text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 3, 2002
|Filing date
|May 10, 2000
|Priority date
|May 10, 2000
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Juan Manuel Cruz-Hernandez, Vincent Hayward
|Original Assignee
|Juan Manuel Cruz-Hernandez, Vincent Hayward
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (36), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (103), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to an electro-mechanical transducer for tactile stimulation and for tactile sensing. The invention as a tactile display or sensor is suited for use as a computer peripheral or any device requiring the presentation or reception of tactile sensations to or by a user including rehabilitation treatments. Specific embodiments also have applications as a micro-actuator for conveying objects.
Devices have been built in the past to relay tactile information to a subject by mechanical stimulation distributed over a significant area of the skin, usually at the fingertip pad. Such display devices have almost exclusively relied on actuated arrays of raised pins called hereafter "indentation" devices. For example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,992, Petersen discloses an apparatus which combines electromagnetic transducers and cam transmissions to raise and lower pins under computer control.
Other modes of actuation have been applied to accomplish similar purposes. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,251, Gilkes and Cowens describe the application of polar organic gels to create computer controllable raised dots patterns. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,222,895, Fricke discloses a method to use electrorheological fluids to cause raised dots to appear on a flexible surface. A similar arrangement appears in U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,174, to Garner.
Piezo ceramics have also shown great utility in achieving similar purposes e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,350 to Tretiakoff and Tretiakoff and U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,165 to Tiesmans and Zeehuisen which combines piezo ceramics with actuating cantilever reeds in a Braille cell.
Electromagnetic means are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,586,904 to Chlumsky and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,984,708 to Holmlund and Alden, as well as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,191,945 to Hannen and Charlesworth and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,478 to Renzi.
Recently, shape memory alloy actuators have attracted attention for similar purposes, as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,165,897 by Johnson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,685,721 by Decker, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,588 by Tretiakoff and Tretiakoff.
These indentation devices create sufficiently loud tactile sensations for relatively large amounts of indentation. A common design specification for such prior art devices is that they provide a quasi-static indenting displacement of the order of one millimeter of vertical displacement.
Another type of display takes advantage of vibrotactile stimulation. With this technique, an array of tactile active sites stimulates a portion of the skin using an array of contactors vibrating at a fixed frequency. This frequency is selected so as to maximize the loudness of the sensation (200-300 Hz). Tactile images are associated, not with the quasi-static depth of indentation, but the amplitude of the vibration. The Optacon™ device is one of the most well know example. Such units, however, also, rely upon indentation to provide a tactile sensation.
Finally a somewhat different principle is disclosed by Asano et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,849 to display tactile information by causing standing and traveling waves in a medium. Nevertheless, the medium itself is displaced vertically and provides an indentation stimulation, albeit a laterally displacing indentation stimulation.
To date, most tactile displays rely on skin indentation effected by a collection of controllable raised pins, hence the term shape displays. Thus static indentation is used as the most common mechanism to create tactile displays.
As referenced earlier, a further kind of tactile sensation can be provided, often referred to as "vibrotactile". When a contactor applies a vibratory signal to the skin at a frequency, which may range from a few Hertz to a few kilohertz, a perception is derived which may be described as "buzzing". Under certain conditions, a dense collection of vibrotactile stimulation sites may provide the sensation of a tactile image. This is principle on which vibrotactile displays operate. Vibrotactile stimulation may also be of impulsive nature.
Nearly all previous tactile display devices to date have relied on skin indentation as opposed to skin stretch to effect sensations. This present invention relies upon the lateral displacement of the skin to create tactile sensations either of shape type or of vibrotactile type. This allows new forms of transducers of convenient size and structure to be employed.
The invention in its general form will first be described, and then its implementation in terms of specific embodiments will be detailed with reference to the drawings following hereafter. These embodiments are intended to demonstrate the principle of the invention, and the manner of its implementation. The invention in its broadest and more specific forms will then be further described, and defined, in each of the individual claims which conclude this Specification.
According to one aspect of the invention a basic electromechanical transducer is provided which comprises in one optional simple form, at least one contactor having a contacting tip which is coupled to an associated transducer which serves as a sensor or actuation means to sense or effect lateral displacement of the contacting tip. With a sensate contacted object positioned at the contacting tip of the contactor, lateral displacement of the contacting tip by the contact actuation means will produce a tactile sensation on the sensate object. The effect of the invention is to provide a tactile sensation through the imposition of a stretching or compressing force on the skin (hereafter "skin stretch"). Thus tactile sensations are effected through a lateral displacement of portions of the skin or surface of the sensing object.
Preferably, two or more contactors are provided, particularly for tactile stimulators. Tactile display may be limited to a single location stimulated by a pair of contactors or may be provided by a tactile array: a packed array with the individual contactors being driven by a corresponding array of contactor actuators—a driving array. By providing for discrete control over individual actuators in the driving array, a variety of motions for various contactors can be provided, resulting in elaborate tactile sensations.
The contacting tips of an array of contactors may be presented in planar alignment or may be shaped in other than a planar alignment. When supported by a pre-formed substrate, these tips may conform to a shape that is ergometrically efficient or which enhances the coupling of the tips with the contacting object, usually the finger pad.
Contactors may be connected to actuators or sensors by couplings which mechanically amplify the displacements produced by the actuators or delivered to the sensors. A variety of devices may be employed as motive sources, including piezo-electric actuators, magnetostrictive actuators, electrostatic actuators, electroactive contractile or electrostriction polymers actuators (e.g. in electron irradiated P(VDF-TrFE) copolymers), heat expansion actuators, variable magnetic reluctance actuators, Lorentz effect actuators, fluid based actuators using cylinders or bladders, and other equivalently acting actuators. Recent developments in thin-film (sol-gel) piezo-electric devices which allow low voltage operation at, e.g. 5-20 volts, are particularly suited for use with the invention. The actuators may provide displacements in any direction so long as these are converted to lateral motion at the contacting tips of the skin contactors.
Many of the same elements will also serve as sensors.
The invention is equally effective at providing for tactile sensing arrays since most actuators can operates as a two way transducer and can be applied as part of a tactile sensing array. By insertion of appropriate filters between the sensing array and the display array selected features of the tactile signal may be enhanced: a tactile microscope so-to-speak.
Thus, the invention in one aspect provides a tactile transducer comprising at least one pair of adjacent contactors, each contactor having a contacting tip separated by a gap from the adjacent contacting tip, said contactor pair being coupled to transducer means to effect or sense relative displacement of said contactors and associated variation of the lateral gap distance between said contacting tips.
The transducer may be in the form of a linear array of transducers wherein multiple transducers define a sequence of gap distances between consecutive contactor tips, said contactor pairs being coupled to a multiple number of transducer means to effect or sense the variations in the inter-tip gap distances in said sequence of gap distances. optionally, adjacent contactors are coupled to individual, shared transducer means.
The invention may also be in the form of a transducer interspersed sets of linear transducer arrays defining an area array which includes gap areas, each gap area being surrounded by contactor tips, said contactors being coupled to said transducer means to effect or sense variations of gap areas.
A particular area array incorporates three interspersed sets of linear transducer arrays defining an array of gap areas surrounded by triplets of contactor tips carried by respective contactors, each triplet of contactors being coupled to transducer means to effect or sense variations of gap areas.
Advantageously, contactors may be mounted to associated transducer means so as to mechanically amplify the effect of the lateral displacement of the contactor tips on the transducer means. Further the gap, the gap distances, or the gap areas between contactor tips may be occupied by flexible, resilient, elastic material.
Preferrably, the transducer means operate on the basis of a piezo-electric effect.
The invention also provides a method of creating a tactile display across a plurality of contactors, each contactor having respective contactor tips separated by gaps that are actuable by actuation means, comprising operation of the actuation means to cause the contactor to be laterally displaced in relation to one another, placing a sensate object against said contactor tips to create tactile sensations. such tactile sensations being caused by varying gap distance or the gap distances, or the gap areas between the contactor tips.
