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1. Brunswick Court
27 Brunswick Road
0208 661 9021 / 0781 805 6378
1. Brunswick Court
27 Brunswick Road
0208 661 9021 / 0781 805 6378
I am a fully qualified professional performance life coach and NLP practitioner, I help people to set, define and succeed at achieving their goals. In a safe environment, allowing them to work through and explore any blocks they may have, that may be stopping them to live the life they truly deserve.
I am inspired by how coaching can liberate people to take control of their lives. I am committed to individuals who want the freedom to obtain their dreams and achieve choices and happiness in their lives. A lot of my work is about motivating and self development, to encourage my clients to gain the clarity and insights to what is possible for them to aspire to.
I work with many different clients working with confidence issues through to DE cluttering their homes and diet and life style.
There are so many areas I can help you realise your true potential, don't spend the rest of your life regretting no doing something because you think you can't, or you don't deserve and your thoughts are only the clever one's succeed.
As your Life Coach it is my job to help you get to your desired goal and I will be:
Life coaching is all about setting and achieving realistic goals and defining what your goals are and how you will achieve them.
Life coaching is spread out over a number of sessions, depending on what you want to achieve and I recommended that clients set aside around three months for coaching, in order to achieve results. I would begin by advising a once a week session to get going on their development and as they get nearer to their dream have less and less sessions until they reach their goal.
I offer face to face coaching, coaching over the phone also Skype, therefore distance is not a problem.
"I believe life coaching to be a practice that helps people to set personal goals and provide a framework to help achieve these goals.
Life coaching sessions with Penny, allowed me to set my personal goals and identify ways in which to reach them. I found it was extremely beneficial to have the opportunity to talk through my goals and achievements so far, as it enabled me to focus more clearly on what I have previously achieved and where I want to be in the future. The sessions also gave me the opportunity to express how I see myself and gave an insight into how others perceive me. This has had an impact on how I look at things in my life and given me a different perspective in which to view myself and approach my goals.
Penny provided me with several tools and techniques for me to practice and implement into my daily routine or when I feel is necessary. By equipping me with these techniques I have felt more in control of how I feel and dealing with certain situations. Overall, I found that my life coaching sessions have had a positive effect on my life as they have allowed me to make progress towards reaching my goals, in which I am now equipped with tools to help me achieve them."
–Anon, personal client
"I have learnt that I can do things that I never thought I had enough confidence to do. Penny has worked on helping me look at things in a different way.
I feel that I now have the ability to try things that I would have looked at before and run away from.
We've spent time sitting and talking about things in my life which, until now, didn't make sense, I hope to now go on to do more work on my reading and spelling.
Penny is very good at listening to me."
–Jane Searle,personal client
Diploma in Performance coaching with NLP accredited by EDI,NCP,ICP.
NLP Life Training NLP Practitioner Richard Bandler
NLP Life Training Secrets of Hypnosis Richard Bandler and Paul Mckenna
Empowering Learning Practitioner Training Olive Hickmott
IIHHT Indian Head Massage Diploma
I run and manage a monthly meet up group for women who wants to make a difference to their lives, and also I host a invite only Gratitude group
I am a speaker and coach for my local No panic Sutton and Merton group
I been coaching for the last 5years and more, I have helped people to recognise what great achievements they have made to date, when there has been doubt, to go on and reach goals, that they had thought where not possible.
Trained my Richard Bandler and Paul McKenna in NLP.
Richard Bandler is the Co founder of NLP, so I have trained with the master.
De cluttering the home
Adapting to parenthood
Life after a relationship/Divorce
Personal Development
Reaching that you desire
Confidence and self esteem
I use a phobia cure that has proved very successful at helping with dental phobias, this also works on many other phobia's.
Contact Me Penny for a break through 20 minute discovery session.
I really like to start with a 2 hour break through session and then plan a package to suite your personal needs.
Bespoke NLP/ Life Coaching packages available.
Also full and half day Coaching session.
I am a member of the NCP, to remain a member the requirements are that I have insurance and also adhere to there criteria on-going CPD continuing personal development, which includes my personal supervision, training, reading, research.
I also offer a free 20 minute consultation to see if coaching is for you.
I do meet up with other Practitioners and coaches, to keep my Ideas fresh so I can give you the best.
To learn more about me and what I offer:
|Online life coaching:
|Telephone life coaching:
|Face to face life coaching:
|Sign language:
|Other languages:
Monday - Friday some Saturdays


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automatic bottle labeler machine VJH-120B Paste Paper Brand Labeling Machine
Explosion-proof Paint filling machine is Used to fill paint, Coating, ink, bitumen, lubrication in the fields of Oil Industry, refine chemical and so on.
1. Exlosion-proof paint filling machine has fast and slow filling valves, which keep filling speed and precision.
2. Widely filling range and the accuracy is ±10g/barrel.
3. Filling nozzle adopts anti-leak device, air-free in the filling material.
4. Feeding and filling automatically, equipped with pneumatic capping part.
Component and work theory:
1. Explosion-proof paint filling machine is composed of filling system, weighing system, frame, capping system, control system, non-power roller and pneumatic control system.
2. Material Feeding mode: continuous feeding (by pump or hopper)
3. Feeding system provides material fast and slow filling through cylinder by solenoid valves.
4. Filling mode: normal or insertion (choose by customer)
5. Weighing System contains weighing bracket, sensors and weighing platform (connected with non-power roll, frame and filling system).
6. Pneumatic control system controls fast and slow filling valves.
7. During weighing process, except the material please do not add extra force to the balance, so as to make sure the weighing precision. You can change the height of filling nozzle by handle on the top.
Standard equipment:
Homemade meter (Lien in Wuxi) Sensor (Mettler Toledo)
Buyer offers feeding pump: outlet's pressure is 3-5Kg,flux≥16m3/h

subset: commoncrawl


text: Rugged Prairie Printings/Rarity: Card Type: Land Oracle Text: : Add to your mana pool. , : Add , , or to your mana pool. Flavor Text: Hobs bury their kin far from home. They believe the dry, open ground keeps hags from stealing the bones and gwyllions from stealing the spirits. Retrieved from "http://mtg.wikia.com/wiki/Rugged_Prairie?oldid=68175" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Eventide Rare Zendikar Expeditions Mythic Rare Cards Land Nonbasic Land


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The federal district court correctly concluded that it lacked jurisdiction to hear plaintiffs' challenge to the IRS's denial of a $64,000 tax-refund claim. Plaintiffs "could not establish the jurisdictional prerequisite of a timely-filed tax return under any of the methods ...Read More »
Insurance – No coverage for landlord despite insurer's mistake
Even though defendant insurance company mistakenly issued plaintiff landlord a homeowners' policy when he requested rental dwelling insurance, plaintiff has no claim for breach of contract when defendant denied coverage after a fire damaged the rental dwelling. "Washington claims, and ...Read More »
Governmental Immunity – Work-loss damages available under motor vehicle exception
A plaintiff suing the state under the motor vehicle exception to governmental immunity is not precluded from seeking damages for work loss and loss of services. "The fact that a tort action arising from a motor vehicle accident may be ...Read More »
Consumer Law – Mortgage foreclosure is debt collection under FDCPA
Mortgage foreclosure is debt collection for purposes of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), 15 U.S.C. § 1692. As a result, plaintiff's dismissed claims against a law firm for alleged FDCPA violations is reinstated. "The FDCPA does not define ...Read More »
Criminal Law – Possession of child porn exploits victim for sentencing purposes
A person who possesses child sexually abusive material has "personally engage[d] in the systematic exploitation of the vulnerable victim depicted in that material." As a result, when sentencing defendant, the trial court properly scored 10 points for offense variable (OV) ...Read More »
Civil Rights – Forced entry by police after 911 call approved
Where the police forced their way into plaintiffs' home in response to a 911 emergency call, the federal district court correctly granted defendants summary judgment of plaintiffs' Fourth Amendment claims. The entry was justified by exigent circumstances — an objectively ...Read More »
Employment – Deaf teen not hired as lifeguard states ADA claim
The federal district court erred by granting defendant summary judgment of a deaf teenager's claims that defendant's failure to hire him as a lifeguard violated federal disability discrimination laws. There are disputed issues about whether plaintiff, Nicholas Keith, was otherwise qualified ...Read More »
Family Law – Collateral attack of adoption rejected
Defendant cannot collaterally attack an adoption order because there was no defect in the probate court's jurisdiction. Defendant's argument that the probate court reached a result not permitted by Michigan law — granting a same-sex adoption — should have been ...Read More »
Criminal Law – Failure to swear in jury requires new trial on extortion charge
Defendant's conviction of conspiracy to commit extortion is reversed because the trial court did not swear in the jury. "The trial court plainly erred by failing to administer the oath; the court's obligation to do so was clearly established by ...Read More »
FMLA – Disputed calculations preclude summary judgment for employer
Where plaintiff was discharged for excessive absences, defendant employer is not entitled to summary judgment of her claim brought under the Family and Medical Leave Act. There is a material dispute whether defendant correctly calculated the amount of FMLA leave ...Read More »


