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There is limited research about IPV against women and associated factors in Sub-Saharan Africa, not least Mozambique. The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence, severity, chronicity and "predictors" of IPV against women in Maputo City (Mozambique).
Data were collected during a 12month-period (consecutive cases, with each woman seen only once) from 1,442 women aged 15–49years old seeking help for abuse by an intimate partner at the Forensic Services at the Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo City, Mozambique. Interviews were conducted by trained female interviewers, and data collected included demographics and lifestyle variables, violence (using the previously validated Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), and control (using the Controlling Behaviour Scale Revised (CBS-R). The data were analysed using bivariate and multivariate methods.
The overall experienced IPV during the past 12months across severity (one or more types, minor and severe) was 70.2% (chronicity, 85.8±120.9).a Severe IPV varied between 26.3-45.9% and chronicity between 3.1±9.1-12.8±26.9, depending on IPV type. Severity and chronicity figures were higher in psychological aggression than in the other IPV types. Further, 26.8% (chronicity, 55.3±117.6) of women experienced all IPV types across severity. The experience of other composite IPV types across severity (4 combinations of 3 types of IPV) varied between 27.1-42.6% and chronicity between 35.7±80.3-64.9±110.9, depending on the type of combination. The combination psychological aggression, physical assault and sexual coercion had the highest figures compared with the other combinations. The multiple regressions showed that controlling behaviours, own perpetration and co-occurring victimization were more important in "explaining" the experience of IPV than other variables (e.g. abuse as a child).
In our study, controlling behaviours over/by partner, own perpetration, co-occurring victimization and childhood abuse were more important factors in "explaining" sustained IPV. More investigation into women's IPV exposure and its "predictors" is warranted in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Mozambique.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) towards women is an enduring public health problem world-wide, with effects ranging from financial hardships and decreased intimacy to high rates of morbidity and mortality. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the poor living and health conditions of women may be further exacerbated by IPV [1,2]. The Centre of Disease and Prevention (http://www.cdc.gov/) and Saltzman et al. (2002) [3] define IPV as "physical, sexual or psychological harm by current or former partner or spouse" [3]. Data from SSA show that 5–29% of women are physically assaulted by their male intimate partners each year and 13–59% during life-time, with the annual rates of assault with injury ranging from 2–45.9% [1,2,4-10]. The 12-month sexual coercion rates vary between 9.1 - 44.4% yearly and ever coerced between 16.5 - 58.6%, [1,2,5-7,10,11], whilst verbal/emotional aggression during the past 12months and life-time may be as elevated as 51% and 67.5%, respectively [5,6,10,12-14]. Different types of IPV often co-occur, and a review of IPV in 7 African countries (Cameron, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), showed that rates of co-occurring emotional aggression, physical assault and sexual coercion varied between 3.6 - 8.3%, and physical assault and sexual coercion between 6.8 - 30.1% [5].
Male coercion or controlling behaviour (e.g. my partner always wants to know where I am) has been associated with high IPV risk for women [2,5,14-16], but in certain conditions (e.g. women's unfaithfulness) both men and women may condone abuse [12,17]. Controlling behaviour in intimate relationships has been described as "when one partner (most commonly the man) uses threats and emotional abuse to maintain control over the other partner (most commonly the woman)" [18]. Controlling behaviour reflects a power structure within the relationship, and has been shown to be significantly associated with higher likelihood of use of violence [16], by men against women. A recent study with university students from Ghana showed that the frequency of use of controlling behaviours and victimization/perpetration amongst men and women (e.g. control the other's money) were similar, and that controlling behaviours were a "predictor" of IPV [19]. Women's experiences of abuse during childhood in SSA may be relatively common [1,8,20-24]; however, few studies seem to have addressed the relation between abuse during childhood and IPV exposure in adulthood, with results showing a positive association [8,24]. Data on the relation between IPV and socio-economic status are conflicting, with some studies reporting that women living in poor socio-economic conditions (e.g. unemployed) are more exposed to IPV [8,25], whilst others suggest that empowered women (e.g. employed) are at higher risk [13,15]. Heavy alcohol use by men and women has also been associated with IPV [8,12,26,27]. The influence of women's IPV perpetration on their own victimization in SSA has attracted little attention, but studies indicate that women perpetrate abuse against their male intimate partners at rates from 0.5–27% [2,10,12-15,26,28]. Two studies in Mozambique reported that 8% [25] and 37% [29] of men, respectively, were physically assaulted by their female intimate partners during the past 12months.
Few studies have addressed the association between controlling behaviours and women's exposure to IPV in Sub-Saharan Africa, and only one study has examined the connection between controlling behaviours and victimization/perpetration among both sexes [19]. Evidence suggests also that women`s use of coercion is related to their IPV victimization/perpetration [19]; such knowledge may be important to tailor specific interventions to deal with the influence of control in violence, but also to deal with dominance issues in general. Thus, to fill this gap, the current study investigated the frequency, severity and chronicity of IPV (psychological aggression, physical assault, sexual coercion, physical assault with injury) experienced by women seeking help for abuse by partner using the Conflict Tactics Scales 2 (CTS2) [30], as well as the help-seeking women's experiences of being controlled and using controlling behaviours in relation to their IPV exposure using the Controlling Behaviour Scale Revised (CBS-R) [31,32].
Feminist theory argues that the risk factors of IPV are at socio-political levels. This theory looks at how men and women are acculturated into protagonists of power/ controlling behaviours [33-35]. This framework conceptualizes that power imbalances within the patriarchal societies create a gender social order that gives men rights and authority within the family/relationship over women. This results in men exercising power and control over women in several ways including the use violence/abuse as a tool to keep power/controlling behaviour [33-35]. This theory offers a comprehensive understanding of factors that may influence IPV exposure. The approach used reflect that causes and outcomes of IPV due the protagonist of power/controlling behaviours surrounded by the relationship/family associated with demographic, socio-economic and life-style factors.
The aim of this study was therefore to: (i) describe women's experiences of IPV by type (psychological aggression, physical assault, sexual coercion, physical assault with injury), overall IPV and co-occurring IPV during the past 12months; (ii) examine the association between IPV types, and demographic, socio-economic and life-style variables; and (iii) Identify and quantify factors associated with IPV by type (e.g. controlling behaviours).
It is hypothesized that the traditional gender role associated with demographic/socio-economic factors and controlling behaviours by partner increase the likelihood of being victimized of IPV.
A total of 1,500 women (aged 15–49years) living in Maputo City, Mozambique were recruited to participate in this study (from a total population of 424,194 women within this age group in Maputo City). The women contacted the Forensic Services at the Maputo Central Hospital for abuse by partner, and the data was collected during one year (consecutive cases). Of the total number of women recruited, 1,442 (96.1%) answered the questionnaires and 58 (3.9%) refused to answer. Of the total number of women who answered the questionnaires (i.e. 1,442), 1433 answered questions on psychological aggression and sexual coercion, whilst 1432 answered questions on physical assault with and without injury, respectively (Table1).
Dependent variables: Intimate partner violence (IPV) was assessed with the CTS2 scales [30], from which the dependent variables (psychological aggression, physical assault, sexual coercion, physical assault with injury) were derived. The women were asked whether they perpetrated the various types of IPV (39 items) and then whether they had been victims of the same IPV types (39 items). Thus, the CTS2 has a total number of 78 items. The CTS2 covers negotiation, emotional (e.g. said I was sure we could work out a problem) and cognitive (e.g. explained my side of a disagreement to my partner); psychological aggression, severe (e.g. called my partner fat or ugly) and minor (e.g. shouted or yelled at my partner); physical assault, severe (e.g. kicked my partner) and minor (e.g. grabbed my partner); sexual coercion, severe (e.g. used threats to make my partner have sex) and minor (e.g. made my partner have sex without a condom); physical assault with injury, severe (e.g. had a broken bone from a fight with my partner) and minor (e.g. had a sprain, bruise, or small cut because of a fight with my partner); and chronicity (how often the acts happened). Frequency of the acts was categorized as once, twice, 3–5, 6–10, 11–20 or >20 times during the past year, and did not occur within the past year, but before the last year or never occurred.b Chronicity was assessed by calculating the mean number of times the violent acts in each scale (minor, severe, overall) occurred among those who experienced at least one violent act [30]. The validity and reliability of CTS2 has been shown to be good [30]. Further, we measured who initiated the physical assault.c In this study, the questions on negotiation and who initiated the physical assault were not processed. Detailed bivariate data on perpetration are not presented here. The Cronbach α´s were 0.82 for psychological aggression, 0.89 for physical assault, 0.73 for sexual coercion and 0.65 for physical assault with injury.
Abuse as a child was assessed with 4 open questions, one each for psychological abuse (e.g. shouted or yelled at), physical abuse (e.g. beaten up), sexual abuse (e.g. forced to have sex) and injury (e.g. bruised). Additionally, chronicity (how often the acts happened) was assessed. Frequency of the acts was assessed as: once, twice, 3–5, 6–10, 11–20 or >20 times or never happened.d The questions provided information about the respondent's exposure to abuse before the age of 15years. Detailed bivariate data on childhood abuse are not presented here. The Cronbach α´s were 0.70 for psychological abuse, 0.72 for physical abuse, 0.68 for sexual abuse and 0.71 for injury.
Controlling behaviours were assessed with the Controlling Behaviour Scale Revised (CBS-R) [31,32]. The CBS-R consists of 24 questions, does not involve questions of physical assault and has good discriminative ability [31,32]. Questions include controlling the other's money and try to restrict time one spent with family or friends. The response format has a range of 0–4 (never to always), and a total range of 0–96. The women were required to report how often they used each act of control toward their partners in the last year and how often their partners used each act on them; high scores correspond to high control. Detailed bivariate data on controlling behaviours are not presented here. Cronbach α's for women being controlled and using controlling behaviours were 0.93 and 0.91, respectively.