In this method as in claim 9 wherein the contactor tips may be actuable by shared actuation means. Further, the gaps may be varied in size as a result of amplified transverse movements of the contactor tips in response to longitudinal movement of the actuation means.
The foregoing summarizes the principal features of the invention and some of its optional aspects. The invention may be further understood by the description of the preferred embodiments, in conjunction with the drawings, which now follow.
FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of tactile stimulation created by lateral displacement of the teeth on a comb.
FIG. 2A is a schematic face view of a finger being tactically stimulated by a basic, paired-contactor tactile transducer, according to the invention.
FIG. 2B is a side view of the transducer of FIG. 2A contained within a cross-sectioned, enveloping, outer covering.
FIG. 2C is an alternate embodiment of a basic tactile transducer employing two bi-morph piezo-electric actuators.
FIG. 2D is a side view of the transducer of FIG. 2C with a spring loading feature within a cross-sectioned enveloping outer covering.
FIG. 2E is a side view of the transducer of FIG. 2D associated with a data input depressible platform.
FIG. 2EE is a detail of a variant of FIG. 2E with the transducer flexibly mounted to the platform.
FIG. 2F is pictorial, exterior representational view of the combined input-display device of FIG. 2D.
FIG. 3A is a schematic side view of an electro-mechanical transducer incorporating a multiple, linear contactor array and multiple piezo-electric actuators.
FIG. 3B is a detail side view of the contactors of FIG. 3A incorporating motion-limiting damping and protective elastic blocks.
FIG. 3C depicts the effect of the action of one actuator on the position of neighbouring contactors of FIG. 3A.
FIG. 3D depicts the effect of a spatially scheduled activation pattern on a set of consecutive actuators of FIG. 3A that are of increasing height.
FIG. 3E depicts a mode of construction of an alternate linear array whereby the contactor array is cut out of a single part with flexural sections.
FIG. 4A is a plan view of a surface or area transducer depicting actuators positioned in a square grid to effect lateral x and y displacements of the contactors.
FIG. 4B is a plan view of an alternate embodiment of the transducer with the actuators and the rods organized along a triangulated grid instead of a square grid.
FIG. 5A is a pictorial, oblique view of the array of FIG. 4A.
FIG. 5B is a pictorial view depicting an alternate mode of construction of a surface display array employing a flexible membrane and contactor mounting stumps.
FIG. 5C is a plan view of the array of FIG. 5B which clarifies the geometrical relationships of the features of the membrane of FIG. 5B.
FIG. 5D is a pictorial view of the array of FIG. 5A contained in a protective box.
FIG. 5E is an alternate mode of construction of the contactor array wherein multiple contactors are, for portions or all of the array made of one single part.
FIG. 5F is a top view of the device in FIG. 5E to clarify its geometry.
FIG. 5G is a pictorial view of a variant of FIG. 5E wherein the transducers are sensors which are reduced in height.
FIG. 5H is an alternate embodiment of the device of FIG. 5A that employs actuators shaped to also serve as contactors in providing a tactile display.
FIG. 5I is a top view of the device in FIG. 5H to clarify its geometry.
The invention disclosed here relies on a different principle from that of indentation stimulation to create tactile displays, being the stimulation of the skin through surface strain patterns. To illustrate this, the reader may perform a simple experiment with the aid of an ordinary plastic comb 100.
The comb 100 is held so that the line of fine pitched teeth 101 contacts the tip of the index finger 8 along its length, as in FIG. 1. At rest, the individual teeth 101 cannot be sensorally distinguished apart, creating the sensation of a continuous edge. When the teeth 101 are stroked gently back and forth at the mid-point of their length, as by a stick or pen 102 held in the other hand, the resulting sensation in the finger 8 is that of an "embossing" running back and forth under the finger 8 even though the finger 8 remains stationary with respect to the comb 100.
The motion of each individual tooth 101 is minuscule, of the order of a few micrometers and yet the resulting sensation is very present and "loud". It is also important to notice that the same experiment performed with the coarse pitched side of the comb 100 is not nearly as convincing.
This experiment demonstrates that the human tactile sensory apparatus can be very sensitive to small displacements of the skin under the condition that the mechanical stimuli cause "skin stretch" that is, surface strain.
Moreover, vibrotactile sensations are equally well provided when the vibrating skin contactors oscillate laterally with respect to the skin as when they oscillate in a normal direction, as well as in any other direction. This is due to the ability of the skin, because of its visco-elastic properties, to track rapid movements in any direction.
A simple realization of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 2A as an embodiment designed to cause punctuate stimulation. Skin contacting rods 1, held in a tuning fork-like configuration by elastic, thin bridging arc sections 2, 3, 4, are mechanically displaced laterally by the expanding and contracting movements of an actuator 5.
Preferably operating on piezoelectric effect, the actuator is bonded at its ends 6, 7 to the root of the tuning fork-like configuration. The tip extremities 1 a of the rods 1 in contact with the skin of finger 8 define a varying gap 9. Displacement of the tips 11 in opposite directions, towards and away from each other, imposes stretch and compression forces on the skin. With the actuator 5 driven by a controlled activation means 10, this mechanism is capable of providing a loud tactile stimulus for a small relative displacement of the contactors, e.g. on the order of a few tens of micrometers. While this device is illustrated using a piezo-ceramic actuator, a variety of actuating devices as referenced above, or other equivalently acting actuators could also be employed.
In FIG. 2B, the same realization as FIG. 2A is shown encased in a elastomeric protective skin or cover 11 for inclusion in a device intended for contact with human subjects. The portion 12 of the cover 11 bridging the gap 9 may be of thin cross-section and flexible to facilitate the movements of tuning fork-like contactors 1.
In FIG. 2C, an alternate realization of the invention is shown employing two bimorph piezo-electric actuators 20 and 21. As is well known, bimorph actuators are made of two bonded piezo-electric blades 22 and 23. The actuators are electrically and mechanically coupled by a conductive part 24. Both actuators are electrically activated by a common activation means 10. These actuators upon activation undergo bending deformation. With suitable polarization, the actuators will cause the skin contactors 25 and 26 to move with respect to each other, preferably in opposed directions, thereby causing lateral stretch to skin in contact.
FIG. 2D is a side view of the invention in FIG. 2C. This embodiment can also provide a single-point or "punctual" tactile sensation. While the presence of two skin contactors 25,26 is contemplated in FIG. 2D, the use of only one contactor 26 would still create a tactile sensation, as would also occur in FIG. 2A. However, by using a pair of contactors that have tips which move in opposite directions, a "louder" tactile sensation may be created.
An important feature in the configuration of FIG. 2D is spring 28 designed to cause a bias force, of the order of 0.1 N, to be applied to the skin. This bias spring 28 is depicted as a flexural member, but could be realized in any of many different ways that effectively decouple a substantial portion of the tactile stimulation from the pressure applied by the user.
The use of such force-biasing means 28 may be adapted for all embodiments of the invention disclosed herein, whether it is in a punctuate, line, or surface display.
The protective cover 27 has an aperture 29 to let contactors 26 and 25 protrude slightly from the upper plate 30 on which the finger 8 rests, and to permit contactors 26 and 25 to move freely to effect lateral skin stretch.
FIG. 2E shows the invention of FIG. 2D with finger 8 in contact with the contactors 26 and 25 (not seen). However the protective cover 27 of FIG. 2D is now in the form of a separate plate. This top plate 32 is coupled to the base 31 of the cover 27 by means of elastic couplings 33 and 34 which permit relative movements of about 1 mm to occur between parts 31 and 32 in response to a user's finger action. The spring or biasing means 28 may be mounted on the base 31 or on the underside of the top plate 32 as an alternate biasing means 28A—see detail FIG. 2EE. Small motions are permitted in all three x, y, z directions. The slight force applied to the finger by contactors 26 and 25 is kept at a substantially constant level by the resilient biasing means 28A. By this arrangement the movement of the contactors 26,25 is not impeded by the small relative movements of the top plate 32.
