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Home / Events / Bank Holiday Monday
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School Closed
We've had the most incredible year for charity! Find out more this #CharityTuesday.
Vacancy: TEACHER OF BOYS PE
Closing date: Thurs 31st August
#PEjobs #Sports #Cornwall #ProperJob #JobsInCornwall
Weekly #PayAndPlay netball continues on Monday evening. Join us for #NetballNow at @collegepenryn (TISA building). 7-8pm
And that's the end of another fantastic academic year!
We're so proud of everything our pupils have achieved.
Where do we even start?!
Probably here: https://t.co/d56N0DnT68
As the school year nears an end, it's a great time to #CelebratePE! Tell us your PE & sport highlights from 2016/17! Here's some of ours... 4
Penryn College Cornwall
24 hours ago
Vacancy: TEACHER OF BOYS PE. Closing date: Thursday 31st August 2017penryn-college.cornwall.sch.uk/the-school/vacancies/ ... See MoreSee Less
Vacancies - Penryn College
Staff vacancies are listed here when we have positions available.
3 days ago
Uniform - If you need to purchase uniform over the holidays the uniform shop summer opening times are now on the website:penryn-college.cornwall.sch.uk/parents/uniform/ ... See MoreSee Less
Uniform - Penryn College
The College uniform, chosen by the Governing Body in consultation with the students, is smart, comfortable, practical and easy to purchase locally....
4 days ago
That's it for another year! We hope you all have a fantastic Summer Holiday and look forward to seeing the students on Wednesday 6th September. We thought we'd end the term by sharing with you this brilliant article all about the charity efforts that so many people in our community have supported. penryn-college.cornwall.sch.uk/the-most-amazing-year-for-charity/This has been the most amazing year for charity at Penryn College and it's all thanks to the students, staff and parents who have taken time out of their busy schedules to organise events, bake cakes and put money towards some great causes. Thank you. ... See MoreSee Less
6 days ago
Our final newsletter of the academic year! ... See MoreSee Less
The End of Term Newsletter
When they've been reading all year at school, it's not surprising children want to run around frantically outside and have some fun when summer finally arrives. But the long holidays are also an ideal...
It's competition time! Like & Share this post to be in with a chance of winning £100 worth of Summer EdVenture vouchers.Competition Closing Date – 4pm on Thursday 27th July 2017. The winner will be contacted on Friday 28th July. In the event of being unable to contact the winner past Friday 28th July there will be a re-draw. Eligibility – This contest is open to residents of the Penryn & Falmouth area who must be aged 18 or older and have a child or family member aged 3-16 years of age who are able to attend the Summer programme. Details here: myedventure.co.uk/Competition Rules:1 – Entrant must "like" and "share" this EdVenture Competition post to qualify for entry. 2 – You will be contacted if you are the lucky winner. 3 – These vouchers are ONLY valid for events held during the 2017 Summer Holiday EdVenture programme. There are no cash alternatives or alternative prizes available. If you have already purchased activities the prize will be given to you as a refund. 4 – Participating and entering in this promotion is considered a complete release of Facebook by each entrant. It is also an acknowledgement that the promotion is in no way sponsored, endorsed or administrated by, or associated with, Facebook. 5 – The winner agrees to be publicly named on the EdVenture and Penryn College Websites as well as social media. 6 – By entering, all eligible entrants agree to abide by each and all these terms and conditions. Misrepresentative or fraudulent entries will invalidate an entry. ... See MoreSee Less
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2 Recommendations
FeliceRusso's recommendation
This are cute stuffed animals that are hand made. A very cute present for an adult or child !
beautifulones's recommendation
These toys are just too cute to be true! They're so quirky looking and the use of color is just amazing. They're also handmade in wool fabrics which remind me of an elegant Chanel jacket. I've already bought 4 of them online, one of which is this little chimpanzee - i guess i'm hooked!!

subset: commoncrawl


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October 7th, 2010 by sabrina
Alala (pronounced AL-ah-luh) is the Greek Goddess of the war-cry. She is the daughter of Polemos, the God who is the personification of war, and Hybris, Goddess of aggression. Alala accompanied Ares, God of war and battle, and her name was his battle-cry. Alala's name means "war-cry."
This entry was posted on Thursday, October 7th, 2010 at 7:41 pm and is filed under Greek. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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As planners, architects and landscape architects, we believe we have a social, economic and environmental responsibility to use our skills to provide a holistic, sustainable and positive approach to developments for the built and natural environment of today and tomorrow.
We use the latest 3D modelling software to provide our clients with visualisations of their proposals before they are built. Renders and photomontages are important in assisting the design process.
We have provided bespoke design and landscape solutions and achieved planning permission for commercial tourism developments.
We work with developers to maximise the development potential of all sites.
Our planning consultants have extensive knowledge of UK planning policy and actively participate in Community Consultations
We are industry leaders in obtaining planning permission for renewable energy developments across the UK.
We design unique, exceptional, sustainable, bespoke one-off housing, particularly where sites present planning and design challenges.


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Character Gallery: Fenris (Earth-1610)
This page contains all images on the database pertaining to this character or subject. If you have found an image that exists on the database, but that is not seen on this page please add it. All new images added to the database should be added to the appropriate gallery as soon as possible for future reference.
Gallery : Character Gallery : F : Fenris (Earth-1610)
Gallery : Character Gallery : F : Fenris (Earth-1610)
See Also
- Main Article: Fenris (Earth-1610)
- Image List: Fenris (Earth-1610)
- Fenris (Ultimate)


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Susan Anspach
|Susan Anspach
Anspach in 1979
November 23, 1942
New York City, New York, U.S.
|Years active
|Mark Goddard (1970-1978; divorced)
Susan Anspach (born November 23, 1942) is an American stage and film actress. She is best known for her roles in films during the 1970s such as Five Easy Pieces (1970), Play It Again, Sam (1972), and Blume in Love (1973).
Private life[edit]
Anspach was raised in Queens, New York, the daughter of Trudy, a one-time singer, and Renald Anspach.[1] She graduated from William Cullen Bryant High School in Long Island City in 1960. Paul Simon was a neighbor.[citation needed] She enrolled in the music department at the Catholic University of America. For her sophomore year she transferred to the drama department, where she appeared in the annual musical, All Systems Are Go.[citation needed]
Married to actor Mark Goddard, Anspach has a son, Caleb Goddard (born 1970).[2] In the October 6, 2014 obituary for fellow Hair cast member Steve Curry, the New York Times reported that Mr. Curry fathered a daughter, Catherine Goddard, with Anspach.[3]
Anspach starred in several Broadway and off-Broadway shows, including as the female lead in the musical Hair and an Actors Studio play with Al Pacino. She first came to prominence opposite Jack Nicholson in the 1970 film Five Easy Pieces. Vincent Canby of The New York Times called her "one of America's most charming and talented actresses".[4] Anspach was originally cast in the role of country singer Barbara Jean in the 1975 film Nashville, but her salary requirements exceeded the ensemble film's budget; she was replaced by Ronee Blakley.[5]
She has starred off-Broadway in A View from the Bridge with Robert Duvall, Jon Voight and Dustin Hoffman. In her film career, Susan Anspach starred in 19 features and eight TV movies and also was featured in two series, The Yellow Rose and The Slap Maxwell Story (opposite Dabney Coleman). She starred in the episode "All My Tomorrows" (opposite Robert Foxworth) of the NBC romantic anthology series Love Story in 1973.[6]
Selected filmography[edit]
- The Landlord (1970) (with Beau Bridges, Diana Sands, Pearl Bailey, Louis Gossett, Jr. and Lee Grant)
- Five Easy Pieces (1970) (opposite Jack Nicholson)
- Play It Again, Sam 1972 (opposite Woody Allen)
- Blume in Love (1973) (opposite George Segal and Kris Kristofferson)
- McMillan and Wife (1976) episode "Point of Law"
- The Big Fix (1978) (co-starring with Richard Dreyfuss)
- The Last Giraffe (1979) (TV-film, opposite Simon Ward)
- Running (1979) (co-starring with Michael Douglas)
- The Devil and Max Devlin (1981) (opposite Bill Cosby and Elliott Gould)
- Gas (1981), a Canadian comedy film
- Montenegro (1981), a Swedish film
- Deadly Encounter (1982) (TV-film, opposite Larry Hagman)
- Misunderstood (1984), (with Gene Hackman, Henry Thomas, Rip Torn)
- Blue Monkey (1987) (opposite Steve Railsback and Gwynyth Walsh)
- Into The Fire (1988 film), (with Lee Montgomery, Olivia d'Abo)
- Killer Instinct (1989) (opposite David Dukes)
- Murder She Wrote (1989) episode "Dead Letter"
- Back to Back (1989) (opposite Bill Paxton)
- Dancing at the Harvest Moon (2002), (with Jacqueline Bisset, Valerie Harper)
- Wild About Harry (2009), (with Tate Donovan)
- ^ "It's Easier to Pull a Rabbit Than a Career Out of a Hat—Unless You're Susan Anspach". people.com.
- ^ von Strunckel, Shelley (June 23, 2006). "What the Stars say about them — Jack Nicholson and Susan Anspach". The Sunday Times (UK): p. 36.
- ^ Steve Curry obituary, nytimes.com, October 7, 2014.
- ^ Canby, Vincent (1981-11-08). "Makavejev'S 'Montenegro,' Set In Sweden". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
- ^ Robert Altman, director, in his DVD commentary to Nashville, Paramount DVD, 2000 release
- ^ "Love Story". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 24, 2016.


