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Merry Christmas Quotes – During the season of Christmas, learn to open your heart and find a wonderful feeling of kindness and generosity for others. Discover that when your heart is hard and closed, you are unhappy. There is so much potential to unlock underneath a closed heart. In allowing your heart to open up to others, you will find a happiness that you may have forgotten can live within you. We should strive to open ourselves to life and love in order to feel the joy of Spirit flow through us, thus we will be able to extend ourselves to one another. In this, we will cherish the delight of love and goodwill being returned to us. Approaching life with a giving spirit will cause love to come back to us. Sharing this experience creates a better world, a world in which care exists among individuals.
This Christmas 2016, we are here presenting our beautiful collection of Merry Christmas 2016 quotes just for you guys who wants to wish their friends with these cards having Xmas quotes. So friends in this Merry Christmas 2016, wish your friends and family with these best quotes, and motivate them. We all will celebrate the Christmas and after that we will celebrate the happy new year 2016. And, we can say that the the Christmas is the last festival of the year after that the time will come when we all will say good bye to 2016, and then we welcome a new year which is Happy New Year 2016.
Best Merry Christmas Quotes – Top Merry Christmas Sayings
Christmas is not about receiving. Christmas is about giving. May your heart be filled with the joy of giving. This is an expression of the love in your heart and the kindness in your soul.
The holiday season can be such a busy time. It's definitely easy to get lost in the flurry of activity during the holiday season. My wish for you is that you have the time to take in the beauty and true meaning of the season and have a Merry Christmas.
Beneath the hustle and bustle of the holiday season there is the hidden true beauty; connecting with loved ones. May the beauty and joy lift you up during Christmas and the New Year!
If you would like to put Christmas in the air, you must put Christmas in the heart.
The magic of Christmas is not in the presents but in the presence of Christ and in the presence of our loved ones.
If your tree was filled with presents, but nobody to celebrate the holiday with, it probably wouldn't be special. Don't let beautifully wrapped packages get the best of you. The importance of the holiday isn't in the gifts. Find joy in the people around your tree.
Christmas is all about your state of mind. You can spend a lot of time decorating, buying gifts, writing out cards, and doing all kinds of things associated with Christmas, but if you don't feel it in your heart, it will not be Christmas.
Awesome Merry Christmas Quotes Messages For Greetings Cards
'Twas Christmas broach'd the mightiest ale;
'Twas Christmas told the merriest tale;
A Christmas gambol oft could cheer
The poor man's heart through half the year.
~Walter Scott
Christmas is a necessity. There has to be at least one day of the year to remind us that we're here for something else besides ourselves. ~Eric Sevareid
Our hearts grow tender with childhood memories and love of kindred, and we are better throughout the year for having, in spirit, become a child again at Christmas-time. ~Laura Ingalls Wilder
May Peace be your gift at Christmas and your blessing all year through! ~Author Unknown
I will honor Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. ~ Charles Dickens
Never worry about the size of your Christmas tree. In the eyes of children, they are all 30 feet tall. ~Larry Wilde, The Merry Book of Christmas
Every Year We Celebrate The Holy Season Of Advent, O God,
Every Year We Pray Those Beautiful Prayers Of Longing And Waiting,
And Sing Those Lovely Songs Of Hope And Promise.
My Idea Of Christmas, Whether Old-Fashioned Or Modern,
Is Very Simple: Loving Others. Come To Think Of It,
Why Do We Have To Wait For Christmas To Do That?
Love, joy and peace are the ingredients for a wonderful Christmas… We hope you find them all this festive season… Have a Merry Christmas!
May all the sweet magic of Christmas conspire to gladden your heart and fill every desire. Christmas brings family and friends together; it helps us appreciate the love in our lives we can often take for granted. May the true meaning of the holiday season fill your heart and home with many blessings.
Jingle bells, Christmas smells and noises everywhere What we need here Is Christmas cheer And hot cocoa all around. When Santa comes And brings his bounty Oh will those sleigh bells jingle Across the sky, Late at night,To the next house he goes.
May these christmas holidays refresh your spirit and bring you new inspiration and happiness for lide. sending you this Christmas SMS toWish you Merry Xmas and Christmas
I heard the bells on Christmas Day, Their old, familiar carols play, And wild and sweet, The words repeat Of peace on earth, good-will to men!Happy Christmas.
Lovely Merry Christmas Wishes Sayings 2016
Best friends are to friendship like Christmas is to the other holidays: always on top. Have a merry one.
The thing about Christmas is that it almost doesn't matter what mood you're in or what kind of a year you've had – it's a fresh start.
Having you as my friend makes me feel as if it is Christmas every day. The warmth and comfort that comes with this season reminds me of you.
He who has not Christmas in his heart will never find it under a tree.
I once wanted to become an atheist, but I gave up – they have no holidays.
May the message of Christmas fill your life with joy and peace. Best wishes to you and your family during this holiday season.
This is a joyous season to take a step back from our busy lives and enjoy time with our loved ones. Best wishes to you and yours.
Christmas brings family and friends together; it helps us appreciate the love in our lives we can often take for granted. May the true meaning of the holiday season fill your heart and home with many blessings.
During this Christmas season, may you enjoy the message of hope, love, and peace on Earth. May all of these holiday blessings be yours to keep. Here's to wishing you a Merry Christmas.
What can be better than opening presents, eating food and singing Christmas music? Doing all those things with family like you.
Forgive? Forget? What? It's Christmas time so, whatever it was, forget about it. Merry Christmas.
Give and receive love this holiday season and you will surely have a joyous Xmas. Best wishes to your family this season and always. May Christmas spread cheer in your lives!
Hope you like our collection of awesome Merry Christmas Quotes and Sayings. You may share them with your family and friends out there.


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subset: commoncrawl


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After a respite were back in the pod saddle with the stunning & knowledgeable Natasha Kufa. In addition to raising 4 kids, Natasha is an internationally renown nutritionist, certified raw food specialist, chef & food delivery proprietor and über-fit trainer, whose clients include A-list Hollywood celebrities such as Matthew McConaughey, Josh Duhamel & his wife Fergie from The Black Eyed Peas, and more.
If that's not enough, Natasha is also the author of The 10% Rule: Small Changes, Big Results and is the owner and founder of Evolution Body — a raw food delivery enterprise servicing the Los Angeles vicinity.
Topics covered? Colonics obsession, the joys & challenges of raising an autistic child & the impact of diet on spectrum behavior, the benefits of juicing, becoming a raw food chef, Natasha's fitness & diet perpective, the importance of maintaining a healthy gut microbial ecology, vaccinations (uh oh!), the 10% Rule — Natasha's primer for tackling & ultimately overcoming barriers to healthy eating habits & fitness practices — and of course the question everyone wants to know: what it's like to train a big celebrity?
TECHNICAL NOTE: As you will no doubt notice, there are some odd clicking sounds with Natasha's microphone. Despite running some audio EQ, it nonetheless subsists. Apologies in advance and as I keep saying (did I say I'm apologizing?), I'll do better next time. Or maybe it's time to get a real producer involved – which by the way, is in the works…
Enjoy the podcast and want to support the show? Make sure you subscribe on iTunes and leave a comment on the iTunes page for the show. Also, check out our new "DONATE†button on the right hand margin or click here to learn more. Third, if, & when you are about to buy something on Amazon, do us a solid and first click through to the Amazon site via the Amazon banner ad to the right (on the "Podcasts†page of RichRoll.com). Won't cost you a penny extra on your purchase but will throw some loose change from the Amazon coffers our way, which we will use to keep the bandwidth flowing and improve production quality.
Thanks for listening and enjoy the program!
Natasha Kufa Official Website
The 10% Rule: Small Changes, Big Results
Natasha on Facebook
Natasha on Twitter
Tatiana Kufa's YouTube Videos
Licence : All Rights Reserved


text: Posted February 20, 2008 Did anybody see or hear about the new demon fish that has been introduced to one of our southern rivers now? It looks like a snake with lots of teeth, almost like a Vicious Eelpout. I can't remember the name for sure but I saw a segment on it on one of the T.V. channels the other day. They said some guy said he was responsible for introducing them because he was doing an asian ritual, something having to do with his girlfriend and by letting two of them go alive in a pond that had a creek and they got out into the river. I hope these fish do not get into any of our lakes or rivers up here, oh the jumping Carp they are heading are way too. I think we are in for some real big changes if we cannot get a handle on these fish. I can't remember how much damage this snake fish can do, can anybody enlighten a little bit? Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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This project gives us as a class to look at ways the environment is being effected by us as humans and what we can do about it. I am an avid environmental friendly person and so I hope looking some information up will encourage you to think about your actions!
Pick a topic below to research
* Climate change * Water pollution * Acid deposition * Ozone toxicology * Chemical and nuclear pollution
When you click on the link please add as much scientific information you can about the topic you chose. Most importantly add a section on how to make changes to help alleviate the problem. (Can be large or small scale changes)
Please click on a link to see the format
- This project is due March 1, 2008**


