text:
Meet Kshama Sawant,a newly elected Socialist candidate to the Seattle city council.
Seattle machinists for Boeing rejected a deal that would reduce pensions for union members in return for Boeing staying in Everett, Wash., building 777X Boeing airliners for the next eight years.
Kshama Sawant 's response to Boeing was to tell the Boeing machinists that they, 'The Workers' should take over the factories, and shut down Boeing's profit-making machine!' Kshama Sawant said this publicly to a group of activists in the city's Westlake Park.
Boeing, as is their Democratic right as private business owners, is considering taking those jobs elsewhere.
Kshama Sawant 's response to Boeing was declare this economic business decision 'Economic Terrorism!' She says that it's going to devastate the state's economy."
Sawant whipped the crowd into a frenzy shouting.." If Boeing tries to move out," Sawant said," union workers should simply take over the Everett airplane-building factory."
She referred to this as "democratic ownership."
"The only response we can have if Boeing executives do not agree to keep the plant here is for the machinists to say the machines are here, the workers are here, we will do the job, we don't need the executives. The executives don't do the work, the machinists do," she said.
She said that once workers take over the plant, they should start building things everyone can use.
"We can re-tool the machines to produce mass transit like buses, instead of destructive, you know, war machines."
This is the absolute lunacy fantasy world the far left live in. A world where if they don't like something they can just make up scary sounding terms to justify state sanctioned socialism. Boeing, asked the workers to concede small financial points, which in this unstable down economy is a sound business decision. Kshama Sawant, not liking this will call it economic terrorism, and to her and the loony left, this will somehow justify the outright theft of materials, land, and intellectual copyright.
In what world do the workers have the right to put aside the US Constitution and all laws of commerce and just appropriate other peoples property. The real mind bender is Kshama Sawant, first says that Boeing leaving would devastate the Seattle economy. That Boeing should be made to stay so the economy won't suffer, that Boeing is a needed employer to the Seattle area. Yet, once Boeing intimates that it may leave the Seattle area suddenly they are a big bad maker of war machines. Kshama Sawant was fine with Boeing as long as Boeing kept the money flowing into her constituents pockets. Typical far left adolescent mind set, if they don't get a free ride and everything their way, they result to name calling and smear tactics.
Please tell me in your fantasy world where magical elves throw fairy dust into the air and suddenly the Boeing machinists are able to STEAL Boeing's Everett airplane-building factory, property, grounds, and intellectual property rights.
Who will be paying the property taxes? How are the Seattle machinist going to pay Boeing for the $250,000,000 worth of tooling machines at the Boeing property? How will the Seattle machinist pay for the software license which run the tooling machines? What about the State and Federal taxes that are due for the Boeing plant? What about the State and Federal aviation license which must be approved by government regulators. What about the massive insurance needed to cover the Boeing plant while it is operational. What about the funding for the Union pensions, who will be paying that? Here's another silly thing, what about the budget for salaries, utilities, maintenance to the plant, grounds, vehicles, the 100's of machines,and on and on and on....
It seems that Kshama Sawant lives in the same fantasy world as this guy


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text: On Tue, Jul 08, 2008 at 08:07:52AM +0200, Ralf Corsepius wrote: > On Mon, 2008-07-07 at 23:43 +0100, Richard W.M. Jones wrote: > > On Mon, Jul 07, 2008 at 03:53:14PM -0600, Brendan Conoboy wrote: > > > Any particular reason to go with MinGW rather than Cygwin? Is there > > > room for both in the SIG? > > > > Cygwin has a licensing issue -- namely that it is GPL and so prevents > > any proprietary development on top of our libraries. > How can a toolchain not supporting proprietary development be an issue > to Fedora? It may-be sufficient reason for some users not use Cygwin, > but this his hardly Fedora's problem. You are in essense saying that only GPL software is allowed in Fedora which is utter nonsense. We want to use MinGW so that we can provide LGPL software, since Cygwin is GPL only, which is a perfectly legitimate choice to make. Daniel -- |: Red Hat, Engineering, London -o- http://people.redhat.com/berrange/ :| |: http://libvirt.org -o- http://virt-manager.org -o- http://ovirt.org :| |: http://autobuild.org -o- http://search.cpan.org/~danberr/ :| |: GnuPG: 7D3B9505 -o- F3C9 553F A1DA 4AC2 5648 23C1 B3DF F742 7D3B 9505 :|


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Ten Goals for Improving Health Care for Canadians
Bibliographic Citation
Journal of Public Health Policy 1998; 19(3): 367-369
Permanent LinkFind in a Library
MetadataShow full item record
Related items
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Canadians Confront Health Care Reform: A 2002 Survey Shows That Canadians' Attitudes Toward Health System Changes Are in a State of Flux Abelson, Julia; Mendelsohn, Matthew; Lavis, John N.; Morgan, Steven G.; Forest, Pierre-Gerlier; Swinton, Marilyn (2004-05)
Low-Income Canadians' Experiences With Health-Related Services: Implications for Health Care Reform Williamson, Deanna L.; Stewart, Miriam J.; Hayward, Karen; Letourneau, Nicole; Makwarimba, Edward; Masuda, Jeff; Raine, Kim; Reutter, Linda; Rootman, Irving; Wilson, Douglas (2006-03)
Are Canadians Providing Advance Directives About Health Care and Research Participation in the Event of Decisional Incapacity? Bravo, Gina; Dubois, Marie-France; Cohen, Carole; Wildeman, Sheila; Graham, Janice; Painter, Karen; Bellemare, Suzanne (2011-04)Advance planning for health care and research participation has been promoted as a mechanism to retain some control over one's life, and ease substitute decision making, in the event of decisional incapacity. Limited data ...


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4d. Best Mobile App for Business
The Best Mobile App for Business is recognises enterprise and productivity apps judged to have introduced the most innovative mobile tools to help small, medium or large corporations and enterprise users. It recognises companies, innovators and developers that deliver best in class mobile working tools across a wide range of business, productivity and enterprise applications.
For mobile services and solutions aimed at enterprise organisations themselves, please see category 2a, Best Mobile Service or Solution for Enterprise.
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This is a new category for 2017
Entry Deadlines & Key Dates
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The Shortlist will be published in late January 2017
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- Provide a short description of the App, together with a list key features, and latest innovations and any other information you consider relevant
- A link to where it can be downloaded from your website, or one of the major app stores (along with a free access or redemption code if the app is not free, for our judges to download it)
- A link to a video on YouTube, Vimeo or other public video platform
- A link to a key page on your website with more information about the App
To begin your entry, click the 'Enter Here' button, and complete the registration information. Once underway, you can save, return to and amend your entry at any time until you formally submit.
Please also refer to the Rules of Entry and frequently asked questions sections for additional information. To begin your entry, click the 'Enter Here' button, and complete the registration information. Once underway, you can save, return to and amend your entry at any time until you formally submit.
This award category is open to all application developers and others in the mobile ecosystem that develop lifestyle Apps. The app must have been available for users to access or buy during and up to the year-end 2016, in at least one country. It must also utilise, support, deploy or be accessible through mobile technology based on open industry standards.
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- Application & Software Developers
- Content Aggregators & Middleware Developers
- Mobile Operators & Mobile Equipment Manufacturers
- Business Intelligence, Analytics and Strategic Consultancies
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- Publishers, Media companies
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- Retail, Wholesale, Hospitality, Catering, Travel
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The judges will be looking at how well entries meet the key criteria, as follows:
- Simplicity, reliability & ease of use
- Degree of personalisation or customisation and feedback mechanisms
- Depth of capabilities provided, inclusion of, or integration with other applications such as analytics or social media
- New Innovation, in terms of new technologies or unique functionality, content choice or capabilities
- Well-designed, intuitive interface focused on usability
- Makes good use of mobility
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Preview of Entry Form Questions
Enter here
On the entry form, in addition to submitting contact and company information, you will be asked to answer the following questions, (Please note the maximum text length for your answers including spaces are shown in brackets below):
- What is the name of your Mobile App for Business? Please note the name given here will be used in all awards publicity. (approx. 25 words)
- Is this a joint entry? If so, who are the partnering organisations? (approx. 25 words)
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- Please provide a website link for the app (approx. 100 words)
- Please confirm that the app was, or will be live, implemented and available in at least one market for clients, customers, organisations or end users to buy or access during and up to year end 2016, and in which markets or countries? (approx. 100 words)
- Please confirm that your entry utilises, supports, deploys or is accessible through mobile (cellular) technologies based on open industry standards? (approx. 100 words)


