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1 Facultad de Psicología TESIS DOCTORAL MALESTAR PSICOLÓGICO EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS VÍCTIMAS DE ABUSO SEXUAL INFANTIL Y OTROS ESTRESORES NOEMÍ PEREDA BELTRAN Barcelona, abril de 2006
2 ANEXO 393 ANEXO Estructura dimensional del Brief Symptom Inventory con estudiantes universitarios Dimensional Structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory with College Students Noemí Pereda, Maria Forns and Maribel Peró University of Barcelona This study was supported in part by the grant BSO C02-01 from the Spanish Department of Science and Technology.
3 394 ANEXO Estructura dimensional del Brief Symptom Inventory con estudiantes universitarios El Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1975; 1993) permite evaluar síntomas de trastornos psicológicos en jóvenes y adultos. En el presente trabajo se analizó la estructura dimensional del cuestionario mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio. La muestra utilizada fueron estudiantes universitarios de entre 18 y 30 años, pertenecientes a distintas facultades y centros adscritos de la Universidad de Barcelona. Se testaron dos hipótesis: la distribución original de los ítems en nueve factores y la unidimensionalidad del cuestionario. Los resultados obtenidos parecen confirmar la estructura de nueve factores, si bien las fuertes correlaciones entre las subescalas indican que éstas evalúan constructos muy relacionados. Se observaron diferencias según el sexo y la edad de los estudiantes, con mayores puntuaciones en las mujeres en sintomatología somática y ansiosa, así como en aquellos síntomas relacionados con sentimientos de inferioridad y malestar social; y mayores puntuaciones en hostilidad en los estudiantes más jóvenes. Se constata la necesidad de desarrollar puntuaciones normativas de los instrumentos que evalúan psicopatología basadas en la cultura y el sexo. Palabras clave: evaluación psicológica, análisis factorial confirmatorio, estudio instrumental, estudiantes universitarios, psicopatología. Dimensional structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory with College students The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1975; 1993) is designed to assess symptoms of psychological disorders in adolescents and adults. The dimensional structure of the inventory, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, was examined in a Spanish sample of college students (n = 1,033, aged between 18 and 30 years old). Two hypotheses were tested: the original distribution of the items in nine factors, and the unidimensionality of the inventory. According to the results a nine-factor structure seemed to be confirmed, although the strong intercorrelations found among the subscales indicated that these were measuring closely-related constructs. Sex and age differences were found, with girls scoring higher than boys on subscales referred to somatic and anxiety-based symptoms, and also symptoms related to inferiority and social distress; and younger students scoring higher than older students on hostility. The importance of cultural influences when assessing psychological symptoms, and the need to develop national and sex norms for instruments that assess psychopathology, are also discussed. Key words: psychological assessment, confirmatory factor analyses, instrumental study, college students, psychological disorders.
4 ANEXO 395 DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE BRIEF SYMPTOM INVENTORY WITH COLLEGE STUDENTS The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI, Derogatis, 1975, 1993; Derogatis & Spencer, 1982) is a 53- item self-report questionnaire designed to offer rapid assessment of the symptoms of psychological disorders. Whilst acknowledging the limitations of self-report (Derogatis, 1975, 1993), the Brief Symptom Inventory offers all the advantages of this approach, which have been reported by its authors elsewhere (Derogatis, 1977; Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983). Firstly, the inventory provides exclusive information from the person involved in the phenomena, which is ordinarily unavailable through other methods of evaluation. Secondly, it is economical in terms of professional time, since it can be used as a screening instrument to decide who requires specialized professional time, or to obtain rapid and valid information for both clinical and research purposes. It is also easy to score and interpret. Finally, norms have been established for adolescent and adult psychiatric and non-patient populations (Derogatis & Spencer, 1982), as well as for college-age youth (Cochran & Hale, 1985) and the elderly (Hale, Cochran, & Hedgepeth, 1984). The Brief Symptom Inventory was developed as a brief form of the Symptom Checklist (SCL- 90-R), a self-report clinical rating scale comprising 90 items that reflect nine primary symptom dimensions (Derogatis, 1977; Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory comprises those items from the SCL-90-R which best reflect the nine primary symptom dimensions (Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, and Psychoticism), along with four items of significant clinical interest but which are not subsumed under any of the primary symptom dimensions. It also presents the three original global indices of distress from the SCL-90-R: the Global Severity Index (GSI), the Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI) and the Positive Symptom Total (PST). The questionnaire has been developed and used in a wide variety of settings and applications, such as discriminating between violent and nonviolent male relationship partners (Gavazzi, Julian, & McKenry, 1996); assessing psychological distress following a traumatic event (Allen, Coyne, & Console, 1996; Allen, Coyne, & Huntoon, 1998), such as rape (Frazier & Schauben, 1994), or a natural disaster (Cook & Bickman, 1990); measuring psychological response and distress with respect to physical illness and disability (Cella & Tross, 1986; Granger, Cotter, Hamilton, Fiedler, & Hens, 1990; Hinkeldey & Corrigan, 1990; Northouse, 1989); assessing age differences in psychological symptoms (Hale & Cochran, 1992; Hale et al., 1984); measuring psychological distress in college students (Hayes, 1997; Osman, Barrios, Longnecker, & Osman, 1994; Osman, Barrios, Osman, & Markway, 1993; Sher, Wood, & Gotham, 1996); and assessing college students who were victims of child sexual abuse (Bennett & Hughes, 1996; Braver, Bumberry, Green, & Rawson, 1992).
5 396 ANEXO It has also been used to assess ethnic differences in psychological symptoms between Caucasian Americans and Asians (Cheng, Leong, & Geist, 1993), Caucasian Americans, Latinos and African Americans (Hemmings, Reimann, Madrigal, & Velasquez, 1998), Caucasian Americans and Hispanic Americans (Acosta, Nguyen, & Yamamoto, 1994), Canadians and Indians (Watson & Sinha, 1999), and Irish, Polish and Filipinos (Aroian, Patsdaughter, Levin, & Gianan, 1995). In addition, the Brief Symptom Inventory has frequently been used as an index of clinical change or improvement, and treatment outcome in adults (Carscaddon, 1990; Piersma, Reaume, & Boes, 1994) and adolescents (Handal, Gist, Gilner, & Searight, 1993). The Brief Symptom Inventory has been translated and adapted into several languages and for different cultures including Italian (De Leo, Frisoni, Rozzini, & Trabucchi, 1993), British (Francis, Rajan, & Turner, 1990), Israeli (Canetti, Shalev, & Kaplan, 1994; Gilbar, & Ben-Zur, 2002) Hindi (Watson & Sinha, 1999) and Spanish (Aragón, Bragado, & Carrasco, 2000; Ruipérez, Ibáñez, Lorente, Moro, & Ortet, 2001), and shows reliable and valid psychometric properties. Although the questionnaire was designed to measure psychiatric symptoms multidimensionally, the factor structure obtained by a number of researchers has shown variations with respect to the original form. Derogatis and Melisaratos (1983) reported a structure of nine factors and stated that although there were certain minor differences between the empirical factor structure and the hypothesized dimensional structure, there was more agreement than disagreement between the two. However, structures of five factors (Johnson, Murphy, & Diamond, 1996), six factors (Hayes, 1997; Ruipérez et al., 2001), and one single factor of general distress (Piersma, Boes, & Reaume, 1994; Aragón et al., 2000) have also been reported. Johnson and colleagues (1996) applied the Brief Symptom Inventory to parents of children who had recently died by violent means. In this case, a five-factor solution was more appropriate since some dimensions (such as Obsessive-Compulsive and Depression) combined to reflect the disruption associated with bereavement. In addition, Hayes (1997) stated that for college and university counseling center clients, the Brief Symptom Inventory seems to measure neither nine specific types of psychopathology nor general distress. The author obtained data indicating that the Brief Symptom Inventory measures six types of problems in counseling center clients: depression, somatization, hostility, social comfort, obsessiveness-compulsivity, and phobic anxiety. Somatization, hostility and obsessivenesscompulsivity clearly replicated the Brief Symptom Inventory s factor structure for the same constructs. However, depression, phobic anxiety and social comfort involved items from different subscales of the original structure. Ruipérez et al. (2001) also defended, for non-clinical Spanish populations, the six-factor structure: depression, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, obsession-compulsion, somatization, and hostility/
6 ANEXO 397 aggressivity. None of the subscales replicated the original Brief Symptom Inventory s factor structure. However, the authors did not include two items from the original BSI in their analyses (items 7 and 9). They concluded that the six-factor solution was not incompatible with the use of the Brief Symptom Inventory as a measure of general psychological distress. The study of Boulet and Boss (1991), and that of Piersma, Boes, et al. (1994) with adult and adolescent in-patients, supported the idea that it would be more beneficial to use a single composite score for clinical or research practice, since one factor accounts for most of the variation among symptom dimensions on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Aragón et al. (2000) replicated the studies of Boulet and Boss (1991) and Piersma, Boes, et al. (1994) with Spanish parents of children under psychiatric care. The authors argued that the Brief Symptom Inventory measures a unidimensional construct of general psychological distress, as although they obtained a fourfactor solution in the exploratory factor analysis, the first factor accounted for more than 68% of the total variance (85%) (Aragón et al., 2000). Variations in factor structure have mainly been attributed to differences in the factor analysis procedure (Haynes, 1997; Ruipérez et al., 2001), and also to the use of different samples (e.g., college students, psychiatric in-patients, the elderly). Thus, the proposed factor structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory appears to require further research (Haynes, 1997; Ruipérez et al., 2001). The main aim of the present study was to examine the dimensional structure of the Spanish adaptation of the Brief Symptom Inventory in a non-clinical sample of college students. The ninefactor structure proposed by Derogatis and colleagues (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983; Derogatis & Spencer, 1982), and the unidimensionality proposed by others (Aragón et al., 2000; Boulet & Boss, 1991; Piersma, Boes, et al., 1994) were tested with a confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency reliability of the Spanish version is reported. Sex and age differences were examined. METHOD Participants The Spanish version of the Brief Symptom Inventory was applied to a non-clinical sample of 1,033 undergraduate students attending the University of Barcelona, ranging in age from 18 to 30.6 years old (M = 22.1; SD = 31.46). The sample was composed of 317 males (30.7%), of mean age 22.3 years (SD = 31.82), and 716 females (69.3%), of mean age 22 years (SD = 31.28). Participants were randomly recruited from different Faculties and Schools at the University of Barcelona, and a proportional sample from each Academic Division was obtained (academic year 2001/2002): Human and Social Sciences (Faculties of Philology, Geography, Archaeology and
