text:
The molecular portraits of breast tumors are conserved across microarray platforms
Validation of a novel gene expression signature in independent data sets is a critical step in the development of a clinically useful test for cancer patient risk-stratification. However, validation is often unconvincing because the size of the test set is typically small. To overcome this problem we used publicly available breast cancer gene expression data sets and a novel approach to data fusion, in order to validate a new breast tumor intrinsic list.
A 105-tumor training set containing 26 sample pairs was used to derive a new breast tumor intrinsic gene list. This intrinsic list contained 1300 genes and a proliferation signature that was not present in previous breast intrinsic gene sets. We tested this list as a survival predictor on a data set of 311 tumors compiled from three independent microarray studies that were fused into a single data set using Distance Weighted Discrimination. When the new intrinsic gene set was used to hierarchically cluster this combined test set, tumors were grouped into LumA, LumB, Basal-like, HER2+/ER-, and Normal Breast-like tumor subtypes that we demonstrated in previous datasets. These subtypes were associated with significant differences in Relapse-Free and Overall Survival. Multivariate Cox analysis of the combined test set showed that the intrinsic subtype classifications added significant prognostic information that was independent of standard clinical predictors. From the combined test set, we developed an objective and unchanging classifier based upon five intrinsic subtype mean expression profiles (i.e. centroids), which is designed for single sample predictions (SSP). The SSP approach was applied to two additional independent data sets and consistently predicted survival in both systemically treated and untreated patient groups.
This study validates the "breast tumor intrinsic" subtype classification as an objective means of tumor classification that should be translated into a clinical assay for further retrospective and prospective validation. In addition, our method of combining existing data sets can be used to robustly validate the potential clinical value of any new gene expression profile.
The classification of human tumors using microarray data has been an area of intense research, but it remains a daunting task to validate a new profile and generate a clinically useful test. Many different gene expression-based predictors have been developed for breast cancer
A major challenge for microarray studies, especially those with clinical implications, is validation
Identification of the Intrinsic/UNC gene set
Our goals were to (1) create a new breast tumor intrinsic list, (2) validate this list on an independent dataset to show the clinical significance of the "intrinsic" classifications, and (3) to derive an objective "intrinsic subtype" classifier that could be used clinically (see Figure
Figure 1
Overview of the analysis methods and datasets used in this paper
Overview of the analysis methods and datasets used in this paper.
Additional File 2
Supplemental Table 1. Clinical and microarray information associated with each patient in the 105-sample training dataset.
Click here for file
Validation of the Intrinsic/UNC gene list
To evaluate the Intrinsic/UNC gene set on an independent test dataset, we applied it to a "combined test set" of 315 breast samples (311 tumors and 4 normal breast samples) using hierarchical clustering methods as have been done previously
Figure 2
Hierarchical cluster analysis of the 315-sample combined test set using the Intrinsic/UNC gene set reduced to 306 genes
Hierarchical cluster analysis of the 315-sample combined test set using the Intrinsic/UNC gene set reduced to 306 genes. (A) Overview of complete cluster diagram. (B) Experimental sample-associated dendrogram. (C) Luminal/ER+ gene cluster with
Additional File 1
Supplemental Figure 1. Complete hierarchical cluster diagram of the 315-sample combined test set analyzed using the Intrinsic/UNC gene set, which was reduced to 306 genes based upon the gene overlap between datasets. Sorlie
Click here for file
As shown in previous studies, a HER2+ expression cluster was observed in the cluster analysis of the "combined test set" and contained multiple genes from the 17q11 amplicon including
The most significant difference between the previous Intrinsic/Stanford gene lists and the new Intrinsic/UNC gene list was that the latter contained a large proliferation signature (Figure
A possible new tumor group (IFN) characterized by the high expression of Interferon (IFN)-regulated genes was observed in the combined test set analysis (Figure
Tumor subtypes identified by the Intrinsic/UNC gene set are predictive of outcome
To determine how many biologically relevant tumor subtypes/groups might be present within the cluster in Figure
Figure 3
Kaplan-Meier survival curves of breast tumors classified by intrinsic subtype
Kaplan-Meier survival curves of breast tumors classified by intrinsic subtype. Survival curves are shown for (A) the 315-sample combined test set classified by hierarchical clustering using the Intrinsic/UNC gene set and (B) the 60-sample Ma et al., (C) 96-sample Chang et al., and (D) 105-sample (used to derive the Intrinsic/UNC gene set) datasets classified by the Nearest-Centroid predictor (Single Sample Predictor).