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Kottayam: The Rubber Board today said it will provide financial assistance for formation of rubber producers' societies (RPSs) and self help groups (SHGs), reports PTI.
The scheme is intended to develop the small holding sector, which is responsible for the lion's share of natural rubber production in the country. The scheme will enable the socio-economic development of poor farmers and their families, an official spokesman said.
It is aimed at promoting a group approach for effective modernisation and improvement of the natural rubber sector, as an individual approach is not practical due to the large number of such holdings, he said.
The rate of assistance offered under the scheme is Rs6,000 for new RPSs and Rs3,000 for SHGs.
Such SPSs/SHGs would be provided 150 budded stumps and 200 metres of budwood at either 50%% of the cost finalised by the board, or Rs2,500 per RPS/SHG, whichever is less, to raise nurseries.
Fifty per cent of the actual expenditure, or Rs5,000, whichever is less, would also be granted to these RPSs/SHGs for conducting medical camps, he said.
The market continued its winning spree for the second day with the indices scaling a 33-month high. Institutional buying and support from its regional peers supported the rally, marking a splendid start of the new month.
The market opened in the positive terrain this morning, supported by cues from its Asian counterparts. The benchmarks gained momentum as the day progressed on the back of buying interest in heavyweights, particularly Sterlite Industries, after the Supreme Court stayed the Madras High Court interim order for closure of the company's Tuticorin copper smelter plant. The market scaled a 33-month high on across-the-board buying but closed off the day's high.
The Sensex settled at 20,445, up 375.92 points (1.87%), off its intraday high of 20,475 and a low of 20,094. The Nifty ended at 6,143, a gain of 113.45 points (1.88%). The index touched a high of 6,153 and a low of 6,030, mid-session.
The market breadth reacted in line with the gains today - the Sensex ended with 27 gainers and two stocks in the declining list while the Nifty had 45 advancing stocks and five ended in the red. The broader indices also had a field day; the BSE Mid-cap index surged 1.60% and the BSE Small-cap index advanced 1.54%.
The top performers on the Sensex were Sterlite Industries (up 5.13%), BHEL (up 4.29%), TCS (up 4.08%), Hindalco Industries (3.81%) and Jindal Steel (up 3.42%). There were only two Sensex losers today - Hero Honda (down 0.43%) and Bharti Airtel (down 0.20%).
The sectoral gainers were BSE Realty (up 403%), BSE Metal (up 3.87%), BSE Capital Goods (CG) (up 2.69%), BSE (IT) (up 2.57%) and BSE Auto (up 2.41%). There were no red ticks in the sectoral space today.
Markets in Asia ended higher on strong economic data across the globe. China's official manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index for September improved to 53.8 from 51.7 in August, while Thursday's private sector HSBC PMI showed a steady expansion from August. Hopes of further easing of the monetary policy aided gains in Japan. Bargain hunting by investors also lent a helping hand in keeping the bourses in the green.
The Jakarta Composite surged 1.31%, KLSE Composite added 0.19%, Nikkei 225 advanced 0.37%, Straits Times gained 1.07%, Seoul Composite was up 0.21% and Taiwan Weighted rose 0.08%. Markets in China and Hong Kong were closed for a local holiday.
India's exports grew by 22.5% to $16.64 billion in August compared to the same period last fiscal. Imports, too, jumped by 32.2% year-on-year to $29.67 billion in August, according to the government data released here today.
During April-August this fiscal, exports posted a growth rate of 28.6% to $85.27 billion on a year-on-year basis. Imports during the same period grew by 33.1% to $141.89 billion.
The US markets took a breather on Thursday after the recent gains, despite strong economic data. The Institute for Supply Management-Chicago's business barometer rose to 60.4 in September, beating analysts' expectations. The number of applications filing for jobless benefits fell by 16,000 to 453,000 in the week ended 25th September while unemployment rose to 9.6%. This apart, the economy grew at a 1.7% annual rate in the second quarter, revised figures from the Commerce Department showed.
The Dow fell 47.23 points (0.44%) to 10,788. The S&P 500 fell 3.53 points (0.31%) to 1,141. The Nasdaq fell 7.94 points (0.33%) to 2,368.
Foreign institutional investors were net buyers of Rs2,497 crore in the equities segment on Thursday. Domestic institutional investors were net sellers of Rs1,521 crore worth of stocks on the same day.
The Supreme Court today stayed the order of the Madras High Court directing Sterlite Industries (up 5.13%) to close down its copper smelting plant in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu. A bench comprising Justice RV Raveendran and HL Gokhale stayed operation of the order of the high court till 18th October, the next date of hearing.
Senior advocate CA Sundaram, appearing on behalf of Sterlite Industries, submitted that if the high court order is not stayed, it would be a "great injury" to the company, as the plant would have to be shut down.
Infrastructure major Punj Lloyd's (up 3.27%) group subsidiary, Sembawang Engineers and Constructors, which is into engineering and construction in the Southeast Asia region has bagged a contract worth Rs614 crore. The order was awarded from PUB, the national water agency of Singapore.
Sembawang Engineers and Constructors will be constructing a new 60 million Imperial Gallons of Water (MIGD) at Lower Seletar at the junction of Western Road Link and the Setetar Expressway. The project is scheduled to be completed by April 2013. The Lower Seletar Waterworks project was awarded via a public tender by PUB.
Automaker Tata Motors (up 1.96%) today reported a 23% increase in its total sales during September at 64,668 units compared to 52,513 units in the same month in 2009.
The homegrown firm's total passenger vehicles sales in the domestic market stood at 23,877 units in September, a jump of 31% from the same month last year while exports grew by 77% to 5,057 units compared to 2,863 units in the same month last year.
With the global shortage in sugar production, prices are likely to remain firm over the next few months. Provided India can manage to surpass earlier estimates and export additional stock, the sugar industry has the potential to become a 'shining star' from a 'falling meteorite', says a brokerage
With overall global shortfall and de-control measures announced by the Indian government, domestic sugar prices are expected to remain above Rs30 per kg. Recent floods in western Uttar Pradesh (UP), the second largest sugar producing state, have also affected overall production and it is now expected to be lower than earlier estimates of 25 million tonnes (MT).
India is the world's second largest producer and the world's largest consumer of sugar.
"With the destruction of the cane crop in UP and, hence, lowering of sugar production estimates for the country, coupled with the export obligation of around 1MT till March 2011, we believe domestic prices would remain firm and could rule above Rs30 per kg in the medium-term," said ICICI Securities Ltd in a report.
On Thursday, buoyed by expectations of a bumper output in 2010-11 and a 40% decline in retail prices since January, commodity market regulator Forward Markets Commission (FMC) lifted the ban on trading in sugar futures, reports PTI.
The government had banned futures trading in sugar in May 2009 to control prices in the domestic market. Since February 2009, India has been importing sugar to meet domestic demand.
According to the PTI report, sugar output in 2010-11 (between October-September, the crushing season) is expected to rise to 25MT from 19MT in the current sugar year. India's annual sugar demand is about 23MT.
"We believe that the two-year (FY2010 and FY2011) scenario for sugar companies in India is strong with the domestic and global sugar industries experiencing a deficit. Thus, sugar prices are likely to remain high leading to hefty profits for these companies. The key risk to sugar prices though is the continuous intervention by the government," said Sharekhan Ltd in a research report.
The global scenario of sugar production is also not very encouraging. Brazil, the world's largest producer and exporter of sugar, is facing adverse weather conditions that could affect sugar production in that country. There is a 38% increase in China's sugar imports as floods have destroyed the sugarcane crop there. Moreover, the crop deficit in Europe and Pakistan is also increasing import demand from these countries. All these factors will lead to firm prices until February 2011 as no other country, except India, would be able to supply sugar. Exports from India, on the other hand, are also restricted to 1MT.
ICICI Securities said, "With global sugar prices at seven-month highs discounting the deficit across the globe, domestic sugar prices at eight-month lows discounting the expected excess production and the Indian sugar sector finally waiting to witness the long awaited decontrol, the outlook for the sugar industry has transformed from a 'falling meteorite' to 'shining star'."
Reflecting the upbeat sentiments, during 1st April to 30th September, the Moneylife Sugar Index rose 24% to 2,790.72 points from 2,254.17 points while the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Sensex increased 13% to 20069.12 points in the same period.
During the first half of FY11, Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals Ltd shares jumped 57% to Rs79.2, highest among the ML Sugar Index stocks. Dwarikesh Sugar Industries Ltd and Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd rose 38% to Rs104.1 and 29% to Rs87.95, respectively. Shares of Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar & Industries Ltd, EID-Parry (India) Ltd, Uttam Sugar Mills Ltd, Dhampur Sugar Mills Ltd and Sakthi Sugars Ltd also rose between 27% to 12%, during the first half.
Surprisingly, Bajaj Hindusthan Ltd, the country's largest sugar and ethanol producer, has remained flat over the past six months. "We remain negative on Bajaj Hindusthan due to the large debt on its books and stretched capex plans in the power segment. We believe these capex plans would result in a further increase in the company's debt or an equity dilution in the future, which remains an overhang on the stock," ICICI Securities said.
Bajaj Hindusthan has lagged competition in terms of diversifying and enhancing its revenue and profitability profile compared to peers. "The company bought the largest raw sugar inventory of 700,000 tonnes in the industry, contracted at $467 per tonne, which translated into total cost of Rs28 per kg for refined sugar. Due to the decline in sugar realisations, we expect the company's EBITDA margin in refined sugar to be affected severely," said another brokerage in a research note.
Similarly, during 1st April to 30th September, shares of Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd (BRCM) failed to impress. During the first half, its shares rose 5% to Rs92.7.


