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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
If yes, should the write-of-judgement, be filed in the civil [district] court or in superior court?
If you have obtained a judgment, and if the judgment debtor has not paid within 30 days, then a writ of garnishment is one option you can pursue to try to collect on the judgment. You can obtain a writ of garnishment from the district court clerk. You can also transcribe the judgment to superior court and pursue a writ of garnishment there.
I am not your attorney. My response is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice.Ask a similar question
I agree with Mr. Steinacker, above, but just wanted to add that your overall costs for this matter will be considerably less if you stay in District Court rather than raise this matter up to Superior Court.Ask a similar question
I agree with both previous answers.
The key to successful collections is information about a "way to go" from the debtor.
The debtor's income stream from wages or contracts needs to be legally intercepted before the debtor gets his or her hands on the money, or after the debtor puts the money in the bank. From contractual writs, to bank writs and attachments, to wage garnishments and attachments are normal points in the income stream that may be intercepted, extreme points are forced sale of assets like a sheriff's sale.
Bear in mind that if the debtor is eligible for protection under bankruptcy law that is their "get out of jail free card" and can be played when eligible and you will have to pay back anything that you obtained from 90 days prior. An interesting issues is always the age of the account and fresher is better; when the debt hits the statute of limitations you are done.
Once you have a judgment and you can transcribe the judgment into the jurisdiction where the debtor lives or works you can collect.
If you have a judgment you can conduct supplemental proceedings or a debtor's examination, or in the alternative, you can send interrogatories to the debtor.
If you suspect the debtor has transferred assets subsequent to your judgment and you can prove it, you have recourse under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act if the act was adopted by your state or the debtor's state or where the assets are located.
You can also turn your account over to licensed and bonded collection agency for about half of the proceeds or hire a collection lawyer to work the account for a time or a percentage.
I may not practice in your jurisdiction and you should talk with agencies and lawyers in the debtor's area.
Good Luck
You can search the Avvo web site under the Find a Lawyer tab, or call your local attorney's Bar Association and ask for a referral to an attorney near you. But always remember to act quickly because for every legal right you have, there is only a limited amount of time to actually file a lawsuit in court or your rights expire (it's called the statute of limitations), so don't waste your time getting to an attorney and finding out what your rights are. If this answer was helpful, please give a "Vote UP" review below. Please be sure to indicate the best answer to your question so we can all be sure we are being helpful. Thanks for asking and Good Luck
Only If and until you and I sign an Agreement for Legal Services, I am not your attorney. These answers are provided for informational and/or novelty purposesAsk a similar question
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text: Bennet and Romanoff headline El Paso Dems Dinner By on March 27, 2010 The St. Patrick's Day Gala & Auction brought luck and bucks By Leslie Jorgensen THE COLORADO STATESMAN COLORADO SPRINGS – U.S. Senator Michael Bennet and former state House Speaker Andrew Romanoff, who is challenging him in a likely primary, headlined the "St. Patrick's Day Gala and Auction" — an annual fundraiser to keep El Paso […]This content is only available to subscribers. Login or Subscribe Share this:EmailTwitterFacebook 2010 Political Campaigns, Title Item

subset: commoncrawl


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Win an AlcoSense Excel breathalyser
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Robert Klemko of Sports Illustrated gives former LSU cornerback Jalen Collins high marks in his story on cornerbacks in the upcoming NFL draft.
Klemko says of Collins, who is rated as the No. 3 player at his position: "Long and fast, Colllins could end up being the best corner in his class with proper coaching and time to hone his craft. After starting just 10 games in college, he can be shaky on technique. He also occasionally struggles to change directions."
Klemko expects at least three cornerbacks to go in the first round and says the best fits for Collins are the Steelers, 49ers and Eagles.
Click here to see the full story.


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How to Use Pinterest for Writing Ideas and Inspiration
Over the years, I've used various systems for organizing and storing my writing ideas.
Of course, I use notebooks and journals, which are great for keeping track of my own ideas and not so great for storing ideas I collect out in the world — materials culled from blogs, magazines, websites, and other mediums.
I've created folders on my hard drive for storing images I find online. I've had manila envelopes for stashing articles and images cut out of magazines and newspapers. Folders, boxes, scrapbooks…it all gets pretty messy and disorganized.
I've always wanted a way to keep everything in one medium (preferably electronic) and in one location. Pinterest has been an excellent way to save digital and online content. Read More
Questions, Curiosity, and Writing Ideas
Even though writing ideas abound all around us, we writers sometimes get stumped.
We search for topics, plot ideas, models for our characters, and interesting language. Unfortunately, our searches don't always yield desirable results.
But by fostering curiosity, we can ensure a constant stream of inspiration. Read More
How to Harvest Creative Writing Ideas from the News
Creative people are always looking for inspiration, and writers are no exception.
We look to the people in our lives, to nature, and to the books, music, and films that we love. We call on our muses, we doodle, and we daydream. We record our dreams, meditate, and contemplate. And we do all these things in an attempt to find breakthrough creative writing ideas.
But we really need look no further than our local news stand, where creative writing ideas are aplenty.
Open up a newspaper, turn on the news, or surf over to your favorite news website. Guess what you'll find? Stories. Lots and lots of stories. And lots of writing ideas. Read More
Where Do You Find Ideas for Writing?
I used to actively look for writing ideas. When I wanted to write a story, I would brainstorm and ask questions that I thought would lead to something I wanted to write about.
I still do that, but over the past few years, I've also cultivated a more passive approach to my search for writing ideas.
Nowadays, I'm always open to new ideas for writing. Whether I'm chatting with a friend, surfing the web, or watching a movie, I've got this little radar in my mind that's constantly on the lookout for ideas that I can use in my stories.
What I've learned is that many of my ideas come from the same sources whether I'm actively looking for them or passively bumping into them. Today, I thought I'd share some of my favorite sources of inspiration and invite you share yours as well. Read More
Tools for Capturing Your Ideas in Writing
Have you ever been overwhelmed with writing ideas, and you didn't know what to do with all of them? Have you ever had a brilliant idea at a bad time, like when you're driving? How do you capture and keep track of your ideas?
There are many ways to capture and organize your ideas in writing. While it may seem obvious that if you have a good idea, you should write it down so you don't forget about it, all those ideas can pile up. You may find yourself searching through notes, trying to find an idea you had that you want to use. You might kick yourself for failing to write down the details of an idea that you've now forgotten.
Fortunately, there are plenty of tools for capturing ideas in writing. All you have to do is find the tools that work for you and develop a system that you can comfortably use for organizing and tracking your writing ideas. Read More
Journal Writing Ideas: Fusing Art with Words
Journal writing is most definitely an art, but how often do we actively use art in our journals?
We writers are passionate about our journals and notebooks, those sacred spaces where some of our best ideas manifest.
So it makes sense to rig our journals so they inspire us as much as possible. And what's more inspiring than art?
Let's look at some ways we can fuse art with journal writing in order to cultivate inspiration and creativity.
The Art Journal
Artists keep journals just like writers do. But instead of filling their journals with words, artists fill them with images — doodles, sketches, and paintings.
What happens when we fuse art and words together, when an image is accompanied by a few lines of text or when a paragraph is accented with an illustration?
Words and images complement each other. And since writing is an art, writing and art can live side by side in your journal, coming together to keep you inspired and motivated.
Fusing Art and Words for More Creative Journal Writing
They say a picture is worth a thousand words. So why write a thousand words when you can say it with an image? Save the words for whatever can't be said with a picture or use words to expand on what an image represents. Next time you sit with your journal, experiment with art and illustration.
Here are some ideas for merging art with your journal writing:
- When words won't come, doodle in your journal instead. You don't have to be a trained or skilled artist to draw symbols and stick figures.
- Use your journal to sketch pictures of your fictional characters. Again, they can be stick figures. Use colored pencils to shade in their hair, eyes, etc.
- Start collecting images that inspire you. Pick up postcards that capture your imagination and clip images from magazines, and then paste them into your journal. Use them as prompts and write about what you see.
