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ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005 -- (Senate - June 23, 2005)
Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, as we all know, a major debate may soon be underway in the Senate and the country if there is a vacancy on the Supreme Court. It is clear that the Bush administration is well along in choosing its nominee for the vacancy, and the Senate must be well-prepared as well.
The initial major question is whether, for the highest judicial position in the land, President Bush will choose consultation and consensus or confrontation and conflict. I urge the President not to cede this important constitutional responsibility to a narrow faction of his own party--and to groups so extreme they have called for the impeachment of six of the current nine Justices because those Justices refuse to make the law in accord with the groups' wishes.
In the landmark May 23rd agreement, the bipartisan group of 14 Senators spoke clearly for this body on two vital points. First, we intend to remain the world's greatest deliberative body, where the rules, not raw power, prevail, and where the rights of the minority are respected--not silenced. Second, the agreement sent a strong reminder to the President that the Constitution requires him to obtain both the advice and consent of the Senate before appointing judges, and that we expect him to do so in good faith.
When the Framers of the Constitution adopted our system of checks and balances 218 years ago, they focused intently on the process for selecting judges. They wanted judges to be independent, so they gave them lifetime positions and prohibited any reduction in their compensation.
Initially, they were so concerned that Presidents might abuse the power to select judges that they gave the Senate the sole power to appoint Federal judges. But some delegates argued for a Presidential role, and they debated the issue at length.
Benjamin Franklin, always ready with new ideas, pointed to the Scottish system, where the lawyers themselves selected the judges. Invariably, he said, the best and smartest candidates were selected as judges, because the other lawyers wanted to remove their toughest competitor and divide his business among themselves.
In fact, in three separate votes in July 1787, the Framers refused to give the Executive any role in judicial selection, because they did not believe the President could be trusted with that responsibility. They again placed the entire appointment power in the Senate.
Later, as the Constitutional Convention was ending in September, they agreed to a compromise, based on the procedure that Massachusetts had used successfully for over a century. To get the best possible judges, the President and the Senate would have to agree on appointments to the Federal courts. The President was powerless to appoint judges without considering the Senate's advice and obtaining its consent.
For over two centuries that system has worked well. At the Supreme Court level, Presidents have nominated 154 Justices. Most of them were confirmed by the Senate, but some 20 percent were not. Some could not get Senate consent because the Senate did not feel they were qualified for the job, some because they were selected for reasons of politics or ideology with which the Senate did not agree, and some because they were perceived as being too close to the President to be independent.
A few of us who have been here in the Senate for all of the confirmations of the current nine Justices know that most of them were consensus choices. Seven of them--including all six whom the right-wing wants to impeach--were confirmed with such strong bipartisan support that no more than nine Senators voted against them, and, of those, four received unanimous Senate support.
We learned many things from past debates. One of the most important is that there are large reservoirs of excellent potential nominees among the many capable judges and lawyers in the United States, and that, if they are chosen for the High Court, they will receive overwhelming support in the country and in the Senate. Presidents who have listened to the Senate's advice and selected such candidates have had no problem obtaining Senate consent. President Bush can do that, too. If he takes our bipartisan advice, he will have no trouble obtaining our bipartisan consent.
Presidents who have had the most trouble with the confirmation process are those who listened to erroneous advice about the process. As recently as this week, a Member of this body argued in print that:
Senate practice and even the Constitution contemplate deference to the President and a presumption in favor of confirmation.
That's not what the Constitution says. Since the days of George Washington--whose nomination of a Justice was denied consent by the Senate of that day, there has been no ``presumption in favor of confirmation'' of lifetime judicial appointees. In general, many of us do give some deference to a President's nominees to the executive branch, since they are not lifetime appointments. But even there, if the President overreaches, we act to fulfill our constitutional responsibility.
Three times in my experience, Presidents have pushed the Senate too far on Supreme Court nominations, and the Senate has said ``no.'' Each time, the White House argued for Senate deference and the Senate, each time with bipartisan support, refused to defer. Two of those rejections were consecutive nominations for the same vacancy, with members of the President's own party providing the majority for rejection each time. In the second of those two, the selection was so plainly an arrogant affront to the Senate, that the best argument the proponents could make was that mediocrity deserved representation, too, on the High Court, a proposition the Senate soundly rejected.
Clearly, Senators should not support a nominee just because a President of their party proposed the nomination. The Framers relied on each of us to make independent and individual judgments about the President's nominees. We do not fulfill our constitutional trust if we merely ``placate-the-President.'' I have seen repeated examples of Senatorial courage when numerous members of the President's party--even members of his leadership team--have refused to go along with plainly inappropriate Presidential selections.
We should do exactly what the Framers intended us to do--be joint and co-equal defenders of the rule of law and the fairness and quality and independence of the Federal courts. We must listen to their voices now, summoning us across the centuries, to uphold that basic ideal, with full devotion to our role in the checks and balances that have served the Nation so well. We fail them if we march in lockstep with the White House.
As past experience shows, nominees selected for their devotion to a particular ideological agenda are likely to have the most difficulty being confirmed, because that kind of choice rarely achieves a consensus. History shows plainly that the better course is to search for the highest quality candidates who have demonstrated their respect for the rule of law. They respect core constitutional principles, especially those that define the rights of each citizen. They have demonstrated their commitment to finding the law, not making the law. They respect stare decisis, the deference to well-accepted past decisions that have kept the Nation strong by reconciling traditional principles with new needs and challenges. They show respect for the basic structure of Government, especially for Congress when it acts within its established powers. They have demonstrated the ability to subordinate their own ideological and result-oriented preferences to the rule of law.
Especially at the Supreme Court level, the choices should not be partisan choices based on today's partisan issues. The Justice we may select this year could well be providing justice to our children and grandchildren for decades to come. It is more important that the nominee have a strong dedication to principles of justice than a strong position on controversial issues of the day.
It is a disservice to the Court to attempt to install ideological activists bent on making sudden and drastic shifts in the Court's careful, gradual jurisprudence. The Supreme Court is at its worst when it splits into extreme, contentious sides, and reaches extreme results that make much of the Nation cringe and leave only the ideological activists satisfied.
Like sausage and legislation, the confirmation or rejection of a Supreme Court nomination is not always something pleasant to watch or be part of. The course is set by the President. If the President submits an ``in your face'' nomination to flaunt his power, it takes time and effort and sweat and tears before the truth about the candidate is fully discovered and explained to the public and voted on.
We are fortunate to have had a dress rehearsal for the process. Before the White House decided to threaten the Senate with the nuclear option, few Americans had any idea what was happening here and how important it was. It took some time, but eventually the public understood the seriousness of the threat to break the rules in order to change the rules, so that for the first time in Senate history, a bare majority of the Senate could impose a gag rule on every other Senator and enable the President to exercise absolute power over the courts without meaningful review by the Senate. Fortunately, the Senate stepped back from that brink, and the Senators who reached that bipartisan agreement to make it possible deserve great credit.
Those who want the Senate to be a rubber stamp for a White House nominee to the Supreme Court will undoubtedly try to rush us through our duty. But if we are to do our job for the American people in good faith, the process of considering a Supreme Court nominee cannot be rushed. It will take time to obtain the necessary information and documents, and to review and understand them. It will take time to gather witnesses and prepare for hearings. If the nomination is not a consensus nomination, the hearings will be intensive and extensive. If the nominee is evasive, there will be longer hearings and follow-up questions, which will also take time to analyze. Only when all the information is available and fairly considered, can the nomination go forward.