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A St. Bernard Parish woman died Sunday night when a car hit her as she walked on St. Bernard Highway, Louisiana State Police said.
The accident happened about 8:20 p.m. near East St. Bernard Highway and Colonial Boulevard, said Trooper Melissa Matey, state State Police Troop B spokeswoman.
Candas Richard, 22, who wore dark clothing, was walking in the middle of the westbound lane on East St. Bernard Highway when a Nissan Maxima, driven by Anna Berthelotte, 38, hit Richard from behind.
Berthelotte pulled her car to the shoulder of the road and began to flag traffic around Richard, Matey said. However, a Mac dump truck, driven by Robert Starks, 63, of New Orleans, his Richard again.
Richard died on the scene, Matey said.
Investigators do not believe speed or impairment were factors in the accident but have taken blood samples from Berthelotte and Starts.
State law requires pedestrians to use sidewalks where they exist or walk along the left shoulder as far away from the road as possible when sidewalks are not available. Pedestrians should walk against the flow of traffic, wear light-colored clothing and stay out of travel lanes, Matey said.


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Cuttwood Manic Mint (30ML) - Reimagined Series
9 In stock
Cuttwood Manic Mint Ejuice is a newly released mint flavored E Liquid from Cuttwood from their new line the Reimagined Series. Manic Mint is Cuttwood's reinterpretation of how Mint was meant to taste. Manic Mint is a blend of cool and refreshing peppermint and spearmint flavors that blend together to create wonderfully delightful vape. The spearmint comes through to deliver a refreshing kick during the inhale, making way for a sweetened mellowing peppermint that builds up throughout the exhale. Cuttwood has managed to create a delightful mint flavored vape, that many other E Liquid manufacturers have had a difficult time pulling off. Type a description for this product here...
Returns Policy
You may return most new, unopened items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund. We'll also pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.).
You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days).
If you need to return an item, simply login to your account, view the order using the 'Complete Orders' link under the My Account menu and click the Return Item(s) button. We'll notify you via e-mail of your refund once we've received and processed the returned item.
We can ship to virtually any address in the world. Note that there are restrictions on some products, and some products cannot be shipped to international destinations.
When you place an order, we will estimate shipping and delivery dates for you based on the availability of your items and the shipping options you choose. Depending on the shipping provider you choose, shipping date estimates may appear on the shipping quotes page.
Please also note that the shipping rates for many items we sell are weight-based. The weight of any such item can be found on its detail page. To reflect the policies of the shipping companies we use, all weights will be rounded up to the next full pound.


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Jailbird Video-Shirley Ceasar directed by Darryl D. Lassiter MP3
The story takes place in a courtroom with a convict standing trial and dedicates his life to Christ in front of the judge and jury. It features Shirley Ceasar and ...
Darkwing Duck, Season1 E62, Jail Bird, Disney Series MP3
Darkwing Duck, Season1 E62, Jail Bird, Disney Series ✓Link: http://youtu.be/LR5mysQuar4 Darkwing Duck is an American animated action-adventure television ...
Primal Scream - Jailbird MP3
Canción del album Give Out But Don't Give Up.
Shirley Caesar - Jailbird MP3
Uploaded with Free Video Converter from Freemake http://www.freemake.com/free_video_converter/
Jail Bird (Cockatoo opens locked cage from the inside) MP3
Billy the Cockatoo helps his incarcerated fowl comrades, Max the African Grey and Jojo the Macaw, escape from their giant green prison.
Jailbird Rock MP3
Jailbird, M. Ward MP3
From his new album entitled "Hold Time" sorry about the extra 2 minutes that were somehow added in there.
Jailbird Singers - Precious Lord, take my hand. MP3
På Metronome 1964.
Jim White - Jailbird MP3
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Jailbird singers - Barnatro. MP3
Jailbird Singers - Där björkarna susa. MP3
På Metronome 1964.
jailbird Y 2015.1.12 MP3
3013:Psychic monkey(fade out) http://jailbirdxxx.seesaa.net/ 田舎者フェス2015 @ 広島4.14.
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Jailbird Singers was a Swedish group who was founded in 1964 by Tony Granqvist, Åke "Korpen" Johnson and Tore "Masen" Eliasson who met while serving ...
Noddy - Mr Plot and the jail bird MP3
To order a full DVD please visit http://www.tinyurls.co.uk/1bp . Thanks.
Jailbird Singers - Only if you praise the lord. MP3
På Metronome 1964.
Peter Carlsson berättar om när Jailbird Singers sprängde ett kassaskåp MP3
Hämtat ur Peters sommarprogram från 1999.
Jailbird Singers - Ovan där. MP3
Primal Scream-Jailbird MP3
Jailbird Singers - Jungman Jansson. MP3
Jailbird Singers - Rulla på, Rulla på. MP3
"Jailbird Singers" "rulla på"
Primal Scream - Jailbird live Glastonbury 2003 MP3
Primal Scream playing Jailbird live at Glastonbury festival 2003.
Jailbird Singers - Laredo. MP3
Primal Scream - Country Girl, Jailbird and Rocks - live at Eden Sessions 2011 MP3
New album More Light out 6th May: http://www.Primalscream.Net http://www.edenproject.com/sessions/ Watch Primal Scream perform Country Girl, Jailbird and ...
the exploding hearts - jailbird (hd) MP3
the exploding hearts - jailbird guitar romantic (2003) dirtnap records.
The COLTS / Jailbird MP3
Jailbird Singers - Laredo (Streets of Laredo) MP3
Jailbird Singers was a Swedish group who was founded in 1964 by Tony Granqvist, Åke "Korpen" Johnson and Tore "Masen" Eliasson who met while serving ...


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By Belinda Goldsmith, Reuters
NEW YORK With more women wearing flip-flops to the office this summer, style gurus are warning that the casual shoe once mainly seen on the beach could be damaging to careers — as well as to feet.
Lauren Cardinale, 25, who works at West Glen Communications, wears beaded or other fancy flip-flops to the office — when she can get away with it.
"Occasionally I wear flip-flops to work," she said. "I wear nicer shoes if I'm meeting with clients or if I know there will someone in the office who doesn't approve of flip-flops."
Cardinale is one of thousands of young women in New York who consider flip-flops an essential part of their summer wardrobe.
An online survey conducted for retailers Old Navy and Gap found flip-flops topped the list of wardrobe items that college and high school students planned to wear to work this summer.
More than 31% of women said flip-flops were the single "must have" item for work this summer.
But many companies disagree.
"The dress code says no beach wear and flip-flops are considered beach wear," said a spokeswoman for BNP Paribas.
Style gurus warn that flip-flops, which are worn mainly by younger women, could be harmful to a career.
"Shoes convey the mood of a woman. Wearing flip-flops conveys the mood that you are relaxed and on vacation. That's not a good message in the office," said Meghan Cleary, a style commentator who wrote the book The Perfect Fit: What Your Shoes Say About You.
Doctors say it's not just careers they could harm.
Physicians at the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons say flip-flops are linked to a growing number of heel problems among teens and young adults.
"We're seeing more heel pain than ever in patients 15 to 25 years old, a group that usually doesn't have this problem," said spokeswoman Marybeth Crane in a recent statement.
She said flip-flops with thin soles have no arch support and can accentuate any abnormal biomechanics in foot motion which eventually brings pain and inflammation.
Flip-flops are far from new, dating back at least 70 years, and it is believed developed out of traditional Japanese woven or wooden soled sandals in New Zealand.
The term "flip-flop" derives from the noise they make while slapping against the wearer's heels and the floor, but they are also known as thongs in Australia, jandals in New Zealand, and slippers in Hawaii.
In developing countries, they are the cheapest — and often only — form of footwear, easy to make and easy to fit. The basic flat sole with a Y-shaped strap, that passes between the toes and around either side of the foot, is known in most every nation and to most every social class.
Flip-flops took on a new life among the young and trendy a few years ago. They have surged in popularity with shops now selling them in every conceivable color, with sequins, flowers, and even bridal flip-flops with more than 300 Swarovski crystals on the straps for about $140 a pair.
Last June, the Northwestern University's champion women's lacrosse team was widely criticized for wearing flip-flops when they visited the White House and met President Bush.
Ellen Campuzano, president of the Committee of Color and Trends, a New York-based forecasting service specializing in footwear and accessories, thinks flip-flops' popularity will wane.
"Usually these trends come and go in about five years," she said. "I think we've reached the peak, they can't be any more widespread, so maybe next summer something will replace them."
Copyright 2007 Reuters Limited. Click for Restrictions.