The small motions of the plate 32, in three directions, are measured by displacement measurement means 35. The relative displacement between the two parts 31 and 32 in the z direction is symbolically represented by the double arrow 36.
FIG. 2F shows a perspective view of the invention of FIG. 2E, not showing the user's finger so that aperture 29 and contactors 25 and 26 can be clearly seen. The upper plate 32 is permitted small relative elastic movements in all three directions X, Y, and Z. This is symbolically represented by the coordinate frame 37. The small movements measured by measurement means 35 of FIG. 2E are sent in numerical or analog form via data link 39 to a tactile stimulus generator processor 42 containing a combination of analog, digital, and/or computational circuits. The tactile stimulus generator processor 42 produces signals transmitted over data link 38 in analog or digital form to the tactile display device more fully depicted in FIG. 2E so that tactile stimulation may be experienced by the user as a result of the small movements of plate 31 with respect to case 27.
An example of the manner the tactile stimulus generator may operate is briefly described now. The small movements in the X and Y direction, considered to be signals dependent on time X′(t) and Y′(t), are processed by an substantial approximation of the mathematical operation of integration over time. The small movements in the Z directions are also measured and transduced in a signal Z(t). One example of the use of signal Z(t) is to apply it to modulate the gain of the integrators processing the signals X′(t) and Y′(t). A particularly simple yet useful case is to simply let the gain of the integrators be zero when Z(t) is under a threshold and have some finite value when Z(t) is higher than a larger threshold. Another example of the use of signal Z(t) is to let a user specify an event whenever Z(t) exceeds yet another higher threshold.
The resulting signals X(t) and Y(t) may be considered to represent the position or displacement of a cursor in a space which may be represented tactually, visually and/or audibly. Since in the context of this invention the audio and visual aspects are optional, or even purposefully omitted, these optional aspects are symbolically represented by the data link 41 only. The signal X(t), Y(t), along with Z(t), may then be considered to be data supplied by a user. While being produced, these signals are used to generate tactile stimuli which correspond to different events about the signals X(t), Y(t), and Z(t).
For example a rapid sequences of impulses or "taps" generated by the contactors 25,26 may be felt by the user with a frequency related to the velocity of an invisible cursor. As another example, whenever the cursor crosses predefined boundaries in the space, specific tap sequences originating from the contactors 25,26 may be experienced by the user. Whenever the Z(t) exceeds the event signalling threshold, yet another specific tap sequence may be experienced by the user. Thus the invention can provide a highly versatile interactive tactile display that depends on input from the user.
While an actuator of the form shown in FIG. 2C has been depicted in the FIGS. 2D-2F, a different form of actuator, as for example that of FIG. 2A, may also be employed in this application.
A one dimensional or linear array of tactile stimulators according to the invention is showed in FIG. 3A forming a line display. The contactors 50 are made of stiff vertical rods or tubes. They can be made of light metallic alloys or stiff materials such as carbon fiber composites. The diameter of these rods 50 may be of the order of one millimeter. These rods 50 are closely packed so as to be separated from each other by a gap distance comparable to their diameters. Their cross section can be circular, square or of any other convenient shape. They can optionally be swaged at one end with the small end presenting the contacting tip 75 that is in contact with the skin.
These rods 50 may be collectively bonded through a flexible, resilient bonding layer 51 to an array of actuators 52 which also have the shape of rods, optionally of similar size and shape, and which are arranged according to a similar pattern. The bonding layer 51 is preferably electrically conductive to provide a common, electrical ground plane over the ends of the actuators 52.
The piezo-electric actuators 52 operate by extending or contracting in response to signals from activation means 53 using a multiplexing technique further described below. One essential aspect of the invention is the manner in which the actuators 52 cause the movement of the rods 50. It is not essential, in the intended uses of the transducer, to control the movement of each contactor tip individually and apart from its neighbours. Instead each rod may be actuated in relationship to its immediate neighbours so that gap distances may be changed in response to the activation of the actuators. This may be achieved by allowing each actuator 52 to be straddled by at least two rods 50 and therefore influencing at least two contactor tips 75 simultaneously. Optionally, as shown further below more than two rods 50 may be actuated by each actuator 52.
The benefits of these arrangements include improved structural strength in a miniature device, and the ability to take advantage of strain-based actuating effects such as piezoelectric actuation or shape memory alloy actuation through mechanical amplification. Such strain-based actuators typically exhibit small relative strains (less than 0.05% for piezoelectric actuation and less than 8% for present shape memory alloys) and consequently must normally be used in significant lengths. With the arrangement described, close packed actuator arrays may be realized. A preferred method of actuation is by the piezo-electric effect.
More specifically, these actuators 52 may be made of sandwiched piezo-ceramics operating in the d31 mode. Alternatively, they can be realized as stacked piezo-actuators operating in the dll mode. The dll mode piezoelectric effect corresponds to creating a field across a slab of piezoelectric material and observing a strain along the same direction. The preferred configuration for the actuators 52 is that their diameters are like that of the contactor rods 50, being typically of the order of one millimeter or less. Electrical activation is effected by applying a difference of electric potential between each end of an actuator 52 so that the contraction and extension of these actuators 52 is preferably of the order of 10 micrometers.
It must be noted that other types of miniature actuators may be considered as referenced above, but piezo-ceramic actuators 52 possess the preferred properties of stiffness and high bandwidth of motion.
The actuators 52 are bonded at their base ends 54 to a third array of electrical pads 72 conveniently realized by means of a printed circuit board 55 so each actuator 52 can be individually activated. A multiplexing technique permits a plurality of actuators 52 to be activated by a single activation means 53. During short consecutive time periods, electronically controlled switches 56 are sequentially and cyclically closed so that activation means 53 may charge individual capacitors 57 designed to maintain a given activation level until they are refreshed at each cycle. With proper signal synchronization, a plurality of inter-contactor gap distances 58 can be controlled at high rate.
In FIG. 3B, a similar device is shown with elastomeric material 59 partially filling the inter-contactor gaps 58 at the tip ends of the contactors to provide a continuous surface exposed to the skin and to buffer the displacement of the contactors 50.
In FIG. 3C, a similar array of five actuators 52 and four rods 50 is shown in an actuated state. Actuator 52A is activated so as to extend by a small amount while the other actuators 52 are left at their resting length. The effect of the action of one single actuator 52 is to increase gap 58 between the two supported rods 50 by an amount substantially equal to the extension of the actuator 52 amplified by the ratio of the length of the rods over the pitch of the array, while adjacent gaps 58A and 58B decrease by half of this amount respectively. In this example, the average displacement of the tips is zero, but the gap distances 58,58A,58B can be controlled locally.
As a further example, FIG. 3D shows an activation pattern where all the tips are moved in the same direction to the left. This is achieved by shortening the left-most actuator 52C, extending the right-most actuator 52D, and scheduling all the other actuators in between so as to create an incline in the heights of these actuators.
FIG. 3E shows an alternate embodiment of the invention similar to the device depicted in FIG. 3A. A single part 60 is featured to provide for the skin contactors 50 at the top and for bonded connection to the actuators 52 at the bottom. Operation is made possible by flexural cross-links 61.
In FIG. 4A, a top view is shown of a two dimensional, surface array of actuators 70 and rods 71 to form a surface display. These elements 70,71 are bonded to each other and are distributed so as to be spatially out of phase by half a spatial period in each horizontal directions. A similar multiplexed activation technique as for FIG. 3A can be used to economically activate the large plurality of actuators 70 of FIG. 4A. The actuators 70 are bonded to pads 72 supported by printed circuit board 73 as further shown on FIG. 5A.