If President Bush resists his fringe constituencies, and seeks the advice of the Senate as he should, the nomination process can have a happy ending. I hope our colleagues across the aisle will urge the President to respect the May 23rd bipartisan agreement and its memorandum of understanding, and take to heart its serious request that he consult with Senators from both parties before proposing a Supreme Court nominee.
We already have in place a process for doing so. In selecting district judge nominees in our States, the White House sends us the list of persons being considered seriously, and asks for our comments on each, as well as our suggestions for additional names to consider. When they have narrowed down the list, they share the short list with us, so that we can give our final advice as to which ones are best and which ones would raise problems. Almost always, our advice is considered and respected. As a result, most District Judges go through the confirmation process quietly and expeditiously, and obtain the consent of the Senate.
Article II, Section 2, Clause 2, of the Constitution clearly says, ``with the advice and consent of the Senate,'' not the advice of anyone else, just 100 of us here in the Senate, who speak for all the American people. It doesn't take much to get our consent. All the President has to do is seek out his preferred non-ideological choices, ask us about them, and listen to our answers.


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We know you've always wondered, so here is a study of which drugs are used most at different festivals. A new study from DrugAbuse.com has answered all your burning questions on this topic. Instagram is the source — by analyzing a collection of posts made from 15 of our main music festivals, all across the world, the team have deciphered just what people are choosing when they're camping, dancing, and living the festival dream. Is Instagram a reliable source? Does everyone document their drug intake on social media? We're not sure; but the results are interesting nonetheless. Perhaps predictably, cocaine was the top find at Coachella, and mushrooms topped Burning Man. You can check out the others below:
Written by Joss Meek

subset: commoncrawl


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My blog and tutorials have MOVED!
I just thought I'd share the link to my "new" site. (The blog has been around for awhile but that has moved to the awesome new site also.) Also, the Color Cloud™ application that I've developed FOR PHOTOGRAPHERS, and I will have some Photoshop actions available soon as well. Check out the new site at http://www.ModifiedPhotoGraphics.com
I've dedicated a Facebook page for people to join that might have questions or whatever they want to ask or share. The link to that fan page is: http://on.fb.me/modifiedphoto
And lastly, I've got a little video explaining the what Color Cloud™ is and why it's awesome and unique. Check that out: http://bit.ly/colorcloud
There are no rules for good photographs, there are only good photographs. - Ansel Adams
My photography blog, Photoshop tips, color tips and more: http://www.modifiedphotographics.com
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|Sep 28, 2011
|Oct 11, 2011
|Oct 11, 2011
|Nectar Dancing by Lensmate
from A Big Year - birds
|Sad clown by PEB
from Clowns
|Mtl Gen X 2015 DP by MarioSS
from - Gen X - (In Full Colours+ Border)


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Hello everyone!
I installed Xubuntu 12.10 on a laptop (Toshiba Tecra M9). Everything works nice, but the battery life is much shorter than on the previously installed Win XP. So i tried several ways to reduce power consumption (by the CPU in this case), but nothing worked for me:
Jupiter Applett
With this software I was able to change CPU speed (800 MHz, 1,2 GHz and 1,8 GHz) and some more. But the problem was, that Jupiter Applett caused the FS to be mounted just read-only when powered by battery. FS was correctly mounted while powered with AC. Strange thing. So I removed Jupiter Applett because of this problem.
Anyway, this software has stopped active development, so its maybe not a good idea to use in in new installations anymore.
The daemon (cpufreqd) crashes while starting and causes XFCE to generate a problem report. So I am not able to use any commands included in cpufrequtils.
CPU frequency controll in XFCE-starter
The starter is showing the actual frequency, but it can not be changed ("No CPU scaling driver available on your system").
I have no experiences on this topic (I used several Linuxes, but never before on laptops) and maybe I have done something terribly wrong. I would be very happy if I would get any suggestions!
CPU model: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T7100 @ 1.80GHz
Thank you!


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About XOMA CorporationXOMA combines a portfolio of innovative therapeutic antibodies, both in late-stage clinical development and in preclinical research, with its recently launched commercial operations. XOMA focuses its antibody research and development on allosteric modulation, which offers opportunities for new classes of therapeutic antibodies to treat a wide range of human diseases. XOMA is developing its lead product gevokizumab (IL-1 beta modulating antibody) with Servier through a global Phase 3 program in non-infectious uveitis and ongoing proof-of-concept studies in other IL-1-mediated diseases. XOMA's scientific research also produced the XMet program, which consists of three classes of preclinical antibodies, including Selective Insulin Receptor Modulators (SIRMs) that could have a major effect on the treatment of diabetes. In order to retain significant value from its scientific discoveries, XOMA initiated commercial operations in January 2012 through the licensing of U.S. commercial rights to Servier's ACEON® (perindopril erbumine) and a patent-protected portfolio of product candidates. More detailed information can be found at www.xoma.com . The XOMA Corporation logo is available at http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/prs/?pkgid=5960 About Servier Servier is a privately-run French research-based pharmaceutical company. Current therapeutic domains for Servier medicines are cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, psychiatric and bone and joint diseases, as well as oncology. Servier is established in 140 countries worldwide with over 20,000 employees and a 2011 turnover of €3.9 billion. Servier invests 25% of its turnover in R&D. More information is available at www.servier.com . Forward-Looking Statements Certain statements contained in this press release including, but not limited to, statements related to anticipated timing of initiation and completion of clinical trials, anticipated size of clinical trials, regulatory approval of unapproved product candidates, future market acceptance and sales of products upon regulatory approval, or that otherwise relate to future periods are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements are based on assumptions that may not prove accurate, and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated due to certain risks inherent in the biotechnology industry and for companies engaged in the development of new products in a regulated market. Potential risks to XOMA meeting these expectations are described in more detail in XOMA's most recent filing on Form 10-K and in other SEC filings. Consider such risks carefully when considering XOMA's prospects. Any forward-looking statement in this press release represents XOMA's views only as of the date of this press release and should not be relied upon as representing its views as of any subsequent date. XOMA disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statement, except as required by applicable law.
CONTACT: XOMA Corporation Company and Investor Contact: Ashleigh Barreto (510) 204-7482 firstname.lastname@example.com Juliane Snowden The Oratorium Group, LLC email@example.com Media Contact: Canale Communications Carolyn Hawley (619) 849-5375 email@example.com


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Because casting a vote legitimises the system. When you vote, you're implicitly giving your approval of the current political system and players – the flawed vote counting mechanism, the unrepresentative parties and their policies and the choice that you are presented with.
The available parties are all equally guilty of massive hypocrisy, shameless spin and populist headline-grabbing, cheap political point-scoring and seem generally only interested in power for power's sake. I don't trust any of them to do the things I believe in: protect the poor and vulnerable (and the environment), prioritise the wellbeing of the people over the rich and powerful, not swagger round the world bombing, dividing, invading and drone-striking, stop mass surveillance of the population, redistribute wealth, act with long-sighted integrity at home and abroad, ensure equality in health and education, and not become corrupt and spend all their fucking free cash on moats.