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A woman has been sentenced to 10 years in prison for stabbing her husband to death because he refused to show her text messages on his phone.
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What graduate programs does the Department of Economics offer?
The UCSB Department of Economics offers two different graduate program tracks: (1) The Ph.D. in Economics, which normally take 5 years to complete, and (2) Ph.D./M.A. in Economics, which primarily is the Ph.D. program but allows a doctoral student to earn an M.A. in Economics upon successful completion of the first year of the Ph.D. program. We no longer offer the terminal one year M.A. degree in Economics.
I am an prospective international applicant. Can I know my chances of getting admission if I provide you with my educational background, grades and test scores?
We do not pre-screen international or domestic applicants for admissions. We won't give you information on your chance of being admitted or not. You will need to make the determination based on the information we put on our graduate program Ph.D. web page, to determine if you think you should apply.
Do you accept International students into your Ph.D. program?
Yes! We regularly admit international students into the Ph.D. and Ph.D./M.A. programs.
What is the difference in applying to the PHD and the PHD/MA options in the online application?
Applicants who apply to the PHD only, if admitted, will be admitted for only that degree objective. Applicants who apply for the combination PHD/MA have the option of being awarded an MA degree in Economics at the end of their first year in the PHD program, based on the coursework and qualifying exams of that first Ph.D. program year.
How much is the application fee and are application fee waiver available?
The non-refundable graduate application fee is $105.00 for domestic applicants, and $125.00 for international applicants, paid in US dollars. A limited number of fee waivers are available for qualified US citizens and permanent residents only who demonstrate financial need. McNair Scholars and Project 1000 applicants are among those eligible. Fee waivers are not available to international applicants. Further instructions about fee waivers are available on the Graduate Division Admissions website.
May I get get a paper or printed application?
UCSB no longer offers paper or printed versions of the graduate application.
What is the application deadline?
The deadline depends on which Economics graduate program you are applying to. See our Economics Program Information web page for the yearly deadlines. You are strongly advised to submit your online application and all required supporting materials well in advance of the official deadline.
May I apply after the deadline?
No, do not apply after the deadline unless you have advance permission and instructions from the both the Graduate Division and the Assistant Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Economics. 99.999% of the time we do not accept late applications.
If you do not receive advance permission to apply after the deadline, do not apply. Your application fee will not be refunded, and your application will not be reviewed.
May I apply to more than one program?
No, only one application may be submitted per application quarter. Simultaneous applications are not accepted.
How many student do you plan to enroll in the Ph.D. program in Economics?
Our goal each year is to have between 12-15 new Ph.D. students start in the Fall quarter. We admit normally 2 1/2 to 3 times that amount and then through offers, declines and recruitment efforts, we then achieve our goal.
How many international students do you enroll in the Economics Ph.D. program? Do you enroll students from mainland China?
We regularly admit international students to the Ph.D. program. We do not have a set number (a quota) that we admit each year. Yes we regularly admit students from China.
Do you accept three year degrees from India?
Yes, we accept three degrees from universities and colleges in India as long as they are from accredited institutions.
What is the standard GPA, GRE and TOEFL scores of applicants?
Average GPA, GRE and TOEFL scores are listed online at the Ph.D. program website. Specific information is found in "Admission" information section of the individual websites"
Do you you accept GMAT score instead of GRE score?
No, we do not (never) accept the GMAT, we only accept valid GRE general exam scores.
How can I determine if I will do well on the GRE, TOEFL, or IELTS?
We suggest that you take a practice test before scheduling and taking the required exams. This will allow you to determine how much you need to study before the exam and whether or not you need more time to study and prepare or possibly take a class offered by a private company, such as:
www.testpreppractice.netsuch or http://www.kaptest.com/gre#freeprep
Can I use a letter service such as Interfolio for my Letters of Recommendation?
Yes, however we do not recommend it since a letter service cannot complete the specific online rankings for each student that is normally completed by the letter writer themselves.. The online application section for the letters of recommendation requires you to type in the following for each person that is writing you a reference letter:
1) Recommenders Name
2) Email Address
3) Name of recommenders home university, institution or place of employment.
4) Completion of the waiver section
What address should I use if I need to mail something for my graduate application to the Department of Economics?
UC Santa Barbara Department of Economics
Attn: Graduate Advisor
North Hall 2120
Santa Barbara, California 93106-9210


text:
"Up-cycling and re-cycling They both have the same principle to reuse the material but the processing of the material is different."
Recycling is the process to change material waste into a new product preventing to waste useful material and reducing consumption of raw material. For example: melting a few glass bottles to create a vase for flowers.
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Congressman Rob Wittman (VA-1) released the following statement on the second anniversary of the signing of President Obama's health care overhaul law:
"In the two years since this monstrous health care overhaul was signed into law, folks across the First District have continued to see their health care costs rise. Rather than bringing common-sense reform to lower the costs of health care, this legislation is increasing the federal government's intrusiveness in citizens' lives. It institutes an individual mandate -- a requirement for every American to obtain health insurance -- which over 70% of our country believes to be unconstitutional, according to a recent Gallup poll. At the same time, a recent analysis by the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office showed that this bill could force millions of citizens to lose the employer-provided health plans that they currently enjoy. This is simply unacceptable, as they will then be forced into the government-run insurance exchange. Americans simply cannot afford the devastating effects of this bill nor its trillion dollar price tag. The Obama administration itself has even refrained from enforcing certain provisions of its own bill as it's become more clear how harmful or ineffective these programs are. This law must be repealed and replaced with common-sense reforms that are conceived in the public sphere, not behind closed doors.
"Health care spending represents an ever-growing portion of this nation's economy, and it is critical that Congress address health care reform in a serious way. Responsible reform must target the true factors that drive up costs for individuals and must also ensure that doctors and patients, not insurance companies or government bureaucrats, are making important health care decisions. I will continue to work with my constituents and the First Congressional District Health Care Advisory Council to pursue responsible solutions to this nation's rising healthcare costs."
Wittman voted against the health care overhaul legislation in 2010 during its consideration by the U.S. House. Since then, Wittman has supported efforts to repeal the legislation so that it can be replaced with other pieces of health care reform legislation. These actions include:
- Cosponsored and voted for H.R. 2, which would repeal the health overhaul law (PPACA), reducing spending by $2.6 trillion over ten years and reducing the deficit by $700 billion.
- Cosponsored and voted for H.R. 4, the Comprehensive 1099 Taxpayer Protection and Repayment of Exchange Subsidy Overpayments Act of 2011, repealing the 1099 reporting requirement in the PPACA.
- Cosponsored H.R. 1286, Healthcare Fiscal Accountability Act of 2011, which would repeal $105.5 billion in mandatory spending included in the PPACA.
- Voted for H.Res. 9, which instructs the committees of jurisdiction to recommend legislation that expands access and improves affordability of healthcare and health insurance and reforms medical liability insurance.
- Cosponsored and voted for H.R. 5, which repeals the Independent Payment Advisory Board created in the PPACA, and also enacts medical liability reform.
Congressman Rob Wittman represents the First District of Virginia. He serves on the House Natural Resources Committee and the House Armed Services Committee where he is the Chairman of the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee.
Source: http://wittman.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=676&Itemid=100128