In the combined test set, the standard clinical parameters of ER status, node status, grade, and tumor size (note: data for clinical HER2 status was not available) were significant predictors of RFS using Kaplan-Meier analysis (Figure
Figure 4
Kaplan-Meier survival curves using RFS as the endpoint, for the common clinical parameters present within the 315-sample combined test set
Kaplan-Meier survival curves using RFS as the endpoint, for the common clinical parameters present within the 315-sample combined test set. Survival curves are shown for (A) ER status, (B) node status, (C) histologic grade (1 = well-differentiated, 2 = intermediate, 3 = poor), and (D) tumor size (1 = diameter of 2 cm or less; 2 = diameter greater than 2 cm and less than or equal to 5 cm; 3 = diameter greater than 5 cm; 4 = any size with direct extension to chest wall or skin).
Table 1
Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis of (A) standard clinical factors alone, or with (B) the Intrinsic Subtypes in relation to Relapse-Free Survival for the 315-sample combined test set. Size was a binary variable (0 = diameter of 2 cm or less, 1 = greater than 2 cm); node status was a binary variable (0 = no positive nodes, 1 = one or more positive nodes); age was a continuous variable formatted as decade-years. Hazard ratios for Intrinsic Subtypes were calculated relative to the Luminal A subtype. Variables found to be significant (p < 0.05) in the Cox proportional hazards model are shown in bold.
Relapse-Free survival
Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
Age, per decade
1.04 (0.90–1.20)
ER status
0.59 (0.41–0.83)
Node status
1.41 (0.98–2.04)
Tumor grade 2
2.41 (1.08–5.36)
Tumor grade 3
3.98 (1.80–8.82)
1.60 (1.31–1.95)
Relapse-Free survival
Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
Age, per decade
1.08 (0.94–1.24)
ER status
0.69 (0.42–1.13)
Node status
1.35 (0.92–1.98)
Tumor grade 2
1.88 (0.82–4.32)
Tumor grade 3
2.58 (1.08–6.12)
1.59 (1.30–1.95)
Basal-like vs. LumA
2.02 (1.05–3.90)
HER2+/ER- vs. LumA
3.47 (1.78–6.76)
LumB vs. LumA
1.92 (1.07–3.45)
IFN vs. LumA
1.40 (0.67–2.91)
Normal-like vs. LumA
1.56 (0.59–4.16)
To further evaluate the prognostic/predictive value of the intrinsic subtype classification, we performed multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis of the combined test set using the six intrinsic subtypes/groups defined above and the five standard clinical parameters with RFS, OS, or DSS as the endpoint (Table
Associations of the intrinsic subtypes with clinical and biological parameters
To further characterize and better understand the intrinsic subtypes, we determined whether an association existed between intrinsic subtype and grade, node status, ER status, age, and tumor size in the combined test set. Two-way contingency table analysis showed significant association between grade and subtype, with HER2+/ER- and Basal-like tumors more likely to be grade 3 (Table
Table 2
Association between tumor histologic grade and intrinsic subtype in the 315-sample combined test set.
Intrinsic Subtype
Two-way contingency table
(#of pts.)
(#of pts.)
(#of pts.)
(#of pts.)
(#of pts.)
1 (well)
2 (intermediate)
3 (poor)
Statistics for two-way contingency table analysis
p-value† <0.0001
Cramer's V†† 0.42
†p-value calculated from Chi-square test on contingency table. ††Cramer's V statistic (value can range from 0 to 1) measures the strength of association between the two variables analyzed in the contingency table, with 1 indicating perfect association and 0 indicating no association.
To determine association between age and subtype, we used an unpaired Student's t-test to compare the average ages of diagnosis of each tumor subtype. Interestingly, the average age of diagnosis for HER2+/ER- tumors was significantly less than that for all other tumor types. The average age of diagnosis for LumA tumors was significantly greater than that for LumB tumors.
Derivation and application of a Single Sample Predictor
A caveat to the above analyses is that our classifications were based upon hierarchical clustering, which is a powerful tool for intrinsic class discovery, but which is not suited for individual sample classification because to classify a new sample would require a reanalysis of all samples. Therefore, we wanted to create an unchanging and objective method to classify tumors according to intrinsic subtype that could be clinically applicable. To this end, we developed a Single Sample Predictor (SSP) using the combined test set hierarchically clustered using the 306 Intrinsic/UNC genes (Figure
To validate the SSP, we tested it on two additional datasets not used previously. The first was the 60-patient Ma et al. dataset, which represents a group of early stage ER+ tamoxifen-treated patients
We also applied the SSP onto the 105-sample dataset used to derive the Intrinsic/UNC gene list, which is technically not a test set for the SSP because it was used to derive the Intrinsic/UNC gene set. The tumor groups identified by the SSP showed significantly different RFS (Figure
The development and validation of gene sets for cancer patients requires significant resources because large training and test sets are required to achieve robust results. In fact, microarray studies are often criticized for a lack of rigorous validation due to small sample sizes
The remarkable power of our DWD-based approach is indicated by the fact that although samples came from different platforms, hierarchical clustering analysis of the combined data set managed to group samples and genes based upon biology, and not some artifact caused by combining the data sets together. Evidence that this grouping reflected biology and not some artifact comes from (1) the finding that various Gene Ontology terms were significantly over-represented relative to chance in individual gene clusters seen in this analysis and (2) the groupings of the samples showed inter-dataset mixing and were significant predictors of outcome in univariate Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox analysis. It is also remarkable that this classification was successful in predicting outcome despite the fact that the Intrinsic/UNC gene set was reduced from 1300 genes to 306 genes in the combined test set; this indicates the robust nature of the intrinsic subtypes as defined by the new Intrinsic/UNC gene list.