Life-style variables: (i) Use of alcohol and cigarettes (yes or no); (ii) A Body Mass Index (BMI), based on self-reported height and weight, and computed for each woman with the formula kg/m2. BMI was computed because evidence has shown that eating disorders (e.g., anorexia, bulimia) are among the mental health consequences of IPV. Thus, excessive weight gain or loss may be some of the first indications of such trauma [36].
Demographic/socio-economic variables included: age (in years), marital status (single, married/cohabitant, divorced/separated, widow), children at women (yes or no), housing (conventional or non-conventional), education (cannot read/write, low, intermediate, high), occupational status (blue collar, low white-collar, middle/high white-collar, student/other), socio-economic status (work for others, liberal/own business, student, domestic/other), salary/financial resources (yes or no), and financial strain i.e. concerns about how to make ends meet or provide for her needs, was assessed with one question in a no/sometimes/often/always format. A woman was defined as experiencing financial strain if she selected any response other than no. These items were largely derived from a classification system concerning socio-economics etc., which is used in Mozambique (Ministry Council–Ministry of Finances).
Data from this cross-sectional study were collected during 12months (consecutive cases) among women who had contact with the Forensic Services at the Maputo Central Hospital (Maputo City, Mozambique) for their IPV experiences between April 1, 2007 and March 31, 2008. The women were either self-referred, referred by female organizations, or referred by the Police, with the majority being referred by female organizations or self-referred. No annotations were made concerning how many of the women were referred by female organisations and police, and self-referred. Trained female interviewers (medical students at the Faculty of Medicine and nurses at the Forensic Services) informed the women about all details of the research, what was expected of them and the way information would be handled (verbally or verbally/in writing). Strong emphasis was put on voluntariness, confidentiality and that non-participation would not lead to any negative effects. After receiving permission, the women were interviewed (on average 1hour) in a private room by means of a questionnaire. Data management (e.g. processing) were conducted according to usual anonymous and confidentiality rules, and findings from the study would be published, using aggregated and de-identified data only. Feed-back information on the study will be made available to participants, at request, as aggregate data relationships. The National Ethical Committee at the Ministry of Health of Mozambique approved the study.
Data on IPV types (psychological aggression, physical assault, sexual coercion, physical assault with injury) during the past 12months were described in form of raw figures, percentages, means and standard deviation (SD). The relation between IPV types, demographic/socio-economic and life-style variables were examined with analysis of variance (ANOVAs) and chi-square tests (χ2). The significance level for bivariate analyses was set at p<0.0125 and for multivariate analyses at p<0.05.
Four multiple block-wise logistic regressions were conducted to identify and quantify factors associated with IPV types (e.g. physical assault) during the past 12months, while controlling for other possible factors. In block-wise logistic regression, variables are entered into the regression equation block by block and the contribution of each block in explaining the dependent variable is expressed as Nagelkerke R2. Each block explains part of the total variance (total model). Nagelkerke R2 is an approximation to descriptive goodness-of-fit statistics to assess the fit of the proposed logistic model (quantify the strength of association between variables) [37]. Results were expressed in form of odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
In the regressions, the independent factors included were variables significantly related to each IPV type in the bivariate analyses. Demographics/socio-economics were entered first in the models followed by life-style, controlling behaviours, perpetration, victimisation and abuse as a child, a procedure often used in studies in the field. Concretely, the included independent factors were marital status, having children at home, housing, education, occupational status, socio-economic status, having salary/financial resources, financial strain, BMI, and smoking and alcohol use (yes/no). Further, we added controlling behaviours over/by partner, women's IPV perpetration and victimisation by type (e.g. psychological aggression)e and childhood abuse (e.g. psychological). The regression models differed for each IPV type depending on results of the bivariate analyses, but some of the variables (e.g. control) were used in all models. All variables with more than two categories were transformed into dummy variables.
As shown in Table2, 45.9% (chronicity, 11.4±19.8)f of the women experienced severe psychological aggression; 44% (chronicity, 12.8±26.9) severe physical assault; 29.2% (mean chronicity, 6.1±15.1) severe sexual coercion; and 26.3% severe physical assault with injury (chronicity, 3.1±9.1). The overall experienced IPV across severity (one or more types, minor and severe) was 70.2% (chronicity, 85.8±120.9), of which 55.3% was severe abuse (chronicity, 33.4±58.3). Further, co-occurring IPV exposure across severity showed the following patterns: 26.8% (chronicity, 55.3±117.6) of the women experienced all IPV types; 31.8% (chronicity, 52.4±101.3) experienced a combination of psychological aggression, physical assault and physical assault with injury; 27.1% (chronicity, 35.7±80.3) experienced a combination of physical assault, sexual coercion and physical assault with injury; 42.6% (chronicity, 64.9±110.9) experienced a combination of psychological aggression, physical assault and sexual coercion; and 27.4% (chronicity, 36.4±74.0) experienced a combination of psychological aggression, sexual coercion and physical assault with injury.
Psychological aggression. As shown in Table1, psychologically aggressed women compared to counterparts more often were single, more often had secondary education levels and more often used alcohol. Physical assault. Physically assaulted women compared to counterparts more often were single and more often used alcohol. Sexual coercion. Sexually coerced women more often were single and more often used alcohol/cigarettes. Physical assault with injury. Injured women compared to counterparts more often were single and blue-collar workers, more often worked for others and resided in conventional housing, more often had salary/financial resources and children at home, and experienced greater financial strain. They also had a higher BMI and more often used alcohol/cigarettes.
As shown in Table3, the likelihood of psychological aggression was lower among divorced/separated women (OR=0.34; 95% CI=0.17-0.69) compared to single women, and women who were controlled by partner (OR=0.98; 95% CI=0.97-0.99) compared women who were not controlled. In contrast, the likelihood of psychological aggression was higher among women with middle (OR=3.17; 95% CI=1.31- 7.64) and high education (OR=3.33; 95 CI=1.27-8.73) compared to women who could not read or write. Women who controlled their partner (OR=1.03; 95% CI=1.01-1.05) were more likely to experience psychological aggression. In addition, the likelihood of being victimised was higher among women who perpetrated physical assault against male partner (OR=2.40; 95% CI=1.22-4.74) compared to those who did not, and among women who experienced co-occurrence of victimization [physical assault & psychological aggression (OR=13.63; 95% CI=1.65-24.29); sexual coercion & psychological aggression (OR=8.23; 95% CI=4.69-14.44); and physical assault with injury & psychological aggression (OR=4.25; 95% CI=2.01-8.98), compared to those who did not experience co-occurring victimization. Women who were physically abused as a child (OR=1.51; 95% CI=1.01-2.25) were more likely to experience psychological aggression compared to those who did not.
Physical assault was more likely among who were controlled by partner (OR=1.03; 95% CI=1.02-1.04), among women who perpetrated psychological aggression (OR=4.04; 95% CI=2.22-7.33) compared to those who did not, among women who perpetrated physical assault with injury (OR=3.56; 95% CI=1.55-8.15), among women who experienced co-occurring victimization [psychological aggression & physical assault (OR=8.37; 95% CI=4.36-16.06), among women who experienced co-occurring sexual coercion & physical assault (OR=4.33; 95% CI=2.70-6.95), and among women who experienced co-occurring physical assault with injury & physical assault (OR=7.54; 95% CI=4.21-13.53) compared to women who did not.
The likelihood of being sexually coerced was lower among divorced and separated women (OR=0.40; 95% CI=0.22-0.71) compared to those who were single. Sexual coercion was more likely among women who perpetrated psychological aggression (OR=1.89; 95% CI=1.10-3.27) and physical assault with injury (OR=2.02; 95% CI=1.22-3.32), among women who experienced co-occurring psychological aggression & sexual coercion (OR=5.80; 95% CI=3.24-10.39), and physical assault & sexual coercion (OR=3.71; 95% CI=2.41-5.70) compared to women who did not.
Physical assault with injury was more likely among women who had children at home (OR=2.69; 95% CI=1.51-4.79) compared to those who did not have children at home, as well as by women who were controlled by partner (OR=1.04; 95% CI=1.03-1.05) compared to those who were not. Women who perpetrated sexual coercion (OR=1.95; 95% CI=1.22-3.11) were more likely to experience physical assault with injury compared to those who did not perpetrate abuse. In addition, women who experienced co-occurring victimization [psychological aggression & physical assault with injury (OR=2.81; 95% CI=1.08-7.35), and physical assault & physical assault with injury (OR=10.61; 95% CI=5.21-21.61) compared to those who did not experience co-occurring victimization.
This study of women who contacted the Forensic Services at the Maputo Central Hospital for abuse assessed women's experiences of IPV by type during the preceding 12months, examined the association between IPV types and predictor variables.
This cross-sectional study showed that majority (70.2%, chronicity, 85.8±120.9) of the women had experienced one or more IPV types during the past 12months, of which more than half the number (55.3%, chronicity, 33.4±58.3) of cases were severe acts., The overall figures in this study were higher than those reported in SSA and elsewhere with different population samples, which varies between 2 - 51% [1,2,4-7,14,38,39]. Variation in the operationalization of IPV, collecting data procedures and characteristics of the samples may explain differences in abuse rates. The chronicity and severity findings in our study are not comparable with those of other studies, given that such data are either not provided or are reported differently.
The most common form of IPV was psychological aggression, 65.3%; chronicity, 35.3±45.5), with severe acts amounting to 45.9% (chronicity, 11.4±19.8). Our findings are higher than those observed in SSA and elsewhere with various types of populations, which range from 18.2–51% [6,10,13,14,38,40], and slightly lower than those reported in a Russian study with female students using the same operational definition of psychological aggression (66.7%) [41]. The chronicity and severity rates in the present study are however higher than those reported in this Russian study using the same operational definitions (4.3%; mean chronicity of 13) [41]. These differences may be related to these factors being more common/salient in women seeking help for abuse by partner than amongst students.
