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1 CLOSING THE GAP BETWEEN DESIGN & AS-BUILT PERFORMANCE Evidence Review Report March 2014
2 The Zero Carbon Hub was established in 2008, as a non-profit organisation, to take day-to-day operational responsibility for achieving the government s target of delivering zero carbon homes in England from The Hub reports directly to the 2016 Taskforce. To find out more, or if you would like to contribute to the work of the Zero Carbon Hub, please contact: Zero Carbon Hub Layden House Turnmill Street London EC1M 5LG This report is available as a PDF download from: Published March 2014 Copyright 2014 Zero Carbon Hub
3 CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Evidence Review Report 2 Evidence Collection and Review 2 Emerging Results 3 Conclusion 8 Next Steps 9 1. Introduction 10 Background 11 Project Progress 11 This Report Evidence Collection and Review 13 Literature Review 14 Housebuilding Process Review 15 SAP Questionnaires 17 Assessing the Issues Results 19 Priority for Action 21 Priority for Research 53 Retain a Watching Brief Conclusions and Next Steps 69 Next Steps 70 Acknowledgements 71 Abbreviations 71 Annex A: Issues List 72 Appendices Available at
5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY There is now clear evidence of a gap between the designed and as-built energy performance of new homes. This gap can arise in a number of ways within the overall house-building process and, if significant and widespread, represents a number of risks to government, industry and consumers. In February 2011, a Zero Carbon Hub task group, having reviewed historical research 1 and gathered further industry evidence, advised that future performance standards for zero carbon homes should be linked to as-built performance to achieve the '2020 Ambition. In response to this challenge the Performance Gap project commenced at the start of 2013, bringing a wide range of participants together to establish a better understanding of the Performance Gap and to formulate any necessary solutions. The initial activities and findings are detailed in the Interim Progress Report, published in July Closing the Performance Gap the 2020 Ambition: From 2020, be able to demonstrate that at least 90% of all new homes meet or perform better than the designed energy / carbon performance. 1. Zero Carbon Hub, Carbon Compliance for Tomorrow s New Homes, Topic 4: Closing the Gap Between Designed and Built Performance, August Zero Carbon Hub, Interim Progress Report: Closing the Gap Between Design and As-built Performance, July Zero Carbon Hub 1
6 Evidence Review Report This report summarises the evidence gathering and assessment process undertaken between August 2013 and January It provides industry and government with a structured review of how and where the Performance Gap occurs within the current housebuilding process. This has involved a co-ordinated analysis of published literature and confidential industry research, and the development of a process review methodology to gather primary evidence from housebuilding delivery teams, including visits to live construction sites. The evidence collected so far has been used to prioritise which issues are considered to be the major contributors to the Performance Gap. 1 The prioritisation process has been based upon the extent of evidence found and the significance each issue is considered to have on the Performance Gap. Evidence Collection and Review The evidence review encompasses a wider range of sources than any previous study of the Performance Gap to provide a balanced assessment of the issues. The aim is to consider the role all stages of the housebuilding process play rather than focussing on individual stages such as design or construction. This review has included: Literature Review in which nearly 100 reports were reviewed in detail. Around 45% were academic studies or other government or industry research, around 35% were building performance evaluation projects or other studies involving site visits and assessments of performance, around 10% were field trials, 5% manufacturer-commissioned reports and 5% guidance. Housebuilding Process Review made possible by housebuilders volunteering sites of varying sizes, types and construction methodologies. These were reviewed using interviews, a study of design information and site visits. SAP Audits undertaken for plots on each of the sites visited to investigate errors in SAP assessments and differences between the SAP assessments and site observations. SAP Assessor Accreditation Organisation Questionnaire to understand the training, examination and continual professional development regimes and to identify common areas of assessor errors found at audit and frequent questions dealt with by helplines. SAP Assessor Questionnaire to which around 150 assessors responded, providing information on how they typically work, what information they are provided with, what challenges they face and where a Performance Gap might occur A full list of these can be found in Annex A 2 Closing the Gap Between Design and As-built Performance: Evidence Review Report
7 Impact on the Performance Gap LOW MEDIUM HIGH PRIORITY FOR RESEARCH RETAIN A WATCHING BRIEF PRIORITY FOR ACTION NO IMMEDIATE ACTION NONE EMERGING CLEAR Evidence Emerging Results Drawing upon this evidence, a team from the Zero Carbon Hub and Steering Group categorised all of the issues identified using the prioritisation matrix approach presented in the Interim Progress Report (see diagram above). A ranking for the existence of evidence relating to each issue was agreed. A combination of multiple peer-reviewed industry research reports and Housebuilding Process Review examples were required to merit a position towards the right of the matrix. The team then drew upon the evidence where it existed, and their industry experience to define a range for the potential impact each issue may have on energy performance. 1 Each quadrant of the prioritisation matrix represents a different challenge: Priority for Action Issues with a strong supporting evidence base and medium to high potential impact on the Performance Gap when they do occur. Priority for Research Issues with emerging evidence and a suspected medium to high potential impact on the Performance Gap when they do occur. Retain a Watching Brief Issues with limited evidence and a suspected low to medium potential impact on the Performance Gap when they do occur. No Immediate Action Issues with a large degree of evidence but with a low impact on Performance Gap when they do occur. This project s approach of viewing performance related issues across the housebuilding process revealed a number of cross-cutting themes including Knowledge and Skills, Responsibility and Communication. 1. See Section 2 of the main report for an explanation of the rating process Zero Carbon Hub 3