One of the accomplishments of this manuscript was to develop an unchanging and objective intrinsic subtype predictor that could be used routinely in the clinical setting. This was accomplished by first identifying a new intrinsic gene set and then using this set to develop the Single Sample Predictor (SSP) that was shown here to be both prognostic on the local therapy-only patient subset from Chang et al.
The results of this study advance our current knowledge of the intrinsic breast tumor subtypes and provides an objective method (SSP) for prospectively classifying tumors that could be used in the clinical setting. More broadly speaking, our findings show that while the individual brushstrokes (
Sample collection, RNA isolation and microarray hybridization
105 fresh frozen breast tumor samples and 9 normal breast samples were obtained using IRB-approved protocols at 4 institutions: the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), The University of Utah, Thomas Jefferson University, and the University of Chicago. This sample set represents an ethnically and geographically diverse cohort.
Total RNA was purified from each sample using the Qiagen RNAeasy Kit. RNA integrity was determined using the RNA 6000 Nano LabChip Kit and Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. Total RNA amplification and labeling were done as previously described in
Identification of the intrinsic gene set
We derived a new breast tumor intrinsic gene set, referred to as the "Intrinsic/UNC" list, using a training set composed of the 105 tumor samples described above, 9 normal breast samples, and 26 sample pairs (in total, represented by 146 microarrays). 15, 9, and 2 of the 26 sample pairs were different physical pieces of the same tumor (taken at the same time point), tumor-metastasis pairs and normal sample pairs, respectively. The background subtracted, Lowess normalized log2 ratio of Cy5 to Cy3 intensity values were first filtered to select genes that had a signal intensity of at least 30 units above background in both the Cy5 and Cy3 channels. Only genes that met these criteria in at least 70% of the 146 microarrays were included for subsequent analysis. Next, we performed an "intrinsic" analysis as described previously
Creation and analyses of the combined test set
The independent test set was a 315-sample "combined test set" consisting of three DNA microarray datasets (Sorlie
Derivation of the Single Sample Predictor
The Single Sample Predictor (SSP) is a Nearest Centroid-based method based upon the work of Hastie and Tibshirani
To create each intrinsic subtype centroid, we averaged the gene expression profiles for samples clearly assigned to each subtype (limiting the analysis to 249 of the 315 samples) using the hierarchical clustering dendrogram as a guide (Figure
Survival analyses
Kaplan-Meier survival plots were compared using the Cox-Mantel log-rank test in WinSTAT for Excel (R. Fitch Software). Two-way contingency table analysis and unpaired Student's t-test were done using WinSTAT. For the "combined test set", multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed using SAS (Cary, NC).
Authors' contributions
C.M.P. was the Principal Investigator and instigated the study, helped with design and wrote the paper, while J.P., O.I.O, and P.S.B. were the Principal Investigators at each of the three other participating institution and were involved in the study design, implementation and manuscript writing. C.F., J.S.M., B.F.Q., A.N., and J.P. were responsible for the statistical analyses and some writing. Z.H and X.H. performed all of the tumor RNA preparation and microarray experiments and were involved in the writing. J.W. and Y.L. were responsible for all data management and some data analysis. C.L. was responsible for the pathological assessment of most tumor samples and was involved in the writing. M.E. and D.O. were involved in data analysis, interpretation and writing. Tumor sample collection, clinical data acquisition and interpretation was accomplished by L.C., M.E., R.N., M.T., A.R.O., D.D., L.P., E.N., M.M., H.H., M.M., J.F.Q., L.R.S., E.R., and L.D., and it should be noted that this was separately accomplished at four institutions.
C.M.P. was supported by funds from the NCI Breast SPORE program to UNC-CH (P50-CA58223-09A1), by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (U19-ES11391-03) and by NCI (RO1-CA-101227-01). P.S.B. was supported by NCI R33-CA97769-01, O.I.O. by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P50 ESO12382), A.N by NSF Grant DMS 0406361, J.S.M. by NSF Grant DMS-0308331, and L.A.C. by NIH M01RR00046. The Breast Cancer Research Foundation supported C.M.P., O.I.O and L.R.S.
