text:
THE DYNAMICS OF PUBLICATION AND CITATION NETWORKS IN ACADEMIA. by Burak Eskici B.S., Industrial Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 2006
- June Alisha Daniels
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 THE DYNAMICS OF PUBLICATION AND CITATION NETWORKS IN ACADEMIA by Burak Eskici B.S., Industrial Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 2006 Submitted to the Institute for Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Industrial Engineering Boğaziçi University 2009
2 ii THE DYNAMICS OF PUBLICATION AND CITATION NETWORKS IN ACADEMIA APPROVED BY: Prof. Yaman Barlas (Thesis Supervisor) Assist. Prof. Aybek Korugan... Prof. Orhan Yenigün... DATE OF APPROVAL:
3 iii to my parents İsmail and Münevver Eskici
4 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Yaman Barlas, my thesis supervisor, for his invaluable guidance and advisory throughout this study. Yet, supervising this thesis a just a small portion of his contribution to my academic career, knowledge and worldview. As a professor, as an advisor, as a friend, as a public intellectual he has added lots of values to my life. I would not have been myself, if we had not met. I would like to thank to Assist. Prof. Aybek Korugan and Prof Orhan Yenigün, the members of my thesis committee, for their valuable comments and suggestions. Moreover, as an industrial engineer, I would like to thank to professors at the Industrial Engineering Department of the Bogazici University. They have contributed a lot to my life in the most important time. Additionally, I would like to thank to all my teachers in the high school, secondary school and elementary school, for enlightening my path with the most powerful light, modern scientific education. I am also very grateful to Bilge Küçük, Nisa Güler and Selin Tamçakır, who did a graduation project on the same topic of this thesis. Their work, model and analyses have formed the base for this study. As a member of the group for two years, I would like to thank to Sesdyn Research Group friends, namely Güven Demirel, Emre Demirezen, Emre Keskin, Nisa Güler and Onur Özgün. All of them have been very tolerable, helpful and friendly. Among them I would like to exprees my special thank to Güven Demirel, who has helped me in the initial stages of the agent based model construction, and Nisa Güler, with whom we have written a conference paper from this project. Finally I wish to express my deepest gratidute to parents, İsmail and Münevver Eskici, for eveything they did for me in all aspects of my life. They have been always like lighthouses to find my path in the life course. I would not be able to find it without their
5 v exıstense. I would also thank to my brother, Bahadir Eskici, who has always been a wonderful friend and guide. I have been supported by TUBİTAK domestic masters degree fellowship program 2228 for two years. The ideas, views and conclusions expressed herein do not represent the official view of TUBİTAK.
6 vi ABSTRACT THE DYNAMICS OF PUBLICATION AND CITATION NETWORKS IN ACADEMIA In academia, one of the problems with publications can be summarized as 90% of the citations are received by 10% of the publications. Ineffective scientific policies drive problematic initiatives for doing spurious publications and sustaining the existing situation. Operationalizing award and punishment systems by counting publications and citations, at least needs closer attention. In this thesis I analyze three aspects of scientific publication and citation dynamics. Firstly, historical data analysis shows that average publication statistics and tendencies are different in different fields. In terms of co-authorship and network structures, at least in two exemplary fields, system dynamics and operations research, it is shown that they are substantially different. Moreover, publication and citation network data show certain sub-group formations in citation networks, but further investigations on whether there is an effect of social relationships on publication-citation networks show no evidence on the existence of such an effect in exemplary fields. Second part of the thesis, a system dynamic model, describes how academicians in a complex environment behave under two opposite pressures, publication and citation pressures. Intellectual skill levels and reputation are two important decisive factors on the success of publications. Last part of the analysis, agent based model, shows that different initial conditions of a field have a substantial effect on the emerging network structure among academicians. Young scholars, who try to enter into fields which are filled by senior authors, have difficulties in receiving enough citation, compared to the ones who are trying to enter into fields with junior academicians. This suggests that young scholars in different fields with different seniorities are not in the same situation and comparing the research performances of young researchers by just publication and citation numbers may not be valid and fair.
7 vii ÖZET AKADEMİK DÜNYADA YAYIN VE ATIF AĞLARININ DİNAMİKLERİ Akademik yayınların aldıkları toplam atıfın yüzde 90 ının yayınların yüzde 10 u tarafından paylaşıldığı gerçeği, yayın ve atıf dünyasında bilinen bir sorunu özetlemektedir. Akademik politikalar iyi tasarlanmadıkları takdirde yüzeysel ve çabuk yayın yapılmasına teşvik edip, bu durumun devam etmesine neden olabilirler. Bu yüzden akademik ödül ve yaptırımların, yayın ve atıf sayılarına bağlanması en azından daha dikkatli bir incelemeyi gerekli hale getiriyor. Bu tezde, bu ihtiyaca yönelik olarak, akademik yayın ve atıf dinamiklerini üç farklı açıdan incelenmiştirç İlk olarak, tarihsel veri analizi, farklı alanlarda ortalama yayın istatistiklerinin ve bu değerlerdeki eğilimlerin farklı olduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle ortak yayın yapma alışkanlıkları ve ağ yapıları açısından, en azından örnek alanlar olan sistem dinamiği ve yöneylem araştırması alanları birbirlerinden oldukça farklı çıkmaktadır. Diğer taraftan yayın ve atıf ağ verileri, atıf ağlarında küçük alt grup oluşumlarını göstermektedir. Ancak bu ağ oluşumlarının sosyal ilişkilerle bir bağlantısı olup olmadığı konusundaki inceleme, en azından mevcut verilerde ve seçilen alanlarda böyle bir ilişkiyi ortaya çıkarmamıştır. Tezin ikinci kısmı olan sistem dinamiği modeli ise bilim adamlarının oldukça karmaşık bir ortamda ve birbirine zıt şekilde hareket eden yayın yapma ve atıf alma baskıları altında karar vermelerini incelemektedir. Ayrıca akademisyenlerin yetenekleri ve kazandıkları ün, yayın ve atıf davranışları üzerinde oldukça etkili iki etken olarak kendilerini göstermektedir. Tezin son kısmı olan etmen temelli model ise herhangi bir alanın şartlarının, alanın ilerideki ağ yapısı üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğu ortaya koymuştur. Daha deneyimli ve başarılı bilim adamlarıyla dolu bir alana girmeye çalışan genç akademisyenlerin, daha genç ve az yayın yapmış bilim adamları ile dolu bir alana girmeye çalışan genc akademisyenlere göre atıf almakta oldukça zorlandıkları görülmektedir. Oluşan ağ yapısının bu özelliği, farklı olgunluk düzeyinde olan farklı alanlardaki genç akademisyenlerin aynı durumda olmadığını ve onları sadece yayın ve atıf sayılarla karşılaştırmanın çok geçerli ve adil olmadığını göstermektedir.
