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The urban climate of Budapest: past, present and future
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1 Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 63 (1) (2014) DOI: /hungeobull The urban climate of Budapest: past, present and future Ferenc PROBÁLD 1 Abstract Since the groundbreaking survey of Budapest s urban climate in 1974, little has been done to reveal how the summer heat island of the city has changed. During the last couple of decades, the impact of the anthropogenic heat release due to the spectacular expansion of automobile traffic and the widespread use of air conditioners may have added an estimated C to the temperature surplus of the city. As an evidence of the large-scale climate change, the homogenized temperature record of Budapest shows a strongly growing frequency and persistence of severe heat waves plaguing city dwellers. Regional models predict rising temperatures with more pronounced summer warming until 2100 in the Carpathian Basin. Therefore, the cooler local climates of the Danube islands and the Budai Hills should be appreciated as valuable environmental assets to be saved by more reasonable land use policies and stricter property development regulations. Keywords: Budapest, urban climate, heat island, climate change, urban land use The background: physiography and structure of the city Budapest with its more than 1.7 million inhabitants is one of the largest and economically most dynamic cities in East Central Europe and stands out as the indisputable political, administrative and cultural centre of Hungary. It is situated on the banks of the Danube River, which crosses the city in a northsouth direction, and divides it into a western (Buda) and eastern (Pest) part. The eastern side is flat, and the unimpeded spread of the built-up area has resulted in a quite regular morphological pattern, which can easily be described by the well-known urban model of concentric zones. The city centre (CBD) is surrounded by a densely built-up inner residential belt consisting of mostly dilapidated housing stock from the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries interspersed with neighbourhoods at different stages of renewal. The transi- 1 Professor emeritus, Department. of Regional Science, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1112 Budapest, Pázmány P. sétány
2 tional zone embraces large derelict industrial areas: a rust belt at various stages of transition toward tertiary and residential functions, as well as some huge, monotonous housing estates with prefabricated high-rise buildings from the socialist era. In the outer residential belt of former suburbs, joined to the capital in 1950 giant housing estates also appear. This belt is dominated by detached family houses surrounded with small gardens. On the west (Buda) side of the Danube River the somewhat delayed development and the emerging irregular pattern of the city have been due to the complicated orography. The Budai Hills rise to an altitude of more than 500 m (that is about 400 m above the level of the Danube River). The hilltops and the upper parts of the slopes are still covered by recreational forests forming a protected area, while most of the slopes were built up during the last century with good quality 4 5-storey houses surrounded by more or less green areas. High-density residential areas and large housing estates barely appear on the slopes; they are mostly restricted to the foothills and the minor plains adjacent to the Danube River. Despite the heavy loss of vegetation due to extensive housing construction, the slopes of the Budai Hills are still sources of a frequently occurring night-time mountain breeze, which can mitigate the summer heat of the city by conveying cleaner and cooler air towards the densely built up areas. The tectonically preformed, NW SE directed valleys are in good accordance with the prevailing wind direction and they serve, together with the Danube valley, as natural ventilation channels. The relief and the morphology of the city result in a great complexity of local climates, where the characteristic features of an urban temperature regime can be best detected and studied on the flat, densely built up eastern part of Budapest. Climatological data: sources and constraints Systematic meteorological measurements started in 1779 in Buda which was the southeastern outpost of the observatory network organised by the Palatine Meteorological Society of Mannheim. Thus, by now we have air temperature measurement records embracing more than 230 years with reliable data, which were homogenised by the scientists of the National Meteorological Service in order to eliminate errors and minor alterations that could be ascribed to repeated relocations and changes in the instrumentation of the station, as well as to the growth of the surrounding city that had taken place in the meantime. These data were first thoroughly evaluated by Réthly, A. (1947) in a pioneering work, which provided a fine assessment of all major macro-climatic features of the capital city of Hungary. The first network for the purpose of measuring air pollution in Budapest was established by the National Institute for Public Health in The scope of its programme has been steadily broadened and its instrumentation improved sev- 70
3 eral times accordingly. At present the National Air Pollution Monitoring Network operates stations equipped with automatic instruments at 12 points of Budapest, complemented by manual sampling at regular intervals on 15 additional sites. The task of the network comprises monitoring the concentration of SO 2, NO 2, NO X, CO, ozone and particulate matter, thus providing an overall perspective on the actual and average state of ambient air quality in different parts of the city. In the 20 th century regular meteorological observations and instrumental measurements were started and continued for a shorter or longer period at 24 different sites within the present borders of Budapest. The data obtained at these stations could be used to throw light on local differences in the climate of the city. However, among these stations only one was located in the proper core of the city, within the large, grass-covered courtyard of the City Council Building (Madách Square). Measurements at this site were performed between 1965 and 1969, thus providing a database appropriate to reveal the properties of urban climate and to compare these with the natural background climate represented by the Pestlőrinc Observatory of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, located at the remote South-Eastern rim of the old suburban belt. By taking advantage of all the available, mostly unpublished datasets of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, the local differences and the particular urban features of the climate were first described and analysed in Budapest by Probáld, F. (1974). Owing to financial difficulties the scope of meteorological measurements in Budapest has witnessed a sharp reduction since 1970 with only four stations remaining from the former network, none in the city centre. Hence, urban climate research has practically been abandoned in Budapest except for some attempts to utilise satellite imagery for studying the heat island (Bartholy, J. et al. 2005). Satellite measurements, however, cannot produce continuous data records and they provide information merely about the temperature of the surface instead of the ambient air at a height of 2 m. Since these figures can be quite different from each other, remote sensing is not a feasible substitute for field observations. Therefore, in describing the intensity and temporal changes of the urban heat island in the next section, we have to rely on the hourly breakdown of thermograph records taken in the 1960s at the station located in the city centre and from the Pestlőrinc Observatory. Nevertheless, recent changes in the macro-scale climate of Budapest allow us to draw some conclusions concerning the actual state and the future of the urban environment, too. The heat island of Budapest in retrospect Ever since its first scientific demonstration by L. Howard in London in the early 19 th century, the urban heat island has received keen attention from cli- 71
