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Getting Our History Right: How Were the Equal Rights of Women and Men Included in the Charter of the United Nations?
- Griffin Freeman
- 2 years ago
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1 Forum for Development Studies No Getting Our History Right: How Were the Equal Rights of Women and Men Included in the Charter of the United Nations? Abstract The article analyses the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945 to find out how a nearly completely male-dominated assembly could proclaim the equal rights of men and women as part of the fundamental human rights. The participation and proceedings of the conference are studied on the basis of official UN documents, autobiographies from women delegates and reports. It is noted that the accounts provided by the UN itself in basic reference books as well as the UN website are partly incomplete, partly incorrect. The processes described are oversimplified, important actors are left out and others are attributed with roles they did not in fact play. Regarding the actual course of events, the active lobbying of women s nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), the differing views of various female delegates and the supportive action of leading male politicians are particularly worthy of notice. Keywords: Charter of the United Nations, Commission on the Status of Women, human rights, Inter-American Commission on Women, Latin America, League of Nations, nongovernmental organisations, United Nations, women, women s organisations Senior Researcher NUPI; formerly Deputy Secretary- General, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Director for the Status of Women, UNESCO and Regional Director UNICEF 1. Introduction When representatives of 50 Allied states got together in San Francisco at the end of the Second World War to create a new international organisation with the aim of maintaining peace and security, the governments of these states were nearly completely male-dominated. In fact, women had equal voting rights with men in only 30 of the countries present at the United Nations Conference on International Organisation (UNCIO). Female ministers were practically non-existent and only one country had a woman Head of State (a hereditary, mainly ceremonial position). In the 26 Note of acknowledgement. The assistance of the Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo and of Hilkka Pietilä from the Finnish UN Association is very much appreciated. NUPI JUNE 08
2 38 parliaments that existed at the time, 3 per cent of the members were women. 1 As a consequence, almost all of the 3,500 participants with various functions at the UNCIO conference were men. There were some female secretaries, but among delegates the number of women was miniscule. Nevertheless, the Charter of the United Nations became the first international agreement to proclaim the equal rights of men and women as part of fundamental human rights. An international women s movement at grassroots level struggling for women s rights began many years before the founding of the United Nations. In the later part of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th the economic and social changes caused by the industrial revolution led to the creation of voluntary associations of various kinds. In some cases women participated together with men, but they also set up separate organisations, among others to combat discrimination and improve the position of women. As the work gained momentum, collaboration extended across national borders. In the 1920s and 1930s international women s organisations collaborated with the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization (ILO) in Geneva. The organisations included the International Council of Women (ICW), the International Alliance of Women (IAW), the International Cooperative Women s Guild (ICWG), the International Federation of Business and Professional Women (IFBOW), the International Federation of University Women (IFUW), the World Young Women s Christian Association (WYWCA), the Women s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and the International Federation of Working Women (IFWW). These were mainly based in Europe and the United States. The League of Nations represented an unprecedented form of intergovernmental collaboration. Voluntary organisations immediately realised the importance of this for promoting peace and human welfare. Women s organisations also felt the need for support from governments to achieve progress for women. The Covenant of the League did not provide for consultations with nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), but they developed in an informal fashion. The League and the ILO served as training grounds for testing methods 1 Of the 50 states present in San Francisco less than 10 had had a woman minister at some point in time. One of the most notable was Frances Perkins, Minister of Labor in the United States Luxembourg had Grand Duchess Charlotte as Head of State (Christensen, 2008; IPU, 1997; UN, 1996; 2005; UNDAW, 2003a). NUPI JUNE 08
3 Equal Rights of Women and the UN Charter 39 of cooperation between private organisations and international bodies. Women s organisations started observing the proceedings of the League and the ILO, built alliances with delegates and Secretariat staff, organised parallel meetings and presented proposals. Thus they managed to put women s issues on the international agenda. The League of Nations realised that women were a valuable support group, while women saw the League as a powerful arena for the advancement of their objectives. When progress was slow at the national level, they could obtain recommendations supporting their efforts as a result of international negotiations where more advanced governments put pressure on the others. The Covenant of the League provided that women could serve as delegates and as staff in the Secretariat, but few did. Nevertheless, the League took several steps on behalf of women: collected data on women s situation in different countries and adopted international normative instruments. In 1937, the League established a Committee of Experts on the Legal Status of Women. Latin American women were forerunners. In 1923, at a time when only Canada and the United States in the Americas had given women the right to vote, an emerging women s movement throughout the hemisphere demanded recognition of equal rights by the International Conference of American States. The demand was not met right away, but in 1928 the first intergovernmental body to address issues related to the status of women was created: the Inter-American Commission of Women (IACW or CIM). Members of the Commission worked closely with women s groups and feminist organisations and obtained the adoption of a Convention on the nationality of women and a Declaration in favour of women s rights. 2 In San Francisco in 1945, besides the official government delegations, members of a great number of nongovernmental organisations were present. As the conference started before the war was over, many networks and NGOs in Europe were put out of action and thus unable to send representatives. Travel to the American West Coast from other parts of the world was also difficult and costly. But some governments appointed NGO representatives in their delegations, including a few from women s organisations. There was a representative of the Australian Women s Organisations and the Confederated 2 The history is described in D Amico, 1999: 20; Galey, 1995a: 1-6; Jain, 2005: 12-5; OAS, 2007; Meyer, 1999a: 58-9, 62-4; Miller, 1992, 1994; Pietilä, 2007: 1-8; Robins, 1971: 12-26; Stienstra, 1994: 43 76; UN, 1996: 9-10 and UNDAW, 2003a. NUPI JUNE 08