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RUTLEDGE, Associate Justice.
The appeal brings here for the first time the question whether a charitable corporation is liable for injury negligently caused by an employee acting in the course of duty. Issues of negligence and contributory negligence also are raised.
The plaintiff had judgment on a verdict, with special interrogatories. Defendant's motions for a directed verdict and to set aside the verdict were denied. The trial court's opinion, filed at the time of judgment, is reported in 1940, 33 F.Supp. 867. We affirm the judgment.
The court is in agreement concerning the issues of negligence and contributory negligence. The only question is whether there was substantial evidence to sustain the jury's findings. We think there was. Concerning the other and principal question, all agree that the judgment should be affirmed. But we differ as to the grounds upon which the decision should be placed. The trial court found that plaintiff was a stranger to the charity. Reserving the question of liability to a beneficiary, it held plaintiff entitled to recover. Chief Justice Groner, Justice Stephens and Justice Vinson concur in the result of the affirmance on that basis. They think that by the great weight of authority in the United States charitable corporations are responsible for the negligence of their servants in suits by strangers; and hence that the trial judge correctly ruled that the plaintiff (appellee) in the instant case was a stranger and therefore properly submitted the case to the jury on the questions of negligence and contributory negligence. They likewise think that the case on its facts presents no question as to the liability of charitable corporations for the negligence of their servants in suits by persons other than strangers and that no ruling should be made on that subject and therefore do not express themselves thereon. Justice Miller, Justice Edgerton and myself think the judgment should be affirmed on the broader grounds stated in this opinion.
I. Negligence and Contributory Negligence
On both issues the evidence was sufficient to go to the jury. Hence its findings for the plaintiff must be sustained.
The evidence to show negligence is, in part, that the student nurse and several others, in company with the head instructor, Miss Sandmaier, entered the ward just prior to the injury for an hour's work. Miss Sandmaier found some needed article was lacking and sent the student nurse for it. The latter turned and went hurriedly, not running, but walking very fast. Her own and other testimony describes her as rushing, not stopping at the door "because it was a swinging door," not looking through the wire mesh at the bottom to see if anyone were outside, not slowing or slackening her speed as she approached the door, pushing it, meeting an obstacle which fell, pushing it open again after it had swung back toward her, and finding the plaintiff lying on the floor. The testimony also showed that the morning was unusually busy, the article was needed quickly — "the work had to be done in an hour" — and the student nurse habitually rushed and hurried about her work. More need not be related.
At times things happen fast, and have to, in hospitals. When they do accidents may occur which the law must classify as negligence. The student nurse made things move. Ordinarily this would be commendable. Unfortunately that cannot relieve her act here of negligent quality. It was careless, because thoughtless and hasty. We cannot say that the jury could not find it was unreasonably dangerous to others.
The claim of contributory negligence is that plaintiff walked too closely to the door and failed to take due care regarding it, with full knowledge of the danger. The evidence, however, was not so one-sided as to require the case to be kept from the jury. The corridor was not a one-way street. It was only a few inches over six feet wide. Nurses were instructed to walk to the right of the center line. Plaintiff followed the instructions. She was told also to be cautious about the door. The distance from the center to the right side was only about three feet. Nothing shows that plaintiff was not keeping proper lookout for the door as she approached and passed it. She passed in safety. Only after she had gone by was she struck. Whatever might be true if this had taken place before she passed the door, we cannot say as a matter of law that she was bound to anticipate it would be pushed open with such violence as to strike her from behind after she had passed and throw her more than eight feet across the hall. Busy as the period was, it cannot be ruled she was required at her peril to keep her head turned or turning toward the door over her shoulder and backward to guard against so sudden, violent and wide an opening. Nor can it be said certainly that the danger to herself or others would have been greater or less, had she followed a path nearer the center or nearer the wall. There was not much leeway either way, and clearly she was not required to step beyond the center each time in passing the door. Her instructions required the contrary.
Written statements taken from various witnesses shortly after the accident were used to contradict their statements at the trial in some respects. So far as they did so, they merely created conflict in the facts or questions of credibility which also were for the jury. Taking account of all the circumstances, we cannot say plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law.
II. Liability of Charitable Corporations
We turn to the main question. It is an open one for the District of Columbia. At various times similar complaints have been dismissed on demurrer in the District Court. In only one case was there an appeal. White v. Central Dispensary and Emergency Hospital, 1938, 69 App.D.C. 122, 99 F.2d 355, 362, 119 A.L.R. 1002. The decision dealt with matters of pleading and expressly reserved for the future the determination of "the law of this jurisdiction in respect of the liability of charitable corporations in suits for negligence." The common law of Maryland was not established until 1885. Perry v. House of Refuge, 1885, 63 Md. 20,
A few further facts pertinent to this issue should be stated, in view of the trial court's finding that plaintiff was a stranger to the charity, and the importance the finding has assumed on appeal. She was a special nurse. She was called to duty and assigned to the case by the hospital's superintendent of nurses. The patient was a paying one, who also paid plaintiff and paid the hospital for her meals. The hospital furnished her working facilities. The arrangement was the usual one for special nurses.
Paradoxes of principle, fictional assumptions of fact and consequence, and confused results characterize judicial disposition of these claims.
On the other hand, scholarly treatment outside the courts is almost uniform. There is general agreement of such opinion in support of liability and against immunity.
A. Underlying Principles
We start with general principles. For negligent or tortious conduct liability is the rule. Immunity is the exception. Human beings ordinarily are responsible for their own legally careless action. They respond also for negligent harms inflicted by their agents and employees. So do business corporations. Likewise trustees and other fiduciaries generally are liable for their own negligence in administration and operation of the business or property committed to their control.
Generally also charity is no defense to tort.
Apart from charity, immunity does not turn on the technical form in which the legal interest is organized. Corporations, trustees, executors, administrators, receivers, as well as individual human beings and partnerships or their members, are responsible for negligence. Respondeat superior makes each liable for the tortious conduct of representatives acting in the course of the enterprise and not too far out of the proper sphere of duty. It is true that shareholders have limited liability and trust beneficiaries generally may not be held personally responsible. Normally, too, the trust fund cannot be reached directly, though breaches appear progressively in its classical immunity.
When an individual human being undertakes not simply an isolated act, but a habit or business of charity, without incorporating or casting it in the form of a trust, he does not acquire immunity. Possibly half the medical service rendered today is charity practice. So is a large share of legal service.
It is a strange distinction, between a charitable institution and a charitable individual, relieving the one, holding the other, for like service and like lapse in like circumstances. The hospital may maim or kill the charity patient by negligence, yet the member of its medical staff, operating or attending without pay or thought of it, dare not lapse in a tired or hurried moment. Cf. Bonner v. Moran, 1941, 75 U.S. App.D.C. 156, 126 F.2d 121; Christie v. Callahan, 1941, 75 U.S. App.D.C. 133, 124 F.2d 825. The institution goes free. The physician pays. Yet they render a common service, which the hospital could not furnish without him. The physician cannot incorporate. He cannot shield himself behind a trust. He cannot escape respondeat superior. His partner answers if he does. Cf. Christie v. Callahan, supra. So it is with the lawyer.
The basis of the distinction cannot be charity. It cannot be habit or continuity in charity. If it were either, individuals would be free upon proof of the fact, or institutions would be liable upon proof of the contrary in the particular instance. The distinction reverses the general trend of responsibility in a risk-sharing and distributing age. Institutions have a survival value no individual possesses. They withstand vicissitudes individuals cannot meet. It is probable that charitable ones resist demise more stoutly than business ones. Certainly they incur no greater risks. If charity should exempt either institutions or individuals, it should be the latter. But there should be no distinction. Unless motive is to replace duty, both should be liable and liable alike.
Nor should the legal form in which the charitable institution is cast create immunity. It is not altogether clear that it does, except possibly when the corporate form is used. Unless the normal law of trusts is modified, the trustee must go down in his pocket as other trustees do, though he cannot dip into the fund. But when the charity is incorporated, somehow charity plus incorporation creates a certainty of immunity neither can attain apart from the other. Because the directors do not hold the legal title to the corporate property and therefore are not "principals" as trustees are, though they have all the latters' control and more, there is no personal liability of the ultimately responsible management except when its members participate personally in the negligent action. When charity is incorporated, therefore, it takes on a cloak of immunity not granted it in other guises, and not granted in that guise to other activities.
B. Historical Background
Such an anomaly generally arises only through accident. It did so in this instance, though the accidental character of the origin has been lost in the fog of later decision. The doctrine of immunity of charitable corporations found its way into the law, like the so-called "trust fund" doctrine in the law of private business corporations,
The foundation of immunity in this country is the dictum of Lord Cottenham in The Feoffees of Heriot's Hospital v. Ross, 1846, 12 Clark & Fin. 507, 513, 8 Eng. Reprint 1508: "To give damages out of a trust fund would not be to apply it to those objects whom the author of the fund had in view, but would be to divert it to a completely different purpose." The action was for damages for wrongful exclusion from the benefits of the charity, not for personal injury inflicted in its operation. Previously, in Duncan v. Findlater, 1839, 6 Clark & Fin.
In this state of the English decisions, Massachusetts adopted the repudiated rule of Holliday v. St. Leonard in McDonald v. Massachusetts General Hospital, 1876, 120 Mass. 432, 21 Am.Rep. 529, and Maryland followed Heriot's case in Perry v. House of Refuge, 1885, 63 Md. 20, 52 Am.Rep. 495. Apparently both courts acted in ignorance of the English reversal. In any event, they resurrected in America a rule already dead in England, and thereby gave Lord Cottenham's dictum a new lease on life in the New World.
These facts have been the subject of comment.
But when it takes the form of a corporation, having no other business or assets, the trustees' liability disappears. There is no trustee to be liable. The different position of directors shuts off recourse to their assets and strips the victim of all claim except against the negligent actor. If the corporation itself is regarded as trustee, the result is the same, since ordinarily such a
C. The Confused State of Decision
It is doubtful that the so-called "rule" of full immunity ever represented the prevailing state of decision in this country. Conflict has existed from the beginning. Rhode Island repudiated the immunity just when Massachusetts and Maryland were adopting it. Glavin v. Rhode Island Hospital, 1879, 12 R.I. 411, 34 Am.Rep. 675. Nevertheless judicial discussion has set in the pattern that immunity is the rule, much of it without explicit recognition that the "rule" itself is an exception to general principles of liability.
Notwithstanding the pattern, the "rule" has not held in the tests of time and decision. Judged by results, it has been devoured in "exceptions." Debate has gone on constantly, not so much as to whether, but concerning how far it should be "modified," with ever widening modification.
It is perhaps impossible, if it were worth while, to make an exact summary of the present state of American decision or to determine with accuracy what is the "prevailing rule." An effort to do this made later discloses a tangled skein from which it is difficult to draw a thread of dominant strength, even on a numerical basis.
Notwithstanding this, the habit of statement remains long after results have contradicted it. Opinions continue to speak in the set pattern, often when holding only to the last remnant of irresponsibility and occasionally, as is noted later, when repudiating all grounds for retaining that. The judicial debate continues around the "modifications" which should be made. Nearly everywhere the question is, not whether the immunity is total, but whether (1) the plaintiff is one entitled to hold the corporation to payment; or (2) whether it should be charged for the act of a particular agent, servant, employee or other representative. Liability also turns here and there, apparently, on where the act occurs or its nature, such as driving an ambulance or a truck on the streets
From this welter of conflict, the following general, but none too sure conclusions may be made. Five states appear to have no decisions on the subject.
In thirteen of the remaining states, apparently, strangers are allowed to recover, but beneficiaries are denied relief.
The mere survey of the modifications in result raises question concerning their consistency and validity. A survey of reasons given to sustain them and reject others replaces doubt with conviction. The task has been done frequently, both judicially and extrajudicially.
Because others have done it so well and so often, we shall not make an extensive review of the reasons and policies supporting and working against general immunity. A few may be noted.
D. Policies Supporting and Negating Immunity
For it are various commonly advanced arguments: Liability would violate the donor's intention; misappropriate the funds to unauthorized purposes and to persons not within the intended class of beneficiaries; and in effect indemnify the trustees, if the charity is organized as a trust, against the consequences of their own or their subordinate's misconduct. More persuasive apparently, but hardly more substantial, are the frequently expressed fears that imposing liability would dissipate the fund in damages and deprive the favored class or the public of the charity's benefit. A variant is the assumed danger that donors would be deterred from creating the charity and from adding to its funds by subsequent donations. Other considerations are mentioned, but these are the principal ones.
The confusion comes to climax when attempt is made to modify the rule in some of the ways previously mentioned and to reconcile
These reasons therefore are not consistent with any of the modifications ordinarily made. They support general exemption and they negative one form or instance of immunity as much as another. The only sound arguments from them would be, first, for total immunity; second, for selection of the smallest class of claimants and the smallest or least-likely-to-be negligent group of agents or representatives, to whom and by whom liability would be incurred. The latter would reduce to the minimum the volume of dissipation and the deterrent effect, but would not escape, in a logical sense, violation of the donor's intention or the ultra vires effect of so applying the fund.
Taking the reasons for their logical consequence — total immunity — we find them not convincing in the light of modern conditions, both in the law and in philanthropy. Whatever its form, the doctrine of ultra vires, so strong in the nineteenth century, has shrunk constantly both in the law of private corporations
There are also reasons which take force away from the fears of dissipation and deterrence of donations. No statistical evidence has been presented to show that the mortality or crippling of charities has been greater in states which impose full or partial liability than where complete or substantially full immunity is given. Nor is there evidence that deterrence of donation has been greater in the former. Charities seem to survive and increase in both, with little apparent heed to whether they are liable for torts or difference in survival capacity.
Further, if there is danger of dissipation, insurance is now available to guard against it and prudent management will provide the protection. It is highly doubtful that any substantial charity would be destroyed or
Against this, we weigh the cost to the victim of bearing the full burden of his injury. In line with this view may be mentioned the general extension of workmen's compensation acts
Finally, in recent years the real deterrents to donation have been taxation, despite contrary inducements in deductions, and the fears of persons well placed for the future of large individual accumulations of property, arising from economic trends much more fundamental than making charitable institutions liable for their torts.
The chief arguments, therefore, for sustaining the immunity, namely, ultra vires action marked out by authority or intent of the donor and danger of destroying or preventing the creation of charitable institutions, no longer have, if they ever had, compelling effect. Changes in the law and in the organization and mores of community life have taken away their major force. That is true, whether for full or for modified immunity.
As against the factors favoring it, may be mentioned the tendency of immunity to foster neglect and of liability to induce care and caution; the departure from the general rule of liability; the anomaly of exempting charitable corporations and trust funds, when charity is not a defense to others; the injustice of giving benefit to some at the cost of injury to others and of the injured individual's having to bear the loss wrongfully inflicted upon him, at a time when the direction of the law is toward social distribution of losses through liability for fault, liability without fault, and legislation which gives the person disabled to work what is commonly but inaccurately called "social" security. There are others we do not stop to mention.
It is hardly necessary to discuss the various theories of exemption or their application in various modifications. Whether immunity be founded on the "trust fund" theory,
E. The So-Called "Stranger-Beneficiary" Distinction
We think it does not matter whether the plaintiff is stranger or beneficiary. Whether the one or the other is denied recovery, the distinction is without justice or legal justification. To give it to a stranger but not to a beneficiary makes the latter accept succor at the risk of greater harm. When it occurs he bears a burden which should fall on all alike, not on him alone. On the other hand, no one has the right to have cure or care at the cost of harm inflicted upon another. To allow recovery to the beneficiary, but deny it to the stranger, would unload on the latter in some part not only the cost of care and cure, but the cost of injury to the former.