7 398 ANEXO History; with 188 from 11,236 students); Legal, Economic and Social Sciences (Faculties of Social Work, Business Studies, Criminology and Law; with 323 from 23,272 students); Experimental and Mathematical Sciences (Faculties of Chemistry and Mathematics; with 144 from students); Health Sciences (Faculties of Medicine and Psychology; with 154 from 8,526 students); Education Sciences (Faculties of Library and Documentation, and Teacher Training; with 113 from 5,918 students). A small sample from the Associated Schools (Cinema Studies and Sports Studies) was also obtained (111 from 6,097). Measure The Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis, 1975; 1993) includes 53 items grouped into nine scales and is designed to assess nine primary dimensions of psychopathological symptoms: somatization (SOM), obsessive-compulsive (O-C), interpersonal sensitivity (I-S), depression (DEP), anxiety (ANX), hostility (HOS), phobic anxiety (PHOB), paranoid ideation (PAR), and psychoticism (PSY). In addition, three global indices assess a patient s general distress: Global Severity Index (GSI), an indicator of the current overall level of distress; Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), a measure of intensity adjusted by the number of symptoms endorsed; and Positive Symptom Total (PST), the total number of endorsed symptoms. The inventory can be completed in ten minutes (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983), and it is rated on a 5-point scale of distress, ranging from «not at all» (0) to «extremely» (4). The standard time set given with the Brief Symptom Inventory is «the past seven days including today», although other specific periods of time may be established (Derogatis, 1977; Derogatis & Spencer, 1982). Earlier data for the Brief Symptom Inventory show an acceptable internal consistency ranging from.71 on the PSY dimension to.85 on DEP (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983; Derogatis & Spencer, 1982). Other studies with different samples have found a similar internal consistency for the nine original dimensions (Aragón et al., 2000; Aroian et al., 1995; Broday & Mason, 1991; Canetti et al., 1994; Gilbar & Ben-Zur, 2002; Hayes, 1997; Ruipérez et al., 2001; Watson & Sinha, 1999). The internal consistency for the three global indices has been also calculated (GSI:.90; PSDI:.87; PSTS:.80), showing a good reliability of the measure over time, especially for the GSI (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983; Derogatis & Spencer, 1982). Other studies have also shown excellent reliability coefficients on the GSI (Aragón et al., 2000; Aroian et al., 1995; Canetti et al., 1994; Gilbar & Ben-Zur, 2002; Johnson et al., 1996; Ruipérez et al., 2001; Watson & Sinha, 1999) (see Table 1).
9 400 ANEXO Procedure Adaptation of the BSI - The Spanish translations of the Brief Symptom Inventory carried out previously by Aragón et al. (2000), and Ruipérez et al. (2001) were analyzed; however, these studies did not report the process of translation, and some of the translated items did not correspond fully to the content of the original English items. In addition, Ruipérez et al. (2001) did not include three items from the original BSI in their analyses (items 7, 9, and 53). Also, the use of the respectful third person pronoun (usted) was not suitable for college students. The need for a new adaptation was therefore confirmed. A new translation of the Brief Symptom Inventory, both forwards and backwards, was done by two psychologists from the University of Barcelona who were fluent in both English and Spanish. The third person pronoun (usted) was also changed to a more informal form (tú) in keeping with the young sample of our study. The correspondence between the original inventory and the forward and back translations was assessed by a clinical psychologist, who agreed with the content of the items in the Spanish version. Application of the instrument - Verbal consent to participate in the study was obtained from the directors of the Faculties and Schools of the University of Barcelona. The objective of the study was explained to the students, and they all provided informed consent; none of them refused to participate. The inventory was anonymous and administered in groups of 20 to 90 students. Confidentiality of the data was assured. The time set given with the Brief Symptom Inventory was «the past month including today», since it was administered as part of a comprehensive battery of questionnaires with this period of reference. Upon completion of the study a summary containing the most significant results was given to the director of studies. In addition, a counseling service was offered to the students who had participated. Data analysis Two confirmatory factor analyses were carried out in order to test the original nine-factor structure proposed by Derogatis and Melisaratos (1983), and the unidimensionality hypothesized by other authors (Aragón et al., 2000; Boulet and Boss, 1991; Piersma, Boes, et al., 1994). The method of parameter estimation used in the confirmatory factor analyses was elliptic robust least squares (ERLS), due to the nature of the items (Likert format and biased distribution) (Bentler and Dijkstra, 1985). The analyses did not include the Additional Items since the authors (Derogatis & Spencer, 1982) argue that they are not hypothesized to have univocal loadings on any of the nine primary Brief Symptom Inventory dimensions. The internal consistency reliability of the Spanish version was reported. In addition, a multivariate analysis of variance was conducted in order to test for sex differences. Age of the students was correlated with the BSI subscales.
10 ANEXO 401 The data obtained were analyzed with the SPSS version 11.0 and EQS version 6.1 statistical packages. RESULTS Sample characteristics A significant relationship was found between sex and Schools (χ² = 77.57, p <.01). There were more females (n = 716) than males (n = 317) in the sample, with the exception of the Associated Schools, although this is in accordance with the number of female students at the University of Barcelona. The medians for the scores on each item were all below the midpoint of the scale and ranged from 0 to 2 (with standard deviations of.58 and 1.11). The sample used all the scores (from 0 to 4) to mark each item, with the exception of item number 2, «Faintness or dizziness» (from 0 to 3). Descriptive data applied to the subscales are shown in Table 2. The means for the subscales were also below the midpoint of the scale. These results were expected since the questionnaire was applied to a non-clinical sample. Table 2. Means and standard deviations by sex for the Spanish version of the Brief Symptom Inventory
11 402 ANEXO Internal Structure Confirmatory Factor Analysis- The confirmatory factor analysis carried out tested two different hypothetical structures: the original nine-factor solution and the unidimensional structure, as previously described. As Table 3 shows, the indices of adjustment for the two confirmatory factor analyses indicated a good adjustment for the nine-factor model, and the unidimensional model (BBNFI, BBNNFI, CFI, IFI, RMR, SRMR, and SMSEA). The values for the various fit indices were in line with those suggested by Russell (2002). However, it is worth noting that the nine-factor structure was significantly better than the unidimensional structure, as shown by the test of chi-square ( χ 2 = , p <.001). The structural parameters estimated for the two models were significant, their standardized values ranging between.33 and.83. Table 3. Fit Index for the nine-factor and unifactorial model for the confirmatory factor analysis χ 2 : chi square; d.f: degrees of freedom; BBNFI: Bentler-Bonett normed fit index; BBNNFI: Bentler- Bonett non-normed fit index; CFI: comparative fit index; IFI: Bollen fit index; RMR: root mean squared residual; SRMR: standardized root mean squared residual; and RMSEA: root mean.
12 ANEXO 403 In accordance with the results obtained in the confirmatory factor analysis, and following Derogatis and Melisaratos (1983) original distribution, it was decided to choose a nine-factor model for further analysis. Correlations The correlation matrix among subscales was calculated. As can be seen in Table 4, correlations among subscales were moderate-to-high. Internal Consistency Internal consistency for the subscales was calculated using Cronbach s coefficient. The reliability was calculated following Derogatis (1975; 1993) distribution of the items in the nine subscales. The subscales showed moderate reliability indices:.74 for SOM,.79 for O-C,.80 for I-S,.84 for DEP,.77 for ANX,.78 for HOS,.72 for PHOB,.73 for PAR,.72 for PSY, and.95 for GSI. Differences within groups To test the differences between means for sex, a multivariate analyses of variance was conducted with sex as the independent variable and the nine subscales as dependent variables. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test applied to the scale scores yielded z values ranging from 7.59 for Phobic Anxiety (p <.001), to 3.58 for Obsessive-Compulsive (p <.001), so data were not normally distributed on any subscale and presented positive asymmetry. Therefore, a square root conversion for each subscale was carried out before subsequent analysis (Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 2001). The conversion did not normalized any subscale. However, a Box test showed that a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) could acceptably be applied to the standardized data (Box test before conversion: F = 1,46 p =.023; Box test after conversion: F =.859; p =.737). The test showed significant differences between sexes on Somatization (F (1, 1031) = 34.75, p <.001), Interpersonal Sensitivity (F (1, 1031) = 22.57, p <.001), Depression (F (1, 1031) = 7.26, p <.01), Anxiety (F (1, 1031) = 27.18, p <.001), and Phobic Anxiety (F (1, 1031) = 7.49, p <.01) scales, with females scoring higher than males. The correlation matrix among subscales and age also showed a significant relationship, with younger students scoring higher than older students on HOS (r =.097; p <.01). DISCUSSION This research has presented the dimensional structure and internal consistency of the Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis, 1975), a scale that provides a rapid and reliable way of measuring symptoms of psychological distress in Spanish college samples. The results showed that the range of scoring described by the original authors (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983; Derogatis & Spencer, 1982) seems appropriate for this sample, since participants
13 404 ANEXO Table 4.