4 40 Association of Women of Brazil. The US government invited a total of 42 national organisations to purpose representatives to serve as consultants to the delegation at the UNCIO. Included among them were leading organisations in the fields of labour, law, agriculture, business and education together with principal women s associations, church groups, veterans associations and civic organisations generally. The group of consultants consisted of outstanding figures in American public life, highly capable thinkers about problems of international organisation and many with wide experience in research, writing and education. Five women s organisations were represented: the American Association of University Women, the General Federation of Women s Clubs, the National Federation of Business and Professional Women s Clubs, the National League of Women Voters and the Women s Action Committee for Victory and Lasting Peace. 3 In addition, members of around 160 other national organisations came to San Francisco on their own. 4 Dorothy Robins notes in her study that there were nine women s organisations, consultant and non-consultant, operating in San Francisco, asking specifically for equality for women in the new international organisation (1971: 135). But the non-consultant organisations are not specified. 5 Though there might have been organisations present that were not registered, the total number of women s NGOs following the conference proceedings must have been extremely limited (Charter of the United Nations, 1945: 27; 3 According to the official UN listing of delegates, seven delegations included members representing NGOs, mainly organisations in the economic field (labour, employers, commerce), but two (Australia and Brazil) had representatives of women s organisations. Some of the other women present were affiliated to women s organisations, but apparently not formally appointed as their representatives. The US consultants were not included in the official UN listing, but the list was printed in the Report to the President by the Chairman of the United States Delegation. In addition to the women s organisations two NGOs appointed female consultants and nine female associates. 4 Some American NGOs were affiliated to international organisations, but it is not clear which international organisations actually were represented at the UNCIO. 5 Francine D Amico mentions that the US State Department excluded from the official delegation the National Council of Negro Women while including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP. The National Council of Negro Women composed an unofficial delegation along with other non-consultant women s groups, such as the National Council of Jewish Women and the National Council of Catholic Women. The State Department argued that these women s concerns were adequately represented by umbrella groups (1999: 21). It is not clear if this unofficial delegation is included in the summing up made by Robins. Women s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) complained to the State Department, because no women were invited to the Dumbarton Oaks consultations, but the organisation was not represented among the US consultants selected to go to San Francisco. It participated, nevertheless, at the UNCIO (Hilderbrand, 1990: 81-2; Meyer, 1999b: 110). NUPI JUNE 08
5 Equal Rights of Women and the UN Charter ; Robins, 1981: 102 3, 135; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. I: 14 5). Thus the presence and possible influence of representatives promoting women s interests at the UNCIO was initially very small. How were the equal rights of women and men accepted in the Charter of the United Nations? What actually happened in San Francisco? 2. Incomplete and Incorrect Picture The accounts provided by the United Nations itself are brief as regards the inclusion of women s equality in the Charter and the picture they draw of the process is partly incomplete and partly incorrect. A main reference book, The United Nations and The Advancement of Women published in the Blue Book Series, states only that early drafts of the Charter did not start out with passages outlawing discrimination on the basis of sex, and that they were introduced later, at the insistence of women delegates and representatives of NGOs accredited to the founding conference (UN, 1996: 10). The Short History of the Commission on the Status of Women presented on the UN website makes the following observations relating to the Charter: Of the 160 signatories, only four were women Minerva Bernardino (Dominican Republic), Virginia Gildersleeve (United States), Bertha Lutz (Brazil) and Wu Yi-fang (China) but they succeeded in inscribing women s rights in the founding document of the United Nations, which reaffirms in its preamble faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small (UNDAW, 2003b: 1). The CD-ROM on which the short history is based also gives a glimpse of the proceedings at the UNCIO: The handful of women delegates attending the Conference from Dominican Republic, Brazil, Uruguay, China, Canada and the United States successfully worked together to include key wording for women s rights in the UN Charter (UNDAW, 2003a). The most important documents from the UNCIO conference were assembled and published by the UN in 22 volumes. In addition, there were reports from country delegations and representatives. NUPI JUNE 08
6 42 Of particular interest here are the autobiographies of three women participants describing what happened at the conference. They were all appointed as the only women in their delegations: Virginia Gildersleeve as a delegate from the United States, Åse Gruda Skard as adviser from Norway and Jessie Street as consultant from Australia. Virginia Gildersleeve ( ) was Professor of English and Dean of Barnard Women s College. As a founder of IFUW she worked to advance the cause of women at Columbia University. She campaigned for the Democratic Party and was appointed to the UNCIO by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. She wrote her memoirs in Jessie Street ( ) was a feminist and social activist. She became a leading member of Australian Women s Organisations, participated in the Labour Party and attended Assemblies of the League of Nations. John Curtin s Labour government included her in the UN delegation in spite of criticism from male politicians. A first volume of her memoirs, including 1945, appeared in Åse Gruda Skard ( ) was a psychologist and active in women s organisations and the labour movement before the Second World War. Her father was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Labour government when Norway was attacked by the Germans. He fled with the King to Great Britain, while she travelled with her family (including myself) to the United States, where we stayed during the war. It was therefore convenient for the government in exile in London to appoint her to go to San Francisco. Her memoirs were published just after her death in The UN accounts present a picture of female representatives who simply and straightforwardly ensured the interests of women in a male-dominated organisation. But the reality was more complex. According to the documentation, there were different approaches among the women at the conference. The handful of women delegates did not work successfully together to inscribe women s rights in the Charter. The Latin American women collaborated closely, pushing to include references to women in the basic texts, and they were supported to a certain extent by the representative from China. But the US delegate dissociated herself clearly from them and actively opposed several of the proposals, including the 6 Minerva Bernardino also wrote an autobiography: Lucha, Agonia Y Esperanza: Trayectoria Triunfal De Mi Vida (1993), but it does not include a description of her participation at the UNCIO. NUPI JUNE 08
7 Equal Rights of Women and the UN Charter 43 insertion of women s rights in the preamble. The Canadian woman apparently also had reservations. On the other hand, women from other delegations played an active role, though formally they were not delegates, as did representatives of women s NGOs. In addition, a number of male delegates supported language in the Charter enshrining equality for women. One of the most notable was the head of the delegation from South Africa. 3. Who Participated? There is considerable confusion in the various accounts regarding the number of women who actually participated in the UNCIO, their names and status. Even the UN history lacks a complete overview (UNDAW, 2003a). Delegations used a variety of titles for the representatives to the conference. Of the 50 delegations present 12 had female members with functions other than ordinary secretarial assistance. According to the official UNCIO listing, 7 there were 6 women delegates (2 per cent of the total number of delegates ) and 15 assistant delegates, advisors, consultants, counsellors or experts (4 per cent of the total). Of all the representatives with political and technical functions the 21 women amounted to 3 per cent. 8 These were truly exceptional women. Among the delegates there was in addition to Virginia Gildersleeve a Member of Parliament, Cora T. Caselman from Canada, and a senator, Isabel P. de Vidal from Uruguay. Dr Bertha Lutz was a prominent scientist, a former Congresswoman and President of the Confederated Association of Women in Brazil. Wu Yi-fang from China had a PhD in biology, was President of the Ginling Women s College in Nanjing and a member of the People s Political Council. The Inter-American Commission of Women was strongly represented. Both the President, Minerva Bernardino, and the Vice-President, Amalia C. de Castillo Ledón, were present. Bernardino was a feminist, had several executive positions in the government of the 7 UNCIO, 1945, Delegates and Officials, Third edition revised to May 28, Doc. 639 G/3(2), General, Vol. I: 5-55, with additions and corrections in the Journal, General, Vol. II, No. 38: 126, No. 40: 130, No. 42: 134, No. 43: According to the listing there were totally 674 members of the delegations with what appears to be political and technical functions (278 delegates and 396 assistant delegates, advisers etc). Adding also people with communication and secretarial functions the total number is higher. According to the UN there were totally 850 delegates, but it is not clear what this includes (UN, 2005). NUPI JUNE 08
