscow). We studied a chronosequence consisting of paleosols buried under kurgans of the Savromatian (2,500 2,600 yr BP) and the Late Sarmatian (1,700 1,800 yr BP) periods, along with the modern Dark Kastanozems (surface soil not ever buried under a kurgan). The kurgans have been dated archaeologically and provide the age of burial and cessation of pedogenesis that has been continued for the modern Dark Kastanozems (a pre-incisive chronosequence in the sense of Vreeken, 1975). Details of morphological and some chemical properties of the soils in the chronosequence have been described previously (Khokhlova and Khokhlov, 2002). The only carbonate accumulations found in the soils of the chronosequence are white soft spots (WSSs). The depth of occurrence in each soil profile varied vastly in connection with the variability of parent rock texture and location of each soil profile in mesorelief, so that we could not logically study the regularity of changes in WSSs depths in each age group of paleosols. In the field, the quantity and diameter of WSSs in Bk horizons of all soils in the chronosequence were determined in 10 x 10 cm squares by means of morphometric analysis. Then, the average quantity and diameter of WSSs were estimated for the Bk horizon as a whole in each soil. For the morphological investigation, duplicate samples of WSSs, inlcuding surrounding soil mass, with undisturbed structure, were collected. From one sample, thin sections were made for examination under the During the study of carbonate profiles of buried paleosols, we first had to detect diagenetic carbonates formed after burial. In the paleosols of the chronosequence, these carbonates are situated only in the uppermost buried horizon A1, 0 20(25) cm. Morphologically, they are represented by gray faint filaments on the pit walls and differ considerably from the WSSs. Nowhere, diagenetic carbonates and WSSs occurr at the same horizons. WSSs are separated from the diagenetic carbonates by a cm thick layer with no visible carbonate accumulations. Because of this, the diagenetic carbonates do not interfere with the study of the carbonate profile in the Bk horizons of the paleosols. The characteristic soil profiles of each chronointerval are presented on the field photos of the pits studied (Figure 2). The most important result of morphometric analysis of WSSs in Bk horizons is the occurrence of considerable differences in the patterns of paleosols buried during the Late Sarmatian Time (1,700 1,800 yr BP). The WSSs in Bk horizons of paleosols buried at that time are larger and more abundant than in the Savromatian paleosols and in the continuously forming modern Dark Kastanozems (Figure 3). In addition, considerable heterogeneity in the size and quantity of WSSs in the Late Sarmatian paleosols as a group was observed. On the basis of the diameter and quantity of WSSs in Bk horizons, the Late Sarmatian paleosols have been subdivided into an upper and a lower group (Figure 3). The soils with WSSs in larger quantity, most uniform, and with the largest diameters are referred to as the upper group, and the soils with WSSs in lesser quantity and extremely heterogeneous diameters as the lower group. The WSSs in Bk horizons of paleosols buried within the Savromatian period and of the modern Dark Kastanozems occur in similar quantity but differ slightly in their diameter. The chronology and patterns of average morphometric characteristics of WSSs in Bk horizons in the soil chronosequence are shown in Figure 4. In thin section, compact calcic features can be observed in the Bk horizon of the Savromatian paleosols. Some of these features have homogeneous texture and absolute undisturbed fabric, whereas others show signs of dissolution and recrystallisation on their periphery. Some
4 188 Khokhlova and Kouznetsova a) b) c) Figure 2. Field photographies of the pits studied. a) Savromatian paleosol; b) Late-Sarmatian paleosol; c) modern Dark Kastanozem. large calcic features consist of many smaller size features. Boundaries between the small-size calcic features are marked by mobile microcrystalline calcite. All this diversity of calcic pedofeatures can be found in the same horizon of the Savromatian paleosols (Figure 5a, b). The soil mass is considerably impregnated by calcite grains but the boundaries between calcic features and plasma are abrupt (Figure 5c). Under the SEM, the calcic features in the Savromatian paleosols look as a compact homogeneous mass of crystals with small rounded hollows on the feature surface (Figure 5d). Calcite crystals have different size, imperfect habit, and some planes formed at different phases of crystal growth. Some of the crystals have etching pits (Figure 5e). The most characterizing peculiarity of calcic features morphology that occurs only in the Savromatian paleosols is the presence of desiccation cracks that divide a feature into parts (Figure 5f). The morphological habit of WSSs of the upper and Figure 3. Morphometric data of carbonate accumulations (white soft spots, WSSs) occuring in Bk horizons from modern Dark Kastanozems and from paleosols buried at different time.
