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SunPower Module 40-year Useful Life
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1 SunPower Module 40-year Useful Life Executive Summary: SunPower expects its modules (panels) have a useful life of more than 40 years, defined as 99% of modules producing at least 70% of their power. This is made possible through fundamental design differences which provide robust protection against real-world stresses. These differences are discussed in the context of comparative experimental data. In addition, SunPower s physics-based model, PVLife, provides the expected change in performance over time from major degradation and failure modes. This model matches well with field data. Collectively, these data suggest that a 40 year life is realistic useful life for SunPower modules. Introduction Due to the relative immaturity of large scale solar, the market generally assumes that modules have a useful life equal to the warranty period and leave no residual value afterwards. However, in most other industries this is not the case. For instance, consumer electronic products have warranties of one to three years; yet, are used for five to seven years. SunPower warrants its modules with a linear power warranty, leaving an asset producing at least 87% of warranted power at the end of 25 years 1. Further, SunPower offers the industry s first combined 25 year product and power warranty. The reason SunPower can confidently offer this high level of guarantee is due to the fundamental design differences of SunPower modules. Briefly, these design differences include the use of n-type silicon prevents early degradation due to LID. The thickly plated, tin coated copper foundation of the Maxeon cell is highly resistant against the forces of moisture and oxidation. This metal foundation allows for thinner, more flexible silicon, resulting in a cell which can withstand repeated snow and wind loading and can crack without significant power loss. Electroplating the metal directly onto the cell ensures a strong and uniform bond with low residual stresses. Cells are connected via an interconnect and three solder pads on the edges of each side of a cell, which provide relief for thermal expansion and a redundant electrical connection. Conventional Modules 2 connect the cells through a process intensive ribbon attachment. This difference gives the Maxeon cell extreme robustness against thermal cycling. Additionally, Maxeon cells have a low breakdown voltage which occurs uniformly across the cell. In a reverse-bias condition (shaded), thermal runaway is mitigated, regardless of whether or not bypass diodes are present. SunPower s X series modules, which make up an increasing portion of the product mix, has even better reverse bias characteristics, resulting in an even more shade tolerant module. 1 See for current warranty terms. 2 Definitions used throughout: Conventional Module or Conventional Panel is a 240W panel, 15% efficient, approximately 1.6 m2, made with Conventional Cells. Conventional Cells are silicon cells that have many thin metal lines on the front and 2 or 3 interconnect ribbons soldered along the front and back.
2 Finally, SunPower modules are highly resistant to potential induced degradation (PID), as shown through independent third party testing. The purpose of this paper is to define the criteria for a 40 year useful life and to share the experimental and analytical support underlying SunPower s expectation that the panels should have a useful life exceeding 40 years. Useful Life Defined SunPower defines the end of the useful life of a solar system installation as the time when 1% of the panels have dropped to below 70% power output. Said another way, 99% of modules are producing more than 70% of original rated power. This concept is similar to that used in equipment depreciation, where the useful life is the end of the period during which an asset will be used to generate revenues. There is no standard industry definition for useful life; however, this definition ensures that a site will continue to produce useful energy without incurring significant maintenance or large module current mismatch that will have a serious impact on the output of the solar field. In order to ensure this definition permeates into the product design cycle, SunPower has set this definition in requirements documents for module design and qualification. Experimental Data SunPower regularly tests its modules in various stresses meant to accelerate the degradation in the real world as part of its extensive qualification and reliability testing programs [1]. Some summary test results are discussed below. Heat and Humidity The certification standard (IEC61215) test for the effects of moisture and humidity effects is the Damp Heat 1000 (DH1000) test, which places the product in an environmental chamber at 85⁰C and 85% relative humidity (RH) for 1000 hours. As with other certification requirements, this test is not designed to indicate reliability at 25 years; rather, it is intended to indicate a nominal level of safety in the field. Kempe more recently suggested [2] that hours may be more appropriate simulating 20 years in a hot and humid climate, such as Miami, Florida or Bangkok, Thailand. Assuming the conservative case that a module is in such a climate, 6000 hours would represent 40 years. Figure 1 shows data a Fraunhöfer Institute study, performed by TÜV and Fraunhöfer Institute, and published by Köhl [3], for a group of modules from seven unnamed Conventional Module manufacturers with at least 100MW of production per year in The plot shows performance after increasing hours of exposure to damp heat well beyond basic industry certifications. While well-built Conventional Modules fare well up to DH2000, shortly thereafter their power output (normalized by initial output) degrades significantly. SunPower performed testing in the same standard DH conditions (note SunPower s Reliability lab is certified by UL to carry out its own testing to UL standards). The black line shows that SunPower s current generation of modules degrade less than 3% after DH7500. SunPower s linear degradation indicates that the stress causes a slow and steady wear-out, as opposed to abrupt catastrophic failure.
3 Figure 1: Damp heat testing of seven Conventional and SunPower modules. The Conventional Modules in Köhl s study show a sharp power drop starting after 2000 hours, while SunPower modules remain relatively unaffected beyond 7000 hours. Equivalent years in a hot and humid environment (e.g. Bangkok) [2] are shown on bottom axis. Sensitivity analysis gives ±30% on 20 year equivalent time. The difference in performance under damp-heat stress is due to the design differences of the cells. Conventional Cells have thin metal lines on the sunny side to conduct current through the module, and those lines are susceptible to corrosion due to their necessarily small size (so as not to block the incoming photons), and their composition (silver paste). SunPower has no metal on the front of the cell, and the entire back of the cell is covered with a tin-plated copper foundation. The tin-plated copper is very resistant to corrosion, and the volume of metal is so large that even substantial corrosion stress causes very little change in the resistance of the circuit, providing high robustness against the effects of moisture. Temperature Cycling The industry-standard certification test for reliability against moisture and humidity effects is thermal cycling for 200 cycles (TC200), which places the product in an environmental chamber which swings from -40⁰C to 85⁰C 200 times. There is no consensus on the acceleration factor of this test due to the dependency on environmental factors, so it is difficult to relate number of cycles to years in the field. SunPower conducted a comparison using internal test data and data from Köhl s publication [3] (Figure 2). The results for the Conventional Module manufacturers vary substantially. While some manufacturers perform well for the period of testing; only degrading a few percent even at TC800, one product is down 10% by TC400, and down >25% by TC500; two other products are down 8%-9% by TC800. Note that all of these products pass the standard IEC certification standard of TC200. In contrast, SunPower s modules well in the test, exhibiting only 2% degradation at TC2000, ten times the duration of the IEC certification standard.
4 Figure 2: Thermal cycle testing of seven Conventional and SunPower Modules. The Conventional Modules in Köhl s study start to degrade steadily after 200 cycles, while SunPower remains practically unaffected at 2500 cycles. The primary reason that SunPower cells are more robust has to do with cell interconnection. The cell interconnect on a Conventional Cell is performed by soldering two or three metal ribbons at multiple points across the entire cell. Due to the difference in the amount of thermal expansion between the ribbon and the cell, stress can build up on the solder joints, which can act as initiation points for cracks and power loss [4]. Further, a difficult to perform strain-relief bend should be applied between cells to extend the lifetime [5]. In contrast, SunPower cells are connected with a strain-relieved copper bar and six solder pads per cell. Solder joints are small, so the mismatch from thermal expansion results in less stress in the joint. Further, multiple solder joints provide redundancy in case a single joint fails. Dynamic Loading SunPower s design qualification includes a dynamic load test (DLT), where a force of 2400Pa is repeatedly applied to the front and back of the module, deflecting it back and forth cyclically. This is equivalent to 50 lb/ft² (244 kg/m²) load or a sustained wind speed of 90mph (145kph) equivalent to a category one hurricane. This test is designed to ensure that a product can withstand a lifetime of shipping, installation, and environmental stresses. A side-by-side comparison of a Conventional Module and a SunPower module in this dynamic load test is shown in Figure 3. After 1000 cycles, the standard efficiency module shows several broken cells in the center, and a power loss of nearly 4%. The shunt resistance, an indication of module integrity, has dropped 25%. The SunPower module, on the other hand, shows no broken cells and no measurable power loss; the shunt resistance appears to have risen slightly but this is within the tolerance of flash testing accuracy.