8 44 Dominican Republic and became a delegate at the UNCIO. Ledón was a playwright active in women s and social work in Mexico and participated as an adviser. Among the assistant delegates, advisers and so on there were also very competent women. Besides Åse Gruda Skard and Jessie Street, the delegation from the United Kingdom included as assistant delegates two parliamentary secretaries: Ellen Wilkinson (Labour) to the Home Office and Florence Horsbrugh (Conservative) to the Ministry of Health. Venezuela had two women counsellors : Isabel Sánchez de Urdaneta, a teacher and diplomat who was active in the work of the Pan-American Union, and Lucila L. de Pérez Diaz. From Mexico, in addition to Ledón, the President and Founder of the Women s University of Mexico, Adela Formoso de Obregón Santacilia, was appointed as adviser. Elizabeth MacCallum from the Canadian Department of External Affairs was special adviser and Elisabeth de Miribel from France in the Cabinet of Charles de Gaulle technical adviser and expert. The United States had a much larger delegation than any of the other countries (around 150 people, not including the consultants ). In addition to Virginia Gildersleeve there were five women technical experts from the Department of State: Assistant Legal Adviser Majorie M. Whiteman, Esther Brunauer from the Division of International Security Affairs and from the Division of International Organisation Affairs Dorothy Fosdick, Marcia Maylott and Alice M. McDiarmid. Why women were included in some of the UNCIO delegations is not always clear. Gildersleeve, Skard and Street were all appointed because women s organisations in their countries required the presence of a woman. 9 When the Chinese government learnt that the United States had appointed the head of a women s college, they followed the example (Gildersleeve, 1954: 350 1; Sekuless, 1978: 127 8; Skard, 1986: 89). During the preparations for San Francisco the US Secretary of State went to Mexico City for a meeting of the Latin American States. President Roosevelt and his advisers believed that a major cause of World War II had been the gross violations of human rights, especially Nazi atrocities, and insisted that human rights be given an international legal status in the Charter. But British and Soviet government representatives were opposed. 9 The appointment of Gildersleeve was no0t considered beneficial to the equal-rights feminists, because of her anti-equal-rights amendment stance within the United States (Stienstra, 1994: 77) In the case of Street the choice of person was controversial for political reasons and some felt other women were better qualified (Sekuless, 1978: ). NUPI JUNE 08
9 Equal Rights of Women and the UN Charter 45 Roosevelt therefore wanted to enlist Latin American support. The mission resulted in endorsement of the American view and several resolutions calling on governments to abolish discrimination against women, adopt a charter for women and children and appoint women as conference delegates. Several Latin American countries evidently took the recommendations seriously (Galey, 1995a: 6 7; Russell, 1958: 568 9). A number of the women present at the UNCIO were active in political parties that were in power in their home countries, or held special positions in the government. As a rule the women were very highly educated. Not all the women stayed during the whole conference, from 25 April to 26 June. Cora Caselman from Canada and one of the British women left after a little while. Åse Gruda Skard went home at the end of May because she was expecting her fifth child (Gildersleeve, 1954: 351; Skard, 1986: 95, 98) 4. The Work of the UNCIO The text for discussion at the UNCIO consisted basically of the Dumbarton Oaks proposals, elaborated by representatives of the four sponsoring powers China, the United Kingdom, the USSR and the United States and presented to all the United Nations governments and peoples for discussion in October The Roosevelt administration organised what has been called an experiment in democracy in the US, involving the civil society on a broad scale. Public interest in foreign affairs had greatly increased during the war and the State Department wished to be an instrument of the people. It was also hoped that voluntary associations would help improve the Charter and avoid a repetition of President Woodrow Wilson s failure in 1919 to persuade the US to join the League of Nations. Approximately 1.9 million copies of the Dumbarton Oaks proposals were distributed in the United States alone and numerous NGOs prepared statements and resolutions supporting the proposals, but also suggesting improvements, changes and additions. In other parts of the world such a large-scale consultation was impossible, or may even have been unwished for, but the proposals were discussed in the various Allied countries. In addition to NGOs practically all governments elaborated draft amendments, some very extensive. More than 700 were presented at the conference Charter of the United Nations, 1945: 26-7; Robins; 1971: 34-99; Street, 1966: 267; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. III; UN, NUPI JUNE 08
10 46 The UNCIO included only Allied states. The war not being over, however, when the conference convened, many states were unable to attend. 11 The delegations in San Francisco included 23 from the Americas (including Canada and the United States), 15 from Europe (including the USSR, Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR), 10 from Asia (including Iran, Iraq, India, China, Australia and New Zealand) and four from Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia and South Africa). In addition to the members of the different delegations and NGOs there were great numbers of journalists (UNCIO, Vol. I: 13 54; UN, 2005). The conference had a Steering Committee consisting of the heads of delegations with a smaller Executive Committee. The chief representatives of the four sponsors Mr T. V. Soong, Minister of Foreign Affairs from China, Mr Anthony Eden, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from the UK, Mr Edward R. Stettinius, Secretary of State from the United States, and Mr V. M. Molotov, People s Commissar for Foreign Affairs from the USSR chaired the plenary sessions. To discuss the Charter, the conference split into four commissions subdivided into 12 technical committees with one representative of each nation. Thus each text was discussed first in a committee, then a commission before it was presented and adopted in the plenary. A Coordination Committee coordinated the different texts. No women were elected as officers at the conference. The US NGOs participating in the Dumbarton Oaks campaign established an unofficial Core Committee to service the voluntary associations, consultants as well as non-consultants to the official delegation. The State Department added to its staff two aides for liaison work between the government and the NGO community. Being the host country of the founding conference the United States was responsible for conference facilities, support and logistics. Rooms, equipment and information materials were provided and regular briefings organised for the NGO representatives, both consultants and non-consultants. They got access to UNCIO meetings and could talk freely with members of the American and other delegations. The nongovernmental organisations were also instrumental in introducing important provisions in the final Charter. Among other things they contributed to a formalisation of the relationship 11 To obtain their support the United States ensured that six Latin American states (Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) declared war by 1 March 1945, so they could be invited to the conference. Denmark only joined at the end of the conference after the country got a free government (Russell, 1958: 556, 626-7; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. I: 22). NUPI JUNE 08