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Auto enthusiasts know that value is built into each Buick, and understand that only the best repair Verano parts will suffice when your car or truck needs fixing. You purchased your Verano because its dependability and economical pricing struck a chord inside you; so why would you settle for second rate when it comes to the highest quality auto parts? It's not every day that you realize that you have to buy a replacement Brake Master Cylinder to repair your automobile. Buick car, truck, or SUV drivers have come to expect a certain level of reliability when driving their Verano around town.
The first applications of the use of hydraulic pressure were in mining and supplying water across great distances. Your Buick Verano has a very efficient system of hydraulic pressure production and distribution that all starts in the brake master cylinder. This part uses the force from your brake pedal to compress brake fluid and distribute it to each caliper or wheel cylinder. That is where the braking force from your Buick Verano brake master cylinder is applied; as the calipers and wheel cylinders create the necessary friction so your vehicle can slow down if needed.
Trust in the value of the parts you get from carpartsdiscount.com and save time and money on all your upcoming repairs. When your Buick needs the best replacement Brake Master Cylinder, there's no need to go somewhere besides the authority, Car Parts Discount. Given all the trouble that can be involved with repairing damage to your car or truck, let www.carpartsdiscount.com be the most authoritative website you go to make purchasing it easy. When it comes to Buick Verano Brake Master Cylinder parts, you can find them for 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012 models by clicking the appropriate year below.


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Simplicity 4626; ca. 1962; Girls' Jumper and Blouse: Blouse has a collar, set-in sleeves and front button closing. V. 1 has long sleeves gathered to fit wristbands, self fabric bow trim and top-stitching on collar. V. 2 has short sleeves rolled up to form cuffs. Jumper has lowered round neckline, full gathered skirt, back button closing and purchased belt. V. 2 has top-stitching detail and patch pockets with button trim.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
Gallery< Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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Most people want to show off in their new car. But for real show-offs, Ford has an answer.
Calling all pizza deliverers: Ford is partnering with a custom vinyl-wrap maker to help people turn their Transit Connect vans into rolling billboards. It lets you go to a website where you can custom-create your own look. You can go there pronto by clicking here.
"There may be no bigger investment a business owner makes than a first impression," said Len Deluca, director, Ford Commercial Vehicles. "This website provides a great way for a business owner to try out a 'look' before making that investment."
The website offers nine different graphic sizes – all made of vinyl and installed by the customer's dealer or a specially trained installation company obtained through the dealer. Cost ranges from approximately $100 for a small panel logo to $3,500 for a full vehicle wrap. Do they attract attention?
Toni Mannino, owner of Original Romano's Pizza & Catering in Orchard Lake, Mich., created a custom wrap for her Transit Connect prior to the development of the new website. She says the mobile advertising has been great for business.
"Everywhere we go, people stop us and ask about the van," she said. "It gives us great exposure." Too bad they don't ask about the pizza.
Bob Maxey, owner of Bob Maxey Ford in Detroit that sold Mannino her Transit Connect, says, "Wrapping a Transit Connect is a great way to advertise and it is a one-time cost, but a lot of people don't know where to go to get it done."
"Having a Ford website where people can design their own custom wrap and get it done right then and there is huge," he adds.
OK, so who is going to design the Drive On custom Transit Connect?
Chris Woodyard is an auto writer for USA TODAY who covers all aspects of motoring. He revels in the exhaust note of a Maserati and the sharp creases of a Cadillac CTS. Chris strives to live a Porsche life on a Scion budget. More about Chris


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Coral Beach Blue Seaglass Fabric by the Yard
Beach House Linens
Coral Beach is an upscale shell pattern with a clean blue background. Shown with its coordinate stripe(at bottom, sold separately) called Deck Chair(DCB-4).
100% Cotton. 54" wide. Repeat 27" vertical and horizontal. Recommended Dry Clean Only
For a free swatch, order the swatch choice and only pay the minimal shipping charge for swatches. The cutting size will depend on the pattern selected, we try to send enough to show the colors/pattern for each fabric. Computer Monitors vary in color presentation, to ensure your cut yardage is the colors you need, a swatch is recommended. Swatches are free and can be found under Accessories > Fabric by the Yard > Fabric Swatches.
For Cut Yardage, order as many yards as you would like, they will be sent as one piece, folded. Remember, cut yardage may not be returned as it is cut just for your order. Fabric is generally on its way to you within 10 working days.


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IFS Applications is a great fit for many businesses. Find out if it's the right choice for you! Are you looking for a IFS Applications demo, technical support, product or pricing information or to simply to compare IFS Applications with competitive options? Quickly get answers and the information you need.
IFS/General Ledger™ provides a solid base for financial analysis and reporting by gathering and recording financial events from all the systems and subsidiaries in a corporate group. The component facilitates project accounting, integrated with IFS Project Management™, currency handling and voucher updates. Internal ledgers in parallel with the official general ledger, together with periodic cost allocation functionality that enables complicated accounting processes to be done in minutes, offer powerful simulation capabilities. The budget functionality allows for an optional number of parallel budget versions that can be compiled into one to ensure efficient support for decentralized budgeting. Powerful budget simulation options are also available throughout the entire code string. Integration with IFS/Consolidated Accounts™ allows any number of subsidiaries to be handled. The system can also handle an optional third currency.
"General Ledger" is part of the IFS Applications line of products, developed by IFS North America.


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EPSON PLEADS GUILTY TO PRICE-FIXING TO PAY $ 26Mln FINE
EPSON PLEADS GUILTY TO PRICE-FIXING TO PAY $ 26Mln FINE
2009-08-28 at 1:01:17 pm #22643http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g8idEF5eR3feo_yxsLyh-w-85gmg
Epson pleads guilty to price-fixing,to pay $26M. fine
— Japanese electronics manufacturer Epson Imaging Devices Corp. has
agreed to plead guilty and pay a 26-million-dollar fine for its role in
a price-fixing conspiracy, the US Justice Department said Tuesday.
a subsidiary of Seiko Epson Corp., conspired to fix prices in the sale
of Thin Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Display panels sold to US
company Motorola Inc for use in Razr mobile phones from the fall of
2005 to the middle of 2006, the department said in a statement.TFT-LCD
panels are used in computer monitors, notebooks, televisions, mobile
phones and other electronic devices.The department said a one-count
felony charge was filed against Epson on Tuesday in US District Court
in San Francisco.
Epson's plea agreement is subject to court approval.
part of the agreement Epson has agreed to cooperate with its ongoing
investigation into price-fixing by electronics companies from Japan,
South Korea and Taiwan, the department said.Nine Asian electronics
executives have been charged in connection with the probe and the
Justice Department has imposed fines totaling 616 million dollars on
South Korea's LG Display, Japan's Sharp Corp., Taiwan's Chunghwa
Picture Tubes Ltd. and Hitachi Displays Ltd. of Japan.LG Display,
formerly known as LG Philips LCD Co. Ltd, agreed in November to pay a
fine of 400 million dollars. Sharp agreed to pay a 120-million-dollar
fine while Chunghwa was fined 65 million dollars.Hitachi Displays Ltd.
agreed in March to pay a 31-million-dollar fine.The fine levied on LG
Display was the second-largest US antitrust fine after the record 500
million dollars handed down against Swiss pharmaceutical giant F.
Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. in 1999 for fixing vitamin prices.


