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A DNP3 Protocol Primer
- Irma Maude Griffin
- 2 years ago
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1 A Protocol Primer Introduction This is a primer for people who want a quick understanding of without having to comb through the tedious details of a complex specification. The writing style is meant to be informal and personal. So let us start with what it is. Protocols define the rules by which devices talk with each other, and is a protocol for transmission of data from point A to point B using serial and IP communications. It has been used primarily by utilities such as the electric and water companies, but it functions well for other areas. A typical electric company may have a common operations center that monitors all of the equipment at each of its substations. In the operations center, a powerful computer stores all of the incoming data and displays the system for the human operators. Substations have many devices that need monitoring (Are circuit breakers opened or closed?), current sensors (How many amperes are flowing?) and voltage transducers (What is the line potential?). That only scratches the surface; a utility is interested in monitoring many parameters, too numerous to discuss here. The operations personnel often need to switch sections of the power grid into or out of service. Computers are situated in substations to collect the data for transmission to the master station in the operations center. The substation computers are also called upon to energize or de-energize the breakers and voltage regulators. uses the term outstation to denote remote computers as are found in the field. The term master is used for the computers in the control centers. provides the rules for remotely located computers and master station computers to communicate data and control commands. is a non-proprietary protocol that is available to anyone by visiting the web site Only a nominal fee is charged for documentation, but otherwise it is available worldwide with no restrictions. This means a utility can purchase master station and outstation computing equipment from any manufacturer and be assured that they will reliably talk to each other. Vendors compete based upon their computing equipment s features, costs and quality factors instead of who has the best protocol. Utilities are not bound to one manufacturer after the initial sale. What do the computers talk about? computers gather data for transmission to the master Binary input data that is useful to monitor two-state devices. For example a circuit breaker is closed or tripped; a pipeline pressure alarm shows normal or excessive. input data that conveys voltages, currents, power, reservoir water levels and temperatures. Count input data that reports energy in kilowatt hours or fluid volume. Files that contain configuration data. The master station issues control commands that take the form of Close or trip a circuit breaker, start or stop a motor, and open or close a valve. output values to set a regulated pressure or a desired voltage level. Other things the computers talk to each other about are synchronizing the time and date, sending historical or logged data, waveform data, and on and on. Why? was designed to optimize the transmission of data acquisition information and control commands from one computer to another. It is not a general purpose protocol like those found on the Internet for transmitting , hypertext documents, SQL queries, multimedia and huge files. It is intended for SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) applications. and Databases Figure shows the master-outstation relationship and gives a simplistic view of the databases and software processes involved. The master is on the left side of figure, and the outstation is on the right side. Readers should not assume this document contains formal rules, which are only provided by the Specification volumes. Primer, Revision A, March Page Copyright, DNP Users Group,,
2 Binary 8 7 Counter Control Binary 8 7 Counter Control User's Code User's Code Software Software Physical Media User Requests User Responses Figure A series of square blocks at the top of the outstation depict data stored in its database and output devices. The various data types are conceptually organized as arrays. An array of binary input values represents states of physical or logical boolean devices. Values in the analog input array represent input quantities that the outstation measured or computed. An array of counters represents count values, such as kilowatt hours, that are ever increasing (until they reach a maximum and then roll over to zero and start counting again.) Control outputs are organized into an array representing physical or logical on-off, raise-lower and trip-close points. Lastly, the array of analog outputs represents physical or logical analog quantities such as those used for setpoints. The elements of the arrays are labeled through N - where N is the number of blocks shown for the respective data type. In terminology, the element numbers are called the point indexes. Indexes are zero-based in, that is, the lowest element is always identified as zero. Notice that the master also has a similar database for the input data types (binary, analog and counter.) The master uses values in its database for the specific purposes of displaying system states, closed-loop control, alarm notification, billing, and much, much more. An objective of the master is to keep its database updated. It accomplishes this by sending requests to the outstation asking it to return the values in the outstation s database. This is termed polling. The outstation responds to the master s request by transmitting the contents of its database. Arrows are drawn at the bottom of Figure showing the direction of the requests (toward the outstation) and the direction of the responses (toward the master). Later we will discuss systems whereby the outstations transmit responses without being asked. Layering The master and the outstation shown in Figure each have two software layers. The top layer is the user layer. In the master, it is the software that interacts with the database and initiates the requests for the outstation s data. In the outstation, it Primer, Revision A, March Page Copyright, DNP Users Group,,
