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Managing the Freshwater Impacts of Surface Mining in Latin America
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1 Inter-American Development Bank Environmental Safeguards Unit TECHNICAL NOTE Managing the Freshwater Impacts of Surface Mining in Latin America No. IDB-TN-519 David S. Hammond, Judith Rosales, and Paul E. Ouboter March 2013
2 Managing the Freshwater Impacts of Surface Mining in Latin America David S. Hammond, Judith Rosales, and Paul E. Ouboter Inter-American Development Bank 2013
3 Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library Hammond, David S. Managing the freshwater impacts of surface mining in Latin America / David S. Hammond, Judith Rosales, Paul E. Ouboter. p. cm. (IDB Technical Note; 519) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Gold mines and mining Environmental aspects Latin America. I. Rosales, Judith. II. Ouboter, Paul E. III. Inter-American Development Bank. Environmental Safeguards Unit. IV. Title. V. Series. JEL CODES: L72, Q2, Q25 Keywords: gold mining, regional geology, river basins The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. The unauthorized commercial use of Bank documents is prohibited and may be punishable under the Bank's policies and/or applicable laws. Copyright 2013 Inter-American Development Bank. All rights reserved; may be freely reproduced for any non-commercial purpose.
4 Table of Contents Acronyms... ii Abstract... iii 1. What Is Driving Growth in Gold Mining and Its Impacts on Freshwater Systems?... 1 Global Price and Demand... 1 Employment, Income, and Artisanal Mining Where is Gold Mining of Greatest Concern? How Do Gold Mining Operations Affect Freshwater Systems?... 4 Direct Impacts... 7 Suspended Sediments... 7 Mercury Pollution... 9 Deforestation Indirect Impacts What Are the Social and Economic Consequences of Freshwater Impacts? Human Health Ecosystem Services Impact Additionality and Geographic Effects Background Freshwater Conditions Climate Variation Land Use Dynamics What Can Be Done to Reduce Impacts? Coordinate Land-use Planning across Natural Resources and Resource Use Sectors Tailor Gold Mining Regulations and Standards to Background Environmental and Land Use Conditions Support Uptake of Mitigation Technologies to Reduce Sediment and Mercury Loading Encourage Small Operators to Form Collectives to Normalize Interactions and Increase Visibility. 20 Internalize the Environmental Costs of Impaired Water Quality and Biodiversity Loss Examine Approaches to Pay for Increased Mitigation, Monitoring, and Compliance Figures References i
5 Acronyms ESIA BDO DOC EN ENSO ESIA GDP GNI LAC LN SAM TSS Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Biodiversity Offsets Dissolved Organic Carbon El Niño El Niño-Southern Oscillation Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Gross Domestic Product Gross National Income Latin America and the Caribbean La Niña Small-Scale and Artisanal Mining Total Suspended Sediments ii
6 Abstract The path to better gold mining practices in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is rife with challenges due to the complex linkages between the high value intensity of gold, its spatial concentration in specific geological formations, and the social and economic conditions that render it one of the most financially attractive yet damaging land use activities in the region. Its uncontrolled spread across many lowland river basins of LAC continues to leave a record of significant environmental impacts, cultural change, social unrest, and human health concerns. At its best, however, the mining sector can play a significant role in the near-term development of regional economies by boosting employment, increasing public revenues, supporting business growth, and building public-purpose infrastructure, such as roads and power facilities. But over the long term, poorly managed and regulated mining can create significant environmental and social costs that are simply passed on to future generations. This is the case in particular when proceeds from mining are not effectively reinvested by governments in improving social and environmental conditions. 1 This paper provides a brief overview of the linkages between the primary factors driving gold mining, how these interact with regional geology to concentrate impacts on specific river basins, and the primary environmental and social impacts that can erode the economic benefit delivered from gold production if it is left unmanaged. We consider these impacts in the context of operational scale and the regional differences in background hydrological conditions with a view to identifying freshwater systems that are most inherently vulnerable to the effects of mining and that thus have the greatest impact of additionality. The paper concludes by considering ways in which these impacts might be averted or mitigated through a mix of approaches aimed at normalizing mining processes, structures, and relationships through tailored, incentive-based policies and actions. 1 Hartwick iii
7 1. What Is Driving Growth in Gold Mining and Its Impacts on Freshwater Systems? Global Price and Demand Over the past 40 years, gold s role in the global economy has transitioned from one of currency support to commodity to currency hedge as many of the major sovereign balance sheets have accumulated debt and as global savings rate disparities have sharpened. Expansion of financial instruments aimed at offering exposure to gold, but partially underpinned by bullion reserves, have further catalyzed real demand. Speculation in futures markets has abetted this real hedge demand, driving nominal gold prices to a record high. Rising gold prices and expanding global demand has consequently seen explosive growth in mining. The overwhelming bulk of new supply arrives through large-tonnage facilities, mainly in China, the United States, Australia, and South Africa. But LAC in particular the Guiana Shield countries of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, and Brazil have experienced some of the highest growth rates in production since LAC has become a major supplier to the international gold market and is set to increase its market share toward the mid-millennium. As of 2012, 22 percent of the global pool of very large-tonnage (> 1 metric ton per annum) gold mines were found in LAC countries. In addition, of the 22 very-large tonnage operations currently in their planning phase worldwide, more than half are located in LAC. More than 85 percent of current and planned large gold mining operations in the region are open pit operations 3 and about half of these are in lowland tropical locations. This pattern of mining is shadowed by a rapid growth in mining permits, concessions, and exploratory leases and by an increasing proportion of watersheds that these occupy. 4 The rapid rise in gold prices over the last decade has also seen a resurgence of growth in small (artisanal) and medium-scale mining operations across LAC and elsewhere. Today, more than a tenth of declared gold supply worldwide is estimated to arrive via small-scale operations. In major gold-producing countries in the LAC region, this proportion is believed to be much higher, in the range of percent of production. 2 Hammond et al Analyzed using data on world mine sites derived from InfoMine. 4 Hammond 2005a; Bebbington and Bury