14 ANEXO 405 responded using all the possible choices from the 5-point scale. The good fit index values obtained in the confirmatory factor analysis for the nine-factor solution showed the adequacy of the original structure hypothesized by the authors in contrast to the unidimensional structure suggested by others (Aragón et al., 2000; Boulet and Boss, 1991; Piersma, Boes, et al., 1994). In addition, a distribution of the items in nine subscales allows to do a more accurate clinical screening and to better distinguish between different psychological profiles than just a total score. However, the strong intercorrelations among the subscales, as well as the high internal consistency of the GSI for the total group, indicated that these were measuring closelyrelated constructs (Ruipérez et al., 2001). The reliability coefficients obtained were acceptable and were similar to those reported by other studies (Aragón et al., 2000; Aroian et al., 1995; Broday & Mason, 1991; Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983; Derogatis & Spencer, 1982; Gilbar & Ben-Zur, 2002; Hayes, 1997; Ruipérez et al., 2001). The sample presented several differences in relation to sex, with female students scoring significantly higher than male students on Somatization, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, and Phobic Anxiety. The results are consistent with numerous studies that have applied the scale, and indicate that women may display more somatic and anxiety-based symptoms, and also symptoms related to inferiority and social distress (Canetti et al., 1994; De Leo et al., 1993; Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983; Francis et al., 1990; Gilbar & Ben-Zur, 2002; Hale et al., 1984). Although these results were not found in Cochran and Hale s (1985) college sample, they were reported in Hayes s (1997) study of college and university students attending a counseling center. As stated elsewhere (Canetti et al., 1994; Watson & Sinha, 1999), differences in willingness to report psychological symptoms are often cited as an explanation for sex differences in psychological symptomatology. Also, a significant difference was found in relation to age, with a decline of hostility in females and males (De Leo et al., 1993). This result is consistent with other studies which have found a decrease on general distress measured by the BSI in students over the course of 4 years of college (Sher et al., 1996). Conclusions The psychometric properties of the Brief Symptom Inventory found in the present study confirmed the original nine-factor structure presented by the authors (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983). In addition, in terms of screening accuracy the original nine-factor distribution should be considered the best solution. The results underline the importance of developing specific norms for college and national samples, and also for different sex groups. Additional research with different samples is needed to document further the validity and utility of this scale and its internal structure.
15 406 ANEXO References Acosta, F. X., Nguyen, L. H., & Yamamoto, J. (1994). Using the Brief Symptom Inventory to profile monolingual Spanish-speaking psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50 (5), Allen, J. G., Coyne, L., & Console, D. A. (1996). Dissociation contributes to anxiety and psychoticism on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184 (10), Allen, J. G., Coyne, L., & Huntoon, J. (1998). Trauma pervasively elevates Brief Symptom Inventory profiles in inpatient women. Psychological Reports, 83, American Psychiatric Association. (2002). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (4 ª ed. texto revisado). Barcelona: Masson. Aragón Ramírez, N., Bragado Álvarez, M. C., & Carrasco Galán, I. (2000). Fiabilidad y estructura factorial del «Inventario Breve de Síntomas» (Brief Symptom Inventory, BSI) en adultos. Psicología Conductual, 8 (1), Aroian, K. J., Patsdaughter, C. A., Levin, A., & Gianan, M. E. (1995). Use of the Brief Symptom Inventory to assess psychological distress in three immigrant groups. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 41 (1), Bennett, S. E., & Hughes, H. M. (1996). Performance of female college students and sexual abuse survivors on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52 (5), Bentler, P. M., & Dijkstra, T. (1985). Efficient estimation via linearization in structural models. In P.R. Krishnaiah (Ed.). Multivariate Analysis VI (pp. 9-42). Amsterdam: North-Holland. Boulet, J., & Boss, M. W. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Brief Symptom Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 3 (3), Braver, M., Bumberry, J., Green, K., & Rawson, R. (1992). Childhood abuse and current psychological functioning in a university counseling center population. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39 (2), Broday, S. F., & Mason, J. L. (1991). Internal consistency of the Brief Symptom Inventory for counseling-center clients. Psychological Reports, 68, 94. Canetti, L., Shalev, A. Y., & Kaplan De-Nour, A. (1994). Israeli adolescents norms for the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Israeli Journal of Psychiatric and Related Sciences, 31, Carscaddon, D. M. (1990). Predicting psychiatric symptoms in rural community mental health clients. Psychological Reports, 66,
16 ANEXO 407 Cella, D. F., & Tross, S. (1986). Psychological adjustment to survival Hodgkin s disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, Cheng, D., Leong, F. T. L., & Geist, R. (1993). Cultural differences in psychological distress between Asian and Caucasian American college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 21, Cochran, C. D., & Hale, W. D. (1985).College student norms on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, Cook, J. D., & Bickman, L. (1990). Social support and psychological symptomatology following a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3 (4), De Leo, D., Frisoni, G. B., Rozzini, R., & Trabucchi, M. (1993). Italian community norms for the Brief Symptom Inventory in the elderly. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, Derogatis, L. R. (1975). Brief Symptom Inventory. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research. Derogatis, L.R. (1977). The SCL-90 Manual I: Scoring, administration, and procedures for the SCL-90. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research. Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13, Derogatis, L. R., & Spencer, P. M. (1982). Administration and Procedures: BSI. Manual I. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research. Francis, V. M., Rajan, P., & Turner, N. (1990). British community norms for the Brief Symptom Inventory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, Frazier, P., & Schauben, L. (1994). Causal attributions and recovery from rape and other stressful life events. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13 (1), Gavazzi, S. M., Julian, T. W., & McKenry, P. C. (1996). Utilization of the Brief Symptom Inventory to discriminate between violent and nonviolent male relationship partners. Psychological Reports, 79, Gilbar, O., & Ben-Zur, H. (2002). Adult Israeli community norms for the Brief Symptom inventory (BSI). International Journal of Stress Management, 9 (1), Granger, C. V., Cotter, A. C., Hamilton, B. B., Fiedler, R. C., & Hens, M. M. (1990). Functional assessments scales: a study of persons with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 71, Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2001). Análisis Multivariante (5th ed.). Madrid: Prentice-Hall.
17 408 ANEXO Hale, W. D., & Cochran, C. D. (1992). Age differences in self-reported symptoms of psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48 (5), Hale, W. D., Cochran, C. D., & Hedgepeth, B. E. (1984). Norms for the Elderly on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52 (2), Handal, P. J., Gist, D., Gilner, F. H., & Searight, H. R. (1993). Preliminary validity for the Langner Symptom Survey and the Brief Symptom Inventory as mass-screening instruments for adolescent adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22 (3), Hayes, J. A. (1997). What does the Brief Symptom Inventory measure in college and university counseling center clients?. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44 (4), Hemmings, M., Reimann, J. O. F., Madrigal, D., & Velasquez, R. (1998). Predictors of scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory for ethnically diverse female clients. Psychological Reports, 83, Hinkeldey, N. S., & Corrigan, J. D. (1990). The structure of head-injured patients neurobehavioral complaints: a preliminary study. Brain Injury, 4, Johnson, L. C., Murphy, S. A., & Dimond, M. (1996). Reliability, construct validity, and subscale norms of the Brief Symptom Inventory when administered to bereaved patients. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 4 (2), Northouse, L. (1989). A longitudinal study of the adjustment of patients and husbands to breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 16, Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., Longnecker, J., & Osman, J. R. (1994). Validation of the Inventory of College Students Recent Life Experiences in an American college sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50 (6), Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., Osman, J. R., & Markway, K. (1993). Further psychometric evaluation of the Fear Questionnaire: responses of college students. Psychological Reports, 73, Piersma, H. L., Boes, J. L., & Reaume, W. M. (1994). Unidimensionality of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in adult and adolescent inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63 (2), Piersma, H. L., Reaume, W. M., & Boes, J. L. (1994). The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) as an outcome measure for adult psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50 (4), Ruipérez, M. A., Ibáñez, M. I., Lorente, E., Moro, M., & Ortet, G. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Brief Symptom Inventory. Contributions to the relationship between personality and psychopathology. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17 (3),
18 ANEXO 409 Russell, D. W. (2002). In search of underlying dimensions: the use (and abuse) of factor analysis Sher, K. J., Wood, P. K., & Gotham, H. J. (1996). The course of psychological distress in college: a prospective high-risk study. Journal of College Student Development, 37 (1), Sher, K. J., Wood, P. K., & Gotham, H. J. (1996). The course of psychological distress in college: a prospective high-risk study. Journal of College Student Development, 37 (1), Watson, D. C., & Sinha, B. K. (1999). A cross-cultural comparison of the Brief Symptom Inventory. International Journal of Stress Management, 6 (4),
Dimensional structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory with Spanish college students
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text:
Please refer to JobSuchmaschine in your application
The laboratory of soil mechanics at the EPFL
The Laboratory of Soil Mechanics (LMS) is one of the laboratories within the School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL). The LMS focuses its research activities in the field of geotechnical engineering with a focus on the protection from geo-hazards and industrial damage to the environment, landforms and structures. In addition to the conventional topics such as soil-structure interactions, slope stability and foundation design, our experimental and modelling resources are mobilised to understand, describe and predict the environmental impact of the technologies of future days (bio-improved soils, nuclear waste disposal, CO2 geological sequestration, and energy technologies related to heat storage and extraction). The LMS is directed by Prof. Lyesse Laloui and has 2 academic staff members, 4 Post-docs, 14 PhD students. More information about the LMS and its current research can be found at http://lms.epfl.ch/en.
Available Positions
4 positions in the field of geotechnical engineering : PhD candidates will carry out researches on one of LMS investigation fields: Energy geostructures, bio-improved soils, landslide analysis, soil-structure interaction, behavior of shales, nuclear waste storage and CO2 storage. These topics involve geotechnical modeling as well as experimental testing of geomaterials. The field of research will be chosen in order to fulfill the PhD candidates' wishes and skills.
A recent Ms degree in Civil Engineering is required. Specialization in geotechnical engineering is highly advantageous. Suitable candidates have scientific research skill, outstanding communication skills and a teamwork attitude. First candidate selection will be performed on the basis of the excellence of the CV. Selected candidates will be then invited for an interview at the EPFL.
Conditions of Employment
We are offering excellent facilities and competitive salary (55'000 CHF/year). The EPFL offers an outstanding international working environment along with training and development opportunities. Personal initiative and independent research tasks related with the candidate's interests will be encouraged. Other activities will include interaction with Ms students and participation in teaching.
The position is open and will start upon agreement. Suitable, highly-motivated candidates should send an electronic application (including a cover letter describing interests and qualifications and a CV, as a single PDF) to email@example.com.