Molecular portraits of human breast tumours
Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications
Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets
Gene expression profiles derived from fine needle aspiration correlate with response to systemic chemotherapy in breast cancer
Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer
A two-gene expression ratio predicts clinical outcome in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen
Gene expression predictors of breast cancer outcomes
Different gene expression patterns in invasive lobular and ductal carcinomas of the breast
Gene expression profiling identifies molecular subtypes of inflammatory breast cancer
A multigene assay to predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated, node-negative breast cancer
A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer
Classification of human lung carcinomas by mRNA expression profiling reveals distinct adenocarcinoma subclasses
Molecular classification of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas using patterns of gene expression
Diversity of gene expression in adenocarcinoma of the lung
Prediction of cancer outcome with microarrays: a multiple random validation strategy
Gene-expression profiling in breast cancer
Pitfalls in the use of DNA microarray data for diagnostic and prognostic classification
Microarrays and molecular research: noise discovery?
Breast cancer classification and prognosis based on gene expression profiles from a population-based study
Adjustment of systematic microarray data biases
Identifying biological themes within lists of genes with EASE
Mutation of GATA3 in human breast tumors
Distinctive gene expression patterns in human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancers
Molecular portraits and the family tree of cancer
Identification of genes periodically expressed in the human cell cycle and their expression in tumors
Transcriptionally active Stat1 is required for the antiproliferative effects of both interferon alpha and interferon gamma
Interferon-alpha activates multiple STAT proteins and upregulates proliferation-associated IL-2Ralpha, c-myc, and pim-1 genes in human T cells
Biostatistics: a methodology for the health sciences
Use of gene-expression profiling to identify prognostic subclasses in adult acute myeloid leukemia
Semi-supervised methods to predict patient survival from gene expression data
Robustness, scalability, and integration of a wound-response gene expression signature in predicting breast cancer survival
Phenotypic evaluation of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma
Different gene expression-based predictors for breast cancer patients are concordant
Gene expression signature of fibroblast serum response predicts human cancer progression: similarities between tumors and wounds
High reproducibility using sodium hydroxide-stripped long oligonucleotide DNA microarrays
Universal Reference RNA as a standard for microarray experiments
UNC Microarray Database
Normalization for cDNA microarray data: a robust composite method addressing single and multiple slide systematic variation
UNC Breast Tumor Data
Gene Expression Omnibus
Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response
Missing value estimation methods for DNA microarrays
SOURCE: a unified genomic resource of functional annotations, ontologies, and gene expression data
Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns
The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction
Diagnosis of multiple cancer types by shrunken centroids of gene expression


text:
An educated person is a man who takes more language than needed to report to much than he knows.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Non-traditional universities are investing mixture as a combative advantage. The dynamical demographics in America are reshaping our lives. You can see it even in old school artistic programs.
For example, Regent University has 70 Blacks (22%) in its doctoral program; this contradicts the 3.1 proportion political unit middle. In a prototypical scholarly person program, you would see a lesser amount of minorities. Some may astonishment why this is the covering. Clearly, Tsui and Gutek, sociology gurus, explicate that several organizations are typically demographically homogenous. Individuals beside degree degrees are a homogenised arrangement.Post ads:
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With this clarification, let's canvass this scholarly development. Non-traditional institutions (HBCUs, online colleges, etc.) deal in an access to the degree pathway for Black professionals. Nova Southeastern and Howard University blend for 7.6 percentage of all degree awarded to Blacks from 1993-1998.
Many scholarly traditionalists gripe that these institutions adopt inferior candidates that traditional schools would spin around downbound. They pooh-pooh the thought part-time academic degree beginner. Therefore, the domain celebration formation believes those untraditional universities are academically inferior.
Why are these nontraditional institutions growing so double-quick then? These institutions manage an unmet have need of in the market. The middling American can't drop to make a contribution up their jobs in move of a doctorial point.Post ads:
Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality: A critical frame analysis of gender policies in Europe (CPS Books)
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Horticultural Reviews, Volume 21
CRC Handbook of Enthalpy Data of Polymer-Solvent Systems
Brussels, Bruges, Ghent & Antwerp (Eyewitness Travel Guides)
The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book 1 (Sects 1-46), 2nd Ed.
Western Marxism and the Soviet Union (Historical Materialism Book Series)
Gemeindeordnung und Kirchenzucht: Johannes a Lascos Kirchenordnung f?r London (1555) und die reformierte Konfessionsbildung (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions) (German Edition)
Si la route m'?tait cont?e... : Un autre regard sur la route et les mobilit?s durables
Cosmopatriots: On Distant Belongings and Close Encounters. (Thamyris Instersecting: Place, Sex, and Race)
WPF par la pratique
Lexical Processing in Second Language Learners: Papers and Perspectives in Honour of Paul Meara (Second Language Acquisition)
Social Policy Review 17 (Social Policy Review S.)