8 Employment, Income, and Artisanal Mining The extremely high value intensity of gold has always propelled small-scale production more so than virtually any other mineral commodity apart from gemstones. A very small amount of production can yield a very high income relative to other income-earning opportunities. This is particularly true for gold-producing countries such as Nicaragua, Guyana, Honduras, Bolivia, Suriname, Ecuador, and Peru, where in 2011 less than five troy ounces of production was enough to exceed the per capita gross national income (GNI at purchasing power parity). Less than 10 ounces exceeded per capita GNI for every gold-producing country in the region. 5 Official unemployment rates in gold-producing countries have also averaged in the double digits over the last decade, 6 underpinning a relatively low opportunity cost of labor and adding to the economic attraction of gold to the prospective small-scale miner. This represents a simplification of the factors shaping participation rates for small-scale mining. But increasing price combined with the value intensity of gold, stagnant job growth, and little access to capital in many areas have been critical drivers in the intensification of mining in lowland river basins. Estimates of the number of people directly involved in small-scale mining annually in the LAC region over the last decade range from 750,000 to 1.5 million, with three to four times as many involved indirectly through provision of support goods and services to the mining community. 7 Some countries, such as Brazil, have seen a decrease in participation rates as alternative livelihood opportunities and government actions have made clandestine mining less attractive. But many small-scale Brazilian garimpeiros previously operating in the northern states have also moved to neighboring countries, where they often operate undocumented. This provides the outward appearance of policy success in Brazil, but to a large extent it has merely transferred the environmental and social impacts of mining to neighboring countries. 2. Where is Gold Mining of Greatest Concern? The mining of precious metals and gemstones has been taking place in Latin America and the Caribbean since pre-colombian times, and the land alterations attached to this practice are 5 Gross national income per capita (at PPP) versus average gold price. GNI data source: World Bank Development Indicators. 6 Unemployment rate (percent labor force), WBD and Latin American and Caribbean Macro Watch (www.iadb.org/res/lmw). 7 Hentschel et al. 2002; GOMIAM (www.gomiam.org); CASM (www.artisanalmining.org); Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) (www.dane.gov.co). 2
9 visible in virtually every country. 8 However, modern mining technologies have expanded the mineral environment rapidly to cover vast areas not previously known. As a consequence, most of the major gold or polymetallic ore-bearing rock formations are now, or have been, under some level of exploitation. These formations are, of course, the primary spatial determinants of mining activity at all operational scales. They can be crudely depicted as broad zones, or provinces, attached to the geologic history of the region. These can be seen in Figure 1 as the Andean and Precambrian Shield provinces. The extension of the main volcanogenic arc belts is similarly coincident with gold mining activity through Central America and the central highlands straddling the Haiti-Dominican Republic border. More than 95 percent of all gold mining activity in LAC is attached to these broad structural features (see Figure 1). The intervening deep Phanerozoic sediment basins are not strongly indicative of economic gold deposits, although they are the primary target of other mining activities, most notably hydrocarbons. Understanding the geological control on natural resource systems is critical for understanding the nature and extent of land use impacts on environment and society. 9 Some countries in the region have been more intensively exposed to gold mining than others as the result of intersecting geopolitical and geological boundaries. This is particularly true of many smaller countries Guyana, Suriname, Honduras, Panama, and Ecuador where mining activity has affected a relatively large proportion of the watersheds flowing through their national land areas. A number of nationally and regionally important basins have experienced particularly intense activity in their upstream catchments, as shown in Figure. Most notable among these is the Rio Magdalena Basin in Colombia (No. 9), the Essequibo Basin in Guyana/Venezuela (No. 10), the Marowijne Basin in Suriname/French Guiana (No. 16), and with increasing intensity most of the southern tributaries in the Orinoco Basin in Venezuela (No. 3) and the headwaters of the Rio Negro Basin in Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil (No. 1). The headwaters of many large subbasins of the Amazon River (No. 1) that drain the eastern slopes of the Andes and the northern rim of the Brazilian Shield complex have also experienced intense gold mining activity. These include the Tapajós (No. 1A) and vast Madeira (No. 1B) watersheds in Brazil and, by extension, the major subcatchments of the Madre de Dios (No. 1C) and Beni (No. 1D) rivers that course from the montane forests areas of northern 8 See, e.g., Machado and Figueirô Hammond and Zagt
10 Bolivia/southern Peru into the Brazilian Amazon. 10 Similarly, the headwater reaches of the Napo (No. 1E) and Marañon-Santiago (No. 1F) subbasins in Ecuador have been subject to an intensification of gold mining over the last several decades. The western slopes of the Andes are drained by a multitude of small watersheds that are characterized by excessively steep topography. Many of these have also been affected by gold mining, particularly in southern Ecuador and the much drier Ayacucho region of Peru. Similar to this region, the relatively small watersheds draining Central American and Caribbean countries are easily affected by intensive gold mining activities. Modern mining activity is concentrated in a number of important areas, including the upper reaches of the region s largest river, Rio Coco (no. 21), and its adjacent watersheds (nos. 22, 31, and 38). These collectively drain the Bosawás (Nicaragua), Río Plátano (Honduras), and Tawahka-Asagni (Honduras) Biosphere Reserves that straddle the frontier region between the two countries. Together, these reserves represent the largest remaining area of contiguous tropical forest north of the Amazon Basin. Other important lowland forest basins such as the Chucunaque (no. 32) and Atrato (no. 18) in the Darién region of Panama and Colombia have also seen long-standing artisanal and gold mining activity in the highland reaches feeding the main lowland rivers. Watersheds in most Caribbean island nations are not affected by gold mining, with the exception of the Dominican Republic. Extensive, mainly large-scale, polymetallic mining operations are located at various locations in the highlands of the Cordillera Central. Polymetallic deposits are being examined through exploratory leases that cover a much larger fraction of the island s upper watersheds. These deposits extend across the international border into Haiti, offering opportunities for much-needed national revenue generation, but also the risk of further degradation to the country s freshwater resources if poorly managed. 3. How Do Gold Mining Operations Affect Freshwater Systems? Gold mining is intrinsically inefficient. Compared with many other common metals such as iron or nickel it produces a much greater level of processed waste for each unit of refined product. The methods used in processing and disposal of these wastes fundamentally shape the 10 Barthem et al
11 nature, intensity, and duration of gold mining impacts on lowland freshwater systems in the LAC region. The methods used depend on operational scale. 11 Generally speaking, scales of operation are categorized by the amount of ore processed, the net smelter return, the revenue generated, the level and type of technology or working capital used, the number of employees, and/or the structure of the entity undertaking the work whether this be formal or informal, licensed or unlicensed. Applying this basket of attributes to actual field operations normally identifies three, sometimes four, natural scales of operation. 