8 The following diagram illustrates where the Priority for Action issues occur across the delivery process and how they relate to these cross-cutting themes. 1 AS-BUILT PERFORMANCE - PRIORITY FOR ACTION CONCEPT DESIGN & PLANNING P2 Limited understanding of impact of early design decisions on energy performance DETAILED DESIGN D1 D2 EM8 EM7 Inadequate understanding and knowledge within detailed design team Lack of integrated design between fabric, services & renewables Issues around use of U-value and thermal bridging calculation procedures Concern over competency of SAP assessors PROCUREMENT PR2 Inadequate consideration of skills and competency at labour procurement CONSTRUCTION & COMMISSIONING C5 C15 C9 C13 C6 Product substitution on site without consideration of energy performance Poor installation of fabric Poor installation or commissioning of services Lack of site team energy performance knowledge & skills Lack of adequate energy performance related QA on site VERIFICATION & TESTING T3 EM4 V2 V5 Concern over consistency of some test methodologies & interpretation of data As-Built SAP not reflective of actual build Lack of robust energy performance related verification, reliance on third party information Lack of clarity over documentary evidence for Part L & Part F compliance CROSS-CUTTING THEMES KNOWLEDGE & SKILLS RESPONSIBILITY COMMUNICATION 4 1. The issue references relate to different stages of the housebuilding process (e.g. C = Construction). The full list of references can be found in Annex A. Closing the Gap Between Design and As-built Performance: Evidence Review Report
9 Priority for Action 15 issues A total of 15 issues have been found to be both supported by strong evidence from multiple sources and likely to have a significant impact on the Performance Gap. The project will now focus its efforts on developing pragmatic solutions for the following issues across the delivery process: 1 P2 Planning and concept design teams are not sufficiently aware of the implications of early stage decisions on the energy performance of completed dwellings. D1 Detail Design teams do not understand site and buildability issues well enough to be able to reliably design energy efficient homes with consistent as-built performance. D2 Different aspects of design, in particular building fabric and services, are not being properly integrated. This results in unintended thermal bridging, compromised air tightness strategies and reduced system efficiencies. EM8 Calculation assumptions for both fabric heat loss (U-values) and thermal bridging (Psi-values) do not reflect the reality of site construction, often giving lower heat losses than can actually be achieved. EM7 SAP assessors are often unclear on modelling conventions and calculation of U-values, thermal mass, and thermal bridging, and may be expected to provide detailed design advice beyond their technical knowledge and industry experience. PR2 Procurement teams do not prioritise energy related skills when selecting contractors, resulting in site teams that lack the knowledge to properly install services and fabric. C5 Products with energy performance different to the intended design are being used on site without being fed back to the design team and the As-Built SAP assessment; typically foundation block work, lintels, windows and ventilation ductwork. C15 Building fabric is often incorrectly constructed, typically cavity wall insulation, eaves to wall junction insulation and particularly the positioning of windows and doors, reducing the actual performance of the thermal envelope. C9 Building services are being incorrectly installed and poorly commissioned, resulting in reduced system efficiency and compromising the air tightness and ventilation strategies. Common examples include missing primary pipework insulation and poorly commissioned ventilation systems. C13 Site teams often lack the knowledge and skills to construct energy efficient homes with consistent as-built performance. C6 Site Quality Assurance procedures prioritise other issues above energy performance; this increases the risk of improperly fitted insulation, incorrectly installed services and thermal junction detailing different to the intended design. T3 Test methodologies for both as-built fabric and building services performance are not always consistently applied, and therefore can have implications on energy modelling assumptions. EM4 As-Built SAP calculations are often produced without inclusion of amendments to the design specification during the procurement or construction process. V2 Verification procedures across the housebuilding process are not prioritising energy performance. There is reliance on third-party information and inadequate time, knowledge and incentives to focus on as built performance. V5 Inconsistent evidence is being requested by and provided to Building Control Bodies, in particular areas such as Accredited Construction Details and building services commissioning. This results in uncertainty around the actual constructed specification and energy performance. The delivery process diagram illustrates that the majority of these issues result from a lack of Knowledge and Skills. There is also a strong indication that the theme of poor Communication runs through several of the Detailed Design and Verification issues. The cross-cutting nature of these themes means issues influencing the Performance Gap can be seen across the professions and trades. 1. A detailed description of the evidence review for each issue can be found in Section 3 of the main report, and discussion of next steps in Section Zero Carbon Hub 5
10 The following diagram illustrates where the Priority for Research issues occur across the delivery process and how they relate to these cross-cutting themes. 1 AS-BUILT PERFORMANCE - PRIORITY FOR RESEARCH CONCEPT DESIGN & PLANNING DETAILED DESIGN D3 D6 D7 D8 EM2 D5 Lack of communication of design intent through work stages Insufficient design information provided for building fabric Insufficient design information provided for building services Product and system design issues Concern about accuracy of aspects of SAP calculation model & assumptions Design team not communicating critical performance criteria to procurement team PROCUREMENT PR3 Product substitution at procurement without due regard for performance criteria CONSTRUCTION & COMMISSIONING C1 C11 C4 C14 Lack of designer input on site if issues arise Full design or installation guidance not available on site Construction responsibilities for energy performance unclear Accredited Construction Details tick box culture VERIFICATION & TESTING T6 T1 T2 Tests not replicating or accurately taking into account dynamic effects Limited tests and protocols available for in-situ fabric performance Limited tests and protocols available for in situ services performance T5 EM9 V3 Lack of suitable end-of-line overall performance test Limited as-built test data used in SAP calculations Commoditised third-party verification schemes not independent CROSS-CUTTING THEMES KNOWLEDGE & SKILLS RESPONSIBILITY COMMUNICATION 6 1. The issue references relate to different stages of the housebuilding process (e.g. C = Construction). The full list of references can be found in Annex A. Closing the Gap Between Design and As-built Performance: Evidence Review Report