5 Figure 3: Electroluminescent images flash test data after 1000 cycles of dynamic loading to 2400Pa (equivalent to 130mph (209kph) wind), conducted at SunPower. The Conventional Module (left) suffered from power loss while the SunPower module (right) was not significantly affected. Reverse Bias and Bypass Diodes When cells are put into reverse bias, instead of converting photons to electricity, they convert electricity to heat. This happens any time the current generated by the rest of the cells in the string of modules exceeds the current that a cell can support. Common causes of reverse bias are shading from leaves, chimneys, or the buildup of soiling along the bottom of a module. If too much heat is dissipated from a reverse bias cell, particularly if that heat is concentrated to a small defect region on the solar cell, the heating can cause failure of the other components within the module, such as the backsheet, glass, or encapsulant. Conventional Modules rely on bypass diodes to deactivate the portion(s) of the module where one or more cells are shaded, typically resulting in a 33% power drop. While this has a negative effect on energy output, it mitigates the heating issue. One tradeoff of this design is that the reliability of the module is tied to the bypass diode. Diode life depends on several factors such as diode quality, junction box handling, and module installation; but, all diodes will eventually fail with use. This is because an activated diode runs at an elevated temperature, reducing the remaining life of the diode [6], [7]. Depending on how a diode fails, it can permanently remove a substring from the module or allow a shaded cell to run unmitigated in reverse bias, leading to module failure. SunPower s cells run in reverse bias at much lower temperatures, so bypass diodes are not required to ensure long term reliability (Table 1). However, when enough cells are in reverse bias, the cumulative power loss from the shaded cells can exceed the power produced from the cells in forward bias, so SunPower includes diode protection to enhance energy yield.
6 Table 1: Illustrative comparison of estimated cell power dissipation with one cell in reverse bias SunPower X21 SunPower E20 Conventional Module Module Power Number of cells I mp (STC, amps) V mp (STC, volts) V Rb (reverse bias, volts) Heat (W) % Module power remaining: with diode 96% 90% 67% 3 without diode 96% 90% 42% 1 V RB value from literature [8]. 2 Power Rb = V Rb x I mp, all of this power is dissipated as heat. 3 % Power = Dissipated Watts / Module Power. Assumes diode shorts 1/3 of the Conventional Module when present. If diode does not activate, assumes power dissipates as heat. Estimate for comparison purposes only. The average power dissipation indicates the impact on module power, but it does not indicate the lifetime challenge when a cell is in reverse bias. For a SunPower cell, the heat dissipation is uniform over the surface area of the cell and the temperature rise is moderate. This is because the cell architecture places a heavily doped positive region immediately adjacent to a heavily doped negative region evenly across the back of the cell, resulting in a lower voltage potential for a cell in reverse bias. The design of the Conventional Cell places a heavily doped region at the top and bottom, with a lightly doped region in between. When the cell is forced into reverse-bias, the current finds the weakest point in the cell to get from the positive side to the negative side often at a small region along the edge of the cell creating a focused hotspot. For example, using the values in Table 1, and assuming a hotspot region of 9 cm², the Conventional Module has a heat flux of more than 15 W/cm². Higher heat flux causes results in higher temperatures, as shown in a recent study, where a Conventional Cell in reverse bias ran more than 70 C (159 F) hotter than an equivalently shaded Maxeon cell, causing irreversible damage to the Conventional Module. Summary of experimental data SunPower modules show significantly less degradation than Conventional Modules in the industry standard reliability stresses meant to simulate hot and humid environments and constant thermal cycling. Testing for the dynamic loading affects from shipping, installation, and field exposure also show less degradation. Finally, SunPower modules do not require a diode for safe operation in shaded conditions, removing the potential for a single point of failure.
7 Analytical Data In addition to reliability testing, SunPower engages in fundamental research, supported by both accelerated testing and field data. Years of research on all key degradation modes are integrated into a cell-by-cell, hour-by-hour performance model called PVLife which has been validated and published in scientific conference proceedings [9], [10], [11], [12]. PVLife primarily models the physics of each failure mode it is not a statistical or reliability blockdiagram model. Instead, the intent is to solve for a specific system/array s degradation rate, given the module used, its electrical and physical configuration, its mounting, and the weather and irradiance expected. PVLife solves the coupled electro-thermal equations that predict module performance for a given set of weather conditions in order to obtain cell temperature and electrical parameters; at each hour of the day for every day of the system s life. It computes the incident spectrum, electrical operating point, and temperature of each individual cell. PVLife uses this electrical and thermal solution as input to physical models for the key degradation and failure modes and computes incremental degradation and chance for failure during each time-step in the simulation. Also, different modes are coupled via the electro-thermal solver. In order to determine the effects of different degradation modes, SunPower invested in years of fundamental research. Through experimentation and corroboration with field data, the underlying physics of failure for each mode were identified and quantified. The degradation modes modeled for SunPower modules are: Cell damage induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation Photo-thermal encapsulant browning Polarization High-voltage degradation Soiling Other effects An example of a PVLife analysis for a SunPower module installed on a T0/Oasis tracker in a harsh desert location indicates less than 10% power degradation at fifty years (black line, Figure 4). The lower 90% confidence level, reflecting model uncertainties, shows less than 20% power degradation.
8 Figure 4: PVLife output for the current generation of Maxeon cells (solid line) in a utility installation and a desert climate. Lower 90% confidence level (dashed line) reflects the combined uncertainties from degradation modes. Module starting point is offset to match mean module power distribution above nameplate rating. Failure Modes Unlike degradation modes, failure modes do not cause appreciable degradation in performance until catastrophic failure. Two key failure modes govern the life of SunPower modules: Backsheet cracking due to relative humidity and hydrolysis Solder-joint failure due to temperature cycling Backsheet Failure PVLife conservatively defines the onset of an abrupt reduction of strength, as documented by McMahon [13], to a 100% chance of failure. McMahon showed that, as polymer chains break down due to humidity and heat, the entire polymer network slowly weakens to a critical point at which the tensile strength starts to decrease at an accelerated rate. This is conservative because at the critical point, the backsheet material still maintains at least 60-65% of its initial strength. Based on these criteria, the analysis indicates that SunPower backsheet materials are robust against this failure mode for well over 70 years (Figure 5) even in harsh desert climates.
9 Figure 5: Backsheet degradation, based on experimental data fit to McMahon s model, suggests sufficient backsheet strength for more than 40 years Solder Joint Failure SunPower conducted thermal cycling experiments with different temperature profiles. Using the failure time in these accelerated tests and an acceleration factor calculator, the lifetime distribution of solder joints in any given environment can be determined. Solder joint failure is expected to be the dominant end of life failure mode for SunPower modules. SunPower cells have three solder connections on each side of a cell. In the event that one solder joint fails, the power can travel through the other two, resulting in redundant cell interconnection. Failure for a module is considered to occur when the probability of all three solder joints on one side of a cell breaking is above 1%. Because current cannot pass through the substring, running instead through the bypass diode, the module power will fall below the 70% criteria.