12 Categorizing operations as small, medium, or large appears adequate in differentiating most environmental and social impacts and benefits. (See Table 1.) Small-scale and artisanal mining (SAM) operations are characterized by a very large number of miners working independently or in cooperatives. They typically work placer and palaeo-placer deposits created through weathering of upstream auriferous rock formations and then transported downstream. Hard rock operations such as those at Serra Pelada in north Pará, Brazil still can be found, but many of these deposits are now owned and operated by much larger mining companies. SAM employs a basket of basic techniques, ranging from simple comminuting and panning to the use of hushing and small hydraulic jet devices to remove overburden and liberate the deposited gold layers. The gold itself is typically separated from the parent material using both gravity and mercury techniques. SAM operators, on average, are more likely to have no or little alternative income, few years of formal education, poor access to health care and no operational support and to suffer from malnutrition and disease. They are also more likely than is typical at larger operational scales to be women or children. SAM is more often carried out without formal rights, licensing, or permits. The likelihood of remediation is practically zero. Medium-scale operations can evolve from successful SAM cooperatives, but they are more commonly developed by small business owners seeking to invest in alternative incomeearning ventures. Often these are owned by a pool of investing partners. They often work the same floodplains as SAM operations, but more typically they have formal claim to a site. Hard rock deposits abandoned by large-scale miners are sometimes reactivated by medium-scale operators who require less auriferous ore to support their investments. They use larger and more sophisticated equipment, such as floating hydraulic dredges or multi hydraulic jet pontoons, that 11 Hammond et al Mcmahon et al. 1999; Hammond et al
12 allows them to process much larger volumes of sediment than SAM workers can handle. Both amalgamation and mechanical separation techniques are used to liberate the gold. Operations at this scale consist of small teams working in shifts and supervised by an experienced operator, and they include skilled workers, such as mechanics, with some form of head office support. They are typically directed or advised by a professional engineer and geologist, but often without an environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) or remediation plan. The likelihood of remediation is low. Table 1. Main Features of Gold Mining Scales of Operation Feature Number of operations Small-scale/Artisanal (SAM) Medium-scale Large-scale 100,000s 1000s 100s Labor force s Ore processed < 50 t pa ,000 t pa > 500,000 t pa Ownership Individuals; families SAM cooperatives; family businesses; domestic investors Corporations; domestic and international investors Investment US$1k to 10k US$10k to 250k US$1000k to 100,000k Equipment Separation chemistry Shovel, hammer mill, pan, sluice, metal detector Hydraulic monitor, gravel dredge, missile dredge, sluice, bulldozer Bucket wheel excavator, compact spreader, bulldozers, loaders and other heavy equipment Hg Hg NaCN, KCN Effluents Sediments, Hg Sediments, Hg, fuels Infrastructure & Support Little or none Transport, fuel, room & board (TFRB) Acid mine drainage; tailings pond failure (sediment, cyanide) TFRB, health care, safety, training, recreation The largest operations are almost exclusively undertaken by dedicated national and international mining companies, often in partnership. Their primary targets are entirely hard-rock deposits, often those sourcing the downstream placer deposits worked by smaller-scale operators. They process vast volumes of gold and polymetallic ores, relying on metal commodity prices and economies of scale to offset the considerable capital investments that can often include roads, housing, and other ancillary infrastructure. Open-pit mining at this scale involves a sophisticated heap-leaching process that uses sodium cyanide as the primary gold-separating reagent. It 6
13 requires large volumes of water and creates similarly large amounts of waste effluent and ore waste (tailings). These operations are worked, supervised, and directed by highly trained professionals who receive very good salaries, health care, and extensive head office support. Normally these operations require an extensive ESIA along with a wide range of permits and management and operational plans. The likelihood of some remediation is higher, but contingent on governments establishing and enforcing appropriate regulations and on operators overcoming the technical hurdles attached to large-scale remediation of tropical lowland environments. Direct Impacts The lowland LAC region is one of the world s largest contributors to surface freshwater discharge, contains more plant and animal species than any other region of similar size, and houses the planet s largest above-ground carbon store. Thus it is no surprise that it also plays a critical role in hemispheric and global biogeochemical cycling, ecosystem productivity, and biodiversity. Changes in the storage and transfer functions of regional lowland freshwater systems will see adjustments in other global compartments and their interlinking pathways as a consequence of mass balance equilibration. Land use changes, such as mining, that alter the rates and storage capacities thus have environmental consequences at a wide range of spatial scales. Suspended Sediments At small scales, placer and palaeo-placer mining techniques consume, process, and release riverbed and consolidated riverbank sediment. Coarse sediments and intercalated rock dislodged from banks and beds are redistributed as in situ tailing piles, while clay, silt, and carbon elements suspend in the water column to be redeposited downstream. This process repeated along river mainstems and feeder streams within affected basins across LAC rapidly accelerates erosion and alters the type and relative abundance of aquatic micro-habitats. In many instances, a vast number of small-scale mining operations working adjacent segments of streams and small rivers simply ablate all hydrological function by occluding or redirecting water flow, creating small pools of poorly drained residual effluent where little if any vertebrate aquatic life survives. Where hydrological function is impaired but not extinguished, the greatest and most consistent impacts of sediment loading have been found immediately downstream, where a plume of elevated turbidity has been documented for most waterways with active gold mining operations. 7
14 In some rivers, the release of sediments from mining increases downstream turbidity by a factor of 100 or more relative to background averages. 13 These levels of increased sediment loads and higher turbidity can have a profound impact on the spectral attributes of the water light field. Suspension of clay particles actively attenuates light penetration through scattering, filtering out important components of the photosynthetically active radiation spectrum. 14 Loss of this portion of visible light has a negative impact on photosynthetic capacity through the water column and primary productivity such as phytoplankton and vascular plants that underpins the broader trophic structure of aquatic and riverine terrestrial habitats alike. 15 The abrasive properties of suspended sediment in high velocity flows can also affect primary production by scouring periphyton growth on large rock components of streams and rivers. Conversely, the broad deposition of suspended sediment on the riverbed reduces substrate texture critical in maintaining a diverse macro-invertebrate community. 16 While an abundance of studies have documented the impacts of sediments on primary production and invertebrate communities, 17 impacts on fish communities and other larger vertebrates, such as aquatic birds, are less clear. Contraction of underlying aquatic productivity can affect fish population stability and community structure in theory, but there is a dearth of studies conducted in a manner that would reveal the true extent, if any, of this loss in the lowland waterways in the LAC region. Sediment loading by gold mining operations along a tributary of the Approuague River in French Guiana appeared to affect a shift in the trophic structure of the downstream fish community, but not reductions in biomass or diversity. Recent studies in neighboring Suriname did detect a loss of diversity due to gold mining effluent. 18 Suspended sediments have been shown to impair fish foraging behavior, particularly among apex predators, by altering visibility and impeding cardiovascular performance. 19 The role that gold mining plays in sedimentation should be set against a background of naturally occurring suspended sediment loads and the important role that these play in delivering nutrients and affecting energy delivery vital to the long-term maintenance of aquatic life. 13 See, e.g., Mol and Ouboter 2004; Brosse et al Davies-Colley et al See, e.g., Guenther and Bozelli 2004; Tudesque et al See, e.g., Vasconcelos and Melo Kemp et al and references therein. 18 Brosse et al. 2011; Mol and Ouboter Mol and Ouboter 2004; Kemp et al