5 Carbonate accumulation morphology in a soil chronosequence in the southern Pre-Ural, Russia 189 Figure 4. The chronology and pattern of average WSSs characteristics in Bk horizons in the soil chronosequence. lower groups of the Late Sarmatian paleosols differs clearly, as shown in Figure 3. Mesomorphologically, the WSSs in the paleosols of the upper group are surrounded with a halo of dissolved and redeposited calcite crystals whereas the WSSs of the lower group mostly do not have such halos. In thin section, the samples of the lower group of Late Sarmatian paleosols show relatively homogenous internal fabric of calcic features, weakly expressed cracks, clusters of microcrystalline calcite located in few voids (Figure 6a), and abrupt boundaries between features and soil mass (Figure 6b). Under the SEM, the surface of features in Bk horizons of the lower group is homogenous, without cracks, and covered with a thick layer of equal, elongated, and perfect calcite crystals (Figure 6c, d). In these paleosols, the process of a new calcic feature developing on a grain of another mineral was observed. The other mineral grains were observed partially covered with calcite crystals (Figure 6e) or completely covered (Figure 6f). In the samples of the upper group of Late Sarmatian paleosols, the large calcic features are conglomerates of small bounded features. These conglomerates are rather compact and, while rare, voids with separated microcrystalline calcite grains may occur inside (Figure 7a). Large calcic features consisting of loose packed small ones and without microcrystalline calcite inside of voids are also present (Figure 7b). The calcic features have clear signs of dissolution: some scours and cracks occur on the surface of features, and calcite crystals have irregular indented edges and etching pits (Figure 7c, d). Micromorphologically, the modern Dark Kastanozems show signs of total calcic feature dissolution in the upper part of Bk horizons. Many calcite crystals are present in voids and the boundaries between calcic features and soil mass are diffuse (Figure 8a). Internal fabric of calcic features is characterized by the presence of large cracks with dissolving calcite crystals and small cracks that are just marked (Figure 8b). In the lower part of the Bk horizon, the process of calcic features decomposition is observable. The boundary between the feature and soil mass is diffuse (Figure 8c), but no mobile calcite crystals are observed in the voids of the SM (Figure 8d). Under SEM, the modern soil has the largest scours and cracks, and fell into separate pieces, in contrast with the compact calcic features observed in the Savromatian and Late Sarmatian paleosols (Figure 8e). Under the largest magnification, calcite crystals on the surface of the feature have different sizes plus etching pits on the edges (Figure 8f). The thermal analyses demonstrate that the highest calcite contents in WSSs and the lowest in the SM occur in the Late Sarmatian paleosols (Table 1). Decomposition temperatures of WSSs in the Savromatian paleosols are the lowest, indicating that calcite crystalline lattice of the WSSs is imperfect and disordered compared to the Late Sarmatian paleosols and modern Dark Kastanozems. On the contrary, the WSSs of the Late Sarmatian paleosols showed the highest temperatures at the end of structural decomposition, which indicates a more perfect structure of calcite lattice.
6 190 Khokhlova and Kouznetsova a) b) c) d) e) Figure 5. Microstructure and submicrostructure of calcic features in the paleosols buried at the Savromatian time. a) compact calcic features of undisturbed fabric with signs of dissolution on periphery, XPL; b) small size calcic features form a large one with mobile microcrystalline calcite between them, XPL; c) abrupt boundary between a compact undisturbed calcic feature and plasma impregnated by calcite, XPL; frame width of photos a c is 3.4 mm; d) compact homogeneous mass of calcite crystals with small rounded hollows on the feature surface, 250x; e) calcite crystals of different size, imperfect habit, crystals with planes formed at different phases of crystal growth, and rare etching pits on crystal edges, 3800x; f) dessication cracks dividing a feature into parts, 300x. f) a) b) c) d) e) f) Figure 6. Microstructure and submicrostructure of calcic features in the paleosols buried at the Late Sarmatian time ( lower group). a) homogenous fabric of calcic feature with weakly expressed internal cracks, XPL; b) abrupt boundary between calcic feature and plasma, XPL; frame width of photos a and b is 3.4 mm; c) homogenous surface of a calcic feature without cracks, 750x, d) thick layer of equal, elongated and perfect calcite crystals on the feature surface, 1500x; e) non-calcite mineral grain partially covered with calcite crystals, 300x; f) non-calcite mineral grain completely covered with calcite crystals, 300x.
7 Carbonate accumulation morphology in a soil chronosequence in the southern Pre-Ural, Russia 191 a) b) c) d) Figure 7. Microstructure and submicrostructure of calcic features in the paleosols buried at the Late Sarmatian time ( upper group). a) rather compact large feature consisting of small ones, rare microcrystalline calcite grains in voids, splicing of small features in a large void, XPL; b) large calcic feature consisting of loose packed small ones and without microcrystalline calcite inside the voids, XPL; frame width of photos a and b is 3.4 mm; c) calcite crystals with irregular indented edges and etching pits, 3800x; d) some scours and cracks on the surface of a calcic feature, 300x. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Based on these observations we tried to reconstruct the environmental conditions in different chronointervals of Early Nomads Age in the Southern Pre-Ural. The paleosols buried at the Savromatian time and the modern Dark Kastanozems have similar quantity of carbonate accumulations in Bk horizons but they differ slightly in diameter. The calcic features in the Savromatian paleosols are diverse and have signs of both dissolution (calcite crystals in voids) and segregation. Only in the Savromatian paleosols, desiccation cracks that had broken the WSSs into pieces occur. On the basis of such evidence, it is highly probable that the paleosols of the Savromatian time formed under slightly drier, and more continental and contrasting climate than that in the modern time. The WSSs in Bk horizons of paleosols buried at the Late Sarmatian time are the largest in size and quantity of all soils in the chronosequence. In addition, on the basis of