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1 Scientific Publications of the American Museum of Natural History American Museum Novitates Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History Publications Committee Robert S. Voss, Chair Board of Editors Jin Meng, Paleontology Lorenzo Prendini, Invertebrate Zoology Robert S. Voss, Vertebrate Zoology Peter M. Whiteley, Anthropology Managing Editor Mary Knight Submission procedures can be found at All issues of Novitates and Bulletin are available on the web (http://digitallibrary.amnh. org/dspace). Order printed copies on the web from: or via standard mail from: American Museum of Natural History Scientific Publications Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z (permanence of paper). On the cover: Dense, long, and silky-soft fur, brownishgray upperparts, grayish-white underparts, gray ears, white feet, and a bicolored tail characterize Bunomys penitus, one of eight documented species of Bunomys, all endemic to forested landscapes on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Nocturnal and terrestrial, B. penitus lives only in mountain forests where the ambience is cool and wet, the trees and ground covered with thick moss and epiphytes; its diet includes invertebrates, fungi, and fruit. MUSSER: SULAWESI BUNOMYS AMNH BULLETIN A S YSTEM ATIC R EVIEW OF S ULAWESI BUNOMYS (M URIDAE, M URINAE) WITH THE D ESCRIPTION OF TWO N EW S PECIES GUY G. MUSSER BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
2 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SULAWESI BUNOMYS (MURIDAE, MURINAE) WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES GUY G. MUSSER Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 392, 313 pp., 108 figures, 82 tables Issued December 30, 2014 Copyright E American Museum of Natural History 2014 ISSN
3 DEDICATION I dedicate this review of Bunomys to the memories of two men of great intelligence and abilities whose sustained sponsorship and unflagging support of my research made possible my survey of endemic murines in the northern part of the west-central region of Sulawesi. Dr. Sampurno Kadarsan, a parasitologist specializing in tick taxonomy, was Director of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense during the period I lived in Indonesia. In addition to representing the museum as my sponsor in his country, Dr. Kadarsan ( please call me Sam, he asked) provided access to the Museum s resources, a place in the Bogor gardens to stay when not in the field, the frequent hospitality of his home, and lively conversations covering a range of topics from science to Indonesian history (see my tribute in the etymology of Kadarsanomys, a Javan endemic murine; Musser, 1981: 32). Dr. P.F. Dirk Van Peenen, a Navy physician and epidemiologist, was in charge of Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 (NAMRU-2), Jakarta Detachment. We first met at the American Museum of Natural History when Dirk visited to examine Southeast Asian mammal specimens for a handbook on Vietnamese mammals he was preparing. I helped with some of the taxonomic problems, and later identified mammalian hosts collected on epidemiological surveys made in Indonesia by Dr. Van Peenen and his team. Knowing of my desire to begin fieldwork on Sulawesi, Dirk invited me to use the research facilities NAMRU-2 had organized in the village of Tomado, on the shore of Danau Lindu in central Sulawesi, as the starting point for my fieldwork and provided logistical and other kinds of assistance whenever needed, an arrangement heartily condoned by Sam Kadarsan. Through circumstances I could not have anticipated when I joined the Department of Mammalogy at the American Museum of Natural History, a Javanese native and Indonesian scientist united with an American physician and dedicated epidemiologist to facilitate my journey into the tropical rain forests of Sulawesi. 2
4 CONTENTS Dedication Abstract... 7 Introduction... 7 MaterialandMethods... 9 HistoricalSummary TheGenus Bunomys Thomas TheSpecies The Bunomys chrysocomus Group GazetteersandSpecimensExamined Bunomys chrysocomus Holotype TypeLocality EmendedDiagnosis Geographic and Elevational Distributions Sympatry with Other Bunomys Description Karyotype Comparisons GeographicVariation Natural History Ectoparasites, Pseudoscorpions, and Endoparasites Synonyms Subfossils Bunomys coelestis Holotype TypeLocality EmendedDiagnosis Geographic and Elevational Distributions Sympatry with Other Bunomys Description Karyotype Comparisons GeographicVariation Natural History Ectoparasites Synonyms Bunomys prolatus Holotype TypeLocality EmendedDiagnosis Geographic and Elevational Distributions Sympatry with Other Bunomys Description Karyotype Comparisons Natural History Ectoparasites Synonyms Bunomys torajae, new species Holotype TypeLocality
5 4 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF THE NATURAL HISTORY NO. 392 Diagnosis ReferredSpecimens Geographic and Elevational Distributions Sympatry with Other Bunomys Etymology Description Karyotype Comparisons Geographic Variation NaturalHistory Ectoparasites, Pseudoscorpions, and Endoparasites Synonyms Summary of Contrasts among Members of the Bunomys chrysocomus Group The Bunomys fratrorum group Gazetteers and Specimens Examined Bunomys fratrorum Holotype TypeLocality EmendedDiagnosis Geographic and Elevational Distributions Sympatry with Other Bunomys Description Karyotype Comparisons Geographic Variation NaturalHistory Ectoparasites Synonyms Bunomys andrewsi Holotype TypeLocality EmendedDiagnosis Geographic and Elevational Distributions Sympatry with Other Bunomys Description Karyotype Comparisons Geographic Variation NaturalHistory Ectoparasites, Pseudoscorpions, and Endoparasites Synonyms Subfossils Bunomys penitus Holotype TypeLocality EmendedDiagnosis Geographic and Elevational Distributions Sympatry with Other Bunomys Description Karyotype Comparisons Geographic Variation NaturalHistory
6 2014 MUSSER: SULAWESI BUNOMYS 5 Ectoparasites, Pseudoscorpions, and Endoparasites Synonyms Subfossils Bunomys karokophilus, newspecies Holotype TypeLocality Diagnosis ReferredSpecimensandDatesofCollection Geographic and Elevational Distributions Sympatry with Other Bunomys Etymology Description Karyotype Comparisons GeographicandElevationalVariation Natural History Ectoparasites Synonyms Subfossils Bunomys and Two Murine Communities in Central Sulawesi My Transect in the West-Central Mountain Block Contrasts among Four Species of Bunomys Sympatry between the Four Bunomys andothermurines KualaNavusu Bunomys and Sulawesi s Endemic Murine Fauna Northeastern Segment of the Northern Peninsula EasternPeninsula West-Central Mountain Block Pegunungan Mekongga SouthwesternPeninsula Elevational Distributions Islands Endnotes Acknowledgments References Appendex Appendix
7 Fig. 1. The island of Sulawesi showing its four peninsulas and core or central region. Highlighted are four mountainous regions that support suites of endemic mammals discussed here. Boundaries separating other relevant areas of endemism are indicated by dashed lines: SM-D 5 lowland reaches of the Sungai Onggak Mongondaw and Sungai Onggak Dumoga; SB-DL 5 lowlands of the Sungai Bone and Danau Limboto; TD 5 Tempe Depression. 6
