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I also have these on all of our test. I am currently in GI/GU and it seems the further I get into the program, the more select all that apply questions we get. I suppose it will be helpful...Nov 25, '12
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|James Duncan Davidson <james.david...@eng.sun.com>
|Re: [RFE] Richer Task Specification
|Thu, 22 Jun 2000 10:01:26 GMT
on 2000/06/20 01:35, Stefan Bodewig at firstname.lastname@example.com wrote: > 1. Don't treat properties as tasks at all. Don't even say they are > tasks in the documentation. > > 2. Do the same for taskdefs. > > 3. Don't instantiate tasks before they get executed. > > 4. Merge init and execute into a single method that gets called right > after the task has been configured. Souds good. Can you update the core spec thingy that I started to reflect this? > The only tricky thing in this is part 3. Not really tricky, just a smop. > One solution would be to revert to a DOM tree and defer parsing of the > tree part below targets until the target gets executed. Neither too > difficult nor elegant. Eewwww... > Another solution would be the proxy pattern Sam suggested a while > back. Configure a proxy object for the task at parse time and that > again instantiates, configures and executes the task when it's time to > get the work done. Or you might be able to get away with a simple table structure that carries all of the information. This is something a bit simplier than proxys. But the thought is the same. This is the way to go. > This latter solution might even have the additional power to choose > between several special implementations of a generic task (choose > between classic/modern javac or jikes or ..., choose the vendor > implementation of idl2java, sqlj or similar things) like Valentin > suggested. I'm not sure how to implement this easily without having to > modify all existing tasks though. Makes it real easy, and depending on how much of the model is exposed to scripting, you should be able to tweak taskdefs on the project at will which would affect the things that you want to do. > The only drawback I can see is that errors like misspelled attribute > names in the build.xml won't get caught before the task gets executed > as the proxies would need to accept all attributes. Not really a drawback. At least the error is still localized to the exact place it needs to be. Doesn't really matter that the preceeding tasks executed -- it's not much different than "normal" failures. .duncan
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Miley Cyrus Gets Robbed?
Miley Cyrus' Studio City, California home was broken into over the weekend. Los Angeles police say that a man and a woman scaled a fence to get in, then took off with a 2014 Maserati luxury sedan and "an unspecified amount" of jewelry. Miley, who is currently overseas for her Bangerz tour, seems to have bad luck when it comes to getting people to leave her property alone. Her home was previously broken into in November.


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When a scene opens with a bearded leather top wearing a pair of black rubber gloves, it's pretty safe to assume that there's going to be some ass play in some boy's immediate future. In the latest from Bulldog Pit, dark-haired sexpot Rich Kelly is playing a dom with a stable of boys who need regular servicing. Today is Jonny Kingdom's turn to lie back in daddy's sling.
But first, Rich wraps a collar around the lad's neck and pushes him to his knees. This boy's a good cocksucker and daddy wants his stiff dick to spend a while in Jonny's mouth. After throat fucking his boy and pushing his hot butt in Jonny's face, it's time to rev things up in the sling.
Jonny's got an amazing cock -- big and thick -- daddy knows this and wants to feel it pushing down his throat. As Rich thumbs Jonny's smooth butt hole, he swallows the boy's erection. Rich continues fingering Johnny's ass while sucking his nuts. Then Kelly stands and slides his bone inside. Johnny grips the sling's leather straps for support while Kelly grunts on his hole. And where do you suppose daddy is going to unload his nuts? Was Jonny a good enough boy to be rewarded with a taste of daddy's juice?


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Marysville, California
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Construction Period:
Feb 2004 to Oct 2004
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: Buehler & Buehler Associates - 600 Q Street, #200, Sacramento, CA 95814
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The Yuba College Campus is situated in the California Central Valley town of Marysville, and is an eclectic collection of low-rise 1950's and 1960's Classroom Buildings of masonry and plaster. Tucked into a far corner of the campus is the newly constructed Adaptive Physical Development Facility, strategically located adjacent to vehicle access, parking, and the Campus Gymnasium facilities.
Planning and programming for this facility, which provides an active outlet for physically challenged students, began in the 1990's. Patience and dedication, and after close to ten years of waiting, finally led to a state level of priority for the facility. Through the course of the ten years, the size, location, and function of the Adaptive Physical Development Facility changed, moved, and reinvented itself.
The facility in its final form remains a Development Facility for Disabled Students, as well as a Medical Rehabilitation Center for students and student athletes. Programming and careful planning allows joint uses of the facility.
The facility was required to fit a small footprint of +/- 4,000 square feet. Space includes two large multi-use classroom areas, divided by a central core area. This central core area contains the Hydro Room, with three whirlpool tubs for rehabilitation, and a 12-foot long swim spa for aquatic exercising. The Spa Room and the Hydro Room, along with the Toilet Rooms, are interconnected for compatibility of use, function, and maintenance. The Hydro Room and Spa Room are both adjacent to a central office, with observation windows for safeguarding of the students.
The compactness of the footprint of the facility is countered by the volume of the classroom spaces and the abundance of windows for natural daylighting and vistas. The high volume of the Adaptive PE Room allows the use of exercise equipment in a group environment in a very open atmosphere. The windows are operable, and allow the spring breezes to flow through the room. The Assessment Room is not a dark and gloomy clinic, but shares in the same openness and daylighting as the Adaptive PE Room.
Construction is simple concrete slabon- grade, with wood framing and plywood shear walls. A three-coat plaster system envelopes the exterior of the building, banded with four-inch reveal strips to establish a scale for the building. The plaster is color-coated, than painted, with the upper bands having a contrasting color.
Even though the Adaptive Physical Development Facility is located on the back side of the campus, this structure soon became a recognizable structure on the campus. Although this facility is one of the taller structures on campus, the mass of the building is broken into different volumes with painted striping for a playful, scaled appearance, and welcomes students to participate.
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Right now, there are some 23 variations of the Porsche 911 in the company's Canadian lineup. Everything from the "basic" (although nothing Porsche manufactures is ever basic) Carrera to the race-ready GT2 RS.
While they range in power output from 345 hp to 620 hp and can be had with or without 4WD, and in coupe or cabriolet configurations, all of them go like the wind, handle like they're on rails, stop on a dime and have a fun-to-drive factor that's off the charts.
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USA: UBS joins the growing club forecasting GM loss for 2005
CBS MarketWatch reports that GM is expected to turn in red ink this year, according to UBS analysts who on Tuesday joined the ranks of Wall Street analysts in forecasting 2005 losses for GM.
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Meet a Member: Charlotte Rothwell
Meet Charlotte Rothwell from Southport, Merseyside who moved to LA 5 years ago to pursue acting!
Was there a particular reason you chose LA?
I started acting at 4 years old and had always dreamed of taking my career to the next level. I desperately wanted to live abroad and craved a life in the sunshine, so that, paired with my love for acting made LA the obvious choice. I was accepted in to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and given the option of choosing the LA or New York campus- and I didn't even have to think twice!
What do you miss most from home?