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Voyeur : July 2010
JULY cover story 039 Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz's latest film, Knight and Day, sees them jetsetting around the world. The duo shares an on- and o -screen a ection that is genuine. Adecade after director Cameron Crowe's dark romance, Va nilla Sky, Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz a re tea ming up again for Ja mes Mangold's action romp, Knight and Day. Set in various countries a round the globe, the flick is a comedic, roma ntic spy thriller delivered by the man behind the brutal remake of the western 3:10 to Yuma (2007) a nd Walk the Line (2005). The film begins with flirtatious scenes between Roy Miller (Cruise) and June Havens (Diaz) as they run into each other at an airport -- twice. Havens, a ca r restorer from Boston, is on her way to a wedding; Miller is a rogue spy on a mission. On the plane, while Havens is giving herself a pep talk in the ladies bathroom, Miller is wiping out the crew in a furious bout of martial arts and gun play. Miller embroils Havens in his global escapade while Fitzgerald, a tenacious US agent played by Peter Sa rsgaard, who has modelled his character on Looney Tunes' a morous French skunk, Pepe Le Pew, is on their trail. In their latest action comedy, Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz are globetrotters on a mission that takes them from the US to Europe and Jamaica. Nice work if you can get it. Wild motorcycle scenes and a thrilling ca r chase in a Smart car ensue. Sarsgaard leads a sta r-studded supporting cast: Viola Davis plays director Isabel George, a powerhouse who oversees US counterespionage efforts; Paul Dano, of Little Miss Sunshine and There Will Be Blood, plays ubergeek Simon Feck; and Havens' sister, April, is played by emerging actor, last seen in Lost, Maggie Grace. It's a Saturday morning in April a nd Cruise and Diaz a re speaking about working together on this film, which involved globetrotting and doing a bunch of their own stunts. (Diaz attended the Golden Globes in the middle of filming with battered arms and scraped knees.) "We're playing in the spy movie genre," Cruise says. "This movie is just a fun la rk, a romantic action comedy." Off-screen, Cruise and Dia z step over each other 's responses, often ending their sentences with loud bursts of laughter. Diaz, who wrapped up her latest comedy, Bad Teacher, earlier that morning, twists her long blonde hair while intently listening to Cruise. The genuine affection between both actors is obvious. MOVING PICTURES
June 2010
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Simit (Turkish Bread Rings)
Recipe by Syrinx
Simit is a ring-shaped unleavened bread, which is a popular street food in Turkey. The recipe comes from "The Country Kitchen" by Jocasta Innes, but I use butter instead of the recommended margarine, and sometimes substitute poppy seeds for the recommended sesame seeds.
Top Review by Meliska
I have never had simit before, so I have never experienced the consistency as it is meant to be, but I agree with the previous reviewer's assessment of this recipe as producing something more akin to a shortbread. The rings certainly turned out and worked fine for our purposes, but after a bit of googling, it seems this recipe is not very true to the traditional way of making simit. To be fair, it may be a regional variation, but I think I'll be trying a different recipe next time. Made with Turkish red lentil soup.
See Discussion:3 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 8 ounces plain white flour (225g)
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 2 ounces margarine (50g) or 2 ounces butter (50g)
- 1 tablespoon oil
- 1 tablespoon milk
- 1 tablespoon water
- 1 egg, beaten
- 1 ounce sesame seeds (25g) or 1 ounce poppy seed, approximately (25g)
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat the oven to 400F (200C).
- In a bowl, mix the flour and salt together, and make a well in the middle.
- Melt the margarine/butter, then mix with the oil, milk, water and egg.
- Pour the egg mixture into the well in the flour, and mix well to form a dough.
- Shape the dough into rings about 4" in diameter.
- Grease baking sheet, and lay the rings on it.
- Brush the rings with milk and sprinkle with sesame seeds.
- Bake in the preheated oven for about 30 minutes, or until golden brown.
- I think these are best eaten hot or while still warm.


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If you haven't heard Adobe is moving everything to the Creative Cloud and you will now have to "rent" the software each month with a annual contract.
Right now they are offering you a special price of $29.95 per month for the first year. Then the price goes up to $49.95 a month. You will get all of programs you had in the Creative Suite package and you can run the software on two different computers.
Now stop and think about this. If I am paying $50 a month for the next 5 years, that comes to $3000 and that is they done raise the prices, which you know they will.
What if you are running Adobe products on 3 computer? Well, you will need 2 subscriptions. That will be $100 a month or $6000 over 3 years.
This brings up another major concern, how often is Adobe going to be raising the prices and how much are they going to be raise by.
If you sign up for the Creative Cloud and later decide you can't afford it or don't want to pay a monthly fee to Adobe, then they will deactivate your software and you have nothing. That's right nothing. You won't be able to open any of the work you created with the Creative Cloud software. There is no exit plan for the customer. It's like once you decide to stop paying for the Creative Cloud, you never existed as far as Adobe is concerned.
Not everyone upgrades each time a new version was release. They may upgrade to CS5 and then skip CS5.5 and upgrade to CS6 over the course of 5 years. Upgrade this way is a whole lot less expensive than paying a monthly subscription.
This has people in an uproar on forum all over the net, especially the Adobe forums.
Yesterday, the Adobe forum moderators move all of the posting in to two locations. You should read them and the arguments for the pro's and con's of this new subscription model. They are:
I strongly recommend you read the posts in the forums.
Adobe will NOT be offering their software where you could purchase it and use it for as long as you like or until you upgrade to the next version. This was call a perpetual license. The perpetual license will NOT be available on the new version of the Adobe software.
Now if you have, let's say, CS5 or CS5.5 or CS6, you can keep using it. However, there will not be any upgrade for the older versions. You just have to use it as it is. The good thing is you don't have to pay monthly to use the software, because when you bought it, it came with a perpetual license.
Now Adobe said they will keep selling CS6, but for how long, nobody knows. Some people on the forums have tried to buy upgrades from CS5 to CS6 and they couldn't. They could only buy a whole new package, as if you are a first time buyer. People are mad about this too.
A lot of people have lost their trust in Adobe.
So what are people doing?
1. Some people are just going to the Creative Cloud and pay Adobe for the rest of their life and just hope they don't raise their price too much. Now remember, once they stop or cancel the subscription, they will have nothing to show for it. It will be like they never had it in the first place.
2. Other people are just going to say on what ever version they have and hope it will be compatible with future operating systems.
3. While other people are taking this route. They are not giving Adobe another penny of their money and they are either starting to look around at different software or they are making the move to new software right now.
Number 3 is the way I am going. I am not giving Adobe another penny. When I found out about all of this on Monday, May 6, I was furious. I was planning on upgrade to the new version because of all of the bugs in Premiere CS6.
Oh, what about the bugs in Premiere CS6, is Adobe at least going to fix them? No. They say the might, but some of the bugs will require major over haul to the software and Adobe is not going to go back and fix the problems.
The problems are fix in the Creative Cloud version that will be release around June 17. While that's nice, how about all of us who paid for the CS6 Master Collection? We have to either suffer with the bugs or switch over to the subscription Creative Cloud. Neither of these choices are sitting to well with their customers.
So when I found out about this new subscription model, I decide I was done with Adobe. I started download trail software from other video editing software packages. Now, I have worked with Adobe products for over 15 years and I am very use to Premiere and how it works. So when I started trying out these different trail packages I found myself thinking "this is how you do it Premiere, the way they are doing is strange".
Once I realized I was doing that, I had to approach it as if I was just learning how to edit videos for the first time. I watched different training videos on YouTube and Vimeo for each of the software packaged I was testing out and found that this was very helpful.
By Wednesday I had decided to move over to Sony Vegas Pro 12 Suite. This package give you Sony Vegas Pro 12, 2D and 3D titling and another program called HitFilm 2 Ultimate. This HitFilm 2 Ultimate is similar to After Effects.
All of these programs use the video card's GPU for increase speed and a better work flow.
For a replacement to Photoshop, I am working with the trail version of Corel Paint Shop Pro X5 Ultimate.
It can open and work with .PSD files from Photoshop and it does offer some high features that Photoshop has. Even though this package is price less than $100, it is a pretty powerful program.
For those of you who don't want to spend a lot of money on video editing software, then check out Sony Movie Studio Platinum Visual Effects Suite 2. Yes, that is a mouth full. The Move Studio package are built from the Vegas Pro software so they look and operate almost identical.
The reason I said to check out the Sony Movie Studio Platinum Visual Effects Suite 2, it because it come with HitFilm 2 Express. This is a stripped down version of the Ultimate version that comes in Sony Vegas Pro 12 Suite.
One thing about Sony Vegas and Sony Movie Studio is you do NOT need as much computing power that you did with Premiere and After Effects. They will run on older computer systems, were Premiere and After Effects would choke.
If you are going to walk away from Adobe, like I did and so many other are doing, make sure you download the trail version to the software you are looking at. Watch some videos on YouTub or Vimeo to get yourself up to speed on the different packages.


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A credit scam has been reported to NIPSCO officials.
NIPSCO customers have been receiving phone calls where a scammer asks the customer to provide personal information and says that after all that information is submitted, the customer will receive energy credits from the government. The scam artist will ask for your Social Security number and then give you a fraudulent bank routing number to pay utility companies.
NIPSCO reminds you to never give out personal information to unconfirmed sources. NIPSCO only asks for a Social Security number when a customer is applying for new service.
Utility companies are working with law enforcement to bring an end to the scam.


