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Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation
- Whitney Tucker
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1 Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation Patrons evolutius del crani humà. Anàlisi geneticoquantitativa de la variació fenotípica craniofacial Memòria presentada per Neus Martínez Abadías per optar al grau de Doctor per la Universitat de Barcelona Dirigida pel Dr. Miquel Hernández Martínez, Professor Titular d Antropologia Física de la Secció d Antropologia del Departament de Biologia Animal de la Universitat de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat d Antropologia Biològica, bienni Miquel Hernández Martínez Clara García Moro Neus Martínez Abadías Director Tutora Doctoranda
3 A los que tienen un alma flamenca A vosotros, Ángel y Tere A ti, David
5 Y, por tanto, espero que hayas comprendido que X puede resultar igual, mayor o menor que la suma de A más B. Eso depende de la interrelación de las partes. Por eso, sólo podemos afirmar con certeza que el todo es igual a la suma de las partes cuando las partes se ignoran entre sí. Almudena Grandes, El corazón helado (Barcelona, 2007)
7 Agradecimientos Escribo estas líneas de agradecimiento cuando llega el final de este viaje, aunque debería haberlas escrito al inicio, porque sin la ayuda de todos vosotros seguro que me habría perdido por el camino. A mi familia, a mis padres. Gracias a vosotros, que me lo habéis dado todo, porque os lo debo todo. Gracias por tramitar mi pasaporte y regalarme un billete sólo de ida. Que sepáis que siempre os llevo conmigo y que volveré. Al Dr. Miquel Hernández, gracias por ser mi brújula, por no dejar nunca de indicar el Norte. Gracias por guiarme en el trabajo, por dirigir mi tesis, por enseñarme Antropología y por hacerme comprender que el mundo está lleno de rincones fascinantes. Miquel, tus reseñas sobre posadas y tabernas son siempre útiles. A Rolo, gracias por haber sacado el mapa y haberme mostrado la ruta gracias por estar siempre en el puesto de avituallamiento. Nos perdimos unas cuantas veces en el tenebroso barrio de la Morfometría Geométrica, pero siempre logramos reencontrarnos. Al Dr. Chris Klingenberg y al Dr. Mauro Santos, gracias por ser mis guías en las tinieblas de la Genética Cuantitativa. No podría ser más cierto que sin su ayuda esta tesis nunca habría llegado a buen puerto. Al Dr. Sjøvold, que fue compañero de viaje por los Alpes austriacos y que gracias a él conocí a Hallstatt y a su maravillosa colección de cráneos. Gracias también a las autoridades de la Iglesia de Hallstatt que nos dieron permiso para estudiar la colección y a toda la gente del pueblo, que fue tan hospitalaria durante mi estancia. Especialmente gracias a la familia Mayer, del primero al último, prometo volver. A la Dra. Esparza, que gracias a su incursión y a su saber demográfico, las genealogías completas de Hallstatt son hoy una realidad. Gracias a Víctor Jalencas por toda su dedicación y soporte informático.
8 A toda la gente del Antro, a los que están y a los que también partieron: Marta, Mireia, Rolo, Bárbara, Esther, Natalia, Marc, Emili, Meri, Sergi, Mar, Jordi, Ferran, Laura, Mohammed, Bea, Giorgios, Magda, Josep, Magdalena, Lola, Elena, Mari, Nadia, Sílvia, Neus, Joel, Bea, Toni, Blanca, Araceli, a todos los profesores de la Unidad y, como no, una mención especial para el Dr. Pons. Gracias sobretodo a las biodemogirls (somos un equipo!) y a mi Barbie preferida. A mis amigos, a los que estáis aquí al lado y a los que nos separa un océano. Para mí estáis todos cerca. Irene, Crrristina, Esther-La Rubi, no se quant he arribat a riure amb vosaltres i no sabeu quanta energia que m heu donat. Doloretes, Anita, Nurieta, les meves nenes de Lleida, ara estaríem bevent un suc de taronja en got de cubata i ballant Los Fresones Rebeldes. Annikis, sempre fa sol quan tornes però ja vindrem a veure t a Papua que ja ens vam perdre Brasil. Sio, Ainara e Sara, mi manchate tantissimo belle mie, dov è il prossimo rincontro? Silvina, vós sos mi ídola, lo sabés. Híjole, y qué pasó güey con los pinches mexicanos? Jorge, Mirsha, Víctor, Irineo, Alejandro, Antonio, Amaya (sí, vosotros también tenéis alma mexicana). Y las chicas, mis amigasprimas de Ariza, Mercedes, Consuelo, Eu, María, Isa y Bea, la última incorporación (venga va, Ricardo, que a ti también te ajuntamos y al Menés, también). Dani, Toni, Bep, Max, Gonzalo, Amadís, Xavi, Laura, Alan, Josep (Cone), Agustí, Andreas, Carles, Elena, Vicky, Josep (Moçambic), Carmina, Nieves Gràcies a tots. A David. David gràcies per portar-me amb tu a Polònia i donar un tomb a la meva vida. Gràcies per emplenar-me d alegria cada dia. Ni trenta, ni cent, ni mil raons són suficients. Gràcies per dir-me que sí. Amb tu sé que arribarem a la fi del món.
9 Esta tesis se ha realizado gracias a una Beca de Recerca i Docència de la Universitat de Barcelona, disfrutada entre los años 2003 y 2007, y gracias a la financiación obtenida por un proyecto de la Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, USA (Grant nº 7149) Quantitative genetics of craniofacial traits: a functional approach to heritability. También ha participado en la financiación de este trabajo el proyecto ministerial CGL /BTE Poblamiento de América: Genética de poblaciones y Morfometría Geométrica en series craneales del Holoceno medio al presente ( ), del que es investigador principal el Dr. Miquel Hernández Martínez.
11 Contents
13 Contents 1 Introduction The Hallstatt Project HALLSTATT: BRIEF HISTORICAL AND DEMOGRAPHICAL REPORT THE HALLSTATT S SKULL COLLECTION PREVIOUS STUDIES The human skull ANATOMY & FUNCTION SKULL EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN VERTEBRATES MORPHOGENESIS & DEVELOPMENT GROWTH Normal suture pattern Skull growth control Functional Matrix Hypothesis (FMH) VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN Evolutionary Trends in Hominid Evolution ENCEPHALIZATION MECHANISMS DRIVING MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Mechanisms of developmental change Modularity Morphological Integration Geometric Morphometrics AN HISTORICAL OUTLINE THE PRINCIPLES OF GM SIZE & SHAPE TYPES OF LANDMARKS GM TECHNIQUES Superimposition Deformation Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS Quantitative Genetics HISTORICAL USE OF CRANIOFACIAL TRAITS THE BOAS DEBATE: IS IT STILL OPEN? QUANTITATIVE GENETIC MODELS METHODS FOR ESTIMATING HERITABILITY PREVIOUS HERITABILITY STUDIES WHICH TRAITS ARE HERITABLE? SELECTION & EVOLVABILITY... 81
14 2 Objectives Results I Heritability of human cranial dimensions: Results II Genetic and phenotypic patterns of variation in the human skull Results III Pervasive genetic integration directs the evolution of human skull shape Results IV Detecting natural selection in modern human skulls Results & Discussion Conclusions Resum de la Tesi Doctoral Literature Cited Appendix
15 List of figures and tables Figure 1. Panoramic view from Hallstatt.4 Figure 2. Decorated skulls at the charnel house.4 Figure 3. Map of Europe: geographic location of Hallstatt..5 Figure 4. Stamp UNESCO Austria...5 Figure 5. Tower of Hallstatt s Neo-Gothic Protestant parish 8 Figure 6. Graveyards from the cemetery of the Catholic church.11 Figure 7. Charnel house (Beinhaus or Bone House)...11 Figure 8. The three main developmental regions of the human skull.. 15 Figure 9. Ossification processes.19 Figure 10. Cranial growth in early ontogeny.. 24 Figure 11. Cranial growth in late ontogeny...26 Figure 12. Skull evolution..34 Figure 13. Encephalization.36 Figure 14. Hierarchical modularity.. 43 Figure 15. Morphological integration in the human skull..47 Figure 16. Transformation grids from D Arcy Thompson s book..53 Figure 17. Different types of landmarks.56 Figure 18. Landmark configuration capturing the form of a human...58 skull and superimposed configurations Figure 19. Kendall s shape sphere for triangles.61 Figure 20. Deformation grids comparing two craniofacial shapes..62 Figure 21. EDMA comparisons of craniofacial shapes.62 Figure 22. A living-histogram.65 Figure 23. Three modes of selection 82