11 Priority for Research 17 issues A number of issues were identified that are considered to have a potentially significant impact on the Performance Gap, but for which we currently lack sufficient evidence to fully understand how extensive their contribution may be. This shortfall of evidence means these issues merit further investigation. There is a risk to industry and government that investment to develop solutions and research activities will be misplaced if these issues are prematurely considered of low importance. The diagram opposite illustrates where the Priority for Research issues have been identified. The project will continue to try and gather further evidence and develop longer term research strategies for these issues. There is an increase in the frequency of Communication themed issues within this diagram. It is perhaps not surprising that the evidence review has found emerging evidence of communication deficiencies. However, it is difficult to trace the root cause and detail of communication problems which bridge across multiple professions and teams. Several Testing and Verification related issues are included, which are predominantly Knowledge and Skills themed, indicating that there is a clear need to better understand the manner in which current methodologies reflect as-built performance. Further detail on which aspects of current practice require investigation and how they relate to design and energy modelling can be found in Section 3. Retain a Watching Brief 23 issues A total of 23 issues have been classified as having a low level of evidence and likely to have a relatively low impact on the Performance Gap. Broadly speaking, little evidence of these issues was found across all sources; typically each one was raised in less than 20 medium quality reports in the Literature Review and identified in three or fewer of the sites visited. Further detail on these issues and an indication of 12 that are considered to merit closer observation is provided in Section Zero Carbon Hub 7
12 Conclusion The current housebuilding delivery process has been developed within a compliance regime based upon designed energy performance. However this evidence review has been conducted based on a vision of a future compliance regime focused on as-built performance. Therefore the findings should be considered with this in mind. Having reviewed a large body of published research and conducted detailed investigations of nine current housing developments to date, with a total of 97 plots assessed, it is clear that many of the issues identified as potential sources of the Performance Gap do exist. Based on this evidence it has been possible to identify 15 issues that merit the development of comprehensive solutions in the near future, be they industry-led or where necessary involving government intervention. These highest priority issues appear across the entire housebuilding process, for both developers using standardised housetypes and those using more bespoke designs. Consequently they are not the sole responsibility of any one discipline or sector. The theme of Knowledge and Skills deficiencies is evident within all stages of the process, overlapping with other cross-cutting themes of Communication and Responsibility. Another 17 issues have been prioritised as requiring further research in order to better understand their impact on the Performance Gap. Once again, many of these issues relate to a lack of Knowledge and Skills, particularly within the Testing and Verification stages. Of no less importance are the numerous issues relating to Communication problems across the various delivery stages. 8 Closing the Gap Between Design and As-built Performance: Evidence Review Report
13 Next Steps This Performance Gap project concludes in summer 2014, as part of the longer journey to Activity is now focused on continued evidence gathering and the Priority for Action and Priority for Research issues, as outlined below. Continued Evidence Gathering Evidence continues to be gathered and analysed, to allow a final review of the prioritisation of issues set out in this report. In addition to the results from the first nine sites in the Housebuilding Process Review and associated SAP Audits included in this report, more are scheduled to bring the total to around 20. This will allow a range of construction types and housebuilders to be analysed: timber and masonry construction, large housebuilders and small. It is also proposed to carry out some on site testing of completed dwellings on these sites. The Testing Work Group have advised on suitable tests and protocols to use, covering both fabric and services performance. A SAP Sensitivity Analysis is being carried out to understand the impact of potential input errors, including a consideration of the likelihood of these errors occurring. Finally, a Work Group of building services specialists has been formed to ensure that all issues relating to services have been identified and to provide any further evidence that is available or needed to help understand the scale and nature of these issues. Actions for Priority Issues An Assured Performance Work Group has been formed to develop potential mechanisms that would demonstrate the 2020 Ambition : that by 2020 at least 90% of all new homes meet or perform better than their designed energy / carbon performance. These mechanisms also aim to provide industry with the necessary information to drive a continuous cycle of improvement. Three further Work Groups are being established to understand how housebuilding delivery models of different scales and with different procurement routes could respond to the Priority for Action issues, within the context of the work of the Assured Performance group. Proposals will also be made for research strategies to address the Priority for Research issues, with potential funding routes identified. Final conclusions, proposed solutions and recommendations for further research will be detailed in the End of Term Report, to be published summer Zero Carbon Hub 9
14 1. INTRODUCTION There is now clear evidence of a gap between the designed and as-built energy performance of new homes. This gap can arise in a number of ways within the overall house-building process and, where significant and widespread, creates a number of risks. For government, the Performance Gap would mean that new housing cannot be relied upon to play its expected, vital role in achieving national carbon budget targets. For owners and occupants, energy bills may be higher than expected, undermining buyer confidence in new (low carbon) homes. For planners, designers, manufacturers and housebuilders, underperforming new homes could impact on their reputation and business. Investigation into the Performance Gap is therefore a priority for government and a wide spectrum of groups across the sector. Industry engagement with this project reflects its perceived importance: over 140 professionals are working with the Zero Carbon Hub to explore potential causes of the Performance Gap and to develop cost-effective and realistic proposals to help close it. 10 Closing the Gap Between Design and As-built Performance: Evidence Review Report