8 ABSTRACT Two new species of of Bunomys are described, B. karokophilus and B. torajae, both from the west-central mountain region of central Sulawesi. The descriptions are presented within the context of a systematic review of Bunomys in which are provided characteristics of the genus and species (external form, secondary sexual traits, spermatozoa, stomach morphology, skull, dentition, chromosomes); diagnoses, geographic and elevational distributions; sympatric, syntopic, and parapatric distributional relationships; morphological, distributional, and in some cases ecological comparisons among the species; natural histories for certain species derived from field observations; parasites; allocation of generic and specific synonyms; and documentation of subfossils for two of the species. Eight species are recognized; all are nocturnal, terrestrial, and endemic to the island of Sulawesi. Bunomys chrysocomus has been collected from most regions of the island and inhabits both lowland tropical evergreen and montane rain forests (elevational range m). Bunomys coelestis is endemic to montane forests on Gunung Lompobatang, the high volcano at the southern end of the southwestern peninsula ( m). Bunomys prolatus has been reported only from mountain forest on Gunung Tambusisi at the western end of the eastern peninsula (1829 m). Bunomys torajae, n. sp., is described from a small sample collected in montane forest on Gunung Gandangdewata at the southern end of the west-central mountain block ( m). Bunomys fratrorum is currently documented only from the northeastern area of the northern peninsula where it occupies habitats in lowland tropical evergreen and montane rain forests (coastal plain to 1982 m). Bunomys andrewsi has been collected primarily in lowland tropical evergreen rain forests in the core of Sulawesi and on the eastern, southeastern, and southwestern peninsula (coastal plain to 1600 m). Bunomys penitus is strictly montane and recorded only from the west-central mountain block and Pegunungan Mekongga on the southeastern peninsula ( m). Bunomys karokophilus, n. sp., is currently known only from lowland tropical evergreen rain forest in the northern portion of the west-central mountain block ( m). Analyses of morphometric traits (cranial and dental measurements) results in a phenetic relationship among the species in which B. chrysocomus, B. coelestis, B. prolatus, and B. torajae, n. sp., form one group characterized by small physical size and small molars, and B. fratrorum, B. andrewsi, B. penitus, and B. karokophilus another group in which larger physical size and heavier molars are the phenetic definers. Whether or not the integrity of this phenetic pattern will withstand testing by analyses of DNA sequences, it remains a convenient arrangement in which to present and define the eight species. The morphological, elevational, and ecological relationships among the four species of Bunomys (B. chrysocomus, B. andrewsi, B. penitus, and B. karokophilus, n. sp.) collected along my transect area in the northern portion of the west-central mountain block (presently known as Lore Lindu National Park) and comparison between them and the elevational distributions of the other murids encountered along the transect are described. Finally, a brief introduction to the species of murid rodents that have been recorded from mainland Sulawesi and nearby islands is provided, which defines the murine faunal context for the species of Bunomys. The treatment of Bunomys offered here focuses on definitions of the species as outlined by phenetic traits, elevational and geographic distributions, and the natural history characteristics that are available for some of the species, and does not cover an analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between Bunomys and other Indoaustralian murines. INTRODUCTION Apa saja mencari ( what am I searching for )? Aminudi s question floated on the breeze across the narrow stream. He did not know what he was seeking and neither did I. Saya belum tahu, tetapi kapan kita melihat itu, kita akan tahu ( I don t know, but when we see it, we will know ), I answered hopefully. On hands and knees we crawled along the stream terraces, Aminudi on one bank, me on the opposite, sinking into clinging mud, scraping knees on rocks, pushing aside ginger stems and spiny rattan rosettes. Wet leafy branches slapped our faces as we clambored over slick palm fronds 7
9 8 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF THE NATURAL HISTORY NO. 392 and decaying tree limbs. Alarmed at our advance, a kingfisher fled its perch and raced downstream, a bright azure streak tinting the humid air. Sun rays pierced the streamside canopy, shattering into glittering shards on wet rocks and burbling current. Dragonflies darted above the sparkling surface, their translucent wings shimmering in the yellow shafts; iridescent green tiger beetles sprang from one mossy rock to the other. Bridging the stream from each terrace, a large and decaying tree trunk partially concealed by tall ginger plants blocked our progress. Crawling closer, we spotted a clump of rubbery purplish lobes attached to the rough bark, a cluster that Aminudi directly recognized as karoko in his Kulawi language. We found what we had been seeking. Fungal specialists know karoko as Auricularia delicata, an ear fungus in the Auriculariaceae (order Auriculariales, class Agaricomycetes, division Basidiomycota). Karoko grows on decaying wood lying in protected wet pockets of forest on hillsides just above streams, in wet ravines, and on canopied stream terraces areas that remain wet and cool between rains. These are also the microhabitats of tikus abu-abuan, the gray rat. Before our streamside crawl, we found purplish rubbery segments in two stomachs of the gray rat, and after discovering the rubbery purplish cluster on the decaying trunk, we confirmed the stomach contents as ingested karoko. With the acquisition of more rats and more stomachs surveyed, and after feeding different foods to live rats, we established that the gray rat s diet consists mostly of Auricularia delicata. This rat of medium body size with steelgray upperparts and gray underparts is an undescribed member of the genus Bunomys,a cluster of species endemic to the forested landscapes of Sulawesi. To name and describe the gray rat requires that it be compared with the other species of Bunomys, which in turn dictates a study to determine definitions of those other species, limits outlined primarily by the morphological and distributional boundaries of each as derived from study of voucher specimens. The present systematic review of species in the genus Bunomys forms the context in which I characterize morphological, distributional, and natural history attributes of tikus abu-abuan. Three sets of data underpin my knowledge of Bunomys. One derives from study of specimens stored in collections of museums in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia; this material was obtained by collectors other than me. The second was gathered during the 1970s when I worked in the forests of central Sulawesi focusing on an inventory of murid rodents along a transect extending from lowland forest environments into montane habitats. In addition to acquiring material for taxonomic study, I obtained habitat and other biological information for most of the specimens collected. The third results from samples of three species of Bunomys, one undescribed, collected in 2011 by A.S. Achmadi and K.C. Rowe on Gunung Gandangdewata in the southern portion of the west-central mountain block. For various reasons I have not included all the material of Bunomys that might be available for study. Over the last two decades, parts of Sulawesi have been and are actively being inventoried for its small mammal fauna by investigators from several research institutions. Some of the collections contain representatives of Bunomys, which I have examined, and these results are recorded in this revision. Of the other collections I have not seen, that made by Ibnu Maryanto and other members of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (Indonesian National Museum of Natural History) in Lore Lindu National Park stands out. Their published results (Maryanto and Yani, 2003; Maryanto et al., 2009) include specimens identified as Bunomys; their samples likely augment those in my collections because I obtained them in what is now Lore Lindu National Park. Materials and methods follow this introduction, after which my review of Bunomys begins with an exhibition of the mostly phenetic characteristics of the genus (external form, spermatozoa, stomach morphology, skull, dentition, chromosomes), in which an emended generic diagnosis is included. An exposition of the species is next presented, divided into two sections, the B. chrysocomus group and the B. fratrorum group. Each account covers the species s geographic and elevational distributions; its cooccurrence