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Caterpillar says the major anticipated falloff in truck sales during the first quarter of 2007 should only been temporary and won't affect its operations much.
"We are seeing indications that fleets may be engaging in a pre-buy prior to the '07 regulations," said Jim Owens, the company's chairman & CEO, during the Caterpillar's second quarter financial review with analysts.
"The Class 8 North American heavy-duty truck industry is anticipated to drop from about 315,000 units in '06 to about 190,000 to 220,000 units in '07, [with that] drop expected to be more concentrated in the first quarter of the year," he added. "For us, we anticipate the first quarter to be hit harder than the remainder of the year."
Owens said truck sales should increase during the bottom half of '07 on strong freight demand.
He noted that Caterpillar is also planning to shift its manufacturing operations to cover a falloff in truck engine orders—especially from Freightliner and Paccar subsidiaries Kenworth of and Peterbilt—so plant capacity doesn't sit idle.
"Actions include, but are not limited to, product rationalization, continued expansion into new applications and redeployment of productive assets," Owens said. "Continued strength in non-truck engine applications over time should offset a portion of lost business and we are converting part of our mid-range engine assembly plant into a marine engine packaging center to capitalize on the growing demand for marine product while better utilizing shared production assets."
Owens remains confident that Caterpillar's Advanced Combustion Emission Reduction Technology (ACERT) system will lower exhaust pollution to the required levels without affecting truck fuel economy too much.
"In terms of readiness for production, our component supplier and production processes are being validated and are on track for transition during fourth quarter this year," he said. "Production and shipment of '07 engines is going to begin during the fourth quarter this year, with full implementation early in '07."


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With Iverson at home, 76ers drop sixth straight gameDec 9, 2006 - 3:37 AM PHILADELPHIA (Ticker) -- With or without Allen Iverson, the Philadelphia 76ers have plenty of problems.
On a night where the Iverson era came to an end, the 76ers squandered a 20-point lead and suffered a 113-98 setback to the Washington Wizards, their sixth straight loss and 13th in 15 games.
Gilbert Arenas scored 32 points for the Wizards, who have won three straight games and two in a row on the road, where they got off to a franchise-worst 0-8 start. But that was a sideshow to one of the worst days in franchise history for the 76ers.
"It's hard when you watch a guy grow into his own with the same organization," Arenas said. "You never want him to leave. You always want it to work out for the best. Both sides hung in there as long as they could. I guess that A.I. was tired of it and he is ready to win a championship."
A four-time scoring champion and the face of the franchise for more than a decade, Iverson asked for a trade earlier this week, according to owner Ed Snider.
"I know that he is the heart of Philadelphia," Sixers forward Chris Webber said. "I can't imagine Philadelphia without him. I don't know if basketball fans can imagine us without him."
When Iverson arrived at shootaround Friday, he was told by coach Maurice Cheeks not to participate. Afterward, Iverson was instructed not to come to the Wachovia Center or join the team for Saturday's game at Orlando.
Asked if Iverson would be traded, Snider said, "No question about it."
"As hard as it is to admit it, a change may be the best thing for everyone," Iverson said in a statement. "I hate admitting that because I love the guys on the team and the city of Philadelphia. I truly wanted to retire a 76er."
"I guess it's just the business of basketball," Sixers swingman Andre Iguodala said. "Some guys are going to get moved. Shaq (Shaquille O' Neal) has been moved twice."
Without their best player, the Sixers did not look much different than they did with him. The offense clicked at times but could not compensate for a porous defense that allowed the Wizards back into the game.
Philadelphia opened a 29-20 lead after one period as Webber scored 12 points. Kyle Korver had a pair of 3-pointers in a 17-6 surge that opened the second quarter and gave the Sixers a 46-26 advantage.
But the Wizards closed the deficit to 52-48 at halftime as Arenas scored eight points and DeShawn Stevenson added five.
"For some reason, I thought that we were going to have a chance because we had some open looks that we just didn't make," Wizards coach Eddie Jordan said. "We had a good feeling about ourselves. We had good karma and good teamwork."
Stevenson scored 10 of his season-high 17 points in the third period, when Washington took the lead for good and carried an 81-73 advantage into the final period. He made three 3-pointers.
"I just felt comfortable," said Stevenson, who had just four 3-pointers this season. "I know when my shots are coming. When I first came here it was kind of hard to know the offense, but every day I'm feeling more comfortable."
In the final period, Philadelphia got no closer than eight points, the last time at 100-92 with 3:33 to go. Arenas sealed matters with two free throws and a 3-pointer.
Arenas had been struggling on the road this season, shooting just 28 percent from the field during the slide. But he made 11-of-20 shots - including four 3-pointers - and has 70 points in Washington's two road wins.
"The other night I was cooking chicken and shrimp. Tonight, it was steak and lobster," Arenas said. "When you have the Hibachi grill on, anything can happen. When you go to Benihana's, they pull tricks out of their hat. That's what I did tonight."
Caron Butler had 20 points, 11 rebounds and three steals for the Wizards, who shot 50 percent (40-of-80), including 9-of-22 from the arc. They overcame a 1-of-9 showing by forward Antawn Jamison.
"We survived," Jordan said. "Our forwards weren't scoring the ball in the first half."
Webber had 21 points and 10 boards, Korver scored 20 points and Iguodala added 13 for the Sixers, who shot 49 percent (38-of-77). That trio will have to carry the offense in Iverson's absence.
"I concentrate on whatever guys are in my locker room and it doesn't matter who it is," Cheeks said. "Right now, those guys who are in the locker room is what I'm concentrating on and I feel good about the guys I have in there."
Dec 8 10:30 PM
Dec 8 9:51 PM
Dec 8 9:06 PM
Dec 8 8:31 PM
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Brisbane International Film Festival Package
Margaret and David discuss what's showing at the Brisbane Film Festival, 2007
Brisbane International Film Festival Package
The Brisbane International Film Festivals starts on Thursday, 2nd August, with the latest film from Hal Hartley, FAY GRIM.
Theres the latest feature from Werner Herzog RESCUE DAWN. Theres IRINA PALM which sees Marianne Faithful taking on a job at a sex club to pay for her grandsons medical expenses.
From veteran Czech director Jiri Menzel theres, I SERVED THE KING OF ENGLAND. As well as the sumptuous, THE BANQUET, a larger than life take on HAMLET by director Feng Xiaogang.
David Lynch fans will possibly be thrilled to see his 3 hour epic INLAND EMPIRE, which stars Jeremy Irons, Laura Dern.
Theres also the latest films from Catherine Breilatt, Paul Schrader, plus a African sidebar, as well as a Luis Bunuel retrospective focusing on his Mexican period.
Theres plenty for music fans too, with THE FUTURE IS UNWRITTEN, Julien Temples documentary about THE CLASH'S JOE STRUMMER, as well as CONTROL the story of Joy Division's Ian Curtis directed by renowned music photographer Anton Corbijn.


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Write content here - a couple paragraphs please!
We are a quiet inn with a 9 acre landscaped and wooded retreat. A babbling brook, waterfall and wooded walking trail are on our property. Ammenities include our heated pool, two outdoor Jacuzzi tubs. and our private gazebo and mountain views. Near Stowe's recreation trail, and closest 3 diamond B&B to Mount Mansfield, the highest mountain in Vermont, we boast easy access to walking, biking, hiking, mountain bikking and mountain climbing. We are also minutes from Smugglers Notch. During the summer our guests enjoy access through the notch bringing the antique trail of route 15 conveniently close.


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Art: For Walls or To Wear
C reativity knows no bounds. Why should we?
Whether it's a painting or a luxurious wrap, it's all rich, radiant artwork brought passionately to life by Ellen.
Artwork: Explore Ellen's Mixed Media and Dye on Silk paintings and hangings. Click on "Art" (above) or "Series" (below).
Fashion: Visit Clothing & Accessories, including hand-painted and limited edition fashions. For inspiration don't miss Custom Designs.
Ellen's hand-painted textiles are also turned into original pillows and table runners. A few examples are here.


text: Rope sandals have made the ultimate comeback with our MUK LUKS Hannah Scuff Sandals. With the perfect shade of Brown and beautiful Sequins, you'll want to wear them with everything. Stylish and comfortable are the perfect words to describe these shoes! Made with a 100% Polyester Upper,100% Ramie Insole,and a TPRSole.Spot clean with a damp cloth, available in Women's whole sizes 6-10. Made in China.


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ITB Berlin 2017
Become part of the asr common booth at the ITB 2017 from 08. – 12. March 2017 in Berlin and present yourself at the world's largest tourism fair.
In 2017 we will give you more space for your meetings due to a new division of the stand. The so called "public days" on saturday and sunday will be put under the motto "children and family journeys". For this intent we will draw the attention to our stand with various entertainment und will promote it accordingly in the ITB programme.
We offer you the opportunity to present your company for you with low effort but high service on a well placed stand of 99 m² with a 3-sided presentation area to meet existing and new partners in a professional environment.
Your benefits at the asr common booth
- space for meetings with partners and customers on 99 m²
- well visible presentation of each co-exhibitor
- complete organisation of your trade participation
- catering
- professional support / catering during the whole fair
- effective networkingat the booth
- Get-together on March 9th 2017
From the various fair packages chose the right one for your company and come to the asr common booth at the ITB 2017.
Our trade fair offers /packages
Registration form for packages
Enjoy all benefits of the asr common booth in hall 25!
We are looking forward to seeing you!