Our finding that physical assault was experienced by 54.3% (chronicity, 27.7±51.5) of the women, with 44% (chronicity, 12.8±26.9) being severe acts, are greater than those shown in SSA and elsewhere (5–38%) [1,6,9,14,38,41,42], and in a study from Mozambique (11%) [25] that addressed a limited number of acts of physical assault. In contrast, a study of physical assault in Canada showed higher rates of physical assault than those reported by women in the present study (67% and 68% of women were exposed to minor and severe physical assault, respectively) [43]. Discrepancies in abuse rates could reflect differences in the operational definition of physical assault, types of participants and how the data are collected, although the figures from Canada suggest that factors other than sample characteristics and culture may be more important, requiring further investigation.
Sexual coercion was reported by 50.9% (chronicity, 16.3±28.3) of the women, and 29.2% (chronicity, 6.1±15.1) were severe acts. Our figures are higher than those observed in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere among different samples, which range from 5.2–44.4% [5-7,9,11,38,41,42,44]. In this study the willingness of our respondents to disclose their experiences of sexual abuse may explain differences in rates
Physical assault with injury was reported by 34.4% (chronicity, 6.4±15.4) of the women, and 26.3% (chronicity, 3.1±9.1) were severe acts. Our rates are consistent with those of previous observations, although in some cases in the upper range, in SSA and elsewhere (e.g. Canada) with different samples (e.g. community), which vary between 9 - 45.9% [8,10,43], suggesting that the sample type may not have a major importance in the occurrence of physical assault with injury. Similarly to the other forms of abuse, our results concerning the chronicity and severity of injuries may be difficult to compare with those of other studies due to a lack of such data or shown differently (e.g. chronicity, 0 times, 1–2 times, 3–5 times, >5 times). However, our figures are greater than those shown in a Russian study with female students using the same operational definition of chronicity and severity (7.7% were severe acts at a mean chronicity of 1.2) [41].
Co-occurring victimization across severity was common, with 26.8% (chronicity, 55.3±117.6) of the women experiencing all IPV types. The rates of victimisation regarding the other composite forms of IPV across severity (4 combinations with 3 types in each) varied between 27.1 - 42.6% and chronicity between 35.7±80.3 - 64.9±110.9, depending on the combination. The combination psychological aggression, physical assault and physical assault with injury had the highest figures contrasted to the other combinations. In this study rates of co-occurring IPV, in case combinations are similar, compared to those reported in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere are higher [5,38] and lower [45,46]. For example, in a review of IPV in 7 African countries among general population samples (Cameron, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe), the rates of co-occurring emotional aggression, physical assault and sexual coercion varied between 3.6-8.3% [4], whereas our rate was 27.4%. On the other hand, a study from Japan with a sample of convenience reported a much higher figure for the emotional aggression, physical assault and sexual coercion constellation, i.e. 57% [46]. The differences in the findings concerning women´s experience of all IPV types are not comparable to those of other studies, reasons most likely being methodological as well as differences in social context. Our figures on the chronicity and severity of the composite abuse are difficult to contrast with those of other studies as they either do not present such data or report differently (e.g. chronicity, never to all the time). Discrepancies in the co-occurring abuse rates may be due to several factors such as differences in how co-occurring abuse is combined, the operational definition of IPV and the characteristics of the samples. Culture may not be an important factor in the co-occurrence of IPV as exemplified by our findings and those of the Japanese study [46]. In any case, we are facing a group of women with multiple and frequent experiences of IPV. We posit that the higher prevalence of IPV found among women in our study may reflect higher disclosure facilitated by the use of the ascertainment tools – the CTS2 and the CBS-R in this study, which aided in the facilitation of women's interpretations of these abusive acts, thereby increasing disclosure of abuse.
The rates of IPV in this study tend to surpass those observed in other studies with different populations (e.g. women attending antenatal clinics), including studies from Sub-Saharan Africa, although there are exceptions concerning physical assault and physical assault with injury. Indeed, in some cases our rates of physical assault and physical assault with injury are lower than those reported in general population samples. In several instances, differences in abuse rates may be partly explained by discrepancies in the operational definition of IPV (as evidenced by the increased disclosure when using ascertainment tools in this case of this study), the number of violence items assessed and the population characteristics (women who sought help for IPV experiences). However, the issue of culture was not addressed here. Other explanations (as shown in the regressions) could be that the women were also abusive. Reciprocal abuse was common and controlling behaviours was an important component in the abuse. The data on the chronicity and severity of abuse are difficult to compare with other observations due to a lack of such information or reported differently, but our figures were higher than those shown in a study using the same operational definition of IPV, chronicity and severity. In any case, our findings point for instance to the necessity of using the same operational definition of IPV, chronicity and severity when doing research about abuse against women as well as the need of further research across cultures and types of respondents.
As shown in the bivariate analyses, single women more often experienced all types of abuse during the past 12months, women with Intermediate level education more often experienced psychological aggression, as well as women who had children at home, lived in conventional housing, were blue collar workers, worked for others, had salary and experienced financial strain were more likely to experience physical assault with injury. These findings are in line with those from other studies indicating increased likelihood of abuse among women of low socio-economic status due to their limited resources, economic vulnerability and limited opportunities [1,2,6,8,25]. The findings that women who used alcohol more often experienced all types of abuse, and women who used cigarettes more often experienced sexual coercion and physical assault with injury are in line with those from previous studies [8,12,26]. This may be attributed to alcohol consumption and intoxication leading to irresponsible behaviour, thus increasing the likelihood of violence.
Results of the logistic regression analyses revealed that of the demographic, socio-economic and life-style variables, only middle/high education levels, divorce/separation and having children at home were independently associated with experienced IPV, in addition to controlling behaviours over/by partners, own perpetration, co-occurring victimization and abuse as a child.
The finding that higher educational levels were positively associated with exposure to psychological aggression may be associated with the notion that in Mozambique, the empowerment conferred by better education may have been insufficient to counteract traditional gender roles; rather, women's higher education tends be associated with increased vulnerability to violence. It is also possible that the more educated and empowered the women were, the more assertive they became about their rights, being less inclined to accept traditional cultural and gender roles in which women are expected to be submissive to men, thus triggering abuse. Our results are in contrast with studies in SSA and elsewhere (e.g. USA), which report no effects of education on IPV/reduced IPV risk among high educated women [13,38,44,47-49] or an increased IPV risk among low educated women [8,50,51].
Divorce/separation was negatively associated with experienced psychological aggression/sexual coercion in this study. One could hypothesize that by terminating the relationship the women reduced the likelihood of further violence, which is in agreement with findings from a study in Malawi with a general population sample indicating that IPV is a contributing factor for divorce/separation [13]. Available data on this issue with various types of respondents (e.g. women who had survived an attempted homicide and controls), often about physical assault/sexual coercion, in SSA and elsewhere are otherwise conflicting, with some studies reporting that divorce/separation is connected with increased IPV risk [27,38,48,52-54] and others not finding such connections [8,55].
Having children at home was positively associated with the experience of physical assault with injury. Though it is not possible to draw causal inference between number of children at home and the likelihood of abuse due to the cross-sectional design of this study, the absence of an association between age and violence suggests that violence may also have begun before some women have started bearing children, which is consistent with findings from other studies [51,55]. This may also be related to the increased economic stress associated with increasing number of children, as indicated by other studies which indicate increased likelihood of domestic violence associated with increasing financial strain [56]. However, caution needs to be exercised when interpreting this finding, given that the relationship may also be reciprocal in nature i.e. domestic violence may also cause financial problems for victims of domestic violence, thus entrapping them in poverty and an abusive relationship [57]. Studies have also shown that individuals are more reluctant to leave abusive relationships when they have investments such as children in the relationship, emotional attachment etc. [58]. Other studies from SSA and elsewhere (e.g. Spain) have produced conflicting results, with some showing positive [42,44,48,50] and some showing negative results [49,55].
Controlling behaviours over partners were positively associated with exposure to psychological aggression/sexual coercion. No previous study in Mozambique has addressed the effect of women's control over partners on their own victimization. It is possible that in Mozambique, where traditional gender roles seem to remain strong, women's control over partners is not accepted resulting in increased abuse vulnerability. Other explanations could be that women used control to counter dominant partners, reduce violence, attain something blocked by dominant partners or change the power structure in the relationship, and thereby increased their abuse vulnerability rather than the opposite. In any case, our findings are in line with a study involving physical assault from Ghana with university students using the same operational definition of controlling behaviours [19], which showed that female and male students used a similar frequency of controlling behaviours victimization/perpetration, and that controlling behaviours "predicted" IPV. Studies from the United Kingdom (UK) with different samples (e.g. battered women) partly using the same operational definition, mostly about physical assault/sexual coercion, have also reported a relation between controlling behaviours and victimization/perpetration among both sexes [31,41,59].