Furthermore, it is not easy to hew to the line and the chips do not fall consistently where they should lie. The distinction is not tenable upon any of the foundations asserted to support the immunity. Because the court's division is on this line, we spell out the matter, though others have done it beyond need of repetition.
If immunity is founded on some form of ultra vires premise, there is no room for treating strangers and beneficiaries differently. Paying damages "violates the donors [assumed] intention" and "misappropriates the fund to unauthorized purposes" as much in one case as in the other. If the matter is regarded as "diverting the fund to persons not within the class intended for aid," it is impossible to assume that the donor intends everyone except the special object of his
No more tenable foundation exists in considerations of preserving the fund, preventing its dissipation, depriving the intended class or the public of its succor, cutting off creative or sustaining donations, and the like. The reasons already stated to show that these do not support unqualified immunity apply with equal force to a limited one, whatever its form or extent. If damages dissipate the fund or deter donations, they do so equally whether paid to a stranger or to a beneficiary. When account is taken of the numbers in both classes and the probable burden of risk toward each, the heavier risk perhaps is incurred in favor of strangers.
In hospitals, for instance, the stranger group generally includes all except patients, in some states all except nonpaying patients. Physicians, nurses, including special ones, those regularly employed and others in training, orderlies, laboratory technicians and assistants, business officers and office employees, maids, janitors, kitchen and cleaning help, all who render aid to the patient directly or indirectly, make their livelihoods doing so, and carry on the work of the institution, are within the "stranger" class. So is the minister or priest who comes to give comfort or administer the last sacrament. Likewise the relative, friend or stranger who visits the sick. Delivery men and others who have business to do on the premises may recover if they are injured. The ambulance driver or operator of the hospital's truck is protected, as is the person he negligently runs down on the street.
If preservation of the fund or encouragement of donation required immunity, neither could justify the distinction. If the charity can assume the risk as to all the rest of the world and survive, it can do so for those it is designed to help. Neither the number of claims nor their amount will be greater in their behalf than for others. It is probable both would be smaller, because the class is so and because it is present in circumstances ordinarily conducive to precaution and care.
The remaining foundations also crumble under the distinction. Inappropriate to the charitable corporation, as has been shown, is the idea that recovery in effect indemnifies the trustees against the consequences of their own or their subordinates' wrongs. It is equally so whether stranger or beneficiary is reimbursed.
Finally, the idea of waiver is advanced, namely, that the beneficiary by accepting the tendered aid impliedly agrees that is all he may accept and waives any right of recourse for wrong done, while strangers do not do so. The notion that there is any such agreement or waiver is entirely fictional. In some instances the fiction is based upon impossibility, as when a patient is unconscious from whatever cause when he enters. So, also, when he is received not by arrangement of his own but of others and has no voice or choice in the terms. Infants of tender years, if not those more mature, and insane persons have no legal capacity so to will away their rights.
It remains only to point out more fully the effects of the conflict in deciding who is
Abolition of the immunity as to the paying patient is justified as the last short step but one to extinction. Retention for the nonpaying patient is the least defensible and most unfortunate of the distinction's refinements. He, least of all, is able to bear the burden. More than all others, he has no choice. He is the last person the donor would wish to go without indemnity. With everyone else protected, the additional burden of protecting him cannot break the trust. He should be the first to have reparation, not last and least among those who receive it. So stripped of foundation, the distinction falls. It should fall in line with, not away from, the trend which has brought it about. The immunity should go and the object of the charity should be placed on a par with all others.
F. Summary
We think, therefore, the trial court was right in allowing plaintiff to recover. But this is not, as it held, because she was a stranger to the charity. We do not undertake to say whether she was stranger or beneficiary. She was trained in the hospital. She worked there many years. When she did, it was at the hospital's summons and she was, partially at least, under its control. In a sense she was beneficiary more than most patients. We think she should recover because she was injured by the negligence of the hospital's employee while the latter was discharging its business in the course of her employment.
We return therefore to the starting point. The law's emphasis ordinarily is on liability, not immunity, for wrongdoing. Respondeat superior has widened it in an institutionally, and to a large extent corporately, organized community. Charity is generally no defense. When it has been organized as a trust or corporation, emphasis has shifted from liability to immunity. The conditions of law and of fact which created the shift have changed. The rule of immunity is out of step with the general trend of legislative and judicial policy in distributing losses incurred by individuals through the operation of an enterprise among all who benefit by it rather than in leaving them wholly to be borne by those who sustain them. The rule of immunity itself has given way gradually but steadily through widening, though not too well or consistently reasoned, modifications. It is disintegrating. Each modification has the justification that it is a step in result, if not in reason, from the original error toward eventual correction. As more and more steps are taken, correction becomes more complete. The process is nearing the end. This leaves the steps untaken standing out as the more anomalous.
In taking this view we are not unmindful that charitable institutions perform a high service in the community. In days when the state was less mindful of individual need, they gave a helping hand not otherwise held out to large numbers of people. They still do so. They recently have faced, and still face grave problems. Purse strings no longer are loose, as they were before world wars and world-wide depressions. But individuals and business institutions face similar uncertainties. It does not recompense injured persons that the loss is inflicted by charitable institutions, nor should they alone bear it because all together face a hard future. For reasons already stated we do not believe the survival of charities will turn on whether or not they must answer for their wrongs to persons they are formed to help. There may be some added expense of operation. It may be no more than the cost of litigating these
The judgment is affirmed.
For the common-law rule in this application without statutory modification, see Hewlett v. Schadel, 4 Cir., 1934, 68 F.2d 502, 91 A.L.R. 743; Marple v. Haddad, 1927, 103 W.Va. 508, 138 S.E. 113, 61 A.L.R. 1248; Olson v. Hermansen, 1928, 196 Wis. 614, 220 N.W. 203, 61 A.L.R. 1243; Note (1930) 65 A.L.R. 952, and the annotations cited therein.
The idea that the trustee should go down in his own pocket, inherited from the day when he was the only "person" who could be seen in the trust picture through legal spectacles, has given way, though it has not disappeared entirely, to recognition in some instances that the fund, not his personal estate, should sustain the loss, and that the process of making him respond, then seeking "indemnity" from the fund, is but a circuitous way of recognizing and giving effect to this fact. E. g., see Benett v. Wyndham, Ch.1862, 4 DeG. F. & J. 259, 45 Eng.Reprint 1183; In re Hunter, D.C., E.D.Pa.1907, 151 F. 904; Smith v. Rizzuto, 1937, 133 Neb. 655, 276 N.W. 406; (1938) 51 Harv.L.Rev. 1455, (1938) 23 Iowa L.Rev. 669, (1938) 22 Minn.L.Rev. 907; In re Lathers' Estate, 1930, 137 Misc. 226, 243 N.Y.S. 366, (1931) 29 Mich.L.Rev. 469, (1931) 79 U. of Pa.L.Rev. 623.
"What possible rational basis could the court have for distinguishing * * * between a charitable institution and a charitably disposed individual? * * * If the policy of the law is to encourage donations to charity, the same policy would seem to favor and foster other individual acts of kindness and helpfulness; yet the courts do not hesitate to hold an individual `good Samaritan' liable for his failure to exercise due care." (1935) 22 Va.L.Rev. 58, 65, and note 38.
Consequently, apart from cases involving corporations, authority is surprisingly scarce. Attempts to enforce personal liability of charitable trustees have been almost nonexistent, notwithstanding the wealth of litigation to reach charitable funds corporately held and notwithstanding it was on the view the trustees would be liable individually, as are other trustees (see note 5 supra), that the original dicta were uttered from which grew the doctrine of the fund's immunity. See text infra, circa notes 16-18. In spite of these things, one case has held that charitable trustees are not liable individually, under respondeat superior, for negligent acts. Farrigan v. Pevear, 1906, 193 Mass. 147, 78 N.E. 855, 7 L.R.A.,N. S., 481, 118 Am.St.Rep. 484. In three other cases unincorporated charitable associations, not constituted as trusts, have been held immune. Herndon v. Massey, 1940, 217 N.C. 610, 8 S.E.2d 914; (1941) 19 N.C.L.Rev. 245; Burgie v. Muench, 1940, 65 Ohio App. 176, 29 N.E.2d 439; Fire Ins. Patrol v. Boyd, 1888, 120 Pa. 624, 15 A. 553, 1 L.R.A. 417, 6 Am.St. Rep. 745. In this paucity of decision, the law cannot be taken as crystallized and the risk of liability, whether as trustee or as member of the unincorporated group on modified principles of partnership law, would seem sufficiently serious to further encourage incorporation.
The great majority of the states which hold that a charitable institution is not liable for the negligence of employees hold it liable for negligence in selection or retention of employees. E. g., Southern Methodist Hospital and Sanatorium v. Wilson, 1935, 45 Ariz. 507, 46 P.2d 118; Young v. Boy Scouts of America, 1935, 9 Cal.App.2d 760, 51 P.2d 191; Old Folks' and Orphan Children's Home v. Roberts, 1925, 83 Ind.App. 546, 149 N.E. 188; Ratliffe v. Wesley Hospital & Nurses Training School, 1932, 135 Kan. 306, 10 P.2d 859; Borgeas v. Oregon Short Line R. R., 1925, 73 Mont. 407, 236 P. 1069; Hoke v. Glenn, 1914, 167 N.C. 594, 83 S.E. 807, Ann.Cas.1916E, 250. Some hold that the burden of proving due care in the selection is an affirmative defense. E. g., Lewis v. Young Men's Christian Ass'n, 1928, 206 Cal. 115, 273 P. 580; Roberts v. Ohio Valley Hospital, 1925, 98 W.Va. 476, 127 S.E. 318, 42 A.L.R. 968. Contra: Waddell v. Young Women's Christian Ass'n, 1938, 133 Ohio St. 601, 15 N.E.2d 140; 24 Iowa L.Rev. 164. For a good example of liability for "administrative" negligence, see Miller v. Sisters of St. Francis, 1940, 5 Wn.2d 204, 105 P.2d 32; 4 U. of Detroit L.J. 48, 20 B.U.L.Rev. 709 (1941), 16 Wash.L.Rev. 245.
Arkansas: Arkansas Valley Co-op. Rural Electric Co. v. Elkins, 1940, 200 Ark. 883, 141 S.W.2d 538 (stranger); Fordyce & McKee v. Woman's Christian Nat. Library Ass'n, 1906, 79 Ark. 550, 96 S.W. 155, 7 L.R.A.,N.S., 485 (stranger). Illinois: Maretick v. South Chicago Community Hospital, 1938, 297 Ill.App. 488, 17 N.E.2d 1012 (patient); Parks v. Northwestern University, 1905, 218 Ill. 381, 75 N.E. 991, 2 L.R.A.,N.S., 556, 4 Ann.Cas. 103 (student); Simon v. Pelouze, 1931, 263 Ill.App. 177 (invitee); cf. Johnston v. Chicago, 1913, 258 Ill. 494, 101 N.E. 960, 45 L.R.A.,N.S., 1167, Ann.Cas.1914B, 339 (public library liable to stranger). Kansas: Ratliffe v. Wesley Hospital & Nurses' Training School, 1932, 135 Kan. 306, 10 P.2d 859 (patient); Webb v. Vought, 1929, 127 Kan. 799, 275 P. 170 (stranger). Kentucky: Emery v. Jewish Hospital Ass'n, 1921, 193 Ky. 400, 236 S.W. 577 (employee); Cook v. John N. Norton Memorial Infirmary, 1918, 180 Ky. 331, 202 S.W. 874, L.R.A.1918E, 647 (paying patient). Maryland: Loeffler v. Trustees of Sheppard & Enoch Pratt Hospital, 1917, 130 Md. 265, 100 A. 301, L.R.A.1917D, 867 (stranger); Perry v. House of Refuge, 1885, 63 Md. 20, 52 Am.Rep. 495 (inmate); cf. State v. Baltimore Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, 1940, 177 Md. 517, 10 A.2d 612, (1941) 5 Md.L.Rev. 336. Massachusetts: Zoulalian v. New England Sanatorium & Benevolent Ass'n, 1918, 230 Mass. 102, 119 N.E. 686, L.R.A.1918F, 185 (employee); Roosen v. Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, 1920, 235 Mass. 66, 126 N.E. 392, 14 A.L.R. 563 (patient); McDonald v. Massachusetts General Hospital, 1876, 120 Mass. 432, 21 Am.Rep. 529 (patient). Missouri: Eads v. Young Women's Christian Ass'n, 1930, 325 Mo. 577, 29 S.W.2d 701 (employee); Roberts v. Kirksville College, Mo.App.1929, 16 S.W.2d 625 (paying patient). Oregon: Hill v. President and Trustees of Tualatin Academy and Pacific University, 1912, 61 Or. 190, 121 P. 901 (invitee); O'Neill v. Odd Fellows Home of Oregon, 1918, 89 Or. 382, 174 P. 148 (employee). But cf. Hamilton v. Corvallis General Hospital Ass'n, 1934, 146 Or. 168, 30 P.2d 9, where a patient was allowed to recover when the question whether the hospital was a charitable institution was submitted to the jury. Pennsylvania: Gable v. Sisters of St. Francis, 1910, 227 Pa. 254, 75 A. 1087, 136 Am.St.Rep. 879 (paying patient); Fire Insurance Patrol v. Boyd, 1888, 120 Pa. 624, 15 A. 553, 1 L.R.A. 417, 6 Am.St.Rep. 745 (stranger); Paterlini v. Memorial Hospital Ass'n, 3 Cir., 1918, 247 F. 639, certiorari denied, 1918, 246 U.S. 665, 38 S.Ct. 334, 62 L.Ed. 929. South Carolina: Vermillion v. Woman's College of Due West, 1916, 104 S.C. 197, 88 S.E. 649; Id., 1918, 111 S.C. 156, 97 S.E. 619 (invitee); Lindler v. Columbia Hospital, 1914, 98 S.C. 25, 81 S.E. 512 (patient). Wisconsin: Waldman v. Young Men's Christian Ass'n, 1938, 227 Wis. 43, 277 N.W. 632; Schumacher v. Evangelical Deaconess Society, 1935, 218 Wis. 169, 260 N.W. 476 (patient); Bachman v. Young Women's Christian Ass'n, 1922, 179 Wis. 178, 191 N.W. 751, 30 A.L.R. 448 (stranger).
Some exceptional liabilities found in these jurisdictions are: (1) for negligent selection of employees, e. g., Ratliffe v. Wesley Hospital and Nurses' Training School, supra. Contra: Ettlinger v. Trustees of Randolph-Macon College, 4 Cir, 1929, 31 F.2d 869; Roosen v. Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, supra; Schumacher v. Evangelical Deaconess Society, supra; (2) for negligence when property is being used to raise money for the charity, e. g., McKay v. Morgan Memorial Co-op. Industries & Stores, 1930, 272 Mass. 121, 172 N.E. 68; Reavey v. Guild of St. Agnes, 1933, 284 Mass. 300, 187 N.E. 557; Winnemore v. Philadelphia, 1902, 18 Pa.Super. 625; (3) for failure to observe a statute requiring public buildings to be kept in safe condition, e. g., Wilson v. Evangelical Lutheran Church, 1930, 202 Wis. 111, 230 N. W. 708; (4) as employer under Workman's Compensation Act, Mo.R.S.A. § 3689 et seq., Hope v. Barnes Hospital, 1932, 227 Mo.App. 1055, 55 S.W.2d 319. Contra: Zoulalian v. New England Sanatorium, supra; (5) for creating a nuisance, Peden v. Furman University, 1930, 155 S.C. 1, 151 S.E. 907.
Oklahoma's treatment of the problem appears to place it also in the full liability category, although the only cases found involve strangers and paying patients. See note 38 infra.
In Louisiana the plaintiff may sue the insurance company directly and the defense of charity is not available. Lusk v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co., La.App.1941, 199 So. 666.
The remaining seven states apparently have no decisions involving strangers, but hold that the charity is not liable to beneficiaries. Arizona: Southern Methodist Hospital and Sanatorium v. Wilson, 1935, 45 Ariz. 507, 46 P.2d 118. Maine: Jensen v. Maine Eye & Ear Infirmary, 1910, 107 Me. 408, 78 A. 898, 33 L.R.A., N.S., 141. Mississippi: Mississippi Baptist Hospital v. Moore, 1930, 156 Miss. 676, 126 So. 465, 67 A.L.R. 1106. Montana: Cf. Borgeas v. Oregon Short Line R. R., 1925, 73 Mont. 407, 236 P. 1069 (patient in hospital supported by company and employees). Nevada: Bruce v. Young Men's Christian Ass'n, 1929, 51 Nev. 372, 277 P. 798. West Virginia: Cf. Roberts v. Ohio Valley General Hospital, 1925, 98 W.Va. 476, 127 S.E. 318, 42 A.L.R. 968 (paying patient allowed to recover in absence of affirmative proof of due care in selection of nurse). Wyoming: Bishop Randall Hospital v. Hartley, 1916, 24 Wyo. 408, 160 P. 385, Ann. Cas.1918E, 1172.
For further treatment of the authorities, see Appleman, The Tort Liability of Charitable Institutions (1936) 22 A. B.A.J. 48; 10 Fletcher, Cyc.Corp. (Perm.Ed.1931) §§ 4921-41; Notes (1921) 14 A.L.R. 572, (1923) 23 A.L.R. 923, (1924) 30 A.L.R. 455, (1924) 33 A. L.R. 1869, (1926) 42 A.L.R. 971, (1929) 62 A.L.R. 724, (1930) 67 A.L.R. 1112, (1933) 86 A.L.R. 491, (1937) 109 A.L.R. 1199, (1940) 124 A.L.R. 814, (1941) 133 A.L.R. 821.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
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|Jacob Kjome <h...@visi.com>
|deployment quirk in Tomcat5. Bug?
|Tue, 02 Dec 2003 19:06:36 GMT
When deploying war files in Tomcat-5.0.16, I noticed something a little odd. After using the ant manager deploy task and then doing an undeploy, manually dropping the war file into CATALINA_HOME/webapps trigger auto-deployment. For example, say I have "myapp.war". I just drop this into Tomcat5's webapps directory and it deploys the app as expected. I can do an undeploy via the html manager interface and it undeploys as expected. I can repeat this ad- infinitum and everything works fine. Now, I deploy "myapp.war" via the ant manager deploy task and it deploys as expected. Then I undeploy it with the html manager interface. Now I try dropping the war file manually into webapps as explained above. This time, the war does not deploy. If I restart Tomcat5, manual deployment works fine again...until after the first time I use the ant manager deploy task, of course. I can't imagine this is "expected behavior". Well, at least I didn't expect it. Can anyone else confirm what exactly "expected behavior" is before I report a bug on this? Jake --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Lol I know it can be a little childish to believe in these things but this one actually made me pause and laugh a little because it was pretty accurate. I have a huge crush on my best friend's best friend. (If that makes sense). If it makes it easier, a friend of my best friend. I kind of let out my secret about her in a joking way without realizing it. Now we kind of joke about it here and there but, the only reason why i don't act on it is because I've never met her since she lives in another state. But apparently, she might be moving here to the same city. My friend laughs because she's pretty picky and I'm already picturing in my head that she won't like me coz I'm not "white" lmao she's been dating me to befriend her on Facebook but I keep picturing this rejection hahaha
I don't normally believe in these fortune cookies but what it said was "There's a secret romance blooming! Go for it, in spite of your hesitation."
Again, this kind of shocked me
- Yes, I believe in them20%(3)15%(4)Vote8%(1)
- No, I don't believe in them80%(12)85%(23)Vote92%(11)
Most Helpful Girl
Along with Loving Chinese Food, @Abe90, I have had Plenty of Fortune cookies that Were... Dead on.
Even if this Cookie is wrong, At least it would have Motivated you to Try as this Guy... Who Tried his hand at a Chance at a Little Romance with this little cookie.
Good luck. xx00|00|0
Hahaha ok ok. I'll take your word
- Show AllShow Less
Loose bowels lmao
lol!!! I have to tell my sister with Lazy bowel syndrome and no gall bladder of my New :Laxative."xxoo