I miss my family so very much and plus the little things, like curling up on the couch with my lovely mum watching The X Factor! I also really miss the beautiful old buildings, the Great British high street and the good old NHS, which I definitely took for granted. I often crave that fresh, clean countryside air and that tranquility when you can only hear the birds chirping- so peaceful! There's nowhere quite like England at Christmastime – you wouldn't know it was happening here!
What was your first impression of LA and has it changed since? If so, why?
I couldn't believe the sheer size of it and how spread out everything is, but having lived here for a few years I now know the city well and it just feels like home, more so than England in a way. I also couldn't believe that the weather was this beautiful and sunny every day- it seemed too good to be true! Now I've got used to it and even enjoy the rain on the rare occasion it happens here, which is something I never could have imagined saying before! I was in awe of the amount of resources available to people in 'The Industry' and love how there are always opportunities to collaborate and get involved.
What do you find the biggest difference is living here versus Southport?
As a vegetarian and health foodie, I absolutely love the constant accessibility to all things healthy and green here and how easy it is to eat well and live a healthy lifestyle. I also love the fact that you can drive an hour out of LA and be in the stunning Laguna Beach, or less than two hours away and be in the desert. You can drive out of town for a day and feel like you've had a little holiday! I find the positive, 'anything is possible' attitude here so refreshing and infectious, and still get a little thrill that the hub of the film industry is right on my doorstep. Not to mention, Southport beach doesn't have any ocean anymore, so the beaches here can't quite compare!
Do you have a hidden gem in LA that you want to share with us?
There's so many and I'm sure I'll keep thinking of more later! There are so many great restaurants in LA and though they definitely aren't hidden gems, they are absolutely worth a visit. My favourites are Nobu Malibu, Gjelina, Little Door, Gracias Madre and Backyard Bowls for delicious acai bowls for breakfast! I love that there is always something interesting to do here, like Abbot Kinney's festival that happens once a year (on Sunday 27th September this year) and the concerts on the beach in the summertime. I would highly recommend exploring areas outside of LA too, like all of the other beautiful beaches that are just breathtaking. My absolute favourite is Laguna Beach- I could go every week and sometimes do, it's food for my soul! And of course, the Hollywood Bowl and the Greek Theatre, for the most wonderful outdoor concert experience.
What would you suggest to others who are thinking about making the move here?
I would say to 'find your own LA'. There are so many great areas here and I believe that a lot of feeling settled in this city depends on how happy you are in your neighborhood. Definitely do your research before your arrive and do lots of exploring when you get here so you get to know the lay of the land and find places that make you feel at home. Also, definitely set the money aside to get a car (a mistake I made!) and make sure you FaceTime or Skype with family whenever you can- it's an absolute blessing!
If your your life was a TV show which would it be and why?
Probably 'Girls'- though I wish Lena Dunham were my friend, I love her!
Lastly, how can we find out more about you?
www.charlotterothwell.com (currently in the works, but please stay tuned!)
I've recently got more involved with social media after years in the dark ages!
Twitter: charlotterothwl
Instagram: charlotte.rothwell
Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/charlotterothwellactress


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The Controversial Success of Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic surgery is a term for the reshaping of your body, often to make it more appealing to others. What is Cosmetics? The majority of people who get cosmetic surgery do it for personal reasons and they risk addiction to it emotionally and physically. Because of being bullied, injured, genetics ,ego , or some kind of rebel. Between the ages of 18 and 32, Justin spent over $100,000 for 100 cosmetic procedures on his body that included five rhinoplasties, cheek implants, buttock surgery, and even a brow bone lift. Before After The kids who really need cosmetic surgery for the benefit of keeping there lives. What do the ladies think about this ? Waste of money Cosmetic surgery is not cheep it can add up to thousands of dollars.In 2005 over 330,000 procedures were performed in the United States even if they did not need the surgery physically but wonted it because of there emotions and egos But the are kids and teens that are bullied or were born with a birth defect that, can effect the way the body develops. on the bright side of cosmetics is that you can help to save lives and make a life changing difference James L. Herron IV
Ms. Halpert
English 10CP/Period 4
17 December 2012
NPHS Cosmetics are done all over the world on a wide scale. And America is number one for cosmetis surgery. What are some of the parts of the body that cosmetics can be used ? Can any body geuss which surgery is most commonly done on the body? Dont be ashamed to know the anwser. whitch body part is popular with cosmetic ANY Questions or Comments ? References
Cosmetic Surgery. (2010). In Current Issues. Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com:80/ic/ovic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=true&search_within_results=&action=2&catId=GALE%7C00000000LVVX&documentId=GALE%7CPC3021900040&userGroupName=newb23175&jsid=5062f5890f021643a6be43ea04601f68
Opel, D. J., & Wilfond, B. S. (2009, January-February). Cosmetic surgery in children with cognitive disabilities: who benefits? Who decides? The Hastings Center Report, 39(1), 19+. Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com:80/ic/ovic/AcademicJournalsDetailsPage/AcademicJournalsDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Journals&disableHighlighting=true&search_within_results=&prodId=OVIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CA195319426&userGroupName=newb23175&jsid=8cdc13b07019fadb99a2f6b4e7c4ee41
California Health and Beauty. (2011). Cosmetic Surgery Is Safe. In R. Espejo (Ed.), Opposing Viewpoints. Cosmetic Surgery. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. (Reprinted from Surgery Is Safe According to Plastic Surgeon, 2007) Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com:80/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/ViewpointsDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Viewpoints&disableHighlighting=false&search_within_results=&prodId=OVIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010676206&userGroupName=newb23175&jsid=1f9f47eed
People Who Seek Plastic Surgery Should Have Mental Health Screenings. (2011). In R. Espejo (Ed.), Opposing Viewpoints. Cosmetic Surgery. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. (Reprinted from Breast Implants Triple Suicide Risk, Newsmax.com, 2007) Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com:80/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/ViewpointsDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Viewpoints&disableHighlighting=false&search_within_results=&prodId=OVIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010676213&userGroupName=newb23175&jsid=2924e2be7ae022cfca38ab479a2dbc02
Kristen, B. (2005). Cosmetic surgery. (pp. 1-79). greenhaven: thomson gale.
Meet the Real Life Ken Doll. Unnamed Reporter. Dec.17, 2012. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2249213/Real-life-Ken-doll-Justin-Jedlica-spends-100k-nearly-100-plastic-surgery-operations.html
http://www.plasticsurgery.org/News-and-Resources/Press-Release-Archives/2012-Press-Release-Archives/138-Million-Cosmetic-Plastic-Surgery-Procedures-Performed-in-2011.html what was the name of the guy with the idea of perfect beauty?
a. Justin Bieber
b. Brad pitt
c. Justin Jedlica How many cosmetic procedures have been done in the united state ?
a. 1 million
b. Over 330,000
c. lower then 300,000 Witch county is number one for cosmetics?
c. The U.S. is in 6th place for cosmetics over all Introduction Back round Thesis Cosmetic Surgery is really not a must, there are tones of risk depending on what the procedure is, that the patient is suggesting patients have died in the middle of a procedure and with money they do not have. For self conchies reasons like friends or bulling and exc. Conflict Conclusion Cosmetics surgery can be respected by the ones how us cosmetics to help man kind for the great or good. And to show the people in the world that we care and that they are not invisible to us. On the dimer side of cosmetics of a ego transformer and a rebel for love have the right to there on body's and can do what ever they like. Dreams can come true WHY?
