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Age of Conan - Fan Art
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94 - 116 Final
Bucks dominate Trail BlazersApr 8, 2012 - 6:19 AM Milwaukee, WI (Sports Network) - Brandon Jennings and Beno Udrih scored 21 points apiece as the Milwaukee Bucks used a dominant second half to run away with a 116-94 victory over the Portland Trail Blazers at Bradley Center.
Ersan Ilyasova added 20 points and 12 rebounds, while Monta Ellis finished with 17 points and seven assists for Milwaukee, which won its fourth straight game to pull within a half game behind the idle New York Knicks for the eighth and final postseason spot in the Eastern Conference.
LaMarcus Aldridge netted 21 points and Raymond Felton contributed 10 points and 10 rebounds for the Trail Blazers, who had their two-game win streak snapped.
Portland carried a 63-54 advantage into third quarter after a back-and-forth first half, but after Felton's layup gave the Trail Blazers a 65-54 lead, Milwaukee battled back with a 13-2 run to knot the game at 67.
Aldridge put an end to the spurt with a jumper to stop Milwaukee from going on top, sparking an 11-4 swing to put Portland ahead, 78-71.
But the Bucks dominated the rest of the game as they closed out the third with a 15-5 push to take an 86-83 edge into the fourth and carried that momentum into the final stanza by opening the frame with six straight points.
Wesley Matthews put an end to the spurt with a three-pointer to get Portland back within six, 92-86, but the Trail Blazers would get no closer than that as the Bucks used a 13-2 run to jump out to a double-digit lead, 105-88, and they cruised to the victory from there.
"We felt like we had more energy so when we came out for the second half, we just wanted to pick them up on the full court and make it tough for them," said Ellis. "We did and we ran away with the game."
The opening four-plus minutes of action saw five lead changes, two ties and neither team hold more than a three-point lead until a 10-0 run by the Trail Blazers put them ahead, 19-12, near the midpoint of the first.
Milwaukee, though, closed out the first frame on a strong note to take a 33-31 lead into the second.
Jamal Crawford open the second with a three-pointer to put the Trail Blazers back on top, and after Ellis followed with a layup to give the Bucks a 35-34 edge, Portland reeled off an 8-3 spurt to take a 42-38 lead.
The Bucks quickly tied the game at 42 on Udrih's trey, but they could not retake the lead as Portland responded with six straight points to hold them off.
Milwaukee answered with a 6-2 swing to cut its deficit to two, 50-48, before the Trail Blazers closed out the half with a 13-6 run to carry a 63-54 lead into the break.
"I think it was a tale of two halves," Blazers interim head coach Kaleb Canales said. "You have got to give their defense credit, but we talked about our defense and we need to get better at it and we will get better at it."
Game Notes
Milwaukee improved to 2-6 in games played on Saturday this season...The game saw a total of 10 lead changes and seven ties...The Bucks held a 49-33 advantage on the glass and outscored Portland in the paint, 44-34.
Apr 7 10:44 PM
End of 3rd
Apr 7 10:13 PM
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Trail Blazers 69, Bucks 69 3rd - 6:29Apr 7 9:58 PM
Apr 7 9:32 PM
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Trail Blazers 44, Bucks 42 2nd - 8:22Apr 7 9:10 PM
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Trail Blazers 34, Bucks 35 2nd - 11:25Apr 7 9:05 PM
End of 1st
Apr 7 9:02 PM
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Trail Blazers 28, Bucks 28 1st - 1:18Apr 7 9:00 PM
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Trail Blazers 13, Bucks 12 1st - 7:35Apr 7 8:46 PM
1st Quarter - 12:00
Apr 7 8:41 PM
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Trail Blazers vs. BucksApr 7 2:19 PM
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Trail Blazers vs. BucksApr 7 8:45 AM
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Trail Blazers vs. BucksDec 7 6:02 AM
Related News
- Klay Thompson has carried Warriors this postseason May 19
- Bucks say IRS, FBI investigating email scam targeting team May 19
- Blazers coach Terry Stotts agrees to 3-year extension May 16
- Defending champion Warriors expect tough task from Thunder May 16
- Clarification: Stars fuel hope for mid-major prospects May 13
- Damian Lillard and Trail Blazers look to bright future May 12
- How many times has your team changed coaches in the Pop era? May 12
- MVP Curry and his Warriors teammates move closer to goal May 12
- Splash Brothers Curry, Thompson send Warriors to West finals May 12
- Trail Blazers-Warriors Preview May 11
- Warriors look to clinch, Heat-Raptors face pivotal Game 5 May 11
- Warriors look to clinch, Heat-Raptors face pivotal Game 5 May 10

subset: commoncrawl


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Kalev Leetaru | Jeff Bezos 'Fake News' outlet Washington Post lied, and then tried to cover it up.
Grizzly Miss-Steppe: How Washington Post Rewrote its Fake News Story on 'Russian Hack' of Vermont Power Grid
January 9, 2017 By Leave a Comment
Washington Post attempts to smear Ron Paul Institute and others, as 'Tools for Russian Propaganda'
November 28, 2016 By 1 Comment
Ron Paul Institute | The Post's agenda is guided by "the interventionist mindset that undergirds the mainstream media."
What will happen when Bilderberger Jeff Bezos takes over the Washington Post?
August 8, 2013 By
Patrick Henningsen | Jeff Bezos is on Bilderberg's steering committee, so where is he steering our news media?


text: Hello there, Took delivery of a 2002 225BHP S3 yesterday, only 18,000 miles. Spent the weekend driving it - it's superb! Dropping to 3rd gear and overtaking whatever is in front is a thrill. I have a few questions for you experts: 1. CD / climate control panel. Is it my imagination or is the CD / climate control panel slightly (and I mean SLIGHTLY) tilted away from the driver, towards the passenger. It's only subtle but it doesn't seem quite central. It all works fine and there is nothing to indicate it's been badly fitted or damaged. 2. "Miles remaining" on DIS display. With a full tank of fuel this was claiming about 330 miles left - fair enough, what I was expecting. But the figure doesn't seem accurate - I am now down to half a tank and it says 275 remaining! I wish! Is this normal? 3. Headlight washers. The brochure claims the S3 has headlight washers but I can't see them! There is a panel in front of both lights but nothing happens, even with the headlights and ignition on. I read somewhere that you have to hold the washer button down for a few seconds - I haven't tried that. Cheers folks.