These nontraditional institutions contribute literary access, program flexibility, logical business accommodations, pedantic acceptance, and path offerings caudate to their face-to-face requests. Unfortunately, these non-traditional former students must make surpassing results in the marketplace to devastate these researcher mythology.
NSF.gov (1998). Doctorate Recipients from the United States Universities: Summary Report 1998. Received on July 17, 2006, from
Tsui, A. & Gutek, B. (1999). Demographic Differences in Organizations. New York: Lexington Books.
Winston, B. (July 16, 2006). Response to Forum A: A Call to Extraordinary
© 2006 by Daryl D. Green

subset: commoncrawl


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There are many things that I could tell you about me as I am a humble, funny, kind-hearted, faithful, sincere, and faithful woman who is waiting for her true love. I'm serious, but at the same time very romantic and delicate by nature. People say that I have a beautiful smile.
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Bridal Bliss: Telephone Love
Stylist Alexandria Sanders and basketball player Chad Lawrence Yates spent their first few years together as a couple getting to know each other over the phone, while attending colleges a few hours apart in D.C. and Baltimore. After graduation, Chad's basketball career led him to New York, keeping their usage of unlimited nights and weekend minutes at an all-time high. Tired of their long distance love affair, the two relocated to Atlanta and tied the knot in a beautiful autumn affair. Share their love. Read More: Bridal Bliss: In It To Win ItBridal Bliss: Heaven SentHere's what you had to say: Naye commented: "I Love to hear [when] men keep some tradition with asking the father for his daughter's hand in marriage. In Chad's case, he showed great character by traveling across the country to do just that, as well as to create a bond with the important men in his bride's life. [He gets] big points for that!" Anonymous wrote: "This is so beautiful. I wish you all many blissful years together."
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Mayor-President Kip Holden issued a news release Tuesday defending his office's handling of federal Homeland Security grants, saying "no money has been misused, mismanaged or misallocated."
The release was Holden's first public comment since the Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness stripped the Mayor's Office of authority over the grants for refusing to follow state and federal guidelines.
Holden said his office has retained attorney Murphy Foster III to represent the city-parish in its dispute with GOHSEP over how the state agency is administering the federal grants.
Holden has challenged GOHSEP's legal authority to require that the parish sheriff review and sign off on certain Homeland Security grants. The mayor has said that essentially gives the sheriff veto power over grant spending.
Holden said in Tuesday's news release the city's legal position "remains very strong" that the Legislature intended for the Mayor-President's Office to manage and administer grants that come into the parish.
"The East Baton Rouge Parish Attorney's Office, whom I consulted with when this issue first arose, agrees with our position," Holden said.
Foster said in an interview Tuesday that, "There are significant legal issues at play" in the dispute.
"This is a legal dispute," Foster said. "It's not a political dispute. We hope we can reach accommodation with GOHSEP short of having to file a lawsuit."
Foster said city officials believe that all spending under the grant programs has been in "strict accordance" with grant rules.
"The city anticipates reimbursement of all monies spent pursuant to those grants," Foster said.
In a prepared statement, GOHSEP Executive Counsel Thomas Enright said Tuesday the state agency would continue to cooperate with East Baton Rouge Parish and its attorneys but "will not deviate from the rules and procedures applicable to this federal grant program."
He added, "We were contacted today by the law firm hired by the Mayor and freely directed them to the applicable rules and regulations that give GOHSEP the authority and responsibility to prudently manage these federal grants."
Federal Homeland Security funds are awarded to the state, which in turn apportions grants to Louisiana parishes based on population and various risk factors.
GOHSEP removed the Mayor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness from authority over the grants.
GOHSEP officials said they took the action because East Baton Rouge Parish was refusing to follow state and federal guidelines that all other Louisiana parishes are following.
GOHSEP designated the East Baton Rouge Parish Sheriff's Office and the Ascension Parish Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness as the new grant managers over $4 million in grant funds.
As of mid-April, the city-parish had spent at least $1.2 million on homeland security-related purposes, for which the city-parish is expecting to be reimbursed.
GOHSEP Deputy Director Clayton Rives has said the city-parish will need to find another funding source or work with Sheriff Sid Gautreaux to get reimbursed for any Homeland Security-related items or services that have already been purchased.
He said GOHSEP would have to decide the reimbursement requests on a case-by-case basis since anything purchased so far had not received the required pre-approval of GOHSEP.
Gautreaux said last week that if money the city-parish has already spent "fits the criteria allowable under the grants, I'm certainly not going to fight that."
Rives also said last week that the city-parish will not be reimbursed for $362,784 under separate homeland security grants for fiscal year 2008 because the city-parish did not comply with program rules or exceeded the amount that was available in the grants.