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by L&M
(Port allen la 70767)
Dear lord we come to you with a clean heart asking you to bless us with a child we been trying to concive for 9 years please touch my husband sperm count heal his body as well as my body lord God and keep others as well as overself to not speck we can't concive for I know you will bless us with a healthy baby soon until then cover us and keep Us with your blood amen
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FIRST CLASS CONNECTIONS Log Smuggling, Illegal Logging, and Corruption in Mozambique
- Ashlyn Blankenship
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 FIRST CLASS CONNECTIONS Log Smuggling, Illegal Logging, and Corruption in Mozambique
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was produced with the financial assistance of the Department for International Development (DFID) Forest Governance Markets and Climate programme. The contents are the sole responsibility of EIA and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of DFID. CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION Report design by: February DESTRUCTIVE DISCREPANCIES CASE STUDIES IN CRIME CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS FRONT COVER: Logyard in Beira, Mozambique. 14 REFERENCES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Detailing the findings of EIA undercover investigations in Mozambique, and outlining timber trade data discrepancies, this briefing provides compelling evidence of how China s insatiable demand for timber is directly driving increased illegal logging and timber smuggling in Mozambique, and robbing the impoverished country of significant revenues. Trade data discrepancies indicate that in 2012 Chinese companies imported between 189,615 and 215,654 cubic metres of timber illegally exported from Mozambique - constituting up to 48 per cent of China s imports from the country. Further, EIA research shows that China s 2012 imports from Mozambique dwarf not only licensed exports, but also exceed the licensed harvest by 154,030 cubic metres generating an alarming 48 per cent illegal logging rate in the country. Such crimes are costing Mozambique tens of millions of dollars a year in lost tax revenues funds desperately needed in what is the world s fourth least developed nation. Expanding on a November 2012 EIA report on China s illegal timber imports, this briefing provides detailed investigative case studies into some of the biggest companies engineering these crimes in Mozambique today, exposing the smuggling techniques and the political patronage and corruption that facilitate it. Finally, the briefing makes clear recommendations to the Mozambican Government on how to eliminate such illegal logging and trade and protect its forests from illegal timber traders. 1
3 INTRODUCTION TRADE RISES WHILE FORESTS FALL Having only emerged from a bloody civil war in 1992, increased trade has seen Mozambique s economy boom, achieving an annual average growth of 7.2% over the last decade. 1 But this boom is also driving corruption, failing to address poverty and putting pressure on natural resources.transparency International ranks Mozambique as the 51st most corrupt country in the world. 2 The country is also ranked as the fourth least developed country in the United Nations 2012 Human Development Index Report, 3 with estimated costs of environmental degradation amounting to nearly $370 million yearly. 4 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting were the largest contributors to GDP in 2010, amounting to 30.9% of the total, demonstrating the importance of the forest sector in the country s economic growth. 5 Mozambique s forests extend over 51 per cent of the country s land, with four northern provinces providing the largest share. 6 Total timber production areas cover 26.9 million hectares (ha). 7 Annual rates of deforestation for were estimated at 211,000 ha. 8 SINO-MOZAMBICAN TIMBER TRADE Sino-Mozambican relations began during Mozambique s independence struggle with Portugal, with China providing training and financial assistance to the Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO), which has ruled the country since the end of the civil war in Building on these close political and military ties, trade between the two countries has grown rapidly over the past decade. By 2008 China was Mozambique s second largest foreign investor, 10 and by 2012 bilateral trade had reached $1.1 billion. 11 Timber trade plays a significant role. China needs raw timber to facilitate the continued growth of its wood-processing industries, underpinned by exports and domestic consumption of timber products. With a logging ban covering most of China s production forests since 1998, China s timber deficit is increasingly being met by imports from emerging economies such as Mozambique. Mozambique s first class logs particularly the species Pau Ferro, Mondzo, Chanate, Jambire and Umbila woods, - are highly sought after in China for processing into reproduction antique furniture and flooring, mostly to supply the burgeoning domestic Chinese market. 12 In 2011 several major Mozambican timber exporting provinces reported that more than 90% of all sawn timber and log exports flowed to China, 13 a trend occurring in previous years. 14 Consequently, such first class timber species - all of which are banned from export - made up a staggering 95% of total licensed harvests for 2009, 15 highlighting the overpowering influence of Chinese timber firms in both timber production and trade in Mozambique. ABOVE: A lorry carrying logs in Beira. First class timber species made up 95% of total licensed harvests in
4 1st class species are banned from export in log form, requiring processing before they leave the country FORESTRY AND TIMBER TRADE LAWS The most important laws regulating the forestry and timber sectors in Mozambique are the 1999 Forest and Wildlife Law 16 and its 2002 Regulation. 17 The Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG) implements these laws and policies in coordination with the National Directorate of Lands and Forests (DNTF). The 1999 Forest and Wildlife Law establishes two types of license for legal timber production: forest concessions and simple licences. Concessions are granted to national or non-national operators for areas larger that 20,000 hectares with an approved management plan, while simple licences offer harvesting quotas of 500 cubic metres or less annually over five years and exclusively to national operators. 18 The abovementioned laws also categorize Mozambique s 118 commercial timber species into 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and precious classes, reflecting quality, uses, demand intensity, and establishing relevant taxes. Importantly, the 22 1st class species are banned from export in log form, and require processing within Mozambique before they can leave the country. 19 Despite this partial log export ban, the illegal timber trade with China is seriously undermining Mozambique s forest governance and enforcement efforts, while stimulating corruption. 3
5 DESTRUCTIVE DISCREPANCIES Analysis of Sino-Mozambican timber trade data over the past six years shows a clear pattern of illegal logging and timber smuggling. In 2012 the Mozambican Government registered 260,385 cubic metres of log and sawn timber exports to world markets, including China, 20 while China alone registered 450,000 cubic metres of log and sawn timber imports from Mozambique. 21 The 189,615 cubic metre discrepancy is made up almost entirely of logs smuggled out of Mozambique by Chinese companies, and is likely to consist largely of the so-called first class species of timber all prohibited from export. of timber being shipped to China. Chinese import figures show $134 million of timber entering the country from Mozambique, meaning that $85 million went missing. 