considerable heterogeneity in diameter and quantity of carbonate accumulations in those horizons, the Late Sarmatian paleosols have been divided into two groups: upper and lower. The morphology of the WSSs in paleosols of these two groups also differs by signs of dissolution. There are no signs of dissolution in the WSSs of the lower group, only the process of new calcite crystal growth on the surface of carbonate accumulations or other minerals was observed. The WSSs of the upper group are in the initial stage of dissolution. We suggest that the WSSs of the lower group of Late Sarmatian paleosols formed in stable dry climatic conditions. At the beginning of the Late Sarmatian time, the more humid and mild climatic conditions became established. Some Late Sarmatian paleosols with clear signs of WSSs dissolution ( upper group in Figures 3 and 4) were likely buried at a later time than other paleosols of this chronointerval ( lower group in Figures 3 and 4). The WSSs in the modern soils have the clearest signs of dissolution compared with all other soils in the chronosequence. The climate of modern time is likely to be the most humid of the studied chronointervals (Savromatian and Late Sarmatian). Our conclusion on the paleoenvironmental conditions of the chronointervals before and during the Late Sarmatian time in the Southern Pre-Ural region agrees with the data of other researchers of Holocene paleosols in the steppe zone of Russia. Several authors consider the period before the Late Sarmatian time was hot and dry, and that at the beginning of the Late Sarmatian time, it changed to milder and wetter paleoenvironmental conditions (Ivanov, 1992;
8 192 Khokhlova and Kouznetsova a) b) c) d) e) f) Figure 8. Microstructure and submicrostructure of calcic features in the modern Dark Kastanozems. a) indistinct boundary between calcic feature and plasma, XPL; b) internal fabric of calcic feature, large cracks with mobile microcrystalline calcite inside and cracks just marked, XPL; c) decomposition of large calcic feature, XPL; d) entire impregnation of plasma by calcite, absence of mobile calcite in voids, XPL, frame width of photos a d is 3.4 mm; e) large scours and cracks on the feature surface, 400x; f) calcite crystals of different sizes and with etching pits on their edges, 2000x. Ryskov and Demkin, 1995; Pesochina and Zaitsev, 1996). As for the climatic conditions in the Savromatian time, they are considered to be similar to the modern time. In particular, the same conclusion was made previously by us on the basis of the usual (field morphological observation and some analytical characteristics) properties of the soils in this chronosequence (Khokhlova and Khokhlov, 2002). The study of morphological features of the carbonate accumulations in the chronosequence allowed us to obtain more specific and unique information on the climatic conditions of the Savromatian Time. Morphological analysis of the WSSs on different scales of soil mass organization allows us to consider the mechanism of their segregation desegregation under the changing environmental conditions in this region at the different intervals of the last 2,500 years of the Holocene. With increasing aridization, the WSSs become larger due to consolidation of the small calcic features into larger ones; the quantity of WSSs in the Bk horizon increases as a result of their formation on new centers of crystallization. At the beginning of a humid stage, the sizes of WSSs grow slightly due to the looser packing of calcite crystals under recrystallisation and to the formation of halos around WSSs. In our opinion, this process takes place in a short time interval, perhaps 10s to 100 years. We suppose this process to be rapid because of our observations in the paleosols under kurgans of a single relatively short archaeological period (for example, the Last Sarmatian time continued not more than 200 years). Then, parts of a calcic feature break away and a large feature disintegrates producing small ones. The smallest features are most likely to dissipate (or disperse) completely. These processes lead to decreasing sizes and quantity of WSSs in Bk horizons, however we consider this probably occurred over thousands of years. This process is considered to be relatively slow, because its results could not be seen in the paleosols of a single period but observed in the soil chronosequence as a whole. In that range of the reconstructed climatic variation in the soil chronosequence, the processes of segregation desegregation of carbonate accumulations (white soft spots, WSS) in the Dark Kastanozems of the southern Pre-Ural took place within the Bk horizon. We must recall that the loss of carbonate material outside this horizon was not observed morphologically. Data from thermal analysis supports this morphological observation; in the Late Sarmatian paleosols, subjected to the process of carbonate segregation, the CaCO 3 contents are high in the WSSs and low in the soil mass (SM), while in the modern Dark Kastanozems, subjected to carbonate desegregation and dispersion, the relationship patterns are reversed. Our study shows that a detailed study of the morphological peculiarities of carbonate accumulations on the different scales of soil mass organization in the chronosequences of steppe soils is a valuable source of
9 Carbonate accumulation morphology in a soil chronosequence in the southern Pre-Ural, Russia 193 Table 1. CaCO 3 content, thermal characteristics, and parameters of calcite lattice. Pit, horizon Sample CaCO 3 (%) Note. *WSSs: carbonate white soft spots; **SM: Soil mass without visible carbonate accumulations Thermal analysis Temperature ( C) of structural decomposition X-ray diffraction patterns begining maximum end d 104 Paleosols buried at the Savromatian time (2,500 2,600 yr BP) D527/00, B1k WSSs* II- SM** Paleosols buried at the Late Sarmatian time (1,700 1,800 yr BP) D517/97,B1k WSSs D518/97,B1k WSSs D522/00,B1k WSSs D524/00,B1k WSSs D525/00,B1k WSSs D526/00,B1k WSSs D517/97,B1k SM D518/97,B1k SM D522/00,B1k SM D524/00,B1k SM D525/00,B1k SM D526/00,B1k SM Modern Dark Kastanozems 2K/97, B2k WSSs D519/97,B1k WSSs K/97, B2k SM D519/97,B1k SM specific and unique information on the paleoecological conditions of different Holocene climatic intervals and can be successfully used for that aim. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, (Grants , mac, and p2002ural). REFERENCES Alexandrovskiy, A.L., 2002, Development of soil in the Eastern Europe in Holocene (in russian): Moscow, Institute of Geography, Doctoral Thesis in Geography, abstract of dissertation, 48 p. Akhtyrtsev, B.P., Akhtyrtsev, A.B., 1986, Evolution of soils in the Middle- Russian forest-steppe zone in Holocene (in russian), in Ivanov, I.V. (ed.), Evolution and age of soils in the USSR: Pushchino, Scientific Centre of Biological Research Press, Barba, L., 1994, The old soils as a source of new archaeological information, in 15th World Congress of Soil Science, Acapulco, México, 1994: Nairobi, Kenya, International Centre for Research in Agroforestry and International Society of Soil Science, 6a, Becze-Deak, J., Langohr, R., Verrecchia, E.P., 1997, Small scale secondary CaCO3 accumulations in selected sections of the European loess belt. Morphological forms and potential for paleoenvironmental reconstruction: Geoderma, 76, Birkeland, P.W., 1984, Soils and Geomorphology: New York-Oxford, Oxford University Press, 372 p. Demkin, V.A., 1997, Paleopedology and archaeology (in russian): Pushchino, Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science, 213 p. Dergacheva, M.I., 1997, Archaeological Paleopedology (in russian): Novosibirsk, Russian Academy of Science Press, Siberian Branch, 228 p. Gennadiev, A.N., 1990, Soils and Time: Models of Development (in russian): Moscow, Lomonosov State University Press, 232 p. Gile, L.H., 1993, Carbonate stages in sandy soils of the Leasburg surface, southern New Mexico: Soil Science,, 156, Gile, L.H., 1995, Pedogenic carbonate in soils of the Isaack s Ranch Surface, southern New Mexico: Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59, Gile, L.H., Peterson, F.F., Grossman, R.B., 1966, Morphological and genetic sequences of carbonate accumulation in desert soils: Soil Science, 101, Holliday, V.T., 1989, Paleopedology in archaeology. Paleopedology: Catena, Supplement, 16, Ivanov, I.V., 1992, Evolution of soils in the steppe zone in Holocene (in russian): Moscow, Nauka, 144 p. Kemp, R.A., 1995, Distribution and genesis of calcitic pedofeatures within a rapidly aggrading loess-paleosol sequence in China: Geoderma, 65, Khokhlova, O.S., Khokhlov, A.A., 2002, Spatial Variability in the Properties of Modern and Buried Holocene Dark Chestnut Soils in the Southern Pre-Ural Region: Eurasian Soil Science, 35 (3), Khokhlova, O.S., Sedov, S.N., Golyeva, A.A., Khokhlov, A.A., 2001, Evolution of Chernozems in the Northern Caucasus, Russia during the second half of the Holocene: carbonate status of paleosols as a tool for paleoenvironmental reconstruction:
10 194 Khokhlova and Kouznetsova Geoderma, 104, King, H., Brewster, G., Sauborn, P., 1978, Holocene paleosols and their significance as paleoenvironmental indicators in the south central Rocky Mountains of Canada, in 11th International Congress of Soil Science: Edmonton, University of Alberta and International Society of Soil Science (ISSS) V.1.P., Kubiena, W.L., 1938, Micropedology: Ames, Iowa, Collegiate Press, 243 p. Limbray, S., 1975, Soil Science and Archaeology: London, Academic Press, 384 p. Pesochina, L.S., Zaitsev, S.V., 1996, Paleosols of the burial ground Pokrovka 7 as indicators of paleoenvironments in the Early Sarmatian Time (in russian), in Yablonskiy, L.T. (ed.), Mounds on the Left Bank of the Ilek River: Moscow, 4, Polyakov, A.N., 1989, A micromorphological study of calcite in Chernozems of the European USSR: Soviet Soil Science, 21 (4), Reheis, M.C., 1987, Climatic implications of alternating clay and carbonate formation in semiarid soils of south-central Montana: Quaternary Research, 27, Ryskov, Ya.G., Demkin, V.A., 1995, Results of natural scientific examination of mounds on the left bank of the Ilek river (in russian), in Yablonskiy, L.T. (ed.), Mounds on the Left Bank of the Ilek River: Moscow, 3, Stewens, P.R., Walker, T.W., 1970, The chronosequence concept and soil formation, Quarterly Review Of Biology, 45 (4), Veklich, M.F., Matviishina, Zh.N., Medvedev, V.V., 1979, Principles of paleopedological researches (in russian): Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 272 p. Verrecchia, E.P., Verrecchia, K.E., 1994, Needle-fiber calcite: a critical review and a proposed classification: Journal of Sedimentary Research, 64 (3), Vreeken, W.G., 1975, Principal kinds of chronosequence and their significance in soil history: Journal of Soil Science, 26 (4), West, L.T., Wilding, L.P., Hallmark, C.T., 1988, Calciustolls in central Texas: II. Genesis of calcic and petrocalcic horizons: Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52, Wieder, M., Yaalon, D.H., 1982, Micromorphological fabrics and developmental stages of carbonate nodular forms related to soil characteristics: Geoderma, 28, Yaalon, U.H., 1971, Soil-forming processes in time and space, in Yaalon, U.H.(ed.), Paleopedology; Origin, Nature and Dating of Paleosols: Jerusalem, International Society of Soil Science and Israel University Press, Zolotun, V.P., 1974, Development of soils of the southern Ukraine for the last centuries (in russian): Kiev, Doctoral Thesis in Biology, abstract of dissertation, 74 p. Manuscript received: June 2, 2002 Corrected manuscript received: March 5, 2003 Manuscript accepted: June 29, 2003
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LINIO COLOMBIA. Starting-Up & Leading E-Commerce. www.linio.com.co. Luca Ranaldi, CEO. Pedro Freire, VP Marketing and Business Development
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text:
While online, web and social have measurable
returns or at least quantifiable ones, I have always questioned the value of
trade shows, especially over the past five years. My past experience with trade
shows has been that you 'have to be there' because if you're not, your industry
often thinks you are out of business, and that most are filled with competitors
and not real business opportunities. With that said, being a non-asset based
management company, I also understand the value of our partnerships, so this
past month we packed up and headed for the American Moving and Storage (AMSA)
in Jacksonville, FL. With a new booth, some great giveaways and an open mind,
we set up shop and began to network with the 680 other industry professionals
in attendance. The sessions were informative and we did so much networking. I
was amazed at how many people came over to visit, say 'Hi', gather information
and see what ReloTrans is all about. I was even more surprised at
how many peers had seen our social media efforts on Twitter and Facebook, and
our blogs re-packaged on industry LinkedIn groups. I left that show with a
fresh perspective and a clearer understanding that, with marketing, you can't
do just one thing or even a few, that everything needs to work together.