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Cosmetics Surgery
my presentation for cosmetics
James Herronon 11 January 2013
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 13, 2007
|Filing date
|May 28, 2004
|Priority date
|Feb 5, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jianming Fu
|Original Assignee
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (13), Classifications (21), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a division of Ser. No. 10/068,669, filed Feb. 5, 2002 and to be issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,340.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to sputtering of materials. In particular, the invention relates to the auxiliary magnets used in the sputtering of magnetic materials.
2. Background Art
Magnetic random access magnetic memory (MRAM), also called magnetoelectronic memory, is receiving increased interest and is expected to shortly enter commercial manufacture. MRAM as currently conceived involves the integration of magnetic materials into semiconductor integrated circuits to produce chips having millions of memory cells on which information can be written and read. When it is fabricated on a silicon wafer, silicon support circuitry can be included on the same wafer. Importantly, the MRAM is non-volatile memory. In a write operation, the magnetic material is poled into one of two magnetic states. In a read operation, the magnetic state of the poled material is determined. The magnetic state of the memory is maintained in the quiescent period between the write and read operations with no power being applied to the memory cell.
Many forms of MRAM have been contemplated, some of which are reviewed by Johnson in "Magnetoelectronic memories last and last . . . ," IEEE Spectrum, vol. 37, no. 2, February 2000, pp. 33-40. One form includes a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ), which is explained in more detail by Parkin et al. in "Exchange-biased magnetic tunnel junctions and application to nonvolatile magnetic random access memory," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 85, no. 8, 15 Apr. 1999, pp. 5828-5833.
The magnetic storage cell 10 is centered on a junction structure 12 including a fixed magnetic layer 14 and a free magnetic layer 16 separated by a very thin non-magnetic tunneling barrier 18. Both magnetic layer 14, 16 are relatively thin, typically on the order of 1 to 20 nm thick. In the most prevalent MRAM design, the magnetic layers 14, 18 are electrically conductive, and the tunneling barrier 18 is a very thin electrically insulating layer, typically on the order of less than 2 mn or even 1 nm. The extreme thinness allows quantum mechanical electron tunneling through the otherwise dielectric barrier 18. An alternative structure replaces the dielectric barrier with a metal barrier through which spin can tunnel, as described by Tehrani et al. in "High density submicron magnetoresistive random access memory," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 85, no. 8, 15 Apr. 1999, pp. 5822-5827. Somewhat similar magnetic stacks may be used to form spin valves or spin transistors, as Zorbette describes in "The quest for the spin transistor," IEEE Spectrum, vol. 38, no. 12, Dec. 2001, pp. 30-35.
The two magnetic layers 14, 16 of the MTJ cell 10 are distinguished in that the fixed magnetic layer 14 has a predetermined magnetization, for example, in one of the two horizontal directions of the illustrations, while the free magnetic layer 16 can be semi-permanently poled and repoled into either of the two horizontal directions. Which horizontal direction determines the state of the memory cell 10. The magnetic layers 14, 16 are typical composed of transition metals and their alloys, for example, NiFe, CoFe, Co, or Ru or a bilayer or sandwich structure of such materials. The iron alloys are typically rich in the transition metal, for example, Ni80Fe10 or Co90Fe10. The barrier 18 may be composed of oxidized aluminum. The distinction between fixed and free magnetic layers may be determined by the fixed layer being grown on an anti-ferromagnetic layer, also called the exchange-bias layer which prevents the adjacent fixed magnetic layer from changing state. The exchange-bias layer is typically a manganese alloy, for example, Pt50Mn50. Other anti-ferromagnetic compositions include MnFe, MnIr, MnRh, NiO, TbCo, and iridium alloys. The exchange-bias layer allows the two magnetic layers 14, 16 to have the same composition. Other buffer, transition, and capping layers are typically included in the stack structure.
In the illustrated MTJ cell 10, a metallic bit line 20 is electrically connected to the free magnetic layer 14 of the storage structure 12 as well as to many other cells 10 in the plane of the illustration. The fixed magnetic layer 14 is electrically connected to a conductive cross connector 22 electrically selected by an isolation transistor 24. In this embodiment, it is assumed that the isolation transistor 24 is individually selected for each memory cell 10. A digit line 26 underlies the storage structure 12 and runs orthogonally to the bit line 18 in the two-dimensional memory array.
The operation of the memory cell 10 relies upon the effect that the impedance of the storage structure 12 when the two magnetic layers 14, 16 are aligned to be parallel, as illustrated in the schematic illustration of
It is possible to initially pole the fixed layer 14 (as well as the free layer 16) with a large current pulse and thereafter in operation use lesser currents to switch only the free layer 16. However, for a large dense memory, the one-time poling of the fixed layer 14 significantly complicates the chip design. It is much preferred that the magnetization direction of the fixed magnetic layer 14 be impressed during the growth of the fixed layer 14 and that in operation the fixed layer 14 remain permanently polarized. On the other hand, during operation the magnetization direction of the free magnetic layer 16 can be written and rewritten in selected directions according to orthogonal currents passed through the bit line 20 and the digit line 26. Once the magnetic state is written into the storage cell 10, it remains until rewritten. Whatever state is currently written in the storage cell 10 is read by measuring the impedance of the storage structure 12. It is important that the magnetization direction impressed during growth of the fixed magnetic layer 14 be properly aligned with the bit and digit lines 20, 26. Any significant misalignment, for example, more than 5 or 10°, degrades the impedance differential between the two memory states.
The magnetic layers 14, 16 are conveniently formed of a magnetic metal such as NiFe or CoFe by a sputtering process using a sputtering target of approximately the same composition. Sputtering has the advantage of a relatively high sputtering rate using relatively expensive source materials in a relatively simple sputter reactor. However, sputtering of the stated magnetic layers presents some difficulties. Usually magnetron sputtering is employed in which a magnetron is positioned in back of the target to create a magnetic field in front of the target to increase the plasma density and hence the sputtering rate. However, the magnetic characteristics of the target inhibits the effect of the magnetron.
A more difficult problem arises when it is desired to deposit the fixed magnetic layer 14 with its magnetization fixed in a predetermined direction determined by the bit and digit lines 20, 26. In the past, such selective magnetization during deposition has been accomplished by placing coils or other means outside the sidewalls of the deposition chamber. The magnetic direction of the magnetic means determines the magnetization of the magnetic metal being deposited. However, these prior approaches of placing the magnetic means outside the chamber suffer from excessive size and further require a redesign of the vacuum chamber and its ports.
Sekine et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,744 have suggested the use of a Halbach magnet array, also called a magnetic dipole ring, for creating a uniform magnetic field for confining and intensifying a plasma, primarily in the context of reactive ion etching although with brief reference to sputtering. Such magnet arrays will be described in detail later. However, the Sekine implementation suffers from the disadvantage of being positioned outside the vacuum chamber and hence requiring a significant chamber redesign to incorporate a magnet into a sputtering reactor system already designed for non-magnetic sputtering. Miyata in U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,373 more explicitly refers to the use of a magnetic dipole ring in a sputter reactor as the principal magnetron for creating a high density plasma. It too suffers from being located outside the vacuum chamber.