8 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ABSTRACT.. ÖZET. LIST OF FIGURES... LIST OF TABLES 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW.. 3. DATA AND FIELD ANALYSIS 3.1. Data and Sample Social Network Analysis Methodology Some Notions of Social Network Analysis Network Types in Scientometrics Co-citation Network Co-Authorship Networks Inter-citation Networks Software Packages Field Analysis Historical Trends Development of Literatures Author Co-citation Maps Co-Authorship Network Author Inter-Citation Networks Top 30 Authors System Dynamics Field Operations Research Field Sample Authors Set System Dynamics Field Operations Research Field Summary of Findings SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL.. iv vi vii xi xiv
9 ix 4.1. Modeling Objective Model Model Formulations Citation Pressure and Publication Pressure Total Research Time Quality Reputation Publication Flow Model Validation Structure Validity Behavior Validity Output Analysis Base Run Scenario Analyses No Publication Pressure No Citation Pressure Low Level of Skill High Level of Skill Low Initial Reputation and High Level of Skill High Initial Reputation and Low Level of Skill Chapter Conclusion And Summary Of Findings AGENT-BASED MODEL Modeling Objective Agent-Based Modeling Methodology Model Structure of Academicians Structure of Papers Process Flow Citation Formation Model Verification and Validation Output Analysis Base Model Scenario Analysis
10 x Initial Authors Are Juniors Initially Authors are Senior Initially Authors are Advanced Chapter Conclusion and Discussion CONCLUSION APPENDIX A.... APPENDIX B.. APPENDIX C... REFERENCES
11 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. The evolution of citation indexing... 5 Figure 3.1. Trends in number of no-authors per paper Figure 3.2. System Dynamics Review genealogical tree Figure 3.3. Operations Research Journal genealogical tree Figure 3.4. Management Science genealogical tree Figure 3.5. SDR Co-Citation network of authors (most salient links) Figure 3.6. MS Co-Citation network of authors (most salient links) ( ) Figure 3.7. SD Top 30 Author co-citation network ( ) Figure 3.8. OR Top30 Authors co-citation network ( ) Figure 3.9. SDR Author co-authorship network 26 Figure 3.10 a. SDR Co-authorship network clique Figure 3.10 b. SDR Co-authorship network clique Figure 3.11 a. SDR Co-authorship network clique Figure 3.11 b. SDR Co-authorship network clique Figure SD30 Inter-citation affiliation in spring embedded layout Figure SD30 Inter-citation - affiliation in circular layout Figure SD30 Inter-citation region Figure OR30 Inter-citation affiliation Figure OR30 Inter-citation - PhD Figure OR30 Inter-citation - region Figure OR30 Field sharing network Figure SD Inter citation network of 50 authors Figure OR Inter citation network of 80 authors Figure OR Inter citation network - subgroup Figure OR Inter citation network - subgroup Figure OR Inter citation network - subgroup Figure 4.1. Stock - Flow Diagram of the complete model Figure 4.2. Simplified Stock-Flow portion of the model
12 xii Figure 4.3. Causal-Loop diagram Figure 4.4. Citation pressure and publication pressure in the model Figure 4.5. Effect of citation pressure and publication pressure on reserved time per paper.. 53 Figure 4.6. Total research time section Figure 4.7. Quality section Figure 4.8. Reputation section Figure 4.9. Effect functions of external and internal citations on reputation Figure Publication flow section Figure Output of paper stocks - Base run Figure Pressure effects in the base model..., Figure Reserved time per paper and total research time in the base model 61 Figure Average citation per paper, reputation, and quality in base model. 61 Figure Cumulative paper stocks in the base run 62 Figure Paper flows - publication, maturation and obsolete rates - in the base model 63 Figure Paper stocks in scenario Figure Reserved time per paper and total research time and citation flows in scenario Figure Paper stocks in scenario Figure Reserved time per paper and total research time and citation flows in scenario 2 65 Figure Paper stocks in scenario Figure Reserved time per paper and total research time in scenario Figure Average citation per paper, reputation, and quality in scenario Figure Paper stocks in scenario Figure Reserved time per paper and total research time in scenario Figure Average citation per paper, reputation, and quality in scenario Figure Average citation per paper, reputation, and quality in scenario Figure Average citation per paper, reputation, and quality in scenario 6 69 Figure 5.1. Interface of the model. 75 Figure 5.2. Effect of aging on likelihood of being cited Figure 5.3. Time varying component of the number of references per paper in 79
13 xiii the base run.. Figure 5.4. Author inter-citation network, base run, nodes=205, links= Figure 5.5. Author inter-citation network, initially 150 papers, nodes=196, links= Figure 5.6. Author inter-citation network, initially 300 papers, nodes=199, links= Figure 5.7. Author inter-citation network, initially 1000 papers, nodes=216, links=
14 xiv LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1. Summary of sample drawn from ORJ, MS and SDR.. 10 Table 3.2. Descriptive measures of the journals in different fields.. 14 Table 3.3. Eye catching balanced and unbalanced citation relations in figures 3.21, 3.22 and Table 4.1. Basic variables and their types and dimensions Table 5.1. Pseudo Code Table 5.2. Basic statistics on citation per author.. 87
15 1 1. INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The word science is derived from the Latin word scientia for knowledge, which in turns comes from scio, I know. The word is defined in the Encyclopedia Britannica as any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation (Britannica_Encyclopedia). In ancient time the science may have referred to a humble effort to know; however, today s science is a complex system which contains a lot of components in addition to desire to know. The question of how this system has emerged; managed and should be in the future, is the main issue of history and philosophy of science (Price, 1975). Academic knowledge proceeds by accumulation and an academician tries to make contribution to this accumulation by publication. He / she aims to be the part of the common knowledge and shares his/her work by publishing, but it does not mean that every publication makes a good contribution. To get citation in others papers has that indicator role. Citation can be defined as the glue that binds a research paper to the body of knowledge in a particular field (Hamilton, 1990). The journey of a certain research is that somebody does research and publishes it, and then others use it to do new research. It can be conceptualized as generating, distributing and consuming the scientific knowledge (Price, 1964). In this journey the key factor is to measure the contribution of a paper to the field, because it is very important to decide what to be read, especially in the expansion of scientific literature (Margolis, 1967). The question is how the quality of a paper and an academician can be measured. For this question scientometrics, the science of measuring and analyzing science, has emerged. Today, scientometrics has different kinds of measures all of which have been built on number of publications and citations (Garfield, 1970). The rapid expansion of the academic work has required an objective measure, and first, the number of publications is considered adequate to decide whether a researcher is successful or not. However, since the number of papers does not say anything about the
16 2 quality of the work, indexing citation issues have entered the measurement of science (Garfield, 1970). Then there has emerged some publication citation balance measures (Like h-index, g-index). Today, h-index 1 and average number of citations per paper are widely used measures for an academician. However, a better measure is a subject of future work and a necessity for a healthy progression of science, because there is a question mark on the effects of existing measures to the evolution of science and the picture of today is a little bit problematic. An article by David P. Hamilton published in 1990 at Science Magazine calls attention to the statistics about the contribution of new publications to the knowledge (Hamilton, 1990). The name of the article is Publishing by and for? the Numbers and Hamilton puts the following sentence under the heading: New evidence raises the possibility that a majority of scientific papers make negligible contributions to knowledge. The evidence is some statistics from Institute for Scientific Institution (ISI web of science) which shows that 55% of the papers published between 1981 and 1985 in journals indexed by ISI received no citations at all in the 5 years after they were published. David Pendlebury, an ISI statistician, who derived the figure above, argues that the conventional wisdom in the field is that 10% of the journals get 90% of the citations. In other words 90% of the journals get just 10% of the total citations. This end result of publications seems very shocking and controversial, because it is exactly the opposite to the aim of academic publication. Why are we trying to publish something? The answer should be to make other researchers be aware of our findings and by this way to invoke new research. Shortly the aim should be to contribute to the literature. However, if more than half perhaps more than three quarters of the scientific literature is essentially not read by anybody (someone calls this as worthless or trash ), isn t there a problem? At this point words of Allen Bard (editor of the Journal of the American Chemical Society, [in 1990]) give some clue about the cause: In many ways, publication no longer represents a way of communication with your scientific peers, but a way to enhance your status and accumulate points for promotion and grants. 1 An academician with an H-index of h, has at least h number of papers each of which has earned at least h citations.