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pros: + Works with android (BLE 4). + Low price. + for Android 4.4.: It work with Endomondo.HeartRateMonitor,BLEHeartRate + Compatible +... Read more
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National Women's Health Week is May 13-19. According to PsychCentral.com, this article is dedicated to differentiating how female sex and love addicts are different from males, in hopes to help women that recognize excessive behaviors can be signs of addiction.
Women are often underrepresented in studies of alcohol, drug, gambling, or sex addiction. It has been 73 years since the founding of AA, and 60 or so years since the American Medical Association recognized alcoholism as a disease. But, it was not until the late 1980s that significant gender differences were noticed among men and women in regards to addiction, and many of these differences actually surfaced in research for other disorders, such as AIDS and heart disease.
According to Dr. Patrick Carnes, who wrote "Don't Call It Love," male sex addicts tend to objectify their partners. They prefer sex with little emotional involvement, which leads male sex addicts to engage in activities such as voyeurism, buying prostitutes, having anonymous sex, and exploitative sex. He argues that this may be a logical extension of the way men in our culture are raised to view women and sex.
Men often have difficulty with bonding and intimacy issues. Our culture prizes competition and autonomy, particularly conditioning men to "get ahead, go for the gold, become an individual, gain mastery of feelings, and make sexual notches on one's belt." When these actions are taken to the extreme, the result can be isolation, objectification of sexual partners, inability to express feelings, and a sense of entitlement at the expense of others. All of these traits can breed addiction.
Women sex addicts tend to use sex for power, control, and attention. They tend to lean towards fantasy sex, seductive role sex, trading sex, and pain exchange. Women, unlike men, go against the general culture norms by acting out sexually.
Author Charlotte Kasi, who wrote "Women, Sex, and Addiction," notes that women in our culture are trained to be sexual codependents. She defines such codependency as letting one's body be used to hold a relationship, regardless of her desire. In general, sex addicts tend to use relationships to have sex, while sexual codependents use sex to keep relationships. Neither knows true intimacy.
Carol Gilligan, author of "A Different Voice," claims that women create a sense of identity through relationships, while male theorists emphasize a need for autonomy. They based these models on themselves, and then assumed the same to be true for women. Normal female development shows an early need for intimacy, and autonomy becomes an issue as they are in their 30s and 40s. Men are encouraged to first find autonomy, and then intimacy. This explains why women often go back to school after their kids are grown and begin to "find themselves," while men tend to "settle down" then. When these normal developmental needs are disrupted by something like early abuse experiences, desperate, compulsive, and obsessive behavior can emerge.
In order to truly understand sex addiction, the interrelationship between addiction and codependency must be considered. Often women try to "fix" their codependency by taking the initiative to act out sexually, "like a man." Many women find help and fellowship at Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous, reducing the feelings surrounding compulsive sexual behavior. Love Addicts Anonymous is another 12-step fellowship that is developing. A few therapists specialize in sex and love addicts, and www.iitap.com and www.sash.net provide some good resources for these therapists.
If you or someone you know is struggling with addiction, please contact us.