10 2014 MUSSER: SULAWESI BUNOMYS 9 with other species of Bunomys; morphological description; comparisons with other species; natural history (available for only a few species); ectoparasites, endoparasites, and pseudoscorpions (not all species of Bunomys have been surveyed); reasons behind allocations of any synonyms; and subfossils (samples for only two of the species). The various relationships (morphological, elevational, and ecological) among the four species of Bunomys collected along my transect area in the west-central mountain block, and a comparison between them and the elevational distributions of the other murids encountered on the transect follows. A penultimate segment provides a brief introduction to the species of murid rodents that have been recorded from mainland Sulawesi and nearby islands, which sets a murine faunal context for the species of Bunomys. Endnotes conclude the report. That the species described and contrasted in the following pages represent a phylogenetic radiation unique to the island of Sulawesi is my bedrock hypothesis, and all the information covering the species is presented within that context. I declare this upfront because one geographic region outside of Sulawesi is claimed to harbor another species of Bunomys. Some researchers regard the Flores endemic Paulamys naso (Musser, 1981b; Musser et al., 1986) to be a member of Bunomys (Kitchener et al., 1991, 1998; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Kitchener and Yani, 1998). But Paulamys naso is part of a Rattus-like fauna endemic to Flores and some nearby islands that includes yet another undescribed species of Paulamys; Komodomys rintjanus and several undescribed species of that genus; Rattus hainaldi, a close relative of Komodomys as revealed by DNA sequences; and three species of Papagomys, one of which has yet to be named and described (Musser et al., MS). I suspect Paulamys naso is a phylogenetic component of this endemic Flores radiation and is not more closely related to either Sulawesian Bunomys, or to species of Moluccan, New Guinea, and Australian Rattus. Three hypotheses that require testing can be drawn from that supposition: (1) Paulamys naso and the undescribed species in Paulamys is part of the Rattus-like radiation of species endemic to Flores and nearby islands. (2) The two species of Paulamys are phylogenetically more closely related to Sulawesian Bunomys than to the endemic Flores cluster. (3) Paulamys naso and its close relative share closer kinship with species of endemic Moluccan, New Guinea, and Australian Rattus than with Bunomys. Results derived from analyses of DNA sequences representing multiple genes combined with those obtained by careful examination of cranial and dental morphologies would identify the hypotheses to be rejected. For now, the relationship between Bunomys and the murine fauna endemic to Flores and other islands in the Lesser Sunda chain is unresolved. My review of Bunomys spotlights the species as they are defined by distinctions in morphological traits, elevational and geographical distributions, sympatry or parapatry, and natural histories. The phylogenetic alliance between Bunomys and other Indo- Australian murines is referenced in only tangential fashion. Results from recent analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences reveals Bunomys forms a clade with Sulawesian species of Taeromys and Paruromys. That phylogenetic cluster is most closely related to Halmaheramys bokimekot,a newly discovered Moluccan endemic. Both of those clades connect phylogenetically to an assemblage containing Philippine Bullimus and Sundaic Sundamys (Fabre et al., 2013). The alliance of Bunomys with Paruromys, Sundamys, and Bullimus is also substantiated by Fabre et al. (2012) and Schenk et al. [2013] using DNA sequences, and the association of Bunomys with Taeromys, Paruromys, and Sundamys was earlier postulated by Misonne (1969: 140) based on molar cusp patterns. Materials and Methods INSTITUTIONS AND SPECIMENS: The definitions of species documented here are determined from my examination of specimens stored in the following institutions: the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH); Natural History Museum, London (BMNH); field number of Chris H.S. Watts, South Australian Museum, Adelaide (CHSW); field number of Lance A. Durden,
11 10 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF THE NATURAL HISTORY NO. 392 Georgia Southern University, Statesboro (LAD); Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Cibinong, Java (MZB; now the Indonesian National Museum of Natural History; also known as the Research Center in Biology Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia); Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California (MVZ); Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden (RMNH); South Australian Museum, Adelaide (SAM); Staatliches Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde (SNSD); National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (USNM). Specimens referenced by catalog or field number in gazetteers, tables, text, and figure captions are preceded by one of these acronyms. Many of the generic and specific traits described here are those associated with a skin and associated skull one of the standard museum preparations. Color descriptions of fur, ears, feet, and tail of three species (B. coelestis, B. prolatus, B. torajae, n. sp., and B. fratrorum) are derived from those museum specimens my fieldwork never took me to the geographic regions where those species reside. Color descriptons of four other species (B. chrysocomus, B. andrewsi, B. penitus, and B. karokophilus, n. sp.) come from my field journals (stored in Mammalogy Archives, AMNH) where I recorded coloration and other details of freshly caught rats, and from the specimens themselves. My collection also includes fluid-preserved whole specimens or skinned carcasses that were initially fixed in 10% formalin, soaked for several days in water, and finally stored in 70% ethanol. I used this material to describe stomach morphology and topography of palmar and plantar surfaces, and to measure length of testes. MEASUREMENTS: Values for external dimensions are from two groups of specimens. One consists of samples I collected in central Sulawesi. For each of these specimens I measured total length; length of tail (LT), as well as length of the distal white tail tip (LWT); length of hind foot, including the claw (LHF); and length of ear, from notch to crown (LE). I took these measurements soon after the rat was caught, and also weighed it at that time to obtain a value for body mass or weight (WT, in grams). The second group contains specimens in museums obtained and prepared by other collectors. They recorded total length, length of tail, length of hind foot, sometimes length of ear, but rarely weight. I used their value for length of tail, and measured length of the distal white tail segment on the dry study skin. I often ignored any value for length of ear because I did not know how preparators measured that dimension, and did not use collector s value for length of hind foot but measured that distance (including claws) myself on the dry skin. I also did not use total length from either group in any analyses, but subtracted length of tail from it to obtain a value for length of head and body (LHB). In the laboratory, several measurements were made on specimens from both groups. I counted number of scale rings per centimeter (TSR/CM) on the tail about one-third the distance from its base. To measure lengths of overfur and guard hairs on the dorsum, I placed a ruler at a right angle to the skin surface on the back near the rump and recorded the approximate mark where ends of the bunched hairs rested; the technique is unsophisticated and the results imprecise, but provides a descriptive estimate of lengths for those pelage constituents. Using dial calipers graduated to tenths of a millimeter, I measured the following cranial and dental dimensions; limits of most are illustrated in figure 2 (measurements are identified by acronyms in tables and ratio diagrams): ONL ZB IB LR BR occipitonasal length (5 greatest length of skull; distance from tip of the nasals to posterior margin of the occiput) zygomatic breadth (greatest breadth across the zygomatic arches) interorbital breadth (least distance, as viewed dorsally, across the frontal bones between the orbital fossae length of rostrum (from tip of the nasal bones to the posterior margin of the zygomatic notch) breadth of rostrum (greatest breadth across the rostrum, including the bony nasolacrimal capsules)