17 3 This raises the suspicion that the academic culture encourages the spurious publication. The academic policies put some pressure on scholars to publish. The famous saying Publish or perish shows the amount of this pressure. The question is how this pressure or academic policies affects the researchers? It is obvious that the number of publications has been increasing i.e. quantity of production; however, what about the quality? Moreover if this pressure surpasses the academic desires of individuals, in other words if researchers are not making research for their curiosity (their own desire), but their need for grants, keeping the position (i.e. for padding the resume), then in Marxian terms, they are like the alienated labor who is forced to sell his labor force which is his essence of existence. If this is true, we face researchers who is alienated to his work (research area), to his research process, to his colleagues and to himself/herself. Related to this, what might be the long term consequences of these academic policies? Trying to measure the success with numbers generate the situation in which there are too many people who are willing to publish and too few people who are willing to read, because of time constraint. So the question coming to mind is whether the academic policies might limit our creativity. All in all, the perception of publication by academicians and the quality of publications are the outcomes of a complex system in which researchers, policy makers and institutions have certain roles. In order to grasp the situation better, I aim to analyze the tendencies in publication and citation behaviors by using the historical data, by constructing a system dynamics model and an agent-based model. This thesis has three analytical chapters all of which try to analyze a different aspect of the problem. The first analytic chapter (Chapter 3) tries to grasp the network structure relying on real data. On the other the second one (Chapter 4) tries to focus on individual behavior with a system dynamics model. The last chapter (Chapter 5) then turns back to
18 4 networks and tries to generate fictitious data of inter-citation between authors, real data of which is not available. The analysis begins with Chapter 3, which is the analysis of real network data. Operations research and system dynamics are chosen as the exemplary fields. The former one is the representative of a big, heterogeneous field and the latter one corresponds to a relatively compact and homogeneous field. In these two fields the collected data of different network types, such as co-citation, collaboration, inter-citation, has been analyzed. Especially any possible effect of shared institution or being in closer region is the main issue of analysis. The aim of the following chapter is to examine the behaviors of researchers in response to the dynamics of publication and citation pressures. In Chapter 4 a model 2 including faculty members in a department, and their publication and citation dynamics has been constructed by using system dynamics methodology. In addition to running the base model some scenarios, like different levels of pressure or intellectual skills have been tested. The historical data analyses chapter and system dynamics model chapter lead to an agent based model (i.e. process oriented) which is the content of the Chapter 5. The intercitation 3 data between authors are not available and the agent based model tries to simulate the real publication citation behavior in order to generate the missing data. All in all, this entire thesis aims to analyze the dynamics behind the everyday publication activities of scholars. It doesn t argue to be able to solve the entire puzzle but I hope it will contribute to the existing knowledge and stimulate new research. 2 Model is built upon the model in the graduation project of Güler,Tamçakır and Küçük (Küçük, et al., 2007) 3 The data of who cites who and how many times.
19 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW The problem that this thesis is dealing with has different aspects. For that reason in order to give a comprehensive background the literature review chapter has three components. First part is about the idea of counting publication and citation, and indexing them. I try to summarize the development of scientometrics which defined as the science of measuring and analyzing science. The second part of this chapter deals with the critical arguments against citation-indexing tradition and problems that I try to handle in this thesis. Lastly I summarize some of the related studies on similar research questions. The origins of citation indexing go back to 14 th century conceptually. In practice it is widely accepted that 1950 is the turning point with Science Citation Index (SCI) which has the catalytic effect on the expansion and popularity of the bibliometric research. Although one century before Shaphard s citation index in law is similar to that we have today, SCI has been accepted as the starting point of research on this issue with massive datasets. (Cronin, 2001) Figure 2.1. The Evolution of citation indexing 4 4 The figure is taken from (Cronin, 2001)
20 6 Eugene Garfield and Derek De Solla Price are identified as the two founders of the scientometrics field, which has been accepted as initiated with science citation index (SCI) in 1950 s. Derek De Solla Price ( ) who is an English physicist, historian of science and information scientist, worked on citation links among articles in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 5 and tried to identify some patterns. He is seen as the conceptual and practical father of the field. Moreover in his book, Science since Babylon (Price, 1975), he has discussed the disease of science and first mentioned the exponential growth of scientific literature. In his seminal book Little Science, Big Science (Price, 1963) Price has discussed not only philosophical aspects, but findings on empirical research. Details of the book are out of the scope of this review but I think, the articles by Jonathan Furner on Price s book and contribution might be helpful. (Furner, 2003a) (Furner, 2003b). The other founding father of the field is Eugene Garfield (1925- ) who is the founder of Science Citation Index (SCI) (Garfield, 1955) and Institute of Scientific Information (ISI). For more than 50 years he has published several articles (more than 400) on citation indexing. (Garfield, 1970). The span of his writings is very wide 6. Lastly about the field of scientometrics I would like to mention some review articles. The first one is by Hood and Wilson (Hood, et al., 2001) which covers the topic until the end of 20 th century. The second one deals with the more recent developments in the field and mostly on web related measures (Thelwall, et al., 2005). The last and most comprehensive review paper deals with the developments between 2000 and 2006 (Bar- Ilan, 2008). On the other hand there are some critiques to the citation analysts. The critical review by Macroberts covers the vast majority of the critical point of views which starts with the underlying assumption: references cited by an author are roughly valid indicators of influence on his work (MacRoberts, et al., 1989). The problem of the validity of the main 5 It is established in 1665 and commonly regarded as the world s first scientific journal (Furner, 2003) 6 All of publications by Eugene Garfield can be reached through
21 7 assumption has many aspects and each aspect has its own problem: Some of the problems are: a) Formal influences might not be cited (due to lack of awareness or oversight by the author). b) Biased citing. c) Informal influences are not cited. d) Self-citation (10-30 % of all citations) e) Different types of citation (such as affirmative or negational) f) Variation in citation rate with type of publication, nationality, time period and size-type of the specialty. g)technical limitations of citation indices and bibliographies (like multiple authorship, synonyms, clerical errors, coverage of indices). (MacRoberts, et al., 1989). Almost all the problems mentioned above have their empirical evidence. In addition to conceptual and practical problems, the end result of the citation indexing and science policies might be argued as being not desirable. As mentioned in the introduction chapter, the conventional wisdom is that 90% of the citation is received by the 10% of the articles (Hamilton, 1990). This means that majority of the papers do not contribute to science a lot. If the vast majority of the products of the academia do not contribute to science at all, then there is a problem. In another study, Hamilton shows that the uncitedness ratio (percentage of the papers which do not get any citation in four years after publishing) differs from field to field (Hamilton, 1991). For example engineering general and political science are the leading fields with the highest uncitedness ratio (86.9% and 90.1% respectively). These high ratios point some structural, systemic problems. Problems caused by the citation indexing policies are not only structural, but also related to individual characteristics of scholars. If all the entire academic community had behaved ideally and ethically, the problems mentioned above would not have been that much serious. In an early paper, while there was not a problematic situation, Price has warned about the ethical issues (Price, 1964). First the perception of academic work should be in this way: the scientific publication should be considered a privilege consequent upon the finding of something which people may need to read (Price, 1964). Additionally scholars should be aware of the problems mentioned above and be very careful in awarding credit and citing. So academicians have an individual responsibility to have a proper development of science.
22 8 Lastly in the literature review, I would like to summarize some of the applications related to my topic. Two early examples are by Margolis (Margolis, 1967) and by Price (Price, 1965). The former one deals with measuring the impact of an early paper and historical data, whereas the later is one of the very early examples of the network analysis in the field. The study which is the closest to this thesis in terms of the underlying question is that of White et al. (White, et al., 2004). The authors have checked the relationship between social relationship and citation relationship among 16 scholars of a closed network and this micro-focused study could not find a strong support for the relationship. Moreover, the problem has also been studied by complex system scholars and statistical physicists. Redner has figured out the citation statistics of Physical Review in 110 years, and proposed different citation models (Redner, 2005). Newman who is another researcher in these fields, have studied collaboration networks in different fields, such as physics, biomedical and computer science (Newman, 2001a) (Newman, 2001b). Apart from these data analyses and mathematical models, there are also simulation model attempts. Two of them are by Menczer and Borner et al. The former one has modeled the evolution of the paper networks in World Wide Web (Menczer, 2004), whereas the latter one has proposed a model which simulates the evolution of author and paper networks (Borner, et al., 2004). All in all the literature review basically covers three different domains. Firstly it summarizes some of the literature on how the citation indexing system has developed. Then It covers some critical reviews on citation indexing and problems related to issue. Lastly it illustrates some studies similar to my thesis. Although there is some literature on complex studies or network theory, their literature review is beyond the scope of this thesis.