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As an educator since 1971, Marie is passionate about supporting Utah's schools. At the Legislature, she has served as a member of the Public Education Appropriations and Standing Committees and was one of the founding members of Utah's Best School's Coalition this past year. Marie knows that the only way to ensure that our children are prepared to meet the challenges of tomorrow is to see that we spend our education dollars wisely-IN THE CLASSROOM. She has sponsored and passed legislation that provides for accurate accounting of class size, supports educators and encourages broad-based curriculum. In 2012, Marie was one of few legislators that opposed the infamous legislation that would have eliminated all sex education in our schools.
Source: http://www.mariepoulson.org/TopIssues/tabid/113/Default.aspx


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- Frame design for the narrowest palates
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The Mini-Mag's frame design will allow the call to seal on the narrowest palate with comfort and superior air sealing capabilities. The Mini-Mag Four Pack includes: Double, Triple, Old Boss Hen and 'V' Cut mouth calls.
Technical Information
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Quantity: 4


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I will definitely have to break this up into different days to read, but it looks good. I'm also going to check out Freelancer and see what that's about too.
Choosing a niche can be hard, I read early on that diversifying with 3 different topics (I spend most my time with 1 specific niche) would help protect against "income drought."
Josh @MoneyBuffalo recently posted…Sell Your Own Products Online: E-Junkie Review


text: Few things in life are sexier than a busty Japanese schoolgirl with innocent eyes, a nice smile, and a burning desire to be naughty that comes out when she's on camera. Watch a big tits schoolgirl get fucked in class by her teacher as she offers her body in exchange for a good grade and he takes her up on it by bending his teen chick with huge tits over the desk and drilling her snatch from behind. Solo busty Japanese schoolgirls strip tenderly and sensually, revealing their soft flesh a little bit at a time before their delicious big tits and wet pussies are exposed and they masturbate erotically to incredible orgasms.


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Business, Careers, Management & Marketing, Education, TrainingFollow
Awarded Best of iTunes, The $100 MBA Show is a new kind of podcast where you simply get better at business with our practical business lessons for the real world. These no fluff episodes are packed with only the pure business building training you want.

 Omar Zenhom (@TheOmarZenhom) shares some of the best lessons, concepts, examples and insights from inside The $100 MBA training and community. Omar also calls upon some of the industry's top experts as guest teachers on the show. Again, no backstories or promotions, just solid business lessons from the best in the game.
February 6th, 2016
Episode 547 of 920 episodes
Our answer to the question today may be over simplistic, but the great thing about it is you can easily follow and apply what we did for our businesses. A lot of us spend too much time on deciding and choosing on these things when we don't need to. Because at the end of the […] The post MBA525 Q&A Weekends: How did you decide on your color scheme with your businesses? appeared first on The $100 MBA.
You'll need to sign in to write a comment.
Welcome to the Brain Training Podcast, the daily audio workout for your head. In this podcast we have two games for you, each with three rounds which get progressively harder. To enjoy the full experience, relax, and avoid distractions whilst you listen.


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No. 1413:
Pentecostalism movement, the worst - and the best, that ever happened to me! Part 1
Image of the false prophet Kenneth Copeland as well some of the most negative as the Pentecostal charismatic movement has produced.
Pentecostalism movement is a strange movement, for better or worse.
Here we find the best and the worst, which means that many, many people could lose footing in the faith. Yes, apostasy and eternal death is in store for many who started and was in this revival. When they left the faith and the spiritual landscape!
Let me give some examples of the worst.
Aril Edvardsen was and is considered a part of the Pentecostal movement, although he probably never was a Pentecostal?
He prophesied well about every year in Sharon Dal about a great revival, which has never come or come. At the end so was Edvardsen so confused that he several times when he read from the Koran when he preached.
He traveled to Muslims and Catholics, and knew well what he believed and did not believe in the end. For the word of God, he had discarded!
Could written page up and page down. But stop here.
Åge Åleskjær is also a false prophet within its Pentecostalism, though he did not belong to the Pentecostal movement purely formal. He proclaims that the law does not apply, in other words, he believes that an essential part of God's word is not valid today, and not one iota of the law or the prophets would pass away Jesus said. Here is a man who put themselves above God and His word.
The many who are re-married within its pinsevekkkelsen!
It's a form of schizophrenia, duality or dualism. I mean that Pentecostals and charismatics are incredibly biblical on certain points. But as clear as they are biblical in some respects, they are unbiblical other points.
This is a form of schizophrenia, duality or dualism as a rare find so prevalent in our contexts.
Do not know about any relationships that may be as "biblical" on certain points, but as unbiblical other points.
Let me take a few points.
1.) Pentecostals and charismatics believe in prophecy, but to try the prophecies are so-so.
2.) They think "really" on healing, but church discipline tolerate not.
3.) Pentecostals believe in speaking in tongues, but in the same Bible as it stands to speak in tongues. It says that remarriage is adultery for believers. Here one can not believe in the one and exclude the other.
4.) Pentecostals and charismatics believe in one day anything but replacing the lead opinion. So accept the often this without reflecting and discussing a new outlook on things.
5.) Charismatics and Pentecostals was until very welcomed female elders and pastors. Today they are just as much for this, as they were against this before.
6.) Pentecostals and charismatics are talking about unity in the Spirit, but when tier one quiet about it as one disagrees about. But the scripture says the opposite, that we tolerate one another in love with our differences!
7.) Pentecostals and charismatics jumps "belly" of the word of God, saying that God has spoken etc. In other words, if God "speaks" so says the word of God. But this is delusion.
8.) Charismatics and Pentecostals believe that all Christians have the Holy Spirit, yea, even a double portion of the Spirit baptism. But no one is so dependent on having a spiritual guide or Pastor who they can look up to and be guided by.
9.) Pentecostals and charismatics thought before on covered and other things that were not "in". But today there are hardly any Christian movement that is so nærmed "world" in most.
10.) Pentecostals and charismatics believe in a world weakening, but to go into his closet and pray to God. And wait for him until he says go, have been totally alien to the vast majority of Pentecostals and Charismatics today!
Final Comment:
Much - or large parts of the delightful pinsevekkkelsen as T. B. Barratt liked to call the movement he started will end in Babylon - the great whore!
It is by far the most negative with this revival, it started so well. And ended so badly in many ways.
It is not least due the charismatic revival which has now become one with pinsevekkkelsen. Here there is so much falsehood and truth mixed in together, that the negative within its pinsevekkkelsen is how I see it. The most negative, the greatest deception that has been in the entire history of the church. It is the negative wing within its current Pentecostal charismatic movement or apostasy revival!
Related links:


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Data from: Cost of cooperation rules selection for cheats in bacterial metapopulations
Date Published: November 23, 2011
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2f4g2h90
Content in the Dryad Digital Repository is offered "as is." By downloading files, you agree to the Dryad Terms of Service. To the extent possible under law, the authors have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this data.
|44 times
|This file contains three sheets. Sheet#1 contains all raw data related to the metapopulation analyses presented in Figures 2a, 3a, and 4a of the paper. Sheet#2 contains all raw data related to the individual clone analyses presented in figures 2b, 3b, and 4b of the paper. Sheet#3 contains the raw data related to the classification of clones presented in figure 5 of the paper.
|ZD_RK_CostOfCooperation_data.xlsx (401.0 Kb)
|View File Details
When using this data, please cite the original publication:
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Jardine River National Park
Jardine River National Park, surrounding the state's largest perennial river, lies at the remote northern tip of Cape York Peninsula and offers a true wilderness experience. The park is bordered to the north and south by resources reserves, to the east by the coast, and to the west by a historic telegraph line, installed in 1887 to provide communications to the remote areas of the cape. Within these boundaries are tracts of heath, rainforest and open forest, which provide habitat for unusual species such as the common spotted cuscus, spiny knob-tailed gecko, yellow-billed kingfisher, fawn-breasted bowerbird and the palm cockatoo. This is the traditional land of the Atambaya, Angkamuthi, Gudang, Wuthathi and Yadhaykenu language and social groups, who now jointly manage the park.
Fruit Bat Falls, with its picnic tables and boardwalk overlooking the falls, is a scenic spot. Eliot Falls is beautiful but dangerous – serious injuries have occurred here so exercise great care in the area. Beach fishing is allowed at Captain Billy Landing and Ussher Point but these waters are part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park so anglers must check fishing restrictions (and heed all crocodile warnings). Bush camping is permitted at designated areas on either side of the Jardine River (be aware that there is no convenient acess between these campsites), and at various locations in the neighbouring resources reserves. Visitors must be self-sufficient, bringing all supplies and water with them. Keep the night insects at bay by using screened tents or nets for protection. At the town of Bamaga, north of the park, Resort Bamaga has 4-star accommodation; Seisia, 5 kilometres north-west of Bamaga, has a campground with self-contained units. Visit only during the dry season, which runs from May to October.
Fact file
Two bush camping sites and several in nearby resources reserves; permit and fees apply
Location and access
920 km north of Cairns via Peninsula Developmental Rd; 4WD access only
Park information
237 000 ha
Visitor information
Cooktown and Cape York Peninsula (07) 4069 6004
See Also
- Jardine River National Park, Eco-friendly activity
Explore Australia's National Parks (2nd edition)
Bridge Creek camping area (bush camping)Bush camping is permitted at this site, 19 km north of Sam Creek camping area at the far north end of the 4WD Telegraph Track. There are no facilities; bring all self-sufficient gear.... Find out more
North Jardine River camping area (bush camping)The Jardine River separates 2 camping areas, each within sight of each other. (The nearest crossing is the Jardine River ferry.) The camp on the northern side has 6 sites and is accessible via Telegraph Rd, south of the... Find out more
Sam Creek camping area (bush camping)Bush camping is permitted at this site on the 4WD Telegraph Track, 4.1 km north of the Eliot Falls turn-off and 19 km south of Bridge Creek. There are no facilities; bring all self-sufficient gear.... Find out more
South Jardine River camping area (bush camping)This campsite, on the southern side of the Jardine River facing the North Jardine River camping area, is accessible via Telegraph Rd. No facilities are provided, so bring all self-sufficient camping gear, including... Find out more
See Also
- Jardine River National Park, Eco-friendly activity