15 However, most lowland LAC freshwater systems are characterized by strong seasonal changes in suspended sediment loads that parallel changes in precipitation and discharge volumes. In contrast, placer mining along rivers and streams is typically most active at times when natural loading of sediments would be at its lowest during dry seasons, when access to target deposits is at its greatest due to lower river stage height and when working conditions are optimal. This is an important consideration, since highly active mining faithfully carried out over consecutive dry seasons can subject downstream habitats to long periods of elevated turbidity and sedimentation, disrupting normal seasonal cadences in productivity, reproduction, and growth. Factors governing basin-wide sediment loads and their downstream environmental impacts are complex. A prime example is the Rio Magdalena basin in northeast Colombia (No. 9 in Figure 1), characterized by a sediment yield that is the highest in the LAC region and tenth highest globally and that has been increasing since the 1990s. 20 The activity of numerous operators along different waterways within a number of contributing catchments combine to elevate suspended sediment loads downstream and to increase sediment flux to coastal margins. Yet while not all of the catchments within the basin are affected by mining, some of those unaffected yield similar or larger amounts of sediment to downstream reaches. Thus, the marginal impact of mining on sediment fluxes in the Magdalena basin is much smaller than its absolute impact. In contrast, an analysis of sediment flux at the main stem of the Orinoco River over 20 years showed very little change 21 despite increased mining activity in the headwaters regions along the Ventuari and Caroni rivers. 22 Mercury Pollution The processes driving heavy metal contamination of freshwater systems are fewer than those attached to suspended sediments: many of these metals, such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic, are naturally found in trace quantities only and their abundance is not strongly affected by other land use practices. Medium- and large-scale operations targeting polymetallic ores that may include gold are the most common point sources for heavy metal pollution worldwide, particularly where effluent from sulfide mineral tailings is poorly managed Restrepo and Syvitski Laraque et al. in press. 22 Trujillo et al See, e.g., Tarras-Wahlberg and Lane
16 Mercury is also not commonly found to occur at naturally high concentrations, but it is the most critical heavy metal pollutant attached to gold mining across the LAC region. Ease of use and low cost has made mercury amalgamation the method of choice among small and medium-scale operations. The amount of mercury used for each kilogram of gold produced the emission factor varies but realistically ranges from one to five. The emission factor depends primarily on ore grades the amount of gold per ton of sediment or hard rock and on whether recovery technologies, such as retorts, are used. Consequently, unlike suspended sediments, the amount of mercury making its way into the environment runs collinear to the volume of gold produced. Mercury has been used to refine gold and silver in the LAC region since the 1550s, and it is estimated that nearly 200,000 tons of mercury were released into the environment from 1560 to Conservatively estimating mercury release based on gold production estimates from 1900 to 2010 and an emission factor of yields a total estimated release of 203,700 tons of mercury. Considering the total land area of the LAC region including Mexico (a major silver and gold producer in the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries) this amounts to an accumulated release of just over 10 mg Hg m -2 a disturbing level that has no geological antecedent. Mercury is a highly stable element that can cycle in the global environment for thousands of years once released from the lithosphere. 26 Small-scale gold mining is a major contributor to this global mercury cycle. This sector is estimated to account for percent of mercury emissions in LAC alone. 27 During gold mining, mercury is released through two primary pathways: it is flushed into freshwater systems along with the treated tailings and emitted into the atmosphere as vapor during the final refinement phase, when it is burned off to yield the raw gold. Both pathways inject mercury into the lowland environment, albeit at different spatial scales. Flushing creates a pollution point source in the immediate vicinity of mining operations, while the atmospheric path acts as a non-point source, dispersing across a much larger geographic area, where it is deposited at lower but more uniform concentrations. These two pathways along with the long legacy of 24 Nriagu Lacerda Sellin Ibid; the other major sources of mercury are coal-fired power plants, cement production, and electroplating industries. 10
17 mercury use in the region may help explain why several studies have shown elevated mercury levels in non-affected waterways. 28 Elemental mercury making its way into creeks and rivers is relatively inert with very few toxicological effects. In the water column, however, it undergoes a process of oxidation and methylation to form an organometallic complex that is available for uptake by plankton and plants. This process opens the door for mercury to proliferate through the freshwater trophic structure, a process known as biomagnification. Most studies have shown that fish species preying on other fish or benthos are more contaminated than those that feed on plants or are omnivorous. Mercury also consistently increases with fish length and weight. Consequently, the oldest predaceous individuals within the fish community tend to have the highest mercury loadings. Ideal conditions for methyl-mercury formation occur in relatively slow-moving or stagnant waters, characterized by a relatively low ph and in the presence of high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). These conditions are typically found in lakes, reservoirs, oxbow lakes (ciénagas, cochas), and river inlets in lowland LAC and where black-water rivers systems are prevalent. Mercury concentrations in fish have been shown to reach extremely elevated levels within these particular freshwater features, with particular cause for concern aimed at fish populations in lowland reservoirs and other artificial impoundments. 29 The dense clusters of floating aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia spp.) or marsh rush (Oxycaryum cubense), that are commonly found in these locations can act as important methylation zones. They provide ideal conditions for sulfate-reducing bacteria an important mediator of methylation to interact with mercury in the presence of high levels of DOC and low ph. 30 They also provide a superior nursery habitat for juvenile fish and amphibians. The contamination of freshwater fish communities with mercury from mining in LAC is extensive. Studies have consistently shown elevated 31 mercury concentrations in fish from rivers affected by gold mining across the region, including the Magdalena (No. 9 in Figure1), Cuyuni- Essequibo (No. 10), Caroni-Paragua, Caura, Ventuari, and upper Orinoco-Casiquiare (No. 3), Marowijne (No. 16), Tartarugalzinho, Amapá state in Brazil, Tapajós (No. 1A), Madeira (No. 1B), Madre de Dios (No. 1C), and the Napo (No. 1E). 28 Da Silva et al. 2009; Howard et al. 2011; Ouboter et al Povari 1995; Mol et al. 2001; Barbosa et al Achá et al Above the baseline levels of 0.2 μg Hg kg -2 fish body weight. 11