12 2014 MUSSER: SULAWESI BUNOMYS 11 Fig. 2. Skull of an adult Bunomys chrysocomus illustrating limits of cranial and dental measurements I employed. Definition details are provided in the text. BBC HBC breadth of braincase (measured from just above the squamosal root of each zygomatic arch) height of braincase (from top of the braincase to the ventral surface of the basisphenoid) BZP breadth of zygomatic plate (distance between the anterior and posterior edges of the zygomatic plate) LD length of diastema (distance from posterior alveolar margins of upper incisors to anterior
13 12 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF THE NATURAL HISTORY NO. 392 alveolar margins of first upper molars) PPL postpalatal length (distance from the posterior margin of the palatal bridge to posterior edge of the basioccipital) LBP length of bony palate (distance from posterior edge of incisive foramina to posterior margin of the bony palate) BBP breadth of bony palate at first molar (least distance between lingual alveolar margins of first molars) LIF length of incisive foramina (distance from anterior to posterior margins of one of the foramina) BIF breadth across incisive foramina (greatest distance across both foramina) BMF breadth of mesopterygoid fossa (distance from one edge of mesopterygoid fossa to the other) LB length of ectotympanic (auditory) bulla (greatest length of the bullar capsule, excluding the bony eustachian tube) CLM1 3 crown length of maxillary molar row (from anterior enamel face of M1, excluding the root, to posterior enamel face of M3) clm1 3 crown length of mandibular molar row (from anterior enamel face of m1 to posterior enamel face of m3) alm1 3 alveolar length of mandibular molar row (from anterior alveolar rim of m1 to posterior alveolar rim of m3) BM1, BM2 breadths of M1and M2, respectively (taken across widest part of bm1, bm2, bm3 molar) breadths of m1, m2, and m3, respectively (measured across widest part of the tooth). AGE AND SEX: I could consistently sort specimens into one of five relative age groups: (1) old adult (body size among the largest in a sample, clothed in full adult pelage, molars worn nearly to tops of roots so cusps are obliterated or nearly so, the crowns usually worn into shallow basins); (2) adult (body size among the largest in a sample, covered in full adult pelage, molars obviously worn, occlusal surfaces retain pattern of major cusps, but their enamel margins are worn low, so the dentine is broadly exposed with some of the cusp rows coalesced at their labial and lingual margins, labial cusplets nearly obliterated); (3) young adult (body size usually smaller than older adults, covered in fresh adult fur, molars slightly worn, enamel borders of cusps much higher than the enclosed dentine with its restricted exposure, cusps and labial cusplets discrete, either not coalesced or only slightly so); (4) juvenile-adult (body size usually smaller than young adults, all molars erupted and slightly worn, clothed mostly in juvenile fur that conceals underlying replacement hairs of partially proliferated adult coat, older specimens retain juvenile pelage along back and rump but possess fresh adult fur on venter and sides of body); (5) juvenile (body size among smallest in a sample; covered in juvenile pelage that is easily recognizable compared to the adult coat, upper and lower third molars unerupted or if erupted usually unworn). These roughly defined age groups are unequally represented among samples: old adults and juveniles are scarce, adults and young adults are most common. Old adults, adults, and young adults were combined into samples from which cranial and dental measurement values were obtained for multivariate analyses and univariate descriptive statistics. Recognition of relative age classes was important for identifying relative age of holotypes and subfossils as well as gauging the position of particular specimens showing incongruous distributions in principal-components and canonical-variate ordinations. Males and females were not separated in any of the statistical analyses. Examined side by side, size differences in adult skulls of males and females within a single species collected from the same area appeared negligible. This observation was reinforced by results from determining significance of differences between means for cranial and dental variables of each sex (t-test) in samples of Bunomys chrysocomus (a member of the small-bodied B. chrysocomus group), B.
14 2014 MUSSER: SULAWESI BUNOMYS 13 TABLE 1 Differences in Means of Cranial and Dental Variables between Sexes in Samples of Bunomys chrysocomus, B. penitus, and B. fratrorum (Mean 6 1 SD are listed; samples consist of young to old adults. Probability values [P] are derived from t- tests; significant P values [# 0.05] are in boldface.) Variable B. chrysocomus Sungai Sadaunta a B. penitus Gunung Nokilalaki b B. fratrorum Teteamoet c UN N 5 54 P UN N 5 46 P UN N 5 18 P ONL ZB IB LR BR BBC HBC BZP LD PPL LBP BBP BMF LIF BIF LB CLM BM a Specimens were collected on stream terraces and adjacent wet hillsides along the Sungai Sadaunta in continuous primary tropical lowland evergreen rain forest between 675 and 960 m. b The sample was obtained in primary montane forest covering upper slopes and summit of Gunung Nokilalaki between 1768 and 2287 m. c Collected in tropical lowland evergreen rain forest on coastal plain near tip of northern peninsula. penitus, and B. fratrorum (both belonging to the large-bodied B. fratrorum group), the only three species for which large samples were available (table 1). Within each of the species, differences between means were not significant across most variables sex is a trivial contribution to intrasample nongeographic variation of cranial and dental variables. Results of principal-components analysis of the three species (not illustrated here) did not reveal a different pattern in morphometric variation among the cranial and dental variables due to sex. The distribution of specimen scores projected onto first and second components for each species produced a single cloud of thoroughly intermixed points for males and females polygons enclosing maximum dispersion of scores representing each sex, and ellipses outlining 95% confidence limits for cluster centroids broadly overlapped. Weak sexual dimorphism in cranial and dental variables generally characterizes nongeographic sexual variation among muroid rodents. For examples of sigmodontines, see Carleton and Musser (1989, 1995 [Microryzomys and Oligoryzomys], Carleton et al. (1999 [Sigmodon]; 2009 [Oecomys]), Myers and Carleton (1981 [Oligoryzomys]), Voss (1991 [Zygodontomys]), Emmons and Patton (2012 [Juscelinomys]), and Percequillo et al. (2011 [Drymoreomys]); for murine examples, see Carleton and Robbins (1985 [Hybomys]), Carleton and Martinez (1991 [Dasymys]) Carleton and Van der Straeten (1997 [Lemniscomys]), Carleton and Byrne (2006 [Otomys]), Carleton and Stanley (2005, 2012 [Hylomyscus and Praomys]), Helgen and Helgen (2009 [Pseudohydromys]), Musser (unpublished data [Margaretamys, Rattus facetus, and Coccymys]), Musser and Durden (2014 [Echiothrix]), Van der Straeten and Verheyen (1982 [Hybomys]), Heaney et al.