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Hotel Rosa Morada Bed and Breakfast
Select your stay dates to check availability at Hotel Rosa Morada Bed and Breakfast
Hotel Rosa Morada Bed and Breakfast
About the Hotel
Property Location
When you stay at Hotel Rosa Morada Bed and Breakfast in Tlaquepaque, you'll be in the historical district and minutes from Regional Ceramic Museum and San Pedro Parish. This bed & breakfast is within close proximity of Refuge Cultural Center and Plaza de Toros El Centenario.
Stay in one of 7 guestrooms featuring LED televisions. Rooms have private patios. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with showers feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers.
Take in the views from a garden and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access.
Enjoy a meal at a restaurant, or stay in and take advantage of the bed & breakfast's room service (during limited hours).
Hotel Facilities
- Free breakfast
- Total number of rooms - 7
- 24-hour front desk
- Free WiFi
- Garden
- Restaurant
Room Facilities
- Access via exterior corridors
- Patio
- Premium TV channels
- Free local calls
- Hair dryer
- Individually decorated
- Phone
- Free toiletries
- Shower only
- Desk
- Free bottled water
- Private bathroom
- Room service (limited hours)
- Cable TV service
- Ceiling fan
- Daily housekeeping
- Iron/ironing board
- Free WiFi
- Individually furnished
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- One child 10 years old or younger stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.


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Harare, Aug 5: Marking a promising return to Test cricket, Zimababwe notched up a healthy score of 264/2 at stumps on Day 1 of the one-off Test against tourists Bangladesh. The hosts' openers Tino Mawoyo and Vusi Sibanda got the show on the road by putting together a century-stand against a testing Bangladeshi attack.
In fact, Mawoyo set the tone for the day when he slammed Bangladeshi paceman Rabiul Islam for three fours in just the 4th over. The visitors didn't have any immediate reply for such positive intent and had to patiently toil away as the home side brought up their 50 in just 12 overs. The boundaries continued to come even as the batting duo fell into a routine of picking more singles.
But with the score at 102/0, Mawoyo reached for a short and wide delivery from Rabiul, sending it straight down the throat of sweeper cover. The batsman was out for 43. However, Zimbabwe continued to hold sway, aided by a drop catch from Sibanda soon after he had made his fifty. In the 47th over, Zimbabwe had crossed 151/1, but Sibanda played one shot too many for his 73 when Rubel Hossain had him caught behind.
Then captain Brendan Taylor joined Hamilton Masakadza at the crease and the two pressed on with ease against a hapless Abdur Razzak. In the 66th over, the hosts had gone past 200 and in the 83rd, were at 250 with Masakadza scoring a fifty along the way. A stumps, 14 more runs had been added to their total with Masakadza not out on 88 and Taylor playing a steady hand of support with an unbeaten 40.
Oneindia Cricket


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Conservative child indoctrination (CCI) is an outrageous act committed by conservatives to brainwash children into bigots.
Indoctrinated children turn out like people in this list...
Symptoms of indoctrination are...
- Low IQ
- Thinking like George W. Bush
- Alteration of one's appearance in a manner reflective of conservative thoughts.
In order to do so, conservatives often refuse to ratify the United Nations Conventions of the Rights of the Child, in which Article 14 prevents CIA. Because of conservatives, South Sudan, Somalia and the United States are the only countries who have not ratified these laws. Conservatives are also bigoted enough still not to ratify the CEDAW, which stops conservatives like Fred Phelps from beating their wives.
Sometimes, along with CII, they use a secondary "persuasion" method while indoctrinating them. This method, however, has changed throughout the years. When it was 1000 CE, conservatives thought "Spare the rod, spoil the child". However, in the 1950s, this was changed into "Spare the paddle, spoil the child", as corrupt conservative justices in the Supreme Court ruled that the 8th Amendment did not apply to children in Ingraham v. Wright.