In addition, controlling behaviours by partners were positively associated with the experience of physical assault/physical assault with injury, and negatively with psychological aggression. Our findings corroborate those from previous studies from SSA, which indicate that male control is associated with increased IPV vulnerability for women [2,5,14-16]. Furthermore, given the gender inequalities in Mozambique, as in other low- and middle-income countries with existing patriarchal norms and values, women are more accepting of prevalent gender power structure within. This makes them less assertive, more vulnerable, and more dependent on their male partners for material needs, thereby increasing their likelihood of experiencing IPV [60]. Overall, our findings indicate some degree of reciprocity in terms of controlling behaviours and its relationship with IPV, as observed in relation to physical assault/sexual coercion in investigations from the UK) with for instance battered women [31,41,59], and in Ghana with university students [19] using partly the same/same operational definition. Our results thus suggest that controlling behaviours may be more significant to the occurrence of victimisation/perpetration than sample characteristics and culture.
Women's abuse of their partners (physical assault, psychological aggression, sexual coercion, physical assault with injury) was positively associated with their own victimization (physical assault, psychological aggression, sexual coercion, physical assault with injury). As far as we know, our study is the first in SSA (including Mozambique) to address the influence of women's perpetration on their own victimization. It is plausible that women's perpetration of IPV may have been a defensive reaction to their partners aggression, retribution to it or as a kind of preventive measure to avoid future aggression, but resulted in increased abuse vulnerability. This pattern however indicates that the women may have been involved in relationships where mutual aggression may be common. Our results are in line, for example, with studies of women selected to represent victims of male IPV from USA, mostly about physical assault, reporting that women use violence against their male partners [31,61]. While some authors suggested that women's partner violence happens as a reaction/defence to men's violence [62-64], others have observed that where one partner is the sole perpetrator, it is not uncommon for this individual to be a woman than a man [65], with higher incidence in younger women [59]. Interestingly, various studies from SSA with different types of respondents (e.g. outpatients presenting to prenatal and paediatric clinics), mostly about physical assault/sexual coercion, have reported that women may also initiate and abuse their male partners [10,12-15,26,28].
We found that the different IPV types tended to co-occur. Whether one form of IPV is triggering off to another or occurred more or less simultaneously was not ascertained, but the women were involved in highly violent relationships. While it is unclear why women endured such relationships, we postulate that part of the explanation may be denial, fear, self-blame, lack of support and/or inability to challenge the cultural norms that may tolerate violence against women [34]. Apparently, as indicated by the regressions, socio-economic conditions and life-style did not play a major role. On the other hand, women also used IPV suggesting some degree of mutuality in their violent relationships. In any case, our data are in line with other observations from Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere (e.g. USA) with different samples (e.g. help seeking women) showing that different IPV forms often co-occur [1,2,5,38,55].
Of all types of victimization during childhood, only physical abuse was positively associated with exposure to IPV during adulthood i.e. psychological aggression. This is in line with findings from other studies with various samples that show a higher risk of IPV during adulthood among victims of child abuse [8,24,66-69], and may be attributed to the acceptance of violence as a norm among women who were abused in childhood. The women would have learned to conform to societal views of power imbalances within relationships, and are prone to increased likelihood of exposure to violence in intimate relationship. The women could also have a tendency to select partners that are consistent with the distorted views within the context in which they live.
This study has several limitations. First, the use of data involving consecutive cases i.e. all women visited the Forensic Services at the Maputo Central Hospital for abuse by partner during the period of data collection may be a source of selection bias. In addition, the use of ascertainment tools (the CTS2 and the CBS-R) resulted in ascertainment basis. Second, the study could not establish firm causal links due to its cross-sectional design, which requires another type of design (e.g. longitudinal repeated-measures design). Third, the women had previous experiences of IPV and a comparison group (e.g. general population) was not included; as such, the sample may not be representative of women in Maputo City as well as in the rest of the country and their experiences of IPV may differ or be similar to those of women in general. On the other hand, some of our results seem congruent with other investigations in the area using different samples (e.g. general population, battered women). Fourth, basing the study on the women's self-reported account of their IPV experiences when they made contact with the Forensic Services without the use of hospital records may have resulted in reporting bias. Fifth, the measurement of certain variables (e.g. alcohol use, BMI) in a yes/no format may have been too crude to fully capture their association with IPV. Sixth, although great attention was directed towards the translations and back-translations of the instruments as well as their cultural adaptation, it is possible that errors were made. Finally, the lack of accurate and current statistics on the general prevalence of alcohol and cigarette use in Maputo City or Mozambique precludes us from further assessing possible similarities or differences in these and other socio-demographic characteristics between our study sample and the general population. Despite these weaknesses, the strengths of this study include its confirmation of findings from previous studies and its provision of new insights when designing intervention and prevention measures.
The chronicity and frequency of severe sustained IPV among women in our sample as well as the amount of co-occurring abuse were remarkable. Controlling behaviours, own perpetration, co-occurring victimization, and some extent of childhood, having better education and children at home were more important factors in "explaining" experienced IPV than demographic/socio-economic and life styles variables.
The broad and complex spectrum of these women's problems should be a cause of great concern for many groups (e.g. policy makers, health care providers). Urgent attention is required as their problems are likely to have profound negative consequences for themselves, others and society. In view of our findings, the urgent development of prevention and treatment interventions is necessary. Such approaches should not only consider the women's problems, but also both partners' conflict-related behaviours. Additionally, considering the complexity of the problems that these women and their partners seem to face, interventions are likely to require for instance different approaches and varying time frames, and conducted by various types of professionals. Finally, more research into; for example, the influence of women's use of control and perpetration on their victimisation is warrant, not least in a Sub-Saharan context.
Findings in this study have policy implications, among which are that the findings might be useful for changing advocacy and legal guidelines concerning IPV, might be valuable for the development of prevention and conduct interventions that consider both partners conflict-related behaviours, and might encourage further research regarding, for instance the association between women's use of control, violence and co-occurring violence upon partners and own perpetration, not least in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa.
aIn all cases of chronicity, mean/SD
bThe CTS2 are scored by adding the midpoints of the response categories. For the categories 0, 1 and 2 the midpoints are the same. For category 3 (3–5 times) the midpoint is 4; for category 4 (6–10 times) the midpoint is 8; for category 5 (11–20 times) the midpoint is 15; and for category 6 (>20 times) the midpoint is 25.
cIf you have been physically assaulted by your partner or you physically assaulted your partner, who did it first. Your partner assaulted you first, you assaulted your partner first or it never happened.
dThe "scaling" was based on CTS2.
eDue to multicollinearity, abuse as a perpetrator (e.g. physical assault) was not used as an independent factor for physical assault as a victim and so forth. The same procedure was used for women as perpetrators.
fIn all cases of chronicity, mean/SD.
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
AEZ: Major role in study conception and coordination, collected data, performed statistical analysis and writing the manuscript. GM: participated in discussion and manuscript writing. LS: participated in discussion and manuscript writing. JJFS: participated in the design of the study, statistical analysis and manuscript writing. DA: participated in discussion, coordination and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text:
Bale Dutung
Paul Ave., Villa Gloria Subd., Angeles, Pampanga
- 18 Reviews
- 6 Recommend
- 16 Reviewers
Primary Details
- Category:
- Filipino
- Phone
- +63456684038
More Info
Most Recent Reviews
Seafood Kare Kare by Chef Claude Tayag.. 🏻 World renowned chef.. Best kapampangan experience..
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 3 Likes
I liked it.
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 0 Likes
We took a two hour drive to Angeles, Pampanga for a 10 course degustacion prepared by no less than Kusinero Claude Tayag. For ₱2,135 per person, we got to enjoy Filipino dishes including different ways of cooking and eating lechon -- from skin, body to face and brain -- in dry or wet style.
Reservation is a must with minimum number of 12 pax. Be ready to eat there for 3-4 hours.
- No. of Comments: 3
- No. of Likes: 4 Likes
Bale Dutung is actually not a restaurant, but the private residence of Chef Claude Tayag, where he holds private degustation or tasting menu of the best in Pinoy or Kapampangan cuisine. Since the famous visit of Anthony Bourdain, Bale Dutung has become THE best place in the Philippines to showcase Pinoy cuisine to foreign visitors. Complete with anecdotes of each dish by the gracious hostess of the house, Mary Anne, and the legendary Chef Claude, the tasting lunch becomes an unforgettable experience,and a journey into Pinoy cuisine, and the passion of the couple to elevate it to a world class cuisine is infectious!
Normally, reservations is only allowed for weekend lunch, but we were lucky to let Chef Claude organize a special tasting lunch on a Monday for some foreign VIP visitors of mine. You can choose two tasting menu: the Anthony Bourdain (which includes lechon) or the Kapampangan menu.
I have tried the Kapampangan before, so this time we went for the Anthony Bourdain menu, which I would highly recommend for first timers. Price we paid was P2,200 per head, and this would include a ten course degustation. Spare easily 2-2.5 hours to fully enjoy the meal, and avoid going for seconds as you will really be stuffed by the time you reach dessert, even if the portions are small.
Here is the run down of the menu:
1) Ensaladang pako
2) Piniritong lumpiang ubod
3) Inasal na manok and talangka sushi
4) Adobong pugo
5) Hito and balo-balo sushi
6) Fried lechon flakes in tortilla (lechon taco)
7) Sinigang na lechon
8) Begucan tenga ng baboy at ensaladang talong
9) kare-kareng laman dagat
10) Paradiso dessert with kapeng barrio or pandan tea
*refillable salabat juice
Each dish was well crafted and executed. Although the essence of the flavor is traditional, the final product is actually a fusion inspired by world cuisines with the creativity only Chef Claude can think of! Do not expect, therefore, traditional preparation and presentation, instead be prepared to go for a ride where each pinoy dish is fused and transformed into a gourmet experience, but without losing its flavor essence. Best looking dish was the seafood kare kare, which was presented like Spanish paella. Beautiful and instagram worthy! But my favorite was the lechon taco, fine lechon flakes wrapped in Mexican style soft tortilla with salsa and oriental sauce. Winner! Sarap!