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- Description
The EVO EXPRESS bait station provides a secure station with a professional appearance. A single locking mechanism provides quick servicing combined with a station that is strong enough to provide a high level of tamper-resistance. Station contains 4 vertical bait positions (that accommodate 8-1oz. Blox) with locking rods that won't fall out during cleaning and features a removable tray with rounded corners for quick station servicing.
Multiple Anchoring Options: Comes pre-installed with a concrete block that is completely enclosed with no bolts or screws that can break or crack. Station can also be used with duckbill anchors or secured to a fence line.
Tamper-Resistant for Kids and Pets: Only accessible once opened with the key. The ramped entry baffles keep bait and traps out of reach of children and non-target wildlife.
Versatile Use for Baiting or Trapping: multiple use station to fit the needs of your customer.
- Additional Information
Additional Information
Active Ingredient N/A Case Quantity 1
- Reviews
You may also be interested in the following product(s)
FINAL BLOX 18lb$84.76
CONTRAC BLOX - 18lb$77.00


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Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
large and clean rooms, friendly staff, directly in the city centre, good value for money equipment and decoration of rooms quite basic (although nothing essential was missing)
Nice, quiet and clean hotel with big bads and tv There is no free lan or wifi connection to internet. There is only one computer with connection to internet next to reception. I was on business travel and I needed internet to do my work from hotel room on my pc. That's why I wouldn't stay at this hotel again on my business trip.
The major problem for me was that the hotel didn't have it's own free wireless network. It was only possible to use especially prepared computer to access the Internet but for business purposes it's useless. In future I would stay in the hotel only if free wifi network is available
very good restaurant and nice bar
The service, free use of computer and printer, breakfast is very good as well as spacious rooms. No free wireless internet on the rooms, no bath tube in the bathroom, no slippers and bathjacket in the room
Clean hotel at good location
The location is excellent. It is 2 minutes from the centre of the city with its street car and bus terminal, 2 minutes from shopping, and 5 minutes from the old town. No problems
A very nice hotel with friendly staff
Although I did have an booking confirmation, I was forced to change hotel close to this hotel. Just only because of, "We didn't have any room any more...".
Beautyful surroundings, fatastic for hiking and exercising. Pleasant staff and facilities that met expectations at the price level.
The hotel is beautifully located in the Frankenwald forest, and Bad Steben offers a fantastic variety of spa, cosmetic and health treatment. Also, there is a system of foot paths that offers the possibility for walks and jogging for all needs. Good food. The fair rating of personnel is because of one person in the reception, who clearly should not be their. She was unfriendly, unhelpful and demonstrated no understanding of service. However, this one person was an exception, all other staff deserved good to excellent rating. The hotel is now 25 years old and the need for refurbishing is getting obvious.
Great staff, very helpful. Lovely setting.
Beautiful surroundings and excellent facilities. Very nicely laid out for hiking. Wonderful swimming pool. Friendly staff. One sour individual (male) in the receiption ruined an otherwise excellent rating of staff. The hotel can only wait a few years before an overhall is required. It is beginning to look a bit worn in places.
The location in Frankenwald is very attractive. Beautiful,calm landscape. When we have ticked off "Golf/Sports" it is because there is a large selection of footpaths around the hotel where you can walk or jog, and the pool facilities are excellent.
there wasnt anything my daughter disliked about Hotel Central, she enjoyed her stay very much
incredibly helpful staff no
Very friendly, nice Restaurant, Room Size was gerat
Pleasant reception and well furnished room if a little old-fashioned. Breakfast was also first rate
The Strassberger Tor was the best find of our road trip in Germany. Everything from reception to restaurant to internet access was excellent and could not be faulted. Great rooms made for a good nights sleep.
style, room furnishing, easy parking, excellent internet access My shower floor would have needed some thorough cleaning. Otherwise the hotel was clean.
The staff was most accomodating and the location was near the center of Plauen! Great, quaint hotel.
Excellent value for money Slightly too formal an atmosphere in the dining room
Central location. Friendly staff.
We really enjoyed our staying at the hotel Strauss. The staff members were friendly and breakfast was rather rich. Besides, the hotel has an excellent parking.
Good price, free internet access, nice staff. The hotel seems to be very old and could use some refurbishing. Floors are very loud. There is no AC, noisy from street with open window. Poor breakfast as for german hotel.
Directly in the middle of Hof, good location. And I had the possibility to get a free parking space as well. There was no reception of wireless signals in my room. That needs improvement.
Nice, clean, large room. Excellent restaurant. Attentive staff. Short walk to haupbahnhof. Near good restaurants and local sites. None
Staff - helpful
good service at the reception
Good location good brekfeast
We liked the friendly Staff. We know the Hotel is old and it smelled not very good in the room. But the rooms was clean.
My room was large, everything was clean, and the staff was very courteous.
Room was of a good size for 2 pers, and the bathroom was light and not too small All-in-all the hotel appeared a bit shabby
Staff was extremely cordial, excellent service.
Staff helpful once you found the hotel e.g. provided directions/map to get to town centre for evening meal but then you were on your own... Breakfast good with egg [omelete] feshly cooked. Better infomation for those arriving on foot e.g. by rail to get to the hotel would help - yes it is quite near the main Hof rail station [Hbf] but a better description/ map would assist. It is also a trek down to the town centre e.g. to get a meal in the evening [and back up after], as not any obvious restaurants nearby - only some smokey bars.
good breakfast buffet, quality food and wide choice despite the hotel being a small one room was a bit cold on our arrival, but nevertheless warmed up quickly
clean and uncomplicated, easy to find, close to Motorway exit, easy parking. I had booked for Sun night 11 Oct. I had phoned on Oct 7 to advance this by one day and was told by Frau Kuhn that this change of dates was ok and was now in their system. When we arrived Sat late the night porter had no record of us. He eventually found us in the system for Sunday night. Luckily a room was still available.
Very good hotel. Plesantly surpriced by the high standard...did not expect this from a "motorway hotel"...
the swimming pool, the breakfast, the location perhaps a bit dark
The staff, the room and the swimming pool
For the price a good hotel, large rooms, swimming pool and sauna. Close to the highway No internet connection in the rooms, only at the lobby (free of charge)
the rooms are spartan but clean. However the food is exceptionally good. Very fresh delightfully presented and tasty some rooms suffer from motorway noise if you like to sleep with an open window
Check-in prcoess was perfect. The family room we bboked was spacious and clean and with a large nice bathroom. We borrowed bathrobes in the reception - they came in all sizes - and used the pool twice. Breakfast buffet was fine too. The dinner menu in the restaurant was a bit heavy.
Big,silent and clean room with balcony, friendly staff, good service reception and restauran. Excelent, big breakfast bufe. no wlan possibility in the room
The staff were very good with the children. The pool was great, if a little chilly. Good food in the restaurant. Very quiet considering the proximity of the A9.
The room was spacious and comfortable. The spa and pool were relaxing. The breakfast was good and varied. There was no wireless in the room and intermittent service in the lobby.
The hotel staff were super nice. Made me feel like coming back again.
My stay was very pleasent
Especially kind and familiar staff, delicious breakfast, close to the railway station, pleasent inner settings and a pretty good Sauna. There wasn't.
Very friendly hotel and quiet area. Breakfast was excellent and much better than I expected.
The employees were very gracious, pleasant, and helpful. The breakfast had a variety of foods to choose from. The Bahnhof was close. Not difficult to find.
just perfect, nice, clean and warm, great breakfast and friendly folk what more do you need?
the restaurant was in the same building, breakfast was good and staff was really nice and helpful i had to leave the room already at 10 am, and i had problems with internet
Friendly staff & good food
The room was very clean and comfortable.The breakfast was very nice and had a good variety.
The staff were very helpful and moved me to another room when asked because of the heat in an upper room due to heatwave
We used the hotel on the way to and from our summerholiday in Italy. We are to adults and 3 children. So an extra bed was added to the room. The room wasn't so big, but comfortable and nice. The staff was nice, the breakfast was as expected (I didn't miss anything). Close to the hotel there is a pizzaria (very good and affordable) and an icecream shop (and a bank). There is much trafic on the seemingly small road in front of the hotel. Open windows will cause noise at ordinary city level from approx. 5 o'clock. So don't open the window.
Good price for one nigth
A very nice owner - the lady is such a warm and helpful person, excellent! We were with 2-year-old twins and the lady was very helpful to us at every stage of our 1-night-stay. Very good breakfast, excellent location - only 5km from A9 Autobahn.
Well, what can one expect for the rate 45 euro for double room? The hotel has been choosen for one purpose: near A9 highway, low rate, half a way during our longer trip. So if you need cheep place as a "trip-braker" and quick bed & breakfast this place is could be for you, otherwise avoid it.
This hotel is too close to the church that rings the bell every 15 minutes!
locations on the way to ski holiday
Its a very familary Hotel and silent place at night time..Breakfast was great
friendly, warm place in a picturesque little town a bit off the beaten path, but that added to the charm
The hotel was closed untill 5.30 p.m. even check in from 5.00 p.m. should be possible. Half an hour just waiting for someone to open the door is not good enough.
restaurant, food
The owners were very friendly and helpful. Breakfast was good, and the old-fashioned feel about the place added to the ambience The hotel is right next to a church. Every morning at 0.600 I was woken to the very loud sound of a bell, chiming constantly for about 3 minutes. Sleep after that was impossible.
breakfast, staff A++, decor, location