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Impact of constitutional copy number variants on biological pathway evolution
Genome evolution and evolutionary systems biology
Inherited Copy Number Variants (CNVs) can modulate the expression levels of individual genes. However, little is known about how CNVs alter biological pathways and how this varies across different populations. To trace potential evolutionary changes of well-described biological pathways, we jointly queried the genomes and the transcriptomes of a collection of individuals with Caucasian, Asian or Yoruban descent combining high-resolution array and sequencing data.
We implemented an enrichment analysis of pathways accounting for CNVs and genes sizes and detected significant enrichment not only in signal transduction and extracellular biological processes, but also in metabolism pathways. Upon the estimation of CNV population differentiation (CNVs with different polymorphism frequencies across populations), we evaluated that 22% of the pathways contain at least one gene that is proximal to a CNV (CNV-gene pair) that shows significant population differentiation. The majority of these CNV-gene pairs belong to signal transduction pathways and 6% of the CNV-gene pairs show statistical association between the copy number states and the transcript levels.
The analysis suggested possible examples of positive selection within individual populations including NF-kB, MAPK signaling pathways, and Alu/L1 retrotransposition factors. Altogether, our results suggest that constitutional CNVs may modulate subtle pathway changes through specific pathway enzymes, which may become fixed in some populations.
The study of human genome variation over the last several years has expanded from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to structural variants (SVs) of which copy number variants (CNVs) constitute a distinct class
CNVs have now been implicated with multiple common human diseases (see
The effect of SNPs on gene expression was recently described through extensive expression Quantitative Trait Locus (eQTL) analysis in European and African populations
Several human polymorphism studies, mainly based on SNPs, have been undertaken to identify human genome regions that are under selection (a summary of genome-wide scans for positive selection can be found in Akey et al.
Additional file 1
Supplementary Material.
Click here for file
Based on the observation of close genetic distances at the nucleotide level between human and chimpanzee, the hypothesis that regulatory mutations account for the majority of biological differences was proposed as early as 1975
Existing models of pathway evolution, such as the Horowitz retrograde model
In this study, we performed an analysis of 491 well-characterized biological pathways seeking to determine how CNVs mapping to pathway genes impact transcript levels and how this effect differs across populations. Our results suggest that CNVs may modulate subtle changes in pathways at specific nodes, which may become fixed in certain populations. We propose a model of pathway evolution where population differences are tuned at finite nodal points. We discuss here the role of CNVs as potential modulators of biological pathways in human genome evolution.
CNVs and HapMap genotype data
The complete set of 11,700 CNV coordinates from
Gene annotation and pathway information
RefSeq Gene annotation information was downloaded from the University of California-Santa Cruz (UCSC) Web browser
F-statistics and CNV frequencies
Population differentiation was evaluated using the F-statistics
F-statistics cutoffs corresponding to the 5% and 1% tails of the distributions built for each population pair were considered. Specifically, the following values were calculated and applied: Fst=0.19 (P<0.05) and Fst=0.32 (P<0.01) for CEU-YRI; Fst=0.2 (P<0.05) and Fst=0.36 for (P<0.01) for YRI-ASN; Fst=0.14 (P<0.05) and Fst=0.24 (P<0.01) for CEU-ASN.
Beside the formal assessment of population differentiation by means of the F-statistics, we considered the frequency of polymorphisms, referred to as CNV frequency, as the sum of the frequencies of all CN states that differ from the major CN state. CNV frequencies are utilized in the generation of frequency heatmaps. For consistency, we selected the CEU major CN state for each CNV. This choice does not affect the results as we focus on differences rather than absolute values.
Size-dependent CNV enrichment/depletion analysis
Given a set of CNVs and a set of genes (e.g., gene families, pathways, Gene Ontology (GO) categories), the approach estimates if the number of observed CNV-gene overlaps is significantly higher (enriched) or lower (depleted) than what it would be expected by chance.To evaluate enrichment or depletion of pathways for the presence of overlapping CNVs, we developed a size-dependent enrichment method that takes into account the sizes of genes and CNVs and we empirically simulated the null distribution through permutations. The approach overcomes the limitation of commonly applied statistical tests that do not consider either CNV or gene size information. In reality, gene families widely differ in terms of gene sizes (e.g., the ETS family of transcription factors and the keratin gene families have average gene sizes of 55 kb and 3 megabases (Mb), respectively). A schematic representation of this problem is presented in Figure
Figure 1
Size-dependent enrichment analysis.
Size-dependent enrichment analysis.
The following steps describe the method: First, for each chromosome, we compose a "pseudo transcriptome" made of concatenated genes (regions from transcription start to transcription end positions) with flanking regions (Figure
It is important to mention few aspects that were not considered in the implementation of the null distribution. First, the utilized CNVs genomic distribution information is limited by the use of array-based platforms. Second, paralogous genes, likely relevant in the context of segmental duplications where CNVs are significantly enriched, were not considered. More refined approaches should eventually address these limitations.
The Size Dependent Enrichment Test executable and source code is downloadable at:
Graphical representation of pathway related to CNV frequencies across populations
For each pathway, we considered the subset of genes overlapping with CNVs based on the gene areas (defined above) and represented it with the corresponding set of CNV-gene pairs. Based upon the systematic analyses of short- and long-range effect of CNVs on gene transcript levels
Heatmaps were used to graphically represent the CNV polymorphism frequency in each population, with CNV-gene pairs in rows, and populations in columns (YRI, CEU, and ASN). Hierarchical clustering (complete linkage with Euclidean distances) was applied to identify groups of similar CNV-gene frequencies across the three populations.
Gene expression data and association analysis between CNVs and gene expression levels
RNA-seq data for CEU and 69 YRI HapMap individuals were downloaded from
Mechanisms of CNV formation
Mechanisms of CNV formation were inferred as described in
CNVs enrichment/depletion analysis at the level of pathways
We analyzed all annotated pathways from KEGG
Additional file 2
Table S1. Size-dependent enrichment analysis results for all the pathways considered in the study.
Click here for file
Figure 2
Distribution of enriched KEGG and Biocarta pathway classes
Distribution of enriched KEGG and Biocarta pathway classes
Enriched signaling pathways include Keratinocyte differentiation (16 genes out of 18, size-dependent enrichment test) and Phospholipase C d1 in phospholipid associated cell signaling (4 genes out of 5, size-dependent enrichment test) (see Table
Additional file 3
Figure S1. Distribution of depleted KEGG and Biocarta pathway classes
Click here for file
Focusing on the pathways enriched for the presence of CNVs, we compared the overall proportions of four CNV formation mechanisms and found evidence for enrichment of NHR (1.12 fold, P-value= 0.00014) and depletion of TEI (0.63 fold, P-value= 0.0019) formation classes. With respect to CNV types, gains or losses, depletion was observed for losses (0.89 fold, P-value= 0.0055) and enrichment for gains (1.19 fold, P-value= 0.0050).