Several Metro Council members have expressed concern about the potential fiscal impact of GOHSEP's decision to strip Holden's office of control over the grants.
They said they are concerned the city-parish faces having to find money from an already tight budget to cover homeland security expenses that might not be reimbursed by federal grants.
Mayor Pro Tem Mike Walker questioned Tuesday the mayor's decision to hire Foster as special counsel.
"He keeps telling us we don't have any money," Walker said. "How is he going to pay for Mr. Foster? Whose budget is he going to take it out of."
In Tuesday's news release, Holden said the Mayor's Office of Homeland Security has received high marks from federal regulators.
"This office recently underwent a United States Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General audit on the Homeland Security program funds with no adverse finding and the office programs were recognized by the audit as 'Best Practices,' " the release states.


text: Les, you write: > Most of the system is reiserfs created on lvm devices. In fact, the > only part of the system that is not reiserfs/lvm is the /boot tree as > you can see: > > Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on > /dev/lvg01/slash 600M 268M 332M 45% / > /dev/hda1 45M 4.4M 39M 10% /boot > /dev/lvg01/home 1.0G 133M 891M 13% /home > /dev/lvg01/usr 2.0G 1.3G 752M 63% /usr > /dev/lvg01/src 700M 249M 451M 36% /usr/src > /dev/lvg01/local 1.0G 537M 487M 52% /usr/local > /dev/lvg01/var 300M 123M 177M 41% /var > /dev/lvg01/mp3 1.5G 1.4G 110M 93% /mp3 > /dev/lvg01/pictures 1.0G 38M 986M 4% /pictures > /dev/lvg01/wine 1.0G 32M 992M 3% /wine I'm _hoping_ to get some time soon to update LILO to support the new 0.9 ioctl so that /boot can be in LVM as well. > I want to migrate to the source from > > kernel-headers-2.4.0-5mdk.i586.rpm > kernel-source-2.4.0-5mdk.i586.rpm > > patched with lvm_0.9.1_beta2.tar.gz. > > The problem is, I am not sure of the implementation order. i.e., should > I first try to add the 0.9.1 user space tools and then the new kernel. > Or, should I try to add a 0.9.1 patch to the current kernel before > switching to the new 2.4.0 kernel etc... I did the upgrade from 0.8final to 0.9 relatively painlessly, by installing the Conectiva RPMs that support multiple user-tools before rebooting. This was all on a 2.2 ext2 system with far less LVM on it, however. YMMV. The Conectiva RPMs allow you to do proper shutdown of the current system, start the new kernel and be off and running. If you ever need to reboot into the old kernel, it should also work without any changes (assuming everything else is OK). See http://distro.conectiva.com.br/experimental/ Cheers, Andreas -- Andreas Dilger \ "If a man ate a pound of pasta and a pound of antipasto, \ would they cancel out, leaving him still hungry?" http://www-mddsp.enel.ucalgary.ca/People/adilger/ -- Dogbert


text:
About Us
When you're born to fish but forced to work, you need to contact Called In Sick Fishing Charters for a little ocean medication! We are a veteran owned fishing guide charter service in Galveston and Sargent, TX. We welcome all types of fishing enthusiasts. Whether you are a seasoned rodman or have never been on a boat we'll take you out and find the fish!
Captain Steve Bridges is a U.S. Coast Guard licensed & Texas All Water Licensed fishing guide native to the Gulf shores. He has extensive experience fishing in the Galveston and Matagorda bays. We offer year-round charters in the bays as well as offshore. Bait, ice, rods, tackle, FUEL and a prescription for a great day on the water is all included in the price! As you can see below we love fishing!
Captain Steve Bridges
The Boat
Galveston, TX 3-17-2017
Sargent, TX 9-5-2016
Sargent, TX 8-31-2016
Galveston, TX 8-20-2016
Port O'Connor, TX 8-11-2016
Galveston, TX 8-9-2016
Sargent, TX 8-8-2016
Sargent, TX 8-5-2016
Sargent, TX 6-29-2016
Galveston Fishing Trip – Caught at our
Galveston Honey Hole.
Port O'connor Redfish – Red is our favorite color!
CCA Star Tournament – 3rd runner up in the Star Teens division, middle coast!
30 Speckled Trout! Limited out in the first 26 minutes of the day! ~Galveston, TX
Epic Day for limiting out on Kings! ~Galveston, TX (Julie B.)


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- The following is excerpted from the page Threats to Democracy. Please feel free to join in the discussion in the talk page.