10 Figure 6: results of solder joint sub-model show that the probability of module failure exceeds the 1% threshold after 70 years. Module failure is defined as all three joints on one side of a side of a cell within a module failing. PVLife Validation SunPower has deployed over 3GW of modules globally and manages two fleets of Conventional Modules from acquisitions, 240MW from twenty manufacturers and 500MW from a high quality European manufacturer. Recently, SunPower conducted a system level degradation study of 445 utility systems within the SunPower operating fleet [14]. The study included 266 systems (86MW) using SunPower modules as old as 5.5 years, and 179 systems (42MW) using non-sunpower modules as old as 11.5 years. Data spanning back to the site commissioning date were used to determine fleet-wide degradation rates, representing 3.2 million module-years of monitored data. Black and Veatch, an independent engineering firm, audited the methods and results for the SunPower fleet [15]. The annual system power degradation rate (AC side of the inverter) for SunPower systems using the previous generation of modules, was -0.32±0.05% (95% confidence) per year, and for non-sunpower Conventional Module systems was -1.25±0.05% (95% confidence) per year, and in both cases was shown to be constant with time. SunPower is currently collecting field data on its current generation of modules in order to conduct a similar analysis; however, these modules have not been fielded in significant quantities for enough time. PVLife estimates for the previous generation SunPower module compare well with laboratory accelerated testing data as well as field data obtained from various SunPower product monitoring efforts. These
11 results serve to validate the electro-thermal model, degradation sub-models, and increase the understanding of the coupled effects of degradation. The analyzed field data of the previous generation of SunPower modules compares very well with the PVLife simulations (Figure 7). Figure 7: Comparison of PVLife and analyzed field data from the previous generation of SunPower modules (yellow). PVLife compares well with field data. For reference, the degradation of Conventional Modules is included (grey). Summary of Analytic Data The physical model of degradation and catastrophic failure, which is backed up by field data and stress tests, suggests that SunPower modules should have a total degradation well under 30% over 40 years due to the primary degradation modes. Further, catastrophic module failure from backsheet delamination or solder joint failure should be well below 1% even after 40 years. SunPower continues to actively pursue design changes to reduce the impact of degradation and failure modes to further extend module lifetime.
12 Conclusion SunPower has invested heavily in module design, qualification, and analysis to design panels with an expected useful life exceeding 40 years. SunPower defines the end of the useful life of a solar system installation as the time when 1% of the panels have dropped to below 70% power output. Experimental data which emulate stresses seen in the real world show that SunPower modules are robust against a variety of stresses. Further, PVLife, a model which simulates hour-by-hour degradation in a particular climate and is based on years of fundamental research, was used to estimate degradation and failure rate for SunPower modules. PVLife has been validated through various comparisons against measured field data. These data suggest that it is reasonable to expect SunPower modules to have a useful life exceeding 40 years.
13 Bibliography [1] D. Degraaff, S. Caldwell, R. Lacerda, G. Buena, A. Terao, and D. Rose, Qualification, Manufacturing, and Reliability Testing Methodologies for Deploying High-Reliability Solar Modules, in European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 25th, [2] M. Kempe, J. Wohlgemuth, D. Miller, M. Reese, and A. Dameron, Modeling the Ranges of Stresses for Different Climates / Applications, in International PV Module QA Forum, [3] M. Köhl, K. Weiss, M. Heck, and D. Philipp, PV reliability : Results of a German four-year joint project Part I : accelerated ageing tests and modelling of degradation, in European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 24th, [4] J. Wendt, M. Träger, M. Mette, A. Pfennig, and B. Jaeckel, The Link Between Mechanical Stress Induced By Soldering And Micro Damages In Silicon Solar Cells, in European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 24th, 2009, pp [5] N. Bosco, Modeling Metal Fatigue As a Key Step in PV Module Life Time Prediction outline Modeling metal fatigue, in PV Module Reliability Workshop, [6] E. Maset, E. Sanchis-kilders, J. B. Ejea, A. Ferreres, J. Jordán, V. Esteve, P. Brosselard, X. Jordà, M. Vellvehi, and P. Godignon, Accelerated Life Test for SiC Schottky Blocking Diodes in High-Temperature Environment, IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability, vol. 9, no. 4, pp , [7] S. Somisetty, P. Ersland, X. Yang, and J. Barrett, Reliability investigation and characterization of failure modes in Schottky diodes, Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 46, no. 8, pp , Aug [8] K. Bothe, K. Ramspeck, D. Hinken, C. Schinke, J. Schmidt, S. Herlufsen, R. Brendel, J. Bauer, J.-M. Wagner, N. Zakharov, and O. Breitenstein, Luminescence emission from forward- and reverse-biased multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 106, no. 10, p , [9] M. Mikofski, M. Anderson, S. Caldwell, D. Degraaff, E. Hasselbrink, D. Kavulak, R. Lacerda, D. Okawa, Y. Shen, A. Tedjasaputra, A. Terao, and Z. Xie, A Dynamic Cell-by-Cell PV System Model to Predict Lifetime Performance and Reliability, in European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 26th, 2011.
14 [10] M. A. Mikofski, D. F. J. Kavulak, D. Okawa, Y. Shen, A. Terao, M. Anderson, S. Caldwell, D. Kim, N. Boitnott, J. Castro, L. Ann, L. Smith, R. Lacerda, D. Benjamin, and E. Hasselbrink, PVLife : An Integrated Model for Predicting PV Performance Degradation over 25 + Years, in IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 38th, 2012, no. 3, pp [11] E. Hasselbrink, M. Anderson, Z. Defreitas, M. Mikofski, Y.-C. Shen, S. Caldwell, A. Terao, D. Kavulak, Z. Campeau, and D. DeGraaff, Validation of the PVLife Model Against 3 Million Module-Years of Live Site Data, in IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 39th, [12] E. F. C. Hasselbrink, D. Ph, C. Mark, D. F. J. Kavulak, D. Okawa, Y. Shen, A. Terao, M. Anderson, W. Caldwell, D. Kim, N. Boitnott, L. Ann, L. Smith, and R. Lacerda, Module Lifetime Prediction through Integrated Modeling of Known Failure Modes, in PV Module Reliability Workshop, 2012, pp [13] W. McMahon, H. A. Birdsall, G. R. Johnson, and C. T. Camilli, Degradation Studies of Polyethylene Terephthalate, Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, vol. 4, pp , [14] M. Anderson and Z. Defreitas, A SunPower Fleet-Wide System Degradation Study using Year-over-Year Performance Index Analysis, [15] R. Romero, Review of SunPower Fleet-Wide System Degradation Study using Year-over- Year Performance Index Analysis SunPower Corporation. All rights reserved. SUNPOWER, the SUNPOWER logo, and MAXEON are trademarks or registered trademarks of SunPower Corporation in the U.S. and other Countries.
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- Enterprise Grade – JPMC's private cloud PaaS operates at scale for thousands of applications and provides guaranteed availability and global failover—integrating seamlessly with existing IT investments.
- "Just Bring Your App" PaaS – removed the friction between developers and IT through single-click application deployment and isolated developers and their applications from the infrastructure.
- Unprecedented Time to Market – application deployment was reduced from many weeks to fewer than five minutes per application.
- Fine Cost Control – created a way to allocate and assign surface resources to developers on an internal "pay as you go" model to keep costs in check and maximize utilization .
- Standardization of Productivity and Architecture Patterns – achieved an unprecedented ability to write hundreds of new custom applications per year that would leverage the platform and support common application management, in addition to offering platform services such as messaging and caching and cloud architecture patterns.
Apprenda, the leader in enterprise private platform-as-a-service, today announced JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE: JPM), a leading global financial services firm with assets of $2.4 trillion and operations worldwide, has selected Apprenda's platform to develop, deliver and manage its portfolio of internal applications, custom-built in .NET and Java. This significant deal is the largest private PaaS implementation to date, setting a benchmark for how enterprises modernize and deliver data-sensitive private cloud applications. JPMorgan Chase chose Apprenda's best of breed private PaaS as a way to reduce costs, achieve faster time to market for applications and standardize and modernize their application architectures. "JPMorgan Chase needed an enterprise grade private cloud solution to accelerate our time to market for applications, improve our infrastructure efficiency and increase our developer productivity," said JPMorgan Chase Chief Information Officer Guy Chiarello. "We are pleased with our selection of Apprenda's product suite and look forward to realizing benefits across our global portfolio." Today, Apprenda is powering JPMC's internal applications vital to supporting the firm's financial product offerings. Apprenda is deployed at a number of production sites globally and across growing server clusters already totaling several terabytes of memory. More than 430 development teams are using the platform for its 2000 .NET and Java applications, which are now running live. Apprenda's enterprise grade platform, plugged into JPMC's existing IT infrastructure, modernized it as a way to catapult the firm's next generation internal private cloud for both their .NET and Java applications. JPMC benefits in the following ways from leveraging Apprenda:

subset: commoncrawl


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Review: Underwood leaves Houston with lasting impression
Published 8:26 pm, Tuesday, April 23, 2013
Carrie Underwood, like so many crossover stars, surrounds herself with sparkle. And it was in no short supply Tuesday at the Toyota Center.
There was gorgeous lighting, flickering LED screens and a series of shimmering outfits and heels. Underwood even floated across the venue in a makeshift hot air balloon.
But she makes the most lasting impression when she simply plants herself center stage and sings. Underwood has one of the most powerful voices in contemporary music, and she's learned a lot about using it since winning "American Idol" almost a decade ago.
Onstage, she sounds almost exactly like her records, and she easily maneuvered the vocal acrobatics of "Good Girl," "Undo It," "Wasted" and "Two Black Cadillacs." They were pristine but punchy enough to make an impact.
"I must say, and I mean this with all sincerity, it is so good to be in Texas," she told the crowd. Underwood isn't much for banter, but she really doesn't need to be. The largely female crowd (preschoolers to grandmothers) seemed in awe of her every move.
There were a few too many unfamiliar cuts from Underwood's "Blown Away" album. But the energy rarely lagged. She sang alongside an LED Brad Paisley during "Remind Me" and teamed up with opener Hunter Hayes for a spirited "Leave Love Alone." Almost two hours into the show, much of the crowd was still on its feet.
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Hayes opened with a 40-minute set that was unflaggingly earnest and a perfect complement to Underwood's country sunshine.
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1 Read the full review and see the photo gallery at chron.com.


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Horace Wilcox was Springfield's local congressman before he died. The Simpson family went to see him about the planes going over their house, and he died from a heart attack after Homer failed to give him CPR. He was replaced by Krusty the Clown.
He joined Congress in 1933, and left Congress (deceased) in 2003. He would have had to have been at least 25 to be eligible to be seated in Congress. His seventy years in Congress plus at least 25 years before, means that he was at least 95 years old at the time of his death.
It was revealed he was a Titanic survivor in 1912, when his death was announced by Kent Brockman on the TV.