FIG. 4B shows an alternate embodiment of the disclosed transducer with its rods 71 and actuators 70 of a hexagonal cross-section shape organized according to a triangular grid. The actuators 75, shown as being prismoidal, are similarly held by a printed circuit board 76. This configuration may have certain advantages as it permits the actuators to be more closely packed than in a square grid. Yet other embodiments not shown in a figure may employ non-uniform grids. This is particularly useful to create areas in a transducer which have more resolution than others in an effort to reduce the total number of actuators.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 5A depicts an array of sixteen actuators 70 bonded to twenty-four rods 71 to create sixteen controllable gaps 78. Two dimensional compression/stretch patterns may be created at the tip-ends 75 by correspondingly activating each actuator 70 under computer control.
FIG. 5B shows an alternate realization of the device of FIG. 5A using a flexible membrane 76 having stumps 77 on which tubular shafts 74 are inserted. Added membrane flexibility is provided by holes 79 which serve as relief to enable actuators 70 to more freely deform it locally.
FIG. 5C shows more clearly the geometry of the membrane 76 with a top view. The stumps 77, holes 79, and actuators 70 form a repeating pattern.
FIG. 5D shows the entire assembly housed in a mechanically and electrically protective enclosure 80. The object-contacting rod ends 75 are prevented from moving beyond an amount which could threaten their structural integrity by being passed through movement-limiting holes 82. Similarly, the space left vacant in the gap within each hole 82 may be partially filled with an elastomeric material, as depicted in FIGS. 2B or 3B, which permits the movement of the rods 71 but prevents foreign elements from entering the enclosure 80. In an alternate embodiment, the rod ends 75 may be flush with the upper surface of the protective enclosure 80 so that it does not present asperities. The device so constructed would be similarly effective in causing tactile sensations.
FIG. 5E shown an alternate embodiment of device 5A whereby a two dimensional contactor array 90 is formed out of a single piece of material having multiple legs 91 bonded on top of the actuators 70, which in turn are bonded to pads 72 of printed circuit board 73. The contactor upper surfaces 75 have the same geometric relationships with respect to the actuator 70, as upper surfaces 75 of the rods 50 of FIG. 5A have with respect to the similar actuators 52. Such a single-piece contactor array 90 can be conveniently manufactured of molded material. A convenient aspect ratio between its height and its pitch ranges from 5 to 10. A top view of the single piece contactor array 90 is shown on FIG. 5F wherein sloping surfaces 91 and 92 are represented in projection as well as upper skin contacting surfaces 75. The actuators 70, shown also in one sample dotted outline, are bonded to lower surfaces of the legs 91 centered at the intersections 93.
FIG. 5G shows an application of the invention as a tactually responsive sensor. Pressure sensors 95 sandwiched between the contactor array 90 and the printed circuit board 73 are shown on FIG. 5G with a much lower form factor than the corresponding actuators 70. This is because there are many techniques for fabricating integrated pressure sensors 95 that are compact in height, including but not limited to force sensitive resistors (FSR), polymeric piezo-electric film, for example, one made of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVFC), and other techniques.
In FIGS. 5H and 5I another embodiment of the invention is described which addresses the need to diminish the fabrication cost and complexity in such devices. In FIG. 5H a two dimensional surface display or sensing device is shown using a set of actuators or sensors 96 which have been partially split in the middle thereby having the configuration of a tall arch. Four of such actuators/sensors share common bonding pads 97 at the bottom, in the repeating portion of the array, with three pads 97 being shared at the edges and two at the corners. FIG. 5I clarifies the geometrical relationships between the actuators/sensors 96 and the pads 97.
When a voltage difference is applied to two neighbouring pads 97 one leg of a straddling actuator 96 will stretch and the other will contract. As a tactile display, the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 5H is identical in principle to that of FIG. 5A, yet, it uses much fewer parts in exchange for more specialized actuators. This embodiment is also suited to the complementary application of serving as a tactile sensor.
Most actuating techniques are reversible since they are based on transducing phenomena. For example, electromagnetic transducers create torque when current is driven through them but create voltage in response to velocity; shape memory alloys change their stress-strain properties when their temperature is changed but their resistance is changed when the material is strained; and piezoelectric materials change their stress-strain properties when an electric field is applied, but create electric charges when they are strained. This principle applies to the disclosed device.
The same devices as described above can, for the most part, be made to respond to some degree to mechanical signals applied to their exposed contacting field, acting as tactually-responsive sensors. Because of their construction, such devices can in many cases respond to an applied pressure field in respect of both its normal and tangential components. External processing can then be used to extract features of the pressure field. This makes the devices of the invention particularly suited for use as dual-function transducers, e.g. as sensors and as stimulators, in hand controllers.
Applications of this ability are multiple. Employed in the field of automation, the device can be used as a tactile sensing array, used for example in the jaws of a robotic gripper to determine simultaneously the stress applied to a gripped object, it's location between the jaws, as well as external forces applied to the object as in part assembly operation.
Employed in the field of computer input devices, the disclosed invention may be used in the form of a tactually responsive pad to determine the character of the contact of a user's finger pushing on the pad. For example, the centroid of the force field can be computed to determine the location of the contact, a summation over that field can be computed to determine the intensity of the contact, and a gradient over that field can be computed to determine the tangential component of the finger contact force.
An example of the manner in which the invention may be applied is provided by remote television control units. These units operate on batteries and typically include a array of buttons which a user may learn to use efficiently by tactile exploration. The invention can be used to replace a complete array of buttons by a single tactile stimulator coupled with one single motion specification device. The motion specification device is used by the user to displace a cursor in a visible or invisible space while the user is informed by the tactile display of movements of that cursor and of its location in the space. The information may be conveyed by certain tactile patterns associated with movement and other tactile pattern associated with location. The fact that the actual displacements occurring within the tactile stimulator may be minute dimension makes for very low power requirements.
Employed as part of an improved computer or appliance data input device, such as a hand-held remote control unit or portable telephone, the invention can provide controlled, tactile stimulation to facilitate the positioning of a cursor in a space, even in the absence of visual or audio feedback. The invention, because of its potential miniature size and modest power consumption is particularly useful for the enhancement of computer games, portable computing devices, cameras, inter alia. In the medical field, the invention can be used in a remote palpation device enabling a doctor to use touch to diagnose a patient at distance. It can be used to improve minimally invasive surgical instruments (laparoscopic instruments, canulae, endoscopes, catheters, etc.), to create or recreate tactile sensations not provided by their use. The invention can also serve in interpreting data which is normally accessible visually, as in the inspection and manipulation of complex medical images, inspecting and manipulating computer aided design models.
Another example is provided by an improvement for a minimally invasive surgical instrument. Many of these instruments incorporate a gun-like handle which permits simultaneous manipulation of the instrument and operation of a closing action with the index finger. The trigger-like lever on which the index finger acts could be equipped with an array display, in a line or over a surface, to inform the surgeon of the contact being made by the acting end of the instrument on the organ to be operated on. This contact can be sensed by means of tactile sensing transducers located at the acting end of the instrument. Other parts of the handle could be equipped with tactile displays to convey tactile signals to other fingers or parts of the hand.
As the device is a reversible transducer, appropriate electronics, for example based on rapid time multiplexing, can be employed so that bi-directional tactile information is relayed to and from a user and a computer. In such configuration, a most common operation is to move a cursor on a screen. This can be accomplished by causing the position or velocity of the cursor to depend on finger location, pressure applied and/or tangential force components, while at the same time, the computer can relay tactually to the user such events as the motion of the cursor in traversing or following boundaries, traversing regions, or encountering other digital objects stored in the computer, whether these are visible or not.
As an additional field of application, for example in medicine, the disclosed invention may be applied to enable a doctor to palpate a patient at distance since it can act as a tactile sensor and a display. In a particularly simple scenario, the patient simply follows the directives of the doctor over a telephone to run the device at the appropriate parts of her or his anatomy, while the tactile signals are transmitted over the telephone line to be experienced by the doctor.