- Practice writing descriptions. Tape an image in your journal, then write a full-page description of the image. Does the description you wrote render the image in the reader's mind? Imagery is an important element in writing, and crafting descriptions will help you hone your writing skills.
- Mix journal writing and art within the pages of your notebook. Draw a little, write a little. Let the words run over the pictures and vice versa. Use light-colored markers to create big, bold shapes and then fill the shapes with words.
You can add more art to your journal, too. Jot down your favorite song lyrics. Describe a favorite piece of music. Include your favorite photography. Allow all the arts to come together by merging journal writing with other creative forms of expression.
And don't worry about artistry, except when it comes to words. Lots of writers enjoy other arts, but it's impossible to master them all. Stay focused on writing if that's your greatest strength, but allow yourself to explore the full potential of your creativity and artistry.
Do you have any journal writing tips? Got any writing ideas to add or experiences to share? Leave a comment, and keep writing!
How to Transform Words Into Writing Ideas
I recently flipped through my copy of Susan Goldsmith Wooldridge's Poemcrazy: Freeing Your Life with Words, and after just a couple of chapters, my imagination was on fire.
I'm always looking for new ways to inspire writing ideas, and lately I've been thinking that we should talk more about a writer's most basic building blocks: words. So using words as a way to come up with writing ideas sounded ideal to me.
In Poemcrazy, Wooldridge talks about collecting words. She captures words, stores them, and then stashes them in all kinds of interesting places where they might come in handy.
As I read about how this brilliant poet gathers words so she can use them to jump-start her creative writing, I saw how the idea could apply to any kind of writer, not just a poet. I also saw how physically collecting words could be exhilarating.
After all, words are the key ingredients to every concoction that we writers cook up. Some writers view words as means to an end — they're the raw materials and nothing more. Then there are those writers who appreciate a wonderful word, writers who pause when they come across a word that's compelling in its own right, a word that moves or grooves even if it's just sitting there all by itself.
Chasing and Capturing Words
As Woodridge says, we can borrow, trade, steal, even invent words for our own pleasure. To find words, you have to pay attention. You'll discover them in your environment (around the house or when you're out and about), in conversations, in your reading material, on TV, and in the songs you listen to. They are the labels we use for ordinary objects, extraordinary moments, and anything unusual.
I plucked eviscerate from a favorite R.E.M. song. Arbitrary came from a television show. Humma humma — something my mom used to say when I was a kid (it means "ho hum" or "that's hot," depending on the inflection). Wooldridge's favorite method is to take walks and grab words from nature or from field guides. She notes, "My friend Tom's Ford pickup repair manual is chock full of great words: luminosity probe, diesel throttle, control tool, acceleration pump link, swivel, internal vent valve, choke hinge pin…"
Once you attune yourself to all the words you come into contact with every day, you need a place to stash the ones that speak to you. Jot them down in your journal, on index cards, or sticky notes. Use postcards, gift tags, or scrap paper. Lots of these are easy to tote around (a friend of Wooldridge's always tucks a few index cards in her back pocket). Be sure to carry a pen.
Tip: You don't always have to write your words down. If you find words in a magazine or newspaper, just cut them out and then you can tape them to your journal, note cards, or sticky notes.
Storing and Stashing Words
If you're a word-crazy writer, your word collection will grow rapidly. What are you going to do with all those words? Woodridge keeps a few in her purse, a couple on her desk, some special favorites in a cloth bag. I keep envisioning a big, round glass fishbowl filled with colorful cards, each with a choice word scrawled on it in various colors of ink.
You could keep them in a tin, a basket, a bucket. Toss them into a drawer or slip them into an envelope. Tuck them into your journal.
The idea is to make the process fun. I've actually never seen the fun in collecting anything other than books and music, but words are a collectible that I can really get behind.
Using Words for Writing Ideas
The human mind is a funny thing. Ever notice how annoying, unsavory, or unwelcome memories pop into your brain at the most inopportune moments? Or how sometimes, when you sit down to write, you suddenly have absolutely nothing to say. We've all experienced the frustrating phenomenon of having a word on the "tip of your tongue." You know the word, you know what it means. You even have a general sense of how it sounds. But you just can't remember it!
With your word collection, you'll have plenty of words at your disposal — words that will inspire a writing session or provide the perfect adjective when that other one that you wanted to use can't get past the tip of your tongue.
When you're ready to create, just pull out your collection and start building. Grab a handful of words, put them in an order that interests you, maybe add a few new words to the mix (off the top of your head or from beyond the tip of your tongue), and then make something out of them. It doesn't have to a be a poem or an essay or a story. It's a collection of words. Your collection.
For more details about Poemcrazy, check out my full review. In the meantime, get out there, start collecting words, and let them provide you with fresh writing ideas. You're going to need them!
Sleep and Dream Your Journal Writing Ideas
There's something mysterious and magical about dreams. In the dreamworld, anything is possible. Our deepest desires and greatest fears come to life. Whether they haunt or beguile, our dreams represent the far reaches of our imaginations.
Journals can have similar qualities of mystery and intrigue. If your journal is full of freewrites, doodles, cryptic notes, and random ideas, then it might read like a road map through your imagination, or it may feel like a crash course through your subconscious.
Journal writing is a great tool for dream exploration, and dreams are an excellent source of inspiration for writing ideas.
You can tap into your daydreams or your sleeping dreams as a way to inform and inspire your journal writing:
- Record your dreams so you can better understand them.
- Capture the images in your dreams and turn them into poems and song lyrics.
- Transform monsters from your nightmares into creepy villains for your short stories or novels.
Sleep, Dreams, and Journal Writing Ideas
Dreams have been a subject of great interest in the fields of neurology, psychology, and spirituality, to name a few. Yet we still know relatively little about the nature of dreams. Where do they come from? What do they mean? In one dream, you're working out problems from your subconscious, and in the next, you're a character from your favorite TV show. The white rabbit in your dream symbolizes a call to adventure but the white rabbit in your best friend's dream represents fertility.
According to Wikipedia:
Dreams are a succession of images, sounds or emotions that pass through the mind during sleep. The content and purpose of dreams are not fully understood, though they have been a topic of speculation and interest throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is known as oneirology.
Like I said, we know relatively little about dreams. But that doesn't mean we can't put them to good use. Throughout history, dreams have often acted as catalysts for artists, writers, musicians, and inventors. Here are a few famous literary works that were affected or derived from authors' dreams:
- Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
- Robert Louis Stevenson's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
- Stephen King's Misery
Keeping a Dream Journal
There are many ways you can use dreams in your journal writing. The most obvious is to keep a dream journal. Just keep your journal by your bed and jot down your dreams as soon as you wake, before you even get out of bed (otherwise you risk losing or forgetting the dream). It only takes a few minutes.
You can also jot down a few notes and later use your dream as the foundation for a piece of writing. Your dreams can provide you with characters, scenes, imagery, and even plot ideas.
Journal Writing with Daydreams
Let's dive right in to what Wikipedia has to say about daydreams:
While daydreaming has long been derided as a lazy, non-productive pastime, it is now commonly acknowledged that daydreaming can be constructive in some contexts. There are numerous examples of people in creative or artistic careers, such as composers, novelists and filmmakers, developing new ideas through daydreaming.
The imagination is a bizarre and wondrous thing. Humans have the capacity to conjure up incredible things, but contrary to popular opinion, using one's imagination requires time and energy. It might look like you're sitting around doing a whole lot of nothing. But who knows? You could be plotting the next Pulitzer Prize winning novel.
In some ways, daydreams are a better source of inspiration for journal writing than nighttime dreams. Since you're awake, you can take breaks from your daydreams to jot down notes. You're also more likely to retain a daydream because you're awake for it. Many people have a hard time remembering the dreams that they slept through.
Dream Your Next Piece of Writing
Dreams are borne of human consciousness and imagination, which provide an endless stream of writing ideas and inspiration that can inform your journaling sessions. Your journal can function as a repository for all of these visions, and you can revisit your journal as an incredible idea warehouse at any time for any type of writing project.