15 Background In 2010, a Zero Carbon Hub report 1 reviewed historical evidence for the Performance Gap from a limited number of sources, finding evidence that a gap exists, but concluding that more work was needed to understand the scale and technical issues involved. In February 2011, a Zero Carbon Hub task group advised that future performance standards for zero carbon homes should be linked to as-built performance to achieve the '2020 Ambition. With Government and Industry support, this Performance Gap project commenced at the start of 2013, bringing participants together from all parts of the housebuilding process to establish a better understanding of the Performance Gap and to formulate any necessary solutions. Project Progress Closing the Performance Gap the 2020 Ambition: From 2020, be able to demonstrate The scope, objectives, and structure of the project are that at least 90% of all new homes described in the Interim Progress Report published in meet or perform better than the July The project structure consists of a Steering designed energy / carbon Group, an Industry Executive Committee, and a series of 10 performance. specific Work Groups. The initial stages of work included the identification of a list of issues that were perceived to have an impact on the Performance Gap, based on expertise from across the housebuilding and academic sectors. Subsequently these issues were consolidated and grouped into themes (see Annex A for the full issues list). The recent focus of the project has been on collating evidence to substantiate and prioritise the issues that emerged during the first phase of work. The Interim Progress Report identified a number of evidence collection methods, of which the most appropriate have been undertaken or are substantially underway. Taking into account all evidence gathered to date, the concept of the Impact-Evidence Matrix proposed in the Interim Report has been used to prioritise issues. Each issue has been rated based upon the extent of evidence found and the significance each issue is considered to have on the Performance Gap. The original project timeline has been extended to allow for a longer evidence gathering phase and for some on site testing of completed dwellings to be carried out. The project will now run until summer An updated work plan is shown on the following page. 1. Zero Carbon Hub, Carbon Compliance for Tomorrow s New Homes, Topic 4: Closing the Gap Between Designed and Built Performance, August Zero Carbon Hub, Interim Progress Report: Closing the Gap Between Design and As-built Performance, July Zero Carbon Hub 11
16 This Report This report summarises the evidence collected so far and explains how this has been used to prioritise which issues are considered major contributors to the Performance Gap. Evidence types include both a detailed Literature Review of existing research and primary research in the form of the Housebuilding Process Review, SAP Audits, and questionnaires of SAP assessors and assessor organisations. The methodology used for collecting and assessing the evidence is explained in Section 2. Section 3 summarises the evidence found for each issue, split into four categories. Section 4 outlines conclusions and next steps including the remaining work involved in completing the evidence gathering and analysis, carrying out of on-site testing, proposing potential solutions and identifying areas for further work. Work plan 2014 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN 2020 Launch of this report at EcoBuild Industry Executive Committee Meetings Steering Group Meetings Continued evidence gathering Developing protocol and carrying out on site testing Update the prioritisation of issues Develop proposals to address Priority For Action issues Develop a research programme for Priority for Research issues End of Term report On-going activities (not yet funded) Including further evidence gathering and development of solutions 12 Closing the Gap Between Design and As-built Performance: Evidence Review Report
17 2. EVIDENCE COLLECTION AND REVIEW While the housebuilding industry has long been aware of many potential issues which might contribute to the Performance Gap, a need was identified for a more systematic review of evidence to determine which issues are particularly significant, and which require further evidence. A wide range of evidence has been reviewed and a brief explanation of each of the sources is set out below, with a more detailed methodology available in the appendices, which can be found online. 1 A description of the process used to review the body of evidence as a whole and to rate the significance of different issues is also provided Zero Carbon Hub 13
18 Literature Review A Literature Review of existing research was undertaken as a key source of evidence for the project. Evidence for the Literature Review was collected over a period of nine months ending December Reports relating to the Performance Gap were gathered from a variety of sources: Work Group members; Housebuilders, manufacturers or suppliers, in confidence; Universities, in response to a request for relevant information; The Technology Strategy Board, with access to the Domestic Building Performance Evaluation Phase 1 reports given under a non-disclosure agreement; BRE catalogues; and Reference sections of other reports. A team of experienced construction professionals reviewed almost 100 reports, split as shown in the diagram below. A list of the non-confidential reports reviewed is provided in Appendix 1 along with further detail on the methodology used. Breakdown of literature review report types 5% Manufacturer Commissioned Research 5% Guidance 10% Field Trials 35% Site visit or assessment reports (including TSB Building Performance Evaluation reports) 45% Academic studies, or other Government or Industry research 14 Closing the Gap Between Design and As-built Performance: Evidence Review Report
19 Housebuilding Process Review A range of housebuilders have volunteered sites of varying sizes, types and construction methods, to be reviewed using interviews, site visits and a study of design information. The review is still underway: included in this report are results from nine sites, with a total of 97 plots assessed. All are built under 2010 Building Regulations, some with additional planning requirements such as Code for Sustainable Homes targets or renewable energy provision. Reviews of more sites are currently ongoing or planned, the results of which will be included in the End of Term Report, to be published in summer The sites included in this report were mostly built by larger developers, typically using traditional construction; a wider range of site types and sizes is planned for the remaining stages of the review. The reviews are carried out by a team containing a range of disciplines: a developer technical director, a developer build manager, a SAP assessor and an architect, with additional resources from services engineers and academics available where necessary. Information is collected in three stages, outlined below: Stage One: Preparation and Interviews The process commences with a review of design documents and a series of interviews to help understand the development, including its energy targets, the delivery team communication processes, issues that may contribute to the Performance Gap and examples of good practice. A structured interview is held with each of the following teams or individuals: concept design and planning team, detail design team, SAP assessor, procurement team, construction team. Stage Two: Design Review The review team carry out a thorough review of the design documents, to understand how the project requirements are incorporated into the working drawings and to prepare for site visits. Documents typically include specifications, construction details, working drawings, M&E design, the SAP assessment and, where available, as-built data and commissioning sheets for completed plots. Stage Three: Site Visit and Information Collation For each site, plots are reviewed at all stages of the build process where possible, including: 1. Sub-structure 2. Over-site 3. Over-site to joist 4. Joist to roof (including roof structure) 5. Roof to weathertight 6. First Fix 7. Dry lining / plaster 8. Second fix 9. Finals and build complete 10. Testing and commissioning For each build stage, issues are identified that could contribute to the Performance Gap, such as product substitution, quality of workmanship and incompatibility of components. Instances of good practice are also noted. The findings are recorded in pre-prepared assessment sheets and photographs are taken Zero Carbon Hub 15