Population differentiation at the level of individual genes and of pathways
Population differentiation analysis was performed for each CNV and each population pair-wise, by evaluating the F-statistics (0, completely undifferentiated and 1, highly differentiated)
Additional file 4
Table S2. Complete list of 4978 CNVs with Fst calculated for each population pair.
Click here for file
Gene expression levels are also subject to selection in the human genome
Figure 3
CNV-gene frequency heatmaps
CNV-gene frequency heatmaps
The analysis of all pathway CNV-gene frequency maps (see Additional file
Additional file 5
Table S3. List of pathways enriched for population differentiated CNV-gene pairs.
Click here for file
Additional file 6
Table S4. List of unique and shared pathways for Venn Diagram.
Click here for file
Additional file 7
Table S5. List of unique and shared genes for Venn Diagram of Figure
Click here for file
Figure 4
Venn diagrams of the number of pathways and genes that show population differentiation.
Venn diagrams of the number of pathways and genes that show population differentiation.
Association of CNVs with gene expression at the level of genes and pathways
The proximity between a CNV and a gene can be considered an indicator for transcription regulation effect. However, this only occurs for a fraction of variants. To better assess the potential regulator effect of CNVs on gene transcripts, we considered RNA sequencing gene expression data from 60 CEU
Additional file 8
Table S7. Enrichment analysis for the functional CNVs for CEU and YRI.
Click here for file
Then we focused on functional CNV-gene pairs, which were characterized as significantly differentiated among populations. Out of 81 (in CEU and YRI combined) functional CNV-gene pairs, 13 (16%) showed significant population differentiation (P<0.05), and thus, are potential candidates for positive selection. Of the genes linked to functional CNVs that showed population differentiation (P<0.05), 4 genes (UGT2B17, KRT39, APOBEC3B, and TAF4B) are involved in 8 known pathways (Additional file
Additional file 9
Table S6. List of CNVs that showed significant association with gene expression levels annotated with population differentiation statistics, pathways information and annotation on overlap with enhancers.
Click here for file
Illustrations of associations, though not statistically significant, between CNV and gene expression for genes from the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway are presented in Additional file
In this study, we performed a comprehensive size-dependent analysis of the impact of common CNVs on 491 biological pathways across human populations, with the idea that abundance of genetic variation in pathways can be indicative of ongoing evolution. We first showed that CNV enriched pathways include not only signaling pathways and pathways involved in extracellular biological processes
In order to characterize the extent of human variation at the level of each pathway, we compiled a comprehensive list of population differentiated CNV-gene pairs. As expected, the majority of pathways exhibiting population differentiation, belong to the signaling class, including Calcium, MAPK, Toll-like receptor signaling, and others. Pathways from the metabolic class include Purine metabolism, Arginine and proline metabolism, and Starch and sucrose metabolism with the well documented example of AMY1 polymorphism and its relation to starch diet
Recent studies also indicated the pervasiveness of negative, or purifying selection, acting on CNVs. Conrad et al.
We then investigated pathway enrichment considering the set of CNVs deemed functional through the association between the corresponding transcript levels and the copy number states and focused on those which also show differentiation across populations. Despite the fact that the transcript analysis is limited due to the sample size, the differences in the sequencing depth, and the sample type (i.e., lymphoblast cells), we reasoned that our integrated analysis would benefit from this additional layer of information. Making a simplifying assumption, one can consider that selection acting on transcript levels ultimately influences the gene product leading to population specific selective advantage, as it was shown for UGT2B17 and AMY1 in Asians and Europeans, respectively. Similarly, the variant associated with APOBEC3B (Figure
Throughout the study some well-known cancer-related pathways were detected as enriched in population differentiated CNVs (see Additional file
The effect of gene concentration level changes on the cellular phenotype and the concept of genetic balance has been addressed in
Here we provide insights into human pathways enriched for population differentiated functionally active CNVs. Under the assumption that a pathway chain remains intact as a whole (i.e., no new enzymes are added), we hypothesize that evolutionary selected changes in transcription level of some genes constituting the pathway "tune" the pathway into a more favorable state for homeostasis, a process we refer to as the 'tuning effect'. Last, we suggest that new pathways can stem as long-term potential outcome of the proposed tuning effect (Additional file
Upon the characterization of functional CNVs and the concomitant population differentiation of the same variants suggestive of positive selection in different populations, it is challenging to discover the real effect of these changes on a pathway chain and to study the regulatory mechanisms in the cell that control the changes in gene concentration levels. The picture becomes more complicated by acknowledging the multiplicity due to the existence of co-factors concurring to gene regulation, to the presence of other sources of variations, like epigenetic events, and by gene regulation compensatory effects. Our analysis may help to reveal pathway nodes, which have undergone changes (positively, neutrally or negatively) in gene concentrations, or, in other words, pathways that have been tuned. Further studies are required to understand the impact of these and other changes on pathway structure and human diversity.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
MP carried out computational analyses, implemented the size-dependent enrichment analysis and drafted the manuscript. SB carried out computational and statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. OG participated in the interpretation of the results. MAR participated in the design of the study and interpretation of the results. FD conceived the study, participated in its design, coordination and implementation and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors would like to thank Alex Root, Andrea Sboner, and Alessandro Romanel for fruitful comments on this study and to acknowledge the Department of Defense New Investigator Award (PC094516 to FD) and the Starr Cancer Consortium for funding.
Detection of large-scale variation in the human genome
Large-scale copy number polymorphism in the human genome
Origins and functional impact of copy number variation in the human genome
A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing
Mapping copy number variation by population-scale genome sequencing
Gene copy number variation and common human disease
A map of recent positive selection in the human genome
Deletion polymorphism upstream of IRGM associated with altered IRGM expression and Crohn's disease
Genome-wide copy-number-variation study identified a susceptibility gene, UGT2B17, for osteoporosis
Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation
The influence of CCL3L1 gene-containing segmental duplications on HIV-1/AIDS susceptibility
Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders
Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism
Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia
Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia
Identification of functionally active, low frequency copy number variants at 15q21.3 and 12q21.31 associated with prostate cancer risk
Copy number variation at 1q21.1 associated with neuroblastoma
Transcriptome genetics using second generation sequencing in a Caucasian population
Understanding mechanisms underlying human gene expression variation with RNA sequencing
Relative impact of nucleotide and copy number variation on gene expression phenotypes
A computational framework discovers New copy number variants with functional importance
Relating CNVs to transcriptome data at fine-resolution: Assessment of the effect of variant size, type, and overlap with functional regions
Constructing genomic maps of positive selection in humans: where do we go from here?