Bibliometric Big Data and its Uses. Dr. Gali Halevi Elsevier, NY
Bibliometric Big Data and its Uses Dr. Gali Halevi Elsevier, NY In memoriam https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srbqtqtmncw The Multidimensional Research Assessment Matrix Unit of assessment Purpose OutputMore information
USE OF INFORMATION SOURCES AMONGST POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING A CITATION ANALYSIS YIP SUMIN A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for theMore information
Compass Interdisciplinary Virtual Conference 19-30 Oct 2009
Compass Interdisciplinary Virtual Conference 19-30 Oct 2009 10 Things New Scholars should do to get published Duane Wegener Professor of Social Psychology, Purdue University Hello, I hope you re havingMore information
SJSU Annual Program Assessment Form Academic Year 2014 2015
SJSU Annual Program Assessment Form Academic Year 2014 2015 Department: Political Science Program: BA College: Social Sciences Website: http://www.sjsu.edu/polisci/ X_ Check here if your website addressesMore information
VISUALIZING HIERARCHICAL DATA. Graham Wills SPSS Inc., http://willsfamily.org/gwills
VISUALIZING HIERARCHICAL DATA Graham Wills SPSS Inc., http://willsfamily.org/gwills SYNONYMS Hierarchical Graph Layout, Visualizing Trees, Tree Drawing, Information Visualization on Hierarchies; HierarchicalMore information
Bibliometric study on Dutch Open Access published output 2000-2012/2013
Bibliometric study on Dutch Open Access published output 2000-2012/2013 Preliminary research report to the Dutch Ministry of Science, Culture & Education (OC&W) January 2015 Center for Science & TechnologyMore information
Undergraduate Psychology Major Learning Goals and Outcomes i
Undergraduate Psychology Major Learning Goals and Outcomes i Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology Demonstrate familiarity with the major concepts, theoretical perspectives, empirical findings, and historicalMore information
How to start research and how to present it?
How to start research and how to present it? Peter Kondor Budapest, CEU, 2010 Introduction What is research? How to start? How to present it? How to make it a paper? The main purpose of workshop to provideMore information
Review Your Thesis or Dissertation
Review Your Thesis or Dissertation This document shows the formatting requirements for UBC theses. Theses must follow these guidelines in order to be accepted at the Faculty of Graduate and PostdoctoralMore information
Some Experiences in Teaching Teamwork Programming Janusz Jablonowski
Some Experiences in Teaching Teamwork Programming Janusz Jablonowski Abstract: The paper describes experiences gained during last six years of teaching teamwork programming at the Warsaw University. WeMore information
Policy on Academic Tracks and Promotions for the School of Nursing (SON) at the American University of Beirut (AUB)
Policy on Academic Tracks and Promotions for the School of Nursing (SON) at the American University of Beirut (AUB) Preamble The School of Nursing currently has 2 tracks, Academic and Clinical. The AcademicMore information
Approved by Academic Affairs May 2010 DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINSTRATION POLICY ON REAPPOINTMENT, TENURE, AND PROMOTION (RTP) I. DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING RTP POLICY A. Preamble B.More information
Code of Good Practice for PhD candidates and Supervisors of TU Delft Graduate School
Code of Good Practice for PhD candidates and Supervisors of TU Delft Graduate School 1. Introduction This Code of Good Practice serves as a practical guideline for PhD candidates as well as their supervisorsMore information
CURRENT RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.html
CURRENT RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.html Volume 14, No. 10 Submitted: March 17, 2009 First Revision: March 25, 2009 Accepted: May 20, 2009 Published: June 10,More information
Visualization methods for patent data
Visualization methods for patent data Treparel 2013 Dr. Anton Heijs (CTO & Founder) Delft, The Netherlands Introduction Treparel can provide advanced visualizations for patent data. This document describesMore information
Why Taking This Course? Course Introduction, Descriptive Statistics and Data Visualization. Learning Goals. GENOME 560, Spring 2012
Why Taking This Course? Course Introduction, Descriptive Statistics and Data Visualization GENOME 560, Spring 2012 Data are interesting because they help us understand the world Genomics: Massive AmountsMore information
Leading the Evolution WHITE PAPER BUSINESS RULES AND GAP ANALYSIS Discovery and management of business rules avoids business disruptions WHITE PAPER BUSINESS RULES AND GAP ANALYSIS Business Situation MoreMore information
Performance Evaluation of the Process Industry Supply. Chain: Case of the Petroleum Industry in India :.2A. Siddharth Varma DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Performance Evaluation of the Process Industry Supply r Chain: Case of the Petroleum Industry in India :.2A By Siddharth Varma Submitted in fulfillment of requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHYMore information
Exploratory Data Analysis with R
Exploratory Data Analysis with R Roger D. Peng This book is for sale at http://leanpub.com/exdata This version was published on 2015-11-12 This is a Leanpub book. Leanpub empowers authors and publishersMore information
Problem of the Month Through the Grapevine
The Problems of the Month (POM) are used in a variety of ways to promote problem solving and to foster the first standard of mathematical practice from the Common Core State Standards: Make sense of problemsMore information
Dashboards with Live Data For Predictive Visualization. G. R. Wagner, CEO GRW Studios, Inc.
Dashboards with Live Data For Predictive Visualization G. R. Wagner, CEO GRW Studios, Inc. Computer dashboards the formatted display of business data which allows decision makers and managers to gaugeMore information
Fellowship Criteria. Nomination Process
Fellowship Criteria Division 14 The Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Most of these points were taken directly or adapted from the APA Fellowship Status Manual, 1994, SIOP AdministrativeMore information
Görüşler / Opinion Papers
Görüşler / Opinion Papers Tendency towards the Self-citation among Journals in Iran and Turkey İran ve Türkiye Dergilerinde Kendine Atıf Yapma Eğilimleri Mohammad Hossein Biglu * Abstract This paper investigatesMore information
An approach of detecting structure emergence of regional complex network of entrepreneurs: simulation experiment of college student start-ups
An approach of detecting structure emergence of regional complex network of entrepreneurs: simulation experiment of college student start-ups Abstract Yan Shen 1, Bao Wu 2* 3 1 Hangzhou Normal University,More information
Doctor of Education - Higher Education
1 Doctor of Education - Higher Education The University of Liverpool s Doctor of Education - Higher Education (EdD) is a professional doctoral programme focused on the latest practice, research, and leadershipMore information
Memorandum on PhD dissertations consisting of articles
Memorandum on PhD dissertations consisting of articles Leiden Law School Universiteit Leiden 30 March 2010 (translated December 2010) This memorandum sets out the rules relating to PhD dissertations consistingMore information
Table of Contents. CHAPTER 1 Web-Based Systems 1. CHAPTER 2 Web Engineering 12. CHAPTER 3 A Web Engineering Process 24
Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Web-Based Systems 1 The Web 1 Web Applications 2 Let s Introduce a Case Study 3 Are WebApps Really Computer Software? 4 Are the Attributes of WebApps Different from the AttributesMore information
A PhD in Public Affairs?