Explore More
Below are some links you can follow to learn more about dreams:
- Twelve Famous Dreams
- UC Berkeley has made an entire course on the Psychology of Dreams available online (audio format).
- Do you have a hard time remembering your dreams? Try a few techniques for better dream recall.
Discussion Questions
Do you ever write down your dreams? Have you ever kept a dream journal? Has a dream (daydream or night-dream) ever provided inspiration for your writing? Is journal writing a habit for you? How often do you write in your journal, and how do you use it with your other writing projects?
Are There Any Original Writing Ideas Left?
A lot of artists struggle with originality. Of course we all want to be original, but is it possible? Is there anything new under the sun?
Some say there are no new stories, just remixed and rehashed versions of stories we're all familiar with. Often, when someone calls a piece of work original, a close examination reveals its roots in creative works that preceded it.
Most of us writers have had ideas that we shunned because we thought they were too similar to other stories. But just because your story idea is similar to another story, perhaps a famous one, should you give up on it?
Writing ideas come and go. If it's true that originality is nothing more than putting together old writing ideas in new ways, then instead of giving up on a project that you think has been done before, you can simply make it your own.
A Little Guessing Game
Look at it this way: everything already exists. The ideas, plots, characters — they're already out there in someone else's story. Originality isn't a matter of coming up with something new, it's a matter of using your imagination to take old concepts and put them together in new ways.
To test this theory, see if you can guess the following famous story:
A young orphan who is being raised by his aunt and uncle receives a mysterious message from a stranger (a non-human character), which leads him on a series of great adventures. Early on, he must receive training to learn skills that are seemingly superhuman. Along the way he befriends loyal helpers, specifically a guy and a gal who end up falling for each other. His adventures lead him to a dark and evil villain who is terrorizing everyone and everything that our hero knows and loves — the same villain who killed his parents.
If you guessed that this synopsis outlines Harry Potter, then you guessed right. But if you guessed that it was Star Wars, you're also right.
This shows how two stories that are extremely different from one another can share many similarities, including the basic plot structure and character relationships, and it proves that writing ideas will manifest in different ways when executed by two different writers.
As a creative writing exercise, use the synopsis above to write your own story (or outline). It will probably turn out to be unique, even though two of the most famous tales from the last few decades are based on the same ideas.
Recycled Writing Ideas
I'm not advocating for writers to go out and dissect popular stories and then rewrite them with a new twist (although that's not a bad idea). What I am advocating is seeing writing ideas through instead of casting them aside because they have something in common with a story you've read or seen on film or television.
Creative writing is about discovery, imagination, and sharing your thoughts, ideas, and experiences with readers. I don't know about you, but I've had several writing ideas that seemed brilliant at first but later just seemed like a retelling of some old story that everyone already knew.
But lately I've been seeing stories in a new light. When I read a great novel or watch a mesmerizing movie, I often realize upon reflection that these works have common elements with lots of other stories. I don't know if J.K. Rowling ever realized that Harry Potter had so much in common with Luke Skywalker. Whether she did or not, the lesson we can all take away is that she forged ahead and believed in the story that she wanted to tell.
So I've come to realize that creativity isn't always coming up with something new; often, it's simply finding new connections, perspectives, and combinations of elements. Letting go of your ideals regarding originality and reshaping them with this new understanding will send you soaring into less inhibited and better writing experiences.
Do you ever discard writing ideas that you feel have been done before? Do you find yourself on a constant quest for a story that is new and original? Share your thoughts and experiences by leaving a comment.


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Question: Why does the RAP fail to downgrade from ArubaOS 220.127.116.11 to 220.127.116.11 RN code?
Product and Software: This article applies to RAPs that are downgrading from ArubaOS 18.104.22.168 to 184.108.40.206 RN code.
ArubaOS 5.0.2 and 18.104.22.168 RN use a different UDP port for PAPI. UDP 8209 is used in ArubaOS 22.214.171.124, and UDP 8211 is used in 22.214.171.124 RN code.
When the controller is downgraded from 18.104.22.168 to 220.127.116.11 RN code, the RAPs that run 126.96.36.199 code continuously send packets to UDP 8209. The 3.3 controller replies with ICMP destination unreachable, then all the RAPs fail to come up.
The solution is to destination NAT UDP 8209 traffic to UDP 8211, and the RAPs will downgrade eventually.
For example, the RAP role is "authenticated" in the local-userdb:
ip access-list session dst-nat-udp-8209-to-8211
any any udp 8209 dst-nat 8211
user-role authenticated
session-acl dst-nat-udp-8209-to-8211
session-acl allowall
ipv6 session-acl v6-allowall


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- 1/2 seedless cucumber, peeled and halved lengthwise
- 1 garlic clove, minced
- 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt
- 1 cup plain whole-milk yogurt
- 2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
- 1 tablespoon finely chopped mint
- Freshly ground pepper
Using a melon baller or small spoon, scoop out the seedy center of the cucumber. Coarsely shred the cucumber. Squeeze the excess liquid from the shredded cucumber without mashing it.
In a small bowl, using the back of a spoon, mash the garlic with the salt to a paste. Stir in the yogurt, olive oil and mint. Add the shredded cucumber, season with pepper and serve.


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text:
- Stuccoer
- Stuccoer Stuc"co*er, n. One who stuccoes. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
stuccoer — stuccˈōer noun A worker or dealer in stucco • • • Main Entry: ↑stucco … Useful english dictionary
Wilhering Abbey — church Wilhering Abbey (Stift Wilhering) is a Cistercian monastery in Wilhering in Upper Austria, about 8 km from Linz. The buildings, re constructed in the 18th century, are known for their spectacular Rococo decoration … Wikipedia
Södra Bankohuset — (Swedish: The Southern [National] Bank Building ref|banko) or Gamla Riksbanken ( The Old National Bank ) is a building in Gamla stan, the old town of Stockholm, Sweden, together with Norra Bankohuset the location of the Bank of Sweden until 1906 … Wikipedia
St. John the Baptist Cathedral (Trnava) — The St. John the Baptist Cathedral ( sk. Katedrála svätého Jána Krstiteľa, hu. Keresztelő Szent János székesegyház) [ [http://www.slovakia.travel/entitaview.aspx?l=4 smi=308044 ami=308044 llt=1 idp=3918 (Hungarian)] ] belongs to the most… … Wikipedia
stucco — /ˈstʌkoʊ / (say stukoh) noun (plural stuccoes or stuccos) 1. a plaster (as of slaked lime, chalk, and pulverised white marble, or of plaster of Paris and glue) used for cornices and mouldings of rooms and for other decorations. 2. a cement or… … Australian English dictionary
-yer — suffix var. of IER esp. after w (bowyer; lawyer). * * * see er II * * * var. of er1 after w: bowyer; lawyer; sawyer. * * * yer, suffix, the form of ier after w or a vowel, as in » … Useful english dictionary


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We have been "honored" to spend a few days here at the ICCAN head quarters. Everyone here are such great brothers and sisters in our family of God. Denise and I are praying about where the Lord would have us minister April 2nd. We are heading toward Tulsa, OK in faith believing that He will open doors. After April 2nd our calendar week ends are full as we travel north of Tulsa into Grove, OK then on to MO. If you are in OK, MO, AR, or TN and would like to have us at your church during the week or April 2nd please give me a call. 813-967-3046. God is faithful to meet your needs and ours. God bless your ministries and hope to see you on the trail. CowboyChurch.Net and TheFarmUSA.com
We are thankful for all the prayers that went up for the recent flood victims of Texas & Louisiana. It hit close to home this time. My mothers home was flooded. We are thankful that it didn't get in our home and church. We are praying for a speedy recovery for all. Mike Vaughn
God is ever present in time of need. Praying for these request.
As we enter the new year we think about new years resolutions. My daily cell phone pop up reminder is: Be a blessing to all you meet give gifts, serve others, and share Jesus. As we look around at our lost world may we be continually reminded of our mission.