Magnetic material and particularly ferromagnetic material may be sputter deposited on a substrate by imposing a substantially uniform magnetic field parallel to the face of the substrate during deposition. The magnet assembly producing the field may be inserted within the vacuum chamber.
In one embodiment, the magnet assembly is a magnetic dipole ring comprising a plurality of eight or more magnets arranged in a ring around the substrate. The magnets may be contiguous segments having arc shapes. The magnetization directions of the magnets precesses by 720° around the ring. Such a dipole magnet ring produces a substantially uniform magnetic field inside the ring.
Advantageously, the dipole ring is encapsulated in a vacuum tight, vacuum compatible material such as stainless steel. Further advantageously, the magnets of the dipole ring are formed of a magnetic material having a Curie temperature above 200° C., thereby allowing the sputter reactor to be baked out while the magnet ring is placed inside the reactor.
The dipole ring may be detachable mounted on a cover ring used to protect the periphery of the pedestal supporting the substrate being sputter coated.
Alternatively, the dipole ring may be disposed between the chamber shield and the chamber sidewall. In this position, the dipole ring may be supported on the chamber sidewall or by the shield. Advantageously, the shield may have a recess accommodating the dipole ring.
In another embodiment, the magnet assembly is a horizontally polarized magnetic disk placed beneath the substrate being sputter coated.
The invention can be applied to ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic materials as well as to other magnetic materials benefitting the imposition of magnetic field during deposition.
The magnet assemblies can be applied also to chemical vapor deposition of magnetic materials.
The invention includes a magnetron sputtering chamber additionally incorporating a magnet within the chamber to impress a horizontal magnetic field near the surface of the wafer being sputter or otherwise coated with a magnetic material.
A specific example of a first embodiment of a magnetron sputter reactor 40 of the invention is illustrated in the schematic cross-sectional view of
A sputtering target 56 having at least a surface portion composed of the magnetic metal to be sputtered is supported on the adapter 44 through an isolator 58. An example target composition is the binary magnetic alloy Ni80Fe20 although other compositions can enjoy the advantages of the invention. A bottom shield 60 is supported on the adapter 44 and is electrically grounded to it. A dark space shield 62 is supported on and grounded to the bottom shield 60 and has a shape which both protects the isolator 58 from deposition and forms a plasma dark space in opposition to the side of the target 56. A power supply 66 applies a negative DC voltage of approximately −300 to −800 VDC to the target 56. The voltage between the target 56 and shield 60 excites the argon into a plasma, and the positive argon ions are attracted to the negatively biased target 56 to sputter atoms of the target material.
A wafer 70 to be sputter coated is supported on a pedestal 72 in opposition to the target 56. A bellows 74 vacuum seals the pedestal to the chamber 42 but allows the pedestal 72 to be vertically movable to allow transfer of the wafer 70 into and out of the chamber. The pedestal 72 is however electrically isolated from the chamber 42 and is typically left electrically floating.
A magnetron 80 is located at the back of the target 56 to create a horizontal magnetic field near the front face of the target 56 to trap electrons and thereby increase the density of the plasma and increase the sputtering rate. The magnetron 80 should produce a strong magnetic field in order that it sufficiently penetrate the magnetic target 56 to create a reasonably strong magnetic field at the front face of the target 56. As illustrated, a nested magnetron of the type described by Fu in U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,825 may be used. The nested magnetron 80, which has a relatively small area, includes an inner pole 82 of one vertical magnetic polarity surrounded by an annular outer pole 84 of the opposite polarity surrounding the inner pole 82. A magnetic yoke 86 both magnetically couples the two poles 82, 84 and supports them on a motor shaft 88 for rotation about the central axis 46, thereby increasing the uniformity of deposition. Fu's nested magnetron is unbalanced in that its outer pole 84 has a significantly stronger magnetic intensity than its inner pole 86, by at least 50%. The magnetic intensity is the magnetic field flux integrated over the surface area of the respective pole. However, such unbalance is not so crucial in the magnetic application which may operate at lower power and ionization levels. Other types of magnetrons may be used.
The reactor 40 employs two mechanisms to achieve directional sputtering into relatively high aspect-ratio holes. First, the size of the adapter 44 is chosen to produce long throw sputtering, that is, a relatively large spacing between the target 56 and wafer 70, for example a spacing of 190 mm for a 200 mm-diameter wafer 70. A long throw reactor is one in which the spacing between the target and pedestal is at least 75% of the diameter of the wafer. Secondly, a grounded chimney collimator 90 is supported on the bottom shield 60 about midway between the target 56 and wafer 70 to intercept off-angle sputter particles. The grounded collimator 90 has the additional effect of confining the plasma on its side toward the target 56 and away from the wafer 70.
The parts described above are separately fairly conventional in non-magnetic sputtering. The illustrated embodiment of the magnetic sputter reactor 40 additionally includes a cover ring 100 sized and configured to support a magnetic dipole ring 102 within the plane of the wafer 70. The magnetic dipole ring 102, schematically illustrated in the axial plan view of
Such a magnetic dipole ring 102 is also known as a Halbach magnet ring or a magic ring. As described by Sekine et al. in the above cited patent, it produces in its interior a magnetic field B which is substantially uniform along a single direction except for substantial edge effects near the periphery of the ring 102 and much reduced edge effects closer to the middle. A small number of magnets intensify the edge effects. The direction of the imposed magnetic field is determined by the magnetization direction of the magnetic dipole, specifically in the illustrated embodiment, the diameter linking the two segments magnetized in the radial directions of the circle. Using the above formula, the direction for which α=0 is the direction of the uniform magnetic field B and will be referred to as the direction of the dipole ring.
Although the arc-shaped magnet segments are effective at producing an intense, fairly uniform magnetic field, they are difficult to fabricate. Rectangular or cylindrical magnets may be used to almost the same effect and with the added advantage of requiring fewer distinctive magnetization directions so as to reduce the parts list.
Returning to
Even though the magnetic sputter reactor uses a magnetron designed for creating a high-density plasma and hence capable of increasing the ionization fraction of sputtered copper to above 20% in the case of non-magnetic targets, the magnetic sputter reactor of
The design of the dipole ring should take into account several operational considerations. The dipole ring is preferably placed within the sputter vacuum chamber, which is typically pumped to a baseline vacuum level of 10−8 Torr or less. Such chamber pressures are achievable by baking the interior of the chamber at about 200° C. during a bake out pumping sequence performed when the chamber is put into operation after installation or maintenance. This interior placement creates two problems, loss of magnetization during bake out and vacuum incompatibility of strong magnetic materials.