15 14 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF THE NATURAL HISTORY NO. 392 TABLE 2 Population Samples Employed in Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Cranial and Dental Variables for Species of Bunomys Localities, along with elevations and geographic coordinates, are referenced in the gazetteers and marked on the distribution maps. Brackets enclose total number of specimens for each species. Specimens measured are identified in footnotes. Species and sample N Locality Bunomys chrysocomus a [232] Northern peninsula 10 Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (Toraut Danmi, Gunung Mogogonipa) Bumbarujaba 7 Sungai Oha Kecil + Sungai Sadaunta 146 Danau Lindu Valley + Gunung 42 Tomado, Sungai Tokararu, Gunung Kanino Kanino Gimpu 3 Bakubakulu 1 Puro Valley Gunung Balease 3 Gunung Tambusisi 6 Pegunungan Mekongga 10 Tanke Salokko Lalolei 3 Bunomys coelestis b [18] Gunung Lompobatang 18 Bunomys prolatus c [8] Gunung Tambusisi 8 Bunomys torajae d [3] Gunung Gandangdewata 3 Mamasa region Bunomys fratrorum e [100] Teteamoet 33 Kuala Prang 27 Gunung Klabat 2 Rurukan 1 Temboan 33 Gunung Maujat + Gunung Mogogonipa 4 Gunung Maujat, Gunung Mogogonipa (1 km north) Bunomys andrewsi f [98] Northeast-central region 32 Labuan Sore, Kuala Navusu, Pinedapa South-central region 16 Gunung Balease, Malili area (Desa Lawaki Jaya), Sukamaju Eastern + southeast peninsulas 9 Sungai Ranu, Wawo, Masembo Northern west-central region 16 Puro-Sungai Miu (Tanah Harapan, Pakuli, Sungai Oha Kecil, Sungai Sadaunta), Tamalanti, Tuare Southern west-central region 16 Mamasa area (Lambanan, Mambulillin, Sumarorong, Gunung Gandangdewata) Southwest peninsula 7 Lombasang Pulau Buton 2 Bunomys penitus g [185] Gunung Kanino 74 ( m) Gunung Nokilalaki 82 ( m) Rano Rano 3 Gunung Lehio 5 Mamasa Area 7 Lambanan, Gunung Gandangdewata Pegunungan Latimojong 3 Pegunungan Mekongga 11 Tanke Salokko Bunomys karokophilus h [17] Sungai Sadaunta + Danau Lindu Valley 17 Sungai Sadaunta, Tomado, Sungai Tokararu a Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park: AMNH ; LAD 18; SAM 12617, 12621, 12627, Bumbarujaba: USNM , , , (holotype of Rattus nigellus). Sungai Oha Kecil + Sungai
16 2014 MUSSER: SULAWESI BUNOMYS 15 TABLE 2 (Continued) Sadaunta: AMNH , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and Danau Lindu Valley + Gunung Kanino: AMNH , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; USNM , , , Gimpu: USNM , (holotype of Rattus rallus), Bakubakulu: AMNH Gunung Balease: MVZ , , Gunung Tambusisi: AMNH , ; MZB 12181, 12183, 12185; SAM Pegunungan Mekongga: AMNH , , , , , , , , , , (holotype of Bunomys coelestis koka). Lalolei: AMNH , (holotype of Rattus lalolis), b Gunung Lompobatang: AMNH , , , , , , , , , , , , ; BMNH (holotype of Mus coelestis). c Gunung Tambusisi: AMNH ; MZB 12187, 12188, (holotype of Bunomys prolatus), 12191, d Gunung Gandangdewata: MZB (holotype of B. torajae n. sp.), 34733, e Teteamoet: USNM , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Kuala Prang: USNM , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Gunung Klabat: USNM , Rurukan: BMNH (holotype of Mus fratrorum). Temboan: USNM , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Gunung Maujat + Gunung Mogogonipa: SAM 12616, 12619, 12623, f Pulau Buton: AMNH 31294; USNM (holotype of Mus andrewsi). Labuan Sore: USNM , Kuala Navusu + Pinedapa: AMNH , , ; USNM , , , , , , , , , (holotype of Rattus adspersus), , , , , , Sungai Ranu: AMNH ; CHSW 36. Sukamaju: AMNH Gunung Balease: MVZ , , , , , , , Desa Lawaki Jaya: MVZ , , , , Wawo + Masembo: AMNH (holotype of Rattus penitus inferior), , , Puro- Sungai Miu: AMNH , , , , Tamalanti: BMNH , Tuare: USNM , Mamasa area: AMNH , , , ; MZB 34912, 34913, 34916, 34917, 34926, Lombasang: AMNH , , (holotype of Rattus penitus heinrichi), , g Gunung Kanino: AMNH , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Gunung Nokilalaki: AMNH , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Rano Rano: USNM (holotype of Rattus sericatus), , Gunung Lehio: USNM , (holotype of Rattus penitus), Mamasa area: AMNH , , ; MZB 34845, Pegunungan Latimojong: AMNH , , Pegunungan Mekongga: AMNH , , , , , , , , , , h Sungai Sadaunta + Danau Lindu: AMNH , , , , , , , , , , , , (holotype of Bunomys karokophilus n. sp.). (2006 [Apomys, Batomys, and Limnomys]), and Balete et al. (2012 [Soricomys and Archboldomys]). The sigmodontine Oryzomys couesi is a noteable exception (Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009). STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Standard univariate descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and observed range) were calculated for population samples (identified in table 2) and for species and are listed in tables scattered through the text. Principal-component and discriminant-function analyses were computed using original cranial and dental measurements transformed to natural logarithms. Principal components were extracted from a variance-covariance matrix, and canonical variates were extracted from the discriminant-function analyses;
17 16 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF THE NATURAL HISTORY NO. 392 loadings (correlations) of the variables are given as Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between the extracted principal components or canonical variates and the log-transformed input variables. Probability levels denoting the significance of the correlations in both kinds of analyses are unadjusted. Individual specimen scores were projected onto scatter plots usually bounded by two axes representing the first two factors extracted. Most analyses are based on 16 cranial and two dental measurements from intact skulls of adults (young to old); some scatter plots were generated using fewer variables because only damaged skulls or subfossil fragments were available for analysis; a few comparisons utilized lengths of head and body, tail, hind foot, and ear. Plottings of cluster analyses (UPGMA) provide visual patterns that reflect similarity or contrast in the combination of cranial and dental dimensions among geographic samples of a single species or among samples of separate species. UPGMA clusters of population samples were derived from Mahalanobis distances (squared) among population sample centroids and produced by the unweighted pair-grouup method employing arithmetic averages. The statistical packages in SYSTAT 11 for Windows, Version 11 (2005), were used for all analytical procedures. RATIO DIAGRAMS: Data used in constructing the ratio diagrams in figures 19, 56, 91, 93, and 95 were derived from values for mean, standard deviation, and sample size of variables listed in table 42. For each measurement, the absolute value of the mean, and plus or minus two standard errors of the mean, were converted to logarithms. Next, the logarithm of the mean of the standard was subtracted from the logarithms of the mean, and plus or minus two standard errors, of the comparative sample. Measurements larger than the standard are thus represented by positive values, those smaller by negative values. Straight or dashed lines connect sample means, and bracketing symbols represent 62 SE of the mean. A sample having the same proportions as the standard are represented by mean values on a line parallel to that of the standard regardless of absolute size. Also, if values for the sample being compared with the standard are similar in absolute size, they will be close together on the diagram. If proportions between any of the measured dimensions are similar, the positions of their points relative to each other on the horizontal scale will be similar. ANATOMY: Terminology follows Brown (1971) and Brown and Yalden (1973) for particular external features of the head and limbs; Bugge (1970) for cephalic arteries; Carleton (1980), Musser and Newcomb (1983), Carleton and Musser (1984), Wahlert (1985), Musser and Heaney (1992), Voss (1988), and Carrasco and Wahlert (1999) for cranial foranima and cranial morphology. Names of cusps and cusplets of maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) molars are indicated in figure 11; sources for the terminology are explained in the legend. CHROMOSOMES: I prepared karyotypes in the field from chromosomes of cells in bone marrow tissue, and processed them by employing colchicine, hypotonic citrate, and flame drying, procedures that were outlined by Patton (1967). The slides were made and stained at my camps in the forests. Four terms describe the shape of each chromosome relative to position of the centromere: metacentric (the chromosome is biarmed, one arm being about the same length as the other); submetacentric (one arm is shorter than the other, about a third of its length); subtelocentric (one arm is very short relative to the long arm on the other side of the centromere); and acrocentric (the centromere is at the tip of the chromosome or near enough that any portion on the other side of the centromere is so short as to be indistinguishable or nearly so). The fundamental numbers listed in table 12 and text are broken into the number of autosomal arms (FNa) and the total number of arms (FNt, including XX for females and XY for males). Jim Patton (in litt., 2013) suggested using these two categories and his reasoning stems from the independent evolutionary trajectories typically operating on autosomes and sex chromosomes the combination of 2N + FNa and/or FNt thus provides quick insight into mechanisms that might underlie evolutionary change. STOMACH CONTENTS: I recorded in my field journals the contents found in stomachs