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 16, 2010
|Filing date
|Jul 23, 2007
|Priority date
|Sep 1, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|W. Mark Hiatt
|Original Assignee
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (48), Referenced by (13), Classifications (31), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/218,705, filed Sep. 1, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,772,115, issued Aug. 10, 2010. The disclosure of the previously referenced U.S. patent application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to semiconductor devices and fabrication methods therefor. More particularly, the invention pertains to methods for forming conductive vias in a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer or other substrate, and resulting structures.
Background of Related Art
Semiconductor devices that have integrated circuits are produced by fabricating a large plurality of identical circuit patterns on a semiconductor wafer or other bulk substrates of semiconductor material, wherein each circuit pattern defines a die. A plethora of conventional processes is typically used, including for example, doping, photolithography, layering, etching, laser ablation, metallization, oxidation, layer removal, wafer thinning/planarization, die separation and packaging. Inasmuch as the major goals of semiconductor manufacturers generally typify increased performance and lower cost, considerations such as device density (with concomitant increased circuit speed and reduced power requirements) and enhanced reliability have taken a high priority. In addition, it may be increasingly important that repetitive operations be performed on an entire wafer prior to die separation (singulation), to speed production, reduce production costs, and increase semiconductor device uniformity and reliability and, ultimately, yield.
One way to increase the density of semiconductor devices in a semiconductor assembly is to stack semiconductor dice one upon another. The stacked semiconductor dice may be interconnected by forming conductive vias in through holes in one or more of the semiconductor dice. An interior of each of the vias may be coated with an electrical isolation material followed by an electrically conductive material to electrically connect the vias to integrated circuitry fabricated on an active surface of the semiconductor die and to form a plurality of hollow through-hole vias. Thus, the vias may provide a conductive pathway from the active surface of a semiconductor die to its back surface, enabling interconnection of vias on the back surface, the active surface, or both surfaces of the semiconductor die to external electrical contacts of another semiconductor die or to a carrier substrate. Through holes are typically formed by etching, laser ablation, or a combination thereof. In an etching method, photolithographic patterning of a photoresist is used to define the via locations, followed by wet (chemical) or dry (reactive ion) etching. Laser drilling has been used to form vias by ablating semiconductor material to form through holes extending through the entire thickness of a semiconductor die. The laser-drilled via may then be etched to clean slag from the via and smooth its walls.
Various conductive structures on a die or wafer may be interconnected by a conductive via and further through at least one of bond pads, component leads, metal wires, metal layers, and annular rings. Bond pads on semiconductor dice are typically formed from tungsten, aluminum, copper, or aluminum-copper alloys ranging from 1.5 to 1.0% or less copper. When formed of aluminum, the bond pads may be plated with nickel to deter oxidation and provide a solder-wettable surface. However, a layer of oxide may also form upon nickel, though not as rapidly as aluminum. Such a layer of nickel oxide may present a problem with adhesion or wetting of a molten metal (e.g., solder) thereto.
One of the problems encountered in the use of high density ball grid arrays (BGA), column grid arrays (CGA), or chip scale packaging (CSP) may occur when a through-wafer interconnect (TWI) of a substrate is connected to another substrate such as an electronic module or circuit board. Particularly, when the solder deposited on a bond pad is associated with a hollow conductive via and is heated to a reflow temperature, molten solder may be wicked into the hollow through hole, depleting the ball of sufficient solder to complete the conductive connection.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,330 to Isaacs et al. describes a method for improving the connection of hollow through-hole vias in a printed circuit board (PCB) to an electronic module. As shown in this reference, each via is filled step-wise until completely filled with solder, prior to placement and attachment of solder balls of a module. However, multiple pass solder-plugging steps are required and assembly yield may be lower than desired. This method may sometimes result in other problems, including molten/softened solder drainage from the via by gravity or other influences and replacement by solder drawn from the solder ball attachment, compromising the solder ball electrical connection.
As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,726 to Hoffmeyer et al., it is proposed to plate the cylindrical via with a metal, such as nickel, which may not be wetted effectively by the reflowing of a lead-tin eutectic solder while using fluxes that allow effective wetting to copper. The bond pad of the via is copper plated to effect good wetting to a solder ball. The goal of the reference is to form a hollow (cylindrical) via which is not wettable for solder adhesion, while allowing the bond pad to be wetted by solder.
As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,734,560 to Kamperman et al., hollow plated through holes in a multi-layer circuit board are capped with a multi-layer cap to prevent the flow of solder into the through holes. The caps comprise a conductive layer attached to one or more insulating layers. The caps are configured in a sheet which may be attached over the field of through holes. However, as an impediment to implementation of such a configuration, cap locations on the sheet must be precisely positioned so as to be aligned with respective through holes.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,383,363 to Hayakawa et al., a solder paste is used to interconnect the conductive planes on either of a printed circuit board through a via hole. The via hole is not plated and the solder paste is not reflowed. Conductive layers deposited on the substrate and over the via entrap the solder paste within the via hole. Because the solder paste is not reflowed, electrical continuity is established through particle-to-particle contact, which is not always reliable.
There are fundamental differences in forming vias in a circuit board and forming vias in a semiconductor wafer which contains many discrete microchip circuits. While a circuit board is typically manufactured at a desired final thickness, semiconductive materials such as silicon and the like are fragile materials subject to easy fracture. Thus, in contrast to circuit board fabrication, fabrication of electronic devices on an entire semiconductor wafer is typically conducted before the wafer is thinned by a chemical mechanical process (CMP) or back grinding to a desired final thickness. None of the above referenced patents refer to the formation of a conductive via or TWI in a semiconductor wafer such as comprising a plurality of integrated circuits or the like.
In light of efforts to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art, it may be appreciated that it would be advantageous to develop improved methods for forming TWIs through a semiconductor wafer.
The present invention comprises methods for making through-wafer interconnects in substrates such as semiconductor wafers and other substrates. The methods include the formation of a conductive through-wafer interconnect, or TWI, having a dam structure at one or both ends. The one or more dam structures may be configured for preventing leakage or loss of solder from the via or TWI during high temperature excursions such as those which typically occur during fabrication, testing and packaging. The one or more dam structures may also provide a convenient base for the attachment of solder balls and the like. Thus, the invention may be useful for enabling column grid array (CGA), ball grid array (BGA) and other types of interconnection between stacked dice or stacked circuit boards, and/or in die-to-circuit board attachments. The present invention may also be useful for simply connecting active area bond pads to back-side conductors. Interconnects so formed may be fabricated in the wafer stage of manufacture, utilizing conventional wafer thinning techniques. At least one semiconductor die including a TWI and having at least one dam structure is encompassed by the present invention, as well as systems incorporating same.
One embodiment of a method of the present invention is generally described, infra, by the formation of at least one TWI in a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer in an intermediate stage of manufacture. Thus, at least one TWI may be formed following the creation of multiple identical integrated circuits (IC), including bond pads, on the active surface of the wafer. However, the methods may be utilized to form at least one TWI at any stage prior to the creation of multiple identical integrated circuits (IC) and bond pads on the active surface of the wafer. The methods of the invention may also be used to form at least one TWI in substrates without passing through a bond pad. The invention also includes electronic apparatuses and systems having at least one semiconductor die including at least one through-wafer interconnect comprising at least one dam structure.
In accordance with the invention, a plurality of TWIs may be formed in a substrate (e.g., a semiconductor wafer). Particularly, locations of a plurality of through-wafer interconnects may be selected for forming at least partially into the substrate. Further, a plurality of blind holes may be formed through any overlying structure (oxide, bond pads, etc.) into the substrate wherein a depth of each of the plurality of blind holes extends into the substrate at least to a final desired thickness thereof. Additionally, optionally, a passivation layer may be desirably applied upon the sidewalls and blind ends of the blind holes and a metal-wettable layer may be applied over the passivation layer within the blind holes. A plurality of vent holes may be formed from the opposite surface into which the plurality of blind holes are formed and may at least partially intersect the blind holes and form through holes. Also, molten solder may be deposited within the metal-wettable layer (blind hole portion) of the through holes and solidified. Put another way, an intermediate structure for fabricating a plurality of semiconductor devices is encompassed by the present invention. Particularly, such a semiconductor wafer may include a first surface and a second surface and a plurality of recesses formed into the substrate from the first surface. Further, the semiconductor wafer may include a plurality of vent holes extending from the second surface, wherein each of the plurality of vent holes at least partially intersects with a respective recess of the plurality of recesses and wherein each of the plurality of recesses is substantially filled with solder and each of the plurality of vent holes is substantially devoid of solder. The substrate may be thinned to a desired final substrate thickness as by back grinding, removing at least the vent holes and a portion of the substrate material underlying the recesses and forming solder-filled, through-wafer interconnects.
In a further aspect of the invention, at least one dam structure may be formed over at least one end of a via or TWI by electroless plating of a metal such as nickel or copper over at least one solder-filled metal end of the through holes, forming at least one cap or dam structure which may prevent drainage of solder therefrom during elevated temperatures at which solder melts. The exposed surface of the at least one dam structure may be photoresist etched to form a solder-retaining pattern to which a connector (e.g., solder ball) may be securely attached. The at least one dam structure may also be used to keep dissimilar materials located on either side thereof separated, and eliminate cross-contamination concerns. Accordingly, at least one semiconductor die or semiconductor die precursor structure (e.g., a semiconductor wafer) may be formed. Further, such a semiconductor die may be incorporated within a semiconductor device or system. For example, the methods of the invention may be particularly advantageous in the production of die-stacked devices, such as stacked DRAMs, SRAMs, PCRAMs, MRAMs, CAMs, flash memory devices, imagers, and the like. The method is also useful for simply connecting conductors on opposing surfaces of a thinnable substrate.
The methods of the invention offer substantial advantages over the prior art. The methods may solve the problems of solder leakage and may reduce an occurrence of unwanted voids in the solder. Reflow induced solder connection of a device (or wafer of devices) to another adjacent substrate or circuit board, etc., may be readily conducted without fear of solder loss at the elevated temperatures. The methods may be advantageous for enabling the production of high-density TWI arrays. Furthermore, all of the actions of the methods of the present invention may be conducted at a semiconductor wafer stage, whereby each action of the methods may simultaneously encompass all of the individual devices on the semiconductor wafer.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those of skill in the art through consideration of the ensuing detailed description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims. The drawings are idealized representations for better illustration of the methods of the invention, and various elements are not necessarily shown to scale.
In the drawings, which depict exemplary embodiments of various features of the present invention:
The invention comprises methods for forming through vias (TVs) or through-wafer interconnects (TWIs) through a substrate structure. The term "via" is a general term denoting a conductor passing through a substrate structure. The term "through-wafer interconnect" is often used more specifically where the substrate structure is a wafer of semiconductor material (e.g., a semiconductor wafer). In this application, the terms "substrate" and "wafer" will be used interchangeably as encompassing any substrate material which may be subjected to a thinning process for reducing its thickness. Thus, the methods of the present invention relate to semiconductor devices whether in the wafer form or individualized die form that are thinnable to a final thickness. Accordingly, the term "substrate" refers not only to silicon wafers (e.g., monocrystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon) but may also refer to silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates, silicon on sapphire (SOS) substrates, silicon on glass (SOG) substrates, epitaxial layers of silicon on a base semiconductor foundation, and other materials as known in the art, such as gallium arsenide, diamond, silicon-germanium, germanium, ruby, quartz, sapphire, silicon carbide and indium phosphide. Thus, the present invention may relate to semi-conductive or non-conductive substrates, without limitation.
It will be understood that methods for wafer fabrication and packaging which precede and follow the methods described herein are generally known to those of ordinary skill in the art and, thus, are not described apart from the context of the invention. Also, while the drawings show a single TWI 20 (see, for example,
For example, as shown in
First oxide layer 34 on a first substrate surface 14 is shown in
One method of the present invention is generally outlined in
Generally, the present invention contemplates that a plurality of bond pads formed on a first surface of a substrate may be electrically joined by TWIs to a second surface thereof. Furthermore, the substrate structure or wafer may be thinned from an initial thickness to a selected final thickness. It should be understood that the particular processes, materials, or combinations thereof employed for accomplishing individual actions may vary, resulting in many embodiments. A discussion of specific preferred embodiments follows, including references to exemplary variations and additions, among others, which may be, optionally, applied to the basic methods of the present invention.
As indicated in
Referring to
Although blind hole 18 may be formed by any of a variety of ways, the exemplary method shown in
As shown in
As shown in
Following deposition of the seed layer 52, the seed layer 52 and underlying passivation layer 48 may be removed (e.g., as by etching) from the exterior of substrate structure 10 and from bond pad surfaces 41, as shown in
Thus, as depicted in
For example, electroless nickel plating solutions are commercially available, such as NicPac 2.1, NicPac 2.2, and NicPac 2.3, which are available from PacTech GmbH (Berlin, Germany); and RONAMAX� SMT, DURAPOSIT�, NIPOSIT�, NIPLATE™, which are available from Rohm & Haas Electronic Materials (Philadelphia, Pa.) Such electroless nickel plating solutions may include nickel salts such as nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, nickel bromide, nickel fluoroborate, nickel sulfonate, nickel sulfamate, and nickel aryl sulfonates, as a source of nickel ions. Also, as known in the art, an electroless nickel solution may also include a reducing agent, an alkali for pH control, and complexing agents. During electroless plating, nickel ions are reduced to nickel by oxidation of the reducing agent. The nickel plating solution may be maintained at a temperature range from about 60� C. to about 100� C. A concentration of nickel ions in the electroless plating solution, the plating temperature, and the time of exposure (immersion time) may be selectively controlled to provide a desired thickness of conductive layer 54 on the sidewalls 28 and blind end 42.
As shown in
Optionally, the vent hole 56 may intersect the blind end 42 of blind hole 18 coaxially along central axis 50. Also, optionally, as shown in
Further, a vent hole may be sized so that a surface tension of a molten solder impedes introduction thereof within the vent hole while being suitably sized for permitting the escape of gases from blind hole 18. Particularly,
Alternatively, as shown in
Various methods may be used for forming the vent hole 56, including laser drilling or ablation, dry etching (e.g., reactive ion etching), photochemical etching, masking and anisotropic etching, mechanical drilling, or other processes which will form openings in semiconductor (and other) substrate structure 10. Each of these methods may be utilized to produce blind holes, through holes, or combinations thereof in substrates, as known in the art. Regardless of the method used to form the vent hole 56, the vent hole 56 and blind hole 18 may generally require cleaning prior to at least partially filling blind hole 18 of the TWI 20 with solder 60. A currently preferred method for forming a vent hole 56 of small diameter (e.g., less than about 50 μm), of high aspect ratio (e.g., greater than about 1), or combinations thereof is laser ablation. In such an instance, a 6% tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in propylene glycol solution may be used to clean the vent hole 56.
Turning now to
According to an improved wave soldering method, molten solder may form a vertical (or near vertical) stream impinging on the openings 32 of the blind holes 18 to be filled. The substrate structure 10 is held by a fixture (not shown) in a vertical, near-vertical (� about 45�), or other orientation (e.g., inverted or substantially horizontal) to be impinged upon by molten solder 60 whereby blind holes 18 are filled. The method is very effective for void-free filling of small blind holes and through holes with solder. This method is described in a co-pending Provisional Patent Application No. 60/606,798, filed Sep. 1, 2004, titled METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR PLACING SUBSTRATES IN CONTACT WITH MOLTEN SOLDER, to Kirby et al., assigned to the assignee of the present invention and in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/140,420, filed May 27, 2005 and claiming the benefit of the referenced provisional patent application, the disclosure of each of which applications is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. The method may include actions of repositioning the substrate structure 10 in several configurations and reflowing the solder 60 to ensure complete filling of each blind hole 18. Such a method may be very rapid and effective.
Another solder-filling method which may be used is to "shoot" solder balls into the blind hole 18 and then melted to flow. The actions may be repeated as necessary to completely fill the hole. One source of equipment for effecting such a method is available from Pac Tech GmbH of Nauen, Germany. Solder paste has also been used to fill blind holes in the prior art. However, with small diameter blind holes 18, having a diameter<about 50 μm, the use of solder paste may not be generally effective, because its high concentration of flux may cause voids in the TWI 20. Evaporation and electroplating of solder into blind hole 18 are also contemplated as deposition methods suitable for filling blind holes 18. Equipment for performing such methods is available from Silex Microsystems of Jarfalla, Sweden. All of the foregoing examples of solder deposition methods are to be taken as nonlimiting of the scope of the present invention, as other deposition methods and apparatus are also suitable.
Additionally, as shown in
In a further aspect of the present invention, as pictured in
Where substrate structure 10 is to be joined to attach pads 72 (e.g., ball attach pads) of another, i.e., second substrate 68, as depicted in
In such an application, it should also be noted that solder dam 62 may serve as a barrier to prevent undesirable cross-contamination between dissimilar materials placed on either side thereof For example, it may be desirable that the material of solder ball 70 may differ from that of solder 60 within an underlying TWI 20. In one instance, and by way of example only, solder 60 may comprise an Au/Sn solder, while solder ball 70, placed on and bonded to solder dam 62 by reflow, may comprise a Pb/Sn solder. The glass transition temperature ψ2 of the material of solder dam 62 will, of course, be greater than the glass transition temperature ψ1 of solder 60 as well as the glass transition temperature ψ3 of solder ball 70 in order to maintain the integrity of the barrier. Thus, the respective physical, thermal and electrical characteristics of each different solder material may be readily maintained by solder dam 62.
In another aspect of the invention, not shown, a photolithographic damascene process may be used to electrically connect a solder dam or cap 62 to a surrounding bond pad 40. In the damascene process, a recess may be formed by etching or laser ablation between the solder dam 62 and bond pad 40, and filled with a conductor by, for example, CVD or other deposition method.
In a further aspect of the invention, depicted in
In addition to providing a way of preventing solder loss during elevated temperature excursions during manufacturing operations, the methods of the invention enable avoidance of the use of wire bonding. In addition, the invention enables assembly of stacked dice and multi-chip modules (MCM) at high speed and accuracy while reducing the occurrence of defects. The method is contemplated for and especially suitable to be used at the wafer level, thus saving both manufacturing time and costs, including materials costs.
Of course, it should be understood that where a TWI is formed in a substrate comprising a semiconductor wafer having a plurality of semiconductor dice formed thereon or therein, individual semiconductor dice may be separated from one another (i.e., singulated) to form a plurality of individual semiconductor dice. Accordingly, it should be appreciated that at least one semiconductor die (or a device including same) may be fabricated by way of the methods of the present invention. Thus, at least one semiconductor die may include at least one dam structure according to the present invention, as discussed hereinabove. It is further noted that a semiconductor die so formed may be utilized in a computer or other electronic component environment. For example,
The present invention has been described in specific embodiments intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than limiting. It is to be understood that the invention defined by the appended claims is not to be limited by specific details set forth in the above description and that alternative embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
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|Methods and systems for selectively filling apertures in a substrate to form conductive vias with a liquid using a vacuum
|Citing Patent
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|Oki Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
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|U.S. Classification
|438/598, 438/667, 257/621, 257/502, 257/276
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 4, 2011
|Certificate of correction
|Apr 16, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 12, 2016
Owner name: U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS COLLATERAL AGEN
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|Jun 2, 2016
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Free format text: PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:038954/0001
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Study the following information carefully and answer the given questions.
The standard of education in private schools is much better than Municipal and Zila Parishad-run schools.
A- The Municipal and Zila Parishad should make serious efforts to improve standard of their schools.
B- All Municipal and Zila Parishad schools should be closed immediately.
C- Government should raise the standard of education in Municipal and Zila Parishad run schools.
D- Private schools charge high amount fees for imparting education.
E- Private sector works better than government sector almost in all areas.
Which of the following among A, B, C and D may be the conclusion which logically follows the given information?