20 SAP Audits For each of the Housebuilding Process Review sites, SAP (Standard Assessment Procedure) assessments for one, two or three plots (depending on site size) are reviewed by a dedicated SAP team based on design information and observations made and recorded during the site visits. Two stages of SAP Audit are carried out for each plot: 1. A review of the original SAP assessment done by the developer s SAP assessor, which is re-calculated based on a strict interpretation of the SAP methodology and U-value conventions. This provides evidence of areas where SAP assessors are incorrectly applying SAP conventions, the frequency of errors, and the impact that these have on the DER. It should however be noted that the information provided to the SAP Audit team by the developers for this review may not in all cases be identical to that provided to the original SAP assessor. 2. SAP assessment based on site visit observations and findings from the interviews, reflecting any changes made to the constructed dwellings. This provides evidence of changes that are not being reflected in SAP assessments, their frequency and the impact that they have on the DER. However, note that it was not feasible to check all parts of the SAP assessment on site (such as dimensions), and that some of the stage 1 SAP assessments were Design Stage rather than As-Built SAPs. SAP Audits of eight plots from four sites are included in this report, with a draft summary of the results used to inform the prioritisation of issues. Additional sites being reviewed in the ongoing Housebuilding Process Review will have SAP Audits undertaken to contribute further evidence. For further detail regarding the Housebuilding Process Review, including the SAP Audits, please refer to Appendix Closing the Gap Between Design and As-built Performance: Evidence Review Report
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Trinity Repertory Company
Location:Providence, RI
Since its founding in 1963, Trinity Repertory Company has been one of the most respected regional theaters in the country. Featuring one of the last long-standing resident acting companies in America, Trinity Rep presents a balance of world premiere, contemporary, and classic works for an estimated annual audience of 120,000. Over the past 52 years, the theater has produced a number of celebrated world premieres, mounted national and international tours, trained hundreds of new actors and directors through its MFA programs (now in association with Brown University) and has consistently been a pioneer in arts education for people of all ages and abilities. Project Discovery, which brings students in grades K-12 to the theater and sends artists into the classroom, has introduced more than 1.3 million students to the theater since it was instituted in 1966. A variety of enrichment activities, ranging from post-show talkbacks after every performance to panel discussions and casual lunchtime chats with artistic staff, provide adults with learning opportunities as well. Since 1973, Trinity Rep's home has been the Lederer Theater Center, a historic landmark in downtown Providence, RI, that was built as the Majestic Theatre in 1917. With an annual budget of $8 million, the theater employs over 100 staff and generates nearly $12 million in economic activity each year. In 1981 Trinity Rep won the Regional Theatre Tony Award, and in 2013 it was named the State Theater of Rhode Island.
Trinity Repertory Theatre will present student matinees of A Midsummer Night's Dream directed by Artistic Director Curt Columbus, as part of their Project Discover program. The company will provide related educational activities, including workshops, post-show discussions, and a study guide. They anticipate reaching 24 schools located in Southeastern New England.

subset: commoncrawl


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Floor lamp with stainless steel stand and tripod, in a satin finish, with pleated fabric shade.
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text:
Stateless Rohingya… Running on Empty
By SuthepKritsanavarin | January 12, 2012
Rohingyas, the ethnic Muslim minority in Burma, are treated as aliens and discriminated in their own country despite their continued existence there for centuries. They face systematic oppression of forced labor, arbitrary arrest, and land confiscation. Only Rohingyas must apply for travel passes even to go to the next village less than a mile away. So, they cannot go to mosques for prayer or to marry or even study or work. Only Rohingyas, but not Buddhist Arakanese, face exorbitant and outrageous taxation for land, property, and activities such as repairing houses, marrying someone, and giving birth. Thus, they are without human and civil rights. They live in fear and without freedom.
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Im dritten Quartal 2016 erzielte Vestas einen Umsatz von 2.903 Mio. Euro.
(WK-intern) – Das EBIT vor Sondereinflüssen stieg um EUR 201 Mio. auf EUR 433 Mio.. Die EBIT-Marge vor Sondereinflüssen betrug 14,9 Prozent nach 10,9 Prozent im dritten Quartal 2015 und der Free Cashflow belief sich auf 155 Millionen Euro nach 158 Millionen Euro im dritten Quartal 2015.
Compared to the third quarter of 2015, earnings improved significantly, mainly driven by high activity levels in the quarter and to a lesser extent higher average project margins.
Free cash flow was at the same level as in the third quarter of 2015. While order intake was satisfactory, the backlog decreased due to the higher activity levels. Outlook for 2016 upgraded.
Summary: In the third quarter of 2016, Vestas generated revenue of EUR 2,903m — an increase of 37 percent compared to the year-earlier period. EBIT before special items increased by EUR 201m to EUR 433m. The EBIT margin before special items was 14.9 percent compared to 10.9 percent in the third quarter of 2015 and the free cash flow amounted to EUR 155m compared to EUR 158m in the third quarter of 2015.
The intake of firm and unconditional wind turbine orders amounted to 1,769 MW in the third quarter of 2016. The value of the wind turbine order backlog amounted to EUR 7.2bn at 30 September 2016. In addition to the wind turbine order backlog, Vestas had service agreements with expected contractual future revenue of EUR 9.9bn at the end of September 2016. Thus, the value of the combined backlog of wind turbine orders and service agreements stood at EUR 17.1bn — an increase of EUR 0.7bn compared to the year-earlier period.,
Vestas upgrades the 2016 guidance on revenue from minimum EUR 9.5bn to EUR 10-10.5bn, EBIT margin before special items from minimum 12.5 percent to 13-14 percent, and free cash flow from minimum EUR 800m to minimum EUR 1,000m. The upgrades are based mainly on improved delivery visibility for the remainder of the year. Vestas also adjusts 2016 guidance on total investments from approx EUR 500m to approx EUR 600m.