22 Accounting for the fact that China actually imports about 90 per cent of Mozambique s timber (rather than its total global exports), it appears that a larger 215,654 cubic metres, or 48 per cent of China s 2012 imports were not registered or licensed for export by Mozambican authorities. Applying this 90 per cent to the past six years suggests that a massive 804,622 cubic metres of Mozambican timber principally logs were smuggled to China from Mozambique between 2007 and ABOVE: Tropical logs in Beira waiting to be exported. In 2012 China registered 323,000 cubic metres of Mozambican log imports, while Mozambique s total registered global log exports over the period amounted to merely 41,543 cubic metres. The scale of smuggling is staggering with the discrepancy alone constituting a huge 42 per cent of China s total registered 2012 imports from Mozambique, and an even bigger 72 per cent of Mozambique s total registered timber exports to global markets that year. While 2012 showed the highest trade data discrepancy to date the pattern of smuggling has been clear for years. Between 2007 and 2012 more than 707,025 cubic metres of China s registered imports of Mozambican timber were not registered or licensed for export by Mozambique. The financial loss caused by this illegal trade is substantial. In 2010 Mozambican export figures recorded $49 million worth FIGURE 1 Chinese imports and Mozambican exports of logs and sawn timber in cubic meters for Source: (Information from Annual Reports of the Mozambican Forest and Wildlife Services, and information from the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China) 500, , , , , , , , ,000 50, Log and sawn timber imports from Mozambique registered by China Log and sawn timber exports to world markets registered by Mozambique 4
6 Chinese timber imports from Mozambique exceeded licensed legal harvests by 154,030 cubic metres in 2012 ILLEGAL LOGGING IN MOZAMBIQUE As Sino-Mozambican timber trade volumes have grown, it has become possible to see how smuggling to supply Chinese demand is directly driving illegal logging in Mozambique. Mozambique s 2012 licensed harvesting volume of 321,370 cubic metres was the highest recorded since Using an 80 per cent conversion rate for China s sawn timber imports, and accounting for its log imports, a total of 475,400 cubic metres of logs would have been felled to supply China s registered 2012 Mozambican timber imports. 25 This indicates that Chinese timber imports from Mozambique exceeded licensed legal harvests by 154,030 cubic metres in 2012 generating a massive 48 per cent illegal logging rate in the country. Indeed, between 2007 and 2012 China s registered timber imports from Mozambique exceeded Mozambique s licensed legal harvest volume every year except Over the period, Chinese firms have imported 401,181 cubic metres (RWE) more than was licensed for legal harvest by Mozambique. Since 2007, Mozambique s Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) has been set at 515,672 cubic metres per annum. 26 Licensed harvests must be allocated from the AAC. In 2012, China s wood imports from Mozambique rose by a staggering 22 per cent, to a level just 40,000 cubic metres less than the annual allowable cut for all of Mozambique. If such growth continues, Chinese imports will exceed Mozambique s AAC this year. None of these figures account for exports to other markets, or growing domestic timber consumption in Mozambique, both of which would dramatically increase the overall harvesting and trade figures well beyond legal or sustainable levels. Clearly, the bulk of Sino-Mozambican timber trade is not just illegal, but is also pushing Mozambique s forests beyond their maximum sustainable yield. FIGURE 2 Comparing China s imports to Mozambique s licensed harvests in cubic meters for Source: (Information from Annual Reports of the Mozambican Forest and Wildlife Services, and information from the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China) BELOW: First class logs in a Beira logyard. 500, , , , , , , , ,000 50, Total licensed harvest volumes for Mozambique Roundwood equivalent volume of logs required for registered Chinese imports from Mozambique 5
7 TAXING ISSUES TOP: Log truck stopping by the side of the road in Beira. EIA has also estimated how much revenue is lost to Mozambique in uncollected taxes due to this illegal trade. Timber VAT Law number 7/2010 requires timber exporters to pay 20 per cent on the f.o.b. price on log exports, and 15 per cent on sawn timber. 27 Assuming a 50 per cent logs and 50 per cent sawn timber scenario of unlicensed exports EIA estimates that around $22,896,011 in avoided tax may have been lost to State-revenues from total 2012 unlicensed exports to China worth around $130,834, Furthermore, the 2002 Regulation of Wildlife and Forests 29 requires taxes to be paid on the exploration of the different classes of timber species. 30 Assuming a median estimate between the highest taxes to be paid on precious class species, and the lowest on 4th class species, EIA calculates Mozambique s potential tax revenue loss at $6,276,339 for 2012 alone. 31 Combined, a total potential tax revenue loss of $29,172,350 can be ascribed solely to the export timber trade with China for The estimated financing needs for Mozambique s National Forest Program s law enforcement system for the period of 2006 to 2010 was $1,051,470, while total zoning and detailed inventory costs for the same period were estimated at $10,716, These costs would be covered almost three times had the aforementioned taxes been collected, helping resolve some of the problems of forest regulation and enforcement. Mozambique s Readiness Preparation Proposal appeals for funds for law enforcement, stating that the country only has 1,069 forest law enforcement officers: one for each 83,000 ha of forest, far lower than the one per 5,000 ha recommended to make forest crime control effective. Concession boundaries are not demarcated properly and do not have the required processing industries, with a lack of forest engineers, poor record keeping and taxing. Mozambique s proposal for $16,675,000 in REDD+ funding aims to resolve these problems. 33 The entire program and more could have been funded had the Government collected the aforementioned taxes for Other less easily estimated tax losses are also doubtless occurring in Mozambique s timber trade. These include: a 32 per cent profit tax on enterprises, 34 an annual concession tax determined by the Ministry of Agriculture, and an annual exploration tax, which provides that 20 per cent of the exploration tax will be provided to local communities, but decreases in value when overcutting above licensed volumes takes place. 35 Structurally this latter tax incentivises community forest stewardship that could work with the private sector and law enforcement in ways that prevent overharvesting. Yet in Mozambique s corrupt timber trade, such preventive incentive schemes have little chance of success. However it is calculated, multi-million revenue and development losses from illegal timber trade are unacceptable, as is the failure to establish a sustained domestic timber industry capable of providing jobs and incomes. ABOVE: Precious and 1st class logs waiting to be processed, loaded and exported from the Port of Beira. LEFT: Fan Shi logyard with loaded containers of roughly sawn timber. A $29,172,350 tax revenue loss can be ascribed solely to the export timber trade with China for
8 CASE STUDIES IN CRIME: The following case studies detail the key findings of EIA s September 2012 investigations in Mozambique, focusing on a series of undercover meetings with key timber companies in Mozambique. MOFID It s only a question of price In September 2012, EIA investigators met with Mozambique First International Development (MOFID),a firm constituted in Mozambique in December 2000 with the aim of importing, exporting, cutting and processing legal forest products, as well as other agro-industrial activities. Its partners are listed as the Chinese citizens Liu Chaoying and Yang Yuanwu Jefe. 36 Mofid has been caught on numerous occasions attempting to export prohibited logs to China. 