A PhD in Public Affairs? The Basics A Doctor of Philosophy degree, abbreviated Ph.D. for the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, is an advanced academic degree earned in many fields, signifying major interestsMore information
Quantitative Displays for Combining Time-Series and Part-to-Whole Relationships
Quantitative Displays for Combining Time-Series and Part-to-Whole Relationships Stephen Few, Perceptual Edge Visual Business Intelligence Newsletter January, February, and March 211 Graphical displaysMore information
Last time we had arrived at the following provisional interpretation of Aquinas second way:
Aquinas Third Way Last time we had arrived at the following provisional interpretation of Aquinas second way: 1. 2. 3. 4. At least one thing has an efficient cause. Every causal chain must either be circular,More information
Software Engineering Prof. N.L. Sarda Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture-4 Overview of Phases (Part - II)
Software Engineering Prof. N.L. Sarda Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture-4 Overview of Phases (Part - II) We studied the problem definition phase, with whichMore information
1 EVALUATION OF IMPORTANCE FOR RESEARCH IN EDUCATION ABSTRACT PRAMODINI D V*; K. ANU SOPHIA** *Assistant Professor, Department of Information Science and Engineering, PESSE, Bangalore - 100. **AssistantMore information
The Basics of Graphical Models
The Basics of Graphical Models David M. Blei Columbia University October 3, 2015 Introduction These notes follow Chapter 2 of An Introduction to Probabilistic Graphical Models by Michael Jordan. Many figuresMore information
Higher Degree by Research Thesis Presentation - Guidelines
Higher Degree by Research Thesis Presentation - Guidelines Introduction These Guidelines apply to theses prepared for Higher Degrees by Research (HDR). HDR candidates at the University of the SunshineMore information
PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM LEARNING GOALS AND OUTCOMES BY COURSE LISTING Psychology 1010: General Psychology Learning Goals and Outcomes LEARNING GOAL 1: KNOWLEDGE BASE OF PSYCHOLOGY Demonstrate familiarity withMore information
The Masters of Science in Information Systems & Technology
The Masters of Science in Information Systems & Technology College of Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan-Dearborn A Rackham School of Graduate Studies Program PH: 313-593-5361; FAX:More information
Analyzing Experimental Data
Analyzing Experimental Data The information in this chapter is a short summary of some topics that are covered in depth in the book Students and Research written by Cothron, Giese, and Rezba. See the endMore information
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MUTUAL FUND SEGMENTS IN INDIA. With Special Reference to Sectoral Funds. Estelar THESIS SUMMARY
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MUTUAL FUND SEGMENTS IN INDIA With Special Reference to Sectoral Funds THESIS SUMMARY SUBMITTED TO KUMAUN UNIVERSITY, NAINITAL In partial fulfillment of the requirements for theMore information
History 150 (American Health Care) Online Course Syllabus Mr. Larry Parr e-mail: email@example.com
History 150 (American Health Care) Online Course Syllabus Mr. Larry Parr e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com REQUIRED TEXT: Major Problems in the History of American Medicine and Public Health, Warner and Tighe, editors,More information
Guidelines for Doctoral Programs in Business and Management
Guidelines for Doctoral Programs in Business and Management Version EIASM EDAMBA, September 15 th, 2015 Background to this document The EIASM and EDAMBA have long standing traditions and experiences withMore information
Evolutionary Theory Has Arrived in the Human Behavioral Sciences But Not The Structure of Higher Education
1 Evolutionary Theory Has Arrived in the Human Behavioral Sciences But Not The Structure of Higher Education David Sloan Wilson Distinguished Professor, Departments of Biology and Anthropology DirectorMore information
Chapter: IV. IV: Research Methodology. Research Methodology
Chapter: IV IV: Research Methodology Research Methodology 4.1 Rationale of the study 4.2 Statement of Problem 4.3 Problem identification 4.4 Motivation for the research 4.5 Comprehensive Objective of studyMore information
Using Networks to Visualize and Understand Participation on SourceForge.net
Nathan Oostendorp; Mailbox #200 SI708 Networks Theory and Application Final Project Report Using Networks to Visualize and Understand Participation on SourceForge.net SourceForge.net is an online repositoryMore information
My work provides a distinction between the national inputoutput model and three spatial models: regional, interregional y multiregional
Mexico, D. F. 25 y 26 de Julio, 2013 My work provides a distinction between the national inputoutput model and three spatial models: regional, interregional y multiregional Walter Isard (1951). OutlineMore information
Resource Oriented Service Ideation: Integrating S-D Logic with Service Design Techniques.
Resource Oriented Service Ideation: Integrating S-D Logic with Service Design Techniques. Masanao Takeyama 1, Kahoru Tsukui 1, Yoshitaka Shibata 2 email@example.com 1Keio University, Tokyo, Japan;More information
Data Mining Applications in Higher Education
Executive report Data Mining Applications in Higher Education Jing Luan, PhD Chief Planning and Research Officer, Cabrillo College Founder, Knowledge Discovery Laboratories Table of contents Introduction..............................................................2More information
UNLV Department of Curriculum and Instruction Masters in Education Degree with an emphasis in Science Education Culminating Experience
UNLV Department of Curriculum and Instruction Masters in Education Degree with an emphasis in Science Education Culminating Experience The culminating experience for the Masters of Education degree withMore information
A comparative study of social network analysis tools
Membre de Membre de A comparative study of social network analysis tools David Combe, Christine Largeron, Előd Egyed-Zsigmond and Mathias Géry International Workshop on Web Intelligence and Virtual EnterprisesMore information
Chapter 29 Scale-Free Network Topologies with Clustering Similar to Online Social Networks
Chapter 29 Scale-Free Network Topologies with Clustering Similar to Online Social Networks Imre Varga Abstract In this paper I propose a novel method to model real online social networks where the growingMore information
CHAPTER EIGHT. BEYOND THE GRADUATE PROGRAM: APPLYING FOR POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIPS AND OTHER RESEARCH POSITIONS IN THE FIELD OF THE PhD
CHAPTER EIGHT BEYOND THE GRADUATE PROGRAM: APPLYING FOR POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIPS AND OTHER RESEARCH POSITIONS IN THE FIELD OF THE PhD APPLYING FOR A POSTDOCTORAL POSITION IN THE SCIENCES The postdoctoralMore information
The private equity J-Curve: cash flow considerations from primary and secondary points of view
The private equity J-Curve: cash flow considerations from primary and secondary points of view By Christian Diller, Ivan Herger, Marco Wulff, Capital Dynamics 2 Introduction Investors should expect a greaterMore information
Data Mining and Marketing Intelligence
Data Mining and Marketing Intelligence Alberto Saccardi 1. Data Mining: a Simple Neologism or an Efficient Approach for the Marketing Intelligence? The streamlining of a marketing campaign, the creationMore information
College of Engineering Faculty Appraisal System. For 2011/2012
College of Engineering Faculty Appraisal System For 2011/2012 Revised September 2011 1. Introduction We believe in the premise that people are more productive when they agree on what is expected of themMore information
Corrections to the First Printing
Corrections to the First Printing Chapter 2 (i) Page 48, Paragraph 1: cells/µ l should be cells/µl without the space. (ii) Page 48, Paragraph 2: Uninfected cells T i should not have the asterisk. ChapterMore information
Since the 1990s, accountability in higher education has
The Balanced Scorecard Beyond Reports and Rankings More commonly used in the commercial sector, this approach to strategic assessment can be adapted to higher education. by Alice C. Stewart and Julie Carpenter-HubinMore information
THE USE OF THOMSON REUTERS RESEARCH ANALYTIC RESOURCES IN ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION DR. EVANGELIA A.E.C. LIPITAKIS OCTOBER 2014, PRAGUE Thomson Reuters: Solutions Portfolio to Seamlessly SupportMore information
On becoming a high impact journal in international business and management
On becoming a high impact journal in international business and management Anne-Wil Harzing Version January 2008 Accepted for European Journal of International Management, vol. 2/2 Copyright 2008 Anne-WilMore information
Information Visualization WS 2013/14 11 Visual Analytics
1 11.1 Definitions and Motivation Lot of research and papers in this emerging field: Visual Analytics: Scope and Challenges of Keim et al. Illuminating the path of Thomas and Cook 2 11.1 Definitions andMore information
On the Evolution of Journal of Biological Education s Hirsch Index in the New Century
Karamustafaoğlu / TÜFED-TUSED/ 6(3) 2009 13 TÜRK FEN EĞİTİMİ DERGİSİ Yıl 6, Sayı 3, Aralık 2009 Journal of TURKISH SCIENCE EDUCATION Volume 6, Issue 3, December 2009 http://www.tused.org On the EvolutionMore information
An Autonomous Agent for Supply Chain Management
In Gedas Adomavicius and Alok Gupta, editors, Handbooks in Information Systems Series: Business Computing, Emerald Group, 2009. An Autonomous Agent for Supply Chain Management David Pardoe, Peter StoneMore information
Applying System Dynamics to Business: An Expense Management Example
Applying System Dynamics to Business: An Expense Management Example Bill Harris Facilitated Systems http://facilitatedsystems.com/ May 17, 2000 Abstract If you re new to system dynamics, it may be hardMore information
Faculty of Engineering at Shobra Electrical Engineering Department
Benha University Program Specification for Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering Electrical Communications Introduction: This Program specification provides a concise summary of the main featuresMore information
Problem of the Month: Fair Games
Problem of the Month: The Problems of the Month (POM) are used in a variety of ways to promote problem solving and to foster the first standard of mathematical practice from the Common Core State Standards:More information
Broad and Integrative Knowledge. Applied and Collaborative Learning. Civic and Global Learning
1 2 3 4 5 Specialized Knowledge Broad and Integrative Knowledge Intellectual Skills Applied and Collaborative Learning Civic and Global Learning The Degree Qualifications Profile (DQP) provides a baselineMore information
Physics in the Liberal Arts College
The Ohio State University Knowledge Bank kb.osu.edu Ohio Journal of Science (Ohio Academy of Science) Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 52, Issue 5 (September, 1952) 1952-09 Physics in the Liberal Arts CollegeMore information
Research into competency models in arts education
Research into competency models in arts education Paper presented at the BMBF Workshop International Perspectives of Research in Arts Education, Nov. 4 th and 5 th, 2013. Folkert Haanstra, Amsterdam SchoolMore information
International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies
Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2015 ISSN: 2321 7782 (Online) International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies Research Article / Survey Paper / Case Study Available onlineMore information
A. The Science-Practice Relationship in Professional Psychology and the Shift from a Practitioner Scholar to Practitioner Scientist.