18 There is relatively little known about the subsequent impact of heavily contaminated fisheries on birds, mammals, and reptiles that rely heavily on these resources for growth and reproduction. Many species, such as giant river otters, feed extensively on fish, but the few published results are inconclusive. 32 More-extensive studies on the effects of mercury on aquatic wildlife conducted outside the region indicate that mercury is most detrimental during the early development stages. This leads to lower reproductive success, abnormal growth, and impaired function. 33 Deforestation At local scales, the impact of gold mining on riverine forest cover depends on the density of mining sites, since individual operations typically restrict forest removal to the targeted deposit and an adjacent area needed for storage and in the case of large operations housing and other infrastructure. Stretched over hundreds of mining sites, annual forest cover losses due to mining range from 200 to 400 km 2 per year in the Guiana Shield region alone. The cumulative impact can be significant, as in the case of Suriname, where it is estimated that 750 2,300 km 2 of forest have been removed for mining. 34 Additionally, riparian forests absorb a disproportionate portion of losses, although these contribute unique value to landscape-level biodiversity and play a critical role in maintaining freshwater fish diversity and abundance. 35 These are the direct impacts of forest clearance to access deposits. Indirect losses also occur as a consequence of mining operations igniting forest fires, particularly during dry phases of strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. 36 Despite these losses, early-stage forest regeneration appears robust after small-scale mining, as long as there is a significant residual source of tree seeds adjacent to the affected area. 37 But large areas are less likely to recover quickly and may ecologically succeed toward grass and scrubland habitats. 38 Inactive deep surface mines, such as Serra Pelada, often fill with water over time to form artificial lakes. Many of these can contain mine tailings or exposed sulfide deposits that alter the biochemistry of the waters, impeding long-term successional processes. 32 See, e.g., Gutleb et al Wolfe et al Peterson and Heemskerk Rosales Hammond and ter Steege Rodrigues et al Hammond 2005a. 12
19 Deforestation from mining also poses challenges to some countries, such as Suriname or Guyana, that are seeking environmental service payments under negotiated REDD+ agreements, particularly where agreed reference emission levels are established in a manner that appropriately reflects the historical absence of this type of deforestation in these countries. Indirect Impacts Many other non-operational activities attached to mining can create significant impacts. The level of operational support and capital investment plays an important role in discriminating the indirect effects of gold mining operations on freshwater systems. These include environmental impacts originating from access roads and the bushmeat trade and fish catch that can arise as part of an informal gold mining service economy. Foremost among indirect impacts are those attached to forest road-building. Primarily developed by large mining, timber, or hydroelectric operations, the creation or improvement of roadways places enormous pressure on freshwater systems. Road access simplifies the logistics of setting up and running a gold mining operation, encouraging less-experienced miners to take on the significant challenges involved in successfully operating a profitable mining venture. Roads also create point sources for sediments at bridge crossings, occlude drainage where inadequate culverting occurs, and encourage road-based hunting and agricultural encroachment. Many small and medium-scale miners are unable or unwilling to invest the operating capital necessary to support and maintain themselves or their workers without weighing on resources in situ. Road access plays an important role in facilitating this approach. In part as a consequence of this, there is often an influx of commercial hunting and fishing operations aiming to supply these operations from local resources or as an ancillary to harvest bushmeat and fish in commercial quantities for export to urban markets. Often medium-scale operators will attempt to offset some of their running costs through this reverse supply chain. Commercial operators use techniques, such as gill nets and use of sodium cyanide, that are highly efficient at harvesting but are wasteful due to the high level of bycatch. Overharvesting has been shown to be the primary reason for collapse in fisheries and local forest bird and mammal populations in tropical lowland locations in LAC and elsewhere See, e.g., Redford
20 4. What Are the Social and Economic Consequences of Freshwater Impacts? Human Health The occupational health risks of lowland gold mining are well known, ranging from malnutrition, dysentery, and infection with insect-borne or sexually transmitted disease to development of silicosis and other respiratory and skin ailments associated with long-term exposure to dust and industrial chemicals. 40 SAM operators who contract these ailments typically have little access to proper medical care. Of overwhelming long-term importance, however, is the impact that contamination of freshwater fish resources is having on the health of residents in the region. Numerous studies have documented the disconcertingly high levels of mercury in people residing in the region and relying on its freshwater systems for livelihoods. 41 A detailed analysis of the mercury risk attached to consuming fish from several Colombian and Venezuelan tributaries in the Orinoco Basin reported that more than 70 percent of samples taken from 27 species were above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s accepted limits for methyl mercury consumption. 42 Given the very high proportion of fish in their diets, the incidence of mercury poisoning and the neurotoxicological toll that it is taking on mainly rural- inhabitants is widespread, and it remains largely unabated. The development of regional and national fish markets based on commercial exploitation of freshwater catch from the region s rivers can extend significant health risks to urban consumers 43 as well as economic losses from market contraction due to restrictions placed on the sale of mercury-contaminated fish. Ecosystem Services Fisheries and bushmeat are one example of critical provisioning services delivered to local community residents in lowland forest areas where agriculture cannot provide adequate protein for survival. Across the Amazon, two-thirds of rural residents protein intake is derived from freshwater fish (45 percent) and bushmeat (20 percent). 44 Mining, through sediment and mercury contamination and appropriation of local resources through overfishing and hunting, deeply impairs the value of these services at the local scale. 40 See, e.g., Heemskerk See, e.g., Maurice-Bourgoin et al. 1999; Webb et al. 2004; Fréry et al. 2001; Ashe Trujillo et al See, e.g., Alvarez et al Rushton et al
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text: 11:08 AM ET 08.24 | Dean "The Dream" Meminger, a key player on the last New York Knicks team to win a title, was found dead in Harlem of a possible drug overdose today -- with his gold championship ring still on his finger, sources said. A fully-clothed Meminger, 65, was discovered on his bed in theCasablanca Hotel on West 145th Street near Broadway after hotel staff went to talk to him after he didn't check out as expected, sources said. "There was white stuff oozing out of his nose," one source said about the troubled ex-Knick. "Looked like he had a seizure after he was using cocaine, but the medical examiner will have the final say." New York Post http://www.fannation.com/truth_and_...great-dean-meminger-dead-of-possible-overdose

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Vancouver, BC / TheNewswire / November 14, 2016 – HealthSpace Data Systems Ltd. (the "Company" or "HealthSpace") is pleased to announce the one year renewal of its contract with Lane County, Oregon valued at USD$110,616.