Targets of balancing selection in the human genome
Classic selective sweeps were rare in recent human evolution
Positive selection in the human genome: from genome scans to biological significance
Population-genetic nature of copy number variations in the human genome
Genotype, haplotype and copy-number variation in worldwide human populations
Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation
Adaptive evolution of UGT2B17 copy-number variation
Rapid evolution and copy number variation of primate RHOXF2, an X-linked homeobox gene involved in male reproduction and possibly brain function
Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees
Sex-specific and lineage-specific alternative splicing in primates
Adaptive evolution of metabolic pathways in Drosophila
Molecular population genetics and selection in the glycolytic pathway
On the evolution of biochemical synthesis
On earlier states of the biochemical system
On the origin of metabolic pathways
The UCSC genome browser database: update 2009
KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes
Estimating F-statistics
Integrated detection and population-genetic analysis of SNPs and copy number variation
RSEQtools: a modular framework to analyze RNA-Seq data using compact, anonymized data summaries
Global variation in copy number in the human genome
Genetics in geographically structured populations: defining, estimating and interpreting F(ST)
Genomic and geographic distribution of private SNPs and pathways in human populations
Gene expression levels are a target of recent natural selection in the human genome
Interaction of TAFII105 with selected p65/RelA dimers is associated with activation of subset of NF-kappa B genes
Antiviral roles of APOBEC proteins against HIV-1 and suppression by Vif
Cellular inhibitors of long interspersed element 1 and Alu retrotransposition
A cluster of three novel Ca2+ channel gamma subunit genes on chromosome 19q13.4: evolution and expression profile of the gamma subunit gene family
Metabolic innovations towards the human lineage
Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes
Copy number variation in metabolic phenotypes
Positive selection at the protein network periphery: evaluation in terms of structural constraints and cellular context
Positive natural selection in the human lineage
Natural selection has driven population differentiation in modern humans
Reduced purifying selection prevails over positive selection in human copy number variant evolution
Dosage sensitivity shapes the evolution of copy-number varied regions
TAFII105 mediates activation of anti-apoptotic genes by NF-kappaB
Oscillations in NF-kappaB signaling control the dynamics of gene expression
Bistability and oscillations in the Huang-Ferrell model of MAPK signaling
Gene dosage balance in cellular pathways: implications for dominance and gene duplicability
Gene dosage balance: deletions, duplications and dominance
Nonlinear effects in macromolecular assembly and dosage sensitivity


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Adventures in Adversity
Smart retailers can take advantage of difficult market conditionsBy Don Longo, Convenience Store News
The national economy appeared to be headed for recession long before the Wall Street financial crisis became front page news in late September. Now, with the recently passed federal bailout, the country may be facing at least two years, and perhaps longer, of depressed consumer spending. As the federal government deficit balloons and taxes are increased to enable the government to buy up toxic debt from troubled financial firms, consumers are sure to cut back even more than they already have.
Many retailers are already positioning themselves to serve a more value-conscious consumer. For example, Wawa long ago decided it had to be competitively priced, not just against other convenience stores, but also against all the grocers, supermarkets and fast food restaurants in its trading areas. The latest consumer research from Convenience Store News' parent company, The Nielsen Co., found "value" is now the No. 1 driving force behind consumers' decisions about where to shop. Smart grocers, for example, are telling their customers how much cheaper it is to buy groceries and eat at home than to go to a restaurant. Many c-store retailers see an opportunity in selling more gift cards for necessities such as gas this holiday season as consumers cut back on their holiday spending for non-essential merchandise.
Beyond the slowdown in consumer spending, one of the biggest impacts of the current financial crisis is the scarcity of capital for acquisitions and improvements as banks tighten credit lines. We've heard some banks are pulling out of deals at the last minute, or are suddenly requiring buyers to put more money down, sometimes as much as 35 percent, to finance acquisitions, instead of the customary 20 percent down payment. This has slowed, but not completely stopped deals from closing. In some of these instances, the seller is being forced to take a second mortgage position to cover the extra 10 to 15 percent that the buyer has to put down in order to complete the deal.
Most retailers are being extremely cautious about any new projects, including retrofitting and rebuilds. However, some retailers were proactive and had already started shoring up balance sheets, slowing down expansion plans and firming up relationships with lenders to ensure access to sufficient capital in the months ahead. According to E-Z Mart CEO Sonja Hubbard, the Texarkana-based c-store chain has been working on its balance sheet for some time, and is well-positioned in this economy to acquire stores from operators looking to leave the business. They are certainly taking advantage of lower real estate prices today compared with a year ago.
While declining to reveal more information, Hubbard said E-Z Mart is looking at "a few acquisitions," and is currently meeting with lending partners to discuss options, acknowledging that banks' restrictions have drastically changed in the new economy
Don't be surprised if more retailers use this time of crisis to their advantage by purchasing depressed assets -- from equipment to competing retailers -- to gain competitive advantage and grow market share.
Or, as Harry McHugh of Wawa commented at CSNews' recent Retail Advisory Board Meeting: "When you see a pile up, it's time to step on the gas."


text:
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June 12, 2013 | Vol. 94, No. 137
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MADISON ZIEGENBEIN-BARTELS and Kelsey King plant a flower in Montreal, Wis., Tuesday. Students were assisted by the Iron County University of Wisconsin-Extension office and members of the local Master Gardeners club.
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The cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation support delivered by mobile phone text messaging: Txt2stop
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The txt2stop trial has shown that mobile-phone-based smoking cessation support doubles biochemically validated quitting at 6 months. This study examines the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation support delivered by mobile phone text messaging.
The lifetime incremental costs and benefits of adding text-based support to current practice are estimated from a UK NHS perspective using a Markov model. The cost-effectiveness was measured in terms of cost per quitter, cost per life year gained and cost per QALY gained. As in previous studies, smokers are assumed to face a higher risk of experiencing the following five diseases: lung cancer, stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and coronary heart disease (i.e. the main fatal or disabling, but by no means the only, adverse effects of prolonged smoking). The treatment costs and health state values associated with these diseases were identified from the literature. The analysis was based on the age and gender distribution observed in the txt2stop trial. Effectiveness and cost parameters were varied in deterministic sensitivity analyses, and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis was also performed.