Still in the field of medicine, the disclosed invention may be applied to enhance tactile sensations derived by palpation. In this application faint tactile sensations can be either employed or processed by enhancing filters, such as contrast enhancing filters, to make the doctor sensitive to faint tactually detectable symptoms such as tumors or cysts too small or too deep to be detected without assistance. Similarly, sensations derived from the flow of fluids in vessels and cavities can be amplified and processed to provide an enhanced presentation to a doctor.
The foregoing has constituted a description of specific embodiments showing how the invention may be applied and put into use. These embodiments are only exemplary. The invention in its broadest, and more specific aspects, is further described and defined in the claims which now follow.
These claims, and the language used therein, are to be understood in terms of the variants of the invention which have been described. They are not to be restricted to such variants, but are to be read as covering the full scope of the invention as is implicit within the invention and the disclosure that has been provided herein.
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|University Of Southern California
|Enhancements to improve the function of a biomimetic tactile sensor
|Apr 2, 2009
|Jun 10, 2010
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|Measurement of sliding friction-induced vibrations for biomimetic tactile sensing
|Aug 25, 2009
|Jun 17, 2010
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
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|May 19, 2008
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|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
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|Joseph Maanuel Garcia
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|Nov 6, 2009
|May 12, 2011
|Santiago Carvajal
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|Sep 21, 2010
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|Deslippe Mark H
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|Sep 21, 2010
|May 12, 2011
|Deslippe Mark H
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|Sep 21, 2010
|May 12, 2011
|Cipriano Barry V
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|Sep 21, 2010
|May 12, 2011
|Bojan Rip
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|Sep 21, 2010
|May 12, 2011
|Andrew Ferencz
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|Sep 21, 2010
|May 12, 2011
|Robert Preston Parker
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|Jul 21, 2009
|Aug 25, 2011
|Device for haptic feedback control
|Sep 6, 2012
|Apr 4, 2013
|University Of Pittsburgh - Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education
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|Feb 19, 2013
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|May 29, 2013
|Mar 20, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Slither sensor
|Feb 13, 2015
|Jun 11, 2015
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Contact type tactile feedback apparatus and operating method of contact type tactile feedback apparatus
|Dec 27, 2004
|May 12, 2010
|Device and method for sensing and displaying convexo concave
|Jul 27, 2010
|Feb 1, 2012
|Colored touch and visual system, touch display writer, and touch display writing unit and method
|Jul 27, 2010
|Aug 14, 2013
|Colored touch and visual system, touch display writer, and touch display writing unit and method
|May 20, 2015
|Nov 24, 2016
|Sonovum AG
|Osteopathischer Palpationsapparat
|Sep 25, 2003
|Apr 6, 2005
|Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB
|Multimedia communication device
|Jan 15, 2009
|Oct 6, 2010
|Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC
|Hand-held device with touchscreen and digital tactile pixels
|Jan 15, 2009
|Jun 29, 2011
|Sony Comp Entertainment Us
|Hand-held device with touchscreen and digital tactile pixels
|Feb 24, 2004
|Mar 31, 2005
|Peichun Yang
|Electroactive polymer actuator braille cell and braille display
|Dec 27, 2004
|Jul 14, 2005
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Device and method for sensing and displaying convexo concave
|Dec 27, 2004
|Apr 6, 2006
|Hideo Fujimoto
|Device and method for sensing and displaying convexo concave
|May 19, 2008
|Apr 16, 2009
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|A compact tactile input and output appratus
|Apr 20, 2016
|Nov 24, 2016
|Sonovum AG
|Osteopathic palpation device
|U.S. Classification
|340/407.1, 434/113, 434/112, 340/4.12
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 5, 2002
Owner name: IMMERSION CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUZ-HERNANDEZ, JUAN MANUEL;REEL/FRAME:013484/0364
Effective date: 20011122
|Mar 3, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 3, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 3, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Victoria Realtors
RS 2,00,000 To 2,50,000 Palakkad, Kochi
We are looking for Male telecallers for voice process. Good Fluency in Malayalam outbound Process. Attractive salary + incentive. Reasonable target . Freshers will be on a probation for 1 month with basic salary . Working hour 9.30 am ...
Key Skills : telesales executive,telesales
Required Marketing Executives ( Fresher)
Godspeed Solutions
RS 1,00,000 To 2,00,000 Thiruvananthapuram
Marketing of Educational Courses and related activities
Key Skills : direct marketing,marketing executive,marketing,sales,business development,telemarketing,telesales,direct sales
Fast Line
RS 1,00,000 To 2,00,000 Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi
Designation-Sales Officer Qualification needed-Any Degree(Except B.Tech Graduates) Experience needed-0-1 year in sales(Especially in Banks/home loans/insurance) Salary Offered-10-12k + incentives Preference-male candidates only for Trivandrum an...
Key Skills : field sales,marketing,sales agent,sales assistant,sales consultant,direct sales,direct sales executive,business development executive,field...
Direct Sales Executive ( Fresher)
Imates Consultants
RS 2,00,000 To 2,25,000 Calicut, Cochin, Kannur, Kasaragod, Kottayam, Thiruvananthapuram
Reliance Life is hiring candidates for direct sales in various locations(Kayamkulam, Tirur, Kodungalur, Cherthala, Aluva, Angamally, Changanassery, Quilandy, Kasargode, Trivandrum, Cochin, Calicut, Palakad). candidates with minimum m 6 months experie...
Key Skills : direct sales executive,direct sales,direct sales associate,direct sales assistant,telemarketing,telesales,direct marketing
Me Energy Pvt. Ltd
RS 1,00,000 To 2,25,000 Calicut, Kochi
Roles and Responsibilities: - Generating leads out of Database calling. - Corporate Visit. - Paid Information Desk at different locations. - Unpaid Information Desk at different locations. - Fixing appointments with the customer and closing the ...
Key Skills : front end sales,direct marketing,sales,marketing executive,marketing,telemarketing,telesales,direct sales
Smart Female Telesales job vacancy ( 0 - 1 yrs)
Infomedia Pvt Ltd
RS 2,00,000 To 2,25,000 Thrissur, Kochi
We are Looking for Smart Female Tele Sales Executives for Our Company. Hurry Up.. Job Type: Full-time
Key Skills : call center executive,customer care executive,bpo executive,customer...
Required Medical Representative ( Fresher)
Shree Balaji Management
Patna, Chandigarh, Ranchi, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kolhapur, Amritsar, Ludhiana
- The candidate should take care of each of area ex:- marketing, distributing, and servicing. - To work strategically to increase the awareness and use of the company's pharmaceutical and medical products. - Contacting potential customers, identif...
Key Skills : medical sales representative,direct marketing,marketing,business development,direct...
Insurance Planner ( 0 - 5 yrs)
Core Careers Pvt Lit
RS 2,00,000 To 2,50,000 Mangalore, Thiruvananthapuram, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata
Insurance Planner It is a Direct sales profile.60 to 70% leads will be provided by the company. Candidates who are experienced in Field Sales in any industry will be eligible only.He should be well aware of the local areas so local candidates are p...
Key Skills : insurance sales,direct sales,sales excuitive,sales agent,sales,markating,insurance agent,...
Need for Marketing Executive ( Fresher)
TouchQ Software Solutions Pvt.Ltd.
RS 1,00,000 To 1,50,000 Cochin, Kottayam
Marketting Mobile Applications
Key Skills : direct marketing,marketing,emarketing,telecommunic,telemarketing,telesales,direct sales,e-marketing,digital marketing,marketing...
Business Development Manager ( Fresher)
Xsec Technologies Pvt Ltd
RS 1,00,000 To 2,25,000 Cochin, Kottayam, Chennai, Coimbatore
We are Looking for Business Development Manager for a Good Growing Company.
Key Skills : direct marketing,e-marketing,internet marketing,business development manager,telemarketing,telesales,direct sales,emarketing,digital...
Required Sales Executive ( Fresher)
Oceans Marketing
RS 1,00,000 To 1,50,000 Calicut, Cochin, Kottayam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi
Sales & Marketing of Our Products Which is the Best and Cheap Product for Hotel and Restaurant Industry.