Each dish was, indeed, a degustation, and which would have not been complete without the personal annecdotes of Mary Anne (who was more humorous and light hearted) or the dissertations of Chef Claude (who was more serious and authoritative). They balance each other out perfectly. Their house was also a perfect venue, which is literally a wooden house (bale dutung) with a big homey open dining space, overlooking a thick garden and a small pond, and decorated with traditional furnitures and knick knacks.
My foreign guests absolutely love the food and experience, and were really blown away with pinoy cuisine, which they know nothing about before the trip. I was happy that they all left with a better appreciation of Philippine cuisine.
- No. of Comments: 7
- No. of Likes: 13 Likes
We had a mallshow in Pampanga and after a tiring day, we were brought to Bale Dutung for a sumptuous dinner.
The design of the restaurant is quaint and rustic. The wooden furniture and vintage decoration perfected the over all feel of the place. While waiting for our food, we were offered frozen towels that smelled of Johnson's baby cologne for us to put behind our ears and neck for relaxation.
I cannot contain my excitement because it was my first time to have a full ten course meal. The owner entertained us by telling the story behind every dish they serve. The table setting, food presentation, taste and experience is definitely praise worthy!
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 3 Likes
Worth the drive to Pampanga. Authentic Kampangpangan cuisine at its finest. Be prepared to spend at least 2-3hrs for the 10-course feast.
Heed Mary Ann Tayag's warning not to go for 2nd's so that you have enough room until the last course is served.
In photo - adobong pugo with pandesal, kare-kareng lamang dagat & paradiso (imagine pastillas meets creme brulee topped with ube, yema & macapuno)
- No. of Comments: 3
- No. of Likes: 1 Like
The food was ok. Nothing to call home about.
- No. of Comments: 1
- No. of Likes: 0 Likes
The best and ultimate foodie experience by far! This roadtrip plus really really excellent Filipino food should be experienced at least once in a lifetime. Why? Because why the hell not? Aside from the fact that this 10 course meal is extraordinary and beautiful, don't you want to experience and eat the same food that the famous Anthony Bourdain experienced?
Every foodie here will love this experience because you're not just gonna eat when you dine here. You will learn a lot since everything served to you will be discussed and through this you will appreciate our culture even more.
It's pricey but definitely worth the roadtrip, calories, fime and everything in between. Lol
PS: It's the most beautiful Kare Kare I've EVER seen. EVER.
- No. of Comments: 3
- No. of Likes: 7 Likes
I liked it.
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 1 Like
Like Antonio's in the South (in Tagaytay), Bale Dutung is the ultimate food trip in the North (in Angeles City). Every Loolooers should make this mecca at least once in their lives!
Reknowned chef Claude Tayag and his wife Mary Anne will take you on a 3 hour culinary journey or degustation with annotation of the best in Kapampangan food, or you can have the menu that was specially made for Anthony Bourdain showcasing the best of Filipino cuisine, or you can go for the lechon menu-- lechon served 5 ways and more!
Filipino food has never been presented this way, almost gourmet. Miele Guide has declared this to be one of the best restaurants in the Philippines.
You have to call for reservation in advance, as you actually dine in the house of the Tayags as their special guests. Medyo pricey at around P2,000 per head, but worth it, including the 2.5 hours drive to Angeles!
Talagang the Ultimate Food Trip! Go with an empty stomach though as it is more than an 8 course meal (I have stopped counting...).
Check baledutung.com for more info.
- No. of Comments: 27
- No. of Likes: 25 Likes
I loved it.
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 0 Likes
A new dining experience :)
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 0 Likes
Three words.
Lechon. Five. Ways.
We were invited last weekend to have lunch at Bale Dutung in Angeles City in Pampanga. Claude Tayag is the chef while his wife Mary Anne plays hostess (or as my dad jokingly told her, "GRO ka pala dito" ).
We were served a ten course meal, we began eating at around 1p and finished at 4pm. Whew! The starter was three kinds of dip, pesto, taba ng talangka and buro of some sort. Mary Anne explains how it should be eaten, and she does this with every course. Next we had pako salad and I love pako! So fresh and cripsy! We also had lumpiang ubod with Claude's special sauce, it was really crispy and i liked that it was wrapped in lettuce. Very Vietnamese! Next was the Kapampanga version of inasal with taba ng talangka sushi. I liked the sushi! We had buro wrapped in mustasa next, not so much a fan of that.
The lechon was the main event! We were first served buffet style, the lechon tortilla. Lechon belly flaked and fried til cripsy! Just thinking about it makes my mouth water. It also had kimchi, Mary Anne said that their kimchi has fuji apples which makes the kimchi less watery. Next was sinigang na lechon, it was good but i could feel the sebo all over my lips! Parang lipgloss lang hahaha this they served with kamias puree on the side so you could control the asim of the sinigang. Next was just plain lechon which was divine. ANG SARAP NG BALAT!!!! Almost no fat was sticking onto the skin which i loved because i'm not a fan of pork fat. Cripsy tadyang ng lechon was next with ensaladang talong and tenga ng lechon. This was just so-so. Lastly we had lechon sisig which was my favorite after the lechon tortilla. You get to control the onions and liver. Also they serve it will a little of the pig's brain which was new to me but it was oh so good. I want some sisig now. Huhu.
They also served us some chicharon bulaklak which has been the best i've ever tasted in my life, plus their homemade suka is divine. We were served the 1998 batch mixed a little of 2010.
We were lucky because we got two types of dessert that day, their homemade tibol tibok and their famouse Paradiso which was yema, ube and macapuno in pure carabao's milk pastillas. It was so sinful but so worth it. These were served with your choice of pandan tea or kapeng barako with carabao milk.
They also opened the art gallery which displayed Claude's artworks. The place itself makes you forget that you're inside a subdivision. It actually feels like your're in a resort.
Overall, the food is good but not as great as it is hyped up to be, but if you want a one of a kind experience, definitely this should be on your list.
I want to go back just to try the seafood kare kare!
- No. of Comments: 1
- No. of Likes: 4 Likes
I liked it.
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 0 Likes
This is by far the farthest and the best food tripping I have done. Travelled 2 hours to Angeles City in Pampanga to experience the acclaimed Bale Dutung of Claude Tayag. Also rated as one of Asia's finest dining places by The Miele Guide.
It is actually not a restaurant, but a house of the Tayags where they host private lunch or dinners, but open to the public. And you need to make reservations in advance through the "boss of the house" Mary Ann Tayag. Normally, groups of 10, but we were lucky to be squeezed in, even we were just 4. In total, though, there were easily 30 people that afternoon.
You can choose either an Anthony Bourdain, a 5 ways Lechon or Kapampangan menu. We chose the Kapampangan menu, but next time I will go for the Bourdain menu, which includes the lechon.
We ate for 3 hours, and the food was carefully served one by one to savor and enjoy, and, each was annotated by Mary Ann, the gracious hostess of the house, who was funny, witty, and, at the same time, an OC. She will ensure you eat the food correctly! And I do understand as each dish has been meticulously prepared. Sayang naman kung isusubo mo lang, hehehe ...
It was probably a ten-course meal ( I stopped counting), and each was really a level up!
Claude then, who is the one that supervises the kitchen, will make a quick "apparition" towards the end of the meal (by this time, you are ready to applaud the chef).
Well, let me just say, every foodie in Looloo should make this trip, at least, once in their life. Hehehe
The whole experience would cost you around P2,000, but definitely worth it!
- No. of Comments: 4
- No. of Likes: 9 Likes
This was the best sit down lunch I have ever been to. We ordered the Lechon menu and every course (10 course) was divine.
This was our menu:
Ensaladang Pakô
Piniritong Lumpiang Ubod sa Claude'g Oriental sauce
Inasal na Manok at Claude'g Talangkang Sushi
Hito at Balobalo Sushi
Fried Lechon Flakes ni a lot sa Tortilla
Niihau na Tadyang na Lechon
Sinigang na Lechon
Sisig ulo Ng Lechon
Tibok Tibok
Sinaunang kape
Will definitely go back for the Anthony Bourdain menu
- No. of Comments: 1
- No. of Likes: 2 Likes
I liked it.
- No. of Comments: 0
- No. of Likes: 0 Likes
Two international celebrity chefs, Anthony Bourdain (Mr. Kitchen Confidential) and Bobby Chinn (Mr. World Travel Asia), both have experienced one of the country's best cultural and culinary adventures in this place. They even featured Bale Dutung in their respective Food Network shows.
The whole experience promises anyone an insight and hands-on experience into Excellent Regional Cuisine (Kapampangan cuisine to be exact) . I believe that anyone (local or foreign) who truly loves Filipino food or simply wants to know a bit of history behind Filipino Regional Cuisine, should get a chance to try coming here.
Bale Dutung (meaning Wooden House) is owned and operated by renowned Chef/Artist/Historian/Author/Food Missionary Claude Tayag and his wife , Mary Ann. They personally greet, orient, tour, and serve guests. It's like being invited to a friend's house for a full 10-course meal.
The first thing that struck me when we reached the place was the structure. Old wooden house, lovely garden, pathways, artworks in the garden (crafted by Claude ), ponds, …very Zen in a Filipino way. We were personally greeted by the owners who first toured us around the area. The house itself was filled with antiques and the owner's artworks(coconut graters –kudkurin, jars filled with fermenting vinegar personally brewed by Maryann).
The best part: LUNCH.
Our group had the Kapampangan Set arranged for our visit. (Bale Dutung has 3 sets that you can choose from—for those who aren't worried about cholesterol, I recommend that you get the Lechon Set : Lechen served 5 different ways—but since our group was close approaching our midlives, cholesterol was an issue). Mr. Tayag explained each dish as it was served. All were really good. But my favorites were : the Prinitong Ubod with Cloude 9 Oriental Sauce (the sauce, hint of basil, lemongrass, sweet , salty—worked excellently with the ubod); Adobong Pugo (First time for me to eat Quail—the whole bird); the Talangka and Hito Sushi (very ingenious of mixing crab fat and hito into a sushi—and it really tasted good); the Tortillang Lechon (reminds me of Peking duck wrapped in tortilla); and the Kare-Kareng Laman Dagat (excellent Seafood Kare-kare).
Talk about super-busog!
-Bale Dutung is strictly by reservation/appointment only – they are not open everyday . Book WAY in advance. Our group booked as early as July. Since they can only accommodate a small group at a time, it may be a challenge to get a slot.
-Have a party of a minimum of 10 people (otherwise, they may join your group with another group).
-DO NOT EAT BREAKFAST on the day of your visit. You will be served a 10-course meal—eat 'til you drop. Sorry—not doggie bags for leftovers. The whole stay will last at least 3 hours.
I think that this place will never fade as a fad. It's one of the few establishments that genuinely strives to preserve the Filipino identity through food. As my balikbayan cousin said, "It's one of those Proud to be Pinoy" moments.
- No. of Comments: 8
- No. of Likes: 10 Likes