11 Equal Rights of Women and the UN Charter 47 between the UN and the NGOs. After a complicated debate on intergovernmental and nongovernmental organisations it was decided that the Economic and Social Council might make suitable arrangements for consultation with nongovernmental organisations, with international organisations and, where appropriate, with national organisations after consultation with the Member of the United Nations concerned (article 71). 12 This was of great importance, not least for women s NGOs. In San Francisco members of the women s organisations formed a special committee, chaired by the President of the General Federation of Women s Clubs, to draft amendments, lobby delegations and liaise with women delegates (Gildersleeve, 1954: 331; Street, 1966: 267 8; UNDAW, 2003a). References to women and women s rights were mainly discussed in connection with the following sections of the Charter: The preamble, The working principles of the Organisation, Participation in the organs of the United Nations and Establishment of commissions under the Economic and Social Council. 5. Disagreement among Women The Latin American women at the UNCIO, headed by Bertha Lutz, were the most active in pushing to ensure women s rights in the Charter. In the Americas some countries had accepted universal suffrage, but not all, and those who had, had done so only recently. In many cases women militated for a long time to obtain political rights and were in the middle of the struggle in Representatives at the UNCIO were involved in the women s movement and had pioneered conventions on political and civil rights for women through the Pan- American Union (later the Organisation of American States). They wanted to make sure that the principle of women s equality was part of the founding ideas of the new international organisation. To ensure this, specific references to women had to be inserted in the text. The old argument that men included women was not good enough. Experience showed that this always resulted in the exclusion of women (Jain, 2005: 12 14; Skard, 1986: 95; Street, 1966: 282 3). 12 Charter of the United Nations, 1945: 120-1; Robins, 1971: ; Russell, 1958: 800-1; Stephenson, 1995: 136; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. V: , Vol. X: 172. NUPI JUNE 08
12 48 Jessie Street shared the Latin American viewpoint. Though women s right to vote was recognised early in the 20th century in many Western countries, in Australia as far back as 1902, her experience was that laws everywhere were interpreted as applying to men only unless it was specifically stated that women were included. She canvassed to ensure that equality for women was explicitly mentioned in crucial articles of the Charter. She distributed copies of telegrams from 1200 traders and women s groups in Australia urging the conference to support equality of status for women and men, and made a strong impact, according to Hilkka Pietilä (Pietilä, 2007: 10 1; Stienstra, 1994: 77; Street, 1966: 274, 280 1). Though Virginia Gildersleeve worked for decades on behalf of women, she did not like to identify herself as a feminist. Equalrights feminists in fact saw her as an insurmountable obstacle. And she felt that the Latin-American delegates expressed an old militant feminism which she thought had passed away. Perhaps in the backward countries, she noted, where women had no vote and few rights of any kind, spectacular feminism might still be necessary, but personally she preferred to work from within instead of battering at the doors from without. She disagreed with what seemed to her to be a segregation of women, and at the UNCIO she based herself on the conception of women as equal comrades with men working for the same end and on the same basis. She acknowledged that she had herself been appointed partly because she was a woman, but hoped she also had been chosen because of her experience in international affairs and the study of peace. The British and Canadian women shared Gildersleeve s approach. In England, women already had a high degree of equality, so there was no reason for the female representatives to behave as women. Arriving at the UNCIO, Florence Horsbrugh and Ellen Wilkinson were met by enthusiastic reporters demanding to know how it felt to be women delegates. The two Britons replied indignantly: We are not women delegates. We are delegates of our country and ministers of our government (Gildersleeve, 1954: ; Rosenberg: 12; Skard, 1986: 95; Stienstra, 1994: 77). When the women s NGOs tried to establish contact with the female members of the delegations, the UK and US representatives did not accept the invitation, while the Latin Americans did, in addition to Jessie Street. They formed an informal delegates liaison committee and collaborated closely. Åse Gruda Skard participated in the informal women s network and worked particularly with Wu Yi-fang, because they both occu- NUPI JUNE 08
13 Equal Rights of Women and the UN Charter 49 pied a position in between. Skard and Wu supported references to women in the Charter when there was reason to do so, but not when it would seem funny (which proposals these might have been, is not indicated). Since the mandate was to create an international organisation to prevent war and promote international cooperation, women s issues could only be a part of the whole, Skard noted. Both Skard and Wu maintained good relations with Gildersleeve (Gildersleeve, 1954: 351; Skard, 1986: 95 6; Street, 1966: 267 8). 6. Support from Men To have equality for women included in the Charter, it had to be formally proposed by official delegations and accepted by a majority at the conference. The Dumbarton Oaks proposals had no references to women s equality, but 11 delegations presented formal amendments or additions to the text at the UNCIO. These were the four sponsoring powers, four Latin American countries Brazil, Dominican Republic, Mexico and Uruguay and Canada, India and South Africa. The proposals related to the aims, working principles and participation in the new organisation. Several of the proposals were controversial, leading to debate. In the committees the wording was changed, particularly in one case, where opposition was so strong that there was a vote. But with the exception of the suggestion to create a commission for the status of women, all the proposals were, in one form or the other, finally adopted by consensus and included in the Charter. And a women s commission was created later, at the inaugural meetings of the United Nations. The women representatives from Brazil, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela promoted women s equality with the full support of their delegations, though the Venezuelan delegation did not sponsor any formal amendments (UNCIO, Vol. VIII: 58). The Australian and Norwegian delegations did not present formal proposals, either, but Skard and Street felt that their colleagues shared their viewpoints with regard to women (Coltheart, 2004: 180; Skard, 1986: 95; Street, 1966: 268, 280). For the US delegation Gildersleeve underlined that she did not find the slightest tendency to object to any statement granting women the right to equal opportunity and privilege with men. The US thus supported the principle of human rights for all without distinction as to sex. However, the delegation as a whole had very little interest in the preamble as well as economic and social cooperation, so Gildersleeve often had to act on her own responsibil- NUPI JUNE 08
14 50 ity. Therefore it is not always clear to what extent her views were shared by colleagues in the delegation. In her autobiography, she describes how American and British men were bored and irritated by repeated and lengthy feminist speeches and hated being lectured on the virtues and rights of women. Some American staff gave Dr Lutz the nickname Lutzwaffe, a humorous adaptation of the German Luftwaffe, which had been devastating Europe during the war. Gildersleeve noted, however, that men from other nations felt differently, speaking with admiration of the feminists, especially of Dr Lutz (Gildersleeve, 1954: 330, 352 3). 7. The Preamble The Dumbarton Oaks proposals did not include a preamble to the Charter. Following a meeting of British Commonwealth countries in London shortly before the San Francisco conference, Field Marshal Smuts, head of the South African delegation, elaborated a draft preamble that was presented to the UNCIO. Smuts was a prominent elderly statesman, military leader and philosopher, who played an important role in the establishment of the League of Nations. In spite of the fact that he was a strong supporter of segregation between the races, he was at times hailed as a liberal (Wikipedia, 2008). The version of his preamble that was presented at the opening of the UNCIO, made no reference to women, but this was changed in a revised version distributed a week later, probably as a result of the lobbying of women s delegates and NGOs (UNCIO, 1945, Vol. III: 474 7). The revised text stated that the nations were determined to re-establish faith in the equal rights of men and women. Smuts was held in high regard in San Francisco and used his authority to ensure that his preamble was accepted. Gildersleeve describes how he appeared in person at an early meeting in the committee, urged the adoption as the fulfilment of his dream and crowning achievement of his life and stood in his marshal s uniform with decorations watching while the delegates voted. The preamble was unanimously approved in principle (Gildersleeve, 1954: 344; Russell, 1958: 911 3; Stienstra, 1994: 78; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. III: 365 6). Unlike the other women, Gildersleeve was not happy with the draft. She thought it was far too long, ill arranged in part and occasionally couched in clumsy, awkward English. After the adoption in principle by the committee, a subcommittee was assigned the task of redrafting the text. It included representatives of Belgium, Chile, China, France, New Zealand, Panama, South Africa, the UK, the NUPI JUNE 08