3 is the software that fetches the requested data from the outstation s database for responding to master requests. It is interesting to note, that if no physical separation of the master and outstation existed, eliminating the might be possible by connecting these two upper layers together. However, since physical, or possibly logical separation of the master and outstation exists, software is placed at a lower level. The user s code uses the software for transmission of requests or responses to the matching user s code at the other end. More will be said about data types and software layers later, but first we want to examine a few typical system architectures where is used. One-on-One Multi-drop Hierarchical Data Concentrator Data Concentrator Figure System Architecture Figure shows common system architectures in use today. At the top is a simple one-on-one system having one master station and one outstation. The physical connection between the two is typically a dedicated or dial-up telephone line. The second type of system is known as a multi-drop design. One master station communicates with multiple outstation devices. Conversations are typically between the master and one outstation at a time. The master requests data from the first outstation, then moves onto the next outstation for its data, and continually interrogates each outstation in a round robin order. The communication media is a multi-dropped telephone line, fiber optic cable, or radio. Each outstation can hear messages from the master and is only permitted to respond to messages addressed to itself. s may or may not be able to hear each other. In some multi-drop forms, communications are peer-to-peer. A station may operate as a master for gathering information or sending commands to the outstation in another station. And then, it may change roles to become an outstation to another station. Primer, Revision A, March Page Copyright, DNP Users Group,,
4 The middle row in Figure shows a hierarchical type system where the device in the middle is an outstation to the master at the left and is a master with respect to the outstation on the right. The middle device is often termed a sub-master. Both lines at the bottom of Figure show data concentrator applications and protocol converters. A device may gather data from multiple outstations on the right side of the figure and store this data in its database where it is retrievable by a master station on the left side of the figure. This design is often seen in substations where the data concentrator collects information from local intelligent devices for transmission to the master station. TCP/IP Many vendors offer products that operate using TCP/IP to transport messages in lieu of the media discussed above. Link layer frames, which we have not talked about yet, are embedded into TCP/IP packets. This approach has enabled to take advantage of Internet technology and permitted economical data collection and control between widely separated devices. More On Layering Communication circuits between the devices are often imperfect. They are susceptible to noise and signal distortion. software is layered to provide reliable data transmission and to effect an organized approach to the transmission of data and commands. Figure shows the layering that was not shown in Figure. Binary 8 7 Counter Binary 8 7 Counter Control User's Code User's Code Application Layer Pseudo Transport Layer Link Layer Application Layer Pseudo Transport Layer Link Layer Physical Media User Requests User Responses Figure Link Layer Responsibility The link layer has the responsibility of making the physical link reliable. It does this by providing error detection and duplicate frame detection. The link layer sends and receives packets, which in terminology, are called frames. Sometimes transmission of more than one frame is necessary to transport all of the information from one device to another. Primer, Revision A, March Page Copyright, DNP Users Group,,
5 A frame consists of a header and data section. The header specifies the frame size, contains data link control information and identifies the source and destination device addresses. The data section is commonly called the payload and contains data passed down from the layers above. Frame Header Data Section Header Sync Length Link Control Destination Address Source Address CRC Every frame begins with two sync bytes that help the receiver determine where the frame begins. The length specifies the number of octets in the remainder of the frame, not including CRC check octets. The link control octet is used for the sending and receiving link layers to coordinate their activities. Addressing The destination address specifies which device should process the data, and the source address identifies which device sent the message. Having both destination and source addresses satisfies at least one requirement for peer-to-peer communications because the receiver knows where to direct its responses. individual addresses are available. Every device must have a unique address within the collection of devices sending and receiving messages to and from each other. Three destination addresses are reserved by to denote an all-call message; that is, the frame should be processed by all receiving devices. One address is a universal address, the details of which are not given here, and twelve addresses are reserved for special needs in the future. CRC Checks The data payload in the link frame contains a pair of CRC octets for every data octets. This provides a high degree of assurance that communication errors can be detected. The maximum number of octets in the data payload is, not including CRC octets. (The maximum length link layer frame is 9 octets if all the CRC and header octets are counted.) Link Layer Confirmation One often hears the term link layer confirmation when is discussed. A feature of 's link layer is the ability for the transmitter of the frame to request the receiver to confirm that the frame arrived. Using this feature is optional, and it is often not employed because there are other methods for confirming receipt of data. It provides an extra degree of assurance of reliable communications. If a confirmation is not received, the link layer may retry the transmission. Some disadvantages to using link layer confirmation are the extra time required for confirmation messages and waiting for multiple timeouts when retries are configured. Transport Layer The transport layer has the responsibility of breaking long application layer messages into smaller packets sized for the link layer to transmit, and, when receiving, to reassemble frames into longer application layer messages. In the transport layer is incorporated into the application layer. The transport layer requires only a single octet overhead to do its job. Therefore, since the link layer can handle only data octets, and one of those is used for the transport function, each link layer frame can hold as many as 9 application layer octets. Application Layer Fragments Application layer messages are broken into fragments. Maximum fragment size is determined by the size of the receiving device s buffer. The normal range is 8 to 9 bytes. A message that is larger than a one fragment requires multiple fragments. Fragmenting messages is the responsibility of the application layer. Note that an application layer fragment of size 8 must be broken into 9 frames by the transport layer, and a fragment size of 9 needs 7 frames. Interestingly, it has been learned by experience that communications are sometimes more successful for systems operating in high noise environments if the fragment size is significantly reduced. Primer, Revision A, March Page Copyright, DNP Users Group,,