subset: commoncrawl


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Gaia Herbs Ashwagandha Root, 60 Phyto-caps
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Jennifer Nicole Lee's Bikini Malfunction
It looks like a dripping heart…and if that isn't a metaphor…then it's a simile.
How you doin'? :)
This beats beach volleyball.
Yum Yum, my tongue wants some!
I want to make this my screen saver!!
Just the thought of tongueing her asshole makes me rock hard. Tremendous ass and body on this girl. Definitely jerk-off material for sure.


text:
(When the new page opens, choose Geraldine School)
Library Shirt Sale under way now! Deadline to turn in order form and money is Nov. 10, 2016.
Style 1: Chevron G with Bulldogs: shirt is vintage heather grey with vintage purple sleeves. Print is in purple and white. $20
Style 2: Geraldine Bulldogs "weathered" look: shirt is a grey baseball tee with black sleeves. Print is in weathered purple and white. $20
Style 3: Purple/White Dry Fit Polo with GHS Bulldogs: shirt is 100% purple polyester with a streak of white on each shoulder. Print is in white outlined in black. $30
Order forms can be picked up from your child's homeroom teacher, office, or elementary library.
See color images below.
Thank you for your orders. Proceeds from shirt sale go towards the purchase of new books or to replace worn out titles.
We are only able to keep the library up-to-date and running based on your donations and support, so THANK YOU!!!
a SPECIAL "THANK YOU" TO REP. kERRY rich FOR YOUR GENEROUS DONATION TO THE ELEMENTARY LIBRARY last may.
wE SINCERELY APPRECIATE your support!
Geraldine School
13011 Alabama Hwy. 227
Geraldine, AL 35974


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Chris Bailey, M.A. Professional Counseling
First Care Christian Counseling
121 Monroe White St (inside First Baptist Church), Fort Mill, South Carolina 29715
Currently open on Evenings and Select Saturdays by Appointment Only. Serving couples, individuals, and families. Please visit our website at www.firstcarecc.com. We long to see couples and individuals overcome life's difficult seasons.
Melissa Martin, MA, NCC, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor
315 Main St. Ste. D, Pineville, North Carolina 29715
Therapy can be an empowering experience, one that sparks positive change and puts feelings and memories in their proper place. Utilizing a strengths-based, solution-focused, and individualized approach, I collaborate with my clients as they pursue personal goals.
Kevin Gyoerkoe, Psy.D.
8832 Blakeney Professional Drive Suite 105, Charlotte, North Carolina 28277
I provide cognitive-behavioral therapy for children, adolescents and adults with anxiety or OCD. Specific anxiety disorders I treat include OCD, panic, anxiety attacks, social anxiety, phobias, health anxiety, trichotillomania, skin-picking and body dysmorphic disorder


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Cells coordinate the regulation of metabolism, growth and the cell division cycle in response to the environment. For example, in response to unfavorable environmental conditions, yeast and other organisms slow down growth and regulate their metabolism to store carbohydrates, which are crucially important for stress resistance and long-term survival. Yeast cells periodically utilize and rebuild these carbohydrate reserves, which is a key element of the phenomenon known as """"""""metabolic cycling"""""""". Based on the observation that cell division is correlated with specific phases of the metabolic cycle, it ha been proposed that the cell cycle is gated by the metabolic cycle. However, the hierarchy of regulation and the contribution of carbohydrate storage metabolism to cell cycle control remain unclear and heavily debated. Successful completion of our aims will result in resolving how the metabolic and the cell division cycle are mechanistically linked and whether their regulation is hierarchical or interdependent. To achieve our aims, we will employ microfluidics and modern imaging and signal processing methods to develop a novel experimental platform for examining metabolic cycling in individual yeast cells. The application of microfluidic cultivation offers a unique advantage for studying metabolism. In contrast to existing methods, rapid and constant flow during microfluidic cultivation allows direct specification of extracellular nutrient concentrations independent of cell density. Thus, we expect our innovative low-cost platform to be widely adopted by the community of researchers working on metabolic regulation.
Our specific aims i nclude:
(Aim1) Visualize the metabolic and the cell division cycle in single cells b developing fluorescent reporters for metabolic regulation to be used together with existing reporters for the cell cycle;
(Aim2) Use this set of reporters in conjunction with genetic and chemical manipulations of signaling pathways to determine the molecular mechanism(s) linking metabolic and cell cycle regulation. Relevance to public health: In humans, despite the fact that the Warburg Effect -the upregulation of aerobic glycolysis- and other metabolic malfunctions in cancer were described decades ago, the underlying molecular mechanisms are only gradually being uncovered. Specifically, it remains unclear whether metabolic alterations are the cause or an effect of oncogenesis. Unraveling metabolic processes in more tractable organisms, such as yeast, can greatly facilitate their understanding in complex human systems and thereby contribute to identifying novel drug targets affecting metabolism.
Cells coordinate the regulation of metabolism, growth and the cell division cycle in response to the environment.
We aim to determine how the metabolic and the cell division cycle are mechanistically linked and whether their regulation is hierarchical or interdependent.
|Ewald, Jennifer C; Kuehne, Andreas; Zamboni, Nicola et al. (2016) The Yeast Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Routes Carbon Fluxes to Fuel Cell Cycle Progression. Mol Cell 62:532-45


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Steve Langasek wrote: > It's not binNMUable because wanna-build gets confused by any version number > I try to give it when scheduling the binNMU: [...] Ah. > > If really not, I can do a source upload, though... > > Please do. I just built a bin-NMU manually on paer (better than a source upload just to rebuild it on hppa ;-) ). Uploaded. Gr�gards, Ren�- .''`. Ren�ngelhard -- Debian GNU/Linux Developer : :' : http://www.debian.org | http://people.debian.org/~rene/ `. `' email@example.com | GnuPG-Key ID: 248AEB73 `- Fingerprint: 41FA F208 28D4 7CA5 19BB 7AD9 F859 90B0 248A EB73
Description: Digital signature


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Note on authorship:
According to Australian newspapers,
It originated when a Brisbane journalist, Keith Bean, bought the news rights of Chapman's expedition to The Granites. Bean, who went into hospital with fever, 400 miles in the interior, sent on 'Harry' James to the desert. Both went independently to London, met accidentally and collaborated on 'The Golden Goose.'
'The Golden Gander', Telegraph, 8 January 1936, p.1936.
Was reported to have been played in 'a suburban theatre' in 1935 ('Music and Drama', Sydney Morning Herald, 29 February 1936, p.). This performance has not been traced definitively, but some Australian sources suggest a 1935 performance at the Croydon Theatre, with Pat Hanna in the lead role ('Australian Artists Abroad', Courier-Mail, 9 January 1936, p.12).
Opened on Monday 6 January 1936, at the Embassy Theatre, London.
Cast members included Australian actress Coral Brown, as well as Maragretta Scott, Margaret Watson, Ernest Jay, Brember Wills, Paul Farrell, Margaret Carter, Michael Shepley, Anthony Shaw, Tony Quinn, Will Leighton, and James Craven.
(Some Australian sources also suggest that Pat Hanna was in the cast of the 1936 production, but his name is not mention in the London Times cast list, nor is he mentioned in every Australian news report.)