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Ayahuasca (ayawaska pronounced [ajaˈwaska] in the Quechua language) is any of various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared from the Banisteriopsis spp. vine, usually mixed with the leaves of dimethyltryptamine-containing species of shrubs from the Psychotria genus. It was first described academically in the early 1950s by Harvard ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes who found it employed for divinatory and healing purposes by Amerindians of Amazonian Colombia.
Sections of B. caapi vine are macerated and boiled alone or with leaves from any of a number of other plants, including Psychotria viridis (chacruna) or Diplopterys cabrerana (also known as chaliponga). The resulting brew contains the powerful hallucinogenic alkaloid N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and MAO inhibiting harmala alkaloids, which are necessary to make the DMT orally active. Though B. caapi is a central ingredient in traditional ayahuasca brews, harmala-containing plants from other plant-medicine cultures, such as Syrian Rue, can be used instead of the vine to make an ayahuasca analogue, yet it isn't considered ayahuasca, as Caapi vine is considered the main plant in the brew.
Brews can also be made with no DMT-containing plants; Psychotria viridis being substituted by plants such as Justicia pectoralis, Brugmansia, or sacred tobacco, also known as Mapacho (Nicotiana rustica), or sometimes left out with no replacement. The potency of this brew varies radically from one batch to the next, both in strength and psychoactive effect, based mainly on the skill of the shaman or brewer, as well as other admixtures sometimes added and the intent of the ceremony. Natural variations in plant alkaloid content and profiles also affect the final concentration of alkaloids in the brew, and the physical act of cooking may also serve to modify the alkaloid profile of harmala alkaloids.[1][2]
Individual polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450-2D6 enzyme affect the ability of individuals to metabolize harmine.[3] Some natural tolerance to habitual use of ayahuasca (roughly once weekly) may develop through upregulation of the serotonergic system.[4] A phase 1 pharmacokinetic study on Ayahuasca (as Hoasca) with 15 volunteers was conducted in 1993, during the Hoasca Project.[5] A review of the Hoasca Project has been published.[6]
- "cipó" (generic vine, liana), "caapi", "hoasca", "vegetal", "daime" or "santo daime" in Brazil
- "yagé" or "yajé" (both pronounced ʝaˈhe) in Tucanoan; popularized in English by the beat generation writers William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg in The Yage Letters.
- "ayahuasca" or "ayawaska" ("Spirit vine" or "vine of the souls": in Quechua, aya means "spirit" while huasca or waska means "vine") in Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru, and to a lesser extent in Brazil. The spelling ayahuasca is the hispanicized version of the name; many Quechua or Aymara speakers would prefer the spelling ayawaska. The name is properly that of the plant B. caapi, one of the primary sources of beta-carbolines for the brew.
- "natem" amongst the indigenous Shuar people of Peru.
- "Grandmother"
Harmine compounds are of beta-carboline origin. The three most studied beta-carboline compounds found in the B. caapi vine are harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine. Harmine and harmaline are selective and reversible inhibitors of MAO-A, while tetrahydroharmine is a weak serotonin uptake inhibitor. This inhibition of MAO-A allows DMT to diffuse unmetabolized past the membranes in the stomach and small intestine and eventually get through the blood-brain barrier to activate receptor sites in the brain. Without the MAOI of MAO-A, DMT would be metabolized in the digestive tract and would not have an effect when taken orally[7].
Ayahuasca is used largely as a religious sacrament. Those whose usage of ayahuasca is performed in non-traditional contexts often align themselves with the philosophies and cosmologies associated with ayahuasca shamanism, as practiced among indigenous peoples like the Urarina of Peruvian Amazonia.[8]
While non-native users know of the spiritual applications of ayahuasca, a less well-known traditional usage focuses on the medicinal properties of ayahuasca. Its purgative properties are highly important (many refer to it as la purga, "the purge"). The intense vomiting and occasional diarrhea it induces can clear the body of worms and other tropical parasites,[9] and harmala alkaloids themselves have been shown to be anthelmintic[10] Thus, this action is twofold; a direct action on the parasites by these harmala alkaloids (particularly harmine in ayahuasca) works to kill the parasites, and parasites are expelled through the increased intestinal motility that is caused by these alkaloids.
Dietary taboos are almost always associated with the use of Ayahuasca. In the rainforest, these tend towards the purification of one's self - abstaining from spicy and heavily-seasoned foods, excess fat, salt, caffeine, acidic foods (such as citrus) and sex before, after, or both before and after a ceremony. A diet low in foods containing tyramine has been recommended, as the speculative interaction of tyramine and MAOIs could lead to a hypertensive crisis. However, evidence indicates that harmala alkaloids act only on Monoamine oxidase A, in a reversible way similar to moclobemide (an antidepressant that does not require dietary restrictions). Psychonautic experiments and the absence of dietary restrictions in the highly urban Brazilian ayahuasca church União do Vegetal also suggest that the risk is much lower than perceived, and probably non-existent.[11]
The name 'ayahuasca' specifically refers to a botanical decoctions that contains Banisteriopsis caapi. A synthetic version, known as pharmahuasca is a combination of an appropriate MAOI and typically DMT. In this usage, the DMT is generally considered the main psychoactive active ingredient, while the MAOI merely preserves the psychoactivity of orally ingested DMT, which would otherwise be destroyed in the gut before it could be absorbed in the body. Thus, ayahuasqueros and most others working with the brew maintain that the |B. caapi vine is the defining ingredient, and that this beverage is not ayahuasca unless B. caapi is in the brew. The vine is considered to be the "spirit" of ayahuasca, the gatekeeper and guide to the otherworldly realms.
In some areas, it is even said that the chakruna or chaliponga admixtures are added only to make the brew taste sweeter. This is a strong indicator of the often wildly divergent intentions and cultural differences between the native ayahuasca-using cultures and psychedelics enthusiasts in other countries.
In modern Europe and North America, ayahuasca analogues are often prepared using non-traditional plants which contain the same alkaloids. For example, seeds of the Syrian rue plant can be used as a substitute for the ayahuasca vine, and the DMT-rich Mimosa hostilis is used in place of chakruna. Australia has several indigenous plants which are popular among modern ayahuasqueros there, such as various DMT-rich species of Acacia.
In modern Western culture, entheogen users sometimes base concoctions on ayahuasca. When doing so, most often Rue or B. caapi is used with an alternative form of the DMT molecule, such as psilocin, or a non-DMT based hallucinogen such as mescaline. Nicknames such as Psilohuasca, Mush-rue-asca, or 'Shroom-a-huasca, for mushroom based mixtures, or Pedrohuasca (from the San Pedro Cactus, which contains mescaline) are often given to such brews. The psychedelic experimentalist trappings of such concoctions bear little resemblance to the medicinal use of ayahuasca in its original cultural context, where ayahuasca is usually ingested only by experienced entheogen users who are more familiar with the chemicals and plants being used.
Introduction to Europe and North America
Ayahuasca is mentioned in the writings of some of the earliest missionaries to South America, but it only became commonly known in Europe and North America much later. The early missionary reports generally claim it as demonic, and great efforts were made by the Roman Catholic Church to stamp it out. When originally researched in the 20th century, the active chemical constituent of B. caapi was called telepathine, but it was found to be identical to a chemical already isolated from Peganum harmala and was given the name harmaline. The original botanical description done was the Harvard ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes. Having read Schultes's paper, Beat writer William Burroughs sought yagé (still referred to as "telepathine") in the early 1950s while traveling through South America in the hopes that it could relieve or cure opiate addiction. Ayahuasca became more widely known when the McKenna brothers published their experience in the Amazon in True Hallucinations. Dennis later studied the pharmacology, botany, and chemistry of ayahuasca and oo-koo-he, which became the subject of his master's thesis.
In Brazil, a number of modern religious movements based on the use of ayahuasca have emerged, the most famous of them being Santo Daime and the União do Vegetal (or UDV), usually in an animistic context that may be shamanistic or, more often (as with Santo Daime and the UDV), integrated with Christianity. Both Santo Daime and União do Vegetal now have members and churches throughout the world. Similarly, the US and Europe have started to see new religious groups develop in relation to increased ayahuasca use.[12]. PaDeva, an American Wiccan group, has become the first incorporated legal church which holds the use of ayahuasca central to their beliefs. Some Westerners have teamed up with shamans in the Amazon rainforest regions, forming Ayahuasca healing retreats that claim to be able to cure mental and physical illness and allow communication with the spirit world. Anecdotal reports and scientific studies affirm that ritualized use of ayahuasca may improve mental and physical health.[13]
Several notable celebrities have publicly discussed their use of ayahuasca, including Sting (detailed in his 2003 memoir Broken Music), David Icke, Tori Amos and Paul Simon (who wrote the song "Spirit Voices" about his experience with the brew in the Amazon).
Recent years have seen notable media attention to the position of the UDV church in the United States. After having their importation and use of Hoasca tea challenged by the U.S. Department of Justice, and then having the issue settled in their favor by the U.S. Supreme Court, the church gained some notoriety. This mirrors in some ways the experiences of UDV and Santo Daime churches in Europe, where legal authorities have taken interest in their activities in France, Germany, Holland and Spain.
Holland was an early Western context for the spread of ayahuasca use. Supporting a large Brazilian population, Santo Daime members in particular made efforts to spread the philosophy of ritualized ayahuasca use. In the mid-to-late 1990s one group, the Amsterdam-based Friends of the Forest, was formed by Santo Daime members to introduce ayahuasca to Europeans and others with "allergies to Christianity." They did this by introducing "New Age" rituals incorporating basic ritual structure, celebrating with songs in the Daime tradition (Portuguese waltzes), English language songs, ambient music and mantras and kirtan. They existed at least until the Dutch authorities raided a Santo Daime ritual in progress, and other ayahuasca-oriented groups sensed that an obvious public profile was not in their best interest. Amsterdam is also among the few cities in Europe where one can find, in addition to cannabis, psilocybin mushrooms and peyote, ayahuasca vine, chacruna leaves, and plants for ayahuasca analogues in the tradition of Jonathan Ott's so-called "ayahuasca borealis."
Ayahuasca tourism
"Ayahuasca tourist" refers to a tourist wanting a taste of an exotic ritual or who partakes in modified services geared specifically towards non-indigenous persons. Some seek to clear emotional blocks and gain a sense of peace. Other participants include explorers of consciousness, writers, medical doctors, journalists, anthropologists, ethnobotanists, philosophers and spiritual seekers. Ayahuasca tourism is greatest in Peru, and attracts visitors from all over the world, especially from Europe, the USA, Australia, and South Africa, but also from other Latin American countries like Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico.
Usually a visitor who wishes to become a "dietero" or "dietera", that is, a male or female apprentice-shaman learning the way of the teacher plants, undergoes a rigorous initiation. This can involve spending up to a year or more in the jungle. This initiation challenges and trains the initiate through extreme circumstances involving a special diet and numerous different plant medicines to complement the Ayahuasca, the lack of western food and conveniences, the harsh environmental conditions of heavy rains, storms, intense heat, insects, and poisonous animals. The initiate is also tested for their unwavering commitment to Ayahuasca and the shaman who oversees the training.
Modern descriptions
Matthew Thompson gives in My Colombian Death a detailed account of taking part in an extremely harrowing yage ceremony - an experience which gives the book its title. Thompson visited an indigenous shaman outside the town of Guarne in Antioquia Department, Colombia. After drinking a cup of yage, Thompson collapses and vomits and grows terrified, believing himself to be dying and then dead, and undergoing agonies of purgation and transformation:
I'm in the wrong body, the wrong form, the wrong thoughts, the wrong life. ... I'm the mask, painted and empty, nothing more than a vessel for other entities to see through. Talons curl into the eyeholes to twist and stretch me apart. My tongue is torn loose and my stomach ripped through my throat. Burning and liquefying. All is molten rubber, stinking and agonizing. I'm changing."[14],
Wade Davis (author of The Serpent and The Rainbow [non-fiction][15][16]) describes the traditional mixture as tough in his book One River: "The smell and acrid taste was that of the entire jungle ground up and mixed with bile." [p. 194]
Writer Kira Salak describes her personal experiences with ayahuasca in the March 2006 issue of National Geographic Adventure magazine[17][18] The article includes a candid description of how ayahuasca cured her depression, as well as provides detailed information about the brew. Here is an excerpt from the article about Dr. Charles Grob's landmark findings[19]:
The taking of ayahuasca has been associated with a long list of documented cures: the disappearance of everything from metastasized colorectal cancer to cocaine addiction, even after just a ceremony or two. It has been medically proven to be nonaddictive and safe to ingest. Yet Western scientists have all but ignored it for decades, reluctant to risk their careers by researching a substance containing the outlawed DMT. Only in the past decade, and then only by a handful of researchers, has ayahuasca begun to be studied. At the vanguard of this research is Charles Grob, M.D., a professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at UCLA's School of Medicine.
In 1993 Dr. Grob directed the Hoasca Project, the first in-depth study of the physical and psychological effects of ayahuasca on humans. He and his team went to Brazil, where the plant mixture can be taken legally, to study members of a church, the União do Vegetal (UDV), who use ayahuasca as a sacrament, and compared them to a control group that had never ingested the substance. The studies found that all the ayahuasca-using UDV members had experienced remission without recurrence of their addictions, depression, or anxiety disorders. Unlike most common anti-depressants, which Grob says can create such high levels of serotonin that cells may actually compensate by losing many of their serotonin receptors, the Hoasca Project showed that ayahuasca strongly enhances the body's ability to absorb the serotonin that's naturally there [4]. 'Ayahuasca is perhaps a far more sophisticated and effective way to treat depression than SSRIs [antidepressant drugs],' Grob concludes, adding that the use of SSRIs is 'a rather crude way' of doing it. And ayahuasca, he insists, has great potential as a long-term solution in maintaining abstinence.
Chilean novelist Isabel Allende told The Sunday Telegraph in London that she once took the drug in an attempt to "punch through" writer's block[20]. The paper wrote:
But after forcing down the foul-tasting brew, she was catapulted to a place so dark her husband feared he had 'lost his wife to the world of spirits'. Her life flashed before her as the hallucinogen took hold. She faced demons, saw herself as a terrified four-year-old and curled up on the floor, shivering, retching and muttering for two days.
'I think I went through an experience of death at a certain point, when I was no longer a body or a soul or a spirit or anything,' Allende says matter-of-factly. 'There was just a total, absolute void that you cannot even describe because you are not. And I think that's death.'
Nevertheless, the process proved transformative. Allende emerged aching but lucid and was able to complete [a trilogy she was writing], now being adapted for film by the co-producers of The Chronicles of Narnia.
Related phenomena
There have been reports that a phenomenon similar to folie à deux had been induced most recently by anthropologists in the South American rainforest by consuming ayahuasca[21] and by military experiments for chemical warfare in the late 60's using the incapacitating agent BZ. In both incidents there were very rare claims of shared visual hallucinations.
Plant constituents
Traditional Ayahuasca brews are always made with Banisteriopsis caapi as a MAOI, although DMT sources and other admixtures vary from region to region. There are several varieties of caapi, often known as different "colors", with varying effects, potencies, and uses.
DMT admixtures:
- Psychotria viridis (Chacruna) - leaves
- Diplopterys cabrerana (Chaliponga, Banisteriopsis rusbyana) - leaves
- Psychotria carthagenensis (Amyruca) - leaves
Other common admixtures:
- Justicia pectoralis
- Brugmansia (Toé)
- Nicotiana rustica (Mapacho, variety of tobacco)
- Ilex guayusa, a relative of yerba mate
- Harmal (Peganum harmala, Syrian Rue) - seeds
- Passion flower
- synthetic MAOIs
DMT admixture sources:
- Acacia maidenii (Maiden's Wattle), Acacia phlebophylla, and other Acacias, most commonly employed in Australia - bark
- Anadenanthera peregrina, A. colubrina, A. excelsa, A. macrocarpa
- Mimosa hostilis (Jurema) - root bark - not traditionally employed with ayahuasca by any existing cultures, though likely it was in the past. Popular in Europe and North America.
Legal status
Internationally, DMT is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances notes, however, that the plant itself is excluded from international control:[22]
The cultivation of plants from which psychotropic substances are obtained is not controlled by the Vienna Convention. . . . Neither the crown (fruit, mescal button) of the Peyote cactus nor the roots of the plant Mimosa hostilis nor Psilocybe mushrooms themselves are included in Schedule 1, but only their respective principles, mescaline, DMT and psilocin.
A fax from the Secretary of the International Narcotics Control Board to the Netherlands Ministry of Public Health sent in 2001 goes on to state that "Consequently, preparations (e.g.decoctions) made of these plants, including ayahuasca, are not under international control and, therefore, not subject to any of the articles of the 1971 Convention."[23]
The legal status in the United States of DMT-containing plants is somewhat questionable. Ayahuasca plants and preparations are legal, as they contain no scheduled chemicals. However, brews made using DMT containing plants are illegal since DMT is a Schedule I drug. That said, some people are challenging this, using arguments similar to those used by peyotist religious sects, such as the Native American Church. A court case allowing União do Vegetal to use the tea for religious purposes in the United States, Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court on November 1, 2005; the decision, released February 21, 2006, allows the UDV to use the tea in its ceremonies pursuant to the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. In a similar case an Ashland, Oregon based Santo Daime church sued for their right to import and consume ayahuasca tea. In March 2009, U.S. District Court Judge Panner ruled in favor of the Santo Daime, acknowledging its protection from prosecution under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.[24]
Religious use in Brazil was legalized after two official inquiries into the tea in the mid-1980s, which concluded that ayahuasca is not a recreational drug and has valid spiritual uses.[25]
In France, Santo Daime won a court case allowing them to use the tea in early 2005; however, they were not allowed an exception for religious purposes, but rather for the simple reason that they did not perform chemical extractions to end up with pure DMT and harmala and the plants used were not scheduled. Four months after the court victory, the common ingredients of Ayahuasca as well as harmala were declared stupéfiants, or narcotic schedule I substances, making the tea and its ingredients illegal to use or possess.
International research
The Institute of Medical Psychology at the University Hospital in Heidelberg, Germany has set up a Research Department Ayahuasca / Santo Daime [26], which in May 2008 held a 3-day conference under the title The globalization of Ayahuasca - An Amazonian psychoactive and its users[27]. There are also the investigations of the human pharmacology of ayahuasca done by the team of Doctor Jordi Riba, in Barcelona, Spain [7],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36], and the work of Rafael G. dos Santos and collaborators, in Brazil [37],[38],[39],[40]. And there are also the studies (i.e. Hoasca Project and others) by Dr. Charles Grob and collaborators (e.g., Dr. Callaway and Dr. McKenna), already cited, done in Brazil, United States and Finland. In Brazil, the University of São Paulo is doing a study led by psychiatrist Dartiu Xavier da Silveira to establish the risks of ayahausca.
Print and other media
- Harris, Joel R. Into the heart of the Amazon in search of Truth.2008 ISBN 978-1440418488
- Thompson, Matthew. My Colombian Death. Sydney: Picador, 2008. ISBN 978-0-330-42392-2
- Razam, Rak. "Aya: A Shamanic Odyssey." Icaro Publishing, 2009. ISBN 9780980648706.
- Adelaars, Arno. Ayahuasca. Rituale, Zaubertränke und visionäre Kunst aus Amazonien, ISBN 978-3-03800-270-3
- William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg The Yage Letters. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1963. ISBN 0-87286-004-3
- David Icke. (2003) Tales From the Time Loop. Wildwood, Mo.: Bridge of Love Publications. ISBN 0-9538810-4-0
- Marlene Dobkin De Rios. Visionary Vine: Hallucinogenic Healing in the Peruvian Amazon, (2nd ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1984. ISBN 0-88133-093-0
- Marlene Dobkin de Rios & Roger Rumrrill. A Hallucinogenic Tea, Laced with Controversy: Ayahuasca in the Amazon and the United States. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008. ISBN 97-0-313-34542-5
- Graham Hancock, Supernatural: Meetings with the Ancient Teachers of Mankind. London: Century, 2005. ISBN 1844136817 [2]
- Ross Heaven and Howard G. Charing. 'Plant Spirit Shamanism: Traditional Techniques for Healing the Soul'. Vermont: Destiny Books, 2006. ISBN 1-59477-118-9
- Bruce F. Lamb. Rio Tigre and Beyond: The Amazon Jungle Medicine of Manuel Córdova. Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1985. ISBN 0-938190-59-8
- Luis Eduardo Luna. Vegetalismo: Shamanism among the Mestizo Population of the Peruvian Amazon. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1986. ISBN 91-22-00819-5
- Luis Eduardo Luna & Pablo Amaringo. Ayahuasca Visions: The Religious Iconography of A Peruvian Shaman. Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1999. ISBN 1-55643-311-5
- Luis Eduardo Luna & Stephen F. White, eds. Ayahuasca Reader: Encounters with the Amazon's Sacred Vine. Santa Fe, NM: Synergetic, 2000. ISBN 0-907791-32-8
- E. Jean Matteson Langdon & Gerhard Baer, eds. Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8263-1345-0
- Terence McKenna. Food of the Gods: A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution.
- Ralph Metzner, ed. Ayahuasca: Hallucinogens, Consciousness, and the Spirit of Nature. New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1999. ISBN 1-56025-160-3
- Ralph Metzner (Editor) Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca: Park Street Press,U.S.; 2 edition (Jan 2006). ISBN 1594770530, ISBN 978-1594770531
- Jeremy Narby. The Cosmic Serpent: DNA and the Origins of Knowledge. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 1998. ISBN 0-87477-911-1
- P. J. O'Rourke, All the Trouble in the World. New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994. ISBN 0-87113-611-2
- Jonathan Ott. Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangæan Entheogens. Kennewick, Wash.: Natural Products, 1994. ISBN 0-9614234-5-5
- Jonathan Ott. Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History (Paperback). Natural Products Company; 2 edition (February 1993). ISBN 0961423498. ISBN 978-0961423490
- Ott, J. 1999. Pharmahuasca: Human pharmacology of oral DMT plus harmine, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 31(2): I7I-177.
- John Perkins. The World Is As You Dream It: Shamanic Teachings from the Amazon and Andes. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 1994. ISBN 0-89281-459-4[3]
- Daniel Pinchbeck. Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. New York: Broadway, 2002. ISBN 0-7679-0743-4[4]
- Alex Polari de Alverga. Forest of Visions: Ayahuasca, Amazonian Spirituality, and the Santo Daime Tradition. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 1999. ISBN 0-89281-716-X
- Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff. The Shaman and the Jaguar: A Study of Narcotic Drugs Among the Indians of Colombia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-87722-038-7
- Richard Evans Schultes & Robert F. Raffauf. Vine of the Soul: Medicine Men, Their Plants and Rituals in the Colombian Amazonia. Oracle, AZ: Synergetic, 1992. ISBN 0-907791-24-7
- Benny Shanon. The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-925293-9
- Peter G. Stafford. Heavenly Highs: Ayahuasca, Kava-Kava, Dmt, and Other Plants of the Gods. Berkeley: Ronin, 2004. ISBN 1-57951-069-8
- Rick Strassman. DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 2001. ISBN 0-89281-927-8
- Sting. Broken Music. New York, NY: Bantam Dell, 2003. ISBN 978-0-440-24115-7
- Michael Taussig. Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. ISBN 0-226-79012-6
- Bartholomew Dean 2009 Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia, Gainesville: University Press of Florida ISBN 978-081303378[5]
- Joan Parisi Wilcox (2003). Ayahuasca: The Visionary and Healing Powers of the Vine of the Soul. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street. ISBN 0-89281-131-5
- Jaya Bear "Amazon Magic: The Life Story of Ayahuasquero & Shaman Don Agustin Rivas Vasquez". Libros Colibri (January 2000). ISBN 0967425506. ISBN 978-096742550
- Bruce Balfour Prometheus Road, ISBN 0-441-01221-3
- Alice Walker "Now is the Time to Open your Heart", ISBN 0-8129-7139-6
- Alistair Appleton, The Man Who Drank the Universe, 30 minutes 2005
- Dean Jefferys; Shamans of the Amazon, 52 min. Australia 2001
- Jan Kounen, Autres mondes
- Glenn Switkes, Night of the Liana, 45 min. Brazil 2002
- Armand BERNARDI, L'Ayahuasca, le Serpent et Moi, 52 min. France 2003
- Anna Stevens, Woven Songs of the Amazon, 54 min. 2006
- Rudolf Pinto do Amaral & Harald Scherz, ["Heaven Earth"], 60 min. Peru/Austria 2008
- Keith Aronowitz "METAMORPHOSIS" 95 min. / 2009 Official website
- Madventures Season 3 Episode 1: Riku & Tunna venture deep into the Amazon to find themselves and drink ayahuasca with a shaman.
- Piers Gibbon, Jungle Trip - Channel 4 UK from Google Video
Fictional films
- Jan Kounen, Blueberry l'expérience secrète, 124 minutes
- ↑ Callaway JC (2005). Various alkaloid profiles in decoctions of Banisteriopsis caapi. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37(2): 151–155
- ↑ Callaway JC, Brito GS & Neves ES (2005). Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37(2): 145–150.
- ↑ Callaway JC (2005). Fast and slow metabolizers of hoasca. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37(2): 157–161.
- ↑ Callaway JC, Airaksinen MM, McKenna DJ, Brito GS & Grob CS (1994). Platelet serotonin uptake sites increased in drinkers of ayahuasca. Psychopharmacology 116(3): 385–387.
- ↑ Callaway JC, McKenna DJ, Grob CS, Brito GS, Raymon LP, Poland RE, Andrade EN, Andrade EO (1999). Pharmacology of hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 65(3): 243–256.
- ↑ McKenna DJ, Callaway JC, Grob CS (1998). The scientific investigation of ayahuasca: A review of past and current research. The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research 1: 65–77.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 RIBA, J. Human Pharmacology of Ayahuasca. Doctoral Thesis: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003.
- ↑ Dean, Bartholomew 2009 Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia, Gainesville: University Press of Florida ISBN 978-081303378 [1]
- ↑ Andritzky, W. (1989). Sociopsychotherapeutic functions of ayahuasca healing in Amazonia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 21(1), 77-89.
- ↑ Hassan, I. 1967. Some folk uses of Peganum harmala in India and Pakistan. Economic Botany 21: 384.
- ↑ Ott, J. Jonathan Ott. Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangaean Entheogens. Kennewick, WA: Natural Books, 1994.
- ↑ LABATE, B.C.; ROSE, I.S. & SANTOS, R.G. Ayahuasca Religions: a comprehensive bibliography and critical essays. Santa Cruz: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies - MAPS. 2008.
- ↑ See research by Doctor John Halpern in New Scientist
- ↑ http://www.timeoutsydney.com.au/books/extract-from-my-columbian-death.aspx
- ↑ There is a 1988 American horror film, directed by Wes Craven and starring Bill Pullman. The film is very loosely based on a non-fiction book by ethnobotanist Wade Davis. Statement by Mr. Davis: ''Davis has frequently voiced his displeasure with the final film. "When I wrote my first book, 'The Serpent and the Rainbow', it was made into one of the worst Hollywood movies in history. I tried to escape the hysteria and the media by going to Borneo."
- ↑ http://www.ed.psu.edu/icik/2004Proceedings/section7-davis.pdf
- ↑ Salak, Kira. ""HELL AND BACK"". National Geographic Adventure. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0603/features/peru.html.
- ↑ Salak, Kira. ""Ayahuasca Healing in Peru"". http://www.kirasalak.com/Ayahuasca.html.
- ↑ Grob CS, McKenna DJ, Callaway JC, Brito GS, Neves ES, Oberlander G, Saide OL, Labigalini E, Tacla C, Miranda CT, Strassman RJ, Boone KB (1996). Human psychopharmacology of Hoasca, a plant hallucinogen used in ritual context in Brasil. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 184(2):86-94.
- ↑ Isabel Allende: kith and tell - Telegraph
- ↑ Ayahuasca: Human Consciousness and the Spirits of Nature, edited by Ralph Metzner, Thunder's Mouth Press, NY
- ↑ MAPS: DMT - UN report
- ↑ Erowid Ayahuasca Vault : Law : UNDCP's Ayahuasca Fax, Jan 17 2001
- ↑ Ruling by District Court Judge Panner in Santo Daime case in Oregon
- ↑ More on the legal status of ayahuasca can be found in the Erowid vault on the legality of ayahuasca.
- ↑ 'Research Department Ayahuasca / Santo Daime' at the University Hospital in Heidelberg, Germany
- ↑ Conference schedule "The globalization of Ayahuasca" (May 2008, Heidelberg, Germany)
- ↑ RIBA, J. & BARBANOJ, M.J. Bringing ayahuasca to the clinical research laboratory. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37 (2): 219-230. 2005.
- ↑ RIBA, J. & BARBANOJ, M.J. Ayahuasca. In: PERIS, J.C., ZURIÁN, J.C., MARTÍNEZ, G.C. & VALLADOLID, G.R. (eds.). Tratado SET de Transtornos Adictivos. Madrid: Ed. Médica Panamericana, 2006. pp. 321-324.
- ↑ RIBA, J., RODRIGUEZ–FORNELLS, A., STRASSMAN, R.J. & BARBANOJ, M.J. Psychometric assessment of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 62 (3): 215-223. 2001a.
- ↑ RIBA, J., RODRIGUEZ–FORNELLS, A., URBANO, G., MORTE, A., ANTONIJOAN, R., MONTEIRO, M., CALLAWAY, J.C. & BARBANOJ, M.J. Subjective effects and tolerability of the South American psychoactive beverage Ayahuasca in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 154 (1): 85-95. 2001b.
- ↑ RIBA, J., ANDERER, P., MORTE, A., URBANO, G., JANE, F., SALETU, B. & BARBANOJ, M.J. Topographic pharmaco–EEG mapping of the effects of the South American beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 53 (6): 613-628. 2002a.
- ↑ RIBA, J., RODRIGUEZ–FORNELLS, A., & BARBANOJ, M.J. Effects of ayahuasca sensory and sensorimotor gating in humans as measured by P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, respectively. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 165 (1): 18-28. 2002b.
- ↑ RIBA, J., VALLE, M., URBANO, G., YRITIA, M., MORTE, A. & BARBANOJ, M.J. Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 306 (1): 73-83. 2003.
- ↑ RIBA, J., ANDERER, P., JANÉ, F., SALETU, B. & BARBANOJ, M.J. Effects of the South American psychoactive beverage Ayahuasca on regional brain electrical activity in humans: a functional neuroimaging study using low–resolution electromagnetic tomography. Neuropsychobiology, 50 (1): 89-101. 2004.
- ↑ RIBA, J., ROMERO, S., GRASA, E., MENA, E., CARRIÓ, I. & BARBANOJ, M.J. Increased frontal and paralimbic activation following ayahuasca, the pan-amazonian inebriant. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 186 (1): 93-98. 2006.
- ↑ SANTOS, R.G., MORAES, C.C. & HOLANDA, A. Ayahuasca e redução do uso abusivo de psicoativos: eficácia terapêutica? Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 22 (3): 363-370. 2006.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-37722006000300014&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=pt.
- ↑ SANTOS, R.G. AYAHUASCA: Neuroquímica e Farmacologia. SMAD - Revista Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool e Drogas, 3 (1). 2007. http://pepsic.bvs-psi.org.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-69762007000100007&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt.
- ↑ SANTOS, R.G., LANDEIRA-FERNANDEZ, J., STRASSMAN, R.J., MOTTA, V. & CRUZ, A.P.M. Effects of ayahuasca on psychometric measures of anxiety, panic-like and hopelessness in Santo Daime members. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 112 (3): 507-513. 2007.http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/2007/2007_Santos_22932_1.pdf.
- ↑ SANTOS, R.G. & STRASSMAN, R.J. Ayahuasca and Psychosis (eLetter). British Journal of Psychiatry (online), 3 December 2008.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/eletters/190/1/81-a#22556.
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Ayahuasca. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.