text:
SMU's legendary "Pony Express" backfield, Craig James and Eric Dickerson, have teamed up again for an award that recognizes college football's best tandem -- on either side of the ball -- the "Pony Express Award."
The award, the press release said, "will look at two- and three-player tandems from across the nation, ultimately honoring the combination whose work ethic, desire, on- and off-field leadership and playmaking ability best fuel their team."
The award will be "voted on by a blue ribbon panel of experts that will form the award's board of directors," and will be announced at the end of the regular season.
"Eric and I were able to complement each other on the field in such a way that together we formed a much more potent weapon than even our individual talents would have suggested," James said in the release. "We have remained life-long friends, and each season we have always had fun talking about the great tandems that were making an imprint on the game that season. We decided someone should recognize these great combinations, and that really became the genesis of the Pony Express Award."
Said Dickerson: "You usually talk about football in terms of offensive and defensive units and the individual standouts on either side of the ball. But if you look at those units, usually there are a couple of guys who stick out and really form a very tough matchup. The most obvious would be a great quarterback and a standout receiver. In Craig and mine's case, it was two great running backs. On defense, it might be a pair of great safeties. These are the types of tandems we will be looking at."
The 48 tandems on the "Watch List" include seven from the Pac-12, including two from both Stanford and Washington.
Stanford: QB Andrew Luck, WR Chris Owusu, TE Coby Fleener
Stanford: OT Jonathan Martin, OG David DeCastro
Arizona: QB Nick Foles, WR Juron Criner
Oregon: QB Darron Thomas, RB LaMichael James, RB Kenjon Barner
USC: QB Matt Barkley, WR Robert Woods
Washington: DT Alameda Ta'amu, LB Cort Dennison
Wasington: RB Chris Polk, WR Jermaine Kearse
Some that might have been worth adding:
Arizona State: LB Vontaze Burfict, DE Junior Onyeali
California: LB Mychal Kendricks, S Sean Cattouse
Colorado: RB Rodney Stewart, WR Paul Richardson
Oregon: CB Cliff Harris, S John Boyett
Stanford: LB Shayne Skov, S Delano Howell
Washington State: QB Jeff Tuel, WR Marquess Wilson