Related posts
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As the President of ReloTrans, Frank Peditto is responsible for the vision and growth strategy of the company as well as overall leadership. A veteran of the transportation and logistics fields, Frank possesses more than eighteen years of leadership and thirty years of customer service experience.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
By Anne D'Innocenzio, AP Retail Writer
NEW YORK Tight inventory controls and exclusive store label brands pushed J.C. Penney into profitability in the second quarter. But the department store offered cut its profit outlook because of the uncertain economy.
The reduced outlook is a sign of jitters in the retail industry that consumers, still stinging from the recession and worried about jobs, aren't going to be increasing their spending any time soon.
J.C. Penney (JCP), based in Plano, Texas, said Friday that it earned $14 million, or 6 cents a share, in the three months ended July 31. That compares with a loss of $1 million, or break-even per share, in the same quarter last year.
The second-quarter 2010 results included a charge of about 5 cents a share related to a debt buyback completed in May.
Revenue was $3.94 billion, down 0.1% from a year ago. Revenue at stores open at least a year rose 0.9% compared with a year ago. The measure is a key indicator of a retailer's health because it includes sales at existing stores while excluding sales at newly opened locations.
Analysts surveyed by Thomson Reuters expected 5 cents a share on revenue of $4 billion.
Penney said that it expects revenue at stores open at least a year to be up 2% to 3% in the current quarter. Total sales should increase one percentage point less, which means anywhere from 1 to 2%, because Penney stopped publishing its Big Book catalogs.
For the current quarter, earnings per share should be in the range of 16 cents to 20 cents. Analysts had expected 24 cents per share.
For the year, Penney expects earnings per share to be between $1.40 per share and $1.50 per share. Analysts expect $1.54. In May, Penney had said it expected $1.64 for the full year.
Copyright 2010 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Guidelines: You share in the USA TODAY community, so please keep your comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. Use the "Report Abuse" button to make a difference. Read more.


text:
That's a lot of wear and tear on our feet and ankles, the unique body parts that keep America moving, active, and productive at our jobs. Doctors of podiatric medicine (DPMs) are physicians and surgeons at the forefront of delivering specialized foot and ankle care. However, not everyone is able to receive that care. The passage of HR 1542, the Helping Ensure Life- and Limb-Saving Access to Podiatric Physicians (HELLPP) Act, will change that.
Each and every day, podiatrists keep America walking by preventing higher cost critical outcomes like hospitalizations and amputations. In fact, the inclusion of care provided by podiatrists for those with diabetes alone will save our health-care system as much as $3.5 billion per year. A more recent study shows a tremendous impact from removing podiatric services from Medicaid in the state of Arizona. It is simply common sense to allow all patients access to the group of doctors who already perform the majority of foot and ankle care in the US.
Many members of Congress are already supporting the HELLPP Act. Additionally, the HELLPP Act has been endorsed by a diverse group of health-care stakeholder and patient-representative groups. If you are an APMA member, use our eAdvocacy site to contact your elected officials today.
The Helping Ensure Life- and Limb-Saving Access to Podiatric Physicians (HELLPP) Act (HR 1542), was introduced in the 115th Congress by US Reps. Bill Johnson (R-OH) and Diana DeGette (D-CO) in the House and is soon to be introduced by Sens. Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) in the Senate. The HELLPP Act includes multiple comprehensive reforms and goes further to ensure podiatric physicians will continue to save lives, limbs, and health-care dollars.
The HELLPP Act would accomplish three important goals:
Download the full issue/policy brief: HELLPP Act (PDF)


text:
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text:
The Crap We Missed – Thursday 5.22.14
OH YES OH HELL YES!!!!!!!!! Somebody find me a genie because I know what all three of my wishes are going to be.
Just go rub one out.
It's like looking at the Jessica Biel who isn't psychotic crazy about JT.
Someone should have Photoshopped out the bruises on her shin.
"Tee hee any millionaires here ?"
Don't get me wrong, she's fine, but that is one ugly knee.


text:
Area Sales Manager
- Recruiter
- Rise Technical Recruitment Ltd
- Location
- Newcastle Upon Tyne
- Salary
- £35000 - £45000 per annum + OTE +7.5k + Car + Laptop + Phone
- Posted
- 22 Sep 2016
- Closes
- 19 Oct 2016
- Sector
- Engineering
- Contract Type
- Permanent
Area Sales Manager Scotland and Northern England £35,000 £45,000 OTE £7,500 Car Holiday Laptop Phone Are you an Area Sales Manager with experience in Commercial Construction sales? Do you want the opportunity to join a company who offer an excellent package and the chance to progress in the company? This Street Furniture Company are looking to take on an Area Sales Manager to run their existing accounts and also generate new leads and clients. This is a market leading company with a reputation for excellent quality products. In this role the successful applicant will manage the sales and accounts in Scotland and Northern England. You will be required to travel extensively to customer sites and oversea larger orders to ensure that all specifications are met. This is an excellent opportunity to start a varied role at a company that will reward great performance and offer the right candidate opportunity to progress within the company. The Role: Manage the current client base and accounts Generate new leads and clients Managing the process to ensure that client specifications are met A patch covering Scotland and Northern England The Candidate: Experience in Commercial Construction Sales Excellent communication skills Knowledge of CRM systems Willing to travel to client sites as required Reference Number: RTR46989 Field sales engineer, construction, street furniture, internal sales, technology, science, sales, engineer, manager, manufacture, sales executive, distribution, agent, furniture, service sales, manufacturing, accounts manager, commercial construction sales, To apply for this role or for to be considered for further roles, please click 'Apply Now' or contact Jeremy Nicholls at Rise Technical Recruitment. This vacancy is being advertised by Rise Technical Recruitment Ltd. The services of Rise Technical Recruitment Ltd are that of an Employment Agency. Rise Technical Recruitment Ltd regrets to inform that our client can only accept applications from engineering candidates who have a valid legal permit or right to work in the United Kingdom. Potential candidates who do not have this right or permit, or are pending an application to obtain this right or permit should not apply as your details will not be processed. This job was originally posted as www.totaljobs.com/job/66686066


text:
Canĺt wait for Saturday nightĺs NFC Wild Card showdown between the Eagles and Saints? We canĺt either. So weĺre having a special chat to discuss the game. You can join our Eagles beat writer Bob Grotz and columnist Jack McCaffery Friday afternoon at 3 p.m. to talk Eagles-Saints.