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Welcome to Now Furniture & Accessories (Pty) Ltd
Now Furniture and Accessories (PTY) LTD is a premium importer and distributor of Office Furniture. Along with years of experience in the furniture industry we maintain excellent customer service with a reliable product which empowers us to grow and exceed expectations. Our focus is to offer effective solutions for the strategic requirements of Clients, Designers & Specifiers, using the very best quality furniture, while keeping costs at a realistic level. Founded in 2010, Now Furniture has grown into one of SA's Leading Importers/ Exporters of Office Furniture and workspace solutions. Now Furniture and Accessories is a South African business with a Good standing reputation throughout Africa. Our Suppliers are Globally recognized, and have achieved global vision with a local stamp.
Our portfolio is made up of services and products that are selected from quality furniture manufactures (Internationally & Locally). Our International manufacturer has unprecedented ergonomics, constant research and development activities and is globally certified while also being registered with the relevant green councils. Most Local manufacturers are accredited by "Proudly South African", ISO, and other locally recognized standards. Products Range from Office Chairs/ Seating, Canteen Chairs, Office Desking, Storage, Canteen Tables, Waiting Furniture, Pause Furniture, Collaborative Furniture, etc.
Our future depends on our ability to create progressive, innovative affordable designs across a wide spectrum of products. Our Teams passion is too demonstrate Innovation through our Products and Services. Through a system of Continuous Improvement Policies, Our Suppliers award winning furniture designs raise the present market standard for Products that are both technologically advanced and environmentally Friendly.
We are not JUST about selling a desk and chair, we are about
GIVING solutions tailored for your business…
'Distinctive Service paired with Distinctive Quality'
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To find out more about these office furniture suppliers, please contact us!


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Flooding Risk. Is it hard to get insurance?
What is the flooding risk to SA18 2BE area?
Asked on May 4 2013, General in Ammanford | Report content
Answers (1)
Hi Johndavey2534, It is far harder to get insurance on your home if it is in a flood risk area or has fallen foul to the worst weather conditions in the past, because insurers don't want to have to pay out if the worst should happen and your home is damaged extensively by water. However, there is an agreement in place between the government and the Association of British Insurers (ABI) that makes sure that people living in such risky areas are guaranteed to be able to get insurance at an affordable price. The bad news is that this is not exactly the most assured thing at the moment, with the agreement set to come to an end, and both parties negotiating over how it will go moving forward. It has currently been extended for a month while the government tries to thrash out a deal to help people living in houses at risk of flooding.Answered on May 21 2013, Report content
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text: A few questions on a cub w/b.. how do the cubs hold up, are they quality? do they give a nice cut? they run intek engines, i belive.. how are these? Now, do you think 1500 dollars is a good deal for a 2000 48" floating deck, 16 HP BS engine, hydrostatic drive with 75+/- hours...? and again.. do you think this is a good mower? will it hold up and be good to me? Thanks! Clint


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Re: Henry G. Pond
In reply to:
Henry G. Pond
Hello Deborah,
I am not a relative.Saw your query and this might be your Henry G. Pond:
Massachusetts Death Index, 1970-2003
about Henry G Pond
Name: Henry G Pond
Certificate: 026851
Death Place: Greenfield
Death Date: 29 May 1973
Birth Place: Massachusetts
I suggest you send for your mother's birth certificate.That would give you information regarding her father's name and other information.
Exact Search Results - New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957
You searched for Henry G Pond in Usa
This Henry G. Pond was a merchant marine.He was an assistant and 1st assistant Engineer on the ships noted below:
Historical Records Viewing 1-9 of 9
View Record Name Arrival Date Estimated Birth Year Port of Departure Ethnicity/ Nationality Ship Name View Ship Image View Passenger List
Henry G Pond 24 Sep 1910 abt 1884Liverpool, EnglandAmericanBaltic
Henry G Pond 11 Jan 1943 abt 1911New York, New YorkAmericanCathlamet
Henry G Pond 6 Apr 1944 abt 1913New York, New YorkAmericanSappa Creek
Henry G Pond 15 Apr 1935 abt 1913Le Havre and Bordeaux, FranceAmericanSarcoxie
Henry G Pond 20 Feb 1935 abt 1913Le Havre and Bordeaux, FranceAmericanSarcoxie
Henry G Pond 18 May 1944 abt 1913Swansea,EngAmericanSappa Creek
Henry G Pond 7 Jun 1935 abt 1913Le Havre, FranceAmericanSarcoxie
Henry G Pond 28 Aug 1944 abt 1913Liverpool, EnglandAmericanSappa Creek
Henry G Pond 11 Jan 1943 abt 1914Freetown S AAmericanCathlamet
One record showed him as living in Marcus Hook, PA. Please note his birth date.
1930 United States Federal Census
about Henry G Pond
Name: Henry G Pond
Home in 1930: Worcester, Worcester, Massachusetts
Age: 17
Estimated Birth Year: abt 1913
Relation to Head of House: Son
Father's Name: William G
Mother's Name: Gertrude B
Household Members: Name Age
William G Pond 55, head, married at 32, b. Mass., father b. Conn., mother b. Mass., assistant clerk, court
Gertrude B Pond 47, wife, married at 24, b. Mass., parents b. Ireland
Gertrude L Pond 19, daughter, clerk, registry of deeds
Henry G Pond 17, son, page, house of congress <+++++
Helen I Pond 14, daughter
William W Pond 12, son
Evelyn M Pond 8, daughter
22 Cataract Street
Source Citation: Year: 1930; Census Place: Worcester, Worcester, Massachusetts; Roll971; Page: 17A; Enumeration District: 118; Image: 708.0.
Susan Nass
Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness


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Almind Vacation Packages
Many of Vejle's most interesting sights are located close to Almind, making it a great place to base yourself while you are in town. The Birkemose Golf Club and the Kolding Golf Club are amongst the many best places to explore here. If you have time, don't miss Trapholt Museum and Koldinghus.
There's no reason to neglect your game. Visit the Fredericia Golf Club in Fredericia and the Vejle Golf Club to enjoy the fastest greens, trickiest bunkers and friendliest clubhouse.
Spend an evening with fellow sports fans at Vejle Stadium, cheering on the much-loved Vejle Boldklub. To endear yourself with the locals, be sure to wear red and white, the colors of the Vejle Boldklub.
At the end of a day enjoying the charms of Almind, relax for the night in one of the area's popular bed-and-breakfasts, hotels or short-stay apartments. Whether you're staying for a night or a few weeks check out the amenities at the Hotel Saxildhus, Kolding, the Hotel Koldingfjord, and the Best Western Kryb I Ly, Fredericia.


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|Judge Dryden
Judge Dryden, from Ultima V: Lazarus
The Avatar, after getting a hint from weapon maker Tactus, met Judge Dryden to learn more about the Oppression. Mentioning Tactus after talking about the Oppression was the key to it. Dryden, pleased with this, sent the Avatar to Flain in Skara Brae, to join the Oppression.
Ultima V: Lazarus Edit
This is an Ultima V: Lazarus-related article or section. The information within may not apply to Ultima V or other Ultima games.
In Ultima V: Lazarus, Dryden had been a clerk and friend of Blackthorn's father during the time he was the high judge. Dryden remained friends and supported Blackthorn after his father's death, and eventually helped him create the Oppression. Dryden was the one that wrote the Ethics of Blackthorn from the guidelines Blackthorn defined.
At Blackthorn's request, Dryden offered the Avatar a deal: if the hero helped the Oppression, they would allow him and his companions to travel freely through Britannia. If the Avatar agreed, Dryden sent the hero to Lady Guinere, who would give the Avatar different quests to help the Oppression. The Avatar could then also pay Dryden the required fines to free Greymarch and Jerone.


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Test 2
Ethologists, people who study animal behaviour, have traditionally divided an organism's actions into two categories: learned behaviour (based on experience) and instinctive behaviour (based on genotype). Some current scholars reject this distinction, claiming that all behaviour is a predictable interaction of experience and genotype.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the arguments made in the sentence above?


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The comfortable, stylish Ledge Pack is designed for students ages 10 and up and built to take whatever they can dish out.
The roomy main compartment has a padded, fleece-lined laptop/tablet sleeve, as well as a cord/hydration port and security pocket. The middle compartment is built for notebooks or binders, and has an organizer panel built in. Two front stash pockets are perfect for essentials one is fleece lined to protect a phone, sunglasses or other fragile items from scratches. Reinforced base is guaranteed to stand up to sharp books, sporting gear and anything else a student needs to carry across campus.
And because it's from L.L.Bean, you can be confident it's built to last. Guaranteed.