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circa 1957; "Simple-to-Make dress in two versions. View 1 "Sack" dress is styled with a vestee at front neck opening, two patch pockets with flaps and top-stitching trim. Purchased belt may be worn. View 2 top is hip length version of the dress without top-stitching. Slim skirt has pleat at lower edge of center back seam. Soft belt with buckle cinches the waist."
Links to reviews/blog postsEdit
Add a photo to the gallery by clicking the "modify" button below.
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


text:
Stefano Oro 14K Gold Choice of Size Rosetta or Rolo Link Bracelet w/ Magnetic Clasp
$189.00 - $213.00$315.00 - $355.00(40% off)
Fuzzy and cozy? We're so in. Add some playful texture to your closet with this beautiful multi colored cardigan. It features a delightfully drapey front and has full-length sleeves for optimal coverage. Pop it on with some slim leg pants and a neutral colored top for a casual afternoon at the office, or slip it on over a dress and cinch your waist with a cool leather belt for a more modern look.
View the Size Chart to determine your size.
Please see the Garment Measurements tab for the actual measurements of this garment. Due to the open front design and relaxed fit of this garment, standard bust measurements will not apply. Use the above link to find the best size for your figure.
About the Collection
Travel to Savannah, Georgia and discover the styles and flavors of Paula Deen, featuring kitchen and pantry items, clothing and home décor from the famed "Queen of Southern Cuisine."
Known best for her southern charm and mouthwatering recipes, Paula Deen is also an accomplished painter, fashionista and home style connoisseur. Approaching her décor and clothing with the same creativity and passion as her cooking, Paula's tasteful styles are created with just the right ingredients: a pinch of color, a dash of texture and the perfect mix of comfort and sophistication.
About the Guest
Culinary icon and queen of southern cooking, Paula Deen is a self-made success who learned her culinary secrets from her grandmother. Deen's first business, The Bag Lady, started her career and led to the opening of her first restaurant, The Lady and Sons, which she opened with her two boys, Bobby and Jamie, five years later.
In addition to her success on TV and with her restaurant, Deen is the author of 14 cookbooks that have sold more than 11,000,000 copies. In 2014, Deen launched the Paula Deen Network, an interactive digital cooking network that combines cooking, lifestyle and game shows with great recipes, meal-planning tools and more.
Garment Measurements:
XS: Center Back Length: 27-1/4"
Small: Center Back Length: 27-5/8"
Medium: Center Back Length: 28"
Large: Center Back Length: 28-3/8"
XL: Center Back Length: 28-3/4"
1X: Center Back Length: 29-1/8"
2X: Center Back Length: 29-1/2"
3X: Center Back Length: 29-7/8"
Please note sizes XS-XL are considered Missy/Standard and sizes 1X-3X are considered Women's/Plus. Each set is graded separately and sizing may overlap.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Followed instructions to the letter and all I end up with is a blank FBAsked by johnnyrockard on March 04, 2014 at 03:52 AM
Followed instructions to the letter and all I end up with is a blank FBpage. Nothing on it at all!
This is a re-post of a comment on Adding a Form to Your Facebook Page
JotForm Support
Can you please share to us the URL of your facebook page? We will test also from there.
Usually, the most common mistake is embedding the form into FB page usng the non-secure URL http.
It should always be using https
Here's my Facebook link
Many thanks.
JotForm Support
Hello Johnny,
I'm sorry for the trouble caused to you.
I would suggest you to please change the form URL to "https://www.jotformeu.com/form/40615135487354" in the form embed code which you have used. If you take a closer look at the URL, it needs to be changed from "https://form.jotformeu.com" to "https://www.jotformeu.com". That should solve your problem. Please check the screenshot below:
Hope this helps.
Do get back to us if the issue persists.
Thank you!
Already done that. Got nowhere. Hence contacting forum.
Best wishes.


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Doesn't make my skin oily. Skin is soft. Love this product will buy again. By Happy cpap user, Illinois
CPAP Moisture Therapy Skin Cream
I use my CPAP with the humidifier but still get dried out nasal passages that can become very sore. This cream takes care of that issue EVERY single time!!! It is very much worth every penny I pay for it!!! By dashopaholic, Texas
Works Good
Works good for those times my nose gets a little to dry from using my CPAP machine thanks. By Linda F, Tennessee
This is my favorite cream to use with my nasal mask. I am a side sleeper and somehow this cream helps to keep slipping to a minimum. It can also be placed in the nose which I do when the Ayr saline gel starts to sting. I have used the lanolin cream recommended by some but found it way too slippery and prefer this one. I will order more. By acamp, MS Gulf Coast
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Was having a problem with my face being very dry and the mask blowing out and difficult to keep sealed this won't hurt the mask and keep your skin soft so the seal to your face stays good all night By Marty G, Florida
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This filter fits on the machine and then to the hose. I have only used one but, that was enought to show me that a lot of things that were too small to see until they deposited on the filter. It showed me I was breathing in very super fine dust and dirt. It showed up on the filter. I keep my house super clean but, even then that still was not enought to keep things from being sucked up through this filter. It was stopped at that filter. I sleep longer and get better sleep than I have in a long time. I feel that it is because I am breathing better and cleaner air at night now. By Linda Strong, Schoolcraft
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The Swan Wreck is a former Australian Naval destroyer escort. Measuring 114 meters long and 25 meters wide. The ship was sunk in 1997 and has a maxium depth of 31 meters, with the top of the ship at 7 meters. There are plenty of holes to allow dives to enter the wreck safely allowing it to be dived by open water divers all the way through to the tek divers. It is covered with soft corals and a large fish life including blennies, samson fish, bat fish, bullseyes, globe fish, flathead, footballer sweep just to name a few! Come join us for 2 dives on this great wreck!
$145 includes tanks, weights, lunch and 2 dives off our boat.
About This Supplier
Also see tour packages in:
Australia and Oceania Australia Outdoor: Water Drifter Scuba Diving
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Frankie & Benny's - Chester Broughton
Unit 21, Broughton Shopping Park, Chester Road, Broughton, Chester, CH4 0DP
- Genomsnittlig
- Huvudrätt: £12
- Matkostnad: £25
- Öppettider
- Monday to Saturday: 09:00 - 23:00 Sunday: 09:00 - 22:30
The Frankie & Benny's menu offers a tasty range of New York Italian classics. Legendary burgers include the juicy Brooklyn beef burger, loaded high with smoky barbecue pulled beef, and the Manhattan waffle burger topped with a sweet American waffle and drizzled with smoky barbecue sauce. There's also a wide range of pizzas and pastas, including the fully loaded mac 'n' cheese calzone, delicious Roman smoky pizza and signature F&B meatballs.
Enjoy a stateside-style breakfast, with all-American pancakes topped with bacon and syrup served with freshly ground coffee. A host of drinks are mixed at the bottle-lined bar, offering classic cocktails, world wines, and fresh milkshakes churned with your favourite ice cream flavour.
Frankie & Benny's - Chester Broughton
Unit 21, Broughton Shopping Park, Chester Road, Broughton, Chester, CH4 0DP
Se alla Frankie & Benny's Restaurants
Se alla restauranger i Cambridgeshire
Se alla restauranger i Broughton
Kundbetyg för Frankie & Benny's - Chester Broughton
- Mat
- Värde
- Atmosfär
- Plats
- Service
- Drycker
((*** 9 december 2015 av Alison Whiteside från Chester
Not great, waitress was ok but when we ordered our burgers she said, with onion rings, to which we replied yes. Our burgers came and no onion ring arrived until the very end of the meal and she admitted that they had been sat on the pass by which time they where cold and no longer crispy. When the bill came we had been charged £14 for them. We did explain that we where not told they where extra and that has they didn't arrive we did not want to pay for them. They were removed off the bill. We had a long wait for the main meal and they also forgot my son's dessert until we reminded them. The pulled pork on my burger was fat, and very little meat.
Tyvärr så kan du inte boka Frankie & Benny's - Chester Broughton online via vår hemsida
Erbjudanden direkt till din inkorg!
Hör om våra topperbjudanden först, och boka de bästa borden.
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Restauranger i närheten
0m 60 recensionerChiquito - Chester
Chiquito - Chester
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3085m 23 recensionerThe Red Lion - Chester
The Red Lion - Chester
4987m 0 recensionerFrankie & Benny's - Chester
Frankie & Benny's - Chester


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English Scones With Mixed Summer Berries and Cream
Recipe by French Tart
When I was last back in England, I bought a bag of semi-dried mixed summer berries; strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, bilberries (wild blueberries) and cherries, all semi-dried and bursting with colour and flavour. I could not wait to cook with them, having sampled a few of them first of course! I came up with this recipe, a simple classic scone recipe, the mainstay of all English tea tables and they simply flew off the table, with requests for the recipe. The stars of the show are the semi-dried berries, and a good home-made jam and cream of course. Use any semi-dried berries you can source locally, but do try to replicate the summer berries I have listed, for that optimum flavour sensation!
Top Review by poeppe4_8144020
I have been making these for about the last 3 months and my family devours them everytime! I recently brought them to work and shared them with my coworkers and they also loved them. This is so simple but so good!
See Discussion:1 Review
Ingredients Nutrition
- 500 g plain white flour, plus extra for dusting
- 2 eggs, beaten
- 75 g caster sugar
- 30 g baking powder
- 75 g butter, softened
- 230 ml milk
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 150 g semi-dried berries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, bilberries and cherries
- 1 egg, beaten, for egg wash
- golden caster sugar, for glaze
- jam and cream, to serve
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat the oven to 220°C/gas 6. Grease a baking sheet.
- Sieve the flour into the bowl of a food mixer and add the eggs, sugar, baking powder, butter, vanilla extract and milk. Using a paddle blade, mix for about 2 minutes on slow speed.
- Add the dried mixed berries and mix until evenly combined. If the mixture is a little sticky, add more flour or more milk if it is too dry - you want a soft dough, but not sticky.
- (You can make these by hand too - put the flour, sugar and baking powder into a large bowl, then rub in the butter until it resembles breadcrumbs, add the eggs, milk and vanilla extract, mix well. Add the dried berries, mix again.).
- Transfer the mixture to a lightly floured work surface. Using a rolling pin, roll the dough out to a thickness of 3/4" or 5cm. Gently cut the dough into rounds using a pastry cutter.
- Transfer the scones to the prepared baking sheet and brush with the egg wash, and then sprinkle liberally with golden caster sugar for the glaze.
- Bake for 15 minutes, or until risen and golden brown. Transfer to a wire rack to cool a little. Serve warm with butter or jam and cream.