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1 Bedroom Maisonette For Sale
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Saturday, October 10, 2009
A Warm Home
I hope you are enjoying a beautiful weekend! Today's Cranberry festival was quite a success! Lovely sunshine, cool, breezy weather, and a great deal of people. I worked today, and love coming home after a busy day to the comforts that only home can bring. There's nothing like coming home to a warm and cozy home, like this one above, with the relaxing sofas, warm wood tones, and chic furniture...not to mention that fantastic pool and view! What, at home, brings you comfort?
/photography Nicolas Mathéus/ images link/
12 comments:
Wow - just - WOW! Those views. What an amazing place to live.ReplyDelete
Wow, that home is breathtakingly handsome!ReplyDelete
I love these images! What at home brings me comfort? Curling up with a mug of coffee and a blanket =.]ReplyDelete
That pool (and view!) are stunning! I suppose what I love most about coming home is being greeted by my dachshund Olivia who is ALWAYS happy to see me. A cozy throw and a good book or magazine is lovely too.ReplyDelete
Wow Beautiful home! Your blog layout makes me endlessly jealous, hehe.ReplyDelete
for me, I love being home greeting each of my family as they come home at the end of their day...glad my office is in my house :) and I especially love the evening meal as we all sit and enjoy each others company :) et bientôtReplyDelete
Sarah, the images are warm & cozy indeed! Those chairs are wonderful & I love infinity pools! Happy thanksgiving to you & your Mom by the way :)ReplyDelete
i want to hibernate here November through February!ReplyDelete
Love those images, that pool is breathtaking! I like to make a nice cup of Chai, listen to music, and light a Diptyque candle, and preferably enjoy all of these in a hot bath :)ReplyDelete
oh my! that pool is breathtaking! wow! xoReplyDelete
OMG, the pool is breathtaking!!!!ReplyDelete
I love reading these...for me, it's my pup, who always feels like a hot water bottle, my slippers, and the velvet sofa :)...okay, perhaps my guy as well! *winkReplyDelete


text:
What Is:
National annual NH Live Free Or Die Rally
Interview On Capital T.V. in Concord NH June 4th 2009
With Live Free Or Die Organizers Jean Coutu and Richard Olson Sr. on June 4th 2009 with host Denis Goddard of NH Liberty Alliance.
Episode # 71
Please enjoy courtesy of LFOD Rally organizers


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Chocolate Mint was established in 2007 in a quiet street in Greystanes, Sydney. All our chocolates are handmade using only the finest quality ingredients. We have won numerous awards for our chocolates at Fine Food shows around the country. We are constantly updating our skills and researching trends in the industry to give our customers something more than just a box of chocolates.
Since 2015 we have bene re-focusing our energies on building our online presence, both through our website and our Farmhouse Direct store, and on markets and festivals. Our physical shopfront has now closed.
Farmhouse Direct
A limited range of our products are now available for online purchase 24/7 through Farmhouse Direct:
Please let us know if you would like to see any of our other products added to the Farmhouse Direct site.
You'll also find lots of other great producers in this online farmers' market.


text:
Above, an excerpt from the Cornell Athletics recap of Cornell's defeat to Albany back on December 22, 2006. The teams meet again on Friday in Albany. Get all the information you need about the Big Red's games this weekend at Albany (11/12) and Seton Hall (11/14) with The Cornell Basketball Blog's Game Preview Center. Below, some afternoon news and notes...
- Albany coach, Will Brown told the media during Albany's media day, ""It feels like we are going to be playing with a chip on our shoulder. It is very exciting [to open up against Cornell]. Cornell made the Sweet 16 last year. Even though they lost four seniors, it is still going to be a good test for us."
- The Ivy League Office has a week 1 media release chock full of information. Check it out.
- SouthOrangeJuice.com notes that Cornell is one of several Seton Hall opponents ranked outside the top 100 according to KenPom.com.
- Lehigh's season outlook from its athletics department notes, "Highlighting the nonconference schedule are games against Penn State (Nov. 12), Cornell (Nov. 22) and USC (Dec. 23)."
- A couple Big Red mentions in Chad Forde's Minutes on ESPN. He notes, "Steve Donahue, from Cornell to Boston College. Short move geographically. Pretty huge move in basketball terms from the Ivy League to the ACC... stepping back... Cornell. New coach. Four new starters. Not likely to win 29 games again anytime soon."
- Eammon Brennan of ESPN.com ranks the Ivy League as the 23rd best conference of 32 leagues, and writes:
23. Ivy League: With Cornell -- one of March's Sweet 16 darlings and the conference's lone top-50 Pomeroy team in 2009-10 -- in rebuilding mode, the Ivy takes a bit of a hit in the conference rankings, but that dip might not be as big as first glance might lead one to believe. Harvard returns almost everyone not named Jeremy Lin from last season's 21-win team, Princeton will again be one of the best defensive teams in the league and Penn could be an interesting dark horse candidate after last season's midseason coaching change (and subsequent upset of Cornell). This isn't a good conference, but it's bound to improve in the coming seasons. (Have you seen Tommy Amaker's recruiting class?) For now, a holding pattern is probably the best-case scenario.
Above, an excerpt from the Cornell Athletics recap of Cornell's defeat to Albany on January 9, 2006.