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text: Online sportsbook MyBookie.ag added to SBR Odds By SBR Friday, October 30, 2015 Share with: SBR Odds has added a 35th online sportsbook. The feeds of MyBookie.ag Sportsbook (SBR rating C) are now shown. Players with SBR Forum usernames are able to customize the betting odds grid to their liking so that preferred betting sites are shown on pages one through three, and access line history and live odds for all online sportsbooks. Live odds are also shown on the betting odds grid. Recent MyBookie News MyBookie was recently added to the list of bitcoin accepting sportsbooks. MyBookie was added to the online sportsbooks rating guide in September of 2014 upon user request. Management has resolved a few complaints filed by players over different customer service issues, and presently has no outstanding complaints on file. The betting site is based in San Jose, Costa Rica. MyBookie.ag players with feedback are encouraged to write to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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If you love your dog, you may be sorely aware that its boundless energy is threatened by osteoarthritis (OA), a painful degenerative and inflammatory condition affecting the joints of dogs. So prevalent is OA, that it affects 20% of dogs over 1 year of age, and 90% of dogs over 5 years of age! And so it is with other diseases, such as cataracts.
The good news is that a varied assortment of dietary supplements has been found to be scientifically tenable for your dog, a growing number of which have been shown to tender significant success in the management of OA and other morbidities in animals. These include omega-3 fatty acids, glucosamine, chondroitin, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, organic acids, N-acetylcarnosine, and other nutrients.


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Product details
Home of Colour Silk Emulsion is a high quality emulsion creating a non-reflective finish, which is ideal for hiding minor marks and imperfections
- Colour: Brown
- Size: 2.5L
- Coverage (per litre): 12sq m
- Coverage per tin: 30sq m
- Effects and finish: Silk
- Usage: Walls and ceilings
- Suitable surfaces: Multi surface
- Number of coats recommended: 2
- Drying time: Touch dry in 2 hours
- Time to recoat: 4 hours
- Interior exterior usage: Suitable for interior use
- Coverage disclaimer: Coverage is dependent on the kind of surface being painted and should be used as a guide only
Home of Colour Pecan - Silk Emulsion Paint - 2.5L 783817
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Home of Colour Pecan - Silk Emulsion Paint - 2.5L
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Home of Colour Pecan - Silk Emulsion Paint - 2.5L is rated out of 5 by 2.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Anonymous from Great Paint Bought this paint for my daughters flat. Great paint great coverage, would recommend. five star.
Date published: 2010-08-05
Rated 1 out of 5 by Anonymous from Dried Colour Very Dark Having used the paint on a white wall to cut in first around the ceiling on one wall only, when viewed the following morning the dried colour is very much darker than the colour on the tin and in the paint brochure in store. It dries more of a LIGHT TERRACOTTA .make sure a tester pot is used as we did, but, we found the colour in the tester pot was ligher anyway. The swatch colour does not reflect the final dried paint result at all.
Date published: 2009-12-11


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Ali, a former International Cricket Council (ICC) match referee, replaced former Test captain Zaheer Abbas, who was sacked following last month's controversial England tour.
''I will tell the players to follow the Code of Conduct and respect the umpires,'' Ali told Reuters today.
''Even if there are some bad decisions leave it up to the management to handle these things.'' Critics have suggested weak management was one of the reasons the controversial Oval Test spiralled out of control.
Pakistan captain Inzamam-ul-Haq and his players refused to resume play after tea in the fourth Test in protest at a decision by umpires Darrell Hair and Billy Doctrove to penalise them five runs for ball tampering.
Inzamam faces an ICC disciplinary hearing on Sept. 27-28 in London.
''My job is to work closely with the players. To give them the right advice,'' Ali said.
''If there are any complaints over the umpiring the ICC has a laid down procedure to file reports.
''In my experience as a match referee, I know that it never pays to resent an umpire's decision. Players can vent their anger and anguish in the official reports -- not on the field.'' Ali went on to say that while Pakistan accepted the element of human error, it would take up poor umpiring decisions with the ICC through proper channels.
He would also try to introduce a culture of collective decisions within the team.
''Cricket is all about collective decisions and one has to draw a line somewhere where discipline is concerned,'' he said.
''But I don't foresee any problems with this team.''


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Santa Monica St. Patrick's Day PubCrawl - Saturday (3/15)
California Nightlife
Saturday, March 15, 2014 at 6:00 PM - Sunday, March 16, 2014 at 7:00 AM (PDT)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Check-in: 1pm - 9pm
CaliforniaNightlife.com Presents....
The Santa Monica St. Patrick's Day PubCrawl!
Time to put those shamrocks on and head out for the World Famous PubCrawl
Get Ready for some mind numbing drink specials at half dozen+ venues all along the Main Street!
Here are the Specials:
$3 Beers
1/2 Well Drinks Mixers
$5 Shots
Here is how it works:
1) Buy your ticket
2) Check-in at the Registration Bar
Circle Bar
2926 Main St
Santa Monica, CA 90405
Check In durring the following hours:
- Saturday 3.15 | 1:00 pm - 9:00 pm
- Monday 3.17 | 5:00 pm - 10:00 pm
(Do not be late, no exceptions, you must check-in by 9 on Saturday and by 10pm on Monday. The earlier you check in, the more drink specials you get to enjoy!)
3) At Registration, you will be given a map with the bar locations and when they're participating in the drink specials.
Here's the Pubcrawl Event Times:
Saturday 3.15 | 1pm - 2 am
Monday 3.17 | 5pm - 2 am
- Wear Green or get Booed!
- Must be 21+ to participate
- Do Not Drive - Take a cab, limo, walk, or arrange designated driver.
: | Full Disclaimer |:
Each venue must abide by Fire Marshall and capacity issues. In which case, you may not be able to enter a venue immediately. Ticket Holders will be giving priority in a timely manner when entering a club. Each venue may have private/reserved sections of the venue that are not accessible to Ticket holders. Venues may be replaced with other nightclubs. Call 24 hours ahead of time to confirm listed venues above. If you appear to be over intoxicated then the venue has the right to deny your entry.
Must be 21 years old to participate; valid State ID required. Advertised drink specials are subject to change and may vary at certain venues. 2 for 1 drinks means you get 2 drinks for the price of one. Actual drinks offered are at the venue's discretion, and are subject to change. Participating venues and advertised times are subject to change. We promote safety and urge all participants to drink responsibly. Participants must bring their Print At Home Ticket to the registration venue. Each venue may only participate in the drink specials for a 2 hour period. If a venue is at capacity then you may have to wait or proceed to another venue. Do not be late for registration. Prices are subject to change while supplies last.
::| All sales are final. No refunds or exchanges. We will give you credit for a future crawl if there is a death, act of God, or extreme illnesses that prevent you from attending.
When & Where
Circle Bar
2926 Main St
Santa Monica,
Saturday, March 15, 2014 at 6:00 PM - Sunday, March 16, 2014 at 7:00 AM (PDT)
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California Nightlife
Where the nights are champagne; always golden and sparkling. California Nightlife will help you find the best events for holidays such as the top New Year's Eve and Halloween Parties, the best shows, pub crawls, concerts, you name it. If it has to do with Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, California's other beautiful cities, possibly a quick trip to Las Vegas and more... You will find it here on CaliforniaNightlife.com.
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my husband just called me and his grandmother passed today as well, what a week for us .
Moms also like
About Carlene razo
Born: Springdale, Arkansas
Current: Springdale, Arkansas
Birth: April 29
On Moms.com since: Jun 8, 2014
I am 42 but am married to a wonderful man whom has never had the experience of being a father. I've had my tubes tied but have heard that there is still a chance of pregnancy.Is this true and what can I do
All Recent Carlene's Posts