4 matologists realising the significance of this phenomenon from both theoretical and practical points of view. The spatial pattern and temporal changes of the heat island are determined by a great variety of factors, such as location, background climate and weather conditions, size of the city, the fabric of roads, buildings, parks, and their geographical distribution over the urbanized area. Consequently, the thermal regime of each city is more or less unique, thus it deserves careful study. In Budapest, key features of the heat island, represented by the temperature surplus of the urban core compared to surrounding areas, can be summarised as follows. The annual mean temperature in Budapest downtown is 1.2 C higher than outside the city. The annual cycle of urban-rural temperature difference reaches a peak in January (1.5 C) and a second one in July (1.3 C). March, which is usually quite windy and cloudy, is characterised by a minimum in the temperature surplus of the city (1.0 C). By establishing the monthly means of its components, early enquiries about the surface energy balance in Budapest revealed the physical background of the urban heat island (Probáld, F. 1971). The summer warming of the city can be explained mainly by a higher direct turbulent heat transfer to the air, which is due to the decrease in evaporation and, consequently, in latent heat transfer as well. In winter the heat released by human activities can be regarded as the key factor shaping the temperature difference between the city and its surroundings. While city dwellers are certainly not displeased with a warmer environment in winter, they may feel quite different in the hot season when human comfort is adversely influenced by the diurnal variation of heat island intensity. The rugged urban surface made up of massive concrete and stone structures is able to absorb large amounts of solar radiation during the day, store this energy and release it to the atmosphere at night. This process leads to a substantial delay of the diurnal temperature cycle and results in a characteristic variation in the intensity of the urban heat island: the minimum difference in urban-rural temperatures is observed late in the morning and the peak of about 2 C in the evening, a difference that remains for most of the night (Figure 1). For the same reasons, similar daily temperature regimes were detected by measurements performed in other cities, too. Fig. 1. Diurnal cycle of the difference in temperature between the downtown (City Council) and suburban outskirts (Pestlőrinc) in July ( ). Source: Probáld, F
5 Cloudy and windy weather conditions slightly weaken the urban heat island, whereas on clear, sunny days it gets stronger and the urban-rural temperature difference may exceed the average figures by several tenths of a degree with a tendency of further growth during periods of lasting heat waves. There are also remarkable micro-climatic differences within the densely built up area of the city. This has been demonstrated for example by measurements which were performed on three consecutive clear and hot days in July 1966 at a height of 2 metres above a safety island in the middle of Madách Square, located in downtown Budapest. The air of the large square lacking any greens and permanently exposed to sunshine was found to be warmer by roughly 1 C than the nearby grassy courtyard of the City Council throughout the afternoon and the evening. In comparison with rural areas the difference amounted to 3 C. The human comfort in such urban spaces is adversely affected, and the stress is increased also by thermal radiation emitted by the pavement and the walls of the buildings, which are even warmer than the adjacent air. The calm and clear anticyclonic weather, characteristic for lasting heat periods, is often coupled with the accumulation of various pollutants in the ambient air of the city. The bulk of these pollutants, such as NO 2, the wellknown precursor of ozone, as well as CO and particulate matter of various sizes come from heavy car traffic. Concentration of ozone exceeding the alert level in summer, similarly to dangerous levels of fine particulate matter in winter, occurred several times during the last couple of years. Heat alerts became even more frequent. The prospect: rising heat stress in the city After a steady decline for more than two decades, the population of Budapest today is not larger than it was fifty years ago. During its last period of growth in the 1970s and early 1980s, however, large housing estates were built in the former industrial and suburban belts of the city. These constructions certainly had some impact on the microclimate of their surroundings, but they could hardly bring about significant changes in the intensity and meso-scale pattern of the heat island. Meanwhile, the city witnessed the emergence of at least three new factors that are likely to affect the present and future features of the urban climate: the spread of vehicle traffic, the use of air conditioners and the impact of changes in the regional climate. Tremendous changes have taken place in the quality of the fuel used in the city, too. Until the early 1960s the heating of the dwellings were largely based on coal, which caused frequent winter smog due to the accumulation of sulphur dioxide and soot particles in the air. In the subsequent decade, however, coal burning was quickly and almost totally replaced by natural gas. 73
6 This was done for pure economic reasons, but as a favourable side effect, air quality greatly improved. Nevertheless, this success was largely offset by the spectacular expansion of automobile traffic over the last decades that probably peaked recently, at least in the inner city, where more measures have been implemented to reduce traffic congestion. Thus, transportation as a whole has become the major source of air pollution and it is heavily contributing to anthropogenic heat release concentrated along the main traffic routes. The last one or two decades have also witnessed the increased use of air conditioners in Budapest, responsible for a new summer peak of electricity consumption. This process is mainly due to technical development and higher living standards, but the urge to mitigate the indoor impact of the more frequently occurring heat waves cannot be disregarded either. At the same time, air conditioning systems produce a positive feedback that may strengthen the heat stress of outdoor urban climate, particularly on the hottest summer days and in the most densely built up areas. During the last couple of decades numerous attempts were made to quantify the anthropogenic heat emission of transportation and of the buildings in several cities (e.g. in Tokyo and Philadelphia). The methods and conclusions of these surveys have recently been reviewed by Sailor, D.J. (2011). According to the building model calculations of Seprődi-Egeresi, M. and Zöld, A. (2011), the summer daily heat output of the houses in the densely built up inner city of Budapest would amount to a territorial average of 45 W/m 2. Another starting point is offered by the electricity consumption data of the utility company MAVIR. The national consumption figures for the heat wave in June 2013 were higher by 20,000 MWh/day than on an average weekday in May. The difference can largely be attributed to the use of air conditioners. Since about 10% of the increase may appear in the inner city of Budapest (30 km 2 ), our estimate suggests a heat output amounting there to W/m 2 from this source alone. Both of the above estimates ignore, however, the heat emission of the traffic which falls in most cities considerably behind the energy consumption of the buildings (Sailor, D.J. 2011). Based on the inquiries in cities with a climate more or less similar to Budapest, we can assume that the combined meso-scale impact of the vehicle traffic and the air conditioning systems have resulted in an additional urban summer air temperature rise of C since the 1960s. Though this difference itself is certainly not negligible, the threat coming from recent changes in macro-scale climate and weather conditions put the issue of urban heat stress in an even more sinister perspective (Stone, B. 2012). These changes have manifested themselves in the growing frequency (Figure 2) and longer persistence (Figure 3) of heat waves (Vincze, E. et al. 2013). The figures reveal rather worrying trends in the homogenised temperature record of Budapest. However, the station of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, which is located on the Buda side in a densely built up neighbour- 74
7 Fig. 2. Annual number of days in heat periods (daily mean temperatures higher than 27 C on three consecutive days). Source: Vincze E., Lakatos, M. and Tóth Z Fig. 3. Persistence (in days) of the most lasting heat waves in the given years (daily mean above 27 C) Source: Vincze, E., Lakatos, M. and Tóth, Z hood, shows about 0.5 C lower temperature than the city centre. The daily mean exceeding here 27 C on three consecutive days indicates the threshold of the most serious 3 rd grade heat alert in the city. According to the most likely scenarios of regional model estimates, temperatures in the Carpathian Basin are bound to rise in accordance with the medium projection of the IPCC (2007). However, warming will be more distinct in the summer with an expected temperature increase of at least 4 C until against the reference period at the end of the 20 th century (Bartholy, J. et al. 2007, 2011). This change will be coupled with a dramatic increase in the 75