6 Static and Event Data The application layer works together with the transport and link layers to enable reliable communications. It provides standardized functions and data formatting with which the user layer above can interact. Before functions, data groups and variations can be discussed, the terms static, events and classes need to be covered. In, the term static is used with data and refers to the present value. Thus static binary input data refers to the present on or off state of a bi-state device. Static analog input data contains the value of an analog at the instant it is transmitted. One possibility allows is requesting some or all of the static data in an outstation device. events are associated with something significant happening. Examples are state changes, values exceeding some threshold, snapshots of varying data, transient data and newly available information. An event occurs when a binary input changes from an on to an off state or when an analog value changes by more than its configured deadband limit. provides the ability to report events with and without time stamps so that if desired, the master will have the information to generate a time sequence report. The master s user layer can direct to request events. Usually, a master is updated more rapidly if it spends most of its time polling for events from the outstation and only occasionally asks for static data as an integrity measure. The reason updates are faster is because the number of events generated between outstation interrogations is small and, therefore, less data must be returned to the master. goes a step further by classifying events into three classes. When was conceived, class events were considered as having higher priority than class events, and class were higher than class events. While that scheme can be still be configured, some users have developed other strategies more favorable to their operation for assigning events into the classes. The user layer can request the application layer to poll for class, or events or any combination of them. Variations has provisions for representing data in different formats. Examination of analog data formats is helpful to understand the flexibility of. Static, present value, analog data can be represented by variation numbers as follows:. A -bit integer value with flag. A -bit integer value with flag. A -bit integer value. A -bit integer value. A -bit floating point value with flag. A -bit floating point value with flag The flag referred to is a single octet with bit fields indicating whether the source is on-line, the data source restarted, communications are lost with a downstream source, the data is forced and the value is over range. Not all devices can transmit or interpret all six variations. Later, levels are discussed, but for now, suffice it to say that devices must be able to transmit the simplest variations so that any receiver can interpret the contents. Event analog data can be represented by these variations:. A -bit integer value with flag. A -bit integer value with flag. A -bit integer value with flag and event time. A -bit integer value with flag and event time. A -bit floating point value with flag. A -bit floating point value with flag 7. A -bit floating point value with flag and event time 8. A -bit floating point value with flag and event time The flag has the same bit fields as for the static variations. Groups It appears by looking at the above variations that variation and analog events cannot be differentiated from variation and static analog values. solves this predicament by assigning group numbers. Static analog values are assigned as group, and event analog values are assigned as group. Static analog values, group, can be formatted in one of variations, and event analog values, group, can be formatted in one of 8 variations. Primer, Revision A, March Page Copyright, DNP Users Group,,
7 When a outstation transmits a message containing response data, the message identifies the group number and variation of every value within the message. Group and variation numbers are also assigned for counters, binary inputs, controls and analog outputs. In fact, all valid data types and formats in are identified by group and variation numbers. Defining the allowable groups and variations helps assure interoperability between devices. 's basic documentation contains a library of valid groups and their variations. Objects When data from an index is transmitted across the wire, the sender must suitably encode the information to enable a receiving device to parse and properly interpret this data. The bits and bytes for each index appearing in the message are called an object. That is, objects in the message are the encoded representation of the data from a point, or other structure, and the object format depends upon which group and variation number are chosen. Reading Data The master s user layer formulates its request for data from the outstation by telling the application layer what function to perform, such as reading, and by specifying the data types it wants from the outstation. The request can specify how many objects it wants or it can specify specific objects or a range of objects from index number X through index number Y. The application layer then passes the request down through the transport layer to the link layer that, in turn, sends the message to the outstation. The link layer at the outstation checks the frames for errors and passes them up to the transport layer where the complete message is assembled in the outstation s application layer. The application layer then tells its user layer which groups and variations were requested. Responses work similarly, in that, the outstation s user layer fetches the desired data and presents it to the application layer that, in turn, uses the group and variation numbers to format user layer data into objects. Data is then passed downward, across the communication channel and upward to the master s application layer. Here the data objects are then presented to the master s user layer. Other Functions Reading data was briefly described in the above two paragraphs, but software is designed to handle other functions. For one, the master can set the time in the outstation. The