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Gem Archer Wearing Pretty Green
Monday 26 April, 2010
Gem recently joined Paul Weller on stage for the launch of his new album 'Wake Up The Nation' with a storming set at the Relentless Garage in London.
Playing to a packed venue, Weller's set mixed new material with old classics as well as some of The Jam's back catalogue
Gem took to the guitar during a rousing rendition of The Jam's anthem 'Start!', while the night was closed with an encore of 'Come On Let's Go' and 'Pieces Of A Dream'.
Gem is wearing the Black Peacoat and a 5 button Grandad tee.
Photo credit: Tom Oldham at tomoldham.com


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20 November 2009,
London, King Street
Price realised GBP 5,625
RUSSIAN IMPERIAL FAMILY -- An album of photographs, c.1897-1899. Approximately 256 photographs, various sizes (c.40-90 mm. x c.50-120 mm., and the reverse), mounted on 20 card leaves (205 x 260mm.), most with manuscript captions in blue ink, in an album bound in brick-red cloth from D.V. Poliakov and Sons with their ticket, upper board stamped in gilt (some photographs faded or with light wear, occasional light browning in the mounts, cloth extremities rubbed). Provenance:
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia Princess Nicholas of Greece (1882-1957, bookplate) Princess Olga of Greece 1903-1997, inscription and then by descent to the current owner.
A fine album of photographs from the collection of Princess Nicholas of Greece, Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna, grand-daughter of Tsar Alexander II, mother of Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent. The often informal photographs, many of these taken by Grand Duchess Elena on her own camera, record summer visits to imperial residences at Tsarskoe Selo, Pavlovsk, Peterhof, Krasnoe Selo, Ropsha, and others including the St. Petersburg Library, and the armoured cruiser 'Rossiya' which had been launched the year before. The captions, in Grand Duchess Elena's hand, identify numerous family members, notable contemporaries and friends, including Tsar Nicholas II ('Niki') and Alix, Elena's father Grand Duke Vladimir, mother Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, brothers Grand Dukes Andrei, Boris and Kirill, uncles Grand Dukes Paul and Alexis, friends Mary Bielossielsky, Sonia Wassmoundt, Tatishchev, Beliaev, Ushakov, Obolensky, and many others including household staff and pets Pedro and Jack.
New York +1 212 636 2000
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Special Notice
VAT rate of 5% is payable on hammer price and at 15% on the buyer's premium


text:
A small town goes into a state of shock when a reserved married woman is announced as the chief suspect in a murder investigation.
The brutal axe murder of a Texas housewife brings the skeletons out of the closet for married woman Barbara Hershey — she was having an affair with the dead woman's husband and she just might have committed the crime.
Originally aired as a miniseries in the states A Killing in a Small Town is a downbeat true story with Hershey sporting a severe haircut and glasses to hide her good looks as the somewhat repressed woman with something to hide. The story itself does little to reward her tidy performance.
This is less a thriller than a test of audience sympathy.


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|Fontaine Must Go
|Andrew Ryan
|Neptune's Bounty
Transcript: Something must be done about Fontaine. While I was buying buildings and fish futures, he was cornering the market on genotypes and nucleotide sequences. Rapture is transforming before my eyes. The Great Chain is pulling away from me. Perhaps it's time to give it a tug.
Location: Lower Wharf, under the metal grating in the hallway to the Upper Wharf.