"We are very pleased that due to the success in Lane County it has renewed its contract with HealthSpace. The system is being implemented in surrounding counties as part of this project and so far, the system has been implemented in nine additional counties in the State of Oregon and that will only continue to grow," commented Maureen Garrison, COO of the Company.
The Company also announces the appointment of Ms. Zula Kropivnitski as Chief Financial Officer, effective today.
Ms. Kropivnitski is a certified general accountant with over 10 years of experience in financial reporting, regulatory compliance, internal control and corporate finance. Ms. Kropivnitski is CFO of Planet Mining Exploration, LexaGene Holdings Inc., former CFO of Electric Metals Inc. and Iron Tank Resources Corp, companies with a combined market capitalization approaching $80 million. She is also a former controller of African Queen Mines and Sacre-Coeur Minerals.
Joseph Willmott, President of HealthSpace, commented, "We are delighted to welcome Zula to the management team at Healthspace. She is a seasoned financial executive and will be a valuable addition to our team."
Mr. Conrad Krebs will be stepping down as CFO. The Company thanks Mr. Krebs for his services.
About HealthSpace Data Systems Ltd.
HealthSpace is an industry leader providing inspection, information and communication management systems for federal, state, county and municipal governments. Over the last decade the Company has successfully developed both enterprise and mobile internet-based applications currently serving over 300 state and local government organizations across North America. Clients range in size from small county organizations to state-wide systems with over 910 concurrent users, as well as national programs. HealthSpace specializes in the field of developing, installing, and maintaining inspection and regulatory management systems for environmental and public health organizations.
Forward-Looking Statements
This release may contain forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts and are generally, but not always, identified by the words "expects", "plans", "anticipates", "believes", "intends", "estimates", "projects", "potential" and similar expressions, or that events or conditions "will", "would", "may", "could" or "should" occur. Although HealthSpace believes the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results may differ materially from those in forward looking statements. HealthSpace expressly disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
For more information please contact:
Ali Hakimzadeh, Chairman
Peter J. Kletas
PJK & Associates Inc.
866-999-6251-Toll Free
Copyright (c) 2016 TheNewswire – All rights reserved.
Source: TheNewsWire (November 14, 2016 – 9:00 AM EST)
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Family Law
Family Law Questions? Ask a Family Lawyer Online.
Hello - Thank you for contacting JustAnswer. My name is Michael; I look forward to helping you with your family law problem today.
I'm sorry to hear about your situation. Are you asking whether separation anxiety would be just cause to deny your right to take the daughter somewhere?
I see you tried to type something but I don't see any response.
Yes, we were planned to leave for a vacation to my home country of Croatia today. I was served with a motion on Monday that I was not to leave the country because of the childs safety
we share 50/50 custody
You were served a motion? Or an order from a Judge saying you could not leave?
a motion
Thank you. A motion is not a legal order, so it has no bearing on whether you may leave or not. Since you have 50/50 custody, you are perfectly capable of leaving with your daughter.
she has stated if i leave she will report this as an abduction
our divorce decree also states both parties must agree on vacations
It does not matter what she reports it as. If you have legal custody you may go wherever you please with your daughter.
and provide details
The divorce decree is a civil issue. If your wife does not agree, then you may be in contempt of court for taking here, but that is not a criminal act and would not be an abduction.
What exactly does that mean?
is her claim of seperation anxiety a defense
Our PC has also stated that our daughter does suffer for seperation anxiety
I don't know what you mean by "Is her claim of separation anxiety a defense". Her motion will only be granted if the Judge finds that the child would be in danger if she was brought out of the country. I suppose it would depend on the seriousness of the medical/emotional issue, but generally, separation anxiety would not be a good reason to disallow her from going with you.
As for contempt, it means that if you take her, you won't be punished criminally. But, your wife can file contempt (civil) charges against you because you violated the order and took the child on vacation without her approval. Most of the time contempt hearings are a slap on the wrist, but you could possibly face a fine and reprimand from the Judge.
If I can answer anything further, let me know. Remember, I'm here to help and your satisfaction is guaranteed. If you don't have any questions and you valued my time, I'd ask you to consider rating me positively. Take care,Michael
is there a reasonable amount of time this should take for the judge to hear this
No. The Judge will hear it whenever his docket is free.
Should i offer to not take the vacation, work with my daughter on her issues with her therapist and go on vacation at another time
and I will guess this is not considered and emergency hearing
That would probably be most convenient, considering you really aren't allowed to take her without your wife's consent.
Thank you
No problem! I hope it works out.
This would not be considered an emergency hearing corerct?
so it could be a week or a month before it goes before the judge?
Yes, it could take some time. Even emergency hearings take weeks.
I was informed i was being served a summons today or tomorrow, will that have the court date on it
thank you
I will...


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UK Dating
Thanks you and I have met a very lovely man form your website and we are indeed very happy i would highly recommend - and... more..
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Piers ties the knotPosted on: June 25, 2010 16:09:33
Piers Morgan has become a hero of men in their 40s everywhere, after marrying a woman 12 years his junior.
The Britain's Got Talent judge and former newspaper editor tied the knot with journalist Celia Walden in a low-key ceremony in Oxdon.
After several years of dating, the couple decided to get married without any celebrity guests, meaning that Morgan's fellow Britain's Got Talent judges Amanda Holden and Simon Cowell were noticeably absent.
However, Cowell - who is also set to get married to a younger woman - congratulated his colleague, saying: "I hate to admit it but I'm absolutely thrilled for the two of them. Having met Celia, I have no idea how he managed to pull this one off."
Morgan got divorced from his first wife and mother of his three sons in 2008 but is proof that being a divorcee in your 40s does not mean your dating life has to come to an end.