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text:
Case Conclusion Date: 01.01.2010
Practice Area: Employment and labor
Outcome: Pending deliberations, and indicating full reinstatement to job with back pay, case was settled.
Description: Long-term nurse was wrongfully terminated with administration and staff conspiring to remove minority nurse from hospital setting. Union declined representation. Case was tried before County Personnel Board.


text:
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Prius c is available in a whole range of fun exterior colours, so you can truly make it your own.
The wheel design is anything but superficial, Prius c features 15-inch steel wheels and Prius c i-Tech® features 8 spoke 15-inch alloy wheels.
Prius c has a stylish, user friendly interior - easy to read instruments, comfortable seats and more space than you'd expect from such a compact car.
There is a state-of-the-art Multi-Information Display (MID) as well as steering wheel controls for audio, automatic air conditioning and Cruise Control .
Keyless Smart Start & Smart Entry provides quick and easy access and start up.
Prius c is a compact hybrid - comfortable and powerful enough for the open road, but it really comes into its own around town.
Powered by Toyota's world leading Hybrid Synergy Drive® technology, which combines a 1.5L Atkinson cycle petrol engine with a powerful electric motor.
When you're zipping about town, Prius c also helps keep you safe, with a sophisticated passive safety system – including seven SRS Air Bags and a front and side collision structure – as well as active safety features like Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) , Traction Control (TRC) , Anti-skid Braking System, Brake Assist (BA) [B4], Electronic Brakeforce Distribution , and more.
Prius c's hybrid battery is warranted for 8 years or 160,000 kilometres[W1] (whichever comes first). The warranty is comprised of the 3 year Toyota New Vehicle Warranty and an additional 5 years Toyota Australia battery warranty. And our commitment to QDR (Quality, Durability and Reliability) helps ensure that servicing costs for Prius c are kept to a minimum, working out considerably less than you might expect.
For a small car, Prius c is big on fun and style. The audio system is packed with sophisticated features.
Prius c i-Tech® comes with a T.E.C.H.™ (Toyota Entertainment and Communication Hub) unit, featuring a 6.1 inch touch screen display with audio.
Enjoy Bluetooth®[B5] connectivity for audio streaming and hands-free mobile calls. There's also a traffic avoidance system ( SUNA™ Traffic Channel [G7] ), which gives up-to-the-minute information about road conditions ahead.