15 Equal Rights of Women and the UN Charter 51 US and the USSR (UNCIO, 1945, Vol. VI: 286 7). Gildersleeve represented the US and presented, as her personal suggestion, a revised version with only 133 words instead of the original 200. In her autobiography she does not comment on her choice of wording, but in fact she deleted the reference to women. The equal rights of men and women was changed to the equal rights of men. She was a professor of English and her main concerns were brevity and style. She might have felt that the specification of women was unnecessary or even disagreed with it, because she saw it as a segregation of women. Numerous amendments to the preamble were proposed by different delegations and Gildersleeve noted that the negotiations became a strenuous and generally losing battle for me. Her explanation was that nations wanted to support South Africa for political reasons and therefore defended the Smuts wording. However, a number of changes in the text were in fact made. Gildersleeve managed among other things to get her version of the first paragraph adopted: We, the peoples of the United Nations. But the committee would not delete women in the second paragraph. There is no mention of other female representatives in the subcommittee. Therefore, to maintain the reference to women, male representatives must have actively supported it, opposing the wish of a distinguished female delegate from a great power that they should be content with the equal rights of men. In fact, the United Nations reaffirmed faith in women s equality in the preamble not due to the efforts of Virginia Gildersleeve, but in spite of them (Gildersleeve, 1954: 344 8; UN, 1945; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. III: 476 7). The final text of the preamble contained 178 words, including the equal rights of men and women. It was unanimously accepted by the committee and afterwards by the commission and the plenary. After the vote in the committee Gildersleeve hoped the Coordination Committee would smooth out the awkwardness of the English and knock the text into a better shape, but this did not happen (Gildersleeve, 1954: 347; Russell, 1958: 913 8; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. I: 613 4; Vol. VI: 366). 8. Rights without Distinction as to Sex The Charter states that the human rights and fundamental freedoms should be for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion. This principle is reiterated four times in different sections In connection with the purposes of the organisation (chapter I, article 1.3), the promotion of international cooperation (chapter IV, article 13.b), international social and economic cooperation (chapter IX, article 55.c) and the international trusteeship system (chapter XII, article 76.c). NUPI JUNE 08
16 52 Women s organisations suggested that sex should be added in the clauses prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, language or religion, and the wording was supported by a number of governments, notably India, as well as Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and Uruguay. When the four sponsoring powers met at the beginning of the UNCIO, the USSR, being ready to add human rights to the purposes of the organisation, proposed the clause, which was accepted by the other powers and thus adopted. 14 Gildersleeve felt that the wording definitely established the position of women so far as the Charter was concerned, and that thereafter there really was not very much for the militant feminists to do at the UNCIO (Gildersleeve, 1954: 351 2). 9. Equal Participation in the Organisation The militant feminists had a different opinion. For them the general clause against discrimination of women was insufficient to safeguard the interests of women in the new organisation. There should also be wording to ensure that women obtained positions in the United Nations under the same conditions as men. The League of Nations had such a clause, but it was not included in the Dumbarton Oaks proposals. Several delegations at the UNCIO therefore proposed including one: Canada, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and Uruguay (UNCIO, 1945, Vol. III: 37: 595, 602 3; Vol. VII: 43). There was an exchange of views in the committee. Defending the proposal were particularly the female representatives from Australia, Brazil and Uruguay (Street, 1966: 280 3). The principal argument was that the historic evolution of women s rights had proved the importance of inscribing the principle of equality in laws and other important public documents, and in addition the clause would recognise the contributions of women to peace. The main arguments against the clause were that it indicated the existence of an issue which in fact did not exist, as non-discrimination would be explicit in the Charter, and it might constitute undue interference in the domestic affairs of member states. The speakers in opposition were mainly from Cuba, UK and the US (UNCIO, vol. VII: 31, 64). Street perceived the opposition as rather strong, but the US delegation underlined that there were no differences of opinion on the principle, 14 Galey, 1995a: 7; Russell, 1958, ; Street, 1966: 267; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. I: 613-4, 621-3; Vol. III: 34, 41, 527, 602-3, 622-3, 626; Vol. X: NUPI JUNE 08
17 Equal Rights of Women and the UN Charter 53 only the exact wording of the text (Charter of the United Nations, 1945: 52 3; Gildersleeve, 1954: 352; Street, 1966: 280). The insertion of a clause was first accepted by the committee in principle. A subcommittee was established to draft the exact text with delegates from Australia, Brazil, Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Norway, US and Uruguay. Though a consensus was arrived at, the wording was put to a vote twice in the committee. First, the draft from the subcommittee was adopted by 35 to 2. The Coordination Committee required adjustments, however, and after a renewed debate and further revisions the final clause was adopted by 34 to 2. Cuba and the US voted against, while the UK abstained. 15 The wording in the Charter is as follows: The United Nations shall place no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions of equality in its principal and subsidiary organs (article 8). The feminists managed to get a clause covering the whole organisation, not only the Secretariat, as some delegations proposed, but the requirement, to place no restrictions on the eligibility of women and men, was much weaker than the women wanted. In the official reports it is noted that the lady delegates graciously led the discussion on this topic in a friendly atmosphere of mutual regard and understanding (Stienstra, 1994: 79 80; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. I: 617; Vol. VI: 250). 10. A Women s Commission? The Sponsoring Powers proposed the establishment of a Commission on Human Rights under the Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC. Feminists also suggested a commission on the status of women. Throughout history women had not been considered as humans and most human rights had been enjoyed exclusively by men, being denied to women. There was hardly any sphere of life in which the rights of women had been respected. The Brazilian delegation therefore presented a declaration proposing a commission to study conditions and prepare reports on the political, civil and economic status and opportunity of women with special reference to discrimination and limitations placed upon them on account of their sex. The declaration was presented by Bertha Lutz and obtained support from a total of 33 delegations. However, it was opposed 15 Street, 1966: 280-3; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. I: 615 7; Vol. VI: , 250; Vol. VII: 31, 50, 57, 63 5, 182, 187 8, 334, NUPI JUNE 08