Please pray for all the ppl in South Carolina who are working to put their homes back together after all the flooding. Pray also that the waters recede back far enough off the roads and are repaired so travel is safe enough to drive over them once again.
Howdy to all my friends and associates at ICCAN. Please lift me up in prayer as I am to deliver a message at cowboy church in Banning California for the banning stagecoach days rodeo.. on the 12th. P.S. my rescue horse Jake who has an external cancer condition that doesnt affect him much is still doing well ... he is older about 27 years but we ride as often as possible. his pictures is on my page. Family doing well. Best wishes to Ya All
Sorry. Thought I had updated on Noah...Again, PRAISE THE LORD! Tumor was benign..No signs of cancer...Thank you all for your prayers! I believe GOD gave this family a miracle!
Update on Noah...PRAISE THE LORD!!! All lymph nodes are clear..no cancer found in them. Mom thanks everyone for love, support, and prayers. I will give update as I get it on plan of treatment etc regarding biopsy on tumor (nodule) as I get it from mom..Again, continue to pray for complete healing and thank everyone so much for all prayers!!!!!!!
Update on Noah....Went into surgery today for biopsy. Took several hours secondary to position of nodule in Noah's chest. Surgeon took 5 or 6 lymph nodes. It will take a couple of days before family knows results...Thank you everyone for prayers before and continued prayers now for Noah and his family..I will give updates as his mom (Cindy) gives them out..Again, Cindy thanks everyone for their prayers!!!
Heavenly Father, We come in agreement with Ty Hodges for a miracle for Noah and his family. Our hope is in you, the living God, that made heaven and earth. "Be strong, and let your heart take courage, all you who hope in the Lord."[ Psalm 31:24 NASB]
Please keep this family in every ones prayers. My friends lost their 19 yr old son Sam to cancer October 2013. Sam fought cancer for 3 yrs before cancer finally won. Now Sam's brother Noah is having problems...Noah goes for a biopsy July 20th, 2015 (Monday) The nodule is very deep in his chest next to his aorta very close to his heart. The procedure is dangerous because of where the nodule is...Doctors have told my friends it is more that a great possibility it is a lymphoma. Please please keep this family and Noah in your prayers. These sweet people's faith have never faltered...They lost one child ..pray GOD gives Noah and his family a miracle..My heart is just breaking for them!!! I will give updates on all of them as I know. Thank you for any and all prayers!
Our prayers go out to our friends, partners and everyone that was impacted by the recent floods in Texas. Hold to God's unchanging hand.
Please keep my wife and I in your prayers, as we seek guidance. We have resigned from our traditional Baptist church, after ten years. We are looking to pastor a cowboy church and willing to go where HE leads us.
praying for the request...also keep the upcoming ICCAN ROUND UP in Florida this month in your prayers.
Please remember my father in law in prayer. He is in the hospital with heart issues. BP and heart rate going up real high then going down really low... thanks
Praying for all the prayer request here...God is able!
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The NFL fined Chicago Bears DE Julius Peppers $10,000 for his helmet-to-helmet hit on Green Bay Packers QB Aaron Rodgers in Sunday's NFC title game, ESPN reported.
Peppers was flagged for roughing-the-passer on the play.
Rodgers, who was concussed twice during the regular season, credited a new helmet he's been wearing with helping him avoid another concussion on that hit.
Peppers is set to play in the Pro Bowl on Sunday, while Rodgers is preparing for Super Bowl XLV.
Nate Davis is a reporter, blogger and editor who's been at USA TODAY since 2000. He has covered the NFL since 2005. No, he did not play quarterback for Ball State. Davis' succession of our esteemed colleague Sean Leahy at The Huddle is considered a Brady-for-Bledsoe swap by most "insiders."More about Nate


text: Here are a look at the possibilities ranked in order of how are three wise men see them. • Teddy Bridgewater, 6-foot-2, 214 pounds, University of Louisville "He's not elite, but he's good. He's got a good arm, and he's a good leader," the AFC executive said. "I have him at the top," the NFC personnel man said. "He's dependable; he's consistent; he's proven he can make plays. He's pretty much a safe pick. "He's the most ready to come in and play right now," the NFC scout said. • Johnny Manziel, 5-11½, 210, Texas A&M "I love him; I really do," the NFC personnel man said. "But can you hand him the keys to the franchise? Can you put the franchise in his hands? I'd be a little scared of that." "Hit or miss? What are they talking about? He's a better passer and has a better arm than the guy who just won the Super Bowl," the AFC executive said. "Does he have a gun? No. But his arm is good enough," "I don't know," the NFC scout said. "He has all the glitz and glamour. But if you take him, you better take Mike Evans, because all he did was throw the ball up there, and Evans went up and got it. He's very risky." • Jimmy Garoppolo, 6-2, 226, Eastern Illinois "Same school as Tony Romo," the AFC executive said. "He's got great feet and a quick release. He doesn't have a great arm, but he's very accurate." http://www.nj.com/times-sports/index.ssf/2014/03/eckel_three_personnel_men_try.html


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text:
Our favorite letter to the editor
This week goes to [1] "sixstringsam," at Salon, in response to Camille Paglia latest [2] gossip-mongers screed:
Dumber Days
I think I'm dumber after reading this. This is one of the most rambling, petty, and unsubstantial pieces I've read in a while. I'm still trying to figure out what the F her point was. If I understand correctly, she hates the Clintons, is pissed at some professor from god knows when, and doesn't understand why homosexuals are being so damned impatient. My question: why the F do we care what you have to say? I literally cannot express my confusion with this piece.
- Posted In
- Diversity & Discrimination [3], LGBTQ [4]


text:
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JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
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Add a field to multiple (identical) formsAsked by mikrosha on December 12, 2013 at 11:19 AM
Hi guys.
Thank you so much for figuring out the "e" in the form name issue. Quick question for you. I made like 50 forms that are completely identical and are only different in the form name. I later realized that i need to add a field of open ended text ("Please enter your job title _____________"), but would hate to go in to each form and do it that way. Is there any way to automate the process?
Thank you!
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It says everything about how far British dressage has travelled in recent times that a tinge of disappointment accompanied the team silver-medal success at the FEI European Championships at Aachen on Thursday.
Barely 20 years ago, Emile Faurie won Great Britain's first European dressage medal of any description when he clinched individual bronze and also joined team-mates Richard Davison, Laura Fry and Maria Eilberg in securing a podium finish at the same event. Then it was another 10 years before the next one came along — a team medal at Hickstead thanks to the combined efforts of Faurie, Davison, Emma Hindle and Nicole McGivern.
Starting at Windsor Castle in 2009, though, and across four successive European Championships, British dressage has gone from a relative medal drought to showers of success, with four team and six individual gongs being collected, including three gold.
Much of that success, of course, is down to Charlotte Dujardin and Valegro — the greatest combination dressage has ever seen, and one that currently has Olympic, World and European individual crowns in their collection, plus grand prix, grand prix special and freestyle world records — and the evergreen, ultra-consistent Carl Hester, who does so much for dressage in Britain on top of his outstanding riding.
Dujardin and Hester are rightly lauded as pillars of the team, but there is considerable strength and depth underlined by riders like Laura Tomlinson (née Bechtolsheimer), Michael Eilberg and this week's star of the show in Aachen, Fiona Bigwood. A year away from Rio, where Great Britain will defend the Olympic team title, prospects are bright.
"This result has proved the depth that we still carry," said Hester, after Britain finished just 1.4% behind Holland following two days of intense competition in Aachen's main stadium.
"The best thing for us is how long we have been winning medals now, and with very different people. We've had people coming and going on and off the team, so that is exciting because it shows there can be change and we can still be successful.
"Gold definitely was our aim, and it was nearly there. It is disappointing on one hand, as gold is always the dream, but silver is fantastic and it just means our funding continues and the inspiration continues.
"Due to the fact that we were so close to the gold, it will really make me push to the gold next year in Rio. We are in a great position, and with Fiona's horse clearly having a fantastic future, it is a great way to be heading into next year."