The cost of text-based support per 1,000 enrolled smokers is £16,120, which, given an estimated 58 additional quitters at 6 months, equates to £278 per quitter. However, when the future NHS costs saved (as a result of reduced smoking) are included, text-based support would be cost saving. It is estimated that 18 LYs are gained per 1,000 smokers (0.3 LYs per quitter) receiving text-based support, and 29 QALYs are gained (0.5 QALYs per quitter). The deterministic sensitivity analysis indicated that changes in individual model parameters did not alter the conclusion that this is a cost-effective intervention. Similarly, the probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated a >90 % chance that the intervention will be cost saving.
This study shows that under a wide variety of conditions, personalised smoking cessation advice and support by mobile phone message is both beneficial for health and cost saving to a health system.
KeywordsSmoking cessation aid Economic evaluation Text message
The txt2stop trial randomised 5,800 smokers aged 16 years or older to personalised smoking cessation advice and support by mobile phone message or to a control group [1]. Participants in the intervention arm received five text messages per day for the first 5 weeks and three per week for the next 26 weeks. Participants in the control group received texts every two weeks related to the importance of trial participation. Mobile phone text messaging smoking cessation support doubles (10.7 vs 4.9 %) biochemically verified smoking cessation at 6 months (relative risk 2.20, 95 % CI 1.80–2.68 P < 0.0001) compared to a control group using any existing smoking cessation support of their choice. The intervention is effective in all socio-economic groups, and in younger and older smokers [1]. A detailed description of the development of the txt2stop intervention is reported elsewhere [2, 3].
Interventions to encourage smoking cessation must be assessed not only for effectiveness but also in terms of value for money [4]. Existing smoking cessation interventions that have been shown to be cost effective (in a UK context a cost per QALY gained of <£20,000) include group counselling, one-to-one counselling, telephone counselling, and medications, such as nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline [5]. To our knowledge, there are no previous cost-effectiveness evaluations of smoking cessation interventions utilising mobile devices. This study assesses the cost-effectiveness of text-based support when added to the treatments used in the control arm of the txt2stop trial. At randomisation, 818 participants were using additional smoking cessation support: 82 % used medication (NRT, buproprion or varenicline), 4 % used a telephone helpline, 3 % used group or individual counseling, and 12 % used other support.
This analysis applied a cohort simulation model to determine the cost-effectiveness of text-based support in addition to current practice versus current practice alone. Current practice is defined as the mix of interventions currently available in the UK to help people stop smoking (as represented in the txt2stop trial). One in seven of the trial participants were using additional smoking cessation support at randomisation (82 % used nicotine replacement therapy, buproprion or varenicline; 4 % a telephone helpline; 3 % group or individual counselling; and 12 % used other support).
Study population
The number of LYs and QALYs gained by text-based support, and thus its cost-effectiveness, will depend on the initial age of the smokers as smoking mainly causes health conditions that need a long time period to develop after exposure to smoking. To allow for this, the analysis is conducted separately for three age groups: <30 years (30 % of the trial population), 30–40 years (31 %), and >40 years (39 %). The mean age for each age group was 24, 35 and 48 years, respectively, based on the txt2stop trial data. These values are adopted as the starting age in the cohort models. The number of LYs and QALYs gained also depends on the gender of the smokers. It is well established that women live longer than men but with a higher burden of disabilities [9]. In order to account for this, the analysis is conducted for each age group separately for men and for women. The overall results (number of life years, QALY and disease costs) are calculated as a weighted average of the results for the three age groups using the gender proportions observed in the trial (male 55 %, female 45 %).
The relative risk of quitting at 6 months for text-based support observed in the trial, 2.20 (95 % CI 1.80–2.68, P < 0.0001), is applied to the quit rate at 6 months in the control group (4.9 %) [1]. A 21 % relapse rate is assumed between 6 and 12 months for both the control and the treatment group [10]. A recent meta-analysis of 12 trials estimates that there is no difference between control and treatment groups in the relapse to smoking after 1 year of cessation (OR 1.11, 95 % CI 0.78–1.59). Based on this latter study, a lifetime relapse rate of 30 % among those who have quit for 12 months is assumed in the model [11].
Failure to take account of the background quit rate would lead to an overestimate of the effectiveness of text-based support, since a number of the additional quitters would have quit anyway in the future in the absence of test-based support. The background quit rate is likely to vary across age groups. The markedly higher proportion of ex-smokers among those aged 55 and over might indicate a higher background quit rate in this age group [12]. Also the background quit rate may be increasing as more support for smoking cessation becomes available. However, in the absence of good data, and following previous studies, a background quit rate of 2 % per year is assumed for all smokers (with or without text-based support) for all 6-month simulation cycles independently of the age and gender of the smokers [13].
Where a is the age group and g is gender. The estimated mortality rates used to populate the model are reported in Table 3 of the "Appendix".
As with previous studies we include overall mortality by smoking status and did not consider disease-specific mortality in order to avoid double counting. Diseases within each cycle were assumed to be mutually exclusive (within each 6 months individuals can experience only one of the five diseases, survive with no disease or die). This assumption is consistent with previous studies.
As in Flack et al. [5] and Raikou and McGuire [6], the prevalence rates for lung cancer and COPD are taken from Forman et al. [16] and Britton [17], respectively (See "Appendix"). Prevalence of CHD, MI and stroke are taken from the study by Allender et al. [18] (See "Appendix"). The probability of developing lung cancer by smoking status and gender comes from Peto et al. [19]. while the relative risks of the other smoking-related diseases (CHD, MI, COPD and stroke) are from a study on the health consequences of smoking conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services [7] (See "Appendix").
Health state values
The health state values assigned to smoking-related diseases and, in absence of these diseases, to smoking status follow Flack et al. [5]. Diseases such as lung cancer, COPD and stroke present several phases of disease progression. For example, Tengs and Wallace [20] identify four health state values according to the type of stroke: minor stroke, moderate stroke, acute stroke requiring hospitalization and major stroke. Similarly, health state values associated with lung cancer are affected by the type of treatment undertaken and the stage of the disease. However, to assign different values according to the severity level of the disease requires knowledge of the proportion of smokers and previous smokers in each of these states. Lacking these data, simple averages of the available values for each of the diseases are used as in previous evaluations [5]. The values used for each disease are: 0.58 for lung cancer, 0.48 for stroke, 0.80 for CHD and MI (the estimate for MI is an average of the values reported by Tengs and Wallace [20] for MI of different disease severities), and 0.73 for COPD (an average of the different values for COPD severity estimated by Rutten-van Molken et al. [21]). Finally, different values are assigned to smokers (0.75) and former smokers (0.78) as reported in the UK study conducted by Tillman and Silcock [22].