37 Yet MOFID continues to wilfully break Mozambican laws, apparently protected by high-level political allies. During the meeting with MOFID s boss, Liu Chaoying, investigators learned that Mofid was one of the first Chinese timber companies to become established in Pemba, that it held rights to around one million hectares of forest concessions in Cabo Delgado and Niassa provinces, and exported over 200 containers of timber per month. Liu also confirmed that his company is one of the few still able to illegally export large volumes of 1st class species of logs to China. When asked by EIA if he could export a 1st class species called Chanfuta, Liu replied Sure. Only a matter of price suggesting a clear breach of Mozambican law. 38 The meeting also demonstrated the ease with which Mofid circumvents inspections by government officials. When told by one of his associates of a looming visit by Ministry of Agriculture officials to his log yard, Liu said he would just arrange to go through the motions of loading ebony logs, which are allowed to be exported, into containers on the day of the visit. A phone call by EIA to Mofid s Chinese affiliate in November 2012 confirmed that the company was stocking prohibited Mozambican 1st class logs in China. Liu claimed that his close relationship with the current Minister of Agriculture - Jose Pacheco - had helped in securing forest concessions, boasting that me and him are like brothers. The pair had purportedly first met when Pacheco was the Governor of Cabo Delgado and Liu was setting up in the province. Liu went on to say that when he [the Minister] needs money, he has come looking for me. Indeed, EIA learned that Minister Pacheo had visited Liu three times recently, because of the Frelimo party conference being held in Pemba at the time of EIA s visit. During a tour of their log yard, Liu revealed that the presence of the President of Mozambique in Pemba for the Frelimo Congress had led to a temporary halt of Mofid s illegal log exports. He said: Once the President leaves, there ll be no problem. Besides my friend [Pacheco] is here, so I don t want to put him in a difficult situation. This close relationship between a major timber smuggler and the Minister tasked with overseeing the forest sector in Mozambique is of serious concern. Liu Chaoying, boss of Mofid 7
9 Senlian The Minister will sort it out for me In Pemba, EIA investigators also met with Mr Xu from Senlian Corporation, a subsidiary of the Chinese state-owned firm Shanghai Senlian Timber Industrial Development Co. Ltd. According to Xu the company has 60,000 hectares of forest concessions in Cabo Delgado and Niassa, and exports around 800 containers of timber to China each year. Senlian also enjoys influential political patronage. During the meeting at Xu s home EIA investigators were introduced to Tomas Mandlate, formerly Minister of Agriculture and current Member of Parliament, 39 who was staying at Xu s house while attending the Frelimo congress. Mandlate explained that his role is to help the company solve some problems ; while Xu later explained that Mandlate takes care of the liaison work such as export quotas, forest concession permits for which he receives a wage every month and a stake in the company. One such problem Senlian faces occurred in April 2012 when 34 of its containers of illegal logs were seized during export, following a tip-off froma rival Chinese company. Senlian incurred hefty fines and financial losses as a result, leading the company to halt log shipments for the rest of the year. Prior to the seizure the company s annual turnover in Mozambique was around $15 million, mainly derived from the export of up to 800 containers of 1st class Wenge, Pau Ferro and Mondzo logs to China every year, all directly contravening Mozambican timber export laws. Xu, however, said he was working with Mandlate to resume the illegal log shipments: I was just discussing with the Minister earlier he will sort it out for me next year. When asked how Mandlate would bypass log export controls for the company, Xu said he was the Minister of Agriculture before all the Directors in this province are beneath him, adding, for this, it definitely involves issuance of quotas and making contact with people down there, and then it just goes out. Asked why next year, Xu revealed because next year, there s the elections, clearly implying that the provision of funds for political campaigns would result in high-level clearance for timber smuggling. Mandlate is also the Chairman of a company that owns a Special Export Terminal in the Port of Nacala; a warehouse with capacity for 8,000 tonnes, offering storage, transport and customs processing services. 40 Mandlate also holds a stake in a company called Holamale, licensed to explore forest products. 41 These businesses and links with Senlian alleged during EIA s meeting with them present a clear conflict of interest with Mandlate s current role as a Parliamentarian voted in to represent the public interest, and a previous Minister of Agriculture. Mandlate has denied being involved in the illegal timber trade with Mr Xu. 42 TOP: Parliamentarian Thomas Mandlate with Mr Xu. ABOVE: Senlian s log yard. 8
10 Fan Shi container being loaded with roughly sawn timber without the supervision of forest officers Fan Shi Payments to secretly clear customs EIA first encountered Fan Shi Timber in Guangdong, southern China, in April 2012,meeting with Fan Liyu of Huadian Timber in the belief that the company dealt in Burmese wood. EIA learned that the firm was now mainly sourcing timber from Mozambique to supply reproduction furniture manufacturers in China. Fan explained how Fan Shi Timber is a group of family-run businesses owned by three relatives from Fujian; Fan Guoyong, Fan Jinglin, and Fan Jinghui. None of the three companies have forest concessions in Mozambique and claimed to rely on logging quotas for specific species and volumes, negotiated and purchased from the Ministry of Agriculture. With monthly exports of around 100 containers for each of the three companies, Fan Shi combines to export between 3,000-4,000 containers to China every year, mostly Mondzo, Chanate and Pau Ferro. According to Fan Liyu bribes are paid as a matter of routine to customs officials in Beira to ease exports and secretly clear customs. In September 2012 in Mozambique, EIA observed huge amounts of logs at Fan Shi s storage facilities outside Beira. At one of the sites a foreman told EIA investigators that they were no longer exporting round logs as authorities were clamping down on offenders, with stiffer penalties imposed. Instead, EIA observed containers being loaded with oversized lumber that exceeded the permitted thickness. Apart from loading illegal timber, Fan Shi also flouted the rules on this occasion by not having forest officers present when loading the containers, as required by Mozambique s Export procedures. 43 Pingos Marinha This is our secret Another Pemba-based Chinese operation EIA encountered is Pingos Marinha, headed by brothers Zheng Fei and Zheng Xudong. The company runs two concessions in Cabo Delgado and exports nearly 1,000 containers of timber a year to its Guangdong-based affiliate Dongguan Yetong Trading. According to Zheng Xudong, the company regularly exported Wenge and other 1st class logs to China until February 2012, when authorities began to clamp down on illegal shipments. Nonetheless, the company still circumvents export laws by adding simple relief carvings to the sides of oversized wood blocks and reclassifying them as finished products. After explaining this scam Zheng said: This is our secret. When you re outside, don t tell people about it. Zheng Fei also owns a company called Casa Bonita Internacional, 44 the license for which was recently cancelled for having exported illegal timber. 45 Despite this, in March 2012 a 20,000 ha Zheng Xudong concession was issued to Pingos. 46 It seems odd that authorities should grant Zheng a new concession, given that forest laws stipulate that a concession applicant has to be verified as having no prior infractions against their name. 47 It appears that Mozambican licensing authorities quickly forget smugglers crimes. 9