8 frequency of heat waves. The annual number of hot days (t max 30 C) will triple during the 21 st century, thus getting days higher than the average of 18 days registered in the last 30 years of the millennium. (Bartholy, J. et al. 2011; Vincze, E. and Szépszó, G. 2012). These are merely average figures, which do not take into account the additional warming effect of the city. Climatic assets to be saved It is hard to admit, but except for some measures with micro-scale impacts only, in a city with an inherited rigid structure like Budapest, precious little can be done to change the general characteristics of urban climate in order to cope with the trend of global warming and to relieve the growing thermal stress that people will suffer from in summer. Therefore, one has to pay special attention to those areas where natural conditions are more or less able to counterbalance the discomfort caused by the typical urban climate. Within the confines of Budapest one can find two areas with particularly favourable atmospheric conditions, namely the banks and small islands of the Danube River and the Budai Hills with their great variety of microclimates. The remarkable differences compared to the downtown were reflected even by monthly mean temperatures in the 1960s (Table 1) and they must have substantially grown since that time. Table 1. Deviations of the monthly mean temperatures between 1954 and 1968 on Szabadság Hill* and Margaret Island** from those of the city centre/city Council*** in 0 C Site April May June July August September Year Margaret Island Szabadság Hill Height: *470 m a.s.l., **103 m a.s.l., ***105 m a.s.l. Source: Probáld, F In calm, sunny anticyclonic weather one can measure afternoon and evening temperature differences between Margaret Island and large downtown squares more than 2 times higher than monthly means (Figure 4). Fig. 4. Diurnal change of the air temperature on the safety island of Madách Square (1), and the park of Margaret Island (2); average of field measurements on three consecutive summer days in Source: Probáld, F
9 Under similar conditions surface temperature differences reaching 8 10 C between the downtown and Margaret Island as well as between the downtown and the Budai Hills are quite usual as it has been demonstrated by satellite measurements (Bartholy, J. et al. 2005). This is of course also linked with less frequency and shorter persistence of heat periods when daily peaks exceed 30 C and night-time lows are higher than 20 C. Thus, the population dwelling in the hilly districts of Buda suffers much less from summer heat, while it can enjoy more sunshine and snow in winter. Due to prevailing west winds, the air is much cleaner on the Buda side, and severe air pollution is restricted to the key traffic routes that follow the main valleys. There is abundant evidence provided by recent polls and actual real estate prices that districts in Buda have the highest prestige and stand out among the favourite target locations of those intending to move, while there are only few people willing to leave Buda for the sake of a new dwelling in Pest. The equally easy access to nature and to the city centre, the various amenities provided by the Budai Hills are remarkable assets for the Hungarian capital even in the international competition of cities, since supply of quality dwellings and environmental issues rank high among the priorities of postmodern societies. Regrettably enough, the development of land use during the second half of the 20 th century largely disregarded the limited extent and particular value of the natural endowment of this area. The orchards, vineyards and nice gardens of the 19 th century have receded and the rest of the forests have been encroached upon by construction with functions that simply do not fit to this environment, but are now difficult to remove. In the 1970s and 1980s large prefabricated housing estates appeared and high-rise buildings were erected on the slopes. As most obvious examples of the misuse of environmental assets, military barracks, institutions of higher education and training of the police and the army, as well as nuclear research facilities still occupy considerable areas in the Budai Hills, which should have been saved for more reasonable purposes. From the islands of the Danube River, Margaret Island with an area of 96.5 hectares is the closest to the city centre. The whole island is a beautiful park suitable for walking, jogging, and other leisure time activities. Beyond several sports facilities one can also find a wellness hotel there taking advantage of the thermal water from local wells for medical purposes. Thus, the island has become a favourite public place and its amenities are properly utilised, sometimes even crowded with a great number of visitors. While Margaret Island is threatened by eventual overuse, the advantages offered by two similar islands situated a bit further northwards (Óbuda Island, Nép Island) seem to be located almost idle in lack of reasonable management and development strategies which would serve public interests. This can be most 77
10 clearly exemplified by the southern half of Óbuda Island, which has been sold to a foreign-owned development company wanting to build there a high-rise hotel, casinos and a large-scale entertainment centre. This highly controversial project, however, has been pending for about ten years already. The banks of the main branch of the Danube River have a total length of 58 km within the confines of Budapest. In a survey conducted in 2007 by using both field trips and aerial photos we have found that the total length of densely built up areas amounted to 18.6 km (Izsák, É., Probáld, F. and Uzzoli, A. 2008). The embankments serve here as the main N S directed arterial traffic roads and they are bordered by a dense row of tall buildings that blocks any air exchange between the water surface and the nearby streets. Opening direct access to the cool and nice riverside for pedestrians has been envisaged several times, but the problem is still to be solved. Derelict and entirely abandoned industrial establishments of the brownfield belt occupy 16 km (27.6%) of the banks, while sections of altogether 12.4 km (21.4%) length seem to be void of any reasonable human use, though even here the willow and poplar groves of the floodplain fulfil a valuable ecological function as wildlife corridors. At some places on Csepel Island the potential use of the riverside is restricted because of the vicinity of wells providing piped water for the city. In most cases, however, the key obstacle of utilisation is the lack of flood control levees or the heavy pollution of the soil. To overcome these difficulties considerable investments would be required from property developers. Nevertheless, the brownfield belt and other idle sections of the riverside still offer great perspectives for future development. At the turn of the century the opportunities of profitable investments also aroused the interest of some large foreign-owned real estate companies, which started to construct gated communities with luxury apartment houses at the river, taking advantage of the favourable environment and the magnificent vista to be enjoyed at the sites selected for development. However, the drive to make as much profit as possible is manifested in the extreme density of buildings, the shortage of greens, and sometimes the quite dull architecture of these projects (Kauko, T. 2012). The realization of further grandiose development plans were brought to a temporary halt in 2008 by the economic crisis and its disastrous impact on the real estate market. Conclusion Metropolitan growth and climate change have brought about new global ecologic conditions (Sassen, S. 2013). Thus, monitoring future changes in urban climate and adaptation to the trends has become more necessary than ever. 78