The cost of text-based support per smoker is the sum of three elements: the cost of enrolling smokers (including the cost of collecting information about age, gender education etc.), the cost of text messages (including the cost of setting a short code), and any royalty paid for use of the intervention.
Smokers wishing to use text-based support can register directly online or by SMS. The cost of web site maintenance is assumed to be zero in this analysis because the same site is used for other types of smoking cessation services. The cost of text messages per smoker, £16.12, includes the cost of setting up a short code (£0.06/participant), and the cost of sending the messages (£14.51). The lack of data on the proportion of smokers and former smokers at each disease stage does not allow consideration of how costs vary according to the severity of these diseases. Average cost estimates were used in the absence of these data. For example, in the case of stroke the estimated annual total cost of stroke in UK was divided by the number of people who experienced the disease [5]. The annual costs assigned to each of the smoking-related diseases are lung cancer (£5,921), stroke (£2,218), MI (£2,341), COPD (£997), and CHD (£1,144) [23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. All the costs are inflated to 2009–2010 prices using the hospital and community health services price index.
Sensitivity analysis
Deterministic sensitivity analyses and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) were performed to assess parameter uncertainty. The impact of variations in the effectiveness of text-based support on cost-effectiveness was investigated by assuming that the relative risk ranged between 1.80 and 2.68 (the 95 % confidence interval around the effect observed in the txt2stop trial). Further analyses were performed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of text-based support for different lifetime relapse rates, 21 %, used as the lower value (reported by McGhan and Smith [28]) and 50 % (the highest value reported in the literature for the relapse rate between 6 and 12 months [29]).
The lower value for the background smoking cessation rate in the one-way sensitivity analysis (1.2 %) is the historic rate over the past 40 years in England, while the upper value (2.8 %) is the highest background cessation rate suggested by West [13]. In the base case analysis, advertising cost is assumed to be zero and it is assumed that 100 % of smokers will register online. It is not known whether the NHS would advertise the intervention using pre-existing channels at relatively low marginal cost or whether advertising on the radio/internet/TV will be utilised. In order to account for this element of uncertainty, the incremental cost-effectiveness of text-based support is estimated assuming an intervention cost ranging from £15 per smoker (assuming that all the smokers register on-line, no crave messages and 10,000 users per short code) to £60.22 (assuming an additional advertising cost of £44, as observed in the txt2stop trial). These figures are used for illustrative purposes. Given large-scale implementation of text-based support, advertising costs are likely to be lower than those incurred when advertising the opportunity to participate in a smoking cessation trial. There are some additional costs which could arise in practice, such as royalty payments for the use of the IT program for the text-based support intervention, and management costs to co-ordinate the provision of the service. Both of these would be influenced strongly by the scale of text-based support were it to be implemented, the larger the scale the lower the cost per smoker. To investigate the impact of these potential additional costs, the analysis was re-run with additional costs of £1 and £35 per smoker enrolled.
A second order Monte Carlo simulation with 1,000 iterations was used to assess the influence of parameter uncertainty on the study results. Parameters were considered independent. Following suggested practice, a lognormal distribution was assigned to relative risks, and beta distributions were assigned to the lifetime relapse rate, baseline quit rate and health state values [30] (See "Appendix"). A gamma distribution was adopted for unit costs. Each variable estimate was derived from its probability distribution (See "Appendix").
Incremental costs, life years (LYs) gained and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained per 1,000 enrollees
25 year-olda
35 year-olda
48 year-olda
Weighted averageb
Cost without text-based support
Cost with text-based support
LYs without text-based support
LYs with text-based support
QALYs without text-based support
QALYs with text-based support
Incremental cost
Incremental LYs
Incremental QALYs
One-way sensitivity analyses
Incremental cost per LY
Incremental cost per QALY
Relative risk continuous abstinence at 6 months (1.80:2.68)
Lifetime relapse rate (21:50 %)
Baseline quit rate (1.2:2.8 %)
Cost of intervention per smoker (£6.70:£62.30)
Royalty, management cost per smoker (£1:£35)
This economic evaluation shows that text-based smoking cessation support (provided in addition to the existing range of smoking cessation services) produces health benefits and reduces health service costs. Moreover, sensitivity analyses indicate that text-based support remains cost effective under a wide range of alternative assumptions.
The primary strength of this evaluation of text-based support for smoking cessation is that it uses a valid and precise estimated treatment effect. A further strength is that the analysis is based on an established economic model. Nonetheless, a number of limitations must be considered when interpreting the study findings. As with previous economic evaluations this study potentially undervalues the benefits of text-based support as a smoking cessation intervention in that it does not take into account the effects of reduced passive smoking, nor does it account for short-term effects (e.g. reduction in respiratory problems) associated with smoking cessation [5, 6, 31, 32], or a wide range of other less common smoking-related diseases [33]. For this reason it also underestimates the potential savings from the intervention because it does not account for the cost (differences) of complication-free health states (smokers without complications are likely to cost more to the NHS rather than former smokers without complications). Another limitation of this study is that the costs and the health state values associated with different smoking-related diseases are averages across different severity levels. This is because of the lack of information on the proportion of smokers, quitters and never smokers experiencing the different severity levels.
As always, there is uncertainty regarding the values of the various model parameters. The likely cost of text-based support if it were to be implemented widely would depend, in part, on the numbers using the service, since this may influence the cost of text messages and royalty payments.
Finally, this study did not account for non-smoking-related medical costs. A recent study conducted in the Netherlands showed that, while smoking cessation interventions reduce the number of smokers and the medical cost of treating a range of medical conditions, such as stroke, cardiovascular diseases etc., associated with smoking, former smokers have higher lifetime medical costs because they survive longer [34, 35]. If a perspective were adopted where non-smoking-related medical costs were to be considered, the estimated savings associated with text-based support will have been over-estimated.
Care must be taken when comparing the cost per quitter, cost per LY gained and cost per QALY gained reported in this study with those from other studies because incremental cost-effectiveness will depend, in part, on the comparator. In this study the comparator was current practice, here defined as the mix of smoking cessation interventions accessed by those in the control arm of the txt2stop trial. The results of this study are consistent with previous economic evaluations that show that smoking cessation interventions are highly cost effective. The cost per quitter for text-based support appears lower than for some other smoking cessation interventions. For example, the cost per quitter for telephone counselling (in 2009–2010 prices) is £895, for minimal counselling plus NRT is £955, and for intensive counselling plus NRT is £1,621 [36]. The Flack et al. [5] study, which used the same model adopted in the present analysis, shows that among a range of interventions (combinations of self-help materials, nicotine patches, individual counselling and nicotine replacement therapy) the only intervention that was cost-increasing compared to brief GP advice was brief advice plus self help material plus nicotine replacement therapy (£1,074 per QALY, 2009–2010 prices). A subsequent study, using the same methodological assumptions, that evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a mass media campaign to prevent the uptake of smoking among young people, found using a range of sensitivity analyses compared to no intervention that the cost per QALY was never more than £1,142 per QALY (2009–2010 prices) [6].