11 Verdura lda you pay extra costs for this Verdura has three partners operating out of the ports of Quelimane, Beira and Nacala, exporting approximately 170 containers of mainly Mondzo, Chanate, Pau Ferro logs each month to Guandong province in China. EIA met with the Beira partner, Abishek Lal, who told us how Verdura had had 70 containers seized in Nacala in 2011, containing illegal 1st class logs and that since then it had been difficult to export 1st class logs because of a Government crackdown. As a result, Abishek resorted to placing illegal 1st class species of roughly sawn logs at the back of containers, behind legal processed sawn timber at the front, so as to hide the crime. He even showed EIA pictures of how he did this, saying This is now Jambirre okay, and these are the containers I offer. In every container on the back, I put 25 big pieces, and the rest [at the front] are all standard thicknesses. These [the square logs] will go at almost $50-60 higher price, than the standard [legal] thickness ones. He also claimed to export more than 40 of these containers each month. When EIA asked if the containers were not checked, Abishek replied: they check you pay extra cost for this, clearly demonstrating how timber traders are still evading the required export procedures by paying bribes. The Tsou Family Companies Dodgy Paperwork Ken and Tina Tsou have a variety of companies registered in their names, 48 some of which have been implicated in alleged criminal timber trading. One of them, Green Timber, was constituted in January of 2001, with its registered activities ranging from imports and exports, to financial services and selling goods, 49 owning concessions in the provinces of Manica 50 and Nampula and exporting most of its timber to China. 51 Green Timber has been a frequent target of the press for over eight alleged crimes it has committed, including avoidance of checkpoints, 52 using contacts in ports to facilitate the illegal export of logs, 53 illegally cutting in a nature reserve, 54 constructing illegal bridges to facilitate the smuggling of illegal logs, 55 using clandestine log yards, 56 and cutting above permitted volumes. 57 Undercover journalists also exposed their illegal practices. 58 Documents obtained by EIA 59 demonstrate the methods used by the Tsous to continue to export illegally through a variety of companies. 60 A shipping bill obtained by EIA shows 40 containers of 1st class logs, being shipped in January 2011 from Hong Kong to Shatian in south China, to China Meheco Import & Export Corporation. The Chinese importer is a subsidiary of the state owned holdings company China Meheco Corporation, which is listed on the Shanghai stock exchange. 61 The shipment originated in Mozambique and was illegally exported from the port of Nacala by a company called Oceanique Lda, owned by Tina Tsou. 62 This case shows how weak lawn enforcement results in Chinese state run firms securing timber smuggled from Mozambique through fraudulent paperwork and transshipment. TOP: Abishek Lal from Verdura showing EIA investigators how he illegally exports first class logs. ABOVE: Container of illegal logs from Mozambique, Shatian port, southern China, January
12 LIGHT TOUCH LAW ENFORCEMENT The Mozambican Government has commendably attempted to respond to the illegal timber trade, and since 2007 embarked on a series of seizures of illegal timber, primarily from Chinese traders. Significant seizures have included: January 2007: Following a tip-off, authorities in the port of Pemba, Cabo Delgado, seized 47 containers with over 1,000 logs banned from export. The logs were owned by the Chinese company Mofid; 63 January 2009: Four companies were fined for attempted smuggling of 958 cubic metres of logs to China through Pemba port. The companies Mofid, Pacifico, Kingsway and Tienhe are all Chinese-owned; 64 December 2011: Authorities in Pemba port detained the vessel Kota Mawar after discovering 161 containers of illegal logs owned by five Chinese firms Mofid, Tienhe, Pacifico, Senlian and Alphaben; 65 July 2011: 501 containers of illegal timber were seized at the port of Nacala, Nampula province, en route to China. Chinese-owned firms involved in the smuggling attempt include Casa Bonita, Zhen Long, Chanate, Senyu, Tong Fa and Yihou; 66 January 2012: Mozambican customs seized 30 containers of logs in the yard of a Chinese company called Heng Yi that was attempting to export illegally to China through the port of Maputo. 67 Yet despite being caught breaking the law, after paying the appropriate fines some of the companies implicated in these frauds were allowed to buy their logs back and ship them to China. 68 Apart from these seizures, the Government has also creditably increased the fines payable for breaking the rules, passing into law by Decree 76/2011, as well as approving the Regulation of the Value Added Tax (V.A.T.) on forest products in 2011, which was designed to discourage the export of logs. 69 However, as EIA s research and investigations show, while laudable work is being done by progressive elements of Mozambique s Government to crack down, their work is undermined by unscrupulous and corrupt officials who facilitate Chinese traders in continued illegal operations. EIA estimates that the six largest timber traders undercover investigators met with in Mozambique account for an annual export of 228,000 cubic metres. 70 These firms alone exceeded Mozambique s total licensed exports for 2011 by 16,805 cubic metres. 71 The boasts of such traders about their ability to operate illegally through bribery and fraud flies in the face of existing Government efforts to get tough on illegal exports. Even recent moves to increase fines for flouting the law are relatively meaningless to the traders. 72 With the toughest fine being merely US$33,783, clearly the financial deterrent is not sufficient to stop the major traders from exporting illegally. 73 Further, this illegal trade is pushing harvesting beyond sustainable limits, and into more remote areas. Several traders EIA met in Mozambique voiced concerns that key commercial species would likely be exhausted in the next five to 10 years, and that logging operations were increasingly targeting the remote provinces of Niassa and Tete as supplies dwindle in provinces like Zambezia. More robust enforcement options exist, but are rarely exercised. Article 44 of the 1999 Forest and Wildlife Law, for example, sets penalties that may also be applied to law breakers, including: the cancellation of licenses; the partial or total suspension of activities associated with the crimes; and a prohibition on any new licenses for a period of one year. 74 None of the companies EIA met with have had these last sanctions applied to them, and many continue to act with impunity despite their involvement in the illegal timber trade. Current law enforcement efforts, while commendable, are not exploiting all of the tools available to deter criminals. Port of Beira: a hub for timber shipments to China. 11
13 CONCLUSIONS Mozambique is a signatory to the Yaounde Ministerial Declaration on African Forest Law Enforcement and Governance, committing itself to 42 indicative actions against illegal logging and associated trade, corruption, and to promote improved forest governance. 75 Given the problems outlined in this briefing, it is clear these commitments have not been met. The discrepancy in official export/import data in volumes of timber traded between Mozambique to China demonstrates the scale of illegal exports and how they drive illegal logging in the country. The tax revenue lost to this trade harms Mozambique s capacity to fund improved forest management and law enforcement, as well as community poverty alleviation schemes. Government efforts to control the illegal timber trade, by increasing the number of seizures, legislating for greater fines and by increasing the VAT tax on the export of logs, have been undermined by the persistence of the illegal operators protected by political patronage. These problems should by now have raised concerns from the relevant Mozambican authorities and their Chinese counterparts, leading to an investigation regarding any illegalities involved. The fact that these problems continue to blight the proper management of the forest sector is a travesty for Mozambique s forests and for those poor communities who rely on them for their survival. ABOVE: Logyard in Beira containing precious and first class species of timber. 12
14 RECOMMENDATIONS The Mozambican Government should: l Extend the log export ban to cover all species as soon as possible; l Initiate a cooperative investigation between Chinese and Mozambican authorities into the illegalities involved in the timber trade between the two countries; l Institute a wide-ranging investigation into corruption in the forest sector, including into the involvement of forest officers, police officers and customs officials, and to include the roles and relationships of current Agriculture Minister Jose Pacheco and parliamentarian Thomas Mandlate; l Investigate the illegal export of unprocessed 1st class timber by the companies MOFID, Senlian, Pingos Marinha, Fan Shi, and Verdura; l Strengthen penalties for breaches of forest and timber trade laws and regulations, so as to further discourage forest and timber trade crime; l Increase forest law enforcement and the proper application of forest and export regulations. The Chinese Government should: l Prohibit the import of illegal timber into China; l Liaise with Mozambique on its timber export laws, and reciprocate them on imports into China; l Ensure State-owned companies (including Senlian and Meheco) are not exporting illegal timber from Mozambique, or importing it into China from Mozambique. 13