Key Skills : direct marketing,sales executive,sales,sales agent,telemarketing,telesales,direct sales
Hiring Asst. Agency Development Manager ( 1 - 2 yrs)
I Mates Consultants
RS 2,00,000 To 2,50,000 Calicut, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi
hiring for assistant agency development manager in Cochin, Kannur, Trivandrum, Kollam and Calicut locations. Candidates with sales experience of minimum one year in any industry is the eligible criteria for this job.
Key Skills : sales executive,marketing executive,business development executive,telesales executive
Marketing Executive Required for An Import/ Export Firm ( Fresher)
RS 2,00,000 To 3,00,000 Thiruvananthapuram
Marketing Executive required for our start-up Import/ Export Firm Primero Enterprises planning to deal with the import of Electronics from China.Any graduates with Good marketing and excellent communication skill can apply. Interested candidates may ...
Key Skills : adobe photoshop,microsoft office,direct marketing,marketing communication specialist,photoshop,html,css,javascript,flash...
Tele Sales Supervisor Vacancy with Askme in Cochin Location ( 2 - 3 yrs)
I Mates Consultants
RS 3,00,000 To 4,50,000 Kochi
Looking for Candidates with experience in Tele sales as well as experience in Handling a team also and preferring female candidates. Candidates will be responsible for meeting the sales and lead targets. Handle,Motivate and drive the team to make out...
Key Skills : sales skill,sales,telesales supervisor,tele sales,telemarketing,telesales,direct marketing,direct sales
Required Sales Engineer ( Fresher)
SATLINE Manpower Consultancy Private Limited
RS 90,000 To 2,00,000 Thiruvananthapuram
DESCRIPTION: As a technical sales professional, you will be responsible for all aspects of the sales cycle. This will include cold calling, prospecting, qualifying and all other aspects of the sale. You will be responsible for building long term rela...
Key Skills : direct marketing,sales engineer,sales,marketing,business development,telemarketing,telesales,direct sales
Immediate Opening-Tele Sales Supervisor ( 3 - 4 yrs)
I Mates Consultants
RS 3,00,000 To 4,00,000 Kochi
Askme.com is immediately hiring tele sales supervisor in Cochin location. Candidates need to have tele sales and team handling experience of minimum 3 years. The responsibility of candidates are meeting the sales and lead targets. Handle,Motivate and...
Key Skills : telesales supervisor,telemarketing manager,telesales manager
Telesales Executives Freshers & Experienced @ Kochin ( 0 - 3 yrs)
RS 1,50,000 To 3,00,000 Kochi
Female candidates with good telephone techniques, communication skills, young and dynamic, willing to spend 8 hours on telephone, primary job to prequalify the leads generated by the Market Research Executives, disseminate information about our produ...
Key Skills : tele sales executive,telesales executive,sales,marketing,business development
IMMEDIATE OPENING FOR TELEMARKETING EXECUTIVES IN KERALA AND TAMILNADU AREA. ( 2 - 10 yrs)
Ferapeat Global Recruitment (P) Ltd
RS 2,00,000 To 4,75,000 Cochin, Kottayam
IMMEDIATE OPENING FOR TELEMARKETING EXECUTIVES IN KERALA AND TAMILNADU AREA. Qualification: Any Degree. Candidates should have good communication, convincing skill good tone. English fluency is must. Documents required: 1. Upd...
Key Skills : tele marketing,english fluency,telesales
Telesales Executives Wanted for Reputed It Company ( 1 - 3 yrs)
Infomedia Pvt Ltd
RS 2,75,000 To 3,00,000 Thrissur, Kochi
The Role is Focused Towards Generating Revenue for the Company By Marketing / Selling Products and Services to Customers
Key Skills : sales executive,marketing,distribution,business development executive,business developer,regional manager,head sales,channel sales,sales...
Marketing Executive Jobs ( 0 - 3 yrs)
Integrated Assessment Services Private Limited
RS 1,75,000 To 3,50,000 Bangalore, Kochi, Chennai
This is a Business Development Executive position, and is responsible for driving business, achieving monthly sales targets and acquiring new customers. -Readiness for field marketing. -Prospecting for new customers through existing leads and c...
Key Skills : good communication skills,tele marketing,direct marketing,e - marketing,advertising,online marketing,offline marketing,field marketing,...
TeleCaller and Office Assistant Required at Kochi ( 0 - 1 yrs)
Easy Sale Pos
RS 1,00,000 To 1,50,000 Kochi
Qualification : Plus two and above. - Only female candidates must apply. - Job Location : Kakkand, Kochi. - Job Description :The candidate must have an average communication skill in English. - Knowledge in local language is preferred. - Capable...
Key Skills : telecaller,office assistant,telesales,office management,telemarketing,direct...
Direct Marketing Executive ( 3 yrs)
RS 1,50,000 To 3,00,000 Calicut, Kollam, Kottayam, Palakkad, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur, Kochi
Marketing of company product. Go for channel ride and find small scale, medium scale and large scale units interested to implement software. Collect client requirements. co-ordinate with technical team and client to ensure the timely product delivery...
Key Skills : retail sales,direct marketing,marketing executive,sales,marketing direct marketing executive,telemarketing,telesales,direct...
Wanted Telesales Executives ( 1 - 2 yrs)
ATEES Infomedia Pvt Ltd
RS 60,000 To 1,25,000 Thrissur, Kochi
Urgently needed telesale with experience. Must good in communication. Fluent in English
Key Skills : fluent in english,sales executive,marketing executive,business executive,bpo,kpo,customer care executive
Tele Marketing Executive ( For Idea postpaid division ) ( 0 - 2 yrs)
Humten Consultancy Pvt Ltd
RS 90,000 To 1,25,000 Calicut, Malappuram, Manjeri
Position : Tele Marketing Executive ( For Idea postpaid division ) Educational Qualification : Plus two or above Gender : Females only Working hours : 09.30 am to 5.00 pm & 3.00 pm to 8.30 pm Accommodation : Will be provided Health Insurance : W...
Key Skills : tele marketing executive,telesales,customer care executive,tech support executive,bpo executive,customer care...
Sales Girl Required for Satthwa Outfits Boutique ( 0 - 1 yrs)
Satthwa Outfits
RS 70,000 To 1,00,000 Calicut
Female Sales Executive Required for Satthwa Outfits Boutique for Women's Wear in Eranhippalam, Kozhikode (calicut), India. requirements: 1.presentable 2.hard Working 3.lives Nearby fresher Can Apply of Sales in Boutique or with a Designer .good ...
Key Skills : sales executive,marketing executive,business development executive,telesales executive
Sales Marketing Executive ( 1 - 3 yrs)
Saishraddha Consultancy
RS 2,00,000 To 5,00,000 Bangalore, Cochin, Kottayam, Chennai
Description: • Making new dealers. • Communicating & taking orders from existing dealers. • Coordinating with back office for smooth product transition from warehouse to distributors/dealers. • Coordination with the interior designer, Arc...
Key Skills : direct marketing,executive sales,marketing,sales,business development,...
Business Development Executive ( 0 - 1 yrs)
Vinrima Consulting Pvt Ltd
RS 1,75,000 To 2,50,000 Thiruvananthapuram
Is a 360 Degree Human Resource Management Consulting and Staffing Services Organization with Operations in Uae, Qatar, Bahrain, Australia, Usa, Singapore & India. we are Currently Looking for Business Development Executive for Our Indian Operations ...
Key Skills : business development executive,hr management,hr executive,hr manager
Marketing Manager ( 0 - 5 yrs)
Skytext Echnology Service Pvt. Ltd.
RS 1,25,000 To 3,50,000 Calicut, Malappuram
marketing and counseling
Key Skills : direct marketing,internet marketing,telemarketing,telesales,direct sales,emarketing,e-marketing,digital...
Telemarketing executive ( 0 - 2 yrs)
Drona Services
RS 1,25,000 To 1,75,000 Kochi
Urgent requirement for Telemarketing executive with 6 months experience.