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Pulsar Womens Watch - Bracelet - Crystals - Pink Gold Tone Accents - MOP Dial
This beautiful womens' Pulsar dress watch offers simple elegance with a brilliant white Mother of Pearl dial accented by crystals.
- Stainless steel case & bracelet
- Mineral crystal
- Mother of Pearl dial
- Crystal accents on dial and bezel
- 30 meters water resistant (100 feet)
- Case width of 28mm (approximately 1 3/4 in)
Princeton Watches is an Authorized Pulsar retailer, all Pulsar watches will include a 3 Year manufacturer's warranty.
In stock items ordered by 4pm Eastern time ship the same day.
All orders $50.00 or more qualify for FREE UPS Ground delivery. Watch orders $149.00 or more qualify for FREE UPS 2nd Day Air delivery. Please note that FREE 2nd Day Air Delivery does not apply to clocks.


text: PatrickCunningham (talk) 19:43, February 20, 2016 (UTC) A Motel is a hotel designed for users of SUVs and other cars. There are different types of motel, some good and some bad. Some are expensive, others are cheap. Retrieved from "http://liberapedia.wikia.com/wiki/Motel?oldid=100295" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Business Stubs Add category Cancel Save


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michael t foto Photographer
Angelina KarmaniModel Female Providence, Rhode Island, US
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/sarahkarmani
Mayhem # 1383235
About MeHello! Thank you for visiting my profile! My name is Angelina, I travel between Miami, New York and Chicago quite often, but I'm based out of Chicago. I'm a unique mix of Pakistani and Irish! ;) I am out going and freakishly hard working!! I would love to network with all types of photographers, clothing designers, models, make-up, wardrobe, and hair stylists. Unique and creative minds are much appreciated! I will only shoot with a photographer if I feel there's a mutal benefit. There are way too many people who can use a camera.
I am available for the following:
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Have you worked with Angelina Karmani? Add Credits for Angelina Karmani! >>
Credit NotesAmazing Photographers I've had the Pleasure to work with!
Mike Powers
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Viper City OG XIII
Moxie Seeds
Product Details
We took our house O.G. and back crossed it with the original female to get a more stable Lemon-leaning plant. ̴Ì_Less purple than its father, VCOG XIII will produce the same proportions of yield and resin production. ̴Ì_The flavour leans more towards a spicy incense and is easier to grow than the predecessor. ̴Ì_For growers looking for a strong strain with great resistance to moulds and pests, look no further. ̴Ì_Put her outdoors to see massive trees that finish relatively early. ̴Ì_The buds are dense like rocks and dripping with resin. ̴Ì_This plant makes excellent water hash.
Indica Dom
60-65 Days
Indoor & Outdoor
Viper City O.G x Lemon O.G.
Yield - High


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David Bamber
AGE RANGE: 50s | ACCENT: Northern, RP Standard
Artist information
An intelligent and respected actor with an extensive career in Theatre, TV and Film. Rich, warm, familiar and friendly and articulate delivery with great range and fabulous comedy timing and characters. Whether strong end-lines or weird and wonderful characters David is your man! His recent TV includes 'Victoria' for ITV and Julia Davis' new comedy 'Camping' Though he's most famous for his roles in BBC's 'Pride and Prejudice' and of course Marcus Tullius Cicero in the HBO/BBC series.
Here is a link to his brilliant showreel http://media.spotlight.com/metadata/videoforpublication?artistRef=M832&pub=1&isIntro=false&artistName=%22DAVID+BAMBER%22
Recent credits include:
One Crazy Thing


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With First Tutors: Music you can locate a Dingwall trombone teacher. Trombone tuition are a great method to learn a fun new hobby, pick up a new talent and attain confidence with trombone. Please use our site to search for Dingwall trombone teachers and determine which best suits your needs so you can begin your trombone tuition in Dingwall today!
First Tutors: Music is the best way to contact Dingwall trombone tutors in the UK, helping you discover Dingwall trombone lessons close to you and Dingwall teachers to assist with any instrument such as piano, violin or guitar. We can help you find Dingwall trombone tuition or a one-to-one Dingwall trombone tutor to prepare for trombone exams and improve your trombone skills! Our search will order Dingwall trombone tutors near you according to their lesson prices and proximity to you.
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Liquid Stranger vs. Run DMC - Crush Groovin' [Dubhop] (Free Download) MP3
PLEASE READ*** MistaBazzHeadUK Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/MistaBazzHeadUK/269868963059213?sk=wall Love the fusion of the ...
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Its Tricky- RUN DMC MP3
FOLLOW MY NEW INSTAGRAM @markacuu.
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Check out the Run DMC Top Tracks Playlist here: http://smarturl.it/RunDMCplaylist?IQid=yt.tc The home of Top Compilations. The best in new compilations from ...
Run D.M.C - Rock Box MP3
run dmc - rock box.
Colt Ford - Ride On, Ride Out (Feat. Run Dmc) MP3
Download this track from: http://justmp3music.com/mp3/Colt-Ford---Ride-On,-Ride-Out-_Feat.-Run-Dmc_/ Just play the intro but dont start until right after he says ...
House of DMC - Jump Around My Adidas MP3
I used the Pete Rock remix of Jump Around by House of Pain with My Adidas by Run DMC. mp3 download link ...
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Run–D.M.C. Album: Run–D.M.C. 1984.
It's Tricky by Run DMC Lyrics MP3
Lyrics to It's Tricky by Run DMC. I do not own this song. Click the link to go to my channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/sparkleglimmer2000.
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A fine piece of oldschool rap, taken from "The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience"
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Run D M C Run Dmc Walk This Way mp3 MP3
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RUN-DMC - Sucker MC's MP3
Music video by RUN-DMC performing Sucker MC's. (C) 1984 Arista Records, Inc.
RUN DMC vs PSY - Gangnam Style (Dj MESTA Club Mash) MP3
Mp3 download: http://alturl.com/b3hox Soundcloud: http://snd.sc/OD2q5w Booking: [email protected] www.djmesta.com.