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The Multidimensionality of Welfare State Attitudes: A European Cross-National Study
When evaluating the various aspects of the welfare state, people assess some aspects more positively than others. Following a multidimensional approach, this study systematically argues for a framework composed of seven dimensions of the welfare state, which are subject to the opinions of the public. Using confirmatory factor analyses, this conceptual framework of multidimensional welfare attitudes was tested on cross-national data from 22 countries participating in the 2008 European Social Survey. According to our empirical analysis, attitudes towards the welfare state are multidimensional; in general, people are very positive about the welfare state's goals and range, while simultaneously being critical of its efficiency, effectiveness and policy outcomes. We found that these dimensions relate to each other differently in different countries. Eastern/Southern Europeans combine a positive attitude towards the goals and role of government with a more critical attitude towards the welfare state's efficiency and policy outcomes. In contrast, Western/Northern Europeans' attitudes towards the various welfare state dimensions are based partly on a fundamentally positive or negative stance towards the welfare state.
KeywordsWelfare state Welfare attitudes Welfare legitimacy Public opinion Cross-national research European social survey
When evaluating the various aspects of the welfare state, people assess some aspects more positively than others. For example, people often support substantial state involvement while simultaneously being critical of the welfare state's level of bureaucracy and perceived lack of efficiency (Svallfors 2010). Attitudes towards a complex phenomenon such as the welfare state are likely to be ambivalent or even contradictory (Svallfors 1991); therefore, several scholars have suggested that the welfare state should be assessed as a multidimensional phenomenon and that welfare attitudes should be measured accordingly (Svallfors 1991; Sihvo and Uusitalo 1995; Gelissen 2000; Van Oorschot and Meuleman 2011).
However, there is limited research on welfare attitudes from a multidimensional perspective, and only a few single-country studies have simultaneously examined attitudes towards the multitude of welfare state dimensions (Van Oorschot and Meuleman 2011; Gelissen 2000; Sihvo and Uusitalo 1995; Svallfors 1991). Most of these studies question whether attitudes towards the welfare state result from distinct attitude patterns regarding the various welfare state dimensions or result from one underlying attitude towards the welfare state. These studies come to different conclusions. In general, the studies agree that attitudes towards the welfare state are indeed multidimensional, but the studies are inconclusive about the structure of the attitude patterns. These inconclusive results can have at least three different causes. First, they can be the result of differences between countries. A particular country can have a greater range or a different set of welfare state attitudes and attitude patterns than another country, and this difference warrants a comparative analysis of the multidimensionality of welfare state attitudes. Second, these differences may be due to varying operational definitions of the welfare state dimensions used in the studies. In fact, the choice of dimensions to analyse is mostly data-driven, given that most studies lack the theoretical arguments for selecting welfare state dimensions. The existing studies give only limited reasons for the salience of particular welfare state dimensions. Lastly, different conclusions may be the result of using particular methods. For example, Svallfors (1991) used an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with the assumption of orthogonal factors to find five underlying attitude patterns in the data, and Sihvo and Uusitalo (1995) performed an EFA on separate groups of items to validate their theoretical dimensions and subsequently correlate these dimensions. Van Oorschot and Meuleman (2011) have argued that these two studies do not really test the multidimensionality of welfare attitudes, because in their choice of methods, they isolate the items that estimate the latent construct. As a result, the shared variance between the items is not taken into account. Therefore, van Oorschot and Meuleman argue for an approach that uses a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) as a methodological tool for examining all items in one empirical model (e.g., Gelissen 2000; Sabbagh and Vanhuysse 2006).
This paper further explores the multidimensional approach in welfare attitude research by contributing to the literature in two ways. First, because of the lack of theoretical arguments for discerning relevant welfare state dimensions, the aim of this study is to select the various dimensions of the welfare state by theoretical reasoning and relate them in a systematic manner in one coherent framework. Second, the study seeks to investigate the empirical tenability of the proposed conceptual framework using new comparative data on welfare state attitudes from the European Social Survey (2008) for 22 European countries. The large number of countries allows for a more stringent test of the proposed dimensionality of welfare state attitudes and its validity across countries than in existing single country studies. To examine these attitude structures we follow Van Oorschot and Meuleman's (2011) recommendation to use a Confirmatory Factor Analysis to study the multidimensionality of welfare state attitudes. Thus, our research questions are as follows: (1) "What dimensions of the welfare state can theoretically be distinguished?" (2) "What is the level of European public support for these dimensions?" (3) "Is this public support for the welfare dimensions based on a unidimensional attitude or on multidimensional attitudes?" (4) "What are the cross-national differences in public support and attitude structures among European countries?"
1 Dimensions of the Welfare State
1.1 The Welfare State and its Legitimacy
What welfare state dimensions can we distinguish? To answer this question, let us start with the proposition that the welfare state is the institutionalised answer to the distributional justice question, "How (should) a society or group (…) allocate its scarce resources or product to individuals with competing needs and claims?" (Roemer 1996).
In the literature, this central question of distributional justice is believed to follow from two historical developments: (1) Kant's idea that people are equal and have an equal right to earthly goods (Fleischacker 2004), which led to democratisation and the overthrow of the old class system (Roller 1995) and (2) industrialisation, which led to dependence on the market for survival and created the need for social security (Roller 1995; Esping-Andersen 1990). These developments made redistribution a matter of justice and an urgent societal problem (Fleischacker 2004). The welfare state's main goals are to address these developments by promoting social justice to mitigate unjust inequalities (Spicker 2000; Fleischacker 2004) and by providing protection against the market's rigidity through a social security system (Esping-Andersen 1990). To achieve these goals, the welfare state redistributes resources and becomes the institutional embodiment of regulated redistribution. This redistribution focuses on not only redistributing means and goods, but also reallocating life chances by giving people equal opportunities and a certain socio-economic status. In other words, the welfare state regulates individuals' life chances by redistributing income, risks and services (Mau 2003).
The welfare state's redistribution process must be embedded in a shared idea of social justice and fairness to be legitimate. Because the welfare state answers the question of distributional justice, the welfare state itself should be a legitimate solution that is based on a shared idea of justice and fairness. Rothstein (1998) identifies three conditions for welfare state legitimacy. First, the public should believe that the goals and substance of the policy programs are just and fair and that politicians need to justify their policy decisions under those terms. This condition, which Rothstein calls substantive justice, justifies what the state should do. Second, the redistribution process must meet a just distribution of burden. The public may support the general goals of welfare programs, but they must believe that their fellow citizens will also contribute to these programs and that the burdens of this contribution will be distributed fairly. This condition determines what contributions to the welfare state should be shared. The third condition is the existence of procedural justice. People must believe that the implementation of programs follows their goals and is effective and efficient. Implementation should be simple, cheap and directed towards making cheating difficult. It justifies what the state can do (or is doing), instead of what it should do (Rothstein 1998). Using these three conditions for welfare state legitimacy, Rothstein combines the questions 'what ought to be' and 'what can be' into one analysis of the welfare state design and thus reveals the underlying logic of welfare state legitimacy: if the welfare state meets public expectations about what the state should do. If the welfare state can be implemented fairly, then it will be regarded as legitimate and will generate its own support (Rothstein 1998).
1.2 Dimensions of the Welfare State
We use the definition of the welfare state as a redistributor of life chances, along with Rothstein's conditions of legitimacy, as the backbone of our conceptual framework of various welfare state dimensions. This framework follows the policy process logic: from formulating policy goals, through policy implementation, to policy outcomes.
Before describing the dimensions of the welfare state itself, we distinguish the welfare mix dimension, which recognises that, in addition to the state, there are other redistributive institutions whose roles, relative to those of the state and to each other, are important matters of debate. Should the state redistribute, or should we leave this up to the family, the market or private institutions, such as the church (Barr 1993)? We will not include this dimension of the debate in our study, since our interest here is in the redistributional characteristics of the welfare state.
The second dimension focuses on the main redistributional goals of the state. This goals dimension refers to the overarching goal of the welfare state and relates to the two welfare state goals that developed through democratisation and industrialisation: The goal to impose some kind of social justice in which all people are considered of equal worth (Roller 1995; Fleischacker 2004), thus promoting either a liberal idea of equality of opportunity or a more egalitarian idea of equality of outcomes (Esping-Andersen 1990), and the goals of social security and protection of the public against the rigidity of the market (Esping-Andersen 1990; Roller 1995). In the last few decades, new normative frameworks have been developed for the role of the welfare state in which welfare policies emphasise activation of people for the labour market or other forms of societal participation. Based on this "welfare to workfare" trend, the welfare state is sometimes relabelled the enabling state, which has the underlying goal of including people in society through participation rather than allowing them to become completely dependent on social provisions (Gilbert 2004). This goal makes the redistribution of job opportunities important. In summary, we can define three prominent welfare state goals: providing social security, imposing equality (of opportunity and/or outcome) and promoting social inclusion through participation.
Next, we distinguish a range dimension and a degree dimension, labels that were introduced by Roller (1995). Given that the welfare state uses redistribution to achieve its goals, these dimensions reflect the areas of life and society in which the state should redistribute (range), and how much it should redistribute (degree). These are usually the core dimensions of welfare attitudes research, since most opinion surveys contain questions specifically related to these dimensions. Together with the goals dimension, they form the substance of the welfare state and relate to Rothstein's condition of substantive justice and what the state should do. The range dimension refers to the areas of life in which the state should redistribute (Roller 1995). Research practices in defining the range of government responsibilities differ and are mostly data driven (see, for example, Cnaan 1989; Roller 1995; Andress and Heien 2001; Blekesaune and Quadagno 2003). Here, we distinguish three range subdimensions: social benefits, social services and active labour market policies. The government can be responsible for various social benefits, such as old age pensions, unemployment benefits, sick leave, social assistance and various other social services including health care, education, and child care services (Muuri 2010). To achieve the goal of participation, individual social services and active labour market policies (ALMP) have been implemented (Gilbert 2004). The degree dimension refers to how much effort the government should expend redistributing in certain policy areas or "the intensity of government activity within a policy area" (Roller 1995). This dimension is often operationalised in terms of preferences for the size of welfare spending in particular social policy areas (Pettersen 1995; Papadakis and Bean 1993; Cnaan 1989; Sihvo and Uusitalo 1995). The degree dimension can apply to the same three subdimensions indicated for range: social benefits, social services and active labour market policies.