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Wednesday, March 07, 2007
The regular release of scores from the National Assessment of Educational Progress ("the nation's report card") is always a sobering experience. I don't like to be alarmist, but inevitably, it's a cause for some national self-flagellation.
The 2005 12th grade math scores are no exception. While tests given to 4th and 8th graders suffer from a certain reality that pretty much everyone attends these grades, by 12th grade, many people who have no interest in learning have removed themselves from school. Those remaining should skew toward the reasonably advanced. Indeed, the majority of high school graduates intend to go on to additional education.
Unfortunately, they don't seem to be learning the basic math skills that further education should require. Check out the sample 12th grade NAEP math questions here. The first is a very simple multiple choice geometry question; 73% of students got it right. The second is a simple algebra question that requires you to cough up an answer; only 23% of students got it right. Many students take algebra before geometry, so it seems odd at first glance that the geometry question was easier for people than the algebra one. But I think there's an unfortunate dynamic going on here that doesn't indicate good things for the rigor of most kids' curriculum.
The first geometry answer could likely be deduced through some real world observations (answer A isn't right since the second angle looks bigger than the first angle... and if you've ever doodled shapes inside a protractor in class, you might know a straight line totals 180 degrees). Children see streets in real life, too, so there's less of an eyes-glazed-over response to the question. Plus, it's multiple choice. You might give it a shot. The second question, though, with its f(x) and f(g(x)) language, doesn't feature a lot of real world reference points. Answering it requires a confidence gleaned from having taken and understood algebra. It is a pure content question, measuring content mastery. And unfortunately, three-quarters of high school seniors seem to lack that.
It goes without saying that children who can't do algebra will have an awfully hard time succeeding in college-level math. And a great number of jobs -- particularly fast-growing, high-paying ones -- will require some college-level math. U.S. schools do not seem to be preparing the majority of high school seniors for these career paths. But hey, at least the kids' grades are good. A report on high school transcripts, released about the same time as the NAEP scores, shows that students now average a 2.98 GPA in high school, higher than in previous years. Too bad their NAEP scores don't show a similar rise.
3 comments:
So then who is a fault her?. Since there is obviously a problem here, what steps are being taken to solve it if any?
If the majority of the students taking this test are of a reasonably advanced level, and they are still preforming below average on the tests, then I would reason that there is some problem in the school system.
However, I am loath to rely completely on tests. Often they present a skewed view of the student population. Though it remains to be seen whether the test was skewed in a good way or a bad way.
"However, I am loath to rely completely on tests."
This is a common cry from those in education, but the question is what other information is so important that it makes flunking these simples tests OK?
There is another problem here too. Our state tests are designed and calibrated by the same people who push the fuzzy math in schools. Often, these tests are filled with fuzzy, real-world problems that don't test for mastery of the basic of content and skills required for college math. In spite of their control over the curricula and tests, the questions are really not difficult by any standard. So, here we have an educational system that defines math the way it wants (some say they hijacked math), creates the tests, and defines the proficiency cut-offs, and they still can't get the job done.
Many argue about how lower school math programs teach things like the lattice method for multiplication and avoid the traditional long division technique. This is only a symptom of the problem. You begin to see the real problem when kids are supposed to be learning about manipulating fractions. Everyday Math tells teachers (in fifth grade) that learning how to divide fractions is not so important because it is rarely used by adults. Of course, this attitude virtually guarantees that the kids will not need it as adults.
The reason 12th graders are so bad in math starts back in Kindergarten. By the time kids get to high school, the die has been cast. They are put on either the honors or AP math track of real math (only there because they are really smart and/or they get help outside the school) or they get put into the real world check-book math classes. They don't get real math at a slower pace, they get pretend math.
It's a philosophical problem. In the lower grades, they are not big on mastery of content and skills. Everything is about the process of learning, which usually involves a lot of mixed-ability group learning. This is very wasteful of time with little emphasis on mastery of content and skills. I naively told my son's first grade teacher that he loved geography, knew all of the state capitals, and could find any country in the world, even East Timor. She said that "Yes, he has a lot of superficial knowledge." I call it foundational knowledge. Ironically, later that year, my son had to show the student teacher where Kuwait was on the map during a thematic unit on Sands From Around the World. So much for thematic learning.
Many problems in education surface in high school, but the problems (philosophical and competence) start in Kindergarten.
"They are put on either the honors or AP math track of real math (only there because they are really smart and/or they get help outside the school) or they get put into the real world check-book math classes. They don't get real math at a slower pace, they get pretend math."
Having taught physics at one of our nation's premier universities, I can assure you that most get "pretend math" irrespective of what track they find themselves on. I've lost count of the times I've been floored by students' general lack of knowledge of basic geometry, algebra, trigonometry, even the concept of imaginary number. And this wasn't even "physics for the numeracy challenged," but rather calculus-based (hah!) courses for future scientists and engineers.
The last time I taught, in my first lecture I gave a spot quiz on basic mathematics required for the course. I said "if you don't ace this, you don't belong here." Needless to say, over half failed. I quit teaching after that quarter, tenure be damned. Talk about a waste of my time.
I agree it's a philosophical problem, but not in the same sense as the prior poster. The problem is that we cannot bear to fail a student, so we lower standards of "success" to the point where every student succeeds. And every other student makes the honor roll. And every student is happy, right up until they become adults and have to face their own inadequacies stemming from marking time in 13 years of pep rallies and popularity contests, classrooms taught by burned out "woulda-never-beens". Heaven knows it's better to guard chidren's precious self esteem than to give them honest feedback on how good they really are doing to maybe motivate one or two to higher levels of discipline and competency. Or even worry their parents that little marginally literate Johny won't get through a 4-yr. college. No wonder democratic process is failing in the U.S.
Your child's teacher should be fired for gross incompetence. In a heartbeat I'd vote to increase taxes to, say, double teacher and administrator salaries while instituting genuine certification requirements for same, not the watered down diploma in touchy-feeliness that passes for an education degree. Engineers, lawyers, physicians, they all require hard-nosed testing. Real professions with competency standards beyond 4-yr certificate of attendance at a local teaching school. Why not do the same for those who purport to educate our youth?