Curiously, the word "propaganda" is rarely used in modern political discourse, and yet, propaganda is more pervasive, widely used and effective than ever before. Perhaps this is because "propaganda" is a "dirty word", everyone's heard the word, yet few understand its true meaning. While propaganda in one form or another dates from the establishment of the Republic, the power of propaganda has been increased by the application of sophisticated techniques taken from commerce and product marketing, including the use of focus groups, data mining, and other technologies. Traditionally, propaganda was generated by "propaganda machines", organizations under the direct control of a political party. In the modern incarnation, control is much more diffuse, with few lines of direct accountability, and has more of the flavour of independent action by independent groups. The common feature is a willful distortion of the facts and out-right lying to promote a perticular point of view. More generally, cable news networks remain a dominant source of political information, with round-the-clock coverage of politics, "talking heads", including former presidential staffers from the Reagan and Clinton administrations, with strong political biases, as well as spokesmen from "non-partisan" think tanks whose biases are not revealed. In fact, listening to obviously biased information from both sides and distilling truth for yourself is usually better than listening to one supposedly unbiased source.


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Peppered Corn Bread Croutons
- Servings: Makes about 1 1/2 cups
- 1 1/2 cups diced Peppered Corn Bread
- 1 tablespoon canola oil
How to make this recipe
In a pie plate, toss Peppered Corn Bread with canola oil. Bake in a preheated 375° oven for about 10 minutes, until the croutons are golden and crisp. Let cool before using.
Contributed By John Currence Published September 2010


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SAIL Bhilai Result 2016
Steel Authority of India, Bhilai is going to launch the mentioned posts examinations Result, the Exam was held on 20th December 2015. A Large No. Of eligible candidates have participated in this exam with hardly preparations for the recently held examinations which has been held on above mentioned date. For any type of exam the Release Of Result is an important part for clarification about the doubts raised by candidates about their Status.
The posts of OCT (Trainee) & OCT (Boiler Operation) & ACT(T) has been announced by SAIL. The Large no. Of Aspirants have made their nominations & participated in the recently held exams. All those applied candidates now waiting for their SAIL Bhilai Result 2016. A Huge number of candidates want to become the part of this established steel company.
As Soon as the Result will be released on official site, the Candidates will soon ready to download it as this is compulsory document for Competition Exam. They who sit in the Written Examination for OCTT (Operator Cum Technician Trainee) & ACTT (Attendant Cum Technician Trainee) which has been held on 20th December 2016 (SUNDAY). The Candidates are notified to download their Result from the link provided in below segment.
Recruitment Announced By :- Steel Authority of India, Bhilai
Type Of Info :- SAIL Bhilai Result 2016
Designation :- Operator Cum Technician ( Trainee)Attendant Cum Technician( Trainee)
Exam Date :- 20th December 2015 (SUNDAY)
Status :- Available Soon
SAIL Bhilai OCTT/ACTT Result 2016
The Participants are here instructed about the Result that the Authority will deliver on its main site for download. All the candidates who have applied for the post of Operator-cum-Technician (Trainee/Boiler Operation) or Attendant-cum-Technician (Trainee) are hereby informed that written test for the post has been held on 20.12.2016 (Sunday).
The provisionally eligible candidate may download his/her written test Result from the below given link after log in using their Registration No. (User name) and Date of Birth (Password). Result for downloading will be available to only those eligible candidates who have completed all steps of registration process after feeding payment details (if required).
Download Result 2016 For Mentioned Posts Click Here
Visit For More Info @ http://sailcareers.com/bhilai
" Please Leave Your Comments in comment box for any suggestion or Query. Your effort will be highly appreciated by us. Press Ctrl + D to bookmark this web page i.e. www.jobalert4u.in "
"With Best Of Luck"


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Salmon With Papaya Salsa Recipe
Serves 4 Preparation time 5 minutes Cooking time 30 minutes Ingredients 2 avocados, diced 2 cups papaya, peeled, deseeded and diced 150g cherry tomatoes,...16
Serves 4 Preparation time 5 minutes Cooking time 30 minutes Ingredients 2 avocados, diced 2 cups papaya, peeled, deseeded and diced 150g cherry tomatoes,...16
Give your significant other something to look forward to with with delicious pasta recipe that just makes...55
Lentils are part of the legume family and are nutty in flavour, popular amongst vegetarians. Because they...106
When you're in a rush and want to cook something simple yet tasty for dinner, pull out...111
We're always looking for new chicken breast recipes, so when we tried this dish it quickly became...572
Meatloaf is making a comeback, especially when it's done well like this version from the beautiful new...506
We all know we should eat more fish, but sometimes we need a little inspiration when it...826
These Greek-style lamb chops are one of the best easy dinner recipes for weekends - whether it...1,207
Whether you're looking to spice up your dinner roster or introduce more vegetarian recipes into your weekly...2,670
We're always looking for quick dinner ideas, and these tasty chicken skewers are a real 30-minute recipe....597