master can transmit freeze accumulator requests, and it can transmit requests for control operations and setting of analog output values using select-before-operate or direct-operate sequences. Unsolicited Responses One area that has not been covered yet is transmission of unsolicited messages. This is a mode of operating where the outstation spontaneously transmits a response without having received a specific request for the data. Not all outstations have this capability. This mode is useful when the system has many outstations and the master requires notification as soon as possible after a change occurs. Rather than waiting for a master station polling cycle to get around to it, the outstation simply transmits the change. Before configuring a system for unsolicited messages, a few basics need to be considered. First, spontaneous transmissions should generally occur infrequently, otherwise, too much contention can occur, and controlling media access via master station polling would be better. The second basic issue is that the outstation should have some way of knowing whether it can transmit without stepping on another outstation s message. leaves specification of algorithms to the system implementer. Implementation Levels One last area of discussion involves implementation levels. The organization recognizes that supporting every feature of is not necessary for every device. Some devices are limited in memory and speed and do not need specific features, while other devices must have the more advanced features to accomplish their task. organizes complexity into three levels. At the lowest level, level, only very basic functions must be provided and all others are optional. Level handles more functions, groups and variations, and level is even more sophisticated. Within each level only certain combinations of request formats and response formats are required. This was done to limit software code in masters and outstations while still assuring interoperability. Summary It should be apparent by now that is a protocol that fits well into the data acquisition world. It transports data as generic values, it has a rich set of functions, and it was designed to work in a wide area communications network. The standardized approach of groups and variations, and link, transport and application layers, plus public availability makes a protocol to be regarded. Primer, Revision A, March Page 7 Copyright, DNP Users Group,,
8 Author: Ken Curtis from Woodland Engineering wrote this paper to help the many people who are just getting into or considering for their operation. Ken is a consulting engineer. Valuable editing assistance was provided by Mike Thesing of Advanced Control Systems. Ken can be reached at DNP Users Group: Mail Address: DNP Users Group PO Box 7, DVPO Calgary, AB TJ 7A7 Canada Fax: Website: Primer, Revision A, March Page 8 Copyright, DNP Users Group,,
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Technical Support Information Belkin internal use only
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Quectel Cellular Engine
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text:
Forms Of AddressThe Lieutenant Governor is accorded the honour and respect due to the Queen's representative. Individuals should always rise when the Lieutenant Governor enters a room or arrives at a function. Individuals should also rise when the Lieutenant Governor departs. At a dinner, ceremony or meeting, the Lieutenant Governor and those accompanying him (known as the Vice-Regal Party) should always be the last to enter and the first to leave.
- The full title of the Lieutenant Governor is "His Honour, the Honourable H. Frank Lewis, Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island."
- The Lieutenant Governor is addressed personally as "Your Honour" and referred to as "His Honour".
- The spouse of a Lieutenant Governor is addressed as "Your Honour" and referred to as "Her Honour".
- Together, they are addressed as "Your Honours" and referred to as "Their Honours".
If writing to the Lieutenant Governor the envelope and heading at the beginning of the letter should read:
The Honourable H. Frank Lewis, O.P.E.I.
Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island
One Terry Fox Drive
P.O. Box 846
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 7L9
Salutation on letter should read: Your Honour
Closing on letter should read: Yours sincerely

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Press releases
GSC and GSK continue successful partnership
28th February 2013
Glasgow Science Centre is taking science on the road once again thanks to the continued support from GlaxoSmithKline. The pharmaceutical company has awarded the Centre £500,000 to build on the unprecedented success of the 'BodyWorks on Tour' program. The funding will allow an additional three years of delivery plus new shows, workshops and exhibits including a 3-dimensional journey through a virtual human body.
Read more
Love on the brain
12 February 2013
Love is where the heart is? It is actually your brain that gives you that loving feeling. Scientists at Glasgow Science Centre are exploring how your body works for their new exhibition and with the upcoming Valentine's Day celebrations approaching, have been delving into the chemistry of love.
The heart has been long associated with love but that walking on air, butterflies in your tummy feeling is caused by chemical reactions in your body initiated by the brain. The brain is the body's most complex organ and advances in science are helping us to understand how it works and how we can design treatments to help repair brain function.
Read more
Science of a hangover
27 December 2012
Pounding sore head, dizziness, dry mouth, feeling a wee bit sick? Many of us will wake up on the 1st of January a little bit worse for wear as the effects of Hogmanay celebrations start to take its toll. Approximately 75 percent of us who drink alcohol to intoxication will experience a hangover. Scientists at Glasgow Science Centre have been doing some research to help us kick off 2013 hangover free.
Read more
World leading Scientist joins Glasgow Science Centre Group
19 December 2012
One of the world's leading forensic scientists has joined Glasgow Science Centre's Advisory Group for its new BodyWorks exhibition. Professor Sue Black OBE, an expert in human anatomy and star of the BBC series 'History Cold Case', has joined other experts from academia and industry to provide advice, guidance and direction for the new exhibition. The BodyWorks exhibition, funded through two main grants from The Wellcome Trust and GlaxoSmithKline, will focus on the wonder of the human body and will demonstrate the latest in cutting edge research and innovation in the health and well-being sector.