11 Much more responsibility would be required also in preparing decisions with regard to the values of environment. In Budapest the ultra-liberal mayor and council leading the city between 1990 and 2010 adopted a laissez-faire attitude, thus allowing private development companies to get through their interests at the expense of those of the whole urban community. In order to save the environmental assets of Budapest and to achieve a turn toward sustainability, reasonable property development, better governance, comprehensive planning, appropriate regulation measures as well as their rigorous implementation are needed. REFERENCES Bartholy, J., Bozó, L. and Haszpra, L. eds Klímaváltozás. Klímaszcenáriók a Kárpátmedence térségére (Climate change. Scenarios for the Carpathian Basin). Budapest, MTA ELTE Meteorológiai Tanszék, 281 p. Bartholy, J., Dezső, Zs. and Pongrácz, R Satellite-based analysis of the urban heat island effect. Időjárás Bartholy, J., Pongrácz, R. and Gelybó, Gy Regional Climate Change expected in Hungary for Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 5. (1): IPCC 2007: Climate Change Synthesis Report. Geneva, IPCC. Izsák, É., Probáld, F. and Uzzoli, A Természeti adottságok és életminőség Budapesten (Natural endowments and quality of life in Budapest). Debrecen, IV. Magyar Földrajzi Konferencia, Kauko, T An Institutional Analysis of Property Development, Good Governance and Urban Sustainability. European Planning Studies 20. (12): MAVIR 2013: Retrieved on the Probáld, F The Energy Balance as the Basis of the Urban Climate of Budapest. Annales U. Sc. Eötvös Sectio Geographica VII Probáld, F Budapest városklímája (The urban climate of Budapest). Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 127 p. Réthly, A Budapest éghajlata (The climate of Budapest). Budapest, Rheuma- és Fürdőkutató Intézet, 147 p. Sailor, D.J A review of methods for estimating anthropogenic heat and moisture emissions in the urban environment. International Journal of Climatology Sassen, S Bridging the ecologies of cities and nature. Retrieved on Seprődi-Egeresi, M. and Zöld, A Buildings heat output and urban climate. Acta Climatologica and Chorologica Univ. Szegediensis Stone, B The City and the Coming Climate. Climate Change in the Cities we Live. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 198 p. Vincze, E. and Szépszó, G Az elmúlt nyár értékelése a mérési adatok és a jövőben várható változások tükrében (Evaluation of the measurement records of this summer and the changes expected to come in the future). Retrieved on Vincze, E., Lakatos, M. and Tóth, Z nyarának éghajlati áttekintése (Climatological overview of the summer 2013). klimabarat.hu/node/591. Retrieved on
12 Ukraine in Maps Edited by: Kocsis, K., Rudenko, L. and Schweitzer, F. Institute of Geography National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Geographical Research Institute Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Kyiv Budapest, 2008, 148 p. Since the disintegration of the USSR, the Western world has shown an ever-growing interest in Ukraine, its people and its economy. As the second-largest country in Europe, Ukraine has a strategic geographical position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia. It is a key country for the transit of energy resources from Russia and Central Asia to the European Union, which is one reason why Ukraine has become a priority partner in the neighbourhood policy of the EU. Ukraine has pursued a path towards the democratic consolidation of statehood, which encompasses vigorous economic changes, the development of institutions and integration into European and global political and economic structures. In a complex and controversial world, Ukraine is building collaboration with other countries upon the principles of mutual understanding and trust, and is establishing initiatives aimed at the creation of a system that bestows international security. This recognition has prompted the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv) and the Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Budapest) to initiate cooperation, and the volume entitled Ukraine in Maps is the outcome of their joint effort. The intention of this publication is to make available the results of research conducted by Ukrainian and Hungarian geographers, to the English-speaking public. This atlas follows in the footsteps of previous publications from the Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Similar to the work entitled South Eastern Europe in Maps (2005, 2007), it includes 64 maps, dozens of figures and tables accompanied by an explanatory text, written in a popular, scientific manner. The book is an attempt to outline the geographical setting and geopolitical context of Ukraine, as well as its history, natural environment, population, settlements and economy. The authors greatly hope that this joint venture will bring Ukraine closer to the reader and make this neighbouring country to the European Union more familiar, and consequently, more appealing Price: EUR Order: Geographical Institute RCAES HAS Library H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út
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text:
- The Dark Below is a indie,puzzle-platformer,horror type game that was released on August 12 for PS4,Xbox One,Wii U albeit heavily censored and 3DS along with a scheduled IPad/Tablet Port that will be more of a spinoff than main storyline title. It was devolped by Hunter Interactive and Published by NecroGames.
- In 1842,A Young girl by the name of Daniella was tried for witchcraft ergo her punishment was simple,drowning. As she was lead by stocks to hang in the water. She was terrified to face the predators and utter isolation of the ocean. A Miracle then happened which let her see and breathe in the ocean which let her survive. She then headed through the ocean to meet a ancient crab teacher so she could fight and defeat those predators. After taking a shortcut through a drowned orphanage which was terrifying she then met with her sister.
- Soon Her sister Alicia fights her before Daniella causes her to snap back to normal via fighting. Soon they continue forward through the dangerous murky Octopus Caverns and finally go through the Dark Depths to fight her last enemy,a giant anglerfish. Afterwards the entire depths started crumbling around Daniella so she dragged herself and her unconscious sister to depths before going into hiding in another town in England.
- Gameplay is heavily influenced by Limbo only this time you can see the protagonists face and body. Daniella has to solve puzzles,platform her way to survival,avoid death and try to get to higher area's with either a shark or a stingray. There also are item's to collect such as pearls or oysters which let's you gain new items/access to new areas.
- There was a brief controversy because a youtube video of the game caused some feminists to become angry. It showed a fat flat fish probably hump/rape Daniella to death. This caused the game to get an AO Rating so Hunter Interactive had to remove that death in particular along with the clamp death which was considered too disturbing and gross. Afterwards the game was given it's planned T Rating for Blood,Strong Violence and Disturbing Themes.
- This game is rated T for Strong Violence,Blood and Disturbing Scenes. It is rated Cero C in Japan and Pegi 16 in other territories with the same content descriptors as the ESRB Rating.
TV Miniseries
- It has been confirmed that Syfy will run a five part miniseries based on this game on particular due to it's strong story and plot.
- The game is well known for 142 Deaths In-Game. This is a slightly higher number then the ones in Limbo.
- This game is inspired by 2D/2.5D Platformers like Klonoa,Oddworld due to the puzzles,Mario,Spider The Videogame an obscure PlayStation platformer starring a cyborg spider,Where the dead go to die a popular original horror title on this wiki which I took influence from and Limbo due to it's dark,depressing and terrifying scenes and feelings.
- The Devolper stated this game wants to give you a unique feeling of fear,isolation and terror. He has confirmed the game will not have often jumpscares but one part from the dark depths where it's fitting,
- Some hackers found this cut song,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1LF8YjifOc,It was originally going to the multiplayer menu theme but it was considered ominous and terrifying so it will be saved for a dinosaur game.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Red Queen (Cousins' War #2) (edition 2012)
by Philippa Gregory
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The Red Queen by Philippa Gregory
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I find Margaret's story a little bit more hum drum than Elizabeth's. The story of the Cousin's War feels a little bit like reading the same story from two different points of view. I guess it just depends on which one you like better. Personally, I liked Elizabeth's. That is not to say that there's anything wrong with Margaret's. It's really a matter of taste. The writing was still excellent, and it was interesting to see the actual battle at the end, which had not been included in the first book.