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The Great British Gender Bender 2Favorites [+]
Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
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Running Time: 102 minutes
Released: 07/2009
Studio Name: XXX Brits Productions
Series: The Great British Gender Bender
Director: Johnny Rebel
Categories: Shemale Euro Transsexual International All Sex British
Description: This is the second installment to the series "The Great British Gender Bender". Darnell is back with three shemales that are just waiting for his black cock to suck on and fuck them. The first scene is a foursome with even a female in the mix and she fucks using her strap-on. Next a threesome with two gender benders and there's plenty of double blowjobs. The last scene is another threesome and he fucks both shemales and a tranny fucks another tranny.
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Settings: Bedroom
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text:
The Rainbow Serpent (Australian Children's Classics)
A timeless classic from the Dreamtime. there are innumerable names and stories associated with the Rainbow Serpent, all of which communicate the significance of this being within Aboriginal traditions. Dreamtime stories tell how the Rainbow Serpent came from beneath the ground and created huge ridges, mountains and gorges as it pushed upward. the name also reflects the snake-like meandering of water across a landscape and the color spectrum sometimes caused by sunlight hitting the water. Paintings of the Rainbow Serpent first appeared in Arnhem Land rock art more than 6000 years ago, and perhaps as early as 8000 years before the present, as the seas rose after the last Ice Age. today the Rainbow Serpent is associated with ceremonies about fertility and abundance, as well as the organisation of the community and the keeping of peace.
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text:
Team Arsenal, the AYSO Region 1046 Gold U14 Boys soccer team, won the Crossroads Cup Soccer Tournament, held Feb. 10-12 in Gilbert.
The team, made up of boys from Ahwatukee, Chandler and Tempe, took first place in its division, beating out four other teams from around Arizona.
For more information about AYSO soccer or the Gold program, visit www.ayso1046.com. AYSO Gold is Region 1046's Extra Play/Select Team program.


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If an item you ordered from TextbookRush does not meet your expectations due to an error on our part, simply fill out a return request and then return it by mail within 30 days of ordering it for a full refund of item cost.
Learn more about our returns policy
Description: The one book your family needs to understand the world of art. A beautiful, unusual and engaging compendium of art history, providing an accessible entree into the world of art for everyone, regardless of their experience. From cave paintings to the Renaissance, Impressionism to Pop Art, The Collins Big Book of Art takes you on a journey through the history of art in a delightful and informative way. With more than 1200 works of art represented, this is both a coffee- table book and an educational experience; cross-referenced throughout, and including the following sections and features: A Chronology spans the history of art, step by step, from 38,000 BC to the present. Pieces from around the world are juxtaposed to place them in historical context. Each is labelled with date, country, title, artist, materials, size and current location. In addition, each piece of art is tied to its movement and key themes, which are pursued in greater detail in the other sections of the book. Turning Points, interspersed throughout the chronology, delve into both the major artistic movements and highlight the technical breakthroughs which changed how artists of the time worked, and affected how they saw the world. For example, the glass lens allowed more lifelike portraiture in the early Renaissance, the ability to put paint into tubes gave the Impressionists the freedom to work outdoors, and Freud's work in psychoanalysis had a major impact on Surrealism. The second part of the book explores enduring Themes of art, taking a subject and showing how artists through the ages have depicted it. Various approaches to portraits and landscapes, allegory and religion, still life and abstraction are compared and contrasted, using carefully selected images to illuminate each point made. In addition, an extensive Reference section allows the reader to access information in numerous ways; the multiple indices include a glossary of terms, artists registry, index of museums, and more. With easy navigation and an engaging presentation of the material, The Collins Big Book of Art will inform, inspire, and entertain art enthusiasts at any level of understanding and appreciation.
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text: Time for another patented Belegthalion rant. I love the game, and love the extended gameplay and challenges that multiplayer gives me. Nothing is more fun than exploring all of the nooks and crannies, and finding the cool easter eggs that the developers have taken the time to put in the game. How cool is an actual haunted ghost town? Major points to the developers!! The thing that I have noticed however, is that I'll be goofing off in public free roam, especially when I'm soloing gang hideouts for quick xp, and people will jump in at random and help me out. Normally I love this kind of cooperation, better xp and fun for everyone. I've made some friends in game with this very tactic. Voice chat, however, is a dead giveaway that YOU ARE A TWELVE YEAR OLD KID!! To give a quote "Yeah, he's in the fifth grade or something, I only game with him cause he's really good and gets me a lot of experience.". This is from an eleven year old. This is the same kid that said of my native american character "Look, that guy is half black!". I'm no puritan, and really don't care how fucked up your kids are, but really. Letting your kids play almost any Rockstar game is insane. Way to go parents!!!