16 Table 1. Number of inhabitants distributed by place of residence..8 and religion Table 2. Comparison of heritability estimates of several.75 anthropometric measures
17 1 Introduction
19 1.1 The Hallstatt Project This thesis is the final outcome of a project called Quantitative genetics of craniofacial traits: a functional approach to heritability, which received support from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research in 2004 (Individual Research Grant nº 7149). The main goal of this project is to integrate geometric morphometric and biodemographic tools with quantitative genetics in order to estimate the genetic variation underlying skull morphology and to assess its capability to evolve. The analyses herein are based on the analysis of a sample of human skulls from Hallstatt, an Austrian village located in the Alps (Figure 1). The uniqueness of this sample for evolutionary anthropological studies lies in the fact that it is made up of more than 700 decorated skulls with associated genealogical data (Figure 2). This material has been accumulating in Hallstatt since 1775 and is the largest known human skull collection with pedigree information (see Appendix). Actually, it provides an unusual opportunity to apply quantitative genetic methods in a human population. In Hallstatt has endured a singular tradition to worship the ancestors, which consisted in the following. Upon request of the family, the skeletal remains of their relatives were exhumed from their graves and were preserved at the charnel house. Long bones were just accumulated, but the skulls were given a special care. Crania were cleaned and decorated with nice paintings (Sauser 1956), and even more important, the names of the individuals were written in black ink letters on their forehead, allowing the skull identification. Originally, it was considered that this practice was carried out to give room to new burials because of the lack of space within the churchyard (Morton 1954). However, now it is regarded as a tradition connected with the Catholic Church and the celebration of All Saints Day (Burgstaller 1961). This custom was widespread in other Austrian and German regions surrounding the Alps (Sauser 1956), but Hallstatt is the only place where this tradition persisted until 3
20 THE HALLSTATT PROJECT recently, since the last skull was incorporated in In other places, the practice lasted for shorter periods and almost all of those collections were reburied after the 20th century or disappeared during the World Wars. In Hallstatt, the collection is still preserved at the Catholic charnel house, where the skulls are exhibited to the public. However, the collection is not complete because some skulls were donated to different Austrian institutions. Most of these skulls can be found at the Hallstatt Musealverein, the Anatomisches Institut in Innsbruck, as well as the Naturhistorisches Museum and the Österreichisches Museum für Volkskunde in Vienna. The skulls can be identified by its written name and the genealogical trees of the families represented at the skull sample can be reconstructed thanks to the parish records of births, deaths and marriages that are preserved at the Catholic Church of Hallstatt from as early as Therefore, the data collected to carry out this project concerned two main sources of information: craniometric and demographic data. Craniometric data was recorded by means of geometric morphometric techniques in order to provide the quantification of cranial morphology; whereas demographic data provided the necessary information to reconstruct the genealogies of the population. Finally, quantitative genetic models were used to combine these datasets and to estimate the genetic and the environmental sources of variation that determine the phenotypic variation of the human skull. Therefore, the gathered information was used to estimate the genetic variation of size and shape craniofacial structures, as well as for testing hypotheses about selection of cranial structures through the hominid lineage. These analyses have raised discussion regarding heritability, phenotypic selection, genetic constraints and morphological integration in the human species. Figure 1. Panoramic view from Hallstatt. Figure 2. Decorated skulls at the charnel house. 4
21 THE HALLSTATT PROJECT HALLSTATT: BRIEF HISTORICAL AND DEMOGRAPHICAL REPORT The village of Hallstatt (Upper Austria, Salzkammergut) is located on the Eastern Alps (47 34 N E), approximately 70 km SE of Salzburg (Figure 3). It is surrounded by glaciers (such as the Dachstein) and lies at the end of a large lake, the Hallstätersee, formed by the Traun river. The name of the town is related to salt, since the history of Hallstatt has been linked primarily with salt extraction (UNESCO 1996). In fact, rock-salt mines have been the main resource of the area for thousands of years. The name of Hallstatt derives from the West German hal (salt) and the Old High German stat (settlement) and it was first recorded in a deed of 1305 (UNESCO 1996). Figure 3. Map of Europe: geographic location of Hallstatt. Modified after Wikipedia. Despite its anthropological value, Hallstatt is not especially renowned by the collection of decorated skulls, but it is famous for its prehistoric, natural and cultural legacy. Actually, the Hallstatt-Dachstein-Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape was included at the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997 (Figure 4). Figure 4. Stamp UNESCO Austria Hallstatt-Dachstein-Salzkammergut The history of Hallstatt s human population can be traced back to the Neolithic Stone Age. As revealed by archaeological investigations, humans were already present in this area by BC (UNESCO 1996). The lithic industry recovered at the archaeological sites of the 5
22 THE HALLSTATT PROJECT Salzberg valley proves that the population of Hallstatt started to exploit the rich salt resources of their mountains by 5000 BC (UNESCO 1996). These discoveries established that the world s oldest known salt mine was settled in Hallstatt. However, one of the most prominent historical periods of Hallstatt occurred later, at the transition between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The Hallstatt culture developed during that period, from 1200 BC to 500 BC (Cunliffe 1997). This denomination was given after a rich Celtic prehistoric cemetery discovered in the Upper Salzberg valley by the local Johann Georg Ramsauer in Excavation works at the Dachstein massif have continued until present and more than a thousand burials have been recovered from the grounds. One hundred years before, in 1734, it had already been discovered the so-called Man in Salt, a fully preserved body of a prehistoric miner dating back to 300 BC (Rom 1999). The Hallstatt culture raised from a highly-developed culture based on salt mining and active trade (Cunliffe 1997). It was the predominant Central European culture during the transition between the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age period (800 BC-400 BC). However, the Hallstatt culture was not homogeneous and two different cultural regions can be distinguished (Pydyn 1999): an eastern Hallstatt cultural zone including Croatia, Slovenia, western Hungary, Austria, Moravia region of the Czech Republic and Slovakia; and a western cultural zone which includes northern Italy, Switzerland, eastern France, southern Germany and the Bohemian region of the Czech Republic. Exchange systems and people movements also spread the Hallstatt cultural complex into the western half of the Iberian Peninsula, Great Britain and Ireland, probably within a Celtic-speaking context (Pydyn 1999). Hallstatt is one of the richest known Celtic cemeteries, with a wide range of weapons, brooches, pins and pottery. The Hallstatt art has endured for thousands of years, especially the iron and bronze work as well as the pottery used as grave furniture and generally decorated in rigid symmetrical, repetitive, geometric patterns. This decoration style is very distinctive and similar artefacts are widespread in Europe (Cunliffe 1997). The first people living in Hallstatt probably were the Illyrians. This was an immigrant group of cattle breeders, traders and miners coming to Europe from the East. Afterwards, the Illyrians were displaced by the arrival of the Celts to the area, who settled down the Norikum kingdom and developed the Hallstatt culture (Cunliffe 1997). The Celtic settlement was destroyed by a massive landslide occurred in 303 BC, which ended up with the mining activity 6