Switching to the PhD: Explaining the Change from Practitioner-Scholar to Practitioner-Scientist Model and Planned Transition from Awarding Degree from PsyD to PhD Since the early 2000s, our program facultyMore information
Interactive Dynamic Modeling for the Passenger Flow Bottleneck and Security Checkpoint Management at an Airport
Interactive Dynamic Modeling for the Passenger Flow Bottleneck and Security Checkpoint Management at an Airport Yaman BARLAS M. Serdar ÇAKACIASLAN Tolga SAĞLIK Pınar SEKE Mustafa UĞUR Boğaziçi UniversityMore information
ORGANIZATIONAL KNOWLEDGE MAPPING BASED ON LIBRARY INFORMATION SYSTEM IRANDOC CASE STUDY Ammar Jalalimanesh a,*, Elaheh Homayounvala a a Information engineering department, Iranian Research Institute forMore information
Evaluation of Intellectual Property Course Offerings for undergraduate engineering students in the Mid Atlantic Region
Evaluation of Intellectual Property Course Offerings for undergraduate engineering students in the Mid Atlantic Region Abstract S. Jimmy Gandhi, M.S, Stevens Institute of Technology Donald Merino, PhD,More information
Discrete-Event Simulation
Discrete-Event Simulation Prateek Sharma Abstract: Simulation can be regarded as the emulation of the behavior of a real-world system over an interval of time. The process of simulation relies upon theMore information
How to Write a Successful PhD Dissertation Proposal
How to Write a Successful PhD Dissertation Proposal Before considering the "how", we should probably spend a few minutes on the "why." The obvious things certainly apply; i.e.: 1. to develop a roadmapMore information
A Visualization is Worth a Thousand Tables: How IBM Business Analytics Lets Users See Big Data
White Paper A Visualization is Worth a Thousand Tables: How IBM Business Analytics Lets Users See Big Data Contents Executive Summary....2 Introduction....3 Too much data, not enough information....3 OnlyMore information
The Contextualization of Project Management Practice and Best Practice
The Contextualization of Project Management Practice and Best Practice Claude Besner PhD, University of Quebec at Montreal Brian Hobbs PhD, University of Quebec at Montreal Abstract This research aimsMore information
Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Guidelines
Department of International Relations University of Malta Academic year 2015-2016 Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Guidelines Introduction The Department of International Relations runs a Ph.D. by researchMore information
Learning about the influence of certain strategies and communication structures in the organizational effectiveness
Learning about the influence of certain strategies and communication structures in the organizational effectiveness Ricardo Barros 1, Catalina Ramírez 2, Katherine Stradaioli 3 1 Universidad de los Andes,More information
Thesis and Dissertation Proposals. University Learning Centre Writing Help Ron Cooley, Professor of English email@example.com
Thesis and Dissertation Proposals University Learning Centre Writing Help Ron Cooley, Professor of English firstname.lastname@example.com A highly regarded guide to academic writing A template-based approach. ThesisMore information
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT MANAGING YOUR DATA SCIENCE TALENT. The Booz Allen Data Science Talent Management Model
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT MANAGING YOUR DATA SCIENCE TALENT The Booz Allen Data Science Talent Management Model Recently, Harvard Business Review branded data science the Sexiest Job in the 21stMore information
Indiana University East Faculty Senate
Indiana University East Faculty Senate General Education Curriculum for Baccalaureate Degree Programs at Indiana University East The purpose of the General Education Curriculum is to ensure that everyMore information
Glencoe. correlated to SOUTH CAROLINA MATH CURRICULUM STANDARDS GRADE 6 3-3, 5-8 8-4, 8-7 1-6, 4-9
Glencoe correlated to SOUTH CAROLINA MATH CURRICULUM STANDARDS GRADE 6 STANDARDS 6-8 Number and Operations (NO) Standard I. Understand numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among numbers,More information
Credit Card Market Study Interim Report: Annex 4 Switching Analysis
MS14/6.2: Annex 4 Market Study Interim Report: Annex 4 November 2015 This annex describes data analysis we carried out to improve our understanding of switching and shopping around behaviour in the UKMore information
advertising research methods
ADV 6505 advertising research methods Fall 2014 Instructor: Dr. Robyn Goodman Office: 2076 Weimer Hall Phone: 392-2704 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com (this is the best way to contact me) Office hours: M 6-7thMore information
Appendix A1: Sample Front Cover and Spine
Appendix A1: Sample Front Cover and Spine ANSWERING THAT PROVERBIAL QUESTION: HOW MUCH LONGER WILL YOU BE IN SCHOOL? A Master s Thesis by UMUT SAĞLIKLI Department of... İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent UniversityMore information
1 2 Meet Nick Marsh, a forensic photographer in London. I was introduced to Nick through a video created by David Beazley. The point of the video was to highlight that the greatest tool for a forensicMore information
A case study of social network analysis of the discussion area of a virtual learning platform
World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education Vol.12, No.3, 2014 2014 WIETE A case study of social network analysis of the discussion area of a virtual learning platform Meimei Wu & XinminMore information
Data Science: An Action Plan for Expanding the Technical Areas of the Field of Statistics
Data Science: An Action Plan for Expanding the Technical Areas of the Field of Statistics William S. Cleveland Statistics Research, Bell Labs email@example.com Abstract An action plan to enlarge the technicalMore information
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Working Paper No. 17
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Working Paper No. 17 Vendor models for credit risk measurement and management Observations from a review of selected models February 2010 The Working Papers of theMore information
SIUE Mass Communications Graduate Program Guide & Handbook. Designed To Educate & Assist Our Prospective & Current Masters Candidates
SIUE Mass Communications Graduate Program Guide & Handbook Designed To Educate & Assist Our Prospective & Current Masters Candidates Copyright SIUE Mass Communications Department 2010 Table of ContentsMore information
TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION BY THE SCHOLAR SUPERVISOR S CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES iv vi xiv xvi xviii xix CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BASIS FOR THE NEED FORMore information
General syllabus for third-cycle studies in Applied Nutrition TEKNLF00
1 Faculty of Engineering/LTH General syllabus for third-cycle studies in Applied Nutrition TEKNLF00 The syllabus was approved by the Board of the Faculty of Engineering/LTH 24 September 2007 and most recentlyMore information
Big Data in Danish industry - Appendix
Big Data in Danish industry - Appendix Table of contents 1. Introduction... 2 2. My background... 2 3. Thesis background... 2 4. Research approach confessional accounts... 3 5. The problem statement...More information
APPLICATION GUIDE TO GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PHILOSOPHY Section 1: Preparing for Graduate Study in Philosophy 1 Graduate school in philosophy is the natural option for many undergraduate majors in philosophy.More information
How Theses Get Wri en: Some Cool Tips!