18 54 by Virginia Gildersleeve on behalf of the United States and Wu Yi-fang from China. In their view, segregating women in a special commission was contrary to the principle of non-discrimination. Women should be regarded as human beings, as men were, and the eventual elimination of discrimination against women or against any other disadvantaged group should be part of the task of the Commission on Human Rights. There was quite a discussion in the committee, and in her autobiography Gildersleeve states that at the end the Commission on the Status of Women was voted down. According to Street, however, a large majority at the conference voted in favour of setting up the Commission. Peter Sekuless even considers it a major victory of the women at the UNCIO. The Brazilian declaration was not submitted during the general discussion, but at the end of the committee sessions. The committee had already decided unanimously that the Charter should only make commissions under ECOSOC mandatory in the economic and social fields and for the promotion of human rights. In this connection Brazil proposed commissions in other areas (which were not accepted), but not related to the status of women. Maybe the idea of a special women s commission came up too late or it was discussed, though it does not appear in the summary records, but did not obtain sufficient support to be included in the Charter. And according to the rules of the conference, the committee could not pass resolutions on other subjects. So there was no formal vote. 16 The Charter gives ECOSOC the possibility, however, of setting up commissions as may be required in addition to those mentioned in the founding text (article 68). Though there was no formal decision at the UNCIO, a clear majority expressed themselves in favour of a Commission on the Status of Women. When the United Nations held its inaugural meetings in London in February 1946, women s rights were a prominent item on the agenda. The former First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt, a social reformer and human rights advocate, was now appointed a delegate. She read An Open Letter to the Women of the World from the 17 women attending the session, expressing the hope that women s involvement in the UN would grow, and calling on governments to encourage women to be active in national and international affairs and in build- 16 Charter of the United Nations, 1945: 123; Galey, 1995: 7; Gildersleeve, 1954: 352; Russell, 1958: 792 4; Sekuless, 1978: 134 5; Stienstra, 1994: 81; Street, 1966: 274; UNCIO, 1945, Vol. III: 627; Vol. VIII: 96 7; Vol. X: 151 2, 189, 212 4, NUPI JUNE 08
19 Equal Rights of Women and the UN Charter 55 ing peace. This letter was the first formal articulation of women s voices in the UN. At the meeting a subcommission on the status of women was created under the Human Rights Commission (Pietilä, 2007: 11 2; UN, 1947: 528; UN, 1996: 11; UNDAW, 2003a). Many delegates and NGO representatives felt, however, that a separate body specifically dedicated to women s issues was required. The Commission on Human Rights would likely be preoccupied with pressing issues of a general character and not be able to give sufficient attention to questions specifically concerning women. At its first meeting the subcommission, chaired by Bodil Begtrup, President of the Danish National Council of Women and delegate to the League of Nations, recommended a fully-fledged Commission on the Status of Women. Eleanor Roosevelt was elected Chair of the Human Rights Commission and first opposed the change, but then relented. The four-month old subcommission was upgraded to a full commission directly under ECOSOC and women s NGOs were invited to work closely with it (Galey, 1995b: 11 4; Pietilä, 2007: 13 4; Stienstra, 1994: 82 4; UN, 1996: 11 2; UNDAW, 2003a). 11. Concluding Remarks The UN Charter was a pioneering document in the area of women s rights. This most probably would not have happened without the involvement and active lobbying of women s organisations. They were clear about their aims and knowledgeable about international collaboration. They had access to the intergovernmental meetings and were experienced in dealing with official representatives. In spite of the war, women s organisations in different parts of the world could and did exert an influence putting pressure on governments to include women in the delegations and lobbying to obtain support for women s requests. The geographical breadth of the demands for women s rights was important to prevent them from being brushed aside. In addition to American NGOs, Latin American women s organisations and women representatives at the UNCIO played a pivotal role; among the representatives in particular Bertha Lutz from Brazil, Minerva Bernardino from the Dominican Republic, Amalia Ledon from Mexico, Isabel de Vidal from Uruguay, Isabel Sanchez de Urdaneta from Venezuela. In addition, Jessie Street from Australia promoted feminist views effectively. The process of including women s equality in the Charter was not simple. In fact, it was more complicated that the UN itself NUPI JUNE 08
20 56 leads us to believe. There were not only very few women present at the UNCIO, but they held partly differing views. Some female delegates were not preoccupied with women s issues, and those who were, did not always define feminism in the same way or agree on strategic choices. The issues were also complicated and sensitive, though precedents from the League of Nations undoubtedly were of help. Women s demands for equality were accepted by the maledominated governments at the UNCIO. Some male representatives provided active support, at times at a very high level, though their role was not always very visible. Thus the final text was the result of joint action by women and men. Reasons for the overall male support were surely varied. Some men might have been genuinely egalitarian in their approach. Nearly all the countries taking on a leading role had adopted universal suffrage and accepted women representatives in their delegations. Other countries with political rights for women probably also had a positive attitude, at least in principle. Though a number of governments might have been indifferent, sceptical or even opposed, the issues were not among the most important and burning at a conference mainly dealing with security and power issues, so they quietly went along with the proposals. However, the time and place might have been propitious for promotion of the status of women. The world was just coming out of a devastating war. In many places, men and women worked, fought and suffered together as equals. The Allied countries fought not only against aggressive states, but against Nazism and fascism. Great expectations and hope were attached to the founding conference of a new international organisation. It was supposed to fulfil a vision of a better world, marked by lofty ideals in addition to tough realities. There was thus a moral perspective at work that gave room for movements fighting against injustice and domination. One of the main driving forces behind the new organisation was President Roosevelt, a Democrat pursuing broad progressive policies. He wanted to promote not only peace, tolerance and welfare, but also fundamental human rights and freedoms, and this was generally accepted at the UNCIO. The proceedings at San Francisco took place in a blaze of publicity. In this situation, it was difficult for governments to refuse when women called for recognition of their basic rights. In theory it might seem sufficient only to lay down a principle of non-discrimination. But later generations have regarded the wording NUPI JUNE 08
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- 1 of 1 Photos | View More Photos
COLUMBUS — Gov. John Kasich voiced concern Wednesday about the possibility that President Barack Obama's signature federal health care law and its accompanying Medicaid expansion would be repealed outright in the new year, without provisions for needy residents.
In particular, the governor questioned the impact on drug addicts in the state who are receiving treatment services thanks to the expanded Medicaid support.
"I've heard a lot about repeal, I haven't heard much about replace," Kasich told reporters during a late afternoon press conference in his Statehouse ceremonial office. "… We are now able to provide health insurance to 700,000 people. A big chunk of them have very serious health issues. And a number of them, I think about a third…, have both addiction problems or mental illness… What happens to those 700,000 people? What happens to the drug treatment? What happens to the mental health counseling?"
Kasich also said he would be in Washington, D.C., later this month to participate in a round-table discussion on health care reform, including the Medicaid expansion.
"It's a serious matter," he said. "There' a lot of improvements that can be made to the system, a lot of improvements that can be made to what's happening in health care… But to repeal and not to replace, I just want to know what's going to happen to all of those people who find themselves left out in the cold."
Kasich offered the comments shortly before he signed SB 319, the latest legislation passed by lawmakers to combat the state's ongoing heroin and prescription painkiller epidemic.
Among other provisions, the legislation establishes registration, education and other requirements for pharmacy technicians, with mandatory suspensions for those who become addicted to drugs.