23 THE HALLSTATT PROJECT of this group. However, the Celts endured in Hallstatt until the start of the new era. At that time the Romans arrived to Hallstatt, defeated the Celts and incorporated the Norikum region into the provinces of the Roman Empire. Then, the village of Hallstatt was fully reconstructed and mining activities were re-established but in a different area (UNESCO 1996). The vital significance of salt mining industry flourished again by 1000 AD and was maintained through the medieval times (UNESCO 1996). Progressively, Hallstatt became an important village and was bestowed on the rights of a market town by Queen Elisabeth in 1311, as well as on a coat of arms and brewery rights by Emperor Maximilian I in Rock-salt mining was so productive and exportation was so important for the economic subsistence of the people from the Salzkammergut region that it was the cause of a war in 1611, the Salt War, between the Habsburg Duke Maximilian of Bavaria and the Princebishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau of Salzburg. Anciently, salt was carried by miners from the mountain to the lakeshore and was traded through the lake; but later in 1770 a wooden pipeline was built and it transported the salt from the ancient mines down the valley to Ischl. The medieval town was a typical Gothic miner s settlement but it was almost totally destroyed by the great fire of Afterwards, the town was reconstructed in Late Baroque style (UNESCO 1996). Christianity started to spread in the Salzkammergut around 300 AD and the first evidence of a Catholic Church is found in the 12th century: the Michaelkirche, a small Romanesque church. The present Catholic Church of St. Mary was built in the late 15th century (UNESCO 1996) jointly with St. Michael s chapel and the charnel house, where the decorated skull are stored. People from Hallstatt were mainly Catholic until the 16th century. By that time, Lutheranism was introduced in Austria (Kurz 2002) and during the Reformation it acquired many adherents among the miners and foresters of the Hallstatt region. Afterwards, Hallstatt s population was split up into two different religious communities, although Catholics have usually outnumbered Protestants (Table 1). Protestants were not permitted to exercise their faith publicly until the Edict of Toleration of 1781, enacted by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Habsburg lands (UNESCO 1996). This Edict extended religious freedom to non-catholic Christians living in the Austrian Empire, including Lutherans, Calvinists and the Greek Orthodox. 7
24 THE HALLSTATT PROJECT From 1781 to 1848, Protestant parishes were enabled to celebrate baptisms, marriages and funerals, but their congregations had to be registered both at the Protestant and the Catholic parishes (Kurz, pers.comm.). Therefore, individual registers were duplicated during this period: in Hallstatt, one copy was made at the Catholic parish of the village and another at the Protestant parish. Since Hallstatt s Protestant parish (Figure 5) was not constructed until 1837, Lutherans from Hallstatt were registered at the Protestant parish of Goisern, a nearby village. From 1848 and thereon (Kurz, pers. comm.), Catholic and Lutheran registers became independent and Figure 5. Tower of Hallstatt s Neo-Gothic Protestant parish. each individual was just registered once at his own community (see Appendix). Residence Catholics Lutherans Total Gosauzwang Hallstatt markt Lahn Obertraun Salzberg Winkl Table 1. Number of inhabitants distributed by place of residence and religion. In 1845, Hallstatt had 1930 inhabitants, from which 58.3% were Catholics and 41.7% were Lutherans. More than 50% of the population lived in the village: either in the Hallstatt markt, which is the core of the town (see photo) or in Lahn, the southern part of the town. The rest of the people inhabited the surroundings territories, such as the Salzberg mountain or other small villages that belonged to the administrative region of Hallstatt (i.e., Obertraun). Demographic information about Hallstatt has been provided by Michael Kurz, who has carried out a thorough research of the Salzkammergut s population: he has studied the Parish records of several villages from the Salzkammergut region and has analyzed their natality, marriage and mortality patterns (Kurz 2002). The number of inhabitants in Hallstatt from the 18th to the 20th century was about The highest population levels were achieved in 1739 and 1910: at these years the population census reported almost
25 THE HALLSTATT PROJECT individuals, although these values depend on the regions considered at each census (i.e., in 1828 people living in Obersee were not included at Hallstatt s census and in 1923 people living in Obertraun were also excluded). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the number of inhabitants fluctuated between 1500 and 2000, but it started to decrease gradually from the beginnings of the 20th century (Kurz 2002). The lowest population level was achieved at the last census: in 2001, less than 1000 people were registered in Hallstatt. In contrast to other villages from the Salzkammergut region, the population from Hallstatt has remained quite constant through the last three centuries (Kurz 2002). Conversely, the population of Ebensee, Goisern, Gosau and Ischl progressively increased from 1792 to 2001 and a peak of growth was achieved at these villages by 1950 (Kurz 2002). In Hallstatt, the pattern of growth population shows the three typical stages of the European demographic transition (Schofield et al. 1991). At the first stage, from the end of the 18th century to the last quarter of the 19th century, natality and mortality rates were rather high and similar (around ). At the second stage, from the end of the 18th century to end of the 19th century, natality and mortality rates began to differ: first, the mortality rate started to decrease whereas the natality rate remained high, allowing a greater population growth; afterwards, the natality rate also decreased. At the third stage, from 1975 onwards, natality and mortality rates were similar again but quite low (around 10 ). A parallel demographical pattern has been described for the Österreich region (Kurz 2002). In Hallstatt there are several excess mortality years, but the most prominent ones occurred at the beginning and at the end of the 19th century. Infant mortality was considerably high at the first stage, but steadily declined from Kurz (2002) reports that it was about at the beginning of the 19th century and that it fell down to approximately 5 in In contrast, there are few years with significantly greater natality rates. This indicates that population growth has never been very high in Hallstatt. Another interesting demographic characteristic of this region is that the percentage of illegitimate children was considerably high (Kurz 2002). In Hallstatt, the percentages were as follows: 2.6-5% at the 17th century, % at the 18th century and higher than 10% at the 19th century. The highest levels were achieved by 1850: the percentage of illegitimate born children was as much as 30% in Hallstatt and so was it at the surrounding regions (5% in Tirol, 9