I didn't enjoy this one as much as I was expecting.
Margaret Beaufort was just written so unappealing. I don't believe any person is that one dimensional. I get obsession, I get being religious, but she was written in such a way that that was the only two things she cared about - getting her son (who she really didn't even know) on the throne, and God.
Oh book, book, book, book... you were so very close to being 4 stars. It was bumped down to three though and by no real fault of the author.
I will start by saying I did enjoy this book. I finished it within 2 days and, as usual, I loved the descriptions of the world. I had a love hate relationship with Lord Stanley and I really enjoyed hearing about Jacquetta's daughters and what had become of them.
The book was an easy read and kept a good pace. There was only one point where I felt that it slowed down a bit and I had to force myself not to skim some pages.
I do believe that people were very bored back then. It seems like there was a constant back and forth on who should be king and that might have been avoided if people weren't as bored. I mean I could be wrong. There could still be battles between the nobles of England to take over the throne. That's pretty much what the book comes down to though. I'm king, no I'm king, no I'm king, and so on and so forth. I like the intrigue and I like reading how characters deal with it but if that's not your thing skip this book!
Now onto the reason I gave this 3 instead of 4 stars. The main character, I hated her so much... flames there were flames around my face. Seriously though, I am a tolerant person. I even found Lord Stanley awesomely conniving and I enjoyed his back handedness. He was probably my favorite character in fact. What I cannot tolerate is hypocrites and people who don't own up to their own mistakes/faults. Margaret was that to an extreme I have rarely seen in any character. She would constantly berate others for various "sins" and go on about how saintly she was and how she had the voice of God and the Virgin Mary on her side. She had an obsession with Joan of Arc but not for the right reasons or the reasons she tried to claim. She was obsessed with Joan of Arc because she wanted the recognition and the power. She speaks ill of others for being vain or greedy but she was the most power hungry character in the whole book. There was one point where I thought she would realize that she had sinned. I thought finally she realized she was vain and had done awful things not because her son on the throne was God's will but because it was hers. Alas, she immediately said that the only reason she was being punished for sin was because she made the mistake of associating with others who had sinned. Really!? Really lady!??
Basically what it comes down to is this book is a great read about an awful woman.
Margaret was not a likeable protagonist. I had just finished the White Princess and thought it would be interesting to see what a book about her mother-in-law would be like. The book was good,the character herself, not so much, although I am sure she was portrayed accurately. In her defense, she had a rough life.
This was surprisingly good. I didn't realize it was the second in a series, but I don't think I lost too much by not having read The White Queen first.
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Philippa Gregory Cousins' War Series Box set: Includes White Queen, Red Queen, Lady of the Rivers, and Kingmaker's Daughter by Philippa Gregory
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Married to a man twice her age, quickly widowed, and a mother at only fourteen, Margaret Beaufort is determined to turn her lonley life into a triumph. She sets her heart on putting her son on the throne of England regardless of the cost to herself, England, and even her son. Disregarding rival heirs and the overwhelming power of the York dynasty, she names him Henry, like the king; sends him into exile; and pledges him in marriage to her enemy Elizabeth of York's daughter. As the political tides constantly move and shift, Margaret charts her own way through another loveless marriage, treacherous alliances and secret plots, always with her ultimate goal before her.… (more)
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Download the Game Design and Indie Game Marketing Freebook 07/19/17GameDev.net and CRC Press have teamed up to bring a free ebook of content curated from top titles published by CRC Press. The freebook, Practices of Game Design & Indie Game Marketing, includes chapters from The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses, A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing, and An Architectural Approach to Level Design. The GameDev.net FreeBook is relevant to game designers, developers, and those interested in learning more about the challenges in game development. We know game development can be a tough discipline and business, so we picked several chapters from CRC Press titles that we thought would be of interest to you, the GameDev.net audience, in your journey to design, develop, and market your next game. The free ebook is available through CRC Press by clicking here. The Curated Books The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses, Second Edition, by Jesse Schell Presents 100+ sets of questions, or different lenses, for viewing a game's design, encompassing diverse fields such as psychology, architecture, music, film, software engineering, theme park design, mathematics, anthropology, and more. Written by one of the world's top game designers, this book describes the deepest and most fundamental principles of game design, demonstrating how tactics used in board, card, and athletic games also work in video games. It provides practical instruction on creating world-class games that will be played again and again. View it here. A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing, by Joel Dreskin Marketing is an essential but too frequently overlooked or minimized component of the release plan for indie games. A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing provides you with the tools needed to build visibility and sell your indie games. With special focus on those developers with small budgets and limited staff and resources, this book is packed with tangible recommendations and techniques that you can put to use immediately. As a seasoned professional of the indie game arena, author Joel Dreskin gives you insight into practical, real-world experiences of marketing numerous successful games and also provides stories of the failures. View it here. An Architectural Approach to Level Design This is one of the first books to integrate architectural and spatial design theory with the field of level design. The book presents architectural techniques and theories for level designers to use in their own work. It connects architecture and level design in different ways that address the practical elements of how designers construct space and the experiential elements of how and why humans interact with this space. Throughout the text, readers learn skills for spatial layout, evoking emotion through gamespaces, and creating better levels through architectural theory. View it here. Learn more and download the ebook by clicking here. Did you know? GameDev.net and CRC Press also recently teamed up to bring GDNet+ Members up to a 20% discount on all CRC Press books. Learn more about this and other benefits here.
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maya18222 posted a topic in Engines and MiddlewareI've been playing about with tortoise svn and have a few questions. In the case where I have created a trunk, and then copied that to a branch, modified some files in the trunk, and commited those trunk changes. Case 1: Step A) I merge from trunk to branch using "merge a range of revisions" with the "revision range to use" left blank, all goes well and I see the latest chnages from trunk in the branch, with the branch folder now having the red icon as expected. I then commit those changes in the branch and the branch icon turns green. Step B) Without modifying anything, I thought I'd see what happens if I try merging from trunk to branch again. I expected nothing to happen as no further changes have been made. Yet, merging from trunk to branch again with "merge a range of revisions" with the "revision range to use" left blank causes the branch icon to again turn red. I didn't expect this, as no files have been changed. If I right click the branch and view "check for modifications" I see that the folder has a "property change"? Case 2: If I do the exact same thing, but this time not leaving the "revision range to use" blank, but instead selecting the revisions where the files changed. Step A) gives the same results, but Step B) now works as I would expect, in that the branch remains with its green icon and there are no changes. Can someone explain the behaviour in the first case? secondly, if I'm wanting to periodcially merge from branch to trunk, should I be using "Merge a range of revisions" or "Reintegrate branch"?