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All of these engagement rings feature elsewhere on our site, but we have collected them together in this single section for your convenience as we know how popular silver wedding and engagement sets are becoming. By grouping the rings together, you are saving money from having to buy them individually. We have reduced the prices for multiple purchases, and if you are considering three rings, for example, the third ring for his wedding ring, then we may be able to offer you a further discount, so please do feel free to contact us as special discounts may be available!
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|Home > Liezl
♀ Liezl
What does Liezl mean?
Liezl [lie-zl] as a name for girls means "God is my oath". Liezl is an alternate spelling of Liesl (German, Hebrew): pet form of Elizabeth.
ASSOCIATED WITH oath
ALTERNATIVE FORMS VIA LIESL Liesa, Liese, Liesel, Liezel, LislCREATIVE FORMS
(female) Lezl, Llezl, ..
(male) Liele, Lieli, .. MIDDLE NAME PAIRINGS
Liezl Mabel (L.M.), ..
How popular is Liezl?
Liezl is an uncommonly occurring first name for women. Liezl is an equally uncommon surname for all people. (2000 U.S. CENSUS)
Which version is better?with its source form and related girl names. Liesl is the only prominent variation form of Liezl (NOT RANKED) ranked in the Top 2000. Adoption of this relation of Liezl was more pronounced among parents in the 1960s (#1927). (2015 BIRTH STATISTICS)
Similar NamesSuggested similar names are Lael, Leeza, Lies, Lil, Linell, Linzi, Linzy, Lisel, Liz▼, Liza▼, Lize, Lizy, Lizz, Lizzi and Lizzy. These names tend to be more frequently used than Liezl.See names in meaning and etymology.