26 THE HALLSTATT PROJECT 23% in Salzburg, 19% in Oberösterreich, 24% in Steiermark, 26% in Niederösterreich, 34% in Kärnten) by the same year (Kurz 2002). Regarding inbreeding, Sjøvold (1986, 1995) reported that in Hallstatt it was almost nonexistent since around 20% of the population was from immigrant origin. Esparza (pers. comm.) has found low levels of endogamy and consanguinity in Hallstatt between the 17th and the 19th centuries. Most probably, people immigrating to Hallstatt came from the surrounding areas attracted by the salt industry. Many of them were young individuals looking for a job in the salt mines. Such population dynamics would explain that despite immigration, the genetic background of the population was fairly homogeneous. The population definitely opened to migration exchange at the end of the 19th century, after the Industrial Revolution, with increased mobility and improved means of transport. In fact, until the end of the 19th century Hallstatt was a rather isolated village. It could only be reached by boat across the lake or by footpaths across the mountains. The first regular transport to Hallstatt was introduced in 1862, when a small steamboat was used to travel around the lake. The first road was not built until 1875, which connected Hallstatt to Gosaumühle. The construction in of a railroad along the eastern side of the lake, the "Kronprinz Rudolf Kammergut Railway", represented the opening of Hallstatt and the arrival of many people, such as immigrants and visitors (Urstöger 1984). Some years afterwards, in 1890, another road was constructed along the west shore of the lake, the Seestrasse. And finally, in 1966, the Hallstatt road tunnel was built. As explained above, mining activities have been carried out almost during the whole history of Hallstatt, despite some peaks and declines. The last massive salt extraction was carried out at the beginning of the 19th century in order to finance the war against France. Despite the incorporation of technical innovations, such as the introduction of electric power and the construction of a rail link, the salterns were closed down in Today, salt is still extracted from the Hallstatt s mines, though the brine is now piped down the valley to a modern treatment plant at Ebersee. Salt mining is not any more the principal resource of Hallstatt. Since the mid 20th century, Hallstatt has become a touristic hotspot (UNESCO 1996) and tourism is at present the main economic activity. 10
27 THE HALLSTATT PROJECT THE HALLSTATT S SKULL COLLECTION Figure 6. Graveyards from the cemetery of the Catholic church. The origins of the Hallstatt s collection of decorated skulls can be traced back to the end of the 18th century. The collection was made up after the skeletal remains recovered from the grave burials (Figure 6). When the family claimed it, the graves were opened after approximately ten years of the decease and the remains were exhumed. The gravedigger was the person in charge of digging up the bones, cleaning and decorating them with different kinds of paintings (such as flowers, leaves, wreaths and crosses) and writings, as the year of decease and the individual s name (Sauser 1956). This is in fact the distinctive characteristic of the Hallstatt skull collection in comparison to any other skull collection: the name of the individual allows his identification. Given the fact that Hallstatt is a small population, relatives can also be identified and genealogies can be reconstructed thanks to the parish demographical records (see Appendix). The decorated skulls are exhibited at the charnel house located nearby the cemetery and below St. Michael s Chapel. This is a small rectangular room with wooden shelves placed on the lateral and back walls (Figure 7): under the shelves are accumulated the exhumed long bones (which cannot be identified) and on the shelves are placed several rows of skulls. The skulls of influential people of Hallstatt (such as priests or mayors) have a predominant central location at the charnel house. This is also the case of those skulls with special paintings, such us two skulls with a snake painted on them. These were the father and the sister of one of the gravediggers who painted the skulls. Another brother of the gravedigger died by the same time and his skull also shows a snake. This one is stored, however, in Vienna at the Naturhistorisches Museum. Figure 7. Charnel house (Beinhaus or Bone House). 11
28 THE HALLSTATT PROJECT Given the exclusive nature of the Hallstatt skull collection, it is no surprise to find that it has been previously studied by several researchers. However, most of the available information about the Hallstatt skull collection is due to Dr. Torstein Sjøvold from the Stockholms Universitet. His first surveys were carried out during the seventies and since then he has reviewed and expanded his studies, which have been published in several papers (Sjøvold 1984, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1995). According to Sjøvold, the Hallstatt skull collection can not be considered a random sample for several reasons: first, because it was restricted to Catholics; second, because it was a family matter and some families were more prone to this tradition than others (especially the families of the gravediggers, which are by far the most represented ones); and third, because there is a sex bias, appearing many more males than females. However, it seems that there is no social stratification in the sample, at least during the 19th century, when the tradition was at its very peak. During the first decades of the tradition, skull decoration was more limited to members of the upper social groups, but afterwards no social group seems to be excluded, since the skulls represent people with all kinds of occupations: the collection includes the skulls of village mayors, officials, priests, doctors, housewives, professors, miners, woodcutters, workers and inmates of the poorhouse. Moreover, the decorated skulls tend to represent individuals born in Hallstatt as well as immigrants to the village. The skull collection is under continuous supervision but unfortunately some skulls have been lost. This is evident from photographical records of the collection and by Sjøvold s reports, who has detected that some skulls have disappeared PREVIOUS STUDIES The first evaluation and description of the Hallstatt skull collection was carried out by the end of the 19th century by a Viennese anatomist (Zuckerkandl 1883, 1898). Professor Zuckerkandl painted in pencil a number at the parietal of some of the crania. Hallstatt skulls were reanalysed from 1948 to 1952 by a research team from the Innsbruck Anatomisches Institut led by Gustav Sauser. During this period, Professor Sauser and his disciples made an inventory of the skulls, numbered all of them with a pencil at the occipital, took some craniometric measurements and described their kind of decoration (Sauser 1956). This data was also used for some anthropological analyses. There is one 12
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Fantendo's Quest (Name pending) is a Fan-Fic by Micool26. Anybody can add to it. (Like in Fantendo Heroes UNITE!!!)
There is a place called Fantendo. It has brave heroes, magnificent creatures and is a very interesting world all together. Yet it is not always great, for there is evil approaching this land. Luckily, our heroes are prepared for whatever comes there way. (The Smart ones anyways) Our heroes will try there best to defeat this evil and save their land from from darkness, like they have for years.
Nugg was on his way to Micool the Master's Castle, whistling a merry tune as he roamed down Fantendo's streets and corners on his bike, Purple Koopa Bro. close behind him, Micool the Master was having dinner with the other fantendians that night, but a small portal opened up, and a strange figure pops out, Purple Koopa Bro. hops on Nugg's back and the two run to the castle, the figure behind them...