The magnetic material should be chosen to have a Curie temperature Tc above the bake out temperature. The Curie temperature is the temperature below which the ferromagnetic material exhibits spontaneous magnetization. If the poled magnetic material is raised above the Curie temperature, its poling direction is lost. That is, when it is again reduced to below the Curie temperature, its magnetization direction is random and the magnetization is likely to form in small randomly oriented magnetic domains unless the material is again poled. Some very strong magnetic materials have an insufficient Curie temperature to survive the 200° C. baking. An alloy of samarium cobalt SmCo 27 H is well known and has an acceptable Curie temperature. The designation 27 H refers to the magnetic strength at the maximum product of BH in the magnetization curve. Liu et al. have described even higher operating temperatures for alloys of FeCuZr with SmCo in "New rare-earth permanent magnets with an intrinsic coercivity of 10 kOe at 500° C.," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 85, no. 8, 15 Apr. 1999, pp. 5660-5662. However, the magnetic materials are not limited to SmCo, and other magnetic materials such as NdBFe having lower Curie temperatures may be acceptable in some lower temperature applications.
SmCo magnets like most rare-earth magnets are formed by sintering metal particles, in this case particles of samarium and cobalt. Sintering typically involves dispersing the particles in a slurry including various sintering agents, forming the slurry into the approximate desired shape, and then heating the formed slurry, also called the green form, to evaporate the sintering agents and cause the metal particles to partially fuse. The sintered material is then mechanically ground into the desired shape, such as the arc-shaped segment 104 of
The porosity problem is solved by encapsulating the poled magnetic segments in a vacuum-tight annular carrier. As illustrated in the cross-sectional view of
After all the magnet segments 104 have been poled in their respective directions, they are placed within the moat-shaped structure 110 with their magnetization directions aligned as illustrated in
A magnetic dipole ring 102 has been fabricated according to the above construction with 16 magnet segments 104 having a cross section of about 12 mm square. It produces a fairly uniform magnetic field of about 70 gauss, which is considered sufficient for oriented magnetic sputtering. A field of at least 25 gauss is desired. The small magnet width allows the dipole ring 102 to be placed between the bottom shield 60 and the pedestal 72. The magnet height is sufficient to reliably place the wafer near the vertical middle of the magnets 104. To maximize magnetic uniformity without interfering with sputtering dynamics, the wafer surface should be located within the upper half of the magnets 102 with all or most of the magnetic region below the wafer surface.
The carrier may be formed in other ways. Rectangular magnet segments can be accommodated in a polygonal rather than circular carrier. Transversely magnetized cylindrical magnets may be received in a carrier having corresponding openings and means to angularly fix the magnets with the magnetization direction properly aligned.
The dipole ring 102 is conveniently mounted to the cover ring 100 illustrated schematically in cross section in
The outer sidewall 122 projects downwardly from the outer end of the top wall 120 and is typically used to overlap with the bottom shield 60. For use with the dipole ring 102, an enlarged annular vault 134 is formed below the top wall 120 and between the sidewall 122 and the centering ring 132 and is made large enough to accommodate the dipole ring 102. Additionally, as illustrated orthographically in
In assembly, all the tabs 114 of the dipole ring 102 are raised into the open ends 142 of the respective cutouts 140, the ring 102 is rotated to pass the tabs 114 over the ridges 142, and the ring 102 is then dropped so that the tabs 114 are gravitationally captured in the capture locking portions 144. Thereby, the dipole ring 102 is interlocked and fixed within the vault 134 of the cover ring 100 when the assembly is lowered into the vacuum chamber during installation as long as the cover ring 100 remains in its normal operational orientation. The cover ring 100 is considered as a consumable item since it needs to be periodically replaced or refurbished when it becomes excessively coated with sputter deposition. On the other hand, the dipole ring 102 is protected from being coated and should last much longer. The above design allows the dipole ring 102 to be easily removed from the cover ring 100 and then remounted on a fresh cover ring when the cover ring 100 is periodically replaced
The described cover ring protects only the pedestal. Other similarly configured rings, which will also be called cover rings, may perform additional functions. They may additionally shield the periphery of the wafer. They may clamp the wafer to the pedestal. They may focus the plasma around the wafer. The integration of the dipole ring 102 with the cover ring 100 provides several major advantages. The dipole ring 102 is placed close to the wafer and can be made to occupy relatively small area in the confined plasma chamber. The chamber design other than the two rings 100, 102 and the composition of the target closely follows the design for a non-magnetic sputter reactor, the latter of which will continue to dominate the commercial reactor market. Nonetheless, with a magnetic target, a magnetic dipole ring, and a redesigned cover ring, the widely available non-magnetic sputter reactor becomes a magnetic sputter reactor. There is no need for a massive redesign of the chamber to accommodate auxiliary magnets.
When the magnetic dipole ring 102 is used to control the orientation of the ferromagnetic film on the wafer 70 supported on the pedestal 72, the magnetic orientation of the magnetic dipole ring 102 needs to be maintained relative to the desired magnetization direction on the wafer 70. Variations of more than a few degrees of the film's magnetic orientation, for example, more than 5 or 10°, will significantly degrade the operational characteristics of the fabricated devices. The angular orientations of several elements need to be controlled if the magnetic orientation is to be controlled. The wafer transfer mechanism responsible for placing the wafer 70 on the pedestal 72 must accurately place the wafer 70 on the pedestal with correct angular orientation. The wafer orientation is indexed to an edge notch or optical indicia formed in the wafer 70. Conventional equipment is available for detecting the orientation inside a vacuum transfer chamber and accordingly reorienting the wafer.
Maintaining the orientation of the magnetic dipole ring 102 involves at least three factors. The magnet segments 104 need to be indexed to the carrier of
In practice, the magnetic uniformity produced by the magnetic dipole ring could be improved. The number of magnet segments can be increased to 16 or even 32. Further increases make the structure unduly complex to manufacture. Even with 32 segments, non-uniform edge effects are prominent. The more uniform region extends in an oval between the two magnet segments aligned with chamber radii. Sekine et al. and Miyata in the above cited patents attempt to improve the magnetic uniformity by changing the form of the magnets and their arrangement around the chamber. However a simpler approach is based on the non-uniformity being an edge effect. Accordingly, uniformity is improved by moving the magnetic dipole ring closer to the chamber sidewalls though preferably still within the vacuum chamber.
In an alternative embodiment based on this effect and illustrated in the cross-sectional view of
In this embodiment, an encapsulated dipole magnet ring 158 is disposed between the chamber wall 42 and an downwardly extending outer wall 160 of the bottom shield 60. The dipole ring 158 may freely rest upon centering dowels 162 extending from the chamber wall 42. Alternatively, the dipole ring 158 may be supported on the outer shield wall 160 by a configuration that is inverse to the carrier tabs 114 and hook-shaped slots 140 in the cover ring 100 of
The configuration of
A possible disadvantage of placing the magnetic dipole ring outside the shield is that magnetic material is coated onto the shield and could possibly shunt part of the magnetic field of the dipole ring and thus decrease magnetic intensity adjacent the wafer. However, this is not considered a problem. The shields are typically replaced after 10,000 cycles. MRAM applications typically require the deposition of no more than 2 nm of magnetic material per cycle. Assuming full deposition on the shield, at the end of life the magnetic coating on the shield is no more than 20 μm, which is insufficient to screen the magnetic field from the interior of the shields.