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Style 2994; ©1970; Misses' Blouses: Blouse with lowered neckline has ribbon thru casing tying at front, raglan sleeves have shirring at lower edges and at waistline. View A and B have long sleeves. View C and D have short sleeves. View B and D have braid trim.
Links to reviews/blog postsEdit
Add a photo to the gallery by clicking the "modify" button below.
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My God is Awesome, He can move mountains! The REMIX -Charles Jenkins - Updated w/Captions June 2014 MP3
UPDATED WITH CAPTIONS - enable to view lyrics Keep Praising, Keep Worshiping the King of kings!!! And Walk Unashamed!! Romans 1:16, Remember ".
My God is Awesome - Charles Jenkins MP3
Vocal : Pr.Charles Jenkins My God is awesome, He can move mountains Keep me in the valley, hide me from the rain My God is awesome, heals me when I'm ...
My God is Awesome Charles Jenkins (Remix) Lyrics MP3
I searched youtube and found that there were no lyrics to the remix of this song. So I took it upon myself to make one, hope you enjoy :) P.S. I DO NOT OWN THE ...
Charles Jenkins AWESOME REMIX ft. Jessica Reedy, Isaac Carree, Da' T.R.U.T.H. & @CantonJones MP3
Charles Jenkins and Canton Jones team up to do a REMIX to the chart topping song "AWESOME!" Jessica Reedy, Isaac Carree, and Da Truth joins them as ...
Pastor Charles Jenkins & Fellowship Chicago - Awesome MP3
Music video by Pastor Charles Jenkins & Fellowship Chicago performing Awesome. (P) (C) 2012 Inspired People Music. All rights reserved. Unauthorized ...
My God Is Awesome (Remix) - CGBC Silent Expressions MP3
CGBC Silent Expressions Mime Ministry April 26, 2015 My God Is Awesome - Charles Jenkins Located in Athens, Georgia.
My God is awesome remix MP3
Charles Jenkins, Ike Nice, Jessica Reedy, Da Truth, and Canton Jones.
Awesome (My God is) MP3
My God is Awesome, He can move mountains, Keep me in the valley, Hide me from the rain.
LWF praise dance- My God is Awesome, Charles Jenkins Remix featuring canton jones MP3
modern up to date praise and worship.
Gifted 2 Mime (G2M) - Charles Jenkins "My God Is Awesome REMIX" Mime Dance MUST SEE!!! MP3
Gifted 2 Mime ministering to Charles Jenkins - "My God Is Awesome REMIX" at Immanuel Christian Center, Hinesville, GA. For booking: ...
My God is awesome- FAI KIDS ( Charles Jenkins) MP3
This song is originally sung by Charles Jenkins- Redone by Faith Assembly International's Kids department- Directed by Israel Bachew Video by- FAI Media ...
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jesuschristmusic1231 is on YouTube.
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Willie Moore Jr. has been getting a influx of artist wanted him to review there albums. Willie's first review is KINGDOM BUSINESS 4 AVAILABLE ON ITUNES.
Our God is an Awesome God! MP3
Beautiful song with lovely photos. I'm 10 so please excuse me for the spelling mistakes :) ^10 when I made this...now older and knows how to spell 'heaven'.
Awesome God- R-Swift MP3
From "Anthem" available on iTunes and crossmovementrecords.com.
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Michael W Smith - Awesome God MP3
Michael W Smith http://creation.com/qa#faqs.


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Cleaning linen the old-fashioned way: Urine, sour milk and elbow grease!
If you thought doing laundry was a chore, we've got some fascinating historical facts about how people cared for linen before modern washing machines and Persil made an appearance. Linenbeauty.com met with textile historian and museums officer Emma O'Connor, of Sussex Past, a charity which runs several historic sites in Sussex, England, and learned some pretty eye-opening things about caring for linens the old-school way. Here's what she told us:


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Welcome to BariatricPal Store!
Calcium deficiency is often an issue after several forms of weight loss surgery. The nutrition experts at Bariatric Advantage have been meeting the micronutrient needs of weight loss surgery patients for over a decade and offer several products to combat this problem. To make their versatile calcium crystals, the nutrition experts at Bariatric Advantage combine calcium gluconate and calcium lactate. This combination, known as calcium lactate-gluconate, is one of the most soluble and bio-available forms of calcium on the market.
This process yields an incredible powder that combines high solubility and neutral taste to easily blend with a wide variety of drinks and foods to help you get the calcium your body needs every day.
Key Features of Bariatric Advantage Calcium Crystals with Vitamin D:
Bariatric Advantage's Calcium Crystals are a unique form of calcium that dissolves readily in water and most other liquids leaving minimal taste. This form, Calcium Lactate-Gluconate, has a bioavailability comparable to Calcium Citrate, but is neutral pH and has very high solubility in water making it perfect for a drink mix. In addition, each serving of Calcium Crystal contains a full 500IU of vitamin D3 to support bone health. You can add this delicious product to plain water or another drink of your choice as an easy and effective way to meet your daily needs for calcium and vitamin D. Calcium Crystals (unflavored) are available in a Tub of 60 servings, or bag of 25 individually wrapped on the go stick packs.
Serving: 1 Individually Wrapped Packet
Daily Dose: 2 Single Serving Packets
Note: Store in a cool, dry place.


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Dream. Dare. Do – that is Suyati's work principle in a nutshell.
At Suyati, we know how to play the role of the host to perfection. Here's how we spoilt our guests – Matt, Frank and Paul from Author Solutions LLC, when they visited Suyati. Do click on the photos below to read the naughty captions!
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Consumer and Innovation Trends in Fragrances 2014
Summary As consumer trends drive innovation and purchase behavior it is increasingly vital to understand how to shape products to best meet them. This brief outlines the most important consumer and product trends impacting the fragrances category globally, using Canadean's TrendSights mega-trend framework as a basis to organize the key themes covered. Synopsis - Consumer insight analysis covering 25 countries globally highlights the key attitudes and behaviors driving consumers' purchase of fragrance products. - Case studies and numerous product examples throughout the brief showcase best-in-class innovations in fragrance products from across the globe. - Key considerations and potential opportunities have been identified based on consumer preferences and recent product innovations in this category. Reasons To Buy - How do Canadean's mega-trends apply specifically to fragrances? How is this likely to evolve over the next few years? - Where is innovation occurring in fragrances and what does it look like? - Going forward, what are some of the potential opportunities and key considerations for fragrance manufacturers? Key Highlights The continued trend towards multifunctional and multi-benefit products within beauty is also driving fragrance product innovation as consumers seek offerings that are more convenient and represent better value for money, leading to the incorporation of a wider range of beauty functions that go beyond the core olfactory benefits. As brands seek to differentiate themselves, and consumers search for more exciting sensory experiences, there is greater innovation into products that can deliver on a complete sensory journey, engaging consumers' sense of taste alongside smell through the use of food and beverages within product formulations.


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Tourist Directory > Attractions
Raffles Hotel
Address:1 Beach Road, Singapore 189673
Getting there:Take the train to City Hall MRT Station and simply cross the road to our world renowned Raffles Hotel. Or consider taking a bus. Numbers 16, 32, 33, 36, 51, 63, 80, 111, 124, 130, 131, 133, 145, 147, 162, 166, 174, 175, 195 or 197.
Contact:(+65) 6412 1250
Description: Raffles Hotels & Resorts epitomizes enchanting experiences, embodying global sophistication and residential charm. Each is exclusive, intimate with a distinctive sense of place, imbued with heartfelt service that is intuitive and unobtrusive 'like a gentle breeze'. Creating sensory journeys and captivating discoveries, Raffles is where guests arrive as residents, leave as friends and return as family. Today, the Raffles name spans across the globe from exotic destinations to vibrant cities. Rated as among the best in the world, its hotels and resorts are often described as one of a kind and not one in a line and are elevated as legends and landmarks, beyond mere hotels and resorts.
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