GB chef d'equipe Richard Waywood also underscored the feel-good factor, adding: "What a fantastic day for the sport. It was very exciting right up until the end, and we're very proud of all our riders. We have got some great potential for next year, and it's going to make the Olympics very exciting.
"Looking forward to Rio, that is the ultimate goal. This week has been a fantastic opportunity for someone like Fiona to come out and shine, and she came out and did that. There is plenty more to come.
"We have not plateaued, and things are looking very exciting for us. We've got the horses and we really have got strength in depth, which is a wonderful position to be in. We will be going to Rio with a competitive team, and we are still on that upward curve."
Watch a summary of the team dressage competition at Aachen.
Image: Charlotte Dujardin and Valegro perform their test at Aachen by Hippo Foto – Dirk Caremans, courtesy of the FEI


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DRUG companies are to be offered tax breaks in the Budget for research into diseases that affect the Third World such as Aids, malaria and tuberculosis, the Treasury confirmed yesterday.
Gordon Brown, the Chancellor, also wants to change tax rules to encourage pharmaceutical companies to donate drugs and vaccines to developing countries.
Speaking before an international conference on child poverty on Monday, Mr Brown said further action was needed because 11 million people were dying each year of preventable and treatable diseases, mostly in the developing countries.
Mr Brown said: "There is a gap here that has got to be bridged. Clearly we have not moved far enough. If we can move forward with a great deal more urgency than in the past, this is literally an issue where we can save lives."
But Mr Brown added: "It is important that the drugs companies are prepared to respond to any initiative that would cost public funds, so we are looking to a response from the pharmaceutical companies." Mr Brown will deliver the main speech at the conference in London.


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Today, for my birthday, instead of a cake, my friends surprised me with a castle mainly made out of bacon. I don't want to seem ungrateful, but I fucking hate bacon. FML
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By Anonymous / Wednesday 26 October 2011 14:14 / United States
Today, my whole family was sitting in the kitchen. My sister was stoned and passed out in our dog's bed. My dad was drunk, yelling "who's your daddy" at his plate of barbecue, and my mom just sat there with that, "what the hell happened to my life" look on her face. FML
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Today, I was in the gas station and I saw this creepy lady staring at me and smiling. She just didn't stop. I even gave an awkward wave to let her know that I saw her staring at me. Finally I decided to confront the woman, turns out the overly happy woman was a cardboard cut out FML
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 27, 2001
|Filing date
|Jul 28, 1999
|Priority date
|Nov 13, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Patrick Maupin, Tom Martin
|Original Assignee
|Video Associates Labs, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (23), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (1), Classifications (20), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/449,806, filed May 24, 1995, now abandoned, which application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/975,709, filed on Nov. 13, 1992, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to high speed digital data communications. More specifically, this invention relates to high speed bi-directional digital data communications through a standard parallel printer port of a computer to an external communications device. And even more specifically, this invention relates to the transmission of digital audio information through a computer's standard parallel printer port to an external digital audio adapter.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as the material appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
2. Description of the Related Art
The arrival of multimedia presentations gives owners of existing computers a whole slough of new and aggravating problems. Consider for example a computer user who wants to play or record digital audio sound using their his computer. Many of today's existing computers lack the ability to play or record digital audio sound so our computer user must look to acquire new hardware and software to add this capability to their his computers. One solution for achieving digital audio capability is for our computer user to buy an internal audio board to put into their computer. Unfortunately, a board level solution is not ideal for all applications for some of the following reasons: (1) the computer may not have any free slots available, (2) the computer may not have any slots at all as is true with most notebook computers, and (3) the computer user may not have the technical skills to install a board level product into the computer.
A better solution rectifying the above problems is to use an external communications device, with digital audio sound capability, that attaches easily to a computer's standard parallel printer port. Most, if not all computers, can print to a parallel printer. Since this type of device does not use slots, even the most unsophisticated computer user can install this type of device on their his computer.
However, an external communications device with the ability to play and record digital audio and that attaches to the parallel printer port only addresses the connection problem. A bigger part of the problem is that the standard parallel printer port, the interface mechanism if you will, is simply too slow in transmitting information for processing real time digital audio. The slow transmission speed of the parallel printer interface is even now starting to impact print speeds as printer resolutions approach 1000 dots per inch.
The other part of the problem is the overhead requirements of the parallel printer port interface on the host computer's CPU usage. An I/O instruction is a computer command intended to Input or Output data between the computer and an external device connected to a specific I/O port (or address). For example, when an 80386 or 80486 microprocessor (CPU) is operating in protected mode when running Microsoft Windows, each I/O instruction takes an extra 25 (80386) or 30 (80486) CPU clock cycles. These extra CPU clock cycles are necessary to verify that the current I/O instruction may use that particular I/O port. Repeated use of I/O instructions, obviously, incurs a high overhead on CPU usage.
Using the standard parallel printer interface in an IBM compatible computer for example, repeated I/O instructions are necessary for every eight bits of data sent through the parallel printer port using the required following sequence: (1) output the data to the parallel printer port, (2) set the parallel printer port strobe line (the data is available to the printer), and (3) reset the printer port's strobe line (the data is no longer available to the printer).
Another problem with using the parallel printer port is that not all "standard" parallel printer ports are equal. Even when using an IBM compatible computer and the parallel printer port interface as defined by IBM, there is a substantial difference in the maximum data throughput speeds for each computer's parallel printer port. This combination of factors makes using the parallel printer port for non-printer applications, other than printing to older parallel printers, an exceedingly slow operation.
The effective I/O channel transfer speed of a typical computer operating at a CPU speed of 33 MHz (clock cycles per second) when sending information through a standard parallel printer port slows down to a maximum possible I/O channel transfer speed of around 1 MHz for I/O instructions. Because of the combined necessity of preserving compatibility with older parallel printer port interfaces and the overhead requirements of the parallel printer interface, the effective I/O channel transfer speed for some of the fastest computers on the current market slows down even further to approximately 600 KHz. Since it takes two I/O instructions to deliver eight bits of data to the parallel printer port (for normal printer operations), the net I/O channel transfer speed is now 200 KHz (or 1.6 million bits per second).
If a digital audio device requires a transmission speed 16 bits of data 44100 times per second (44.1 kHz) to the device as does Compact Disk (CD) quality digital audio sound, the required transmission speed of the data is:
Therefore, a host computer must spend 705.6 Kbits/1.6 Mbits=44% of its CPU time just for the I/O operations involved in playing the digital audio, and this time does not include the time required to retrieve the digital audio information from storage or manipulating the digital audio information in memory. Even when compressing the digital audio to four bits per sample before transmission to an external communications device connected to a standard parallel printer port, the host CPU must still spend 11% percent of its time for playback of digital audio sound. In multimedia presentations, the combination of slow transmission speed and CPU overhead is unacceptable because the host computer also must attend to a myriad of other duties such as displaying graphics on the video screen or retrieving and processing other data.
An object of this invention is to provide a system for transmitting digital audio information through a computer's standard parallel printer port.
A feature of this invention is that a computer's standard parallel printer port is capable of bi-directional high speed transmission of digital information.
An advantage of this invention is that the high speed digital data communications link greatly reduces the host computer's CPU overhead normally associated with using the parallel printer interface.
This invention gives any computer with a standard parallel printer port a high speed bi-directional digital data communications link to a variety of external devices that can include network adapters (e.g., ethernet adapter), SCSI I/O adapters, and digital audio devices. Without modifying the hardware of the computer's standard parallel printer port, the external communications device, an integral part of the invention, attaches easily to the outside of the computer's parallel printer port. The combined invention can then easily transmit and receive high speed digital data information between the host computer and the external communications device using the computer's standard parallel printer interface.
To maximize the information throughput, the invention has two additional components. First, the invention determines the maximum speed for transmitting and receiving digital data information for any given computer's standard parallel printer port. And second, the invention compresses all digital data information before the information passes between the host computer and the external communications device.