The next dimension regards the actual design of the redistribution process and relates to issues such as "Who should benefit from the redistribution in different policy areas", "Who should contribute to it, and for what reasons and on what conditions?", "Who should carry the burdens of redistribution?", "What groups are deserving of what types of benefits and on what conditions?" (Gilbert and Terrell 2010; Van Oorschot 2006). This redistribution dimension relates to Rothstein's legitimacy condition of a just distribution of burdens and to what the welfare state should do (Rothstein 1998).
The implementation dimension relates to Rothstein's condition of procedural justice, i.e., implementation in a fair manner. This dimension refers to what the welfare state can do or is actually doing and has two subdimensions: efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency considers questions such as "Are administrations and services not spilling money, delivering on time, and easy to understand?" (Rothstein 1998), "Are they accountable and accessible?" (Gilbert and Terrell 2010). Effectiveness pertains to whether benefits and services reach the legitimate beneficiaries with limited abuse and non-take up of benefits (Halvorsen 2002; Ervasti 1998; Edlund 1999; Svallfors 1991).
Finally, we distinguish an outcomes dimension. Although this dimension is not reflected in Rothstein's conditions of legitimacy, we believe that there are relevant attitudes about the performance of the welfare state and that these attitudes contribute to its legitimacy: If the welfare state performs according to expectations and desires, its legitimacy will be greater. The outcome dimension is divided in two sub-dimensions: intended outcomes and unintended outcomes (Roller 1995). On the one hand, intended outcomes relate to the welfare state's goals: Are equality, social security and labour activation attained? Is inequality reduced and social security provided? On the other hand, intended outcomes relate to outcomes of the redistribution process: Are benefits generous enough, are services satisfactory? Unintended outcomes refer to economic and moral consequences of the welfare state (Van Oorschot 2010). The former relates to the financial burden that the welfare state places on the government budget and its consequences for tax levels and the economy, and the latter relates to possible moral hazards. People can rely on the welfare state too much by shunning their own responsibility or becoming lazy or individualistic (Van Oorschot 2010).
2 Welfare Attitudes: Unidimensional or Multidimensional?
Our multidimensional perspective on the welfare state assumes that people have different, and possibly contradicting, attitudes towards the various dimensions of the welfare state. The competing view, assuming unidimensionality, holds that people draw upon one general attitude towards the welfare state as a whole, and deduce their particular opinions on specific welfare related issues from that: they are either pro- or anti-welfare state, and this is reflected in each separate opinion. Existing empirical research on the issue tends to find support for the multidimensionality of welfare state attitudes (Svallfors 1991; Sihvo and Uusitalo 1995; Van Oorschot and Meuleman 2011), but these findings are limited as they are based on national studies. In the remainder of this study, we empirically investigate whether the unidimensionality or the multi-dimensionality hypothesis finds support when tested on recent large-scale cross-national data on welfare attitudes.
3 Data and Methods
3.1 Data
Operationalisation of welfare state dimensions—ESS data 2008 Round 4
Number of items
ESS code
(Strongly) agree to reduce income levels
Government should be responsible for…
Increase taxes and social spending
Social systems are (extremely) efficient
Disagree that people abuse benefits/services
Disagree that people underuse benefits/services
Outcomes goals
(Strongly) agree that goals are reached
Outcomes policy
Benefits/services are (extremely) good
Outcomes economic
(Strongly) disagree WS harms economy
Outcomes moral
(Strongly) disagree WS is bad for morals
We selected 22 European countries (N = 41.507): Belgium (BE), Bulgaria (BG), Switzerland (CH), Cyprus (CY), Czech Republic (CZ), Germany (DE), Denmark (DK), Estonia (EE), Spain (ES), Finland (FI), France (FR), United Kingdom (GB), Croatia (HR), Hungary (HU), Latvia (LV), Netherlands (NL), Norway (NO), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Sweden (SE), Slovenia (SI), Slovakia (SK).2
The ESS contains no items that allow measuring attitudes on aspects of the welfare mix. The data include one item that measures the goals dimension, i.e., support for reducing income levels (related to the goal of equality). For the range dimension, six items were selected, regarding the extent to which the government is responsible for ensuring jobs, health care, a reasonable standard of living for the old and for the unemployed, child care and for providing paid care leave. The degree dimension was measured with one item asking about respondents' support for either "increasing taxes and spending more on social benefits and services" or "decreasing taxes and spending less". We did not include items for the redistribution dimension since the available items were measured at the nominal measurement level and therefore were not suitable for further analysis in structural equation modelling with continuous variables.
The implementation dimension was operationalised with its two sub-dimensions: efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency contains two items regarding how efficient the health care system and tax system (in handling queries on time, avoiding mistakes and preventing fraud) are perceived. Effectiveness was measured by people's perception of abuse ("many people manage to obtain benefits to which they are not entitled") and underuse ("many people get fewer benefits than they are legally entitled to") of welfare benefits. Because abuse and underuse did not form a reliable scale (average Cronbach's alpha for 22 countries was only 0.32), we included both these items separately.
The outcomes of the welfare state were measured by four subdimensions: outcomes-goals, outcomes-policy, outcomes-economic, and outcomes-moral. People's opinions about whether welfare state goals are met were measured with three items: Do social benefits and services lead to a more equal society, less poverty and make it easier to combine work and family life? Outcomes-policy asked whether the policy outcomes are satisfactory with six items: What do you think of the state of education, the state of health care, the standard of living of the old, of the unemployed, the provisions of affordable child care services, and opportunities for young people to find a job? Outcomes-economic measured the unintended consequences for the economy with two items: Does the welfare state place too great a strain on the economy, and costs businesses too much in taxes and charges? Finally, outcomes-moral measured whether people believe the welfare state has unintended moral consequences with three items: Does the welfare state makes people lazy, less willing to care for one another and less willing to look after themselves and their family? All variables are coded such that a higher score represents a more pro-welfare attitude.
3.2 Methods
The analysis proceeded in five steps. First, we addressed the issue of cross-national measurement invariance of attitudes towards dimensions of the welfare state using multi-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (Byrne 1998). Next, we analysed public support for the different (sub)dimensions, thus indicating the extent of public support for the dimensions of the welfare state. In the third step, we inspected how strongly the dimensions are correlated, which subsequently led us to a formal test of the one- and multidimensionality hypothesis of welfare state support. We followed the same approach as Gelissen (2000), Sabbagh and Vanhuysse (2006) and Van Oorschot and Meuleman (2011) by using CFA as a methodological tool to model underlying attitude structures. In the fourth step, we examined the shared variation of all dimensions, and finally, we examined the differences between the European countries. We compared their mean scores on the dimensions and analysed differences in their attitude patterns.
4 Results
4.1 Measurement Invariance
With multi-group CFA, we tested whether the attitudes towards welfare state dimensions, which are assumed to be latent constructs, are measurement invariant across countries. Invariance would indicate the cross-national comparability of these constructs. For CFA, at least three items per latent construct are needed (Steenkamp and Baumgartner 1998). This requirement means that for several dimensions we cannot formally assess measurement invariance across countries. Nonetheless, we additionally present the findings for these dimensions because we would like to provide the reader with as complete a picture as possible of welfare attitudes using the best cross-national data currently available. We note, however, that the information regarding country comparisons on these dimensions, given the current impossibility of performing a strict test of their measurement invariance, should be considered more carefully. For the dimensions that have sufficient items (range and intended and unintended outcomes), measurement invariance is assessed.
At least partial scalar invariance is required to compare the means of latent variables (Steenkamp and Baumgartner 1998; Davidov 2008). For the range dimension partial scalar invariance holds, with a moderate fit statistic for the RMSEA and good fit statistics for the CFI.3 For the outcomes dimensions, we tested one structural model with four (sub)dimensions (outcomes-goals, outcomes-policy, outcomes-economic and outcomes-moral) and their indicators to be measurement invariant across countries. This model indicated partial scalar invariance.4 Sum scores were calculated for each scale.5
4.2 Public Support for the Different Dimensions of the Welfare State
European support for welfare state dimensions
% pro-welfare attitudesa
% anti-welfare attitudesb
Outcomes goals
Outcomes policy Output
Outcomes economic
Outcomes moral
Table 2 shows that support for the goals and range dimensions is very high: Most Europeans believe that the government should redistribute more to reduce income differences and be responsible for various social security benefits and socials services. This result is fully in line with previous research (Blekesaune and Quadagno 2003; Roller 1995; Gelissen 2000; Andress and Heien 2001; Papadakis and Bean 1993). Concerning the degree dimension people are more reserved: 29 % prefer lower taxes and lower social spending, but 35 % want the government to raise taxes to spend more on social benefits and services. Note that 36 % of Europeans choose the scale midpoint: They believe that the degree of government spending is sufficient. In studies in which survey questions about government spending do not mention the related consequence of increasing taxes, higher levels of support for government spending are usually found (Gelissen 2000; Pettersen 1995; Cnaan 1989; Papadakis and Bean 1993). Turning to the implementation dimension, we see that about half of respondents believe that health care and tax authorities are efficient, and one-third does not. The European public is most critical about the welfare state's effectiveness: About 50–60 % perceive substantial abuse and underuse of welfare benefits. This result has also been found in other studies (Ervasti 1998; Halvorsen 2002; Svallfors 1991; Edlund 1999). Perceptions of cheating may undermine support for the welfare state in general and form a risk for its legitimacy because of a lack of procedural justice.
Compared to welfare state goals and design, people are on the whole less positive about its outcomes. The majority of respondents in these European countries do believe that the welfare state attains its main goals in preventing poverty and promoting equality (outcomes goals), but more than half believe that policy outcomes such as benefit levels and the quality of services are insufficient. About 40 % consider the welfare state to harm the economy and cause moral hazards, while about the same proportion disagrees. These outcomes dimensions, of which people are more critical than range and degree issues, have thus far not been systematically analysed in the literature (Van Oorschot et al. 2012), with a generally too-positive picture of welfare state support in the literature as a result. A large proportion of respondents are particularly unsatisfied with the policy outcomes of the welfare state: Benefits are deemed insufficient and services inadequate. Such disappointment with the welfare state's outcomes may lead to decreasing legitimacy, but the empirical evidence indicates there is still support for a large role of the government. Moreover, comparing the percentages of pro- and anti-welfare attitudes on all subdimensions, the European public is overall more positive than negative about the welfare state.
4.3 One- or Multidimensional Welfare Attitudes?
Correlations between dimensions (sum scores)
Under- use
Outc. goals
Outc. policy
Outc. eco.
Outc. mor.
Outcomes goals
Outcomes policy
Outcomes economic
Outcomes moral
The correlations are low, which indeed suggests that welfare state attitudes are multidimensional and that scale-scores do not result from one general welfare state attitude. Nevertheless, some dimensions are related. Not surprisingly, there is a correlation between the unintended outcomes dimensions: the coefficient for the correlation between outcomes-economic and outcomes-moral is 0.437. People who believe that the welfare state has negative economic consequences also believe that the welfare state has negative moral effects. Since these dimensions are theoretically related, we included a specific (second-order) latent factor representing unintended outcomes in our proposed structural model. Furthermore, Table 3 also shows a relatively high correlation of 0.538 between the dimensions efficiency and outcomes-policy. Because this result could theoretically be expected—an inefficient system will cause poor policy outcomes—we allowed a correlation between these dimensions in the structural model. Finally, we imposed a correlation in the structural model between unintended outcomes and the expected level of abuse. Abuse of social benefits is a form of ineffective redistribution—an implementation problem—but abuse can also be considered to result from moral hazards and thus to be an unintended consequence of the welfare state. We note that later inspection of modification indices also suggested that inclusion of this correlation is warranted.