The intervention is highly cost effective given the cost-effectiveness thresholds generally applied in the UK, and on the basis of these results the txt2stop mobile phone text messaging intervention should be considered as an addition to existing smoking cessation services. The self-reported smoking cessation results reported in the txt2stop trial are similar to those reported in previous trials of smoking cessation support delivered via mobile phone text messaging in New Zealand [3]. It would be technically relatively easy to scale up the intervention for delivery internationally, and it is likely that the intervention would be cost effective, at least in other high income settings that are likely to have similarly high cost savings as a result of reductions in smoking-related diseases.
Further research should establish the effects and cost-effectiveness of text-based smoking cessation support in other settings, such as low- and middle-income countries. Research is needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of text-based support, including the effects of smoking cessation on short-term health outcomes, and for long term smokers versus newer smokers.
This study clearly indicates that text-based support is likely to be a cost-effective means of encouraging smoking cessation and should be considered for inclusion in smoking cessation services.
The T2S trial and this economic evaluation was funded by the UK Medical Research Council.
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Ethical Approval
NHS ethical approval for the txt2stop trial has been obtained from St Thomas' Hospital Ethics Committee (COREC ref 06/q0702/169T) and the ethics committee based at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.


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A recipe from the Good Food collection.
3 large green capsicums
3 medium, ripe but firm tomatoes, peeled and seeded
1 tablespoon vinegar
ground pepper
1/2 teaspoon caster sugar
1 clove garlic, crushed
1/4 cup olive oil
1. Grill capsicums by cutting them in half, de-seeding and grilling cut side down until skin blisters and blackens.
2. Cool, peel and cut into 2 cm pieces.
3. Cut tomatoes into 2 cm pieces.
4. Mix capsicum and tomato together.
5. To make Vinaigrette: Combine vinegar, pepper, sugar, garlic and olive oil.
6. Pour over salad and allow to stand for 10 minutes to gather flavour.


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Seared Tuna with Blood Orange Vinaigrette
For an unforgettable meal, share this healthy, tangy tuna with someone you love. The recipe comes from Ca Va chef Todd English.Also try: Silky Miso Sweet Potatoes, Pea and Crab Salad
- Servings: 2
Source: The Martha Stewart Show, Episode 6092
- 1/4 teaspoon chipotle chile powder
- 1/2 teaspoon paprika
- 1/4 teaspoon ground ginger
- 1 tablespoon coarse salt
- 1/2 teaspoon freshly ground pepper
- 1 (3/4-pound) piece sushi-grade tuna, halved
- Olive oil
- Zest of 1 blood orange
- Juice of 1 blood orange
- 2 tablespoons soy sauce
- 1 (1-inch) piece fresh ginger, peeled and grated
- 1 sweet red chile pepper, such as Fresno, chopped
- 1 tablespoon plus 1 1/2 teaspoons toasted sesame oil
- 1 blood orange, segmented, for garnish
- Silky Miso Sweet Potatoes
- Pea and Crab Salad
In a small bowl, mix together chile powder, paprika, ground ginger, salt, and pepper. Rub tuna all over with olive oil and then with chile powder mixture to coat.
Heat a large cast-iron skillet over medium-high heat. Place tuna in skillet and cook, turning once, until rare, about 2 minutes per side. Transfer to a cutting board and set aside.
In a small bowl, whisk together blood orange zest and juice, soy sauce, fresh ginger, sweet chile pepper, and sesame oil; add blood orange segments and toss to coat. Set vinaigrette aside.
Divide tuna evenly between two serving plates. Place a heart-shaped mold on one of the plates and fill with half of the sweet potato mixture. Smooth top to level; carefully lift mold to remove. Repeat process on second plate. Drizzle blood orange vinaigrette over tuna; serve with pea and crab salad.


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Senior Leadership Team
Displaying: San Francisco
Senior Leadership Team
Zach Righellis is a Managing Director at Moelis & Company where he focuses on advising corporate clients in the semiconductor and electronics industries. Mr. Righellis has over 15 years of investment banking and management consulting experience and has provided strategic advice to corporate clients on M&A, IPOs, capital markets and restructuring transactions. Most recently, Mr. Righellis served as a Managing Director at Barclays, formerly Lehman Brothers, in Menlo Park advising on both M&A and capital markets transactions for semiconductor and electronics companies in the U.S., Asia, Europe and Israel. Mr. Righellis joined Lehman Brothers in 2005, working across several technology sectors including software, communications technology and cleantech. Previously, he was a consultant in technology and operations at Sapient Corporation.
Mr. Righellis holds a B.Sc in Operations Research and Industrial Engineering from Cornell University and an M.B.A. from the Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University.
Senior Leadership Team
Kevin Scheetz is a Managing Director at Moelis & Company. Mr. Scheetz has over 19 years of investment banking experience and spent a decade covering communications and electronics technology companies at both Merrill Lynch and Credit Suisse First Boston. Mr. Scheetz has focused on the technology industry for the majority of his career and has developed particular expertise in the infrastructure, communications, mobility, electronics and industrial technology sectors. He has advised public and private companies on a wide range of corporate finance matters, including mergers and acquisitions, initial public offerings, take-privates, and other public and private debt and equity financings.
Mr. Scheetz holds a B.S. in Economics from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and an M.B.A. from the Stern School of Business at New York University, which he attended as a Dean's Scholar.


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Family Art Day: Mother's Day Pennant Banners
This event occurred on –
St. Louis Artists' Guild
Family Art Day: Mother's Day Pennant Banners
Saturday, May 3, 2014, 12–2pm
Free and open to the public, all supplies provided.
Please join the St. Louis Artists' Guild for a FREE Family Art Dy on Saturday, May 3, 2014. We will be creating a special Mother's Day craft — decorated pennant banners celebrating our moms! We will be using several techniques to decorate our banners, including drawing, painting, and stamping. All supplies provided. Free and open to the public.