subset: commoncrawl


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Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in the Bulbagarden Discord server.
Stadium Mode
| This article is incomplete.
Please feel free to edit this article to add missing information and complete it.
Stadium Mode (Japanese: ?) is the main game mode of Pokémon Stadium. The player can battle here using one of four different cup rules: Pika Cup, Petit Cup, Poké Cup, and Prime Cup. The Pika Cup and Petit Cup both have only one level of difficulty, while the other two have four levels of difficulty: Poké Ball, Great Ball, Ultra Ball, and Master Ball.
This mode is one of the modes that must be beaten to unlock Mewtwo. The other is Gym Leader Castle.
This mode returns in Pokémon Stadium 2 with the same number of cup rules, but the Pika and Petit Cups were replaced by the Little Cup and the Challenge Cup.
As the Stadium series ended so did the Stadium Mode. This mode never returned in Pokémon Colosseum, Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness, or Pokémon Battle Revolution. However, Pokémon Battle Revolution had shown something similar to Stadium Mode, but in a different way than the original.
|This game-related article is a stub. You can help Bulbapedia by expanding it.
|This game mechanic article is part of Project Games, a Bulbapedia project that aims to write comprehensive articles on the Pokémon games.


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Experts have found that by dividing the lips into separate zones, they may be able to further improve patients' satisfaction with the procedure.
Lip augmentation is a particularly popular non-surgical cosmetic procedure among young women, as wider, fuller lips are deemed to be a mark of attractiveness.
Writing in the Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery, study authors note: "There has been a dramatic increase in cosmetic surgery in western culture in the past few decades, with an increasing focus on achieving aesthetic ideals and maintaining a youthful appearance."
A researcher at the New York Centre for Facial Plastic Surgery carried out 137 lip augmentation procedures on 66 patients using the injectable gel filler Restylane, which he injected into 15 distinct lip zones.
Dr Andrew Jacono claimed that the technique increased the ability "to better control lip shape and size in lip augmentation".
When patients were asked to rate their satisfaction with the procedure, the average score was 4.5, on a scale from nought to five.
Dr Jacono concluded: "This technique was met with high patient satisfaction and no adverse effects."


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We will soon know whether Microsoft's rollout of Windows 10 and its latest Surface tablets and hybrid laptops will translate into strong holiday sales and provide a challenge to Black Friday sales of Apple Macs, iPads and iPhones. If the Windows products – not to mention Xbox One gaming systems -- don't fly off the shelves this Black Friday and holiday shopping season, you won't be able to blame retailers for their effort: they're pricing Microsoft and partner products pretty aggressively.
For those of you in the market for a PC for yourself or someone else, make sure you work up a list to check off what you're looking for in processor type, memory, hard drive, display size and Internet connectivity, says Thomas Koll, CEO of PC migration software company Laplink. Don't be all consumed by price and do consider the warranty program and ability to migrate your current data to your new machine, he adds.
REVIEW: Enterprise guide to Windows 10
So now on to the deals, which I have to thank websites such as BFads.net, BlackFriday.com and BestBlackFriday.com for tracking so nicely and making it easier for me to collect the techie deals of possible interest to IT pros.
Staples: Toshiba Windows 10 laptop
This Toshiba laptop, powered by an Intel Core i5 processor and running Windows 10, has been marked down for Black Friday (starting online on Thanksgiving Day) from $650 to $400. The machine boasts a 15.6-inch screen, 8GB of RAM and a 750GB hard drive.
hhgregg: ASUS Touchscreen Flip Laptop
This computer with a 15.6-inch display is marked down from $500 to $400. It has an Intel Core i3 processor, 6GB of RAM and a 500GB hard drive.
HP: 20zw All-in-one-desktop
This Windows 10 Home 64 machine is powered by an AMD E1 dual-core CPU, includes 4GB of RAM and a 500GB hard drive. Its HD+ display runs 19.45 inches diagonally. HP is lopping $100 off the usual $400 price.
Target: Xbox One Gears of War bundle
Target is marking down the price for this Ultimate Bundle, including a 500GB Xbox One and the game Gears of War, from $350 to $300 for Black Friday shoppers. What's more, you get a $60 Target gift card tossed in.
Best Buy: AT&T GoPhone – Microsoft Lumia 640 cellphone
This no-contract 4G LTE phone with 8GB of memory will be selling for $30, which is $50 off the regular price. Runs Windows Phone 8.1 OS and has a 5-inch LCD touch screen, 8mp rear-facing camera and 1mp front facing camera.
GameStop: Xbox One 500GB Gears of War Ultimate Bundle
Get the newest Xbox console, plus a copy of Gears of War: Ultimate Edition (rated Mature 17+), for $50 off the usual $350 price. GameStop deals are valid from Black Friday, Nov. 27, through Sunday, Nov. 29.
Walmart: 15.6" HP Touch Laptop
Another Walmart back-page special, this laptop features an Intel Celeron processor, 4 GB memory and a 500 GB hard drive. It's been reduced in price from $299 to $249.
Costco: Microsoft Surface Pro 3 bundle
This flexible tablet/PC with 128GB of storage is the second newest model of Microsoft's would-be iPad killer, and it comes with a pen and Pro Type Cover, as well as with Windows 10 and a 1-year subscription for Office 365 Personal. Costco is selling it for $900, which is $250 off the regular price.
Office Depot/Office Max: Toshiba Encore 2 Windows Tablet
This 10.1-inch tablet with Windows 8.1 and 32GB of storage is being marked down to $90 from $300.
Office Depot/Office Max: HP 15.6-inch laptop
This system, powered by an Intel Core i5 processor and running Windows 10, also includes 6GB of RAM and a 500GB hard drive. It's being marked down from $550 to $330.
Dell: OptiPlex 3020 mini tower
This throwback desktop machine, powered by an Intel i3 processor and running Windows 7 Professional (yes, with a free Win10 Pro upgrade), packs 4GB of RAM and 500GB of storage.Dell is slicing the price from $827 to $500.
Sam's Club: HP Pavilion Convertible Touchscreen Notebook
This 13.3-inch Windows 10 notebook boasts an Intel Core i3 CPU, 8GB of memory, a 1TB hard drive and Beats Audio. Sam's Club is cutting the rpice from $600 to $400 for its Black Friday sale.