18 2014 MUSSER: SULAWESI BUNOMYS 17 of some freshly caught rats. Sometimes only a general description was possible presence of fruit, seeds, fungi, and arthropods, for example but often freshly ingested and masticated fruit, seeds, and fungi could be easily identified to at least genus by color, shape, and texture; oligochaete earthworm pieces were obvious; and some arthropod remains could be identified to order. Many samples were preserved in ethanol, which I examined later in the laboratory under a dissecting microscope, and found additional arthropod particulates termites especially not seen in the field. I supplemented this material by extracting stomachs from undissected rats. Stomachs were removed by severing the posterior end of the esophagus and the anterior section of the duodenum. I bisected the isolated stomach along the midfrontal plane, transferred the contents to a white ceramic dish, and examined them with a dissecting microscope. In addition to remains of ingested foods, stomachs contained strands of hair, likely ingested during grooming. Stomachs emptied in the field are still attached to the gasterointestinal tract of carcasses preserved in fluid at AMNH. Those stomachs extracted in the laboratory are stored, with their contents, in leakproof vials in the fluid collection at AMNH. My survey of stomach contents is not exhaustive. I did not extract the stomach of every specimen collected, and did not attempt to identify every tiny arthropod fragment. Chewed pieces of fungi were easily recognized and I was able to locate in the forest some of the fungal species; I relied on gross evidence for fungal remains, without surveying stomach contents for spores or other microscopic remains. Most species of Bunomys readily enter live traps, quickly adapt to a cage environment, and can be kept healthy for some time. I supplied captives with a range of forest foods to determine what would be accepted or rejected. The problem of identifying arthropod remains, particularly insects, found in the stomachs of Bunomys was solved by tapping David Grimaldi s (AMNH) wide-ranging knowledge of insects in particular and arthropods in general. Several times he unselfishly diverted his own research efforts to examine vials containing a range of different insects and to provide me with identifications along with ecological insights relating to these invertebrates. I also consulted various general publications covering insects, but found Grimaldi and Engel s (2005) Evolution of the Insects to be the most rewarding not only for the information it contained in text and illustrations but for the intellectual satisfaction derived from learning about different insect groups of interest to me and their evolutionary origins. GEOGRAPHY (fig. 1): The island of Sulawesi consists of a central region from which four arms or peninsulas radiate: the northern peninsula, which ends in a northeastern jog; the eastern peninsula; the southeastern peninsula; and the southwestern peninsula. I use these informal labels when describing distributions of the species of Bunomys over the island, and refer to the cenral portion as Sulawesi s core, or simply core. In figure 1 and the text I refer to four mountainous regions that support suites of endemic mammals discussed here. The westcentral highlands or west-central mountain block, which forms the western portion of Sulawesi s core. It is the region of foothills, peaks, and interior valleys situated above 100 m and lying roughly west of Danau Poso and extending from the Palu area in the north to Pegunungan Latimojong in the south. Pegunungan Mekongga is at the center of a less expansive highland region on the southeastern peninsula. Gunung Tambusisi is at the western end of the mountain chain forming the backbone of the eastern peninsula. The volcano Gunung Lompobatang forms the highest landscape on the southwestern peninsula. Other regional areas of endemicity relevant to distributions of the species in Bunomys are highlighted in figure 1 and discussed in the text. Throughout the report I use the Indonesian terms sungai (stream or small river), kuala (stream discharging directly into the sea), gunung (mountain), pegunungan (mountain range), pulau (island), kepulauan (archipelago), selat (strait), tanjung (cape), and teluk (bay). BUNOMYS AND MY COLLECTING AREAS: During , I lived and worked in the forests of central Sulawesi focusing on an inventory of murid rodents, of which a
19 18 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF THE NATURAL HISTORY NO. 392 Fig. 3. The northern portion of Sulawesi s core showing the two regions where I worked: the Sungai Miu Danau Lindu (left dashed square) and Malakosa (right dashed square) areas. Three of H.C. Raven s collection sites are also indicated on the map: Gunung Lehio, southwest of Kulawi; Pinedapa, west of Mapane; and Rano Rano, in the mountains west of Pinedapa. Enlargements of the Danau Lindu and Malakosa areas are shown in figures 4 and 5, respectively. significant portion consisted of samples containing four species of Bunomys. I worked in two regions (fig. 3). One included low-tomiddle elevations along tributaries of the Sungai Miu and to the east in the drainage basin of Danau Lindu; and higher elevations from Gunung Kanino, a ridge descending from Gunung Nokilalaki, all the way to the summit of the latter (fig. 4); this comprised a transect extending from 290 m where the small Sungai Oha Kecil joins the Sungai Miu to the summit of Gunung Nokilalaki at 2280 m (which in this review I refer to as my transect) and included habitats in lowland tropical evergreen rain forests and montane forests in the northern portion of the west-
20 2014 MUSSER: SULAWESI BUNOMYS 19 Fig. 4. The Sungai Miu Danau Lindu area in the west-central mountain block. Where the Sungai Oha Kecil flows into the Sungai Miu at 290 m was my lowest camp, the summit of Gunung Nokilalaki the highest place I worked. Tropical lowland evergreen rain forest embraces the area from the Sungai Oha Kecil to the camp along the Sungai Tokararu at 1150 m. The camp at 1440 m was on a ridge, part of Gunung Kanino, in lower montane rain forest. The lower camp at 1150 m (Sungai Tokararu) was at the western end and base of the Kanino highland. The highest camp at 1700 m was situated on the flanks of Gunung Nokilalaki, which at altitudes above about 2000 m was covered with upper montane rain forest. Ambient air temperatures, relative humidities, and rainfall recorded at the camps are provided in table 3. central mountain block. The other region was east of the west-central block in the lowlands of the Malakosa area in the northeastern portion of Sulawesi s core bordering Teluk Tomini (fig. 4) where the elevations covered ranged from near sea level at Kuala Navusu to ridges behind Sungai Tolewonu at about 1000 m (fig. 5); lowland tropical evergreen rain forest covered the area. The Sungai Miu- Danau Lindu-Gunung Nokilalaki transect was intended to explore habitats in both lowland tropical evergreen and montane rainforest formations. Work in the Malakosa region concentrated on surveying lowland habitats, particularly at elevations below 290 m. Ambient air temperatures, relative humidity, and rainfall patterns recorded at the
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text: To get from Bagheria to Treviso by train you can catch one of the 4 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Treviso leaves from Bagheria at 09:14 and the last train departs at 20:47. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 17:47 hours. For your trip from Bagheria to Treviso by train you can choose to leave from one of Bagheria main stations: Bagheria On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Treviso and book the best itinerary starting from Bagheria.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Parachute band - you remain MP3
Love without Measure.