Group President & CEO Anders Runevad said: "I am very pleased with Vestas' solid third quarter performance. Revenue and earnings are up strongly, as are deliveries across all regions. Order intake is up 17 percent, while combined turbine and service order backlog declined this quarter, largely due to high turbine delivery activity. With better visibility toward the end of the year, we are also upgrading the full-year guidance."
Key highlights
High activity levels
Deliveries up by 44 percent in third quarter of 2016 — driven by all regions.
Strong earnings
EBIT margin before special items of 14.9 percent — up by 4.0 percentage points compared to third quarter of 2015.
Solid free cash flow
Free cash flow amounted to EUR 155m in third quarter of 2016 — on a par with the third quarter of 2015.
Combined order backlog remains high
Combined order backlog at EUR 17.1bn. Wind turbine order backlog impacted by high activity levels in third quarter of 2016.
Outlook 2016
2016 has proven to be an extraordinary year and based mainly on better visibility for the remainder of the year, guidance for 2016 is increased on all parameters.
Information meeting (audiocast)
Today, Tuesday 8 November 2016 at 10 a.m. CET (9 a.m. GMT), Vestas will host an information meeting via an audiocast. The audiocast will be accessible via vestas.com/investor.
PM: Vestas Wind Systems A/S, Denmark


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Tablin (タブリン Taburin) is a citizen of Magnolia who is, at times, seen in the Fairy Tail Guild.[1]
Tablin is a slim, young man of average height. He has droopy eyes, a sizable pair of lips and a large nose. He possesses scruffy facial hair and also has a stitched scar over his forehead.
Tablin's attire consists of a fairly large shirt with a medallion hung around his neck, both bearing the number "11". He also wears a pair of baggy, striated pants that have disheveled sleeves and appears to be barefoot.[1]
Despite not possessing any Magic, Tablin wanted to join Shadow Gear, one of Fairy Tail's teams. However, he was refused, as he is not a Mage. He attempted to learn how to utilize Magic but it turned out to be more difficult than he anticipated and gave up.[1]
Tablin is a citizen of Magnolia who usually enters the Fairy Tail Guild building to presumably deliver food or liquor, as individuals who are not members of the guild can only enter the building if they are making deliveries.[1]
- He supposedly always seems to be hanging around the guild in an effort to get closer to Levy.[1]
- He dislikes Pop Music.[1]


text:
|Start time
5 days
In many countries, governments are seeking advice from a wide range of disciplines on the potential impacts of climate change on the environment and their society and economy. Developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change impacts because they have fewer resources to adapt: socially, technologically and financially.
The training course is designed to help scientists or practitioners to address methods and tools suitable for assessing the climate change impacts and vulnerability. It provides basic concepts and useful tools and gives practical examples, taken mostly from the researches of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), Asian Institute of Technology and climate change projects in Asia developing countries including Vietnam. After the course, participants will be able to build up impact and vulnerability assessment researches for establishing actions for Climate change adaptation and mitigation.
The main topics of the course are:
• The nature of climate change impacts
• Why is climate change impact assessment necessary?
• Climate change impact assessment approaches
• Assessment method and tools
• Integrated climate change impacts assessment
• Vulnerability assessment: concepts and methodology
• Climate change impact & vulnerability assessment by sector
|Target Participants
|Staff of governmental agencies at the central/local levels and research institutions who are in charge of establishing policies, programs, projects on climate change adaptation/mitigation or other individuals who are concerned on GIS application in climate change adaptation planning
|The training will involve participatory learning approaches (PLA), application-oriented and interactive, emphasizing on group discussions and case studies. The course instructor provides conceptual framework to participants and his role is essentially that of a facilitator, monitor and adviser. Participants are encouraged to raise their ideas and issues related to the course topics which other participants and the lecturer together discuss and find out solutions as well as draw lessons learned.
|The course will be delivered in Vietnamese. Course materials will be provided in Vietnamese.
|11 million VND/participant (the tuition fee includes course materials and refreshments and must be paid prior to the course commencement).
|Ho Chi Minh City: AITVN, 6th floor, FCC Building, 45 Dinh Tien Hoang, Dist. 1, HCM. City.
|Participants need to fill in an application form and send the completed form to EDS-AITCV at least 10 days before the commencement of the course
Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability Assessment
Nguyen Phuong Thao (Ms.)
Program Officer
Tel: +84-8-3910 7473/7423 Ext: 106
Mobile: 0983 288 117
Email: email@example.com


text:
FDA Drug Shortages
Current and Resolved Drug Shortages and Discontinuations Reported to FDA
Start Over | Back to Previous Screen
Scopolamine (Transderm Scop) Transdermal System Patch
Status: Currently in Shortage
»Date first posted: 09/15/2016
»Therapeutic Categories: Endocrinology/Metabolism; Neurology
Sandoz (Revised 07/21/2017)
|Availability and Estimated Shortage Duration
|Related Information
|Shortage Reason (per FDASIA)
|Transderm (Scopolamine) 1.5 mg Patch 10 count (NDC 10019-553-01)
|Product replaced by 10019-553-03. Supply is available.
|Please call Baxter Healthcare Corporation at 1-888-229-0001
|Demand increase for the drug
|Transderm (Scopolamine) 1.5 mg Patch 24 count (NDC 10019-553-02)
|Product replaced by 10019-553-04. Supply available, however intermittent backorder possible.
|Please call Baxter Healthcare Corporation at 1-888-229-0001
|Requirements related to complying with good manufacturing practices
|Transderm (Scopolamine) 1.5 mg Patch 4 count (NDC 0067-4345-04)
|Product replaced by 66758-208-54. Supply available.
|Requirements related to complying with good manufacturing practices
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|Lite Plan
|$ 39.95
|Essential Plan
|$ 49.95
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|$ 59.95
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|$ 74.95
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7 Plans to choose from. Each plan comes with 3 email addresses and 50MB Personal Web Space All High-Speed Internet plans require Pioneer Telephone landline service. New landline service requires a $75 deposit.