Other types of attachments between the dipole ring carrier and either the cover ring or the shield. The attachment may be made outside the chamber so threaded fasteners may be used. The attached assembly is then lowered into the chamber.
An alternative embodiment of a magnet providing a uniform magnetic field at the surface of the wafer 70 is illustrated in the cross sectional view of
A process has been developed for sputtering NiFe using the equipment of
Although the magnetic dipole ring has been developed for sputter deposition of magnetically oriented coatings, it can also be used for deposition of similar materials by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from one or more precursor gases that react to form a magnetic material on the wafer. Preferably, however, thermal CVD is preferred because plasma-enhanced CVD tends to create intense plasmas and strong electric fields adjacent the wafer. An additional impressed horizontal magnetic field introduces significant asymmetries in plasma-enhanced CVD. Of course, for thermal CVD with the dipole ring disposed inside the chamber, the magnets' Curie temperature needs to be higher than the CVD temperature.
The invention has been described with respect to sputtering NiFe. Other ferromagnetic materials benefit from the invention. The anti-ferromagnetic layer described above may be composed of MnFe or other anti-ferromagnetic metals and may be poled by being sputter coated in the presence of the magnets described above in order to align its domains in the optimum direction. It is possible to sputter the free magnetic layer in the presence of a horizontal magnetic field since it can thereafter be selectively repolarized. Further, the magnetic dipole ring can be used for more general purposes than permanent alignment of ferromagnetic coatings. The characteristics of magnetizable materials can be affected by the magnetic fields they experience during deposition even though they may be deposited with no net magnetic polarity, for example, by forming the easy magnetization direction in a specified direction. For example, the polarized deposition of the free magnetic layer may be used to orient any small magnetic domains along the direction used for selective polarization. The polarized deposition of the free magnetic layer has the further advantage of allowing the same sputter reactor with included magnetic dipole ring to be used to deposit both the free and the fixed magnetic layers.
Although the invention has been described for arc-shaped magnet segments which closely fit together, the magnets may have other configurations including cylindrical magnets magnetized across their diameters such that a rotation of the cylindrical magnet in a multi-magnet annular carrier determines its magnetization direction.
Although sixteen magnet segments provide adequate field uniformity, the uniformity can be improved by increasing the number of magnets, for example, to thirty two or even more. It may be possible to differentially magnetize a unitary magnetic ring with the same magnetic precession. A magnetic dipole ring should have at least eight magnets to achieve any reasonable uniformity.
The sputter reactor described above employs both a collimator and long throw to both isolate the horizontal aligning magnetic field from the plasma and magnetic field associated with the magnetron and to promote deep hole filling. Somewhat similar effects can be obtained by using an even long throw ratio, for example, greater than 2 or 2.5, without the use of the collimator.
Accordingly, the various embodiments of the invention allow the deposition of preferentially aligned magnetic materials with only minor changes to a convention magnetron sputter reactor.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 22, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 24, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


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Fox News' Leland Vittert Interview with Matty
We talked with the FOX News Foreign Correspondent about the tragic Malaysian Flight and all the events happening in the Middle East lately.
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Matt Siegel, better known to Bostonians as "Matty in the Morning," has ruled the ratings in the Boston market since he first arrived at KISS 108! Matty's unique interview style and insightful yet sarcastic commentary has allowed him the good fortune of winning the coveted National Association of Broadcaster's Marconi Award for Personality of the Year, not once, but twice.
The Matty Show's signature segment is the wildly popular "Right Now," where Matty takes live callers and helps listeners with whatever is going on in their lives! In addition to his national awards, Matty has been inducted into the Massachusetts Radio Hall of Fame. When he is not on the air making New Englanders laugh during their brutal morning commute, Matty spends a great deal of his free time on the golf course attempting to lower his handicap.


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Jonathan Greenan, left, president of the Greater Summerside of Chamber of Commerce, and incoming president Mark O'Keefe share a laugh during the organization's annual general meeting Wednesday. O'Keefe is taking over the chamber presidency.
©Colin Maclean/TC Media
SUMMERSIDE — Mark O'Keefe unofficially took over the presidency of the Greater Summerside Chamber of Commerce Wednesday.
O'Keefe ,vice-president of finance at Vector Aerospace Atlantic in Slemon Park, will officially assume the role from Jonathan Greenan on Feb. 19 during the chamber's annual president's dinner. But Wednesday was the organization's annual general meeting and O'Keefe's first real chance to take the reins of leadership.
The St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador native spoke highly of the work done by his predecessor and the staff at the chamber and vowed to continue to rebuild the organization.
"I'm very excited to start a new year," said O'Keefe.
"I think we did a lot of good things in 2014 - it was a bit of a transition year for the chamber. We tried to move towards really adding more value for our members and . . . trying to move the business community forward.
"We're going to try and continue that in 2015."
As the outgoing chamber president, Greenan wished his colleague well in the job, saying he has his work cut out for him. But adding that he's up to the task.
"I'm excited to be handing over the presidency of our chamber to someone like Mark O'Keefe," said Greenan.
"I'm excited for what Mark's going to do. I've worked with him over the past year and he's been a great help and I know the chamber is in great hands with him."
As for what chamber members and the community at large can expect from O'Keefe in 2015, he said he's going to try and get back to basics by focusing on things like being the voice of local business in the media, doing outreach within the community and creating value for chamber members.
At the end of the day, it's all about attracting new business and people and keeping them here, he said.
"We want to focus heavily on a people strategy. We know that we have outmigration of young people, we certainly want to try and tackle that and make Summerside a place where young people want to stay, build a career and have a family," he said.


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1994 Caperdonich 46% (LCBO# 262790)
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Help-a-Hawk 2017
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Master of Data Science Program Hosts Data Science Partners LuncheonAugust 28, 2013On August 15, nearly 30 Chicago professionals from the business, consulting, entrepreneurial, and government domains attended a luncheon at IIT's downtown campus to learn about the new Master of Data Science program and how they might partner with IIT. Attendees included technical and executive-level people from MethodCare, TempoDB, Braintree, DataMade, LLC, IBM, Optum Insight, Open BI, Groupon, State of Illinois, Lab42, Blue Cross Blue Shield Association, Sagence and Spartz.
Professional Master of Health Physics Program Appoints New Directors to the Academic BoardJuly 29, 2013S. Y. Chen, director of the Professional Master of Health Physics Program at IIT, announced the appointment of seven directors to the program's academic advisory board. The board consists of a list of prominent professionals who are well regarded in the field of radiation protection and health physics.
IIT Emeritus Professor Peter Lykos Has Passed AwayJuly 24, 2013Illinois Institute of Technology Emeritus Professor of Chemistry Peter Lykos passed away on July 16. Peter Lykos joined the Department of Chemistry in 1955, retiring in 2013. He had a distinguished academic career as a physical chemist and a strong interest in the area of computers in chemistry, now known as computational chemistry. Lykos was a pioneer in the use of computers in the classroom, introducing them to IIT classes in 1959, and was also instrumental in the development of IIT's Saturday program, teaching computer science to thousands of high school students and their teachers in the 1960s.