Read more
Food Heaven this Christmas
14 December 2012
Glasgow Science Centre has your Christmas shopping wrapped up this year with the perfect gift for those who like to eat and those who love to cook. Give a slice of 'food heaven' with tickets to the Centre's Taste of Science Dinner hosted by celebrity TV chef James Martin on March 14th 2013.
Read more
What's next?
Want to book tickets? Easy!
Just come down and rock up to
the front door, or call 0141 420 5000.
See you soon.


text:
- Description
The Shantoria upholsery collection reflects decorative accent rolled arms, tufted seat back, and elegant style of nailhead trim. This sofa, chair & ottoman will bring back that classic style to your living room environment.
1 Loveseat
Loveseat, 72"L x 37"D x 32"H
More from this collection: Shantoria
- Additional Information
Additional Information
SKU 11303865 MPN 51316 GTIN UPC 0840412513169 Brand Acme Collection Shantoria Assemble Length 72 Assemble Width 37 Assemble Height 32 Assembly Required Yes Material Bonded Leather Color Brown Styles Contemporary Shipping Time 1-2 Weeks Free Shipping No
- Reviews
Disclaimer: Pictures displayed may include optional products not included in the price. Computer monitors often display color variations. Color swatches are shown if alternative colors are available. Please call us or email us if you have any questions!


text:
Korean Tutoring
I will tutor you in beginning to intermediate Korean language skills (writing or speaking) for 30 minutes.
Training & Qualifications
I lived in Korea for 2 years in a very immersive program, and spoke almost exclusively in Korean.
Availability & Preferences
I'm usually free on Sunday nights.
About Stephen Paul Helms
I'm just your average college student / business owner with big goals. I've got a knack for learning and becoming pretty darn good at just about anything I put my hand to. I'm currently looking for so...mething to specialize in to accentuate my future business performance- at the moment my heart is set on Accounting. In short: I'm all about progress. show moreOpen to other proposals
Stephen Paul Helms is looking for:
- Music & Audio
- Experiences
- Fun & Quirky
- Home
- Fitness
- Learning
- Business
- Art & Design


text:
about complie define_adjust()
hi,everyone! I wannar to define one scalar as a function of the gradient of another user-defined scalar, using DFINE_ADJUST.I define scalar 0 and scalar 1 and also 20 dms the code was mostly the same as the Example 2 in UDF help manual 4.2.1 DEFINE_ADJUST as belows:
#include "udf.h" #define sigma 1.0E5 /* Define which user-defined scalars to use. */ enum { A, /*uds-0*/ B, /*ud-1 */ N_REQUIRED_UDS };
DEFINE_ADJUST(current_define, domain) { Thread *t; cell_t c;
/* Make sure there are enough user-defined scalars. */ if (n_uds < N_REQUIRED_UDS)
Internal_Error("not enough user-defined scalars allocated");
/* Do nothing if gradient isn't allocated yet. */ if (! Data_Valid_P())
thread_loop_c (t,domain)
if (FLUID_THREAD_P(t))
begin_c_loop_all (c,t)
end_c_loop_all (c,t)
} } and then I complie it ,when I build it ,there comes out the error notice below,I suppose there must be problem in my udf,if it is the case,what is the problem ? can someone help me!thanks a lot! Any solution would be appreciated!
Error Object: ()
Make sure that UDF source files are in the directory
that contains your case and data files. If you have an
existing libudf directory, please remove this directory
to ensure that the latest files are used.The system can not find the specified file。 1 file copied。 (system "move user_nt.udf libudf\ntx86\3ddp")0 (system "copy D:\Fluent.Inc\fluent6.1.22\src\makefile_nt.udf libudf\ntx86\3ddp\makefile")copied
Re: about complie define_adjust()
This problem I 've solved ..... sorry to bother !
Re: about complie define_adjust()
Dear Shuqin,
Could you tell me how to solve your problem?
Thank you very much.
Re: about complie define_adjust()
the mistake I made is to add udf.h in the head source column which is for customer difined head source,not for the system head source ,such as udf.h,with out adding it ,the error disappeared shuqin
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 01:36.


text:
FIND out about how to help Macmillan Cancer Support at an event in Tatton Park.
The charity is hosting the event on Thursday for those interested in leaving a gift to the charity in their will.
Places are limited and anyone interested in attending should contact Julia Periac, on 07540 671511 or e-mail email@example.com by Monday, June 30.


text:
South Central Idaho, commonly known as the "Magic Valley" due to the phenomenal growth of crops, is now also "magic" due to the medical community and the extremely broad training offered here. Residents will become a member of the physician team serving the rural community of Jerome while having the benefit of rotations with specialists in the referral community of Twin Falls, located only 15 miles away. The flexibility and adaptation of this program to both the professional and personal needs of the residents is aimed to achieve the balance necessary to create patient oriented, well-prepared, fulfilled family physicians. Our program offers strong training in maternity care and medical/surgical procedures.