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New York, New York – (The Hosting News) – January 7, 2009 – Email, collaboration and productivity SaaS solutions firm, Intermedia, has released its new Business Productivity Suite (BPS).
The BPS is the first hosted solution to include hosted Microsoft Exchange 2007, Microsoft Windows SharePoint Services 3.0, Microsoft Office Communications Server 2007 (OCS) and Microsoft Outlook 2007 as a bundled offering.
The new solution helps businesses increase productivity and efficiency while allowing greater flexibility and lower risk, all for a lower price point than on-premise software or a la carte hosted services.
Diana Umarova of MGN Capital, a New York-based financial services consulting firm and an Intermedia client remarkled. "Hosted OCS from Intermedia has really helped us communicate and collaborate more efficiently. Its tight integration with hosted Exchange to provide real-time presence information within Outlook makes our hosted Exchange service far more powerful effective than Exchange on its own."
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To learn more about Intermedia's BPS solution, please visit: www.intermedia.net/bps
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text:
Chura liyaa Hai Tumne Full Movie Online
Tina Khanna (Esha Deol) and her brother Coco (Master Parth Dave) are orphans brought up by a man named Tony. When Tina learns that Tony is dead, she also learns a bitter truth – her uncle was a conman involved in a bank heist. She also learns that he duped his own partners and scooted off with all the money. Meanwhile, the partners – namely Om (Gulshan Grover), Chingar (Vijay Raaz) and Sheena(Rakhi Sawant) are behind her, thinking that she knows the whereabouts of the money.
Tina meets a stranger (Zayed Khan), who succeeds in both charming and irritating her by his antics. Unknown to her, this stranger is in league with the partners. The only person who is offering her some useful guidance is an officer in Indian Embassy, Deepak Chopra (Salil Ankola). Tina is more than anxious to find the money and end this nightmare. But is the situation more complicated than it already seems to be?


text:
Stores »
This item looks really cool. Nice for cooking and completely organic. Would love to have it!
Added to my Shopping Guide Wish List
I have an aunt that collects salt and pepper shakes. She has some really unique and quirky sets. I'd use those adjectives to describe this set. So cute.
We are a community of shoppers sharing our best finds from across the web.
© 2017 ThisNext, Inc. ThisNext is a member of BUZZMEDIA Entertainment, a division of BUZZMEDIA.


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daughter keeps wearing leggings that are see through(41 Posts)
lgreen Thu 06-Sep-12 12:49:05
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lgreen Sun 16-Sep-12 10:43:31
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AgentProvocateur Thu 10-Jan-13 20:10:22
colditz Thu 10-Jan-13 20:10:30
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Rikalaily Thu 10-Jan-13 20:16:01
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Words formed when one letter is changed in bruit
Letter 1 (B) changed: 1 word found:
No words found when changing letter 2 (R).
No words found when changing letter 3 (U).
Letter 4 (I) changed: 1 word found:
Letter 5 (T) changed: 1 word found:
A total of 3 words can be formed from bruit by changing one letter.
Some random words: eskar thud erupt ihram mu ufological erewhile
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
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Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith Chapter XIII: Not the Chosen One?
Not the Chosen One?
Two BARC speeders can be seen escorting the LAAT/i gunship through Galactic City, and though they are little more than blurs racing in front of the vessel here, they can be seen more clearly later in the scene. "BARC" stands for "Biker Advanced Recon Commando", a specialization of clone troopers trained to pilot speeder bikes.
The Aurebesh lettering on the side of the gunship appear to be nonsensical; they are also printed in mirror format. The three visible, reversed symbols denote the letters or sounds "ng", "s" and "j".
Yoda rubbing a hand across his scalp was an action requested specifically by George Lucas. It is an homage to the actor Takashi Shimura, being his signature gesture in Akira Kurosawa's Shichinin no Samurai, otherwise known as Seven Samurai, a film that greatly inspired Lucas during writing and production of Episode IV[1].
As the gunship arrives at a military staging area, numerous Venator-class Star Destroyers can be seen docked, along with other war machines. These include additional gunships and BARC speeders; Juggernauts (also known as "clone turbo tanks"); Infantry Support Platforms; three-legged All Terrain Attack Pod walkers; and one-man All Terrain Recon Transport walkers. A Wookiee also arrives to greet Yoda, amid formations of clone troopers of the 41st Elite Legion. These troopers will later be seen on Kashyyyk sporting camouflage armor, and some will also fight on Utapau. Finally, groups of fireship pilots can also be seen amongst the clones.
A snippet of "Emperor's Throne Room" from Episode VI can be heard after Yoda states that the prophecy may have been misread.
- ↑ Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith DVD Commentary (38:40)
<< Back: Secret Assignment — Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith — Next: Seeds of Distrust >>


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Welcome to Survival Experts!
Capture those special moments with this extendable waterproof 39" selfie stick. Customize it with the color of your choice. It is compatible with a variety of GoPro, Samsung and LG phone models (See below)Compatibility:GoPro Hero 1, 2, 3, 4Samsung S7, S6, Edge Plus, S5, S4, NOTE 5/4/3LG G4, G3, Note
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text:
- Trending Now: More Trending:
- admiral's mast calumny kakistocracy bona fide surrogate mother
let (something or someone) go
Definition of let (something or someone) go
1 : to stop holding or gripping (something or someone) He let the rope go. Let go my hand —often used figuratively I know she disappointed you, but you need to let the past go and move on with your life.
2 : to allow (someone who is being held as a slave, prisoner, etc.) to be free They let the prisoner go. The people in custody were let go.
3 : to officially make (someone) leave a job The company let him go at the end of the month. She was let go as a result of the scandal.
Word by Word Definitions
: hinder, prevent
: something that impedes : obstruction
: a shot or point in racket games that does not count and must be replayed
: to cause to : make
: to offer or grant for rent or lease
: to assign especially after bids
: some indeterminate or unspecified thing
: a person or thing of consequence
: one having more or less the character, qualities, or nature of something different
: in some degree : somewhat
: used as an intensive giving adverbial force to an adjective
: some person : somebody
: to move on a course : proceed — compare stop
: to move out of or away from a place expressed or implied : leave, depart
: to take a certain course or follow a certain procedure
: the act or manner of going
: the height of fashion : rage
: an often unexpected turn of affairs : occurrence
: functioning properly : being in good and ready condition
: a game played between two players who alternately place black and white stones on a board checkered by 19 vertical lines and 19 horizontal lines in an attempt to enclose the larger area on the board
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up let (something or someone) go? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


text:
MicroScreen MSCT20004G. Colour of product: Black, Maximum screen size compatibility: 39.1 cm (15.4"), Compatibility: Toshiba Equium A100 Equium A100-006 Equium A100-01M Equium A100-055 Equium A100-060 Equium A100-063 . Maximum resolution: 1280 x 800 pixels
Is your laptop screen broken, scratched, or do you just want to change to a matte or glossy?Then you should choose MicroScreen.Why?- Fast delivery.- Fair pricing.- Great quality.- We are able to support all models


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Web ID: 33538
Here is a large image and some of the thumbnails. The tittle of this image is Lovely calm pink bedroom ideas decorating for little girls. Adorable pink bedroom decoration ideas for girls with attractive wall art design with red area rug. Inspiring kids klub pink bedroom set with first wooden bed frame and cute small study desk. Spacious purple and pink accent themed bedroom minimalist design ideas for girls bedroom design ideas also pink furniture. Pink white little girls bedroom decor idea with love shaped art wall and floor mats.
The large picture on this section is grouped by pink bedroom ideas.