Complete by Parachute Band with LYRICS MP3
To God Be All the Glory!
Parachute Band - You Remain. MP3
Christian Band.
Parachute Band - Complete MP3
1 Corinthians 13:13 =================== And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love.
Parachute Band - You Remain MP3
Taken from the album "Love Without Measure" Available on iTunes - https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/love-without-measure/id656272647 Subscribe to We Are ...
Parachute Band: I Long to Worship You MP3
Artist: Parachute Band Album: Amazing.
Glorified Parachute Band MP3
Parachute Band Song Glorified From the Album Road Maps and Revelations Images off google some are my own. Created On Photo Story 3 Lyrics: Lord I come ...
Parachute Band - I Belong To You (with lyrics) MP3
I really love the parachute band and this song!!!! hope you enjoy the vid! :) click on link to purchase their album!
Parachute Band - Sweet Surrender (with lyrics) MP3
This is one of the most beautiful songs I know. Its called "Sweet Surrender" by Parachute Band, a christian band from New Zealand. They are really great, if you ...
Deeper/ with Lyrics by Parachute Band MP3
Parachute Band - Living Rain - with lyrics MP3
Parachute Band - Living Rain with lyrics.
Parachute band - it's you MP3
Love without measure.
Parachute Band - Living Rain (with Lyrics) MP3
Parachute Band - Saviour Of The Broken Heart (with lyrics) MP3
This is a song of the new Parachute Band album called "Love without measure". I love this song, and the message in it. The song is called "Saviour of the broken ...
Parachute Band - All My Life LIVE MP3
Parachute Band's live version of "All My Life" No copyright infringement intended. All rights and ownership to Parachute Band. Lyrics: My freedom, my reason My ...
Parachute Band - Living Rain with lyrics MP3
This is the video from their live performance of Living Rain. I added lyrics to it so you can follow along. Great song.


text:
[Closed] wpForo Beta-2 version is released
wpForo Beta-2 is released!
We've fixed actual and potential CSS conflicts with different WordPress Themes.
- Added: Option to set custom login URL
- Added: Option to set custom register URL
- Added: Option to set custom lost password URL
- Fixed Bug: CSS conflicts with different themes
- Fixed Bug: Question & Answer Layout issues
- Fixed Bug: Enabled "Can Creat Topic" for "Standard Access" by default
- Fixed Bug: .right .left . label class conflicts
- Fixed Bug: Dashboard and Front-end member pagination
- Fixed Bug: Member and Post search issues
Now you can set custom login, register and lost-password URLs. New options are located in wpForo Settings > Members Tab
Edited: 1 year ago
Posted : June 28, 2016 8:39 am
It's great! I think to do a review of your forum on your site. Until tested. I'm sure your plugin will be a lot of fans in Russia.
Posted : June 29, 2016 6:21 pm Robert liked


text:
Find a copy in the library
Finding libraries that hold this item...
|DVD-Video discs
Feature films
Fiction films
Film adaptations
Horror films
Horror television programs
Science fiction films
Science fiction television programs
Television mini-series
|Material Type:
|Document Type:
|Visual material
|All Authors / Contributors:
Stephen King; Tom Holland; Patricia Wettig; Dean Stockwell; Bronson Pinchot; Mick Garris; Gary Sinise; Molly Ringwald; Ray Walston; Rob Lowe; Mitchell Galin; Peter R McIntosh; Keith Szarabajka; Frances Sternhagen; Felicity Huffman; Laurel (Firm); Spelling Entertainment Inc.; CBS DVD (Firm)
|1415734704 9781415734704
|OCLC Number:
|Language Note:
|English, Spanish, and Brazilian audio tracks and subtitles; closed-captioned.
|Title from container.
The Langoliers based on the novella from "Four past midnight" by Stephen King; The stand based on the novel by Stephen King.
The Langoliers originally released as a motion picture in 1995.
The stand originally released as a motion picture in 1994.
Golden years originally released for television in 1991.
|The Langoliers: Patricia Wettig, Dean Stockwell, David Morse, Mark Lindsay Chapman, Frankie Faison, Baxter Harris, Kimber Riddle, Christopher Collet, Kate Maberly, Bronson Pinchot.
The stand: Gary Sinise, Molly Ringwald, Jamey Sheridan, Laura San Giacomo, Ruby Dee, Ossie Davis, Miguel Ferrer, Corin Nemec, Matt Frewer, Adam Storke, Ray Walston, Rob Lowe.
Golden years: Keith Szarabajka, Felicity Huffman, Frances Sternhagen, R.D. Call, Ed Lauter, Bill Raymond.
|5 videodiscs : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in.
|DVD; NTSC, full screen; region 1, NTSC; Dolby digital, stereo surround.
|The Langoliers / a Laurel production ; CBS Paramount Television ; produced by David Kappes ; teleplay and directed by Tom Holland (1995 ; 179 min.) --
The stand / Greengrass Productions ; a Laurel production ; produced by Mitchell Galin ; teleplay by Stephen King ; directed by Mick Garris (1994 ; 359 min.) --
Golden years / a Laurel production ; a unit of Spelling Entertainment Inc. ; created by Stephen King ; producers, Mitchell Galin, Peter McIntosh ; ep. 1-5 written by Stephen King ; ep. 6-7 teleplay by Josef Anderson ; directed by Kenneth Fink (ep. 1), Allen Coulter (ep. 2,4 and 6), Michael G. Gornick (ep. 3, 7), Stephen Tolkin (ep. 5) (1991 ; 236 min.).
|Other Titles:
Golden years.