The moderate correlation of 0.288 between the goals and the range dimensions may result from the fact that both dimensions refer to the substance of the welfare state and to Rothstein's concept of substantive justice. The negative correlations between both these dimensions and the outcomes-policy dimension are interesting: people who are positive towards a greater role of the welfare state are also more critical of its outcomes. We will examine these relations more thoroughly later. We do not make any further adjustments to our proposed structural model, except for allowing some correlations between individual items that are for different substantive reasons related. For instance, the item that measures people's perceptions about the role of government in providing health care and the item that measures people's opinion on the state of the health care system are supposed to share some variance related to their subject (see Appendix Table 8).
Goodness of fit statistics for the latent factor models (Pooled sample N = 41.507)
Model 1
Model 2
P value
4.4 The Third-Order Factor Welfarism
Third order factor loadings Model 2 (standardised)
Outcomes goals
Outcomes policy
Outcomes unintended
The dimensions that refer to the substance of the welfare state (the should dimensions) are positively correlated to this factor, while the dimensions that evaluate the implementation process and the welfare state's intended outcomes have a negative relationship. Therefore, we argue that in terms of European welfare attitudes, welfarism represents a general idea that the welfare state should do more, since it does not perform well enough. This rather general attitude weakly influences specific welfare opinions via the domain-specific latent dimensions, which are empirically more clearly discernible.
4.5 Cross-National Differences
After empirically inspecting the dimensionality of welfare attitudes of the European public, we proceeded to examine European cross-national differences by showing how public attitudes and the relationships between the latent dimensions differ between European countries.
Order of European countries' scores on (latent) dimensions
To scrutinise these country differences more closely and assess the relationship between the latent dimensions, we estimated a structural model for both regions separately. We labeled Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, Switzerland and United Kingdom as Western/Northern European welfare states (N = 19.717) and Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain as Eastern/Southern European welfare states (N = 28.424). We again determined the model fit of Model 1 and 2, but now for both subsamples separately. To compare structural models for both regions, we first assessed measurement invariance. For identification purposes, we excluded the latent factor for unintendedoutcomes and imposed a correlation between outcomes economic and outcomes moral. Under this condition, we find scalar level measurement invariance,9 which allows us to compare both the factor loadings and the means of the latent constructs.
Goodness of Fit statistics for the latent factor models
Western/Northern Europe
Eastern/Southern Europe
Model 1
Model 2
Model 1
Model 2
P value
Standardised factor loadings—Structural model (Model 2) (Pooled sample N = 41.507)
Outcomes goals
Oucomes policy
Outcomes unintended
Outcomes economic
Outcomes moral
Range—child care
Range—care leave
Efficiency—health care
Outc goals—poverty
Outc goals—equality
Outc goals—work/fam
Outc policy—educ.
Outc policy—health
Outc policy—old
Outc policy—unempl.
Outc policy—childcare
Outc policy—yng jobs
Outcomes economic
Outcomes moral
Outc eco—economy
Outc eco—businesses
Outc moral—lazy
Outc moral—no care
Outc moral—look after
Third and second order loadings on welfarism
In the Eastern/Southern European countries, welfarism seems to be a construct that should be interpreted differently and that can be compared in some ways to the results for the pooled sample. Here welfarism shows a substantial negative relationship with the efficiency, effectiveness and outcomes policy dimensions and a substantial positive relationship with the goals and range dimensions. For Eastern/Southern European welfare attitudes, welfarism embodies support for a larger role of the welfare state (should dimensions) but also a critical attitude towards its efficiency, effectiveness and policy outcomes (is dimensions). The idea that the welfare state performs poorly and that its role should (therefore) be increased influences people's opinions on single welfare attitude questions. A comparison of the latent means confirms the differences with the Western/Northern countries: Respondents in Eastern/Southern European countries support a larger role of the government but are also more critical towards the welfare states' efficiency, their benefit level and quality of social services (i.e., policy outcomes).
5 Conclusion and Discussion
In this paper, we contributed to previous research on multidimensionality of the welfare state by systematically arguing for a conceptual framework of seven dimensions. Moreover, we tested this framework on cross-national data on welfare attitudes from the European Social Survey.
We conclude, first, that if we want to understand the social legitimacy of the welfare state in all its aspects, we should examine welfare state attitudes from a multidimensional perspective. According to our empirical analysis, welfare state legitimacy cannot be adequately investigated and understood by only looking at people's general idea about the welfare state or by examining attitudes from a unidimensional perspective. Attitudes towards some welfare state dimensions clearly differ from attitudes to other dimensions. A second conclusion is that, generally, people in European countries are very positive about the welfare state's goals and range, while simultaneously feeling critical about its efficiency, effectiveness and policy outcomes. Perceived ineffectiveness of the welfare state and the perception of abuse and underuse of welfare state benefits and services are clearly the weakest link in welfare state support. Our findings confirm previous research on attitudes towards dimensions of the welfare state when studied separately, although attitudes towards welfare state outcomes were not systematically examined previously.
Third, we found that attitudes towards the dimensions differ between Western/Northern and Eastern/Southern European welfare states. In Western/Northern European countries, respondents are more positive towards the outcomes and efficiency of the welfare state than in Eastern/Southern European countries. In the latter, respondents combine a positive attitude towards the role and goals of government with a more critical attitude towards the welfare state's efficiency and intended outcomes. In contrast, in Western/Northern welfare states, there is a general welfare attitude that is fundamentally positive or negative. This general welfare attitude partly influences attitudes towards the various dimensions.
How can these differences be explained? Regarding the Eastern European countries, the transition from the communist centrally planned economies towards democratic market economies was a unique historical event. Eastern European welfare states were confronted with a double burden of responsibilities after the transition: protecting people from new and old social risks and coping with the social, political and economic challenges resulting from the transition (Cerami 2007). Because of job losses that accompanied the transition, governments had difficulties ensuring broad coverage of social protection since their protection schemes were based on employee contributions. Rising poverty levels challenged the provision of a reasonable standard of living and new health, pension and unemployment insurance came under financial pressure as a result of rising unemployment. The Eastern European welfare system can therefore not offer the quality and quantity of its Western European counterparts yet (Cerami 2007, 2008). Cerami (2008, p. 18) refers to the dissatisfaction of Eastern European citizens with the quality of their social services. The Southern European welfare states are also known for their limited social protection system, absence of social minimum and small role of the state in providing social services (Arts and Gelissen 2002; Ferrera 1996). In our view, this situation may explain why Eastern/Southern European citizens are more critical towards the performance of their welfare state and, at the same time, endorse more redistribution and more government responsibilities, as a way to close the welfare gap with the Western/Northern European welfare states. In contrast, citizens of Western/Northern European welfare states, who are used to living in a more developed welfare context, believe that more government responsibilities and further redistribution are less necessary.
This study also has some limitations. We were not able to examine attitudes towards the redistribution and welfare mix dimension. Much research has already investigated these dimensions from a unidimensional perspective, yet it would be valuable to examine them in relation with other dimensions and in a cross-national perspective. In addition, the operationalisation of the goals dimension is limited since it does not include attitudes towards the activating role of the welfare state, which is becoming an increasingly important concept. Future cross-national surveys should therefore include (more) measurements related to the various welfare state dimensions and subdimensions that are distinguished in this study. Because of data limitations, we were unable to assess measurement invariance for all dimensions of our model. We therefore need to be cautious in our conclusions regarding country comparisons on these dimensions. Moreover, to make valid cross-national comparisons, we excluded seven countries from our sample because we found evidence against the hypothesis of measurement invariance for these countries. Finally, this study has not investigated explanations for differences in public endorsement for the different dimensions. Future research should investigate which social-demographic and motivational factors explain the variation in the dimensions and how their effects differ between the dimensions.
We conclude with the observation that at least in Europe, we do not face a welfare state legitimacy crisis. The majority of people still support the welfare state and the government's responsibility to redistribute life chances. In Eastern/Southern European countries, a critical stance towards the level of benefits and services is combined with even larger support for the goals and range of the welfare state. The greatest risk for welfare state legitimacy seems to be perceptions of abuse of welfare benefits, which are rather widely shared among the European people.
For the exact wording of the 26 survey questions, we referred to the European Social Survey 2008.
We concluded that measurement invariance of the latent constructs was violated for four non-European countries (Israel, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine) and three European countries (Ireland, Greece and Romania). We found that their contributions to the Chi-Squared test in the multi-group analyses were substantially higher than for the other countries, which imports misfit due to measurement invariance. Moreover, measurement models of these countries were substantially different from the countries for which measurement invariance holds. In order to be able to make valid cross-national comparisons, we excluded them from our sample.
An RMSEA of <0.05 is indicated as a good fit; 0.05 < RMSEA ≤ 0.08 indicates an acceptable fit. CFI must be >0.9 to be acceptable (Byrne 1998). Cheung and Rensvold (2002) have argued that in a multi-group analysis, the CFI, instead of the RMSEA, is the most unbiased fit statistic. Two intercepts are constrained across countries (government responsibility for health care and paid care leave). RMSEA: 0.087, CFI: 0.955.
In order to identify the model, correlations between latent factors are added. Two intercepts of outcomes goals, two intercepts of outcomes economic and two intercepts of outcomes moral were constrained across countries, but only one intercept of outcomes policy. Strictly speaking, the dimension 'outcomes policy' was therefore not scalar equivalent. RMSEA: 0.056, CFI: 0.916.
Factor scores were also estimated and correlated with sum scores: rrange: 0.999, routcomes-goals: 0.988, routcomes-policy 0.984, routcomes-economic: 0.961, routcomes-moral: 0.972.
When we estimate a model that includes the seven countries for which measurement invariance does not hold, the model cannot reach convergence, which presumably indicates a strong misspecification of the model. We interpret this misspecification to be additional evidence that the measurement models for these seven countries are substantially different.
Results are available from the authors on request.
We notice that the excluded countries, for which measurement invariance did not hold, generally follow this country clustering. Ireland can be placed in the Western/Northern European country cluster; Greece, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine, in the Eastern/Southern European cluster. Israel fits better in the Western/Northern cluster.
The Multi Group CFA of the two groups of countries showed a RMSEA of 0.051 and a CFI of 0.885.
This research was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), grant number 400-09-083.
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