As will become evident from the detailed description, this invention gives current computer users the luxury of using their existing computers to perform multimedia presentations that require playing or recording of digital audio sound.
To further aid in understanding the invention, the attached drawings help illustrate specific features of the invention. The following is a brief description of the attached drawings:
FIG. 1 is an overview of the invention that shows an external communications device connected to a standard parallel printer port of personal computer.
FIG. 2 is a register map of the programming model for the standard parallel printer port.
FIG. 3 is a sample seven bit data stream showing the use of an embedded strobe bit.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the hardware component of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart describing the process for determining the speed of a host computer's standard parallel printer port.
FIG. 6 is a sample data stream for determining the speed of a computer's standard parallel port.
FIG. 7 is a code fragment for implementing the process of FIG. 5.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart describing the process for transmitting digital information through the standard parallel printer port of a host computer.
FIG. 9 is a code fragment implementing the process of FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 is a flowchart describing the process for receiving digital information from the standard parallel printer port of a computer.
Consideration of the following example, which is purely exemplary, further clarifies the use of the invention.
One object of this invention is to provide a system for transmitting and receiving digital audio sound through a computer's standard parallel printer port. A major advantage of this invention is that the hardware of the computer's parallel printer port does not require modification. Rather, this invention achieves its high transmission speed by a unique combination of software techniques and external hardware.
The IBM personal computer, released in the early 1980s, set many de facto standards in the personal computer industry because of IBM's blue chip name, widespread availability, and open architecture. One of these standards was IBM's implementation of the venerable parallel printer interface. The IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference Manual, IBM part number 6025005 (revised April 1983), on pages' pages 1-117 through 1-122, describes the "standard" parallel printer interface used for controlling a parallel printer; pages' pages 1-117 through 1-122 are incorporated herein by reference.
Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows an external communications device 18, the hardware component of the invention, attached to the standard parallel printer port interface 4 of a personal computer 2. The personal or host computer 2 contains a microprocessor as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, video subsystem, and other subsystems. One subsystem common to most personal computers is the standard parallel printer port interface 4. The parallel printer interface as used herein means a connection, having a plurality of wires, between the personal computer 2 and some external communications device 18. Examples of the possible uses for this invention include network adapters, SCSI I/O adapters, high speed printer buffers, as well as the disclosed embodiment: a digital audio sound adapter. The parallel printer port 4, from a programming model, consists of 3 modules: the data port 6, the status port 8, and the control port 10. Each port is an eight bit data port connected to, and a part of, the parallel printer interface. In other words, a single bit corresponds on a one to one basis with one of the wires in the parallel printer interface. However, the IBM standard parallel printer interface does not use all the wires, leaving some wires (or bits) unused. Therefore, the eight bit data port 6 consists of the eight-wire data port lines 12 connecting to the external communications device 18. In a similar fashion, the five bit status port 8 consists of the five-wire status port lines 14 connecting to the external communications device 18; and the four bit control port 10 consists of the four-wire control port lines 16 connecting to the external communications device 18. These three ports and seventeen signal wires constitute the electrical portion of the standard parallel printer port.
One skilled in the art knows the functionality of the standard parallel printer port; therefore, FIG. 2 briefly represents the register map of the programming model (of the hardware) for accessing a standard parallel printer port using an IBM compatible personal computer. The standard parallel printer port uses the following three adjacent register addresses (references are to FIG. 1): (1) the data port 6; the status port 8; and the control port 10. As shown by FIG. 2, the data port is either an eight bit data output only port, or is an eight bit bi-directional communications port with the proper software and hardware. The control port, besides its printer control duties, is nominally a four bit output port, and the status port is nominally a five bit input port.
The following description is the normal sequence of events for printing a single character when using the standard parallel printer port. First, the computer (or program) reads the status port to determine the printer's availability. If the printer is available, the computer outputs a character value to the data port. The computer then sets the hardware strobe-bit, bit 0 within the control port, so that the printer knows that data is ready for transfer from the computer to the printer. The computer then resets the strobe bit so that the printer knows that data is no longer available for reading.
Most external devices using the parallel printer port interface use the hardware strobe line (bit 0) to clock the data on the leading edge (using only one edge) of the signal. As previously stated, using the hardware strobe line as a communication clock for high speed communications is not satisfactory. If we could clock the data using both edges of the clock signal then we could increase the data throughput. Indeed, clocking data on both edges of a clock signal is a well-known technique. In many such devices, the technique is to latch one register on the rising edge and a different register on the falling edge. The Sierra Semiconductors SC11486 RAMDAC in true color mode, for example, uses this technique. Even though clocking on both edges of the signal increases the data throughput for non-printer applications, the overall data throughput still is unsatisfactory for digital audio applications because of the overhead on the CPU's processing time that is necessary to use 2 I/O instructions to send eight bits of data through the parallel printer port.
A more effective way to increase the data throughput on a standard parallel printer port is to embed the strobe bit into one of the eight bits of the data being sent to the external communications device. With one of eight bits being used for the strobe, the other seven of eight bits are for data. Since this invention involves a hardware component, we effectively move the strobe detection circuit from the hardware strobe line (the normal location for printers) to the high bit (bit 7) of the data lines. Moving the strobe detection coupled with the above technique for clocking the data on the rising and falling edges of the clock allows this invention to utilize more efficiently the data channel by minimizing the CPU's I/O instruction access penalty. By controlling the design of the external communications device and how the device responds to the standard parallel printer interface, our invention does not require any modification to the hardware of the computer's parallel printer port.
In the late 1970's and early 1980's, the Cromemco Z80 personal computer, and probably several other early personal computer systems of that time, used the high bit of the data stream for I/O port selection on the Cromemco's parallel printer port (which was not an IBM compatible parallel printer port). The Cromemco computer's printer driver code sent a seven bit data value to the printer port. The Cromemco computer then forced the eighth bit high, and then set it low (which reset the strobe) while leaving the original seven data bits, unchanged, on the remainder of the port. Cromemco connected the hardware strobe line of the parallel printer interface to the high bit of the data port. This trick saved the hardware cost of an additional parallel port and I/O address decoder coupled only with the limitation of sending seven bit ASCII codes to the printer. When building the Cromemco computer, the cost of hardware was the limiting factor so designs during the period minimized additional hardware with a passion. The communication speed of the data channel was not a design objective because the Cromemco computer could operate much faster than the parallel printers of the day; moreover, the Cromemco computer was not capable of concurrently performing other tasks. As is evident, the early computers did not use the high bit as an embedded strobe for clocking as does the invention; rather, the Cromemco computer used the high bit of the data port only to control the hardware strobe line of the parallel printer interface.
Most CPU's (microprocessors) have block (or string) mode I/O instructions. A block mode instruction transfers or moves a block of data, from a couple of bytes to several thousands (or more) of bytes, more efficiently than repeated use of a single byte transfer or move instruction. The extra CPU cycle overhead associated with I/O instructions occurs only once at the start of the block I/O instruction, and as previously noted, an I/O instruction takes an extra 25 (80386) or 30 (80486) CPU clock cycles in 80�86 protected mode. The CPU overhead then drops to five CPU clock cycles for each data value transferred with the block I/O instruction. Since block mode I/O instructions can only transfer data to a single I/O port, these instructions are not useful for printer applications for sending data to a standard parallel printer because the block I/O instruction cannot alternate sending information between the data port and the control port (for setting and resetting the strobe bit). By embedding the strobe information into the data stream as discussed above, using the block mode I/O instruction for transferring information through a standard parallel printer port is now viable; provided however, the external communications device can decode strobe information in the data stream, not the hardware strobe line.
Turning to FIG. 3, consider a data format with seven data bits (bits 0-6) and an embedded strobe bit (bit 7). The embedded strobe is separate and distinct from the dedicated hardware strobe within the control port of the parallel printer port. If the rising edge of the embedded strobe bit causes the external communications device to latch and accept the data, the following six byte sequence will send twenty-one bits of data to the data port using a block I/O instruction. The block I/O instruction first sends the seven bit value XXXXXXX with a strobe bit of zero to the data port. The block I/O instruction again sends the same seven bit value XXXXXXX to the data port but this time with the strobe bit set to one. Sending the same data twice and toggling the strobe bit mimics the operation of the hardware strobe line, and this technique does not incur the CPU I/O overhead of accessing the hardware strobe line.