How Theses Get Wri en: Some Cool Tips! Dr Steve Easterbrook Dept of Computer Science firstname.lastname@example.com! 1992-2012 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attributionMore information
vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK
vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF APPENDICESMore information
Temporal Dynamics of Scale-Free Networks
Temporal Dynamics of Scale-Free Networks Erez Shmueli, Yaniv Altshuler, and Alex Sandy Pentland MIT Media Lab {shmueli,yanival,email@example.com Abstract. Many social, biological, and technologicalMore information
SCHOOL OF URBAN AFFAIRS & PUBLIC POLICY CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR PROMOTION AND TENURE The School of Urban Affairs and Public Policy is an interdisciplinary graduate and professional school, designatedMore information
RUTHERFORD HIGH SCHOOL Rutherford, New Jersey COURSE OUTLINE STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
RUTHERFORD HIGH SCHOOL Rutherford, New Jersey COURSE OUTLINE STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY I. INTRODUCTION According to the Common Core Standards (2010), Decisions or predictions are often based on data numbersMore information
College of Nursing. Masters of Nursing (MN) Professional Project Handbook 2015-2016
College of Nursing Masters of Nursing (MN) Professional Project Handbook 2015-2016 Last Revised: June, 2015 Approved: Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Education Table of Contents Masters of NursingMore information
NEW WAYS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING HOW DO WE TEACH AND LEARN? The aim of the project BI 2020 is to enable BI Norwegian Business School to start the dedicated work of positioning BI as an innovative andMore information


text:
This article list out the hierarchy of reality in Secret, starting from the smallest scale.
Main article: Types of energy in secret
Energy is something which does useful work to other entities. It is what causes strings to oscillate in various ways to give the flavor(type), mass, charge and spin of omni particles and other particles within The Bulk.
One dimensional objects, which can either be open or closed. They oscilate in various amplitudes and frequencies in different number of dimensions to give the intrinsic properties (flavor, mass, charge and spin) of particles. They can split and fuse with other strings to represent different types of interactions which govern the various Laws of Physics in the universes.
Elementary particles
They have no substructure besides the oscillation of strings. Basic building blocks of matter. They are classified as bosons and fermions. Bosons have integral spin (n=0,1,2,3 ...) and can occupy the same quantum state at once and are usually force carriers of the interactions, while fermions have half integral spin (n=1/2,3/2,5/2...) and are subjected to Pauli Exclusion Principle, which no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state at once. Fermions such as quarks and electrons form atoms and most matter.
Some universes have particles that are neither bosons nor fermions, and worked differently.
Composite particles
They are composed of one or many types of elementary particles. Composite particles are classified into two main groups, mesons and baryons. Mesons are composed of a quark and a antiquark and mediate the residual strong force (nuclear force) between nucleus. Baryons (such as the neutron and proton) are composed of three quarks or three antiquarks and usually bind together to form the nucleus.
Other types of composite particles exist, such as various quark clusters and other exotic composite particles which are only stable under certain physics laws.
Atoms are composed of a heavy cluster of baryons known as the nucleus surrounded by a cloud of leptons such as electrons. They are the basic unit of matter that can be divided by chemical reactions. Each type of atom corresponds to a specific type of chemical element.
Some atoms does not follow the above composition and are composed of particles that require certain physics laws to be stable or even exist.
They are composed of the same or different types of atoms bonded together in different ways and are the basic unit of a molecular substance, while an ionic substance is composed of atoms with excess or deficient of leptons (ions) held together by some strong attractive force. Molecules can be microscopic or macroscopic depending on the type of substance.
They are molecules with a specific arrangement that allow them to carry out specific functions and form what is known as life. They are usually bigger than most molecules and form the various functional units known as organelles in cells
Virus here is considered as a huge biomolecules along with prions rather than an organism.
They are the basic unit of life, formed by arrangement of molecules in a specific and systematic pattern. They carry out vital functions of an organism.
Human scale/Macroscopic
They are composed of cells. They respond to stimuli, growth and developement and maintainence of internal body conditions (homoeostatsis). They can be unicellular or multicellular.
A.I. here are generally considered as an organism not composed of cells.
Universe scale
Celestial bodies
Planets and dwarf planets
They are bodies orbiting a stellar body that are massive enough to be spherical but not massive enough to start thermonuclear fusion and has cleared away any small objects (planetesimals) in its orbit. Dwarf planets are bodies that met the criteria of planets except failed to clear its orbit of debris. Interstellar planets are planets that are not under gravitational influence of any bodies within a universe while interuniversal planets are planets that exist between universes or others dimensions and planes of existence.
They are luminous balls of plasma held together by gravity that shine due to thermonuclear fusion and radiate energy into outer space. They form galaxies along with other substance such as dark matter and usually have planets and other non-stellar bodies orbit around them.
Compact bodies (Black holes, Neutron star, White dwarf etc.)
They are compact objects formed when a star collaspes, or are composed of protons, electrons, neutrons or other particles.
Interstellar and interuniversal clouds
They are accumulation of gas, plasma and dust in universes or between universes.
Planetary systems
They consist of various non-stellar objects such as asteroids, planets, dwarf planets, moons, meteoroid, comet and comet dust orbiting a star or other compact objects.
The particular planetary system located in the milky way of the standard universe where human is from is known as the solar system.
Some universes have bizarre planetary systems which is different from the commonly found ones.
Star systems
They are a small number of stars which orbit each other bound by gravity. The stars may or may not consist of a planetary system. They form star clusters.
They are massive, gravitationally bounded system consist of stars and other bodies, interstellar clouds and dark matter. They have various shapes and size.
Cosmic structure of universes
Galaxies clusters
They are composed of galaxies gravitationally bounded together.
Galaxies supercluster
They are a group of galaxies clusters not gravitationally bounded together. They form thread like structures known as galaxy filaments with voids (empty space) between them.
They are individual spacetime organisation with a specific number of dimensions of spacetime-probability and specific laws of physics. They are usually spherical and floats within The Bulk.
Universe clusters
They are composed of a small number of universes, of which their laws of physics differs only by a small amount.
Alternate reality
Alternate reality is a universe with a small variant in one (quantum) event, for example where everything are the same except that a six is rolled with a die instead of two. They are located within the probability continuum and gives the perception of only one reality and the probability of events. They are generally difficult to access as special devices are required to travel within the probability continuum.
Parallel universe
Parallel universe are universes with or without close relationships. They can be alternate realities or with different laws of physics and are separated by a certain spacetime interval.
When two universes are connected, they are technically considered as one universe until they separate again. (Although throughout the articles of Secret, this will be treated lightly)
They are composed of universes and universe clusters and have quite different laws of physics. There interations are mediated by gravity, levity and the brane interactions. They can be located in spacetime dimensions greater than 3+1.
They are films of spacetime fabric or hyperstrings where multiverses are attached to. Each brane has a specific set of laws of physics that allows a certain set of phenomenon to take place.
They can usually be seen bundled into spacetime or spacetime-probability filaments by gravity.
They are extracosmic, spherical hyperspheres of spacetime-probability that contains the metaverse filments. Each ultraverse has a broad set of laws of physics that give a condition to the phenomenon happened within, for example, ultraverse L is the only known ultraverse that has a set of laws of physics which could potentially supoort life. They can be more than 3+1 dimensional.
They are empty spaces cosist of many ultraverses and is where creation and destruction of universes mainly takes place. Trifoilons and other brane interaction particles are commonly found here. Each xenoverse has a distinct set of brane interactions.
They are multidimensional spacetimes and 1D probability hypercosmic lines which consist of many xenoverses.
The Bulk
The Bulk is the infinite dimensional spacetime-probability continuum which contains all possible and impossble entities, in other words, it is the biggest 'structure' of all existence and contains everything. Omniverse strings floats and tangled within to form hyperdimensional filaments, sheets and hypervolumes.
There is only one law of physics exist in the empty void of The Bulk, which forbidden anything that can potentially destroys it to initiate its actions or to exist.
The discovery of the tripole, however challenges this law and might possibly hinting something exists beyond The Bulk, though it is unconfirmed.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Berlin Office Collection
This handcrafted Amish masterpiece is constructed from 100% solid hardwoods for an enduring beauty that won't rock, wiggle, or shake!