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Dining Chair With Brown Leather Match Upholstery (Set of Four) - AtHomeUSA; slightly curved padded high up to shoulders back support also upholstered in dark brown leather match.
This price is for 4 Chairs.
- Leather padded
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Chair: 21.5"W x 17.5"D x 37.5"H
Contemporary furniture wholesaler has started its work in 2005 and continues to grow now. We provide the contemporary furniture from across the world and offer superior customer service.
At Home USA furniture line that ranges from super comfortable and sleek bedroom pieces, sofa sleepers, leisure chairs and much more are always priced right. We are glad to bring comfort and coziness to your home decor!
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Dining Chairs
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Weekly T-Tapp Classes in Laguna Hills, CA - June - July - Gail Fellers
Weekly T-Tapp Classes in Laguna Hills, CA
Want to know all the secrets to getting incredible results with T-Tapp??
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Here's is another secret. You don't have to have "perfect" form but the more you learn and practice, the better your form gets. When your form improves, so do your results!
As a T-Tapp trainer, I am aware of the tweaks that are needed to increase or decrease the level of challenge, or changes to coach you on, to help you get your desired results. Let's have fun while we work toward our goals!! Who says exercise has to be painful!!
These classes are for every level of fitness. Come and join those already working on their form or fine tune what you already have going.
TIME: 8:30 – 9:45 am Monday morning
8:30 – 9:45 am Thursday morning
LOCATION: Laguna Hills, CA (address given with registration)
T-Tapp Trainer: Gail Fellers, Certified T-Tapp Trainer, CFT, RN
Contact: Gail Fellers. Call for more information 949-887-2323 or email me at email@example.com
What To Expect: During each class, I will be doing the moves in Basic Workout +, TWO, HTF , More and Lady Bug, then I mix up the rest of the class for variety and sculpting as needed!
PRICE: $35 for one class
$195 for 6 classes (savings of $15)
$360 for 12 classes (savings of$60 )
There will be your choice of a free class or a half hour private training session with each friend you bring that purchases a package.
What do you need? Dress in comfortable workout clothes and tennis shoes. Please bring a bottle of water, towel and paper if you are a note taker.
Cancellation: These classes are on-going each month. I don't offer refunds. Come when you can. You have six months to use your classes in your package.