The new law further widens access to naloxone, which is used to reverse the effects of drug overdoses, with authorizations for county health departments to use grant funds to purchase supplies for law enforcement and other emergency responders.
The legislation also limits supplies of opioids that can be provided to a patient at any given time. Additional language prohibits children services agencies from seeking custody of newborns if mothers enroll in drug treatment programs before the end of the 20th week of pregnancy, requires health care professionals to encourage drug treatment for pregnant patients, and seeks to provide increased access to addiction and mental health services for addicts.
Kasich said the law changes continue efforts by his administration to tackle drug addiction. A focus of state officials has been cutting down on the number of prescription painkillers provided to consumers, via increased tracking and reporting, prescribing guidelines and other efforts, with hopes of preventing opioid addictions and subsequent heroin use.
Kasich said the state has pumped nearly $1 billion into the drug prevention efforts, and his administration and lawmakers would continue to work on the issue.
But he urged residents, churches, community groups and others to join the fight, saying government agencies and increased spending alone would not stop drug abuse and the resulting overdose deaths.
"We can give the communities the tools…," Kasich said. "But we're not going to defeat this just from the top down. There's a number of problems that we have in this country and in our state that have to be dealt with right in the neighborhood, right in the family, right in the community… It has to be a program where [drug use] is not tolerated… and where everybody begins to assume a little bit of responsibility for keeping somebody else out of the drugs, because drugs will kill you."
He added, "Nobody is going to just show up and wave a magic wand from the U.S. Capitol, the White House or the Capitol here on Capitol Square, without the people in the trenches, the citizens in the trenches, making up their mind that we're not going to tolerate this anymore."
Marc Kovac is the Dix Capital Bureau Chief. Email him at firstname.lastname@example.com or on Twitter at OhioCapitalBlog.

subset: commoncrawl


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Leopoldine Huyghues Despointes
The young filmmaker and non-profit founder who just wants people to follow their dreams
Leopoldine Huyghues Despointes
The young filmmaker and non-profit founder who just wants people to follow their dreams
There's at least a fine line between producing groundbreaking films and producing life-changing events. Leopoldine Huyghues Despointes does both. From her role as an actress and producer in the short film "Atlantic Avenue" to showing work in both Sundance and the Tribeca Film Festival, the 24-year-old has already made her mark in the film world. Also the founder and director of the non-profit (Dis)ABLED Visionaries, at the same time she's on a mission to show how being in a wheelchair—or having any disability—isn't a hindrance to happiness and success.
Born with Osteogenesis Imperfecta, perhaps better understood as fragile bone disease, the young artist's affliction hasn't impeded her work in the slightest. In fact, she's most often seen speeding around in her chair with a smile as she leads others with passion and energy. Her goal at its most simple, she explains, "is about inspiring everyone to pursue their own dreams."
But, awareness comes first. From giving speeches at the United Nations to film sets and gatherings for her non-profit, no project has stood out more than her first major initiative, the recent (dis)ABLED Visionaries. The partnership with TED Prize-winning artist JR, a fellow French national, gave Huyghues Despointes access to his InsideOut Project—large-scale public photos designed to share untold stories, complete with a photo booth truck. With a goal of capturing 3,000 portraits of "differently-abled" individuals, ultimately (Dis)ABLED InsideOut will show them in an outdoor exhibition of giant wheat-pasted photos (as JR often does with his work).
"I feel blessed. I feel confident and ready to accomplish so much more," the upstart filmmaker-activist says, adding, "The movement is on." And what a movement it is. With even cities like New York and Paris not really handicapped accessible, and the voices Huyghues Despointes has united to stand stronger and make real change, this is only the start of a future filled with the faces, voices and figures of many.
Illustration by Jason Ratliff, images courtesy of Leopoldine Huyghues Despointes and (Dis)ABLED InsideOut


text: The acronym SI may refer to: Software item Spatial information Special intelligence Standardization and interoperability System and Information Integrity Retrieved from "http://itlaw.wikia.com/wiki/SI?oldid=146150" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Acronyms Add category Cancel Save


text:
1982 Honda Goldwing Aspencade
Information and questions on GL1100 Goldwings (1980-1983)
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2 posts • Page 1 of 1
- jvh1357
- Posts: 2
- Joined: Sun Sep 04, 2011 8:48 pm
- Location: Rago, ks. 67142
- Motorcycle: 1982 GL1100A Aspencade
1982 Honda Goldwing Aspencade
I am new to the Goldwing family,and am simply in love with the one I recently purchased. So anyone out there with knowledge of this model would be of great help. I have a question about tire and rim size, the info on the web that I can find says that the frt tier is 120/90/19 rr is 130/90/17 only mine has 110/90/18 and the rear is 130/90/16, does this make a big difference in ride or stability or does it really matter? What difference would the difference make and why would somebody change size ?Also when I bought it all of the chrome was in a box so I have been trying to re-install everything, the only thing is I can not find any on how to istall the right side chrome engine cover, any help out there? Gosh I wonder where I`ve been all these years riding everything but a Goldwing, retired now so I`am on fixed income which requires me to do as much of my own repair work as safety permits as a lot of you already know.Thanks Sincerely Jim
- RoadRogue
- Posts: 2049
- Joined: Sun Jun 06, 2010 10:51 pm
- Location: Castlegar BC, Canada
- Motorcycle: 1997 1500SE
Re: 1982 Honda Goldwing Aspencade
If you do have a 82 Aspencade then the proper tires for it are 120-90-18 front and 140-90-16 rear. The 80-81 model year had the 17 rear and 19 front. Check the load rating of the tires and the date they were manufactured( should be "branded" into the sidewall), 4 digits,first two week last two year. Example "3410" would be the 34th week of 2010.
You can download a copy of the manual for your bike here at http://myweb.midco.net/gl1100singlecarb ... anual.html
they have owners,service and parts manuals for 1000,1100,and 1200's . Hope this helps you.
Ride safe ,Todd
You can download a copy of the manual for your bike here at http://myweb.midco.net/gl1100singlecarb ... anual.html
they have owners,service and parts manuals for 1000,1100,and 1200's . Hope this helps you.
Ride safe ,Todd
Ride safe, Todd
Over night campers welcome
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text:
Tuesday morning the Yadkin Valley Chamber of Commerce started a new Business Before Breakfast program with speaker Dr. Myra Cox, superintendent of Elkin City Schools. With biscuit sandwiches from Bojangles and coffee from Sheetz, the full room at the Elkin Center of the Surry Community College was ready to be inspired.
"It's a perfect time to have a meeting," claimed Teresa Smith of Harry's Place, "especially if you have a restaurant that doesn't serve breakfast."
Fred Steele, president of Frontier Natural Gas, encouraged participation in the chamber as he enjoyed refreshments. "The chamber is a great organization," stated Steele. "I've always been involved wherever I've worked. You get to meet other members of the community, network face-to-face and hear about other companies," such as through the Business Before Breakfast events.