This contemporary TV stand possesses a subtle beauty by design, and is fully customizable to fit your home and needs. Customers can choose from a wide variety of stain options as well as our six standard paint options at no upcharge for straight painting. Please call one of our Amish furniture specialists with questions. The call is toll-free. 1-866-272-6773.
For a faster shipping model, please see our Quick Ship version.
© Copyrights 2003 - 2017 DutchCrafters All rights reserved.


text: 12/07/10 2/10/09 POPSUGAR Fashion Eliza Cummins Twelve British Models, Twelve i-D Covers for March 2009 February 10, 2009 by POPSUGAR Fashion News 0 Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. View on One Page Photo 2 of 12 Start Slideshow ADVERTISEMENT () Share This Link Copy What's Your Reaction? Thanks for your reaction Don't forget to share this with your friends! ← Use Arrows Keys → 2 Previous Next Eliza CumminsSusie BickEdward EnninfulI-D MagazineBlowing The CoverNSFWYasmin Le BonSolve SundsboJourdan DunnAlice DellalLily DonaldsonStella TennantDaisy LoweAgyness DeynTwiggyNaomi CampbellKate Moss


text:
Global Views Cantilever Lamp
$ 1,748.00
This lamp series is stunning! With the grace and balance of a dancer and the sculptural presence of classic architecture- with their marble bases, our cantilever lamp series is a rare and elegant combination of tension and energy.
- Bulb Type: A
- Number of Lights: 1
- Wattage per Light: 60W
- Total Wattage: 60W
- Small:
- Overall Dimensions: 11" w x 18.5" d x 27.5" h
- Large:
- Overall Dimensions: 14" w x 18.5" d x 30.75" h


text:
This air-conditioned beachside hotel comprises a total of 413 rooms and 14 suites. Facilities include a foyer with a 24-hour reception desk, a safe, a currency exchange desk, a cloakroom and a lift in addition to a newspaper stand, a hairdressing salon, a bar and conference facilities. There are 4 restaurants to choose between, of which one offers breakfast, 2 the midday meal and dinner and one only the evening meal. There is a kids' club for younger guests and room and laundry services are on offer. In-house laundrette and dryer facility is available and there is a valet service to take advantage of.
This deluxe resort is located beside sandy Poipu Beach on the sunny southern coast of Garden Island. Two sheltered sea lagoons at to be found at the adjacent beach park, one of which is idea for snorkelling whilst the other offer safe bathing for children. The Poipu shopping centre is around 1.5 km from the hotel and it is approximately 2.5 km to historic Koloa Town and 28 km to the airport.
Each of the rooms features an en suite bathroom with a hairdryer, a direct dial telephone, cable TV, films, a radio, an Internet connection, a fridge with welcome refreshments, a coffee machine, daily papers, ironing equipment, yukata robes, a safe and a veranda. Individually controllable heating and air conditioning come as standard. Non-smoking accommodation is available on request.
In the outdoor complex are 2 swimming pools with children's paddling areas around which sun loungers have been laid out ready for use. One of the pools lies directly beside the Pacific Ocean. Further leisure offerings include 3 tennis courts, a Jacuzzi access to the championship golf course, horse riding and beach activities. Fitness and massage services are available and an array of water sports may be tried out. Charges apply for use of the sun loungers and parasols that have been laid out on the beach.
There are 4 restaurants on property. 1 is open for breakfast only. 2 are open for lunch and dinner and 1 is open for just dinner.
American Express, Diners Club, MasterCard and VISA are accepted.
Driving Directions from Lihue Airport: Take Hwy 50 W through Lihue to Rte 520. Take Rte 520 to the town of Koloa. Turn right on Koloa Rd, and turn left on Poipu Rd. The hotel is 2 miles farther on the right.
Mandatory Daily Resort Fee of USD$15.62 (tax inclusive) per room, per day to be paid directly to hotel (subject to change at any time without notice)
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Satellite cable TV
Internet access
Mini fridge
Tea Coffee
Iron and board
Individual airconditioned
Individual heating


text: Home Gallery Video Snickers Crisper - Internship Does Hunger Ever Make You 'Dimpatient?' Snickers' Ads for Crisper Warn of Combined Symptoms BBDO's Latest Spots Broke During Golden Globes By Alexandra Jardine. Published on Jan 11, 2016 Editor's Pick You're not you when you're hungry -- but even worse, hunger can combine your worst qualities to make you act like an idiot, says this new campaign from Snickers. The latest ads from BBDO New York promote the brand's new Crisper snack, which combines the Snickers formula with crisped rice. The combination of ingredients inspires the invention of new words such as "Dimpatient" (dim and impatient) and "Confoolish" (confused and foolish). Two ads broke during the Golden Globes broadcast on Sunday. In the ad seen here, a "Dimpatient" intern shows off his drunken social media posts in a job interview, then immediately calls to follow up while still in the room. In the other, a "Confoolish" guy shows up in a chemistry lecture as a model for a figure drawing class, then splashes himself with some chemical thinking it's cologne. Turns out they're not just plain dumb, but hungry, as we're told "Hunger keeps inventing new problems" and that Crisper is the solution. The ads, directed by Ulf Johansson of Smith and Jones, were accompanied by social GIFS and live tweeting during the Golden Globes. Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About CreditsDateJan 11, 2016Agency:BBDO New YorkCCO Worldwide:David LubarsClient:SnickersCCO New York:Greg HahnECD:Peter KainECD:Gianfranco ArenaCD:Matt HerrCD:Justin BilickiEP:Amy WertheimerMusic Producer:Melissa ChesterBusiness Manager:Paul CiscoAccount Director:Josh SteinmanAccount Manager:Tani CorbachoAccount Manager:Nick RobbinsAccount Executive:Jocelyn ChoiProduction Company:Smith and JonesDirector:Ulf JohanssonDOP:Andrzej SekulaEP/Line Producer:Philippa SmithProducer Director: Woodshop:Trevor ShephardEditorial:No6Editor:Jason MacDonaldEditor:Ryan BukowskiEP:Cornia DennisonProducer:Malia RoseTelecine Company:Company 3Telecine Artist:Tim MasickProducer:Rochelle BrownConform/Finishing:No7Conform/Finishing:MPCConform Artist:Ed @no7Conform Artist:Marcus @MPCProducer:Bindy St LegerVisual Effects Company:MPCSound Design Company:Brian EmmerichMix & Record Company:Sound LoungeEngineer:Tom JucaroneSee more credits Tagscandy CategoryTVC Latest Creativity News on Ad Age Agency Brief: Where Is Everybody? Gallegos United Has a New CCO, Arnold Hires Alfson, Low Joins Ogilvy Beijing 'I Have a Huge Idea:' Wyclef Jean Wants to Work With Brands Related work Snickers: Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Campaign 2017 BBDO New York Snickers: Love Lifeline Snickers: Super Bowl LI Spot BBDO New York


text:
You have Adblock enabled. Adblock has been known to cause issues with site functionality. If you experience any difficulties, please try disabling Adblock. Close
Zur Favoritenliste hinzufügen:
Einen neuen Folder erstellen:
Teen, 19, tricked into lesbian photoshoot at casting
Recognize a pornstar in this video?
Help make pornstars easier to find on Tube8 by telling us who is in this video.
Thanks! The pornstar names will be added to this video when enough users submit the same names.
You must enter a pornstar name that already exists in our database.
- Kategorie: Teen
- Ansichten: 8,120
- hinzugefügt: vor 7 Monaten
- Beschreibung: she went to a photoshoot but got fucked by the photographer instead
- Tags: cumshot, brunette, pov, anal, young, casting, audition, vibrator, orgasm, small-tits, dildo, lesbian
- Pornostars: Pornostar hinzufügen
- Favoriten von: 0
- Dieses Video melden
Video Kommentare
Alle Videokommentare (1)
Video Ergebnisse für:
Sort by:
Sorry, we couldn't find any pages containing
Watch some of our most popular Tube8.com porn videos: Homepage or Category page