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the website.
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Located someone who looks right? Send a letter to them or just a wink and see what develops from there. With a little luck you'll be on your way to an amazing adventure.
You won't regret it


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SEO Packages Need To Die
I'm sick of SEO packages. You know the kind, where you get an email asking you to send them a proposal for what you would do for their company and what your packages and pricing are. I'm tired of companies that offer things like "10 blog posts for $150."
This is old school small scale thinking. If you want 10 blog posts for $150 and your hourly rate is $30 per hour, write a blog post every 30 minutes for 5 hours. I bet the quality will be a lot higher than paying someone random to do it for you. Marketing "packages" don't work. Marketing that works isn't a product that is plug and play for every business. Depending on your business and who your customers are, and your current stage of company, different channels are going to work better or worse for you to actually get you results.
I'll give a lot of businesses asking for packages the benefit of the doubt because they don't know what else to call them, but the language underlying it signals to me that they view marketing consulting as transactional – I give you this and I get that. I'm sorry, but that's not how marketing works. That's not even how business works! If business were that easy, everyone would run their own business.


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Moving towards the one-stop farm
ABB Grain and Futuris possess valuable assets in an industry hungry for consolidation
Andean Resources Limited(AND)
Unlock this content
'There are three easy ways of losing money—racing is the quickest, women the most pleasant, and farming the most certain'. So said Lord Amherst, an 18th century British military officer. And, according to the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE), the government's primary industries scorekeeper, it seems things haven't changed a great deal over the past few hundred years.
In the period 2002 to 2005, based on historical and forecast data, Australian broadacre farms will return just 0.73% pa on the capital they employ (the figure is higher if the price...
Latest Q&A With Our Experts
Ruralco and EldersQ.
Whats your view on Ruralco? Why is their share price not doing nearly as well as Elders? Why is trading volume low?Read full Q&A +
Elders' financingQ.
For Jason => A while ago I queried the valuation method for the grain marketing arm (of GNC I think), particularly how to treat the debt associated with grain trading and valuation, multiples etc. At the time you stated that could see issue b...Read full Q&A +


text: sinniMharaS Play via YouTube OPEN IN APP NSFW Safe Is this playlist safe for work? everything turns around. February 13, 2012 | 9 tracks | 137 8 | Stats Yellow Ostrich The Lonely Forest Katie Herzig indiemelancholymellowindie folkstudy Liked Collect Share Edit Liked! Share this mix with friends: everything turns around. Wrong video Collect Share Liked! Share this mix with friends:


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Disha Publication brings you free section test based on "General Intelligence" for SSC CHSL, IBPS Specialist, MBA, Engineering, AFCAT & Banking Exams '2017. Aspirants can free download this section test from free download section of Disha Publication website.
Section Test General Intelligence for SSC CHSL, IBPS Specialist officer, Gate, RRB, MBA, Engineering, AFCAT & Banking Exams '2017 338.74 KB


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- Home >
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- Clinic Furniture >
- Therapy Stools >
- Sissel Saddle Stool - Black Sissel Saddle Stool - Black+-
Sissel Saddle Stool - Black
Saddle Stool, helps ease back pain!
The saddle stool was designed by a man who suffered with chronic back pain. The only relief from pain came when he was horse riding. An orthopaedic consultant explained to him that the riding position gave a perfect balance to all the elements involved in the seemingly simple but anatomically complex process of sitting.
This ergonomically designed saddle stool maintains the spine's natural correct posture helping to reduce the strain on the spine which is a common cause of back pain.
Ideal to be used as an alternatve to a standard chairby practitioners whilst treating patients
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- Height adjustable from 67 to 78cm
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text: Comments:Revised to bring the policy in compliance with the 6 year review cycle, and to align with the policy content with the current policy template standards. The revisions include clarification of instructor and AIO responsibilities; addition of section on students, who do not have a current relationship with the university, being subjects to the disciplinary process for conduct that occurred while they had relationship with the university; addition of degree revocation; and clarification of the duration of each stage of the disciplinary process. Effective 03/07/2017.