15 REFERENCES 1 Africa Economic Outlook, Mozambique /southern-africa/mozambique/ 2. Transparency International Corruption Perception Index, United Nations Human Development Index Report, 2011, 4. Ministériopara Coordenação de AcçãoAmbiental (Ministry of Coordination for Environmental Action MICOA), Seminar on Natural Resources, Environment and Growth hosted by MICOA February, 24th Ibid 6. Mozambique s Readiness Preparation Proposal (RPP) for the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, March Direccao Nacional de Terras e Florestas, Departamento de Inventario de RecursosNaturais, Inventarion Florestal Nacional, 2007, page 5 8. The context of REDD+ in Mozambique: Drivers, Agents and Institutions, Centre for International Forestry (CIFOR), Sino-Mozambican Relations and their Implications for Forests: A Preliminary Assessment for the case of Mozambique, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Sino-Mozambican Relations and their Implications for Forests: A Preliminary Assessment for the case of Mozambique, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), All Africa, Mozambique-China Trade Continues to Grow, 9/12/12, 12. Testimony from Chinese timber traders to undercover EIA investigators in both China and Mozambique, Macauhub, Exportação de madeira de Sofalarendeu a Moçambique 2,6 milhões de dólaresem exportacao-de-madeira-de-sofala-rendeu-amocambique-26-milhoes-de-dolares-em-2011/ 14. SeŕgioChichava, Moc ambiquena rota da China: Uma oportunidadepara o desenvolvimento?; page 342, 2009 and the World Widelife Fund; Moc ambique e Tanzania unemesforc osem pro da Conservac aõ, April 2010, page Direcção Nacional de Terras e Florestas, Relatório de Balanço Anual de Terras, Florestas e Fauna Bravia, Boletim da Reublica No 27, I Seŕie 4o Suplemento, de 12 de Julho de 1999, Lei No. 10/ Boletim da Republica, 1 Serie Numero 22, 6th of June 2002, Decree No 12/2002, Regulation of the Wildlife and Forest Law 18. Boletim da Reublica No 31, 1 Serie, Agosto de 2012, Decreton.o 30/ Boletim da Republica de Mocambique 6 de Junho de 2002, 1 Serie Numero 22, Decreto no12/2002, Regulamento da Lei de Florestas e Fauna Bravia 20. Annual Reports of the Mozambique Forest Authority 21. Global Timber.org.uk 22. Missing Trade Records Signals Threat to Mozambique s Miombo Woodlands, CIFOR Forests News, 24 November Mozambican figures from DirecçãoNacional de Terras e Florestas, Relatório de BalançoAnual de Terras, Florestas e Fauna Bravia, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, & China figures extrapolated from Global Timber.com - mozambique.htm 24. Direcção Nacional de Terras e Florestas, Relatório de Balanço Anual de Terras, Florestas e Fauna Bravia, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, & An 80% conversion rate applied to 127,000 cubic metres of sawn timber imports registered by China Customs equals 152,400 cubic metres (RWE), added to registered log imports of 323,000 cubic metres = 445,000 cubic metres of logs RWE. 26. Avaliação Integrada de Florestas Em Moçambique - Aifm; Inventário Florestal Nacional, April Boletim da Republica, 1 Serie Numero 32, Lei n. 7/2010: Cria a Taxa de Sobrevalorizac aõ da Madeira, abreviadamente designada TSM 28. Interviews with traders indicated an f.o.b. price range from $500/cubic metre (for sawn Umbila) to $880/cubic metre (for Pau Ferro logs) for 1st class timber species (which include Pau Ferro, Mondzo, Jambirre and others which are most in demand in China). 29. Boletim da Republica, 1 Serie Numero 22, 6th of June 2002, Decree No 12/2002, Regulation of the Wildlife and Forest Law 30. Boletim da Republica de Mocambique 6 de Junho de 2002, 1 Serie Numero 22, Decreto no12/2002, Regulamento da Lei de Florestas e Fauna Bravia 31. Calculations based on 154,030 cubic metre discrepancy, and an average tax of $40/cubic metre. 32. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland Unit for Southern Africa, Forest Sector Support Program in Mozambique, March 2009, page 9-10 (using a conversion rate of US Dollars to Euros of ) 33. Mozambique s Readiness Preparation Proposal (RPP) for the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, March 2012, page Co digo do Impostosobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares (IRPS) 35. Boletim da Republica, 1 Serie Numero 22, 6th of June 2002, Decree No 12/2002, Regulation of the Wildlife and Forest Law 36. Boletim da Republica nº 50, III Série, Supl of 13th December of Macau.blogs.com, Madeireiros contrariados com proteccionismo de alguns, Pedro Nacuo, 2011, 2011/01/madeireiros-contrariados-com-proteccionismode-alguns.html?asset_id=6a00d83451e35069e20147 e196573b970b 38. Boletim da Republica, 1 Serie Numero 22, 6th of June 2002, Decree No 12/2002, Regulation of the Wildlife and Forest Law (Article 12 para 2+3 states that: 2. The export of first class species of wood is only permitted subsequent to it being processed according to the terms set out in this regulation. 39. Thomas Mandlate, registered Parliamentarian and member of the FRELIMO party:http://www.parlamento. org.mz/index.php?option=com_content&view =article&id=39:lista-de-deputados-da-bancadaparlamentar-da-frelimo&catid=20&itemid=258&showall =1&limitstart= 40. Mining Review.com, First Terminal for Nacala, 41. Boletim da Republica nº 29, III Série, 2º Supl. de 20 de Julho de pág. 936-(66) cgi-bin/ wxis.exe?isisscript=hermes/ pesquisaf.xis& formato=1&contador=&expressao1=tom%e1s% 20Frederico%20Mandlate&details=1&login= karl&tipo=3 42. Savana, Emidio Beula, Exportacao illegal de madeira continua, O Quadro Legal Para Importacao e Exportacao em Mocambique, Associacao de Comercio e Industria, 2008 (page 31) 44. Boletim da Republica nº 3, III Série de 17 de Janeiro de pág. 65, cgi-bin/wxis.exe?isisscript=hermes/pesquisaf.xis &formato=1&contador=&expressao1=zheng%20 Fei&details=1&login=karl&tipo=3 45. Madeireiras moçambicanas e chinesasperdemlicenças de exploraçãohttp://noticias.sapo.cv/lusa/artigo/ html 46. Boletim da Republica nº 11, III Série de 19 de Marco de Article 27 para 2 of the 2002 Forest Regulation states "2. It is the responsibility of the Forest and Wildlife Services to verify the competency of the applicant (concessionaire applicant) based on the existence of any infractions according to article 41 of the 1999 Forest Law". 48. Bulletin of the Republic of Mozambique No 12, Series III of the 21st of March 2001, & Hermes, Data Base of the Announcements of registered companies publicized in the Bulletin s of the Republic of Mozambique: hermes/ pesquisaf.xis&formato=1&contador=& expressao1=ken%20james%20tsou&details= 1&login=karl&tipo=3 49. Hermes, Data Base of the Announcements of registered companies publicized in the Bulletin s of the Republic of Mozambique, to=1&contador=&expressao1=ken%20james%20 Tsou&details=1&login=karl&tipo=3 50. Boletim da Republica, Suplemento 4, Serie III, Numero 3, Janeiro McKenzie, Catherine, Chinese Takeaway, Centro de Integridade Publica, Relatoŕio Anual de Controlo da Corrupc aõ em Moc ambique, 2008, page Aunicio da Silvia, Mocambique Magazine, Exportação de madeiranã oprocessada é umarealidade, 29 de dezembro de União Africano, Mozambique: Registadores ilegais prendidos em Zambezia, 2009, 55. McKenzie, Catherine, Tristeza Tropical, 2009, page Fernando Gil, Aprendidos 2500 mil toros de madeira illegal:http://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_ todos/2012/05/apreendidos-2500-mil-toros-demadeira-ilegal.html 57. O Pais, Empresachinesa Green timber multadaem 200 mil meticais, , moambique_ para_ todos/2012/07/empresa-chinesagreen-timber-multada-em-200-mil-meticais.html 58. Valoi, Estacios, Lideres coniventes no saque da Madeira, July 2011, lideres-coniventes-no-saque-da-madeira.html 59. Available on request for documentary evidence, please contact us using our contact details on our website: 60. Carvalho, Nelson, Mocambique paratodos, Uma vezmais - Generais no tráfico de madeira, 24/07/11, 07/uma-vez-mais-.html Bulletin of the Republic of Mozambique nº 18, III Series of 30th April 2003 page 761, cgi-bin/wxis.exe?isisscript=hermes/pesquisaf.xis& formato=1&contador=&expressao1=tina%20%c2ngela %20Tsou&details=1&login=karl&tipo=3 63. Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique, Over a thousand logs seized in Pemba port, February 2, Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique, Timber companies fined over illegal exports, January 9, Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique, Illegal export of timber blocked, 13 January Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique, Revenue authority formalizes seizure of timber containers, 11 August All Africa, Mozambique: Customs Seize Containers of Illegal Logs, html 68. Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique, Illegal logs sold back to companies, November 26, 2011 (the companies referred to are Casa Bonita, Zhen Lomg, Chanate, Senyu,TongFa and Yihou) 69. Decreto 21/2011, regulamento da taxa de sobrevalorização da madeira 70. Combined, Senlian, Fan Shi, Mofid, Pingos, Verdura, Alman claim to export a total of 11,440 containers of timber to China each year. EIA has assumed that for each 20ft container 20 cubic metres of timber are stored, as per information derived from this link: BOARDS-SALE-Origin S Direcção Nacional de Terras e Florestas, Relatório de Balanço Anual de Terras, Florestas e Fauna Bravia, January 2011, page 11 (licensed exports were 211,995 cubic metres for that year) 72. Boletim da Republica, 1 Serie Numero 52, 30 de Dezembro de 2011, Decreto No 76/2011, page Using a current conversion rate of 29.6 Meticais per $: 74. Boletim da Reublica No 27, I Seŕie 4o Suplemento, de 12 de Julho de 1999, Lei No. 10/ Africa Forest Law Enforcement And Governance (AFLEG) Ministerial Conference October, 2003, Ministerial Declaration Yaounde, Cameroon October 16,
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Amelia Jenks Bloomer (May 27, 1818 – December 30, 1894) was an American women's rights and temperance advocate. Even though she did not create the women's clothing reform style known as bloomers, her name became associated with it because of her early and strong advocacy.
Early life
Bloomer came from a family of modest means and received only a few years of formal schooling. When she was 22, she married attorney Dexter Bloomer who encouraged her to write for his New York newspaper, the Seneca Falls County Courier.
She spent her early years in Cortland County, New York. Bloomer and her family moved to Iowa in 1852. She died at Council Bluffs, Iowa. She is commemorated together with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth and Harriet Ross Tubman in the calendar of saints of the Episcopal Church on July 20. Her home at Seneca Falls, New York, known as the Amelia Bloomer House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[1]
Social activism
In 1848, Bloomer attended the Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls. In 1849, Bloomer began publishing her views on temperance and social issues in her own bi-weekly publication, The Lily. While the newspaper initially focused on temperance, Bloomer came under the influence of temperance activist and suffragette Elizabeth Cady Stanton who contributed articles on the broader issues of women's rights. The newspaper contained a broad mix of contents ranging from recipes to moralist tracts, including topics such as marriage law reform and higher education for women. In publication through 1853, The Lily eventually had a circulation of over 4,000. This newspaper is believed to have been a model for later periodicals focused on women's suffrage.
Bloomer, describing her feelings as the first woman to own, operate and edit a news vehicle for women, wrote:
- It was a needed instrument to spread abroad the truth of a new gospel to woman, and I could not withhold my hand to stay the work I had begun. I saw not the end from the beginning and dreamed where to my propositions to society would lead me.'
In her publication, Bloomer promoted a change in dress standards for women that would be less restrictive in regular activities.
- The costume of women should be suited to her wants and necessities. It should conduce at once to her health, comfort, and usefulness; and, while it should not fail also to conduce to her personal adornment, it should make that end of secondary importance.
In 1851, New England temperance activist Elizabeth Smith Miller (aka Libby Miller) adopted what she considered a more rational costume: loose trousers gathered at the ankles, like women's trousers worn in the Middle East and Central Asia, topped by a short dress or skirt and vest. The costume was worn publicly by actress Fanny Kemble. Miller displayed her new clothing to Stanton, her cousin, who found it sensible and becoming, and adopted it immediately. In this garb Stanton visited Bloomer, who began to wear the costume and promote it enthusiastically in her magazine. Articles on the clothing trend were picked up in The New York Tribune. More women wore the fashion which was promptly dubbed The Bloomer Costume or "Bloomers". However, the Bloomers were subjected to ceaseless ridicule in the press and harassment on the street. Bloomer herself dropped the fashion in 1859, saying that a new invention, the crinoline, was a sufficient reform that she could return to conventional dress.
Bloomer remained a suffrage pioneer and writer throughout her life, writing for a wide array of periodicals. She led suffrage campaigns in Nebraska and Iowa, and served as president of the Iowa Woman Suffrage Association from 1871 until 1873.
Although Bloomer's work was far less renowned than her contemporaries were, she made many significant contributions to the women's movement — her ideas of dress reform and her work in the temperance movement were notable. Moreover, The Lily was a voice for many women reformers such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. It spoke on many issues such as dress reform and the need for enfranchisement for women.
- ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13. http://www.nr.nps.gov/.
- Bloomer, Dexter C. Life and Writings of Amelia Bloomer. Boston: Arena Pub. Co., 1895. Reprinted 1975 by Schocken Books, New York. Includes bibliographical references.
- Coon, Anne C. Hear Me Patiently: The Reform Speeches of Amelia Jenks Bloomer, Vol. 138. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1994.
- Smith, Stephanie, Household Words: Bloomers, sucker, bombshell, scab, cyber (2006) -- material on changing usage of words.
- The Lily: A Ladies' Journal, devoted to Temperance and Literature. 1849.
External links
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Amelia Bloomer. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.


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2006 Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class - Consumer Review
Build Quality
Reliability Value
Build Quality
Reliability Value
One Beautiful Car
By Lou Algieri on
Vehicle2006 Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class CLS500 4dr Sedan (5.0L 8cyl 7A)
ReviewMercedes designed the CLS for buyers that wanted something more sporty than an E-Class but couldn't afford AMG series cars. Well, it seemed like they designed it just for me because as soon as I saw it, I wanted one. The car has style, plenty of horsepower and handles better than the E500. I was concerned about the low roofline thinking it would hinder visibility, but that has not been the case. The high performance tires are a little noisy, but not distracting. The jury is still out on the "reliability" category because the car is new. And finally, the CLS has decent cup holders in the front!
Best FeaturesThe CLS handles extremely well during cornering and turning. It has lots of power for passing and getting on the parkways. I find the brakes to be better than those on the E500 I previously owned. The paint and finish are beautiful.
Worst FeaturesThe climate control, auto/manual, is a little confusing and could be simplified. Also, the cruise control arm is located very close to the turn signal arm, which often leads to putting on the directional when you want to set the cruise.
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