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Meaning and Origin of: Severn
Search for Names & Meanings Top 100 Names for Boys Top 100 Names for Girls Last Name History & Meaning Name Popularity Tracker Celebrity Names Search for Names by Trait Browse First Names A-Z Browse Last Names A-Z Browse First Names by Origin Browse Last Names by Origin Baby Name Lists How to Choose a Name
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Boy name origins & meanings:
- Old English : From the sea
Family name origins & meanings:
- English : from a personal name equivalent to Severin.
- English : topographic name from the river Severn, which flows from Wales through much of western England to the Bristol Channel. The river name is recorded as early as the 2nd century ad in the form Sabrina. This is one of Britain's most ancient river names; the original meaning is uncertain, but it may have been 'slow-moving'.


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Academic Advising
What courses should you take? What courses MUST you take?
It can all get a little confusing. That's why we can help with class scheduling, registration, course guidance and general academic questions.
Saint Peter's University opened its new Academic Advising Center in the Fall of 2002 in order to better provide our students with additional assistance regarding class scheduling, registration, course guidance and general academic questions.
The purpose of Academic Advising is to support the University's current academic advising program which matches each first year student with a faculty adviser until the major is declared. Faculty from many different departments and programs serve as the first year advisers.
Located on the lower level of McDermott Hall, Academic Advising houses four work areas for student-adviser meetings, and additional computer stations for students to peruse registration and course-related materials.


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PBL Chapter Challenge
Open to all PBL chapters, this recognition program encourages recruitment, retention, and member involvement.
National Leadership Conference (NLC) delegates from chapters that complete Super Sweeps, Non-Stop November, and Action Awareness receive a pin in their NLC registration packets.
Super Sweeps
Chapters complete two (2) required tasks and six (6) out of 10 optional tasks to recruit and retain members. Chapters that complete Super Sweeps will receive a certificate at the NFLCs, and the chapter's members will receive ribbons at both the NFLCs and NLC. All chapters that complete Super Sweeps will be posted on the national website and social media pages.
Non-Stop November
Chapters complete two required tasks and three out of eight optional tasks that focus on World Prematurity Awareness Month and American Enterprise Day. States are encouraged to recognize chapters that complete Non-Stop November at their respective state conferences. All chapters that complete Non-Stop November will receive ribbons at the NLC.
Action Awareness
Chapters will be required to complete one task for each day of PBL-PBL Week, one task for CTE month, and America Saves to promote awareness of PBL-PBL programs. All chapters that complete Action Awareness will receive ribbons at the NLC.