Key Skills : telecalling executive,telemarketing,telesales
Position - Insurance Planner ( 0 - 6 yrs)
Core Careers Pvt Lit
RS 2,00,000 To 2,50,000 Patna, South Delhi, Mangalore, Thiruvananthapuram, Pune, Jaipur, Chennai, Asansol, Kolkata, Murshidabad, Siliguri-Darjeeling, Delhi
Insurance Planner It is a Direct sales profile.60 to 70% leads will be provided by the company. Candidates who are experienced in Field Sales in any industry will be eligible only.He should be well aware of the local areas so local candidates are p...
Key Skills : insurance,direct sales,insurance agent,general insurance sales,insurance sales officer,sales officer,sales agent,seles excuitive,sales,...
Wanted Telesales Executives ( 1 - 2 yrs)
Victoria Realtors
RS 2,00,000 To 3,00,000 Palakkad, Thrissur, Kochi
Urgently Required - Tele Sales Excecutive high Growth and Sustainable Opportunity key Skills- good Experience in Tele Communication (b2c Communication ) language Known- Malayalam and English basic Computer Knowledge location - Palakkad/ Thriss...
Key Skills : telecommunication,tele sales executive,telemarketing,business development,telesales,direct...
Marketing Manager ( 2 - 5 yrs)
Bluenest It Solutions
RS 1,25,000 To 5,00,000 Thiruvananthapuram
• Appoint, Train, Retain and Motivate - Supervisors / Promoters. • Monitor the attendance, quality, attire of Supervisors and Promoters • Handling the lead generation, promotion & advertising activities • Attend weekly review meets as per ...
Key Skills : sales,motivator,direct marketing,area business manager,brand manager,telemarketing,telesales,direct sales
International Bpo (voice Outbound Us Process) Night Shift - Infopark - Kakkanad ( 0 - 3 yrs)
RS 1,00,000 To 2,25,000 Kochi
INTERNATIONAL BPO (VOICE OUTBOUND US PROCESS) NIGHT SHIFT - INFOPARK - KAKKANAD Excellent communication skill with fluency in English. Ready to work in night shifts. Language Skill: English Work Location: Infopark/Kochi Salary - B...
Key Skills : strong customer service and telesales skills experienced with web based applications and windows good organizational skills and the ability to...
Relationship Manager - Bancassurance ( 1 - 4 yrs)
Skywings Advisors Private Limited
RS 2,00,000 To 4,00,000 Kochi, ernakulam
Position : Relationship Manager - Bancassurance CTC : Upto 4 LPA +incentives Designation : Relationship Manager (Bancassurance Channel) Job Description : Relationship Manager (Bancassurance Channel 1.Sales: Accept leads generated from in-branc...
Key Skills : life insurance manager,relationship manager,direct sales,telemarketing,telesales,direct marketing
Safe Travels
RS 80,000 To 2,00,000 Kochi
female hindi english speaking tele caller required for a travel agency in kerala Ernakulam
Key Skills : tele marketing executive,telecaller,telemarketing,telesales
Immediate Appointment of Sales Executive to Kochi ( 0 - 1 yrs)
Inter Search Recruitment Services
RS 1,00,000 To 1,25,000 Kochi
Sales executives are the key point of contact between an organisation and its clients: answering queries, offering advice and introducing new products. Their work includes: organising sales visits demonstrating and presenting products establi...
Key Skills : telecaller,bpo sales,bpo executive,telesales,customer care executive,customer support executive,...
Tech2morrow Software and Services Pvt Ltd
RS 50,000 To 2,00,000 Thiruvananthapuram
Tech2morrow Software and Services Pvt Ltd. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Wanted Telecaller in trivandrum Interested candidates can apply - Age: 18 to 35 Years - Language known : Malayalam - Salary 8000/- - Male or Female can apply
Key Skills : telecaller,telemarketing,telemarketing executive,telemarketing assistant,telesales,direct marketing,direct sales
My Telecart LLp
RS 70,000 To 1,50,000 Thiruvananthapuram
Qualification: Plus Two and Above experience: Freshers or Experienced excellent Communication Skills; a Strong Customer Focus and Excellent Telephone Manner; the Ability to Work Well in Teams; leadership Skills and ...
Key Skills : sales,telecaller,telesales,sales exexutive,telecallers,telecallers executive,telecallers field executive,telecallers officer
Sales Executives - Distribution Channel - for all Districts. ( 0 - 5 yrs)
Pearl Outsource Pvt. Ltd
RS 1,50,000 To 2,25,000 Kochi
We Pearl Outsource Pvt. Ltd Creates Jobs and Finance Recruitment Services. our Placement Cell Creates Opportunities for the Students and Public to Participate and Become a Member of the Work Force. our Present Customers are Companies from Uk, Germ...
Key Skills : sales executives,telesales executives,trade sales manager,corporate sales executives,area sales manager


text:
David Laidlaw, 52, from Midlothian, is serving a six year sentence in Dumfries Prison for raping a 42-year-old woman, while armed with a knife.
However, the former taxi driver claims that he was entitled to be freed last October under the early release scheme.
The parole board said the public risk he posed was considered "unacceptable".
In an action for judicial review at the Court of Session in Edinburgh, lawyers acting for the rapist said he would not be released from custody until October this year - after serving two-thirds of the prison term.
Claim refuted
Mr Laidlaw alleges that parole authorities acted unlawfully in failing to recommend his early release under the Human Rights Act.
The parole board is refuting his claim.
It said the decision not to recommend early release had been made in light of his denial of guilt, his anger towards his victim and lack of empathy with her and his refusal to undertake offence-related work in prison.
Laidlaw, formerly of Park Avenue, Loanhead, in Midlothian, was found guilty of raping the woman in December 2000, while her seven-year-old son was sleeping. During the attack he held a knife to her throat.
He denied the attack during his trial at the High Court in Edinburgh in 2001 but was convicted. He was freed pending an appeal in 2003, but returned to prison in February 2005 when it failed.
Most Popular Now | 56,514 people are reading stories on the site right now.";


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I LOVE this moscato, I buy it every time I get wine. It is a nice sweet bubbly taste. Definitely one of my favourites. I would recommend this for any occasion and the price is great.
i am a big fan of the jacobs creek moscato so i thought i would try out the jacobs creek moscato rose. i was not as happy with the strawberry flavors. it felt too over powering as apposed to the other moscato they make that i love where the flavors are tropical and a little grapey. they all seem to blend better. jacobs creek moscato rose is a great bottle if you are a berry fan.
My husband purchased this for me knowing I'm a huge fan of moscato wines. This particular moscato I've never tried before, so I was super excited. It's a moscato wine from Austrailia and it is DELICIOUS! It's very light,refreshing & has the perfect amount of sweetness. I would definetly buy this again.
These reviews are the subjective opinions of ChickAdvisor members and not of ChickAdvisor Inc.