The Magic Valley RTT began in 2009 and is now graduating two residents per year. The first year of training is completed in Boise with the core residency program. The second and third year residents complete their training in Magic Valley (about 120 miles east of Boise). All graduates are successfully board certified and our graduates practice in diverse settings, including rural and international settings. Medical students interested in the Magic Valley RTT program must submit an application through ERAS with details included in the Boise application. Applicants invited to interview for the Magic Valley RTT will also be interviewing in Boise at the core residency program.
FMRI is honored to help lead the RTT Collaborative with Dr. Ted Epperly as President and Dr. David Schmitz as Program Director for Research and Development. The RTT Collaborative is starting with medical education programs, both allopathic and osteopathic and both UME and GME. The purpose of this organization is to sustain health professions education in rural places through mutual encouragement, peer learning, practice improvement, and the delivery of technical expertise in support of a quality rural workforce. The RTT Collaborative is a board directed cooperative. For more information click here.
Application | Curriculum | Didactics | Meet the Faculty | Meet the Residents | Training Facilities | Community


text:
Chris Lau, Kapitall: Investors might be tempted to dismiss companies that break out on the upside as being in a bubble. In the last three months , Tesla Motors (TSLA) rose by more than 50% and is up 352% in 2013. With such massive returns, investors should ask if Tesla is in a bubble, or if things are different this time. [Read more from Kapitall: Hedge Funds Booking 3 Rallying Tourism Stocks as International Travel Soars] Beyond 50% return Click on the image below to see prices over time. Sourced from Zacks Investment Research.
Your browser does not support iframes.
 Tesla received a $230 target price from Northland Capital in mid July. At the time, shares were $120, well above a $40 stock price in April 2013. The firm then suggested the stock was worth $300 if the factory was running at its maximum capacity. Positive momentum is supporting the upward trajectory for Tesla stock. Investors are excited that Tesla could improve the charging times at supercharging stations. If Tesla can cut times from 20 minutes down to as low as 5 minutes, then the current share price may be justified. Quarterly earnings that beat estimates on earnings and sales are another reason shares are up. In the last quarter, Tesla earned $0.20 per share (non-GAAP) on revenue of $405 million. Analysts expected Tesla to lose money (GAAP) in the quarter. Profits are low but not negligible at this time, because Tesla is investing its profits in its infrastructure and manufacturing capacity. Strong gross margins Tesla aims to have a 25% gross margin (including ZEV credits). In the last quarter, gross margins were 12 points away from that target. Manufacturing capacity is also improving. Tesla said in its conference call that it had the manufacturing capability to make 40,000 units if it chose to do so. The company does not want to over-produce the units, and is monitoring demand. The capacity is also limited by Tesla's suppliers.


text: Still Loving You Episode 85 EngSub Free to watch and download Still Loving You (aka The Shining Eun-Soo | 빛나라 은수) Ep 85 with English subtitle Still Loving You Ep 85 Staus: Subbed View: 1.4k Add on: Mar 28, 2017 Update on: Mar 28, 2017 The following Still Loving You 85 with English Sub has been released. kshowonline.online will always be the first to have the episode so please Bookmark for update. Your Browser Do not Support Iframe


text:
Precision Gear Seal Tube; Dodge/Ford, for Dana 44
Dodge/Ford Seal Tube for Dana 44 By Precision Gear
Pricing: $10.99
Precision Gear had its beginning over 25 years ago developing specialty application ring and pinion gear sets for race cars and off road vehicles. By continually applying the same performance criteria to each new product, Precision Gear has steadily grown and now offers the industry's largest selection of specialty gears. We also have a full line of high performance gears sets, bearing kits and locking differentials.
- 620216
- 620216
- 804314185824
- Precision Gear
- New
Shipping Information
- Item Requires Shipping
- 0.1 lbs.
- W2.7500" x H1.2500" x L2.7500"
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text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Mijn formulier werkt niet goedAsked by SEOwebmasters on May 11, 2015 at 07:42 AM
Als iemand mij via PayPal betaald, ontvang ik wel het geld, maar de korting van 10% die ik heb ingegeven werkt niet.
Bovendien ontvang ik ook geen E-mail met de gegevens die een gebruiker moet invoeren.
Kunt u voor mij nakijken wat er fout is?
Met vriendelijke groet,
Hendrik Albers
After reviewing your form, I am seeing that you have not received any completed transaction on your form. User have filled out your form but have not completed the payment, as such you have not received any email notifications.
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text:
Image analysis and recognition
Budget $10-30 USD
Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) is a feature descriptor used to detect objects in computer vision and image processing. The HOG descriptor technique counts occurrences of gradient orientation in localized portions of an image - detection window, or region of interest (ROI).