If you want to find romance in your later years then why not consider a dating agency that specialises in dating over 40?
Related 40 Plus Dating News
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A new study which claims that life really does begin at - for females at least - is likely to be welcome news for singles over looking for love According...
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Stick to old-fashioned gender stereotypes for improved love lifePosted on: January 30, 2013 13:00:05
Couples who stick to traditional gender roles are more likely to have a better love life it has been claimed According to research carried out in Spain couples who carry...
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Demi Moore 'back in the dating game'Posted on: November 28, 2012 15:51:13
It looks like Demi Moore has moved on since her divorce from Ashton Kutcher as rumours of a new partner circulate The -year-old who has in the past dated younger...
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Downton Abbey's Brendan Coyle is looking for a 'meaningful' relationshipPosted on: October 16, 2012 16:01:54
Downton Abbey star Brendan Coyle has admitted he is looking for love something which is likely to please many female UK singles Coyle who has had a number of long-term...
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Stefan Schmidt <schmidt...@gmail.com>
|Re: Webservices for Tomcat now integrated
|Thu, 16 Jun 2005 11:30:15 GMT
Jacek Laskowski wrote: > Stefan Schmidt wrote: > >> Hi Jeff, >> >> I compiled Geronimo with Tomcat and started the server without any >> problems. > > > How did you do that? Could you describe what steps you did to get > Tomcat GBean running? I'm really confused with the term 'compiled' > which could mean that you did more that it's described in the wiki. Basically I followed the Wiki instructions and recompiled the assembly freshly. (cd modules/assembly;maven -o) The problem is that I did it offline this way maven does not download all dependencies again (saves time and gets around the build failures I experienced). > >> The ear deploys and runs on Jetty > > > Jetty? That struck me even stronger. Yes, Jetty is the default web container integrated in Geronimo, Tomcat is the alternative, that's why you have to follow the Wiki to exchange them. > >> DEBUG [BaseDeserializerFactory] Exception: >> java.lang.NoSuchMethodException: >> org.apache.axis.encoding.ser.ArrayDeserializerFactory.<init>(java.lang.Class, >> javax.xml.namespace.QName) >> at java.lang.Class.getConstructor0(Unknown Source) >> at java.lang.Class.getConstructor(Unknown Source) >> at >> org.apache.axis.encoding.ser.BaseDeserializerFactory.createFactory(BaseDeserializerFactory.java:246) >> >> at >> org.apache.geronimo.axis.client.TypeInfo.register(TypeInfo.java:93) >> at >> org.apache.geronimo.axis.client.TypeInfo.register(TypeInfo.java:47) > > > It happened on a client side, didn't it? Would that mean there's a > version mismatch between the client and the server? It's just shot in > the dark, so I might be missing the point. No it happened on the server side. The whole webapp fails to run on Tomcat. > >> Am I compiling the Geronimo/Tomcat server with an obsolete Axis >> distribution? > > > You aren't. Maven takes care of the libararies and their versions. > Unless you messed up Maven's local repository it shouldn't be possible > you are. Since I am compiling offline I am not so shure about that, but the axis libs maven uses can't be more than two weeks old. > >> Also, I would really appreciate if you could have a look into >> GERONIMO-678 <http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/GERONIMO-678> >> since you seem to be quite into the WS stuff and David is too busy to >> look into this before JavaOne. > > > Dave is busy?! You don't know how much stuff he can do in parallel ;) > >> Stefan > > > Jacek > Stefan
|View raw message


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Magpie Accessories - Unique, Functional & Sustainable Leather Accessories
Unique Handbags and Accessories
Vintage Tan
£67.00 £33.50
Crafted with the highest quality saddlery leather and solid brass hardware, these contemporary collars will ensure your hound will stand out from the pack.
If they dive through the mud, simply wipe clean with a damp sponge, leave to air dry then apply natural dubbin / beeswax to top side of collar only then polish.
Available in 4 different sizes.
I selected this beautifully buttery soft tan hide from the tannery as you have to see and feel it to believe how lovely it is to hold, it was a natural choice for one of the leads & collars in our new range. These leads will last for years and years, and will look all the better for it." Kathryn
Fandango Pink & Yellow
White Crackle & Purple


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Thursday, May 12, 2005
Linspire Signs Micro Center
San Diego-based Linspire has signed an agreement with electronics retailer Micro Center to feature its Linux desktop computing distribution in boxed and pre-installed software at Micro Center stores. Micro Center is a 20 store nationwide chain of computer retail stores. Linspire will installed on both desktop and laptop machines for purchase at Micro Center. Linspire provides a Linux-based desktop operating system bundled with open source applications like OpenOffice, a web browser, email clients, multimedia viewers, and more.


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Related Products
PL Premium Adhesive, 1 10.6 oz. CartridgeItem No.: ADH1$8.48
Pilasters are a type of door and window trim that provide an elegant and distinctive frame around the vertical sides of entryways. Most commonly used on front doors, architectural pilasters are often used to frame garage doors and windows as well. Pilasters were once found only on more expensive homes, but now make a great home improvement project because they have become affordable for any homeowner's budget. Pilaster style Pilasters were created to mimic classical columns, but have only 1/3 or 1/2 of the diameter and lay flat against walls. The main styles of pilasters are fluted, smooth, and paneled. The fluted pilasters come from Greek and Roman architectural columns and pilasters, where the fluted style was the most common style used for its elegance. The smooth pilaster also began as a Classical architectural style by the Romans. The Classical Tuscan column is always smooth and can be found today in Rome's St. Peter's Plaza. It is one of the most popular column styles today noted for its simplicity and elegance. Pilasters for your home exterior today are often made of urethane materials, which are both inexpensive and resistant to damage from sun and water. They will not crack or rot as easily as wood products, and often need no water sealing or maintenance for decades, mak(more...)
|UPC Code
|7" (7 in.) or 177.8 mm
|90" (90 in.) or 2286 mm
|1 ⅜" (1.375 in.) or 34.93 mm
|Key Feature #1
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Many days I feel like a very small fish swimming up a big stream. Many days I fear my work is for naught. Many days I wonder if it is all worth it. Many days I want to just stop trying.
And then I remember you.
You made a commitment to make this world a better place. You are working by my side to create a positive, supportive environment for moms. You have taken a stand and said, "This is not OK."
You model the principles of The Mom Pledge. You spread the message. You write and thank me for making a difference. You help me fight the good fight.