Computer Science Chair and Professor Xian-He Sun discusses Amdahl's Law in PC World.July 22, 2013Read Here.…
International Students Attend Annual APS/IIT XAFS Summer SchoolJuly 17, 2013Grant Bunker, physics professor and chair, and Carlo Segre, Duchossois Leadership Professor of Physics, welcomed 25 students from five countries to IIT Main Campus for the annual APS/IIT XAFS Summer School, held July 8–12.
Thomas Irving Gives Presentation on Scattering Techniques at International SymposiumJuly 17, 2013Thomas Irving, biology executive associate chair and professor of biology and physics, gave the talk "Sub-Millisecond Solution Scattering at the BioCAT Facility at the Advanced Photon Source" at the International Symposium on Diffraction Structural Biology held May 26–29 in Nagoya, Japan.
Jose De Arcos Wins Pengnian ScholarshipJuly 17, 2013Jose De Arcos, a Ph.D. candidate in physics, has been awarded a Pengnian Scholarship to study at Tsinghua University in Beijing this fall. De Arcos, a student of Christopher White, professor of physics and vice provost for academic affairs, focuses on neutrino physics and has worked on the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment in China. At Tsinghua University, he will be in the nuclear science and technology program in the Department of Engineering Physics.
CSL's Matt Bauer Helps to Shape New AP Computer Science CourseJuly 16, 2013Matt Bauer, associate dean of IIT College of Science and Letters and a senior instructor of computer science, is part of a national initiative to develop a new computer science Advanced Placement (AP) course to expand participation in computing to more women and underrepresented minorities.
David Salbego (MS, CS '00), Infrastructure and Operations Group department head, discusses work in Argonne National Laboratory newsletter.July 10, 2013Read here.…
Professor and BioCAT Director Thomas Irving is co-author of a paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B on how muscle generates power.July 10, 2013View paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. See University of Washington article. View paper in Science magazine.…


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text:
The Glee Britney Spears episode rocked Twitter last night.
Within the first 30 minutes of the show airing, Glee and related words took 8 of the top 10 spots on the Twitter trending topics, including: Britney Spears Glee, After Dentist Reference, Heather Morris, Sue Sylvester, Artie Singing, Jewish Cloud and Lea Michele, reports Small Screen Scoop.
Actress Heather Morris, who explained in the episode that her character's name is actually Britney Spears -- "Brittany S. Pierce" -- busted out of her Cheerio outfit and ponytail as she channeled the real Britney in a dentist's chair fantasy.
Meanwhile, the real Britney was on Twitter making comments as she watched the show. Some of them:
We kind of think John Stamos stole the show as handsome dentist Carl, and Britney seemed to agree. She tweeted:
"John Stamos is still hot! He looks the same as he did on Full House."
What did you think of the episode? Favorite Brit-Brit song?
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Monday, December 17, 2007
Click Forensics Targets Click Fraud
Austin-based Click Forensics said this morning that it has debuted a new product targeted at preventing click fraud at for online publishers. The firm said its new Click Forensics for Publishers software automatically blocks sources of click fraud and poor quality traffic on their advertisements. The firm, which is venture backed by Austin Ventures and Shasta Ventures, said that adMarketplace, a firm which runs advertising campaigns for eBay merchants, is among the first ad networks using its tool. Click Forensics raised $5M in a Series A funding round in February for its services. More information »


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Running Time: 83 minutes
Released: 11/2010
Studio Name: Low Art
Director: Oren Cohen
Categories: Euro International All Sex Glamour
Description: Ever play strip poker? These folks play it & the winner gets to poke her, oft & repeatedly! It's a gamble where you can't lose. A pair of queens leads to a jack-off of hearts & so these gamblers take advantage of their bets. No one loses! They all cash in on the raise, the bluff & mostly on 'all in'. They bet on the 'cum' & are never disappointed or tapped out. This is 'hardcore' but no gamble.
5 Scenes from Hardcore Gamblers
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Positions: Crouching/Squatting, Sitting, Laying, Kneeling
Settings: Game Room
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Starring: Jayden Jaymes ... More Details
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When I just tried a Google images search, it returned sites that contained the fake certificate, but the images shown were not the fake certificate (not once in the 100 or so images I inspected). If you follow the link and look around, it's there.
Now was this intentional? It looks highly suspicious, the law of averages would seem to say Google should at least find a few correct images.
I went through 980 images using Barack Obama "Birth Certificate" and found none at all. There were links to sites that had (and still have) images of the BC but the images shown were generic Obama campaign pictures or pictures that represented nothing related at all. One of the images that was labeled "Barack Obama's Birth Certificate" was a picture of a bunch of bananas. Clicking on it took you to the website that did have images of BO's BC... but no images of bananas. Similar to the substitution of the Marriage License for the BC on the FreeRepublic link.


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hi. my husband and I will be traveling to LA friday may 24th of this year.
so far this is our to do list while we are there:
Kodak theatre
Dolby theatre
Mans Chinese theatre
Rodeo drive
WB studio tour
Hollywood forever cemetery
Capital records building
Grammy museum/nokia theatre
Santa monica pier
3rd st promenade
Hollywood sign
dodgers game (at night)
sunset strip (probably will go at night)
universal city walk (probably will go at night)
i'm trying to decide how many days we should stay in LA before leaving to go see SF & napa based on our to do list.
we are between staying fri may24-mon may 27 & fri may24-tues may 28th.
my other question is about the best mode of transportation to be able to get to the things on our to do list. we were considering buying the starlilne tour hop on hop off ticket for 48hrs to get around during the day to do the sightseeing and then using the metro at night. any opinion on this will also be greatly appreciated.


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- Nowel
- Nowel Now"el, n. [F. noyau, prop., a kernel. See {Noyau}, {Newel} a post.] (Founding) (a) The core, or the inner part, of a mold for casting a large hollow object. (b) The bottom part of a mold or of a flask, in distinction from the cope; the drag. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.


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The People's Commissioners were special representatives of the Committee of Public Safety of the People's Republic of Haven assigned to monitor military commanders and personnel for signs of disloyalty or treason against the Committee.
Role and powers Edit
Reporting directly to the Office of State Security and Secretary Oscar Saint-Just himself, People's Commissioners were present in all levels of command of the People's Navy, with a Commissioner assigned to every ship, squadron, task force or fleet command.[1] The Commissioners came from diverse backgrounds, many of them having originally been enlisted personnel of the People's Navy.
As they were the representatives of the Committee's will in the units to which they were assigned, Commissioners had the authority to countermand the orders given by the military commanders they "supervised". In addition, each Commissioner had the power to investigate and arrest any member of the military suspected of disloyalty or "treason against the People", as well as receiving the reports of those officers and enlisted personnel which chose to serve as informers for StateSec.