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|Story Views
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Publisher Drug Report, "Azilekt – Drug Insights, 2016″ highlights the Azilekt marketed details, pipeline status and the Global API Manufacturers along with the location. The Publisher's report covers the Global Market Assessment of the Azilekt covering the total sales estimation and also provides the Azilekt sales performance during the historical period and forecast period to 2018. Publisher's Report also covers the detailed clinical assessment of Azilekt , patents information and exclusivity data, route of synthesis, competitive landscape, and generic players. In addition to this, Publisher's Report provides the SWOT analysis for the Azilekt .
Please note:This report requires certain updates. We have all the information available but require 3 business days to complete the process and ensure it is as up-to-date as possible. Certain sections in the report may be removed or altered based on the availability and relevance of data for the indicated drug.
For more information about this report: http://www.reportsweb.com/azilekt-drug-insights-2016
Report Scope
-A review of the Azilekt based on information derived from company and industry-specific sources
-Coverage of the Marketed data of the Azilekt on the basis of MOA, target, dosage, route of administration, molecule type, strength, Chemical type and ATC Classification
-Coverage of the United States Drug Master File (US DMF), Active Substance Master File/EU DMF and API Manufactures in China & India for Azilekt with location details
-Patent Expiry Timeline and Exclusivity Details
-Route of Synthesis of the API
-Global Forecasted Sales Figure to 2018
-Qualitative and quantitative assessment of market space
-SWOT Analysis
Reasons to buy
-Evaluate the marketing status and exclusivity details of Azilekt to exploit opportunities for generic drug development opportunities.
-Design effective counter-strategies to gain competitive advantage by identifying the key patent expiry details and exclusivity with respect to Azilekt .
-API intelligence over Azilekt and gaining primary intelligence over Active Ingredients manufacturers across the globe.
-Understanding the chemical route of synthesis of Azilekt .
-Uncovering opportunities in the rapidly growing the US market
-Stay ahead of competition by understanding the changing competitive landscape
-Effectively plan your M&A and partnership strategies by identifying drugs with the most promising sales potential
-Make more informed business decisions from insightful and in-depth analysis of the drug's performance
-Obtain sales forecast for currently marketed drug for to 2018
Request Sample Copy at http://www.reportsweb.com/inquiry&RW000182631/sample
Table of Contents
1. Report Introduction
2. Azilekt Overview
2.1 Market Competition
2.3 Competitors in Development
3 Global Sales Assessment
3.1 Historical Sales of Azilekt
3.2 Forecasted Sales of Azilekt
4 Product Description
4.1 Mechanism of Action
4.2 Pharmacodynamic Properties
4.3 Pharmacokinetic Properties
5 Marketed Details
5.1 United States
5.2 Europe
6 Patent Information
6.1 Patent Numbers and Expiry Details
6.2 Patent and Exclusivity Expiry Assessment United States (US)
6.3 Patent Details
7 Route of Synthesis
8 Global API Manufacturers Assessment
8.1 The United States Drug Master File (US DMF)
8.2 The Europe Drug Master File (EUDMF)/Active Substance Master File (ASMF)
8.3 The Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Manufacturers in China
8.4 The Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Manufacturers in India
9 Generic Players
10 The Pipeline Coverage
11 Clinical Trials Information
11.1 Clinical Trials by Zone
12 Company Profile
12.1 Company Summary
12.2 Company Financials
13 SWOT Analysis
Inquire before Buying at http://www.reportsweb.com/inquiry&RW000182631/buying
Contact Us:
Call: +1-646-491-9876
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Sean Spicer Resigns as Press Secretary
Why the Earth Is Flat and Why I Don't Talk about it Anymore! with Michael Tellinger
Nevermind: Sean Hannity Won't Be Receiving Media Excellence Award, After All


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Estimated walking time per day: 6.5 km / 3.5-4.0 hrs approx :::: * Fifth day. 13.0 km
Tropical moist: climatic zone
Altitude: 900-1200 m
Degree of difficulty: 4.0 to 5.0
Departing: Daily.
General information:
The Lost City was discovered in 1976 by a group of archaeologists from the Colombian Institute of Anthropology headed by Gilberto Cadavid and Luisa Fernanda Herrera. Recent archaeological research in 2006 on the site indicate that this city was founded around 660 A.D. and was abandoned between 1550 to 1600 A.D. It is one of the most important cities of the 250 Tayrona villages discovered on the north and northeast part of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta. In the surrounding area, 26 villages were found, and in some of these sites archaeological excavations were carried out. It is located between 900 to 1200 meters high on the heights of the Cerro Correa in the northern region of the Sierra Nevada, on the right bank of the Rio Buritaca. This region is called Teyuna by the natives and, therefore, its full name is Archaeological Park of the Lost City – Teyuna. The site has complex construction systems, cobbled roads, stairs and walls linked by a series of terraces and platforms on which have been built ceremonial centers, homes and pantries. All structures discovered so far occupy an area of about 35 hectares. Since it has been discovered, all the area has been run by the Colombian Institute of Anthropology as a National Archaeological Park.
Program description :
1. First day
8:30 am Departure from the hotel.
If you have large bags or valuables, you can leave them to the Magic Tour office; we have a special place and a safe to keep them.
Departure in jeep for about three hours to the town called Machete Pelao.
12:00pm Light lunch in the village before the trek. Walk for 30 minutes to a natural pool where you can swim and enjoy nature. Then begins the walk for three hours to the Alfredo hut where you will spend the first night in hammocks with mosquito nets and wool blankets. A full meal is prepared and before resting, the guide will find the whole group to make a briefing about the next day.
2. Second day
The next day, depending on the temperature and the information guide gave last night, get up on time to eat a full breakfast and get ready to start the walk to the hut two. Depending on the time of year and the stars, we can visit the town Kogui Mutanzi. They still live in the traditional manner, protecting their culture and beliefs. You must know and respect the way they live and for Magic Tour is very important to carry passengers on respect and knowledge of indigenous culture. After a short break to meet them (if possible), you continue the walk for three hours to reach the hut two, in this place is the river Buritaca. Enjoy free time to swim in the river and enjoy nature. Back at the hut, dinner will be ready and again, the guide will make a briefing and answer questions or concerns about the tour and the new environment you are discovering in those days.
3. Third day
On the third day, you arrive at the hut Mamo Romualdo the highest religious authority of the natives from this region, if you are lucky you will have the opportunity to talk to him and learn more about their culture and customs or ask some advice for you same. During the tour you will be escorted by your guide who will report the permissible subjects and things that may come to disturb our older brothers as they call for us Westerners. Magic Tour have several years working with indigenous communities in this area and we also want our passengers to see the importance of preserving the privileged contact is allowing live with their culture. That night they go to sleep in the hut Romualdo (or hut three) to get there you have to cross a river on four occasions to keep your bathing suit near to pause refreshing. The information session will be very special that night, we barely at an hour from the Lost City, the tour guide will explain the course of the next day to reach the City Teyuna.
4. Fourth day
The fourth day, get up early to get to the Lost City located at 1200 meters above sea level and after climbing 1200 steps to get there, an incredible feeling will overwhelm you, all knowledge of a culture that is hid to survive Spanish invasion, an incredible place in the heart of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. For about three hours, the guide will give information about the building, the way of life of indigenous people up there, the knowledge of that culture, and much more. Then a free time will be allowed to take pictures and enjoy the landscape. Leaving the site you will walk back to the hut two where you will spend the fourth and final night in the Sierra Nevada.
5. Fifth day
The fifth and final day, rise early to return to Mamey by a walk of about 6 or 7 hours. From there, a special lunch will be prepared and will be a unique moment to enjoy and converse with your fellow walkers on the amazing experience you just live in the Sierra Nevada. The jeep will be waiting to bring you back again to Santa Marta or Taganga between 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm.
*Subject to conditions.
Services included:
Transport, local guide, food, accommodation in hammocks/beds/tents, entrance in the archaeological site, contribution to indigenous communities and natives, mules to carry the food and travel insurance.