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Bacon Wrapped Shrimp
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READY IN: 10mins
Recipe by Audrey M
Only 3 WW points
See Discussion:
Ingredients Nutrition
- 8 ounces Canadian bacon, cut in 12 slices
- 12 medium shrimp, shelled and devined
- 1 medium red bell pepper, seeded and cut into 12 strips
- 1 tablespoon low-sodium teriyaki sauce
- 1 1⁄2 teaspoons low-sodium teriyaki sauce
- 1 tablespoon low-sodium chili sauce
- 1 1⁄2 teaspoons low-sodium chili sauce
- 1 tablespoon hoisin sauce
- 2 tablespoons water
Directions See How It's Made
- Place bacon on plate; cover with paper towel. Microwave on High 1 minutes; pat dry with additional paper towel.
- Wrap one shirmp and one pepper strip in each piece of bacon; secure with wooden pick.
- Place in a 11 x 7 inch baking dish. Repeat with remaining bacon, shrimp, and bell pepper.
- In a small bowl, combine the teriyaki, chili and hoisin sauces with 2 Tablespoons water; pour over shrimp.
- Cover and refrigerate 2 hours, turning once. Uncover and microwave on High 3 - 4 minutes, until shrimp are cooked through. Let stand 5 minutes before serving.


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Puredyne is the USB-bootable GNU/Linux operating system for creative media.
Puredyne is a live distribution, you don't need to install anything. Simply boot your computer using the live USB or CD and you're ready to start using software such as Pure Data, Supercollider, Icecast, Csound, Fluxus, Processing, Arduino and more.
See [[1]] for more information!


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Order now to get it by: Thursday August 03 - Saturday August 05
Get it on Sunday July 30th with expedited shipping.
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Condition: New
Product ID: 348828
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Following up on the great success of The Moment It Clicks and The Hot Shoe Diaries: Big Light from Small Flashes,
legendary magazine photographer Joe McNally takes us on another memorable ride with Sketching Light, another trip into
the land of light--but this time running the gamut from small flash to big flash, and everywhere in between.
Of course, Joe includes coverage of Nikon Speedlights, but he also covers big flash, as well as "in-between" lights as
the Elinchrom Quadra. The exploration of new technology, as well as the explanation of older technology. No matter what
equipment Joe uses and discusses, the most important element of Joe's instruction is that it is straightforward,
complete, and honest. No secrets are held back, and the principles he talks about apply generally to the shaping and
quality of light, not just to an individual model or brand of flash.
He tells readers what works and what doesn't via his let's-see-what-happens approach, he shows how he sets up his shots
with plentiful sketches and behind-the-scenes production shots, and he does it all with the intelligence, clarity, and
wisdom that can only come from shooting in the field for 30 years for the likes of National Geographic, Time, Life, and
Sports Illustrated--not to mention the wit and humor of a clearly warped (if gifted) mind.


text:
Port-Royal Abbey was an Abbey in Paris. It was first built in 1626 to relieve pressure of numbers on the mother house at Port-Royal-des-Champs and was a stronghold of Jansenism.
Famous people who stayed here include Marie de Rohan, intriguer during the Fronde; Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, future mistress of a Duke of Savoy; Marie Angélique de Fontanges, future mistress of Louis XIV of France died here giving birth to his child who also died.
It was closed down in 1790, at the beginning of the French Revolution and from 1793 used as a prison under the name Prison de Port-libre or Prison de la Bourbe. Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes (lawyer for Louis XVI during his trial) and Madame de Tourzel, former governess of the "children of France", were held here.
Today its main cloister (illustration) forms part of the modern Hôpital Cochin.
Notable Patrons
- Blaise Pascal[1]
- Jacqueline Pascal, sister of Blaise Pascal[1]
- Madame du Valois[2]
Coordinates: 48°50′19″N 2°20′18″E / 48.83861°N 2.33833°Eru:Пор-Рояль sk:Port-Royal


text:
Understanding the Basics of Lacrosse
Lacrosse is a great sport that can be a wonderful source of exercise and family fun—either watching or playing. If you are unfamiliar with the sport, it may be a bit confusing. Once you get the basics down, it'll be an event you love as much other sports. Object The object of lacrosse is to...Read More


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- Chango Orisha Wash
Chango Orisha Bath and Floor Wash
Chango is the Orisha, Patron Saint of fire, lightning, thunder and power. Chango brings victory over your enemies and all difficulties. Use Chango Wash for domination and strength in all matters.
8 ounces Chango Wash for bath and floor.
- Saint Barbara
- Feast Day: December 4th
- Numbers 4 & 6
- Colors: Red & White


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We are hiring!
We are currently interviewing for the position of sales associate for our San Francisco store.
Sales associate:
Part-time sales associates needed for our store on Haight Street.
Looking for people with retail sales and customer service experience. Must be smart, friendly, punctual, responsible, self motivated, with an interest in women's fashion. Positions are part time (15-30 hours a week). Must be available to start immediately.
To apply - fill out an online sales associate job application here.


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Hi, Can you tell me when is Yom Kippur, as in which day and month of the western calendar. Thanks.
Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish calendar…or the day the kids take over the streets!
Otherwise known as the Day of Atonement, during which all Jews (or a large majority) fast for an entire day (25 hours), it occurs 10 days after Rosh Hashana (the Jewish New Year). The whole country closes down – no businesses are open, no TV/radio broadcasts, and even the roads are free of traffic, apart from the odd ambulance…and about four million bicycles.
Yes, bicycles. Oh, and rollerblades, and skateboards, and anything else the kids can get their hands on. There's no question the kids are the kings of the road on Yom Kippur, and boy do they scare the bejesus out of me. I won't tell you how many times I've winced as I've witnessed head-on crashes and so many near-misses. Let's just say you can see the amazing potential of an Israeli driver-to-be at an early age…
Even though most of the Jewish population in Israel is not particularly religious, Yom Kippur is a special day for all and has retained its unique character. My wife loves Yom Kippur and often recounts tales of bike trips from Yom Kippur days many moons ago. Many Jews who would never usually go the synagogue go to prayer services, and many also observe the fast. I did try once, but gave up when the pangs took over.
If you are visiting Israel during Yom Kippur, try and experience it – go for a walk along Tel Aviv promenade and even visit a synagogue. Just remember that everything is closed, there is no public transport (not even taxis) and the atmosphere is certainly different than on regular days. The spirituality and pure, raw power of the day may surprise you…
Here are the dates for Yom Kippur over the next few years (note that Yom Kippur, like every Jewish holiday, starts on the evening before from sundown):
And check out this video of the streets of Jerusalem on Yom Kippur – amazing!
Pingback: Sukkot | igoogledisrael.com
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Hi, Can you tell me when is Yom Kippur, as in which day and month of the western calendar. Thanks.
id like to have guidelines for the holiest day of israel


text: 11/24/16 2/27/13 POPSUGAR Celebrity George Clooney George Clooney Wins German Media Award 2013 | Pictures George Clooney Picks Up Humanitarian Prize Following His Big Oscar Win February 27, 2013 by Maria Mercedes Lara 40 Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. View on One Page Photo 5 of 14 Start Slideshow ADVERTISEMENT () Share This Link Copy What's Your Reaction? Thanks for your reaction Don't forget to share this with your friends! ← Use Arrows Keys → 5 Previous Next George Clooney