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Hey Guys, Follow me on facebook. Just click the link below.
Much Love -Erika
Food for Thought… Everybody learns to speak as they mimic sounds around them and 80% if communication is non verbal. So how did sounds and meaning become linked? Are we as humans just 'wired' and drawn towards the auditory? Is being drawn to sound and music an intrinsic aspect of being human just as learning how to communicate through sounds?? Is there a society in the world where hearing humans do not have a form of communication that involves sounds?
Philosopher Schopenhauer stated that music, of all the art forms is the highest and purest due to its ability to connect with human emotion. He was speaking specifically about the works of Richard Wagner .
However I would add to that music, more so than the other art forms, most fundamentally mimics the most basic elements of our universe. Like in music, nothing is complete chaos. Everything is linked under a universal harmony of intervals and how each group of (musical) patterns is interrelated and to the universal whole (just like in tonality).
So Real is a track that was very much written in pieces. It was begun in Bangkok but finally came together in my home studio this year.
It is about making proper life choices and owning up to decisions that have been made that did not work out for the best.
I hope you enjoy!
Much love and thanks for the support, Keep it "Real" -Erika
Hey Guys, Thanks so much for listening! This new song 'Crush' was written when I was studding in Paris and it goes out to all those guys who have caught my eye but I have never had the guts to tell.
I hope you enjoy it as much as I enjoyed recording it for you.
Best, -Erika Leydig