Past dates
- Occurred Saturday, May 3rd, 2014 @ 12:00 pm – 2:00 pm
Adrian Aquilino


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- Shredder Type: Personal
- Auto-Feed Shredding: No
- Shredder Cut Type: Cross
NEW Installment Payment Program:
6 equal payments - 0% interest on Technology purchases of $500 or more. Click HERE to see how you can qualify.
6 equal payments - 0% interest on Technology purchases of $500 or more. Click HERE to see how you can qualify.
The Fellowes Powershred 69Cb 10-Sheet Cross-Cut Shredder with a 10 minute run time features Jam Blocker Technology that blocks jams before they start The Fellowes Powershred 69Cb Cross-Cut Shredder is equipped with Jam Blocker Technology, blocking jams before they start, shredding up to 10 sheets of paper per pass quietly with SilentShred technology. An Energy Savings System gives you optimal energy efficiency, while SafeSense Technology automatically pauses the machine whenever hands touch the opening.
- Shreds: Quill, Credit Cards,Paper Clips
- 5 gallon pull-out bin
- Measures 20.00 by 10.00 by 18.38 inches (HxWxD)
- Jam Blocker Technology blocks jams before they start
- SilentShred offers ultra-quiet performance for shared workspaces
- SafeSense Technology stops shredding when hands touch the paper opening
- Energy Savings System provides optimal energy efficiency 100% of the time-in use and out of use
- 1-year Product Warranty with a 5-year Cutter Warranty
- For 1 user
- 9-inch-wide paper entry accommodates a variety of docment sizes
- Measures 20 by 10 by 18.38 inches (HxWxD)
- Backed by a 1-year machine warranty and 5-year cutter warranty
|Shredder Type : Personal
|Auto-Feed Shredding : No
|Shredder Cut Type : Cross
|Jam Protection : Yes
|Security Level : P-3
|Media Destroyer : No
|Height (in.) : 20"
|Width (in.) : 10"
|Depth (in.) : 18.4"
|Warranty : 1-year product warranty plus 5-year cutter warranty
|Shredder Overload Protection : Yes
|Shreds CDs/DVDs : No
|Full Wastebasket Indicator : No
|Shreds Credit Cards : Yes
|Shreds Staples : Yes
|Manual Reverse : Yes
|Automatic Reverse : Yes
|Auto Oiling : No
|Shreds Paper Clips : Yes
|Automatic Start/Stop : Yes
|Noise Level (dB.) : 62 dB
|Cool Down Time (minutes) : 20 Minutes
|Shred Speed (ft/min) : 11 ft/min
|Recommended Number of Users : 1 User
|Shred Size : 0.156" x 2"
|Shredder Capacity (sheets per pass) : 10 sheets per pass
|Wastebasket Capacity (gal.) : 5
|Continuous Run Time (minutes) : 10
|Brand : Fellowes
|Weight : 36.40 lbs. per Each
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It's not all the time that you find yourself in need of a replacement Ignition Coil to fix your vehicle. Auto enthusiasts know that good looks is built into each Ford, and understand that only the best repair Escape parts will suffice when your car or truck needs fixing. When your Ford Escape rolled off the assembly line, it was destined for a person with discerning taste who prioritizes long-lasting quality in their automobile. While it's not hard to find replacement parts for Ford vehicles, these days the necessity for nothing but the highest quality are required to maintain your automobile.
Without the timed ignition systems in our internal combustion engines, there would be no way to generate enough power for efficient operation. One durable part in your engine that has a countdown to failure is your ignition coil. If you have electronically controlled ignition that uses an engine control module, then you have an ignition coil pack or an ignition coil for each cylinder in your Ford Escape. If you have mechanically timed ignition that uses a distributor, then you will only have one ignition coil.. But no matter how many ignition coils you have, it will eventually not work anymore. If just one Ford Escape ignition coil fails, then your timing will grow more irregular, and your engine won't put out as much horsepower because it won't be firing on all cylinders.
Procuring new Ford parts from www.carpartsdiscount.com means you are taking advantage of the absolute greatest original and aftermarket replacement Escape parts on the internet. Don't let a Ignition Coil repair spell the end of your car, truck, or SUV, and don't risk lowering its resale value by installing anything but the best replacement parts. When your Ford requires a top quality replacement Ignition Coil, there's no need to go somewhere besides the authority, Car Parts Discount. If your car or truck was built in 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, then you will find the correct Ford Escape Ignition Coil parts right here.


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Insight, analysis and expert debate as key policy makers are challenged on the latest news stories. From BBC Radio 4's Today programme
April 29th, 2015
Episode 320 of 1744 episodes
The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides is this week's book at bedtime on Radio 4. It chronicles in great detail the 27-year-long war between Athens and Sparta during the 5th century BC, which reshaped the face of ancient Greece and pitted Athenian democracy against brutal Spartan militarism. Thucydides said 'My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, but was done to last for ever,' indeed it is a text that is still studied by military academies around the world. Professor Neville Morley is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Bristol and blogs about modern interpretations of Thucydides at The Sphinx Blog and Dr Katherine Harloe is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Reading.
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Welcome to the Brain Training Podcast, the daily audio workout for your head. In this podcast we have two games for you, each with three rounds which get progressively harder. To enjoy the full experience, relax, and avoid distractions whilst you listen.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Stefan Bodewig <bode...@apache.org>
|Re: How to update a jar?
|Thu, 10 May 2001 06:03:53 GMT
Diane Holt <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > --- Jon Skeet <email@example.com> wrote: >> >> The jar task actually extends the zip task, IIRC. Does the zip >> task have update features? I didn't think so, but I could be >> wrong. > > I don't think <zip> does, either. No, it doesn't. > And I think the reason the <jar> task doesn't is because Ant tries > to be compatible with JDK 1.1, and that didn't offer the -u flag for > its 'jar' command. I don't think, this really is the reason. Technically, there is no way to update a zip archive (call it zip or jar or war or whatever), you always have to create a new one mixing content. Using the approach Jon showed in his first mail (move the old archive, create a new one, delete the old one) is the only thing one can do - that doesn't mean that Ant couldn't hide this mechanism from the user, moving and deleting archives under the covers. Stefan
|View raw message


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Shipping Internationally
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Sanding Sugar/sprinkles Question
Decorating By JWinslow Updated 4 Oct 2013 , 2:52am by sixinarow
Hello all,
I want to use some sanding sugar or sugar flakes on a cake. Just a light sprinkle, but I would like them to stick. Is there a way to adhere them without discoloring my fondant with water or gum glue? Pushing them into the fondant is not an option.
Thank so much in advance.
A thin coat of piping gel worked well for me when I needed sanding sugar to stick to gumpaste twigs.
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