You lift me up. And give me strength.
When I feel like giving up, I remember you.
When I see a mom attacking another mom online and am discouraged, I remember you.
When I read the comment section on a parenting post and want to scream, I remember you.
When I watch the news and am saddened by the evil in the world, I remember you.
When my child is taunted on the playground, I remember you.
You are very special to me, and I'll never be able to fully express what your support has meant.
Because of you, I do not feel alone. Because of you, I will not give up. Because of you, I know we can affect change. Because of you, I have hope. Because of you, we will succeed.
Thank you, from the bottom of my heart.


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No math to do here — your regular waist size should do the trick. If you're a 32 in most pants, you're a 32 in Beltology. If you're normally in between two sizes, go with the larger one. If you like your belts to have some excess length, go a full size up from your true Beltology size. View Sizing Guide
In a nutshell, better style and more functionality. We think belts have been the forgotten accessory for too long, so we design our styles to be expressive and memorable. All of our belts are made with innovative stretch fabric for extra comfort, plus a perfect fit that adapts to your natural waist as you move through your day. No holes, no restrictions.
We replenish popular styles on a regular basis, so there's a chance. Join our mailing list and we'll let you know as soon as in-demand styles are back in stock.
We proudly offer a discount for active-duty and veteran members of our United States Armed Forces, as well as their families. Please email email@example.com for your exclusive code.
It'll be ready to go in 1 - 2 business days. Shopping on the weekend? We'll have your order ready the next business day.
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Check the tracking info in your shipping confirmation. If that doesn't help or you haven't received a shipping confirmation after a couple of business days, email firstname.lastname@example.com and we'll get to the bottom of it.
We stand by our products and want you to be totally satisfied with anything you receive from Beltology, so you've got 100 days from the day you receive your order to return or exchange it. To get a return started, visit our Return Center or click Returns and Exchanges in the footer of this page.
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Have a question that isn't covered here? Get in touch via email@example.com. We're standing by to help Monday - Friday from 9:00am EST - 6:00pm EST.


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Wow, the reviews were right. Kathy and Uwe were so great! While this place is not luxurious, it is made wonderful by the owners' meticulous care of it's patrons. Clean, and a very close walk to the beaches, casinos, restaurants, etc. Kathy made us reservations for a sunset dinner at Edgewood which was amazing. She also offered excellent advice on where to eat and what to do. This place is an amazing find for the price (especially over a holiday weekend).
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Under new ownership and recently remodeled and revamped, Paradice Motel is now Lake Tahoe's premier boutique motel. We are centrally located in the heart of all the action in South Lake Tahoe. Just a block from the base of the Heavenly Gondola, two blocks from one of Lake Tahoe's finest private beaches and three blocks from Stateline and the casinos, the Paradice Motel is truly paradise found. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Travelocity, Booking.com, Hotwire, Cheap Tickets and getaroom.com so you can book your Paradice Motel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Paradice Hotel South Lake Tahoe
- Paradice Motel Lake Tahoe
- Paradice Hotel Lake Tahoe


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ESPNHS has announced its preseason All-State baseball teams, so feel free to start debating the Illinois selections.
It's hard to argue with the inclusion of elite players like Simeon senior C Blake Hickman and Prospect senior RHP Jack Landwehr, both of whom made the first team, but take a look for yourself and let us know if we missed anyone.
Click here for the Illinois All-State baseball team.
Click here for any of the other 49 states.
Follow Mike Grimala on Twitter (@ESPNHSGrimala).


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Company Overview
We simplify how you deploy data protection and security strategies for your SMB customers
Our missionIntronis MSP Solutions by Barracuda is the single-source provider that delivers data protection and security solutions for businesses, exclusively through the IT channel. Our mission is to simplify how MSPs deploy and manage a broad portfolio of services — helping you protect business-critical files, folders, email, applications, and servers, locally and in the cloud — through a rebrandable console that integrates with major RMM and PSA tools. MSPs benefit from a true partnership with Intronis, through fixed pricing plans and partner enablement tools and services that help MSPs accelerate growth and increase profits. It's all part of our mission to help you succeed.
The Intronis Total AdvantageMSPs that partner with Intronis benefit from our 100% commitment to:
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- Providing MSPs with predictable monthly costs through our fixed price model, which enables them to grow accounts and maximize profits
- Delivering award-winning partner support and services available so MSPs can focus on providing customer value and driving business growth


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Samsung US Service: Great!
I am super impressed with the speed of the Samsung US Service center, Eunicore center in NJ. I shipped my NX20 the same day I ordered the NX300 for the viewfinder diopter, last Saturday at 4 pm, and I had both cameras by noon today. Samsung basically only had my camera 24 to 36 hours before shipping it back
My only complaint was they didn't put any sheet in the box saying what they did with the camera, but they did in fact fix it. These are nice to know what to expect with your return. They did have a sheet saying it was operating like new though.
I was afraid they would have my camera for months since NX cameras don't sell that well in the states. I must say I am pleasantly surprised with their service, based on what I have dealt with from other companies.
I have no affiliation with Samsung, and of course your experience might differ, but I am glad their service for my NX20 in the states went a lot better than I was expecting.
I never saw an ugly thing in my life: for let the form of an object
be what it may - light, shade, and perspective will always make it
beautiful. - John Constable (quote)
See my Blog at: http://www.erphotoreview.com/ (bi-weekly)
Flickr Photostream: http://www.flickr.com/photos/28177041@N03/ (updated daily)
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|Apr 19, 2013
|Apr 19, 2013
|Apr 20, 2013
|Apr 20, 2013
|Apr 20, 2013
|Sophisticated construction by the nature by Orchideon
from Sophistication
|After the Rain by Flor Tempra
from Macro - Something Pink
|Asilah by Limburg
from Cozy Corners


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There comes a time in one's life when people have to shift their entire homes from one destination to another. And, there can be a lot of reasons that compel the individuals to move their homes. Home shifting is without a doubt a stressful and tiresome activity that cannot be successfully executed on one's own. This is because of the reason that varied tasks are involved in this chaotic process like packing, loading, moving, unloading, unpacking and rearranging.
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INice information shared, I really find it useful for the movement of house.


text: this does not make sense to me. Why does Shanny care about what happens to the Redskins after this year? He will not be there. Putting him behind that OL....in snowy, cold, wet December....perhaps they will sink his value. And that would pe a parting shot from Shanny to Snyder?


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