Assuming an I/O channel transfer speed of 1 MHz (theoretical maximum) for transferring data through a standard parallel printer port, two I/O channel transfer cycles per transferred data value, and seven bits of data per data value, our data communications speed through a standard parallel printer port is:
Or over twice the previously possible throughput.
We can double the performance again by clocking the data on each transition of the strobe bit, rather than on just the positive going edge. By sending the data value once instead of twice, the data communications speed increases to seven Mbits/second.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an external communications device for transmitting and receiving compressed digital audio information between the device and a host computer. The data port lines 12, status port lines 14, and control port lines 16 connect to a digital interface 20 of the external communications device. The digital interface consists of: (1) a data interface circuit 22 that receives signals from the data port lines 12; (2) a status transmit circuit 24 that sends signals on the status port lines 14; (3) and a control receive circuit 26 that receives signals from the control port lines 16.
From the digital interface circuit 22, the internal data path 32 divides into three subgroups. The most significant bit (D7) is the embedded strobe bit 34. The next three bits (D6, D5, and D4) are the address bits 36. Lastly, the remaining four bits (D3, D2, D1, and D0) are the data bits 38. As discussed later in the specification, the data is in a compressed format using the Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) compression technique that takes a twelve bit digital audio sample and turns that sample into a four bit representation of the sample.
The embedded strobe bit 34 connects to an edge transition strobe detect circuit 28 that detects when the embedded strobe bit 34 changes. The strobe detect circuit 28 generates the strobe signal 30. An edge transition detector is a well-known technique and generally involves an exclusive-or gate comparing the signal in question with a delayed representation of that signal. Due to the uncertainty in the settling time the various bits take to change to their new values, the strobe detect circuit 28 delays the strobe signal 30 until all the address bits 36 and data bits 38 are valid.
The address decoder 40 interprets the address bits 36, gates the address bits with the strobe signal 30 to generate the decoded address signals 42. The control logic 44 uses the decoded address signals 42 as its command instruction signals. The command instruction signals form the basis for a command instruction set. The control logic 44 is a sequential state machine that in the disclosed embodiment consists of an Actel ACT1010A. The Actel gives the external communications device 18 the ability to perform a wide variety of functions. One skilled in the art, with this disclosure, can create a sophisticated command instruction set giving the external communication devices great flexibility. An example of some of the commands are as follows: start timer, stop timer, send contents of timer to host computer, play, record, store data into DRAM buffer, transfer record data to host. The control logic connects to the digital audio subsection 50 and to the DRAM buffer 46. The DRAM buffer 46, as the name suggests, buffers the data when either the host computer 2 or the external communications device 18 gets ahead of the other one (as in too fast) when transmitting digital information. The DRAM buffer 46 consists of a 256 kbytes�4 bit DRAM array. The preferred embodiment, however, uses approximately 64 kbytes of the buffer so as to reduce the addressing logic within the control logic 44. The disclosed 64 kbytes DRAM buffer 46 can store approximately 1.486 seconds of 44.1 kHz digital audio samples.
Connected to the control logic 44 is the digital audio subsection 50. The digital audio subsection 50 consists of a digital audio control section 52, a digital to analog signal converter (D/A) 54 with its corresponding analog output 66, an analog to digital signal converter (A/D) 56 with its corresponding analog input 68, and a digital data compression/decompression section 58 employing the ADPCM system of data compression. These functions are well known in the art and available within a single integrated circuit such as the OKI Semiconductor MSM6388. The digital audio control logic 52 of the digital audio subsection 50 connects to the control logic 44 through the following: (1) a bi-directional data path 60; (2) a control path 62; and (3) the audio control clock 64. The audio control clock 64 effectively synchronizes data transfers between the digital audio subsection 50 and the control logic 44.
The control logic 44 connects to the data selector 70 through the data control signals 72 and the data source signals 74. The data selector 70 selects the appropriate data source, and then delivers the selected data output 76 to the status transmit circuit 24 which in turn connects to the status port signal lines 14. The data sources within the external communications device include the counters and command registers within the control logic 44 and the contents of the DRAM buffer 46 (accessed through the control logic 44). Referring to FIG. 1, the host computer 2 receives the data from the external communications device 18 through the status port 8.
Finally regarding FIG. 4, the preferred embodiment contains two internal crystals 82 and 84 for timing purposes. Crystal 82 has a frequency of 8.192 MHz, and Crystal 84 has a frequency of 9.878 MHz. These two frequencies, when divided down properly, allow the digital audio subsystem to sample analog audio data with a sample range from around 3.6 kHz to 44.1 kHz. A frequency of approximately 3.6 kHz has the quality of a pocket micro recorder, while 44.1 kHz is the frequency for audio CD's and the latest Digital Audio Tape (DAT) drives. This broad range of sampling frequencies highly optimizes the disclosed embodiment for playing and recording digital audio sound.
The host computer user, in the preferred embodiment, selects the appropriate sampling frequency that the software sends to the control logic 44. The oscillator crystal selection logic 86 connects the crystals 82 and 84 via the selected clock signal 80 to the control logic 44. Depending upon the selected frequency, the control logic 44 receives the selected clock signal 80 and further divides the signal either by 1 or by 4. The control logic 44 sends the resulting signal to the digital audio subsystem control logic 52 as the clock reference signal 88. The OKI MSM6388, the digital audio subsystem 50, has a range of user selectable internal clock dividers that divide the clock reference signal 88 to the selected sampling frequency. The control logic 44 next sends the digital audio subsystem 50 a command that selects one of the internal clock dividers so that the subsystem uses the appropriate sampling frequency.
One criterion for this invention is that the hardware of the host computer's parallel printer port interface remains unmodified. Due to the variance in the maximum possible speeds for each host computer's parallel printer port, and the differences in CPU clock speeds for each host computer, this invention must first determine the optimal data communication speed between the host computer and the external communications device. FIG. 5 is a flow chart representing the technique for determining the maximum data transfer rate of a particular computer/parallel printer port combination. Although the design of the invention is such that it can easily handle data as fast as most PCs can send it, future PCs may send data faster than the external communications device could accept it. This is really a two part problem. The first part is detecting whether the standard parallel printer port (i.e., the host computer driving the parallel printer port) is too fast for the external communications device, and the second part is slowing down the effective transfer rate of the host computer to compensate for the increased speed capability. The second problem is the easiest. If the computer can send data twice as fast as the external communications device can accept the data, simply send each data byte to the external communications device twice. If the computer can send data three times as fast, send each byte three times.
Determining the maximum data communications throughput of the host computer and the computer's standard parallel printer port is more difficult than slowing down the effective transfer rate. Referring to FIG. 4, the external communication device includes a programmable timer within the control logic 44 that counts clock cycles of one of the internal crystals 82 or 84. We can measure the standard parallel port's effective transfer rate by determining the time it takes to perform a set number of output instructions. Referring now to FIG. 5, the first step in the process is to disable interrupts in the host computer so that the timing data block (of FIG. 6) sent through the standard parallel printer port continues without interruption for a precise time measurement. The host computer then sends a command to the external communication device initializing it for a time measurement. The next step is creating a block of data to send to the external communications device. FIG. 6 shows the organization of the data block that consists of a number of dummy data values (or NO-OP instructions) with the embedded strobe bit high so that the external communications device knows not to read the data. The next part of the data block is a number of data bytes containing the 'start timer' command with the embedded strobe bit low. Sending a large number of 'start timer' commands ensures an accurate timing sample. The timer starts as soon as the control logic 44 decodes the 'start timer' command. By keeping the embedded strobe bit low, the external communications device sees only one 'start timer' command. The next step is transmitting several 'stop timer' commands with the embedded strobe bit high to the external communications device. This forces the external communications device to stop the timer as soon as it decodes the 'stop timer' command. The host computer then retrieves the number of clock cycles that it took for the external communications device to receive the data block of 'start timer' commands. Determining the data communication speed for the host computer to transmit a single data byte to the external communications device is as follows:
IOtransactions=number of 'start timer' commands sent
ClockTicks=number of external communications device counter ticks counted during 'IOtransactions'
CyclesPerOp=number of internal clock cycles it takes the external communications device to perform a given operation
OutputsPerByte=number of output cycles performed for each byte of data to be sent to the external communications device then nominally,
OutputsPerByte=1+(IOTransactions*CyclesPerOp)/ClockTicks Note that the above calculation uses integer (truncating) division.