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Sydney Harbour – Sydney – NSW – Australia
Canon EOS 450D – Canon EFS Lens 15 – 85mm
The last for now from Sydney. It was an amazing trip. Got some incredible images, had plenty of laughs (some at my own expense) and made new friends with wonderful people.
This was taken from Mrs Macs Chair, and is a 5 landscape frame panorama. These frames are the images taken just after Sydney's Icons , so as you can see, the colour that we got on this afternoon did not stay around for too long.
Anyway, i thank you all for your comments and support recently. I have an absolute ball getting out and taking photos, the kind words left by you is what makes it all worth while. Please take a minute to have a look at Shannon Rogers port folio , his work is nothing short of incredible. And a real great bloke as well.
ND400 Filter
Featured in Blue Hue Group 25 / 05 / 2012


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Been searching for a needle in a haystack for too long. I'm 50 and I want to enjoy many many years with my partnerS. So with that being said - check me out. I make a great friend and lover.
Openly bisexual poly woman living with my male partner. I'm seeking an honest, bisexual or lesbian woman to be friends with (at first). I am not bi-curious - I KNOW that i love women. I find the female form beautiful. I am not talking about surgically enhanced to be beautiful. I love all natural shapes and sizes of women. As I said it is a beautiful form. I need a concert buddy, camping pal. And oh so much more. What I don't need is to add some spice to our sex life. I need, want and desire a relationship with *you*.
More often than not I can be found in blue jeans and a t-shirt. I hate wearing shoes. I love wearing a smile though. I flourish in the summer. Love to ride our Harley and go camping.
My house is lived in - however there isn't mold on the dirty dishes in the sink. It is always 4:20 at my place.
My body has given birth to 3 babies (adults now/yay me!!) and it shows.....meaning you won't find me gracing the cover of Sports Illustrated swimsuit edition. I'm perfectly fine with my body....if you aren't - then I guess you are the one with issues. And honestly I dont want to deal with your issues with my body shape/size. I may be a big chunky chick but I give off a vibe and I am a flirty chick so I get a lot of "offers"....and I like to flirt and play so it is all cool.
I like to be with fun, positive people. Even when times are tough a smile helps. I wear my heart on my sleeve. You'll never wonder where I stand on any subject. I am open and honest and know how to listen/speak - COMMUNICATION - is the word I'm looking for.
I'm fifty but visually I could pass for 38. When I was younger I was told I was an old soul. I still have an old soul but sometimes I feel/act like I am 16. I tend to like hanging out with a small group of friends/family. Not into loud bar scenes.
I am pretty low maintenance. I don't usually wear make-up or curl/flat iron my hair type of stuff.
I have fibromyalgia and a couple of other health issues (nothing contagious!). I herbally medicate so as not to get addicted to opiates/pain killers. Some days tho I do have to go pharmacological route for pain relief. I try to not let my illnesses/disabilities get in the way of leading a "normal" life. I still work full time. Still ride the Harley and go camping. I still get out and do. I dont want my illnesses to define me.
Singing when I drink (doesnt everybody?)....I'm not good at it but I *think* I am. I don't drink all the time but when I do I am a happy funny flirty chickie.
I'm a short smiling chunky chick with big boobs.
Music--- john hiatt, john mellencamp, tom petty, Alison Kraus/Robert plant combo, indigo girls, Adele, johnny cash, white stripes, pearl jam, beastie boys, blues, folk, indie, old country, Pink, black eyed peas, Moby, beck, pasty cline, Loretta Lynn, old Rolling Stones, Dylan,
Movies- --- pulp fiction, reservoir dogs, sling blade, shawshank redemption, captains courageous, scarlet pimpernel, Life of Pi, and Ohhhhh I've come across a movie that makes me laugh insanely -- Horrible Bosses. Love Deniro, Depp , Tarantino, Penn, Robert Altman, Coen Brothers, Terence Malik. I think Helen Mirren and Kathy Bates, Steve Buscimi, BillyBob Thornton are all sexy.......I could go on all night. I love movies- - old, new, classics, off beat, drama, period pieces, foreign, documentary, independent flicks
tv - netflix- house of cards,orange is new black, and a boatload of movies. Regular tv - blacklist, breaking bad & dexter are (were)quality viewing.
Food- -- comfort foods, Mexican foods, Thai, Chinese, Italian. I am a meat eater. Trying to b a little healthier by eating more fruits and vegetables though.
Kids - the two and 4 legged ones and my grandkids
My stupid smart phone


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Thereare many differences between preferences shares and equity shares. The maindifferences between them are:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. The holders of preference shares do nothave much control over the management of the company. On the other hand, the holdersof equity shares have much control over the management of the company.
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|Starring: Bambi, Doris Alien
|Stashed: 322 times
|Director: Raul Cristian
|Added Oct 25, 2010
|Studio: Evil Angel
|Rated 73 times
|Length: 37:13
|Niches: BDSM, Big Boobs, Blonde, Bondage, Brunette, Cunnilingus, Enema, Fetish, Gaping, Gonzo, Lesbian, One-on-One, Oral, Rimming, Small Tits, Spanking, Toys


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ADAMSTOWN, Md. (AP) Former Army Maj. Robert R. Furman, who secretly supervised an Allied roundup of top German scientists and European uranium stocks during World War II, has died.
Furman also helped supervise construction of the Pentagon during his Army career from 1940 to 1946.
Furman died Oct. 14 at the Buckingham's Choice retirement community in Adamstown, said his granddaughter, Caitlin Furman. Furman, 93, died of metastatic melanoma.
His role in the development of the atomic bomb was cloaked in secrecy. Furman's name did not appear in official documents for decades and he was known as the "Mysterious Major," according to historian Thomas Powers, who met Furman in the late 1980s while working on "Heisenberg's War," a book about German bomb-building efforts.