maya18222 posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingIf I have a datatemplate that will end up using a scrollbar in one form or another, how can I retain the scrollbars position when the datacontext changes back and forth? I've read that you generally store the state of the UI in the ViewModel. This makes sense for things like selected item, or is expanded type states, but Im not sure how to apply it to the scrollbar state. As in general, the scrollbar will automatically appear disappear. Ive posted an example of what I mean below. When you select a tab and move the scrollbar, then select another tab and move its scrollbar. Upon returning to the first tab, the scrollbar has moved. I believe this is due to the View being shared, and so it retains the percentage scrolled from the previous view? <Window x:Class="WpfApplication13.MainWindow" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"> <TabControl ItemsSource="{Binding Data}"> <TabControl.ItemTemplate> <DataTemplate> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Count}"/> </DataTemplate> </TabControl.ItemTemplate> <TabControl.ContentTemplate> <DataTemplate> <ListBox ItemsSource="{Binding}"/> </DataTemplate> </TabControl.ContentTemplate> </TabControl> </Window> namespace WpfApplication13 { public partial class MainWindow : Window { public MainWindow() { InitializeComponent(); Data = new List<string[]>(); for (int i = 1; i < 10; ++i) { string[] strings = new string[i * 10]; for (int j = 0; j < i * 10; ++j) { strings[j] = new string('z', 100); } Data.Add(strings); } DataContext = this; } public List<string[]> Data { get; set; } } }
maya18222 replied to maya18222's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingThank you for the replies. Im actually trying to come up with a way of updating winForms controls in a wpf application at a rate of several hundred FPS. My first approach was just DispatcherTimer dt = new DispatcherTimer(); dt.Interval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1); dt.Tick += new EventHandler(OnProcessViewports); dt.Start(); which as mentioned, gives me arounf 60 FPS. Ive now tried Loaded += (s, a) => { BackgroundWorker bw = new BackgroundWorker(); bw.DoWork += (ss, aa) => { while (true) { Thread.Sleep(16); Dispatcher.Invoke(new EventHandler(OnProcessViewports), new object[] { null, null }); } }; bw.RunWorkerAsync(); }; This works, and gives me several hundred FPS (with a low sleep time), which is what I wanted. But, something odd is happeneing with the CPU usage. If I set the sleep time to about 16ms, then I get around ~55FPS, but, .. the CPU usage goes to about 20-30%. using the dispatch timer approach as coded above, I get 60 FPS, and around 2-3% CPU usage. Any ideas why this would be the case? Both versions run at around 60FPS, yet the 2nd approach uses a lot more CPU usage.
maya18222 posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingI'm trying to devise a way of a getting some kind of timer to signal an event in my WPF application with an interval of around 5ms. My attempts with using a DispatchTimer or a Timer and having the interval set to 1ms, lead to their "tick" events being triggered at only around 60 times a second, which isnt fast enough. Is there any way I can achieve something faster? either through some event mechanism or by any other means? I would like something similar to that of a win32 application, as shown below. int Application::run(){ while(msg.message != WM_QUIT) { if(PeekMessage( &msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE )) // If there are Window messages then process them. { TranslateMessage( &msg ); DispatchMessage( &msg ); } else // Otherwise, do my work { } return (int)msg.wParam;} I assume this is how WPF is doing it in the background with its Application.Run(Window()) method. Is there anyway of getting some kind of callback on that "else" branch?
maya18222 posted a topic in Math and PhysicsIs this possible? I tried it with the DX api math library and it doesnt work as expected, so is there anyway of adapting the creation of of the perspective matrix? The reason Im asking is because Im trying to draw lines that are drawn by transforming 3d points by a viewProj matrix, and then sending the XY values to a 2D line drawing library. This creates problems when one of the 3d points defining a line is behind the camera. I could solve this by "sliding" the vertices to clip with the view frustum in 3d space, but im hoping the above would be an easier approach. Im not using the depth either, so precision isnt a problem. Any ideas?
maya18222 posted a topic in Networking and MultiplayerIf I have 2 computers connected to the same router/switch, is it possible to write an application that can be running on both so that they can discover each other with only knowing a port number? I havent really done much socket programming, but from what Ive done you usually have the server listening for connections on some port and the client is able to connect to the server by knowing the ip of the server and the appropiate port to send the request to. How can I set it up so that clients can still connect to the server, .. but without knowing the servers IP? Would it be a case of just repeatedley sending requests to a range of address you know the server could be on? or is there a better way?
maya18222 posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingIf you were to use Datatemplates to separate UI from data, such as the following - [CODE] namespace WpfApplication1 { partial class Data { public string SomeData { get; set; } } public partial class MainWindow : Window { public MainWindow() { InitializeComponent(); Data d = new Data(); d.SomeData = "SomeValue"; Content = d; } } } //=============================== <ResourceDictionary xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApplication1" x:Class="WpfApplication1.Data"> <DataTemplate DataType="{x:Type local:Data}"> <Button Content="{Binding Path=SomeData}"/> </DataTemplate> </ResourceDictionary> [/CODE] How would you then handle events on that Data template? Say for example I wanted to perform some task on the SomeData property in response to the button being clicked.
maya18222 replied to maya18222's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingAh, I see. I didnt realise it was doing stuff behind the scenes like that.
maya18222 replied to maya18222's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingYes but both the ContentControl and the listbox are being bound to an ObservableCollection. All the ContentControl sees is the ObservableCollection. How is it somehow seeing the current item in the listbox/Selector/Items.
maya18222 posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingTaken from one of the MSDN examples : http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa970558.aspx I don't understand how the information in the lower three textboxes of the ContentControl stays synced up with the current selection in the list box. The binding for the ContentControl is bound to an ObservableCollection, which doesnt have any "CurrentItem" functionality. So what is the "IsSynchronizedWithCurrentItem" doing to make this all work?
maya18222 replied to maya18222's topic in Graphics and GPU Programmingso you're able to select a RTV or DSV, and still see the scene being constructed in those views as you flip through draw calls that render into those views? Are you also able to see the depth buffer? Edit - I've managed to view the depth buffer to some extent, by selected the DSV Tex2D resource, and then setting the Colour format to some kind of floating point format in the image properties window, ...but its still not really useable, as apparently all image editing is done in 8bits per channel, not floating point. [attachment=11300:Untitled.jpg]
maya18222 posted a topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingI was kinda hoping you could select the depth or colour target object as the current object, and then be able to see the each draw call being rendered onto the buffer as you click over drawcall commands. However, if I do this, I dont see anything, just the clear colour for the colour target, and the checkboard pattern for the depth target. Anyone got this to work?