The role and authority of the Commissioners led to a great deal of resentment from the career military officers, especially if the Commissioner in question came from the enlisted ranks (as it was thought that their background led to overestimating their own knowledge of naval affairs). Further, given the Commissioners' lack of command experience and skills and a quickness to punish perceived cowardice, their involvement in military operations often led to suboptimal or outright disastrous results. However, better Commissioners were able to form working relationships with the naval officers they were responsible for, retaining a degree of military effectiveness without compromising loyalty. (HH5, HH6, HH7, HH8, HH9)
Uniform and customs Edit
Under the military protocol established by the Committee, the People's Commissioners wore no rank insignia in their uniforms (despite their StateSec ranks) and were the only persons assigned to a military unit which could be addressed to as "Sir" or "Ma'am". (HH5, HH6)
Abolishment Edit
The office and position of People's Commissioner was abolished with the restoration of the Republic of Haven. Several former People's Commissioners found new careers in the reborn Republic, including Denis LePic, who became the Republic's Attorney General, and Eloise Pritchart, who became acting head of state and was subsequently elected President. (HH10, HH11)
List of People's Commissioners Edit
- Calvin Addison
- Kenneth Aston
- Diana Citizen
- Sandra Connors
- George DuPres
- Erasmus Fontein
- Halket
- Everard Honeker
- Robert Jamka
- Johnson
- Denis Jourdain
- Sharon Justice
- James Keppler
- Timothy Kuttner
- Leopold
- Denis LePic
- Lasrina O'Faolain
- Ludmilla Penevski
- Michael Preznikov
- Eloise Pritchart
- Yuri Radamacher
- Randal
- Frank Reidel
- Rhodes
- Seifert
- Sigourney
- Jean Testaniere
- Howard Wilkins


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Gary Shteyngart, author of The Russian Debutante's Handbook, creates a compelling reality in this tale about an illiterate America in the not-too-distant future. Lenny Abramov may just be penning the world's last diary. Which is good, because while falling in love with a rather unpleasant woman and witnessing the fall of a great empire, Lenny has a lot to write about.
©2010 Gary Shteyngart (P)2010 Recorded Books, LLC
"Shteyngart's earnestly struggling characters—along with a flurry of running gags—keep the nightmare tour of tomorrow grounded. A rich commentary on the obsessions and catastrophes of the information age and a heartbreaker worthy of its title, this is Shteyngart's best yet." (Publishers Weekly)
"Full-tilt and fulminating satirist Shteyngart is mordant, gleeful, and embracive as he funnels today's follies and atrocities into a devilishly hilarious, soul-shriveling, and all-too plausible vision of a ruthless and crass digital dystopia in which techno-addled humans are still humbled by love and death." (Booklist)
"It's not easy to summarize Shteyngart; there's so much satirical gunpowder packed into every sentence that the effect gets lost in the short version. But basically, this is a love story [that is] ridiculously witty and painfully prescient, but more than either of those, it's romantic." (Time)
Too many words
Not enough structure
A little crass for my taste
Occasionally well-written, making me want to continue and complete the book.
Disappointing ending.
Most contemporary American male "lit" authors are not my favorite style - I find them complain-y and rambling
"All around fantastic"
Thought provoking, relevant, emotionally poignant.
It was a great cautionary tale. It swept me away into this futuristic world. The characters tugged at my heart as they were expertly and elegantly brought to life by these two narrators. At first I thought Lenny's voice would annoy me, but as I listened, it was actually perfect for the character. The female's performance could not have been more excellent. This was well cast--the actors were phenomenal.
No. But I would like to listen to more of Ali Ahn in particular.
It was all quite stirring. I loved every "page."
Highly recommended for story and narration.
I think he's trying to write something like Snow Crash, but it just wasn't engaging me after three hours, so I'm ditching it. Some reviews said that the 2nd half gets boring. If the 2nd half is worse than the 1st, then I don't have any interest in sticking with it.
"Don't Buy The Book!"
The performance was great compared to the book. I hated the story line and think the author had to have known this book was terrible. Don't waste your time.
The annoying young girl in the story. No one is likable in this book.
Great job. You could really hear the difference of the tones in the characters. For being such a bad book I think they did a great job.
Disappointment and anger.
"Maybe if you liked "Infinite Jest""
I plowed through 35 minutes of this then gave up. The main character is a well-educated, middle-aged New York Jewish man who is going bald. All that happens is he talks to his smartphone and it misunderstands what he says. It's supposed to be funny but not the kind of funny where you laugh.
"Grew on me"
I came back to this and gave it an extra star because I thought about it so much after listening. As I was listening, I was bothered by a lot of little things that I thought took away from the believable-ness of future created. In retrospect, that shouldn't matter. It is a good story with a lot of keen insight.
"Is there a more boring story?"
I enjoy plot driven novels; I enjoy character driven novels...This one was neither. The best thing I can say is to mention why I never thought reading someone else's journal or diary would hold an interest for me: like most people, these characters are insanely ordinary and boring! I bought it for the premise, but unlike some other reviewers ("Our 1984," really?) it was at best, mocking. And as for characters I've found the teenagers in my neighborhood more interesting.
"A little too meandering for my taste"
I liked the overall concept of the story. I least liked the minutia, which I understand was meant to color the story, but I felt I had to just bear it until the story progressed again.
I would recommend it to some friends; to the ravenous readers that enjoy consuming all novels.
I thought the narration was well done.
This was a pleasant way to spend some summer hours.
"A Novel For The 99%"
This book is a well-written and preformed warning, one that we need to take seriously. Set in an undefined near-future, Shteyngart paints a portrait of a dystopia we are already teetering on. In the book, the US is dominated by a totalitarian bureaucracy that is desperately trying to keep it's economy afloat with complex financing schemes that remain incomprehensible to most Americans (sound familiar?). The day to day world is dominated by a computer that everyone carries with them, clogged with useless facts and celebrity gossip. "News" is opinion, and the principle opinion that matters is your ranking that is constantly being updated by a mysterious algorithm. Our hapless hero, Lennie, falls for the "ideal" girl—a young, slim Asian woman, obsessed by fashion and her ranking. The affair is doomed (I'm not giving anything away, it's in the title), yet Shteyngart manages to keep us involved and invested in the story.
Ali Ahn does a great job preforming the role of the self-absorbed Eunice Park. Adam Grupper as Lennie has a much more difficult task (Lennie is a bit of a schlimazel), yet rises to it quite well. Eunice grows a little bit during the course of the book - she is very young, after all. But Lennie, nearing 40, still hasn't learned to question his surroundings or his choices — he stands as a warning to us all.
I was surprised to read the reviews of others who seemed to think nothing happens in the second half of the book. This is the part where everything comes to a head; the affair of the main title reaches it's inevitable end, a major character comes to a Brazil-like end, the dystopian society crumbles in spectacular fashion. This book is haunting and memorable—one of the best listens of the year for me.
"Great performance, annoying story"
I really liked the way this novel started. It was interesting and original. When the "love story" started, I found myself losing interest. The main character becomes unlikable as he gets involved with an extremely unpleasant girl. I was not worried particularly about any of their fates and kind of wanted to get it over with. I was also annoyed by the way the author rhapsodizes about Eunice's thinness for pages and pages, but then makes fun of the way women are obsessed with weight. There were a lot of genuinely funny parts, though, and I thought the performers were really exceptional, as well.
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