"He was the guy who actually handled all this stuff. He was extremely young, and he had extraordinary power," Powers told The Washington Post.
Furman was born Aug. 21, 1915, in Trenton, N.J. He graduated from Princeton University in 1937 with a degree in civil engineering.
An Army reservist, Furman was activated in December 1940 and assigned to the Washington headquarters of the Quartermaster Corps Construction Division, where he supervised day-to-day construction of the Pentagon until mid-1943, according to Steve Vogel's 2007 book, "The Pentagon."
Gen. Leslie R. Groves picked Furman as his chief of intelligence, responsible for finding out about German atomic bomb research. Groves ordered Furman to recover for the Allies all the uranium in Europe. He secured vast stores of the element needed for nuclear fission.
When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, Furman was ordered to round up Germany's top scientists. He supervised the detention of Werner Heisenberg, Germany's leading physicist, and nine other scientists who were taken to a country estate in England where their conversations were monitored and where they could not defect to the Soviet Union.
Furman also escorted a supply of U.S. enriched uranium from the secret Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, N.M., to the Pacific island of Tinian, where the first atomic bombs to be used in warfare were assembled. On Aug. 6, 1945, he watched the B-29 Enola Gay take off for Hiroshima, where the first atomic bomb was dropped.
A year later, Furman left the Army, opened a construction business, married and raised a family.
His Rockville-based Furman Builders Inc. built hundreds of structures including Potomac Mills Mall, the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Washington and the U.S. embassy in Nicaragua.
Survivors include his wife, Mary Eddy Furman of Adamstown, and four children.
Copyright 2008 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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text: Sapphowoman and the Greater Belfast Dykes The Dandy Lion Major Power and Spunky The Simply Incredible Hunk Muffmonsters on Prozac Pages in category "Gay and lesbian" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. D The Dandy LionM Major Power and SpunkyMuffmonsters on ProzacS Sapphowoman and the Greater Belfast DykesThe Simply Incredible Hunk Retrieved from "http://irishcomics.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Gay_and_lesbian?oldid=3676" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Themes Add category Cancel Save


text:
Product code: 10752
Despatched in 1-3 days.
(Ascophyllum nodosum) 500mg.Pure powdered kelp with vitamins. Sea Kelp is a natural source of vitamins and minerals. In this product Bio-Health have fortified super quality powdered Sea Kelp with extra B vitamins (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin and B6, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin C (60mg), Vitamin D (5ug) and natural Vitamin E (10mg), all at 100% RDA resulting in a substantial natural multinutrient complex to contribute towards general good health. Extra Kelp contains nutrients important to the proper function of the thyroid gland which is involved with cell growth and repair. Suitable for vegetarians and vegans.
Kelp, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, B6, B12, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin C (60mg), Vitamin D(5ug) and natural Vitamin E (10mg) - capsule: Vegetable hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).
Take one capsule a day swallowed with water.
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We're sorry, this listing is off the market. Try these listings instead:
Coffee Shop in SW Calgary #376038 posted Mar 6, 2015
- Calgary, Alberta, Canada
This cozy family type cafe is located in SW Calgary in quaint 450 sq ft space. It has amazing food and delightfully brewed beverages served in a freshly painted warm setting and considered the neighborhood favorite for warm welcome and fresh flavors. The atmosphere is intimate and warm and the service...
Steakhouse & Bar #367936 posted Oct 27, 2014
- Calgary, Alberta, Canada
This Successful Steakhouse and bar available for sale close to Calgary, AB. This is an attractive newly renovated, 3996 sqft , restaurant located in an open lot extending up to a site size of 39640 ft with ample free parking for patrons. The interior features a well equipped wooden bar, 3 VLT machines,...
Successful Bakery and Coffee Shop #464802 posted Mar 17, 2017
- Calgary, Alberta, Canada
This popular coffee location has become a staple of the Airdrie community. It continues to expand, with ample opportunity for further increase in business. Whether meeting with friends, grabbing a coffee and snack on the run, or looking for a place to relax and have a coffee, tea or other preferred...
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In a related story, Woody Johnson announces that anyone born in the Meadowlands parking lot is required to immediately by a PSL at full price.Baby born in NASCAR track's parking lot gets free tickets for life
LOUDON, N.H. A New Hampshire woman and her baby are doing fine after the woman gave birth in the New Hampshire Motor Speedway parking lot.
Shawna Arnold began going into labor Friday and she and her boyfriend began driving to a hospital. But when she realized she was about to give birth on the way, they made a pit stop at the racetrack parking lot in Loudon.
Arnold tells WMUR-TV that she and her boyfriend delivered the baby, named Katie, in their car. An EMT at the track then came to help, and the couple and the baby were taken to a hospital.
Speedway General Manager Jerry Gappens has awarded the baby two tickets to NASCAR races for the rest of her life.
Read more: http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/0...#ixzz26eyAtT2t
Shoulda named the kid Penzoil
Dick Trickle.
I got nothing.
This is why I wish I'd been born in a brothel.
Oh wait...
This kid never had a shot.
I heard the baby was conceived in a Yankee stadium bathroom.


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Knack on Playstation 4 (PS4)
Cheat codes, unlockables, hints, easter eggs, glitches, guides, walkthroughs, videos and more for the Playstation 4. Cheats.co has everything you need to dominate in-game!
Navigate using the links above or browse the Playstation 4 cheats we have available for Knack below. The most liked items overall will appear first in their respective section.
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- Genre: Action,Platformer
- Platforms: PlayStation 4
- Developer: SCE Japan Studio,Cerny Games, Inc.
- Publisher: Sony Computer Entertainment America
- Ratings: ESRB: E10+,PEGI: 7+,OFLC: PG,CERO: A
- Release Date (original): 2013-11-15 00:00:00