maya18222 posted a topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingOne of my shaders wasn't producing the results I wanted and so I check it out with PIX and got underscores for some of the components. I assume this means that the data is invalid? nan? View and Proj are paramaters passed in through a cbuffer, and the data is definately ok on the C++ side, right before I update the the cbuffer. Any ideas? [attachment=11169:Untitled.jpg]
maya18222 replied to maya18222's topic in General and Gameplay Programming[quote name='TheTroll' timestamp='1345330418' post='4970941'] 1. In C# you don't. In general when you add a reference you add the debug version. When you are ready to release just include the release version. 2. The only real difference between the two is when in debug the optimizations are disabled. This makes it harder to debug. But you can include either one and they will both work. [/quote] But lets say you're working on a project with lots of references, and if as you say, you just set the debug references, but having to change these to the release versions each time you want to build a release version (which could be quite often, especially if you're keeping track on performance), is a real pain.
maya18222 posted a topic in General and Gameplay Programming1. How do you set your project to refer to different references based on the build mode? For example, how do I reference "Libs\someDebugLib.dll" in my debug build and "Libs\someReleaseLib.dll" in my release build 2. How come when using .net libraries you dont have to select debug or release versions? ... is the correct one being chosen under the hood? .. if so, how?


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As you might recall, a few months ago I sent out a call ("Collecting Sharing Information for Known Relationships") for information about the amount of DNA shared by people having a known genealogical relationship. I was hoping to get a better picture of the ranges of the amount of DNA shared by people in these relationships (through about the third cousin range). The incredibly generous genetic genealogy community responded by submitting data bout more than 6,000 relationships!
I posted information a few weeks ago ("Collecting Sharing Information for Known Relationships – Part II"), but today I have an update.
This data is shared under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC license. You are free to share and use the information for non-commercial purposes, as long as you give proper attribution and release anything you create under the same license.


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A former Progressive Conservative MP who opposed the Clarity Act and once described Stephen Harper as having "the charisma of a picnic table" will become the prime minister's new adviser on Quebec politics.
Andre Bachand, who has been Canada's UNESCO ambassador since 2009, has been hired to help Mr. Harper deal with a province that continues to challenge Tory strategists.
The move comes following heavy criticism in Quebec about another recent staff appointment in the Prime Minister's Office.
Last week's announcement that ex-journalist Angelo Persichilli would be Mr. Harper's new communications director sparked controversy when it was revealed he doesn't speak French.
His newspaper columns were also derided by some critics as being "anti-francophone."
A senior official in the PMO said Mr. Bachand's hiring had been "in the works for some time" and was unrelated to the controversy.
Mr. Persichilli's predecessor, Dimitri Soudas, had doubled as Harper's Quebec adviser. By creating a separate position for Mr. Bachand, the Tories are hoping to boost their fortunes in the province following last May's electoral meltdown.
There are now only five Conservative MPs from Quebec, four of whom have cabinet portfolios.
"He's someone whose voice carries in Quebec, who matters in Quebec and has stature in Quebec," the PMO official, who requested anonymity, said of Mr. Bachand.
"He is someone who has been elected for 18 years at various levels in Quebec, so he has a wealth of experience to draw from."
But in Mr. Bachand, the PMO also gets someone who has publicly disagreed with Mr. Harper in the past.
Mr. Bachand entered federal politics in 1997 as an MP for the Progressive Conservatives, then under Jean Charest's leadership.
When the old Tories merged with the Canadian Alliance in 2003 to become the Conservative Party of Canada, Mr. Bachand preferred to sit as a self-styled "independent Progressive Conservative."
So ill-at-ease was Mr. Bachand with Mr. Harper's policies that he compared the prime minister's personality to a picnic table – unfavourably – in a 2004 interview with Montreal La Presse.
"I am not a man of the right, Quebec is not a province that is to the right and I don't think the country is a country of the right," he said at the time.
Mr. Bachand recanted his views about Mr. Harper ahead of the 2008 federal election, in which he ran unsuccessfully as a Conservative candidate in eastern Quebec.
"He didn't see eye-to-eye with the prime minister when the two parties merged – he was quite vocal about that disagreement," the PMO source said.
"But he has since come to see that the prime minister is someone who keeps his word, certainly when it comes to Quebec."
Mr. Bachand's office in Paris said he would address the media "when he returns to Canada in a few weeks."
Unlike Mr. Persichilli, Mr. Bachand's baggage from careers past is in line with political attitudes in Quebec.
As an MP, he was adamantly opposed to the Clarity Act, the bill outlining the conditions for future referendums on independence.
Holding to the Progressive Conservative party line at the time, he pledged to repeal the act were his party ever to find itself in power.
"We will send a message to everybody: this country does not need such legislation," he told the House of Commons in March 2000.
The act was roundly denounced in Quebec when it passed, was opposed by the Bloc Quebecois and remains unpopular even now.
Mr. Bachand's views are coloured by a career working closely with Quebec politicians at all three levels of government.
Indeed, Mr. Charest thought highly enough of Mr. Bachand to appoint him as the province's representative in Ottawa, a position he held from 2004 to 2008.
In many ways, Mr. Bachand's policy positions reflect the overlapping priorities between Quebec and Ottawa.
He has, for instance, attacked Ottawa's encroachment on provincial jurisdictions, an issue the Harper Conservatives have long held close to their hearts.
Mr. Bachand is also a supporter of Canada's asbestos industry, which is routinely blasted by health professionals and international activists for shipping the material to developing countries.
Asbestos has been linked to types of lung cancer and various other illnesses. The Tories are the only federal party that supports the industry.
Apparently unaware of the irony, Mr. Bachand told the House in 2002 that the town of Asbestos was "breathing a little easier" following a temporary reopening of its mine.
His support is unsurprising given he was the mayor of Asbestos from 1986-1997.
The Canadian PressReport Typo/Error
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The White House is where the US President lives. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC, USA. The White House is impressive and was built at the start of the 19th Century in large gardens. Historic decisions good and bad have been taken in the famous Oval Office and historic meetings have happened in the White House and its gardens.
What else can you say about the official residence of the elected leader of the most powerful nation on Earth?geography-related article is a stub. You can help Liberapedia by expanding it.


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accountable care organization Archives
Banner and Aetna announce a joint venture
Aetna (NYSE: AET) and Banner Health teamed up and created a jointly owned health plan company, Banner | Aetna, that will focus on improving quality, affordability and the patient experience. The partnership will combine Banner's care management capabilities and high-quality facilities, providers and delivery system with Aetna's leading health plan expertise, cutting-edge analytics and health information technology.… Read More →
UnitedHealthcare, Banner Health Collaborate
Banner Health Network and UnitedHealthcare are launching an accountable care organization (ACO) initiative to provide improved care coordination and enhanced health services to nearly 50,000 UnitedHealthcare plan participants in the region. Banner Health Network's (BHN) partnership with UnitedHealthcare will help shift Arizona's health care system from one based on volume of care to one that… Read More →


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10885 Deerwood Court, Lowell 49331
See more homes for sale in Lowell, MI
This property has been Sold!