Implementation of the HOG descriptor algorithm is as follows:
Divide the image into small connected regions called cells, and for each cell compute a histogram of gradient directions or edge orientations for the pixels within the cell.
Discretize each cell into angular bins according to the gradient orientation.
Each cell's pixel contributes weighted gradient to its corresponding angular bin.
Groups of adjacent cells are considered as spatial regions called blocks. The grouping of cells into a block is the basis for grouping and normalization of histograms.
Normalized group of histograms represents the block histogram. The set of these block histograms represents the descriptor.
27 freelancers are bidding on average $142 for this job
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Dear, I read your job carefully and understand your requirement well. I am an expert in image process. I have good skill and experience in image process. I can do well your project according to your requirement. I More
We have experienced team of Engineers. We have made many projects using Matlab as follows; • Generating binary messages using Filtering and Fourier Series. • Comparison between ACO-OFDM and DCO-OFDM with convolutiona More
Being an Engineer, I am expert in MATLAB. I have used Simulink, AI, NN and Fuzzy toolbox. Also I have expertise in DSP related programming. I have designed P, PID, PLC controller and power electronics application throu More


text:
We love the work we do. Our team enjoys the challenge of new projects and new clients, and is committed to both.
Seeing a solution progress from conception to satisfied customer builds trusted relationships between Tamarack and our clients.
Applying the professional skills and knowledge built over years of experience to implement solutions and not just software.
We are genuinly interested in our customers, their people and their business needs. We build trust first then ensure we do what is best for the client!
Transparency and openness is acheived through honesty, integrity and a willingness to communicate and discuss.
By being open to new ideas, approaches, methods and technologies, we continue to be ensure forward thinking solutions.
Our team will build a full service software solution for your business need. Project management, requirements, design, execute and implement.
Leverage your existing investment. Build on current systems by integrating new features into existing business applications or introduce new solutions that work within your current environment.
Add short or long term skills to your team. Leverage our pool of resources to enhance your existing technical team to complete your development or support team.
The Tamarack team has been great to work with. The solution they provided has been easy to maintain and work with.
We require a partner that can work with us to update and develop our Atlas. Tamarack is the obvious choice
Innovative solutions from Tamarack have improved our internal efficiency while providing value to our customers.
Tamarack has top notch expertise and experience. But the real value of Tamarack is their integrity.
Check out our amazing solutions!
Tamarack provides expertise in system design and development for a number of ongoing projects within the medium development team. With over 15 yeras programming experience, a senior Tamarack developer provides expertise in Oracle, SQL Server, .net and php.
Tamarack completed a project for one of Canada's largest utilities, Newfoundland Power. Tamarack completed a review of current operations and business needs and worked with ici Innovations to deliver a effective and efficient solution that integrated quickly and easily with the organizations people and processes.
Tamarack provides resource augmentation as requested and required. Tamarack's flexibility and responsiveness works well with the needs and direction of a large development project.
Tamarack was contracted to provide a commercial off the shelf solution (COTS), Tamarack's Atlas viewer, that provides an upgraded user experience with the functionality and use consistent with mainstream map viewer technologies. This project also provided up to date infrastructure, customizations to the Atlas viewer, and professional services for project management, testing and software support.
Tamarack designed and implemented the required infrastructure and services, managed changes and requirements for a vulnerability assessment, and ultimately delivered a solution that has subsequently been called "the gold level of online staking systems in Canada and perhaps the World".
Sharing ideas and discussions with client groups and stakeholders. Tamarack completed a strategy with recommendations to provide guidance on moving forward with integrating assessment systems and applications.
Get in touch with us


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Join Date: Jul 2008
Location: Vancouver Island
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What exactly bothered you about her announcement at Thanksgiving that she wanted to date Kate Perry? Do you think you'd have felt as embarrased if she'd said Joe Jonas instead? Was it just an innapropriate sexual comment, or was it innapropriate only because of the homosexual aspect? If it's the former, then talk to her about appropriate behavior. If it's the latter, maybe examine your own attitudes instead of blaming her.
You may benefit from joining PFLAG (or a similar support group) and/or counseling to help you adjust to all the changes in your life and learn how to better support your DD. She may benefit from counseling as well (being careful to get one who will support her and help her find her path, NOT one who wants to "cure her of bisexuality.")
Anyways... what I'm needing advice on is how to handle this all. I have no problem with her claiming to be bisexual. What I don't feel comfortable with is her all of a sudden over the top shout out to anyone who's listening. I also feel that it's a bit offensive to the gay students at her school and in the club to treat it like another fad.