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Cast (DON'T ADD, DELETE OR EDIT!!!) NO!
Superted as Kermit the Frog
Big Ears as Fozzie Bear
Mr. Benn as The Great Gonzo
Zippy as Animal
Shaggy as Zoot
Grouchy Smurf as Floyd Pepper
Smurfette as Miss Piggy
Homer Simpson in the Eighties as Scooter the Gopher
Scooby-Doo as Rowlf
Noddy as Dr. Teeth
Martha Monkey as Janice
Postman Pat as Rizzo the Rat
Garfield as Kermit
Arlene as Miss Piggy
Bugs Bunny as Gonzo
SpongeBob SquarePants as Fozzie Bear
Jerry as Rizzo the Rat
Kenny as Beeker
Kyle as Rowlf the Dog
Pikachu as Animal
Wendy Testaburger as Janice
Drew Pickles as Dr. Teeth
Ditto as Floyd Pepper
Mr. Garrison as Zoot
Captain Hook as Bunsen
Rabbit as Swedish Chef
Mr. Krabs as Sam the Eagle
Plankton as Scooter
Numbuh 2 as Bean Bunny
Peter Griffin as Beau
Percy as Marvin Suggs
Homsar as Mahna Mahna
So and So and Cheerleader as Snowths
Bad Bad Bushkin as Lubbock Lou
Disney and Cartoons/Muppets (With Every Single Cartoon I Can Think Of!!)
Bart Simpsons (Simpsons) as Kermit The Frog
Garzooka (Garfield Show) as Fozzie Bear
Rabbit (Pooh) as Gonzo
Daisy (Mario Party 5) as Miss Piggy
Tazmanian Devil (Looney Toons) as Animal
Tom as Beeker
Mr. Grumpy as Bunsen Honeydew
Sheen Estevez as Floyd Pepper
Piplup as Rowlf the Dog
Elliot (Open Season Movie) as Scooter
Barney the Dinosaur as Dr. Teeth
DW Read (Arthur) as Janice
Binky (Arthur book series) as Zoot
T (Alphablocks) as Sam the Eagle
Riff (Barney and Friends) as Swedish Chef
Apu and Ned Flanders and Waldorf and Statlar
Bluenose as Manamana


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Riese&Muller Charger Mixte – a bike for all reasons
- Reviews & Tech
- Urban
- David Halfpenny January 10, 2017
The biggest problem I have when I write e-bike reviews is dealing with the issue of price. Good e-bikes are expensive. Crappy e-bikes are also expensive, but they're expensive in […]
E-bike Early Adopters and the Australian Potential – Interview...
- News & Features
- Opinion
- Christopher Jones October 18, 2016
The future of cycling is electric and if you buy an e-bike in Australia today, you're an early adopter. You get to tell everyone "I told you so" because the […]
Bosch Performance Line – There are No More Hills
- Reviews & Tech
- Urban
- David Halfpenny August 29, 2016
The hill has a twenty percent grade. I can climb it with difficulty on my regular road bike and not at all on my fixie. I rode up the hill […]
Shimano Releases STEPS, A Complete Ebike System (again)
- News & Features
- Urban
- Christopher Jones November 26, 2013
In 2010 Shimano released STEPS, the Shimano Total Electric Power System, for the first time, as the e-bike market started to blossom in Europe, but little happened; it was not […]
Expert Round Table – Buying an E-Bike Part 3
- News & Features
- Urban
- David Halfpenny May 29, 2013
In France in 2012, the e-bike segment of the bike market was the only segment to see any growth, and that growth was around 15% over the previous year. Germany showed […]
Expert Round Table – Buying an E-Bike Part 2
- News & Features
- Urban
- David Halfpenny May 23, 2013
In Part 1 of our Expert Round Table, our experts talked about what to look for when buying an e-bike. The expert opinion was to buy a dedicated e-bike, if […]
Expert Round Table – Buying an E-Bike Part 1
- News & Features
- Urban
- David Halfpenny May 20, 2013
E-Bike: 'e' for electric and 'e' for enabling. E-Bike usage is on the rise around the world as battery technology, motor technology, and cycling infrastructure improves. The down side of […]
Gazelle Orange Plus Innergy XT eBike Commuter Review
- Reviews & Tech
- Commuting
- David Halfpenny December 27, 2012
This article is not about a bike, this article is about a vehicle. Yes, this vehicle has two wheels and you pedal it, but it has more in common with […]
Australian Government Clarifies Ebike Import Laws
- News & Features
- Press Release May 31, 2012
The Hon Catherine King MP, Parliamentary Secretary for Infrastructure and Transport, has announced an amendment to the definition of a power-assisted pedal cycle. Power-assisted bicycles with electric motors up to […]
Review: Gazelle Innergy electric assist bicycle
- Reviews & Tech
- Urban
- Jonathan Ip June 2, 2010
The concept of the electric assist bike is somewhat new and unfamiliar to Australia, however sales in Europe and Asia have boomed over the past few years; one in eight bicycles sold in Holland are e-bikes.


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Excusing Necessity and Terror: What Criminal Law Can Teach Constitutional Law
- First Online:
- Received:
- Accepted:
- 136 Downloads
This essay proposes a theory of excuse that, without blending it into exculpation, avoids the condonation of crime. The question it takes up is: given that neither compulsion by circumstances nor by human threats removes the legal reason for punishing, how can its exonerating force be rendered compatible with the state's general duty to punish the guilty? The chapter criticizes various proposals for reconciling excuse with the duty to punish the guilty, including the moral involuntariness theory, the concession to frailty theory, and the conformity to moral expectation theory. It then proposes a solution: moral blamelessness exonerates because it simulates the conditions for legal exculpation. Just as the exculpated actor acknowledges the legal norm of mutual respect for agents, so does the excused actor acknowledge the public reason of the self-sufficient political community of which the legal norm is a part. The author argues that this theory would excuse the altruistic no less than the self-preferring murderer.


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Mimpi Tulamben is a dive resort and spa with an on site PADI Shop. Close to two secret dives, the best in Bali.... 추가 정보 »
Featuring 68 impressive rooms with a twist of modern minimalist and traditional style, that is divided into Standard,... 추가 정보 »
Located between Denpasar City and Kuta area, Agus Guest House 2 provides easy access to explore South Bali. It... 추가 정보 »
Cozy place to chill with friends, or to meet with the other travelers and share your nice trip, share your love in... 추가 정보 »
We are opening in September 2015, Amazing Cabin hostel is located at famous center of Kuta beach; one of the legend... 추가 정보 »
We are a "Homey" hostel with a garden environment. We have 5 shared rooms which has 4 beds in each room. We have a... 추가 정보 »
Taman Suci Suite & Villas have 10 comfort rooms with 8 Luxury Suite Double and 2 One Bed Room Villa with plunch pool.... 추가 정보 »