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|Fourteen-year-old Chi-yin Cheng's poster was judged first in the ages 14-18 category.
Since 1989, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) has sponsored the International Aviation Art Contest to challenge young people to illustrate the importance of aviation through art. TxDOT's Aviation Division hosts the contest at the state level.
In the 2017 Texas contest, thirteen students ages 8 to 18 were named winners. Entries were judged in three categories, according to age and for creative use of the theme in relation to the aviation world.
All told, 452 students from 25 schools submitted entries in the Texas challenge of the International Aviation Art Contest.
The 2017 contest theme was "Beyond the Clouds." Below are the Texas winners and links to their entries.
Ages 6-9
Ages 10-13
Ages 14-18
More Information


text: Posted January 5, 2014 Only if you're believing what you're reading in the guy's sources. I've never been too wrapped up in this supposed controversy because it seems pretty simple and silly and I've never done any research, but I've never heard Obama talk about his father in WW2... The only father influence he had was Stanley Dunhma, his grandfather, whom he was referring to and who actually did fight in WWII. But you know how far the fake outrage can take a person like madhatter Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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My name is mohamad amasha and I like to think of myself as a designer.
Since I was 13 years old, I've had a passion to design interactive experiences.
Still to this day, I'm always inspired by video games, movies and gadgets that can temporarily transport our minds to another world.
My goal is to lead a team of creatives and designers in producing engaging interactive user experiences, by continually learning and experimenting with current and future trends and technologies.See my portfolio Contact me
Creating engaging interfaces with well thought out behaviors.
Add value and meaning, simplify, clarify, and signify.
Useful, usable, desirable, accessible and credible.
Great way of communicating and validating design ideas.
Understand how real users experience your website.


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If an item you ordered from TextbookRush does not meet your expectations due to an error on our part, simply fill out a return request and then return it by mail within 30 days of ordering it for a full refund of item cost.
Learn more about our returns policy
Description: In this paperback original, a stable of fresh stories by award-winning writer Will Weaver (Full Service and Barns of Minnesota) are complemented by a hand-picked selection of favorites from his original collection, A Gravestone Made of Wheat, to offer a fresh, vivid portrait of the changing midwestern landscape. New highlights include "Blaze of Glory," an enchanting tale of an RV road trip and a senior couple's "last time"; "The Trapper," the story of a hard split between an old trapper and a younger female environmentalist; and "The Last Farmer," the capstone story of this elegant collection that examines the discovery by a high-tech farmer of the history of the old houses on his land. Fourteen stories in all portray the bountiful and whimsical and cruel human spirit and the swirling transformation of America's heartland.
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List price: $17.95Copyright year: 2006Publisher: Minnesota Historical Society PressPublication date: 10/1/2006Binding: PaperbackPages: 208Size: 5.25" wide x 8.25" long x 0.50" tall Weight: 0.506
Will Weaver is an award-winning fiction writer. His latest novel is The Survivors , a sequel to his popular young adult novel Memory Boy . His other books include Full Service , Defect , Saturday Night Dirt , Super Stock Rookie , Checkered Flag Cheater , Claws , and the Billy Baggs books Striking Out , Farm Team , and Hard Ball , all of which are ALA Best Books for Young Adults. Formerly an English professor at Bemidji State University, he lives in northern Minnesota, a region he writes from and loves. He is an avid outdoorsman and enjoys hunting, fishing, canoeing, and hiking with his family and friends.
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text: The Office of Fellowship Training (OFT) organized and managed several educational events and programs for the DIRP and the extramural research communities. These events, geared to service the needs of a multidisciplinary basic and clinical training program, encompassed the participation of approximately 262 Fellows and 119 Special Volunteers OFT continued the DIRP professional development activities for the fellows and staff which entailed major teaching commitments. The DIRP grantwriting training program was continued in conjunction with Grant Writers Seminars and Workshops. Training was provided in three phases, gradually transitioning from didactic introductory material (Phase I) to an intensive grant-writing experience in the form of an individualized tutorial (Phase III). Phase I provided extensive training in Grantsmanship to 25 NIMH/DIRP fellows, 30 NINDS fellows, and 5 fellows from NEI and NIDCD. Twelve fellows participated in Phase II of the training, which focused on the development of an innovative research idea and the formulation of a compelling set of Specific Aims. Phase III provided an intensive grantwriting experience to a subset of senior fellows. This tutorial, was planned to be conducted over the course of 10 weeks, encompassed small, weekly group meetings with the OFT Director and covered all components of the grant application including the experimental approach, candidate information, biosketch, facilities, and abstract. This year, no DIRP fellows were awarded a K99/R00 grant. We anticipate that about four NIMH fellows will resubmit their applications for the K99/R00 award this October and February 2014. Ten Fellows submitted applications to the Brain &Behavior Research Foundations for the NARSAD Young Investigators Award in January 2013: three fellows received an award. In addition, 7 NIMH fellows received the NIH Fellows Award for Research Excellence (FARE). OFT organized the recruitment program and interview process, and continued to provide administrative services for the University College London-NIMH/NINDS Joint Doctoral Training Program in Neuroscience. Two offers of acceptance were made;however, no new students were recruited into the program. For the fourth year OFT provided administrative support including recruitment and interview programs for the Karolinska-NIH Program for Graduate Training in the Neurosciences. The OFT maintained interactive websites for both programs. The OFT also continued management of the PhD program between the NIMH/DIRP and the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. At present, there is one student participating in this graduate program. The OFT provided weekly orientations and administrative support for students coming to the NIMH to participate in the NIH Summer Research Training Program. The NIMH DIRP accommodated 63 high school students, college undergraduates, and medical and graduate students. Twenty-three of these summer interns were from the minority educational community. This year, 34 summer interns participated in the NIH Summer Student Poster Day. This year, aggressive efforts to enhance the diversity of the DIRP training program continued with staff attending as an exhibitor and/or providing talks at several national student conferences. One indicator of the success of these efforts is that approximately 36% of the students in this year's Summer Research Program derived from underrepresented minority educational communities. In collaboration with the Office of the Clinical Director, OFT organized the 25th Annual NIMH National Outstanding Resident Awards Program, honoring the academic achievements of 12 PGY-III residents selected from leading psychiatry departments. The award honors psychiatry residents who show outstanding scientific and leadership potential. The program provides a vehicle to recruit the """"""""best and brightest"""""""" to the DIRP Clinical Research Training Program. The two-day award program consists of presentations by the clinical faculty, tours of the Clinical Center and DIRP research facilities, interviews with branch chiefs and investigators, lunch with the DIRP clinical fellows and an awards dinner honoring the award recipients. The DIRP Investigator Seminar Series, designed to familiarize DIRP fellows and faculty with their colleagues'research, featured five DIRP investigators and was well-attended. The Ethics for Lunch seminar series ran for three months as part of the NIH mandate that each institute provide Scientific Research Ethics Training to the Scientific Staff. This Brown Bag seminar was attended by Fellows (to include Predocs, Postbacs, Postdoctoral IRTAS, Visiting Fellows and Research Fellows,) Clinical Fellows, Principal Investigators (Tenured and Tenure-Track), Staff Scientists and Staff Clinicians, Laboratory Technicians, as well as contractors whose duties fall under the above listed categories. Forty-five fellows attended the Tax Seminar OFT provides annually. This seminar is viewed as an essential service given that NIH IRTAs are required to file their taxes quarterly. The tax specialist invited to present the seminar covers the unique tax requirement specific to the NIH IRTA, and for two weeks after the seminar, is available by email to answer questions from the NIMH IRTA fellows. A key function of the DIRP/OFT is to provide a vehicle for fellow/mentor grievance resolution and career counseling. This year the OFT Director participated in the successful resolution of two fellow/mentor disputes and provided formal career counseling for 20-25 fellows. The OFT Director also provided consultation services for DIRP investigators on topics related to training and/or career development. The Office affected the laboratory transfer and/or departure of six fellows in response to investigator retirements, departures or supervisor-trainee incompatibilities. OFT staff continues to meet with all fellows to evaluate their fellowship experience as they leave for PhD programs, medical schools, academic positions and/or industry. From an administrative perspective, the OFT continued its collaboration with the Administrative Services Branch (ASB), providing quarterly training to DIRP laboratory/branch secretarial and administrative support staff in personnel case management. This training has proven advantageous since the OFT reviews and works with ASB and administrative staff in preparing nearly 750 personnel cases annually. The OFT Specialists continue to provide orientations to all newly appointed trainees. The ASB, the SD and the OFT coordinated these orientations to coincide with the bi-monthly NIH HR orientations. The orientation covers information relevant to the NIH and NIMH organization, function, and mission, and provides fellows with reference materials on ethical conduct of research and mentorship. All materials presented during the summer and bi-monthly orientations were provided on a memory stick in an effort to """"""""go green"""""""" in the OFT. In its third year, the Special Volunteer and Student IRTA online application and the subsequent processing and online approval continues to work smoothly. All new and current fellowship cases passing through the OFT continue to be scanned and stored in SharePoint. (as of the spring of 2011, all OFT fellowship cases are stored electronically.)