Babs + Curtis - Parents of Tempest (08/07/03 ), Jericho (11/01/05 ), Xan (10/03/06 ), Zephyra (06/02/11 ). @ babyslime.livejournal.com
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3 Min Read
* C$ at C$0.9959 vs US$, or $1.0041 * U.S. ADP data, Fed outlook boost US$ * Bond prices higher across curve * Reuters poll sees C$ near parity for next year By Jon Cook TORONTO, April 4 (Reuters) - The Canadian dollar fell against its U.S. counterpart on Wednesday after data showed the U.S. private sector added more jobs than expected in March, reinforcing a more upbeat outlook for the U.S. economy which has strengthened the greenback against other major currencies. U.S. private employers added 209,000 jobs in March, suggesting the labor market is strengthening, a report by a payrolls processor showed on Wednesday. Job gains for January and February were also revised up to 182,000 and 230,000, respectively. The positive numbers reinforced the more upbeat tone seen in minutes released on Tuesday from the U.S. Federal Reserve's March policy meeting that suggested the appetite for another dose of stimulus via quantitative easing, so-called QE3, has eased as the U.S. economic recovery gains momentum. The improving American economy has helped boost the Canadian currency this year, particularly as event risks in Europe have subsided. But on Wednesday the greenback was firming against all other major currencies. "The Canadian dollar is actually depreciating less than many other currencies compared to the U.S. dollar," said Charles St-Arnaud, Canadian economist and currency strategist at Nomura Securities International in New York. Canada's dollar outperformed the euro, Swiss franc and Australian and New Zealand dollars. At 9:20 a.m. (1320 GMT), the Canadian dollar was at C$0.9959 versus the U.S. currency, or $1.0041, down from Tuesday's close at C$0.9904 against the U.S. dollar, or $1.0097. The sharp move higher by the U.S. currency hurt commodities, which are priced in U.S. dollars. U.S. crude futures lost $1.16 cents to $102.85, after falling by more than $1 in the previous session. Gold prices fell more than 1 percent. The Canadian dollar has gained more than 2 percent this year against the U.S. currency. A Reuters poll released on Wednesday showed the Canadian dollar at exactly $1.00 in one, three and six months from now. In a year, the currency is expected to strengthen slightly to C$0.988 versus the U.S. dollar. "The Canadian economy should mildly outpace the recovery in the U.S., which would keep the Canadian dollar stronger than the U.S. (dollar)," said David Bradley, a director of foreign exchange trading at Scotia Capital. Canadian government bond prices were higher across the curve, mimicking the rise in U.S. Treasuries that followed the employment data and Fed minutes. Canada's 2-year bond was up 6 Canadian cents to yield 1.231 percent, while the 10-year bond rose 58 Canadian cents to yield 2.131 percent.


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So, I decided to write a creepypasta based completely off cliches. I'm writing it in this blog because it would be breaking site rules if i post it without admin approval. give feedback, and here it is:
The Messed-up Pokemon Game
Ok, so you won't believe me at all when I tell you this. It isn't a creepypasta, it really happened. So I went to go buy some games with my allowance. I went to Goodwill and found a cartridge. It had no label and was covered with dirt. It had "pokemon" written on it in red sharpie. Being the curious idiot that I am, I bought it. The guy looked at it, sweating. He told me to take it and destroy it and ran away. I scratched my head, unaware of what was about to happen. So I put the game in my Game Boy and began to play. The title screen said "666 demons and blood". I was scared, but for some odd reason, I kept playing. It opened in Lavender Town. The theme rang out and creeped the hell out of me. But because I'm a retard, I kept playing. I found a person standing by a grave. When I talked to him, he said "Don't look back" and then a scream rang out. Pikachu's face appeared on-screen, with photo realistic eyes. They became all black and then he started crying blood. I tried to turn off the Game Boy, but it didn't. A screech shot out of the speakers. I took out the game, but it kept playing. It then went back to Lavender Town, this time with no music. I found a sign that said "You're gonna be killed". The game then shut off. I destroyed the game with a hammer, then set it on fire, then threw it in a lake, then put it on a train track. Never buy a copy of Pokemon from Goodwill, or risk experiencing what I did. The day after, I found a file on my laptop called "creepystuff.exe". When I opened it, it was a picture of Cleverbot drowning BEN. I screamed, then turned around and saw Jeff the killer at my window.


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Used In
A Tale of Two Cities
Go to Book Vocabulary
Go to Word Detail
His surname was Cruncher, and on the youthful occasion of his renouncing by proxy the works of darkness, in the easterly parish church of Hounsditch, he had received the added
of Jerry.
There are no more uses of "appellation" in the book.
Show samples from other sources
Addison peered over his glasses at Enoch and said, "And by what
, dare I ask, are you denominated?"
Ransom Riggs --
Hollow City
In fact, it becomes even more troubling a notion to consider how quickly the memory of the store will fade away, once it reopens as something else, say a bookshop or a beauty salon, and how swiftly, too, the
of "Doc Hata" will dwindle and pass from the talk of the town, if it's not completely gone already.
Chang-rae Lee --
A Gesture Life
Go to more samples
Go to Book Vocabulary
. . . enhancing vocabulary while reading


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