For the chamber's first Business Before Breakfast, Cox, who just recently took her post with the school system, shared her scholastic experiences that lead to her position as superintendent with an emphasis on the teachers and mentors who inspired her. As she looked back on memorabilia from her elementary school days, she realized she had "perfect attendance in all the classes where I loved the teacher and I knew they loved me."
Although she knew from an early age she wanted to be a teacher, high school led her into thinking she was less interested in the years of studying involved. It was a teacher who noticed her struggles in accounting at Surry Community College who helped her get back on track, eventually attending her wedding.
"That's all it took," was the title of Cox's presentation and a continuous theme throughout her life with the "all" being someone who encouraged her, even when it meant telling her she needed to apply herself more. "They believed in what I was doing," explained Cox, who encouraged those listening to do the same. "If we just take the time to believe in others, to be mentors, to help others succeed, the possibilities are endless."
Retired Vice President of Wilkes Community College Bill Davis was encouraged by the presentation. "I think this lady is very forward thinking. She's very easy to relate to with a story that backs up her credentials."
"I'm overwhelmed. The full house was very motivational," stated Cox. "It showed me that the people of this community are interested in meeting the new superintendent and learning more about me personally."
Yadkin Valley Chamber Board Chairman Gary York of WIFM radio also was encouraged by the number of people in attendance. "It was a great way to start," declared York, who invited everyone to attend the next Business Before Breakfast meeting on Feb. 28 where Dr. Skip Whitman, an orthopedic surgeon and member of the Elkin Board of Commissioners, will present a lecture on how to combine career, health and family.
Beanie Taylor can be reached at 336-258-4058 or on Twitter @TBeanieTaylor.


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Pillar Mountain(1928)
A novel by Max Brand
He never had any use for people back on Pillar Mountain. Now he was learning all about them. The first man who saw him tried to rob him, the second arrested him, and the third helped him escape. And in just a few short days, the name of Phil Aytoun--the man who had tamed a ferocious wild wolf--was known and feared.
Used availability for Max Brand's Pillar Mountain
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
November 1986 : USA Paperback
|Title: Pillar Mountain
Author(s): Max Brand, Frederick Faust
ISBN: 0-671-63306-6 / 978-0-671-63306-6 (USA edition)
Publisher: Pocket Books (Mm)
Availability: Amazon UK Amazon CA
August 1979 : USA Paperback
|Title: Pillar Mountain (A Max Brand Western)
Author(s): Max Brand
ISBN: 0-89340-200-1 / 978-0-89340-200-6 (USA edition)
Publisher: John Curley & Associates
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
July 1978 : USA Paperback
|Title: Pillar Mountain
Author(s): Max brand
ISBN: 0-671-81758-2 / 978-0-671-81758-9 (USA edition)
Publisher: Pocket
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Genre Pages


text: 500 high quality cupping therapy cups. The cups are durable, light weight, and easy to use. Our cups are ISO9001 quality certified. View your treatment area through the transparent cups and adjust pressure with the pump. The cups smooth and rounded edges are comfortable on the skin and create a tight seal. Easily release pressure by pulling on the yellow pressure valve. Each size are clearly engraved on our cups so they can be easily identified.


text:
Santa Fe Made by MIX Mobile Apps Jam
NM Tech Council
Saturday, May 21, 2011 at 9:00 AM - Sunday, May 22, 2011 at 6:00 PM (MDT)
Smartphones and other mobile devices have become the fastest growing
market for communications and applications development. The Tech Council is teaming up with Santa Fe MIX, the Santa Fe Complex, AIGA NM and other partners to launch the state's first mobile apps challenge, providing thousands of $ and other prizes to encourage local developers to build applications to help serve the needs of the local community.
This weekend App Jam will provide tips and background for mobile development, opportunities to team up with other local developers, designers, marketers and business people and more.
Want to suggest a mobile app you'd like to see (or develop), and comment and vote on others suggestions? Visit the Google Moderator page at: http://www.google.com/moderator/#16/e=4c68 (must sign in w/ a gmail address to suggest, vote and comment, but anyone can view).
More Details to Come!
9:00 - 9:30
Check-in; Coffee
9:30 - 11:00
Intro sessions on developing for iPhone, using the Unity platform, User Experience, Business and Marketing Considerations, with local pros Andrew Stone (Twittelator Pro; Cocoa Conspiracy) and Sean McCracken (Unity).
11:00 - 1:30
Project Development & Matchmaking (& lunch on your own)
Project Updates
Continued Application Development On-site
(The Complex will be available for work overnight)
9:00 - 10:00
Snacks & Coffee
10:00 - 4:30
Continued Application Development On-site
5:00 - 6:00
Mobile App Demos & Pitches
More information on categories and cash prizes to come!
The New Mexico Technology Council's northern events and operations are funded in part by the Regional Development Corporation as part of our work on the Regional Economic Development Initiative for tech cluster development.
The New Mexico Technology Council is a member-driven trade association (501(c)6) created to grow New Mexico's technology industries. Launched over ten years ago as the New Mexico Information Technology & Software Association (NMITSA), the Tech Council creates opportunities for New Mexico's tech business community to connect and grow.
Events listed here include both Tech Council events and others with partner organizations.
For more information, please visit our site or talk with
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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You are going to Watch Tokyo Mew Mew Episode 3 English subbed online free episodes with HQ / high quality. Stream Anime Tokyo Mew Mew Episode 3 Online English sub Ghost Story from School: Finding the Ghost's true identity ~Nya! Ichigo meets a shy and timid girl named Lettuce Midorikawa. Later at the café, Ichigo sees her with three other girls, who are trying to coerce an unwilling Lettuce to try to photograph a rumored school ghost. Ichigo "accidentally" dumps parfaits on them to get them to leave Lettuce alone. After work, Mint and Ichigo go to the school to investigate the "ghost". Instead, they find Lettuce who was afraid of being isolated because of her new powers and started "haunting" the pool. After a brief fight, Ichigo and Mint calm her by explaining her Mew powers and welcome her to the team. While Ichigo is walking home, an alien named Kishu appears, steals her first kiss, and introduces himself before disappearing again.


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About CBI
Welcome to CBI from Community Building Institute on Vimeo.
The Community Building Institute helps communities organize their own redevelopment by tapping into the passion of their residents and identifying the physical assets of their neighborhoods.
The goal is to develop a coordinated plan of improvement that incorporates all the major elements a community needs to really thrive - housing, schools, health care, transportation, jobs and business.
The Community Building Institute presents itself as a partner for communities that are ready to grow into desirable and healthy places to live and work.
Housing Affordability in Hamilton County (22 page PDF)
WCPO - Wed April 5th, 2017
That need is why the Greater Cincinnati Foundation has decided to focus millions of dollars in the coming years on investments to help create more affordable housing in the region.
'We see an opportunity'


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