You can take part in the conversation on Twitter by using the special #eagleschat hashtag.
Go Birds!


text:
Cosmeticsurgery10.com is the smartest web-based resource that provides key information on cosmetic surgeries focusing on
cosmetic surgery, plastic surgeries, dermatology, cosmetic dentists and LASIK procedures.
You can locate the cosmetic surgery doctor closer to you by specialty: plastic surgeon, dermatologist, cosmetic dentist, cosmetic surgery, and vision. Also, you can browse through the cosmetic surgery photo gallery; learn about cosmetic surgery procedures, plastic surgery, dermatology, cosmetic dentistry and LASIK. Not even that, you can get a virtual consultation with a doctor and see how your body can improve the appearance with a cosmetic surgery procedure. Information on cosmetic surgery costs and financing is available as well, all just a click away!
cosmeticsurgery10.com offers you a complete coverage on all aspects of cosmetic surgery. Once you decide that cosmetic surgery is a viable option to enhance your body, cosmeticsurgery10.com is the site where you will find valuable information on every aspect of Cosmetic Surgery. We are dedicated to providing timely and relevant cosmetic surgery news and data on every aspect of:
Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Doctors
Cosmetic Surgery Dermatology Doctors
Cosmetic Surgery Dentistry Doctors
Cosmetic Surgery LASIK Doctors
Our Virtual Consultation allows visitors to see different cosmetic surgery procedures online. From your imagination to realization you can see how gradually a performed procedure can improve the appearance giving you great virtual results!
For visitors who are interested on a cosmetic surgery such as breast augmentation we have the Interactive Model available that allows the visitors to make breast implant adjustments online. You can preview in a 2 dimensional scale what your breast may look like when a breast implant is performed.
The cosmetic surgery directory allows the user to find the right cosmetic surgery doctor, or research different procedures done by plastic surgeons, dermatologists, cosmetic dentists and LASIK doctors.
Plenty of cosmetic surgery articles are available for you to learn more about cosmetic surgery procedures! Enjoy the reading by choosing one of the varieties of articles regarding plastic surgery, dermatology, cosmetic dentist and vision articles.
One factor to consider is pain and how it will affect your choice in a cosmetic surgery. We have dedicated many articles that discuss pain and how to cope with it. There are several options to minimize pain when having any type of cosmetic surgery. For example, a little pump is the latest innovation in reducing post-operative pain when a type cosmetic surgery procedure is performed.
Cosmetic Surgery Doctors is a skilled person or sometimes referred to as a doctor of medicine. Cosmetic physicians could be categorized as the following:
Find Cosmetic Surgery Doctors in your state:
Plastic surgery is a general term for operative manual and instrumental treatment which is performed for functional or cosmetic reasons. The word "plastic" derives from the Greek plastikos meaning to mould or to shape; its use here is NOT connected with modern plastics. Cosmetic is the beauty the art of beautification.
Plastic surgery could be broken down into two fields. Reconstructive or Cosmetic surgery.
Reconstructive surgery, including microsurgery, focuses on undoing or masking the destructive effects of trauma, surgery or disease. Reconstructive surgery may include closing defects with flapsthat is, by moving tissue from other parts of the body.
Cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery is most often performed in order to change features the patient finds unflattering. In many cases, however, there are medical reasons (for example, breast reduction when orthopedic problems are present).
Evidence from historical records reveal cosmetic surgery spans back to the ancient world. The Romans Empire were able to perform simple techniques such as repairing damaged ears. Other records show that in the Middle Ages, there were techniques to restore a severed nose by attaching the arm to the face and letting a blood supply form, then removing the arm from the new nose. Nevertheless, it was not until modern times that its use became commonplace and well accepted.
Other recorded facts show Physicians in ancient India were utilizing skin grafts for reconstructive work as early as 800 B.C. This concept didn't move very fast until 19th and 290th century. One of the first plastic surgeons in the U.S. was Dr. John Peter Mettauer. He performed the first cleft palate operation in 1827 with cosmetic surgery instruments that he designed himself.
Breast Lift with implants, read her testimonial
Dr. Manuel E. Alanis Horn, MEXICO
Dr. George Lefkovits, M.D., NY
Cosmetic Plastic Surgery at a Glance
Plastic surgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


text:
We're having a number of problems this morning with some code that was released last night. In order to try and keep track of all of them in one spot, I'm opening this thread as a summary of all the problems we're experiencing, possible workarounds, and any updates I can offer as Engineering becomes available.