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Learn more about OAKHILL OPTICAL LABORATORY LIMITED. Check the company's details for free and view the Companies House information, company documents and list of directors.
Know about every new company document that is added!
Take advantage of our watch this company feature free of charge and have notifications sent directly to your inbox. Whenever a new document appears on this website, or if their particulars change, you will be immediately informed about such changes. To monitor these changes, all you need to do is click on watch this company.
|Fixed Assets
|£ 204,644
|Tangible Fixed Assets
|£ 204,643
|Current Assets
|£ 281,960
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation
|£ 115,068
|Provisions For Liabilities Charges
|£ 21,791
|Share Premium Account
|£ 83,116
|£ 216,539
|Shareholder Funds
|£ 288,991
|Profit Loss Account Reserve
|£ 203,241
|Called Up Share Capital
|£ 2,634
|Net Assets Liabilities Including Pension Asset Liability
|£ 288,991
|Total Assets Less Current Liabilities
|£ 319,530
|Net Current Assets Liabilities
|£ 114,886
|Creditors Due Within One Year
|£ 167,074
|Cash Bank In Hand
|£ 13,159
|Stocks Inventory
|£ 48,894
|Share Capital Allotted Called Up Paid
|£ 2,634
|Number Shares Allotted
|£ 2,634
|Tangible Fixed Assets Disposals
|£ 43,265
|Tangible Fixed Assets Additions
|£ 69,382
|Tangible Fixed Assets Cost Or Valuation
|£ 319,951
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation Charged In Period
|£ 49,724
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation Decrease Increase On Disposals
|£ 23,847
|Intangible Fixed Assets
|£ 1
|Creditors Due After One Year
|£ 8,748
Information about the Private Limited Company OAKHILL OPTICAL LABORATORY LIMITED has been prepared for information purposes only. It is not intended to be nor does it constitute legal advice. This is public information provided by the official company register.


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Home » Services » Astrology / Numerology
a few weeks ago
The Famous Astrologer Services (Hyderabad)
Call Now: 9502340230
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The Famous Astrologer Services in Hyderabad
Mohan Rao GVH is a reputed astrologer who has won many awards for her excellence in the field of Astrology. GVH Mohan Rao astrologer in known for excellence in the field of astrology and people from metros like Hyderabad, Kolkata regularly visit him.
for more visit: http://spiritualsadhana.com/


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You are here
Payroll Administrator
£16,000 - £18,000
Bullet points
Payroll Administrator - Altrincham
Well established large family ran organisation
About Our Client
A well established 60 years plus organisation and a UK market leader in it's respective field. A great culture and supportive working environment.
Job Description
Reporting to the Payroll Manager, the Payroll Administrator has responsibility for ensuring the accurate preparation, administration and processing of the weekly payroll.
The role will include but is not limited to:
- Weekly payroll processing including all deductions, new starters/leavers and producing payroll reports for management
- Reconciling with all offices that the received time sheets are accurate and ready for uploading for payroll purposes
- Liaising with managers in relation to all pay queries that may arise
- Administration tasks including filing and scanning etc
The Successful Applicant
The successful candidate will have:
- Excellent administrative skills combined with a flexible 'can do' approach - Essential
- Experience working in a payroll environment - Essential
- A strong ability to communicate effectively, both verbally and in writing - Essential
- Great attention to detail and accuracy - Desirable
- Experience working well in a team player - Desirable
What's on Offer
The salary is between £16 - £18,000 per annum + Competitive pension scheme + Free parking + Childcare vouchers


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etihad to forge closer links with malaysia airlines
Etihad Airways is set to forge closer links with Malaysia Airlines, following the signing of a memorandum of understanding which will potentially see the two national airlines add destinations to their international networks and offer frequent flyer benefits offered to their respective customers.
James Hogan, Etihad Airways' chief executive and Malaysia Airlines' managing director and chief executive Idris Jala, signed the agreement at the headquarters of the Malaysian national carrier in Kuala Lumpur.
The proposed agreement paves the way for closer co-operation between the airlines on a range of joint initiatives which are likely to include a future code-share agreement as well as collaboration on frequent flyer programmes, ground handling, customer support, cargo and airport lounge access.
James Hogan, Etihad Airways' chief executive, said: "Malaysia Airlines enjoys a deserved reputation for consistent and high quality service, both on the ground and in the air, and so is a natural partner for Etihad.
"Asia is one of our strongest markets and there is huge appetite amongst our customers to travel beyond the Malaysian capital. This partnership will hopefully give us an ideal opportunity to expand the number of Asian destinations we offer our customers and we anticipate that it will result in increased traffic and more revenue opportunities for both our airlines.
Idris Jala, Malaysia Airlines' managing director and chief executive, added: "The MoU with Etihad is timely as Malaysia is a favourite destination for visitors from the Middle East. With a steady increase in tourist arrivals over the years from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, we hope to tap on this MoU to increase further the passenger numbers from that region not only to Malaysia but to our destinations beyond."
Since launching services to the Malaysian capital in January 2007, Kuala Lumpur has quickly established itself as one of Etihad's most popular business and leisure travel destinations. The Abu Dhabi-based airline currently operates six weekly Boeing B777 flights to the Malaysian capital.
Kuala Lumpur is one of seven destinations served by Etihad in the Asia-Pacific region. The airline also flies to Bangkok, Jakarta, Manila, Singapore, Brisbane and Sydney.
Etihad currently has eight other codeshare agreements with Yemen Airways, Saudi Arabia Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Sri Lankan Airlines, Royal Air Maroc, Philippine Airlines, Middle East Airlines and UK-based airline, bmi.


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Black Bandana Mesh Snapback Cap by 7UNION
Posted by Capo, July 6th, 2014 02:07 pm under Snapback
Japanese headwear makers 7UNION, presents their Black Bandana Mesh snapback cap as part of their Summer 2014 collection. The 5 panel pinch front style features black mesh rear and side panels. Your basic trucker style snapback cap gets an upgrade, with its bandana printed trim that wraps around the back panels. Attached to the front panels is an embossed metal triangle plate with a SIlver finish. One size fits most, the Black Bandana mesh snapback hat is available online at http://capcollector.com


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4-134 and 6-225 Engines
See Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
To remove the oil pan on these engines, remove the oil pan attaching bolts and remove the oil pan. Clean all of the attaching surfaces and install new gaskets.6-226 Engine
- Remove the engine from the truck.
- Place the engine on a work stand and turn it upside down.
- Remove the oil pan attaching bolts and remove the oil pan.
- Clean all the mating surfaces and install a new gasket coated with sealer on the pan.
- Position the oil pan, install the bolts and tighten them to 109 inch lbs. (12 Nm).
- Install the engine.
See Figure 7
- Unbolt and remove the pan.
- Pull the ends of the pan gasket from the front and rear filler blocks.
- Insert gasket aligning dowels in the holes on each side of the block at the front.
- Place the new gasket on top of the old gasket. With the gaskets held in place by the dowels, make a cut through both gaskets, 3 / 32 in. (2.38mm) from the front filler block, or 5 / 16 in. (8mm) from the edge of the nearest hole. The cut must be so that the triangular end of the oil pan seal will cover the splice.
- Remove both gaskets and discard the old one.
- Clean the gasket mating surfaces thoroughly.
- Coat both sides of the new gaskets with sealer, and the splice near the front filler block. With the dowels in the holes, position the gaskets on the block. Replace the ends of the oil pan seal at both filler blocks.
- Coat the filler block seals with clean engine oil.
- Install the pan and hand-tighten the bolts.
- Working from the center bolts toward the ends, and alternating from side to side, tighten the bolts to 146-182 inch lbs. (16-20 Nm).