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Keith Urban was the equal-best winner at yesterday's Academy of Country Music Awards in Las Vegas, taking home three awards.
Urban won music video of the year with Tim McGraw and Taylor Swift for Highway Don't Care and picked up two awards (performer and producer) for the vocal event of the year category, won by his song with Miranda Lambert, We Were Us.
Urban was nominated a further three times. He missed out in the single of the year category (with Highway Don't Care), which was won by Lambert with Mama's Broken Heart and for the male vocalist of the year prize, which was won by Jason Aldean. Urban also got a second nod in the vocal event category, also for Highway Don't Care.
Lambert also won three awards, for Mama's Broken Heart, We Were Us with Urban, and won her fifth straight female vocalist of the year award.
Veteran Texan singer George Strait won the night's top honour - entertainer of the year, which is a fan voted prize. He beat, arguably, the genre's top four stars: Swift, Lambert and show co-hosts Luke Bryan and Blake Shelton.
It was the second time Strait had won the prize. He won it 25 years ago in 1989.
The win comes five months after the 61-year-old singer won the same award at the rival Country Music Association Awards, an industry-voted show. Strait is a few months from finishing his final tour in June, spurring a round of nostalgia that's come with a handful of trophies.


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Download the Game Design and Indie Game Marketing Freebook 07/19/17GameDev.net and CRC Press have teamed up to bring a free ebook of content curated from top titles published by CRC Press. The freebook, Practices of Game Design & Indie Game Marketing, includes chapters from The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses, A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing, and An Architectural Approach to Level Design. The GameDev.net FreeBook is relevant to game designers, developers, and those interested in learning more about the challenges in game development. We know game development can be a tough discipline and business, so we picked several chapters from CRC Press titles that we thought would be of interest to you, the GameDev.net audience, in your journey to design, develop, and market your next game. The free ebook is available through CRC Press by clicking here. The Curated Books The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses, Second Edition, by Jesse Schell Presents 100+ sets of questions, or different lenses, for viewing a game's design, encompassing diverse fields such as psychology, architecture, music, film, software engineering, theme park design, mathematics, anthropology, and more. Written by one of the world's top game designers, this book describes the deepest and most fundamental principles of game design, demonstrating how tactics used in board, card, and athletic games also work in video games. It provides practical instruction on creating world-class games that will be played again and again. View it here. A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing, by Joel Dreskin Marketing is an essential but too frequently overlooked or minimized component of the release plan for indie games. A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing provides you with the tools needed to build visibility and sell your indie games. With special focus on those developers with small budgets and limited staff and resources, this book is packed with tangible recommendations and techniques that you can put to use immediately. As a seasoned professional of the indie game arena, author Joel Dreskin gives you insight into practical, real-world experiences of marketing numerous successful games and also provides stories of the failures. View it here. An Architectural Approach to Level Design This is one of the first books to integrate architectural and spatial design theory with the field of level design. The book presents architectural techniques and theories for level designers to use in their own work. It connects architecture and level design in different ways that address the practical elements of how designers construct space and the experiential elements of how and why humans interact with this space. Throughout the text, readers learn skills for spatial layout, evoking emotion through gamespaces, and creating better levels through architectural theory. View it here. Learn more and download the ebook by clicking here. Did you know? GameDev.net and CRC Press also recently teamed up to bring GDNet+ Members up to a 20% discount on all CRC Press books. Learn more about this and other benefits here.
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About _Stein_
[quote name='hplus0603' timestamp='1338506824' post='4945126'] If you want to do this as a business, pretty much your only bet would be to make contact with the original systems operator (or game publisher,) and see if they would be willing to let you license the needed code. Then you need enough developers who know the system in question and networking to actually develop the feature you need. It sounds to me as if you're very unlikely to achieve what you want with the resources you have. [/quote] [left][size=3][font=georgia, serif]Well I did come here for an honest evolution w/ anyone who was very unfamiliar w/ our setup, so your answers works for me. Now as for [background=rgb(250, 251, 252)][color=#282828]contacting the original systems operator (or game publisher,) and seeing if they would be willing to let us license the needed code is out for our reach. Their are a lot of draw backs by presenting ourselves openly to that company, and one would identifying our intentions by putting us right on their radar [i](trying to avoid that as much as possible).[/i] However it would be easier if their source code was free for public use, but that does not look like it will happen anytime soon. So re-engineering what we have so far from the original is what we have to work w/ as of now, and its a good start. Just wish we had our own network like the original console had, because video game R ran right through that network which is a draw back for us. [/color][/background][/font][/size][/left]
[quote name='hplus0603' timestamp='1338430721' post='4944859'] I take it the goals is to make up to 1,200 players able to play some old game in "online match" mode, where such mode depends on a proprietary back-end that is now turned off. The game currently works in "system link" mode if you VPN different networks together? And all you have is the issued DVDs of the game, and you have no cooperation of the game developer, nor the publisher / system operator? Assuming that such development requires changing the game itself, then you would have to have a way to reverse-engineer and patch the game, and then distribute such patches to other players. Do you have such a system? The alternative is to reverse-engineer the matchmaking system, and create some piece of software that "fakes out" the part of the game looking for the old system, and re-directs it to a new system that works the same, but you operate on your own. What's your budget, and what kind of developers do you have available to you? Do you have any developers who are experienced in developing (not just using) mod chips or similar? [/quote] [left]One of the developers is running one of the older version of Video game R, he backwards engineered it, [font="helvetica, arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif"][size="2"][color="#282828"]Video Game R does not have [/color][/size][/font][color=#282828][font=helvetica, arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif][size=3][background=rgb(250, 251, 252)]system link but instead Split Screen, and its an RPG with online/offline modes.[/background][/size][/font][/color] The number 1200 was a random figure do to more testers signing up and emailing us weekly. And you are correct in that we do not have the[background=rgb(250, 251, 252)][font="helvetica, arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif"][size="2"][color="#282828"] cooperation of the game developer, nor the publisher / system operator. They feel the game console is out of date, and that with a newer version out why keep it on the market. We operate other servers so its no big deal, and we are never alone. This is just me asking on here vs having other employees approaching me with questions i should be able to direct them to and answer. [/color][/size][/font][/background][/left] [left][background=rgb(250, 251, 252)][font="helvetica, arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif"][size="2"][color="#282828"]?Our budget saved 10k since we did not need the set licenses, but I would say we have a semi-medium budget with enough room to wast 4-7 months on a good gamble. [b]You had said:[/b][/color][/size][/font][/background] [color=#282828][font=helvetica, arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif][size=3][background=rgb(250, 251, 252)]"[i]The alternative is to reverse-engineer the matchmaking system, and create some piece of software that "fakes out" the part of the game looking for the old system, and re-directs it to a new system that works the same, but you operate on your own[/i]".[/background][/size][/font][/color] [background=rgb(250, 251, 252)][font="helvetica, arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif"][size="2"][color="#282828"] That's is pretty much the idea, however we mite have contracts up and hire outside the company if time runs out.[/color][/size][/font][/background][/left]
[quote name='hplus0603' timestamp='1338425084' post='4944841'] "Who" has "chosen" "R" to "come back on the original console"? "Who" would play this game on obsolete hardware? What do you know about software development in general? Do you have access to for original source code of the game client? Do you have access to a development system for the original console? Do you have a method to deploy a re-compiled game to the target consoles? [/quote] To answer that question "R" is the initial of the full word which belongs to the video game, but I can't unveil the title in this forum. At the moment we have 500 testers currently playing the older version on 1 of 3 other consoles... So we are looking at about 1200 fan increase if not more. ([i]we can dream about backwards capability by porting the game but it won't happen[/i]) Software development is neither my department nor my specialty so I'm in no mans land as of now sadly. What do you mean by original source code of the game client, and as for the development system kinda. We have anolder version from past games since nothing was generally changed other then the downloadable content and the former online network. ([i]Note: the former network now runs on the new next-Gen console and has been terminated on the original console[/i]) But Video game R has an offline mode and retains pretty much everything that you would get if you were online still minus the lobby and new downloadable content.
_Stein_ posted a topic in Networking and MultiplayerI will cut to the chase and point out I have a disadvantage when it comes to video game development. I've acquired over the years an astonishing business background and currently hold the title of [color=#000000][size=3]Associate Director[/size][/color]. An opportunity has been presented in front of me for a chance to explore the networking aspects of one of our many departments. Looking back I really no nothing about some of the basic functions of this department, and will be asking questions left and right. So instead of appearing to know nothing I've decided to ask a few general questions to get me started in the right direction. ([i]Not: I will switch out the product & company name for liability reasons[/i]) [b]Summary:[/b] A video game console from company Q had its network shutdown after a hand full of years running, but the gaming community continued to play even after a new next Gen console had replaced the original. This next Gen console has backwards capability only for a handful of games from the original console. The gaming community was outraged, and some fans even made emulators just to play some of these non-backwards games ([i]they were successful w/ a few[/i]). However video game R was unable to go back online, and the small emulator revolution quieted down. From what I gather the visual aspects of the game are contained in the client, while the network protocol is handled by the server. The original online network was a tunneling vps system which hosted a friends list and connected clients to each other. It opened a vps connection on port 3074 though which video game R calls system network protcals from the original consoles dashboard network stuff itself in order to run. Emulation is not possible because we have no data for the original consoles network service + the encryption was never broken. The truth is without the server data packets, we have nothing to build from. With the server, we also run into the problem of data encryption. The original game console is especially difficult because it utilized the original consoles online network. Now without data packets to decrypt, we have no starting point and no chance of ever getting it to work ([i]but that won't stop the department[/i]). [b]To the root of what is to be expected:[/b] Video game R has been chosen to come back on the original game console, and it has both offline & online features. But as of now the online features do not work because the original game consoles network is shut off permanently. What options do we have available now, and is their away around that kind of problem. Is their another network that can be created to replace the disconnected one. In short that is my mess as of now, and I'm not sure how to handle what will follow...([i]any advice[/i])