This French baked vegetable and egg dish is one of our favourite French Women Don't Get Fat...1,108
Make tonight pizza tonight with this delicious Vegemite, sweet potato and rosemary pizza recipe. The Vegemite adds...925
Who doesn't love butter chicken, but instead of ordering one from your local takeaway (with that appetising...832
Now that it's warming up, one of our favourite quick dinner ideas is whipping up a salad,...743
My Kitchen Rules winners Dan and Steph have been trimming down - losing over 20kgs in 7 weeks...3,234
Imagine your favourite tomato soup recipe with the exotic Mexican flavours of cumin, corn and crunchy tortilla...677
What better way to celebrate the warm weather than with a burger cook-off! Start with our best-ever...1,013
We're always looking for delicious chicken breast recipes so couldn't wait to share this tasty chicken, chive...829
Spring means lamb and what better way to serve it for an easy dinner idea than in...779
Elevate your midweek pasta dinner with our best-ever Bolognese recipe - a great way to hide vegetables...987
We know we should all eat more fish, but finding easy fish recipes isn't always easy. This...1,365
These delicious beef rissoles are one of our favourite beef mince recipes (how many times can you...2,495
We love homemade pizza, especially on a Friday night or weekend when you can have some fun...827
TV chef Dominique Rizzo shares her classic chicken casserole recipe, one of our favourite easy dinner recipes...3,221
There's nothing more comforting than a bowl of homemade chicken soup - it truly is soulfood. We...625


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Post-Election Meltdown
On Tuesday evening, not only did the world witness a stunning and historic presidential election, we also witnessed a stunning and historic market reaction. Safe to say that when voting started on Tuesday, expectations were set for some overnight volatility during the 2016 Presidential Election decision, but was anyone really prepared for what happened after the exit polls? News media stations were comparing it to another Brexit.
During the evening , the S&P 500 stock index futures market went from up 17 points to down 107 points; a 124 point swing, in a matter of 3 ½ hours. That is a $7,787.50 move on one single contract. This near 6% drop actually caused circuit breakers to halt the market in a limit down move. In fact, all of the stock index futures markets experienced the same type of move in the same amount of time. Markets were in a complete tailspin until about 3 am CST when finally, Donald Trump was declared the next U.S. President. As he delivered his acceptance speech, markets were absolved of their uncertainty, and took a breather.
Before the outcome was announced, the stock index futures markets were not the only asset class experiencing heavy trading volume and ranges. Interest rates, metals, and currencies all got their fair share of action during that same time period. The 30 year bond futures plummeted 3.5%, gold spiked almost 4% and the US dollar index dropped 1.5%. This event was heard, seen and traded around the world.
Regardless of your political choice, you may have felt pain in your trading portfolio last night, or felt helpless about the final result. However, there is near 24 hour access to the markets through futures trading. This gives traders the opportunity to establish new positions, hedge portfolios, or even scalp the massive overnight ranges. Much like Brexit, the majority of the violent market moves linked to the U.S. election happened overnight. By the time equity traders got to work Wednesday morning, the market had significantly changed. This is often the case during major world events, whether anticipated or not.
This particular world event, although expected to move markets, was amplified beyond prediction. Surprisingly though, if you were just waking up at the end of this post-election day, you may have not even noticed the bloodshed. Shockingly, it resulted in a huge buying opportunity. Both the stock index futures and the US dollar index made peaceful transitions to erase all the overnight losses, and astonishingly, to close at session highs of the day. Nothing short of amazing. It's almost as if it were all a dream.
The above information is provided by OptionsHouse for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as trading or investment advice or a recommendation that any particular security, transaction, or investment strategy is suitable for any specific person. You are solely responsible for your investment decisions. Commentary and opinions expressed are those of the author/speaker and not necessarily of OptionsHouse. Neither OptionsHouse nor any of its employees, officers, shareholders or affiliated companies guarantee the accuracy of or endorse the views or opinions of guest speakers or commentators. Projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature and are not guarantees of future results. Results may vary with each use and over time. Any examples used that discuss trading profits or losses may not take into account trading commissions or fees.


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August 09, 2012 at 01:55:09 Aug 09, 2012 @ 01:55
I need a dope windbreaker for the fall. Know of any brands or particular jackets ya'll like?
He's cute? I bet he ain't #Hansum
https://soundcloud.com/tobiokami/okami-tobiokami https://soundcloud.com/tobiokami/okami-tobiokami MY MUSIC---
hop on the bus gus
hop on the bus gus
Inactive User
Heartbreak Boyz | Mia Khalifa Fan Club
I like these.
I like these.
yeah I like these with the pocket on the front but i really cant afford the sly guild price. are there any other brands that sells jackets like this? I cant seem to find any
http://www.facebook.com/groups/ShopandSwapLTD // http://instagram.com/l73_ For sale - http://hypebeast.com/forums/sneakers/210537#4242476