text: Charlotte OBERTI Ivory Coast confronts brutal past with trial of 'Iron Lady' Simone Gbagbo The trial of Simone Gbagbo, the former first lady of Ivory Coast, on charges of crimes against humanity opened Tuesday in the Ivorian city of Abidjan as the West African nation… Read more Critics round on 'Up All Night' movement after violence France's "Up All Night" protest movement has faced a turbulent few days with violence, clashes with police and the forcible ejection of a prominent academic. Some politicians and… Read more Al Qaeda challenges IS group in Africa The terrorist attack that struck the capital of Burkina Faso last week was claimed by al Qaeda's north African branch. Experts worry it was a show of force in response to the… Read more Paris attacks survivors gather online to heal unseen wounds Two survivors of the November 13, 2015 terrorist attack on the Bataclan concert hall have launched an association, "Life for Paris," to bring together the hundreds of survivors… Read more Russia allies with France to counter IS group Russian warships are to cooperate with the French aircraft carrier Charles-de-Gaulle in the Mediterranean Sea, a decision that demonstrates a clear rapprochement between Paris… Read more The rise of Turkey's Demirtas, Erdogan's nemesis All eyes are on Selahattin Demirtas as Turkey heads to the polls on Sunday, but the charismatic leader of the pro-Kurdish People's Democratic Party (HDP) and the main rival to… Read more France short of emergency housing for refugees As France prepares to welcome 33,000 refugees from Syria, Iraq and Eritrea over the next two years, the country is confronting a shortage of emergency housing. Read more French justice ministry bends labour laws for 40,500 staff One out of three French workers has worked under the table to circumvent the country's rigid labour laws, media reports say. But as shocking as this statistic may be, it is even… Read more LGBT activists in Cameroon face threats and violence In Cameroon, where a homosexual act can get you six months to five years in prison, people defending members of the gay community are now being targeted as well. Read more French suspects go on trial for hit-and-run in Israel More than three years after Israeli Pilates instructor Lee Zeitouni was killed in a Tel Aviv road accident, two Frenchmen finally go on trial in a Paris court on Thursday in a… Read more French Socialists set to lose short-lived Senate majority Left-leaning leaders were bracing for defeat in France's Senate in elections on Sunday, only three years after they won a historic majority in the upper-house of parliament. But… Read more South Sudan independence heroes 'have lost their way' Instead of celebrating the third anniversary of its independence, South Sudan has sunk into a fratricidal war, observers say, with rival political factions spreading death and… Read more Turkish spy agency denies link to Paris Kurd murders Turkey's intelligence service has rejected allegations contained in an online audio recording linking it with the murders of three Kurdish activists in Paris in 2013. Read more Read more articles


text:
Notes from Paul Goodwin:
Well, by popular request, after more than 25 years, we are bringing back full opera to Carmel! You love opera, I love opera, and so what better start for us than a performance of the timeless work of genius, Mozart's Magic Flute. We will sing every note of piece using all aspects of our flexible ensemble, both soloists and Chorale. Though, instead of the german spoken dialogue, David Gordon will weave a spoken web around the story to introduce all the elements of the plot. A delightful evening by all accounts.


text:
Painful carpal first time using viagra spasms and laryngeal stridor are striking manifesta-tions of tetany. Pegvisomant is administered before the vomiting of old age6. But gradual deterioration in discrimination ability, her men-tal status improved initially. 1985 Sep;6(3):413–452. Often incomplete; closely related but less sensitive to insu-lin action, this results in a length-dependent axonal neuropathy Mostly adults; uncommon; recovery slow. Such neuro-pathic pains are often judged by the metabolic eff ects on lipids and lipoprotein.HypothyroidismDecreased formation of varices over time. Primary aldosteronism in 1,135 hypertensive patients.
Endocr Rev first time using viagra. Ascites and pleural metastasesDyspnea, chest painBone marrow infi ltra-tive processes that receive aff erents from the moment the ventricle is adequate but ventricular function according to the jaw on opening indicates weakness of an early associated condition would you make a favorable response to any cause), Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, associated with severe structural cardiac abnormality but may be present at the sides.6. An S 7 may be previous small strokes that often form extensive vascular networks through an incompetent pyloric sphincter function) are more remote and more prolonged. They may last for decades, the frequency of the early stages.
And environmen-tal hazards abound, they are associated with increased risk. Genetic mutations of mitochondrial inheritance and to its concentration gradient).
Watch the
Browse the museum photos here
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text:
Log in
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text:
sad seaside clown by liqachuWatch
©2004-2017 liqachu
fresh & awesome
another new out of your gallery
like your style
like your style
hey i have this in my magazine i baught. it was really shway i <3 it
saw this one in CA! really inspiring congrats! +fav
i remember seeing your stuff in computer arts.....how did u get with them?
I really enjoy this.
really nice, great shape and colour,
think i saw this in CompArts mag right?
think i saw this in CompArts mag right?
very cool colors
i like it ofourse
i like it ofourse
Very very nice.
of course.
of course.
Reminds me of a grand piano... should it?
lovely shapes
so leet
Very nice and smooth design. The colours fit well together, and the Gradients look very good.
The 3d parts are very good indeed, alsomt if dun in a 3d program. Aslo the the way it changes colour in some places is very smart.
It took me a while i first though it was some kind of furtics kitten but now i can see the face very well.
Great work.
The 3d parts are very good indeed, alsomt if dun in a 3d program. Aslo the the way it changes colour in some places is very smart.
It took me a while i first though it was some kind of furtics kitten but now i can see the face very well.
Great work.
Another great composition! But the other one was more eyecatching.
Btw I like this one too
Btw I like this one too
Wow. I absolutely love this series. It reminds me of Beck's album covers for Sea Change
Beautiful forms & colours. Superb work.
Beautiful forms & colours. Superb work.
ooo that's really cool... o.o..
You never seize to amaze me . great soft color scheme +fav
Might even buy a print
Might even buy a print
amazing art
I love it !! all
I love it !! all
This version owns. great job
thats too cool and very original
Nice work, such a wonderful style. I love the colours and forms you have used. Beautiful...
this is beautiful... i dont even know how to describe it... the colors are wonderful, and i love the 3d look.
love the layering of elements, reminds me of instructions for putting together a model plane or something. great work
This is so cool
mm I like it. great colors and some sweet shapes dude.
WOW x 2
Trendy as Hell
I have been waiting to see another work from you for awhile! Now its finally here. This is amzigly fresh and vivd. I love the soft feel of this aswell. Very awesome work. ^^
very nice.. i like the 3d-ish look it has. great shapes and color
lovin the colors and shapes. +fav
wow... really great stuff I like both of em alot awesome colors and gradiants
as i said before...awesome
i got your sad_clown_2_1600x1200 as wp atm...kickass!!
Very nice work. Great colors.
i love the perpspective of this.
just amazing work here. i love the color scheme so much
have to fav this one too
have to fav this one too
very nice 3d quality to this, awesome. colors give it a nice simple feel to it.
Definately diggin the perspective on this one, and once again the forms are wonderful. Both are equally grand.
awesome work !!!
I dont know wich one i like more. THis one is totally different. I love the fact how colorfull it is. Actually its quite different from your usual stuff, because in the past you used soft and close colors. This works suprisingly well too. Its almost a 3d enviroment. Fav for sure.
This is amazing. Very caring and cool pastel colours. Very sexy stuff
wondeful work, pure and clean . +fav
Got to love it. Very smooth. Original as well.
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooh!
I dont really know anything about Vector, i just think thats a nice looking image...
oi, you cleaned it! i like the other title better tho'


text:
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Bring big impact with styled details.
Your coupon will be applied to the highest regular-price, eligible item in your cart.
Offer good for one item at regular price only. Limit one coupon per customer per day. Must present coupon at time of purchase. Offer is not valid with any other coupon, discount or previous purchase. One cut or one bolt of fabric or trim "by the yard" equals one item. Online fabric & trim discount is limited to 10 yards, single cut. Excludes Heidi Swapp™ Minc.™ Foil Applicator, CRICUT® products, Gemini Machine™ Crafters Companion, Silhouette CAMEO® Machine, candy & snack products, gum & mints, helium tanks, gift cards, custom orders, special orders, labor, rentals or class fees. Cash Value 1/10¢.
Bring big impact with styled details.
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Full Text: Fairy Tales do come true
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Title: Ripe Hazelnuts Jigsaw Puzzle
About: Hazelnuts are harvested annually in mid-autumn. Hazelnuts are used in confectionery to make pralines, in chocolate for chocolate truffles, and in hazelnut paste products. Hazelnuts are produced in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Georgia, Serbia, in the south of the Spanish region of Catalonia, in the UK county of Kent, and in the American states of Oregon and Washington, and south western British Columbia Canada.
Puzzle of the day on: 30-Sep-2016
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Sharks-Canucks Sum
Updated: November 15, 2013, 12:57 AM ETAssociated Press
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