If a problem is already on this list, it's not necessary to reply with a 'me, too' -- we're aware many people are experiencing each issue. If you're having a problem that's new today and which is not currently on the list, please do let us know. If you've got a workaround for one of the problems, add that, too.
PROBLEM: The 'my chow' link is broken for everyone. There used to be a few people for whom the link in the nav bar didn't work properly, but it's now pointing at a login screen for everyone.
WORKAROUNDS: You can access the main part of my chow--'Recent Posts'--via the 'Hey, username' link in the upper right corner of your screen. Also, if you find any recent post of yours, you can click on your username in that post and get to your Recent Posts, as well.
Once you've got your personal profile up you'll have a URL like this: http://www.chow.com/profile/10021 It's basically chow.com/profile/your_usernumber. You can access different sections of my chow by adding the right thing to the end of that URL.
To access your favorites, add /favorites (example: h ttp://www.chow.com/profile/10021/favorites)
To access your photos, add /photos (example:
h ttp://www.chow.com/profile/10021/photos)
To access your All Activities view, add /activity (example:
h ttp://www.chow.com/profile/10021/activity)
To access your Reading List, add /reading (example:
h ttp://www.chow.com/profile/10021/reading)
To access your Settings, add /settings (example:
h ttp://www.chow.com/profile/10021/settings)
PROBLEM: The boards drop down arrow is broken. Clicking on it does nothing. The same is true for other dropdowns like 'stories' and 'recipes'.
WORKAROUNDS: You can access Boards via the front page tag cloud. It's in approximately alphabetical order. If you're looking for a board you've posted to recently, you can also go to your my chow Recent Posts view, and get to the board from there. Click on the name of the board in one of the posted by lines (like: Jacquilynne in Technical Help) will take you to that board.
For Recipes, Blogs and Stories, you can click on the word to go directly to the hub page for that type of content. Each hub page contains links to all the categories/blogs for that section.
PROBLEM: 'Search this board' is searching all boards. Attempting to search an individual board by navigating to the search screen and choosing 'more options' does the same.
WORKAROUNDS: Use board:boardname in the search box to limit the search to a specific board. board:"technical help" would limit your search to just this board, for example.
PROBLEM: People who are finding themselves logged out by the 'my chow' link are having difficulties getting logged back in. This may not be a problem that's distinct to this morning, as it's not everyone, and some people have always had difficulties with login.
WORKAROUNDS: The 'my chow' link is prompting you to log in, but it may not actually be logging you out. Return to Chowhound.com and check to see if the top right corner still says 'Hey, username' -- if so, you're not actually logged out.
If you are logged out, and can't get logged back in, this is usually a cookies issue. If you're using your email address and password to log in, try using your username and password or vice versa (this helps some people). Check to make sure you're allowing cookies from chow.com and chowhound.com. If so, remove your current cookies from chow.com and chowhound.com. Then, clear your browser cache and restart your web browser. Try logging in again. If you need instructions on how to do any of these things for your browser, please let us know which browser you're using and we'll try to help.
-- Jacquilynne, Community Manager for Chowhound
This post is locked.Have something new to say?Create a New Post


text: Posted August 6, 2011 Thought I'd up some pics I took today at the FanFest. Had a great time once again despite the blazing hot sun beaming down on me. When we finally got the clouds to give us some shade and get a little breeze going the crowd went nuts. Heard a few boos towards Clausen when he missed some passes and heard a lot of shouts when Cam found some receivers deep during practice. Watching Clausen made me realize dude absolutely CANNOT see over the line man. All his best passes were to the sideline checkdowns. Cam's deep ball supercedes any of the other QBs and it showed once again today. Made it real hard to imagine him not being our starter when the season starts. After this week Im so excited for the season to get here so we can see these guys play when it counts. Hope you enjoy the pics. 9 people like this Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
Anterior Boundary of the Oral Cavity
Posterior Boundary of the Oral Cavity
The lateral boundary of the Oral Cavity
The Superior Boundary of the Oral Cavity
The Inferior Boundary of the Oral Cavity
Facial Structures are those...
Facial Structures Closest to the Lips are
Facial Structures Closest to the Inner Cheek are
Facial Structures Closest to the Tongue are
The Lingual Structures Closest to the Palate are
The upper and lower horseshoe shaped spaces in the oral cavity between the lips and cheeks anteriorly and laterally and the teeth and their soft tissue medially and posteriorly are
The maxillary and mandibular vestibules are lined by a mucous membrane called
The inner part of the lips are lined with a pink...
Labial Mucosa is continuous with the equally pink...
Buccal mucosa lines the
The dense pad of underlying fat tissue, covered in buccal mucosa, at the posterior part of each vestibule is
The buccal fat pad acts as a protective cushion during
The small elevation of tissue on the inner part of the buccal mucosa, just opposite the maxillary second molar is the
What protects the opening of the parotid duct (Stenson's Duct) of the parotid salivary gland?
Where the pink labial mucosa or buccal mucosa meets the redder alveolar mucosa at the mucobuccal fold is the
The fold of tissue located at the midline between the labial mucosa and the alveolar mucosa on the upper and lower dental arches is the...
What are the small, yellowish elevations on the labial and buccal mucosa?
True or False
Fordyce's spots are deeper deposits of sebum from trapped or misplaced sebaceous gland tissue, usually associated with hair follicles.
The white ridge of calloused tissue (or hyperkeratinization) that extends horizontally at the level where the maxillary and mandibular teether come together and occlude is the...
The maxilla is the...
The mandible is the...
True or false
The maxillary bone is a single bone with moveable articulation to the temporal bones.
This facial bone includes a body and four processes.