text:
Anyone who owns a Plymouth knows that when it comes to maintaining their car, truck, or SUV only the highest quality replacement parts will do. Plymouth automobile drivers have become used to a certain level of dependability when driving their Arrow around town. Obviously, you bought your Arrow because you wanted to buy a variety of special features and fun both impeccably combined into one automobile. When your Plymouth Arrow rolled off the assembly line, it was destined for a driver who values economical pricing in their automobile.
Without the properly working ignition timing system developed for the internal combustion engine, there would be no way to generate enough power for efficient operation. One long-lasting component in your Plymouth Arrow engine that is destined to corrode from the beginning is your distributor rotor. As your camshaft turns the distributor, your Plymouth Arrow distributor rotor is turned in synch. The distributor rotor receives a charge from the ignition coil and transfers it to one of several posts on the cap, so whichever post it is under gets the current and sends it through the spark plug wire to the plug.
Buying new Plymouth parts from www.carpartsdiscount.com means you are taking advantage of the highest quality original and aftermarket replacement Arrow parts on the internet. Given all the trouble that can be involved with fixing broken parts on your car or truck, let www.carpartsdiscount.com be the most authoritative website you go to make purchasing it easy. Get your Arrow back on the road with the best replacement parts from the experts at Car Parts Discount. If your car or truck was built in 1980, 1979, 1978, 1977, 1976, then you will find the correct Plymouth Arrow Distributor Rotor parts right here.


text: When you see it, don't scream. There's nothing else you should know. Retrieved from "http://answers.wikia.com/wiki/How_do_you_have_sex_for_first_time?oldid=4464118" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Reproductive system Answered questions Add category Cancel Save


text:
Dakota Farm 9x12
painting by artist George Lockwood
12 in X 9 in (30.5 cm X 22.9 cm)
This painting is available directly from the artist.
More Paintings by George Lockwood
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Images may not be reproduced without the permission of the artist.


text:
Usher - Moving Mountains MP3
Usher's official music video for 'Moving Mountains'. Click to listen to Usher on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/UsherSpotify?IQid=UsherMM As featured on Here I Stand.
Moving Mountains
UsherIt's like whatever I do Ooh Just can't get through to you Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, oh Now, now she loved me, shawty I loved her Used to jump up in the maybach and roll out Used to care, she used to share The love that she used to give me can't be found I lost my way, she said she'd stay And lately I've been sleeping with a ghost My stock is down and out, I used to be worth my weight in gold That was before a great [...]
Usher - Moving Mountains with Lyrics MP3
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Usher - Moving Mountains Club Remix (Gorilli Mix) MP3
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Usher's official music video for 'Love In This Club' ft. Young Jeezy. Click to listen to Usher on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/UsherSpotify?IQid=UsherLITC As featured ...
Love In This Club
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Usher - Moving Mountains MP3
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New Record, New Insight
It took me almost a week to listen to the takes that were the result of a two-day recording session out at Maggie's Farm last week. I wanted to give it a little space. Plus, I was a bit too busy to get the chance to really sit and listen.
I finally got that chance a couple nights ago. I experienced a reaction different from those I have had on previous first-listens. With this recording (creatively played by Ron Horton on trumpet, Paul Sikivie on bass and Ulysses Owens on drums) I have found something of myself that seems new to me. This is not about complex orchestrations and arrangements (like Rhyme and Reason, which features a string quartet), or an eclectic combination of instruments (as is the case with my Odeon recordings), or a tribute (like The Mancini Project). This is just me, hanging out there, exposed. True, this is the first time I have recorded an entire album on just the alto, an instrument I convinced myself some years ago I didn't like playing (which lead to my departure from the Mel Lewis Jazz Orchestra in the early 90s). Back then I felt trapped by the alto, unable to find that creative middle ground I could find more easily on the tenor. I do love the darkness, the air, the range of the bigger sax. It seems like there is more flexibility, more leeway in terms of phrasing and sound. So why is it I keep getting called to play alto? Why do people keep identifying me with an instrument I keep resisting? Maybe because I sound more like myself on it. Running from the alto was, perhaps, in some ways like running from myself.
It's no wonder that for a few days after the recording sessions I felt waves of something similar to being on the edge of a cliff. Like a combination of insecurity and adventure. This just may be the most intimate and personal recording I have ever made. I am not hiding behind anything. None of us are. There is, in fact, nowhere TO hide: The band is very open and exposed, (having no piano or guitar filling up some of the spaces that usually get filled up).
Most of the tracks are originals I have written in the past few months, as well as one Sherman Irby composition called Twilight Sounds, and Kaleidoscope by Ornette Coleman. Some of the music I wrote for the film Chaography - Variations on the Theme of Freedom by Douglas Chang, and some I wrote for a recent gig at Kitano with this quartet.
Release date tentatively planned for late March or early April. I'll let you know...
Your comment will be posted after it is approved.
Leave a Reply.
December 2016


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The discussion on maritime emissions at the EU level has, to date, mainly focused on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification provisions (MRV) and is still somehow far from the inclusion of the sector into the EU ETS. At present, the EU Commission has proposed to establish a reliable system and clear rules for monitoring, reporting and verification of maritime transport emissions in view of a future inclusion of the sector.
Access the briefing here.
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