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Zircon Snapback Cap by NEFF
Posted by David, November 28th, 2014 11:11 am under Snapback
Posted by David, November 28th, 2014 11:11 am under Snapback
Want to stand out from the crowd by wearing a unique hat? Then a crazy pattern might just be the one you're looking for. And NEFF knows crazy, as manifested by their Zircon snapback cap. They came up with a distinct elongated diamond pattern for the cotton/spandex material that they used. Neff produced this design in black/white and blue variations. At the front panel is a white woven label. Perfect for cruising on your board, heading out to your local surf spot, or chilling with your friends. The Zircon is available for $24 each at www.neffheadwear.com.


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Data migrations and system upgrades usually require at least some downtime. In fact, 81% of companies schedule migrations overnight or on weekends when fewer people are working, and fewer customers can potentially be disrupted by downtime. Particularly in this era of 24/7 online ecommerce, some degree of business risk always accompanies downtime.
With all the attention being paid to mobile commerce, wearable technology and other cutting-edge developments in the world of retail IT, the in-store POS terminal is sometimes taken for granted. However, employing a rugged, durable POS terminal that can withstand the rigors of the modern retail environment can have a major impact on in-store customer experience and sales.
Frenzied shopping trips, unexpected visitors and gift-wrap paper cuts -- I bet you thought consumers were the only ones suffering during the holidays.


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Les Miles defended his offensive line and said freshman quarterback Brandon Harris earned more playing time with his play in the loss against Mississippi State.
In his weekly meeting with reporters on Monday, Miles discussed and was asked, at length, about the Tigers' 34-29 loss to the Bulldogs. He touched on other notes, too.
- QB Anthony Jennings is practicing and is "at full strength," Miles said. Jennings suffered a left shoulder injury in the second quarter. He grimaced multiple times while walking the sideline. He appeared to reinjure the shoulder on his last snap, a sack on the goal line.
- Starting DT Quentin Thomas is out "a week or two," Miles said, with a left arm injury. He's playing with a torn biceps in his right arm. Freshman Davon Godchaux would be expected to get the start for Thomas.
- Miles' offensive line has been criticized this season and struggled against the Bulldogs, but the coach said the line isn't the unit to blame. "I cannot say it's the offensive line," the coach said. "We need to make collective adjustments." Miles said he watched film and that both tackles played "dominant" and that the center and guards had "good play."
- Miles, as he did after Saturday's game, said Harris deserves more playing time after his performance in the loss to Mississippi State. Harris entered with less than four minutes left Satuday, completing 6-of-9 passes for 140 yards and two scores. "He earns more playing time without question. He deserves more consideration at quarterback. He makes a case for Brandon Harris at quarterback," Miles said.
- It does appear that LSU's quarterback competition has been re-ignited. Miles said the battle needs to "play out." Miles said Harris would have entered the game even if Jennings didn't get hurt in the final minutes.
- Miles said LSU has sent video of Mississippi State center Dillon Day stomping on LSU players to the Southeastern Conference. "Certainly the conference will do the right thing," the coach said. Video shows Day stomping on the stomach of Godchaux and the leg of cornerback Rashard Robinson. Mississippi State suspended Day for the first half of its game against Troy last September after Day received a personal foul for stepping on an Auburn player the week before. Day tweeted a letter to Mississippi State fans regarding the stomping accusations. He said he was "wrongfully accused."
- Ethan Pocic is expected to start again at right guard, Miles suggested Monday. He started in place of Hoko Fanaika against Mississippi State. Fanaika replaced Pocic for at least two drives in the fourth quarter.
- Asked about lining up in the I-formation with dual-threat quarterbacks, Miles said there is a plan to run a "gun-run" with the QBs. He was referring to the shotgun.
- Several of Mississippi State's big offensive plays came because of communication issues with defensive calls, Miles said. "Not missed assignment. In the wrong spot. I believe John Chavis will make the adjustment," the coach said.
Follow Ross Dellenger on Twitter @DellengerAdv. For more coverage of LSU football, follow our Tiger Tracks blog.


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A 36-YEAR-OLD Barrow man has been arrested in connection with an alleged burglary from a house in Leece, near Ulverston overnight (June 28).
Police have said there was an altercation in the area between a group of people between midnight and 1am.
Anyone with information about the disturbance, and who knows who may have been involved, is asked to contact Cumbria Police on 101 and ask to speak to Barrow CID.


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California Employment Law
Have California Employment Law Questions? Ask a Lawyer.
Thank you for your prompt response. It appears that the DFEH is the answer to the issue. At first the group was thinking about resorting to hiring a Lawyer to represent the group. With your response, there is a better to direction on how to approach the problem. Thanks and greatly appreciate the response.


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Gift Premium Subscription To PoofNoEyebrows
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Posted in thread: M70 Fixed Stock on 02-25-2010 at 02:07 PM
Thanks for the idea. I did check out the site, but unfortunately these rifles are an AK variant
much different then a traditional style rifle.
Posted in thread: National Association for Gun Rights on 02-23-2010 at 03:32 PM
I had never heard of NAGR until a few weeks ago when I started receiving weekly emails from
them. Although I agree with some of their tenets, I can't get behind some of the "strong-arm"
tactics that s...
Posted in thread: 80% receiver questions on 02-17-2010 at 04:06 PM
They make a jig that will hold the lower in place for you and will give you guide holes to run
your drill press. The problem(s) are1. The tight tolerance for an AR. 2. Regular drill bits do
not make a...
Posted in thread: M70 Fixed Stock on 02-16-2010 at 04:20 PM
I was wondering if any one knew if a milled receiver butt stock would fit a Yugo, or at least
could be made to mate up with the rear trunnion. I have three of these guys in bad need of some
new furnit...
Posted in thread: Mounting Bipod on 08-17-2009 at 06:11 PM
From your pictures it looks like you are missing something that perhaps clamps to your barrel.
Posted in thread: reloading stuff on 08-07-2009 at 05:41 PM
Try Midway.
Posted in thread: How valuable is the ability to reload ammo to you? on 05-26-2009 at 06:47 PM
If anything i personally find it relaxing.
Posted in thread: Hows about some rimfire fun shooting matches? on 05-14-2009 at 04:00 AM
I'm in. I'll use my wife's 10/22 w/ iron sights.
Posted in thread: favorite summertime recipies on 05-11-2009 at 10:02 PM
I've heard of using Coke for carnitas, but never asada. I'm gonna have to try this.
Posted in thread: 15% reduction on .223 load? on 05-11-2009 at 02:38 AM
Yeah I have H4895 and i really liked the performance. The problem is I m sitting on 10 pounds
of 748 right now. I do have some H110, HS-6, Universal but I don't think these are suitable
especially the...