FIG. 7 is a code fragment in 80�86 assembly language for implementing the method of FIG. 5. No particular programming language is necessary for carrying out the various procedures in this invention. Users of particular computers are aware of the language that is most suitable for their immediate purpose. For this invention, a combination of 80�86 assembly language and high level language was most satisfactory.
FIG. 8 describes the process for transmitting digital information through the host computer's standard parallel printer port to an external communications device attached to the computer's printer port. The first step in the transmit process is to send a command to the external communications device putting the device into the receive mode. The next step is to retrieve the digital audio information from the host computer's storage medium (e.g., a hard disk). As indicated by the code fragment of FIG. 9, we assume that the format of the digital information on the computer's storage medium is in a combined packed and compressed format. There is no requirement for storing the digital audio information in this format, but storing the data in this manner saves a great deal of space on the hard disk. An element of this invention, however, requires the digital audio information to be in a compressed format for transferring to the external communications device. The compression format used in the disclosed embodiment of this invention is the Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM). The ADPCM technique in this invention takes a twelve bit sample of an analog audio sample, and then compresses and converts the audio sample into a four bit compressed digital audio sample. ADPCM is not a lossless compression method and is not suitable for all applications though it is entirely adequate for transferring digital audio information. If we were transferring video data using the invention, we would require a data compression technique that had less loss when transferring the digital information. Data compression techniques such as JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) or MPEG (Motion Picture Experts group) give far superior results for video images. In the disclosed embodiment, our choice of compression techniques was the result of using an OKI MSM6388 audio compression engine 50 (of FIG. 4).
With ADPCM compression, the data transfer through the parallel port interface required to support 44 KHz digital audio is now:
The maximum throughput for this invention is 7 Mbits/sec. As a result of using the four bit sample ADPCM compression in the disclosed embodiment, the maximum throughput for this embodiment is 4 Mbits/sec. The resulting overhead on the CPU is now:
The combined techniques of this invention reduce the CPU time required for transferring digital audio information through a standard parallel printer port interface from 44% to 4.4%.
The digital information residing on the host computer's storage medium in our disclosed embodiment is also in a packed format. The packed format takes advantage of the four bit sample of the ADPCM compression by putting two four bit samples into a single eight bit byte. The result is that the compressed digital audio information takes up less storage space on the host computer. Since our disclosed embodiment is transferring data as a four bit digital audio sample, we unpack the eight bit byte back into two separate four bit samples. FIG. 9 includes a code fragment for retrieving and unpacking the digital information.
Referring to FIG. 8, the next step in the process is embedding the strobe bit into the compressed digital audio information. After embedding the strobe bit, the host computer transmits the compressed digital audio information through its standard parallel printer port, using the previously described techniques, to the external communications device. FIG. 9 additionally includes a code fragment for transmitting the compressed digital audio information using a block I/O instruction. The external communications device then receives the compressed digital audio information. The digital audio subsection 50 (of FIG. 4) decompresses and converts the four bit compressed digital audio information into twelve bit digital audio information, and then converts the digital audio information into analog audio information. Analog audio is now available for playing from the external communications device.
The process for the host computer to receive digital information through its standard parallel printer port is very similar to the transmit process. Instead of the host computer receiving the digital information through the data port, however, the preferred embodiment receives the information through the status port. As previously discussed, not all computers have bi-directional data ports. Receiving digital information through the status port allows the invention to operate on a wider variety of computers without the need to modify the hardware of the host computer's parallel printer port. This method of receiving digital information is suitable for recording digital audio for several reasons. One, recording digital audio is usually not as time critical as the playback function. This means that the record function can utilize more of the host computer's CPU time. And second, the digital audio information is in a four bit format, and that makes the five bit input capability of the status port suitable for transferring the information. If the application is something other than giving computers digital audio capability like video information for example, then using the status port for receiving the digital information is not satisfactory. One skilled in the art, armed with the knowledge of this disclosure, can modify the software and hardware of this invention so that the external communication device transmits information to the host computer through the host computer's data port.
FIG. 10 describes the process for a host computer to receive digital information from its standard parallel printer port from an attached external communications device. The first step in the process is for the host computer to send a command to the external communications device telling the device to start processing audio information. After receiving the command, the external communications device begins converting and compressing the audio information into compressed digital audio information. As previously discussed, the external communications device uses the OKI MSM6388 audio compression engine 50 (of FIG. 4), which here is functioning as a twelve bit to four bit analog to digital converter. The OKI MSM6388 uses the ADPCM compression method to compress the information into the four bit compressed digital audio sample.
The next step in the process is for the external communications device to transmit the compressed digital audio information to the host computer. The host computer sends a command to the external communications device telling the device to transmit data to the computer. The host computer receives the compressed digital audio information from the external communications device through the host computer's standard parallel printer status port. This process continues until the host computer sends a command to the external communications device telling the device to stop processing information and to stop transmitting data to the host computer. After the host computer receives the information, the user has the option of decompressing the compressed digital audio information before storing the information on the host computer's storage medium, or the user can store the information in the compressed format. The compressed digital audio information, of course, takes less storage space, and since the information is in a four bit digital audio sample, the information packs easily into the two four bit samples per eight bit byte format as previously described.
This invention, as disclosed above, is a unique combination of software and hardware elements that transforms a computer with a standard parallel printer port into a multimedia presentation platform. Other embodiments of the invention are apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification or practicing the disclosed invention. The specification and examples above are exemplary only, with the true scope of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
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|Feb 2, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 29, 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees


text:
UPDATE (April 25, 2017 2:11 p.m.):
Baltimore County Robbery detectives have arrested a suspect in the robbery of the Nature Care Pharmacy in Reisterstown.
Timothy Smallwood (48) of the 8700 block of Town and Country Road in Ellicott City was arrested on Saturday after numerous citizens' tips led police to identify him as the suspect in the surveillance video images released just one day earlier.
He is charged with Armed Robbery, 1st Degree Assault, Use of a Dangerous Weapon with Intent to Injure, and Misdemeanor Theft. He is currently being held without bail at the Baltimore County Detention Center.
The Baltimore County Police Department would like to thank all of the citizens who became involved by responding with tips, ultimately leading to the identification and arrest of this criminal.
Original Release (April 21, 2017 10:24 a.m.):
Baltimore County Police are seeking the public's assistance in identifying a robbery suspect.
Around noon on March 25, the suspect depicted below walked behind the pharmacy counter in Nature Care Pharmacy on Main Street in Reisterstown, pointed a handgun at the clerk, and ordered the clerk to give him various pharmaceuticals. He then fled the location on foot towards Village Center Road.
The suspect is described as a taller, thin man with longer graying hair, pulled back into a ponytail in the images captured on video surveillance.
Anyone with information regarding this man's identity is asked to contact police at 410-307-2020.
Anyone with information on this case can also submit a tip to Metro Crime Stoppers at 1-866-7LOCKUP. For more information on other ways to contact Metro Crime Stoppers, as well as information on rewards offered by or through them, check their website at www.metrocrimestoppers.org. Metro Crime Stoppers, an organization that is separate from the Baltimore County Police Department and Baltimore County Government, offers rewards for information in connection with felony offenses. Anonymous tips can be sent to Metro Crime Stoppers by phone, text message, or online.
This crime continues to be investigated by the Baltimore County Police Robbery Unit.


text:
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