08/15/2016 at $145,000
Welcome home...this 5 bedroom home in the Quiet Area of East Gate will be perfect for you! The large 1 acre+ yard is sure to make you smile, the large mud room off from the garage with a LARGE storage closet is perfect for entertaining and everyday life! Do yourself a favor and check out this house....
Property Information
- Status
- Sold
- Address
- 10885 Deerwood Court
- City
- Lowell
- Zip
- 49331
- County
- Kent
- Township
- Lowell Twp
- Possession
- Close Plus 30 D
- Zoning
- Residental
- Total Finished SqFt
- 1,876
- Above Grade SqFt
- 1,376
- Garage
- 2.0
- Garage Desc.
- 2, Attached
- Water
- Public
- Sewer
- Septic System
- Year Built
- 1972
- Taxes
- $1,624
Rooms and Land
- MasterBedroom
- 1st Floor
- Bedroom2
- 1st Floor
- Bedroom3
- 2nd Floor
- Bedroom4
- 2nd Floor
- Bedroom5
- Lower Floor
- Bath
- 1st Floor
- Dining
- 1st Floor
- Kitchen
- 1st Floor
- Laundry
- Lower Floor
- Living
- 1st Floor
- Rec
- Lower Floor
- Basement
- Full Basement, Walk Out
- Cooling
- Central, Window Unit
- Heating
- Forced Air, Natural Gas
- Acreage
- 1.0
- Lot Dimensions
- 50.8x140.56x176.78x78.86x174.2
- Appliances
- Dishwasher, Range, Refrigerator
- Features
- Ceiling Fans, Garage Door Opener, Home Warranty, Laminate Floor, Wood Floor
- Exterior Materials
- Vinyl
- Exterior Features
- Deck(s), Patio
Listing Video for 10885 Deerwood Court, Lowell MI 49331
Mortgage Calculator
Listing Broker
Listing Courtesy of Greenridge Realty (lowell)
Office Address 1160 W. Main St.
Listing Agent Ryan Hesche
Listings last updated: . Some properties that appear for sale on this web site may subsequently have been sold and may no longer be available.
Our Michigan real estate agents can answer all of your questions about 10885 Deerwood Court, Lowell MI 49331. Real Estate One, Max Broock Realtors, and J&J Realtors are part of the Real Estate One Family of Companies and dominate the Lowell, Michigan real estate market. To sell or buy a home in Lowell, Michigan, contact our real estate agents as we know the Lowell, Michigan real estate market better than anyone with over 100 years of experience in Lowell, Michigan real estate for sale.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site appears in part from the IDX programs of our Multiple Listing Services. Real Estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Real Estate One includes the name and address of the listing broker where available.
IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.
All information deemed materially reliable but not guaranteed. Interested parties are encouraged to verify all information. Copyright© 2017 MichRIC LLC, All rights reserved.


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Finding the perfect electric scooter can be a difficult task. There are so many different brands and models to choose from that it can feel overwhelming for someone with limited knowledge of the electric scooter market.
Between all the different sizes, styles, and specifications, how is one to choose which scooter is best? And then there's also the rabbit hole of product reviews… the pros and cons and ups and downs! How should this labyrinth of competing information be navigated?
To help you wade your way through the overload of information on the Internet, we've drawn up a little comparison placing Genesis electric scooters head to head with Goped's product.
Goped offers a variety of higher-end electric scooters that are priced upwards of $5300! For the purposes of this article, we will be comparing the ESR750, which is their standard model scooter in league with Genesis' products.
Brushed vs Brushless Motor
The major difference between all three Genesis electric scooter models and the Goped ESR750 is that the ESR750 uses a brushed motor while Genesis uses brushless motors.
Now you may be asking yourself, "Who cares? What's the Difference?"
The difference is that brushed motors have a way more complicated design and thus require a lot more maintenance. The brushes need to be maintained and replaced from time to time. So if you aren't the engineering minded, stay away from brushed motors.
Another downside to brushed dc motors, is that the brush friction that occurs decreases viable torque.
In contrast, brushless motors have much greater efficiency. The rotor is the only bearer of the magnets and no external power is required. In other words there are no connections, commutator, or brushes.
According to Electronic Design, "[Brushless motors] beat brush motors in the speed/torque tradeoff with their ability to maintain or increase torque at various speeds. Importantly, there's no power loss across brushes, making the components significantly more efficient. Other BLDC pros include high output power, small size, better heat dissipation, higher speed ranges, and low noise (mechanical and electrical operation).
Speed is a crucial metric to consider when comparing any two products. Obviously no one would prefer the more sluggish of any two vehicles.
The ESR750 is interesting in that it is capable of two different drivetrain modes: economy and turbo.
In the economy mode, the ESR750 can travel at a speed up to 12 mph, but with a greater range, while in the turbo mode, it can travel at speeds of 17-20 mph but with a lesser range. These ranges will be discussed in the following section.
All three of Genesis electric scooter models have a speed of 20 mph without having to sacrifice range!
In daily use, the most important factor to consider is the range per charge. This is how far your electric scooter can take you on a single battery's charge.
Why is this so important? Simple, because if you intend to commute 10 miles to and from work each day, an electric scooter with a 7-8 mile range per charge will leave you disappointed and sitting on the side of the road with your thumb in the air.
The ESR750, while in economy mode, has a range of 12 miles, whereas in turbo mode it has a range of 8 miles. A larger battery is available from Goped for an extended cost that would increase the ranges.
All three of Genesis electric scooter models have a range of 20 miles! Enough said…!
Size / Weight
If you are a college student or an urban commuter who intends on using their electric scooter as a means of travel and would then like to carry your scooter with you inside or around campus, the size and weight of the scooter are important pieces of information to consider.
The ESR750 is a heavy scooter, weighing in at 65 lbs.
Genesis electric scooters range from 20 – 36 lbs (depending on model)! That's a 50% difference! Try carrying around 65 lbs on your back all day!
Charge Time
Charge time is another important factor to consider, especially if you are using your scooter as a commuter device.
For instance, if you work part-time 10 miles away and your scooter has a 6-hour charge time with a 10-mile range, you won't be able to get home from work!
A long charge time is sure to prove itself a point of constant annoyance and irritation.
The ESR750 has a charge time of 7 hours.
Genesis electric scooters have a charge time of 2 -5 hours. Talk about no competition!
Ah yes, price – the most important part. While both the ESR750 and Genesis have their pros and cons, for people on a budget, price is all that matters.
The ESR750 is priced currently at $1429.
Genesis electric scooters range from $400-800 depending on the model.
The choice is yours. Make the right one today!