True or False
Each body of the maxilla is superior to the teeth and contains the maxillary sinus.
This facial bone is a single bone with a movable articulation with the temporal bones.
The temporomandibular joint connects the...
the heavy horizontal part of the lower jaw inferior to the teeth is the...
These are bony extensions of the maxilla and mandible that contain each tooth socket or alveolus (plural, alveoli) of the teeth
True or false
the facial part of the alveolus of the canine, the vertically placed canine eminence is especially prominent on the maxilla.
what is the canine eminence?
all teeth are attached to the surface of the alveoli by the fibrous...
True or False
the periodontal ligament (PDL) allows no tooth movement within the alveolus while supporting the tooth.
each of the mature and fully erupted teeth consists of both the...
the crown of the tooth is composed of the extremely hard over layer, the moderately hard inner layer and the innermost layer. these layers are called the...
while the outermost layer of the crown is called the enamel the outermost layer of the root is called the...
True or False
the bone like cementum attaches to the periodontal ligament (PDL) which then attaches to the alveoli of bone holding the tooth in its socket.
the alveolar processes with the tech in the alveoli are called
the dental arches are the
the teeth in the mandibular arch are the
the teeth in the maxillary arch are the
a soft tissue-covered elevation of the bone, just distal to the last tooth of the maxillary arch is the
a dense pad of tissue located just distal to the last tooth of the mandibular arch is the
the teeth of children or primary teeth include...
adult teeth, or permanent teeth include..
anterior teeth are
posterior teeth are
the anterior superior alveolar artery supplies the
posterior superior alveolar artery supplies the
which teeth are drained by the inferior alveolar vein
the inferior alveolar artery supplies the
the posterior superior alveolar vein drains the
composed of a firm mucosa, surrounding the maxillary and mandibular teeth and the alveoli and covering the alveolar processes are the soft tissue gums called the..
the gingival tissue that tightly adhears to the bone around the roots of the teeth is the
the scallop-shapped mucogingival junction is the line of demarcation between the...
the gingival margin of each tooth, which forms a cuff above the neck of the tooth is called the
The inner surface of the gingival tissue with each tooth faces a space is called the
the gingivla tissue between adjacent teeth is an extension of attached gingiva and is considered the...
Each extension of the interdental gingiva is the...
the inside of the mouth is the...
The oral cavity proper is enlosed anteriorly by the _____ and _____ arches.
The opening from the oral cavity proper into the pharynx or throat is called the...
True or False
the fauces are formed laterally on each side by the anterior faucial pillar and the posterior faucial pillar
The roof of the mouth is called the...
The palate has two parts, anterior and posterior, the firmer anterior part is considered the
a midline ridge of tissue on the hard palate, which overlies the bony fusion of the palate is the
a small bulge of tissue at the most anterior part of the hard palate, lingual to the anterior teeth is the
directly posterior and radiating from the incisive papilla and raphe are irregual ridges of tissue called the
The looser posterior part of the palate is considered the
a midline muscle structure that hangs down from the posterior margin of the soft palate is the
extending from the junction of the hard and soft palates down to the mandible, just behind the distale mandibular tooth and stretches when the mouth is opened wider is the
The posterior 1/3 is pharyngeal part of the tongue, also called the
the base of the tongue attaches to the floor of the mouth and does not lie within the oral cavity proper but instead within the oral part of the...
The anterior 2/3 of the tongue, which lies within the oral cavity proper is the
the tip of the tongue is the
the top of the tongue is the
the dorsal surface of the tongue has a midline depression that corresponds to the position of a midline structure deeper in the tongue and fusion tissue area, called the
certain surfaces of the tongue have small, elevated structures of specialized mucosa called
some lingual papille are associated with specialized organs of taste called
the slender, threadlike, whitish lingual papillae, which give the dorsal surface of the tongue its velvety texture are the
the reddish, smaller mushroom-shaped dots on the dorsal surface are the
posteriorly on the dorsal surface of the tongue and difficult to see clinically is an incerted V-shaped grove called the
the 10-14 larger mushroom shapped lingual papillae that line up along the anterior side of the sulcus terminalis on the body are the
where the sulcus terminalis points backward toward the throat is a small, pitlike depression, the...
posteriorly on thee dorsal surface of the base of the tongue is an irregualr mass of tissue called the
the side or lateral surface of the tongue has vertical ridges called the
the underside of the tongue is called the
True or False
the ventral surface of the tongue has small visible blood vessels, the deep lingual veins, which pass far from the surface.
lateral to each deep lingual vein are fringelike projections called
midline fold of tissue between the ventral surface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth is the
joining the V-shaped configuration extedning from the lingual frenum to the base of the tongue, on each side of the floor of the mouth is the
small papila at the anterior end of each sublingual fold contains openings of the submandibular duct and sublingual duct are
the muscular tube that serves both the repiratory and digestive systems is the
The division of the pharynx that is superior to the level of the soft palate and is continuous with the nasal cavity is the
the division of the pharynx between the doft palate and the opening of the larynx and is the oral part of the pharynx is the
True or False
part of all three divisions of the pharynx are visible on an intraoral examination
the inferior division of the pharynx close to the laryngeal opening and not visible on an intraoral exam is the
A normal variation noted usually on the facial surface of the alveolar process of the maxillary arch, and are localized developmental growths of normal bone with a possible hereditary etiology are
noted on the lingual aspect of the mandibular arch, a larger developmental growth of normal bone with a possible hereditary etiology and associated with bruxism and are usually present bilaterally in the are of the premolars are
a normal variation noted on the midline of the hard palate is the
Created by angela.dennis22 almost 4 years ago


text:
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text:
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