Langoliers ; The Stand ; The Golden years
The stand: The U.S. government denies that there's a problem when the horrifying deaths begin, but within a few days, only one percent of the world's population is left alive after a deadly virus escapes from a California research lab. The shattered remnants of humanity face the end of civilization and the beginning of the ultimate battle between good and evil.
Golden years: After being exposed to exotic chemicals in a lab explosion, a janitor, his wife and the lab's secretary chief go on the run to avoid government officials who will do anything and stop at nothing to find out more about the extraordinary changes the chemicals cause.


text:
Citation Edit
Caesars World, Inc. v. Caesars-Palace.com, 112 F.Supp.2d 502, 54 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1121 (E.D. Va. 2000) (full-text) (defendant's motion to dismiss); 112 F.Supp.2d 505 (E.D. Va. 2000) (full-text) (plaintiff's contempt motion).
Factual Background Edit
Plaintiff sued numerous different parties that owned domain names, including plaintiff's CAESARS trademark or a variation thereof. After the ACPA was enacted, plaintiff amended its complaint to invoke the in rem jurisdiction provisions of the ACPA. Two of the defendants moved to dismiss plaintiff's in rem jurisdiction claim, arguing that (1) the in rem provisions of the ACPA violated due process and were thus unconstitutional, and (2) even if the in rem provisions were constitutional, plaintiff failed to meet the procedural requirements because it did not first file an action against a person and attempt personal service, it did not seek permission from the court to file in rem, and it did not first establish that the domain name violated its rights before filing an in rem case.
Trial Court Proceedings Edit
Rejecting defendant's constitutionality arguments, the court distinguished this case from the Supreme Court's decision in Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186 (1977). The court interpreted Shaffer as not requiring sufficient minimum contacts for personal jurisdiction in all in rem actions, but rather only "in those in rem actions where the underlying cause of action is unrelated to the property which is located in the forum state."
Because the potentially infringing domain names were directly related to the cause of action, due process did not require the minimum contacts to meet personal-jurisdiction standards. In further support of the ACPA's constitutionality, the court noted that the relief (forfeiting or canceling a domain name) was very limited in nature and did not violate due process as to defendants personally.
Also, the court held that a domain name, although not tangible, could constitute property for purposes of in rem jurisdiction. Finally, the court rejected defendant's procedural arguments, holding that (1) attempting to first obtain personal jurisdiction is not a prerequisite to in rem jurisdiction under the ACPA; (2) plaintiff was not required to seek permission from the court to file an in rem action; and (3) plaintiff was not required to first prove its case on the merits before filing an in rem case, as this would "stand the [ ACPA ] on its head."
In August 2000, in a case of first impression, the court held that a defendant domain name "claimant" is subject to discovery after the claimant files an answer, as a regular party would be subject to discovery in a non-in rem proceeding. In refusing to respond to plaintiff's discovery requests, defendant's counsel argued that plaintiff had to use third-party discovery devices if it wished to obtain discovery from the "sponsor of the litigation," such as the domain-name registrant. Because the ACPA did not address discovery matters such as this, the court looked to traditional in rem jurisprudence in admiralty cases to decide the issue.
According to the court, persons or entities filing an answer in an in rem action under the ACPA "have reciprocal duties to engage in discovery, just as the claimant in an in rem admiralty action must file an answer and respond to any interrogatories served with the complaint within twenty days of filing a claim" pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. C(6). Finally, defendant's counsel did not want to subject the "sponsors of the litigation" to in personam jurisdiction by responding to the discovery requests. This concern was not valid, however, based on the court's recent decision in Harrods, which held that in personam jurisdiction cannot be based solely on an appearance in an in rem action.
Source Edit
- This page uses content from Finnegan's Internet Trademark Case Summaries. This entry is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA).


text:
Sweet Corn Cakes
READY IN: 45mins
Recipe by ratherbeswimmin
A delicious breakfast pancake the way my Granny used to make them.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1⁄2 cup yellow cornmeal
- 1⁄2 cup all-purpose flour
- 2 tablespoons sugar
- 1⁄2 teaspoon baking soda
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- 1 cup corn kernel (fresh is better but may substitute drained canned corn kernels)
- 1 cup buttermilk
- 2 large eggs
- 2 tablespoons butter, melted
Directions See How It's Made
- In a big mixing bowl, sift the cornmeal, flour, sugar, baking soda, and salt.
- Add in the corn kernels; toss to coat.
- In a smaller bowl, add the buttermilk, eggs, and butter; whisk until blended.
- Add the buttermilk mixture to the dry ingredients; stir until just blended (don't overmix).
- Heat a large nonstick skillet or griddle over medium heat.
- Brush a thin film of vegetable oil or spray with cooking spray.
- Pour 1/4 cup batter (for each pancake) onto heated skillet; lower heat to medium-low.
- Cook until the tops of cakes are covered with small bubbles and the bottoms are lightly browned; flip pancake and cook until other side is lightly browned.
- Serve warm with maple syrup or powdered sugar and berries.


text:
Profile: Northwestern
In six games this season, Summers has averaged 7.0 tackles per game as a cornerback and 18.11 yards per carry as a wide receiver. Summers has had a total of 237 yards in 6 games and a touchdown.
In the 3-Star recruit's most recent outing against Round Rock Westwood his team was able to take home a 14-7 win. ScoutTV caught some of the highlights from the game from Summers' effort on both sides of the ball.


text:
Alpha lipoicability acerbic (ALA) is the label fixed to an inhibitor which is readily used as curb for numerous diseases. It is as well wide specified by the signifier ALA. Its earliest work is thatability it increases the manufacture of a matter titled glutathioneability. Glutathioneability is culpable for change integrity unhealthful substancesability in the liver. What an inhibitor does is thatability it helps alter divest radicals in our bodies and shelter our cells from defile. A gratuitous immoderate is zero but an inconstant unit which tries to pinch away electrons from else molecules, olibanum deed bring down. Nearby are a cipher of sources of relieve radicals similar for sample car exhausts, smoking, deep-fried food, environmental condition etc.
Alpha lipoicability sharp can be found in food and leafy foliate vegetables close to vegetable. Alpha-lipoicability vitriolic is as well untaken genericallyability from numerous manufacturersability. Pigeonholed products include Ultra-Lipoicability Loud factory-made by Westlake Labs. ALA has a crowd of benefits and can be understood by a person and each person. It is peak advantageous for people who experience from diseases similar diabetes and overflowing body fluid sugar levels, overflowing cholesterin levels, wee chapter eye disease problems, vas technical hitches and symptom of bodily fluid vessels, the chronicle goes on. At this constituent it must be reiterated thatability Alpha lipoicability bitter can be exhausted both to impede these worries as fine as for alleviation in the circumstance of their incidence. The basis for the multi-foldability benefits of this inhibitor is thatability it is easily rapt into the humour body of water and it can also transverse the bodily fluid psyche wall. It assists in the in working condition of vitaminsability C and E which are some importantly advisable to the human organic structure. Likewise as mentioned before its aid in treatment due to the lever of the productivity of glutathioneability is crucial.Post ads:
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