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Analysis of FecB, BMP15 and CAST Gene Mutations in Sakiz Sheep [1] Sakız Irkı Koyunlarda FecB, BMP15 ve CAST Genlerindeki Mutasyonların Analizi
- Russell Sullivan
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1 Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 21 (4): , 2015 DOI: /kvfd Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi Journal Home-Page: Online Submission: Research Article Analysis of FecB, BMP15 and CAST Gene Mutations in Sakiz Sheep [1] [1] 1 2 Deniz DİNÇEL 1 Sena ARDIÇLI 1 Bahadır SOYUDAL 1 Mehlika ER 1 Fazlı ALPAY 2 Hale ŞAMLI 1 Faruk BALCI 1 This study was supported by Uludag University Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project Number: V-2004/4) and the State Planning Organization (Project Number: DPT-2005/2) Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, TR Nilufer, Bursa - TURKEY Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Zootechnics, TR Nilufer, Bursa - TURKEY KVFD Received: Accepted: Published Online: Abstract Fertility traits, such as the ovulation rate and the number of offspring at birth, are genetically regulated by fecundity genes. This study was performed to identify DNA polymorphisms in Booroola (FecB), Galway (FecX G ), Inverdale (FecX I ) and Calpastatin (CAST) genes in Sakiz sheep. A total of 71 ewes were genotyped for gene or allelic polymorphisms in the genes listed above using the PCR-RFLP method. The results obtained from this study indicated that all of the Sakiz ewes sampled were non-carriers for FecB, FecX G or FecX I mutations. However, genotypic frequencies in the CAST gene were 0.59, 0.36 and 0.05 for AA, AB and BB, respectively. A significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the CAST gene was not observed in the investigated breed (P>0.05). As a result, more extensive screening is required as tests for newly discovered mutations are developed. Additionally, this study is the first to report a genetic polymorphism in the CAST gene in Sakiz sheep. Keywords: Sakiz sheep, Fertility, FecB, BMP15, CAST Özet Sakız Irkı Koyunlarda FecB, BMP15 ve CAST Genlerindeki Mutasyonların Analizi Ovulasyon oranı ve bir batındaki yavru sayısı gibi dölverim özellikleri fekondite genleri tarafından regüle edilmektedir. Bu çalışma Sakız ırkı koyunlarda, Booroola (FecB), Galway (FecX G ), Inverdale (FecX I ) ve Calpastatin (CAST) genlerindeki DNA polimorfizmlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırılan gen veya aleller açısından toplam 71 koyun PCR-RFLP metoduyla genotiplendirilmiştir. Çalışmadan çıkan sonuçlar, Sakız koyunların FecB, FecX G ya da FecX I ye ait mutasyonları taşımadığını göstermiştir. Ancak CAST geni açısından AA, AB ve BB genotiplerinin sırasıyla 0.59, 0.36 ve 0.05 frekans gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. CAST geni açısından çalışılan sürünün Hardy-Weinberg dengesine uyduğu görülmüştür (P>0.05). Sonuç olarak yeni keşfedilen mutasyonların geliştirilmesi gibi daha yoğun tarama çalışmaları gerekmektedir. Ek olarak Sakız koyunlarında CAST genindeki polimorfizmin varlığı ilk defa bu çalışmada bildirilmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Sakız Koyunu, Fertilite, FecB, BMP15, CAST INTRODUCTION The incorporation of a major gene for prolificacy into a flock using marker-assisted selection (MAS) promotes increased selection pressure on other traits, leading to increased genetic gain [1]. It is hypothesized that MAS using both the bone morphogenetic protein receptor IB (BMPR- IB) and the bone morphogenic protein 15 (BMP15) genes is warranted to increase litter size in sheep and will be of considerable economic value to sheep breeders. Sakiz is a dairy sheep breed of considerable economic interest to Turkish farmers, mainly due to its high prolificacy and milk production. These sheep are raised in Cesme, the provinces of Izmir and Aydin, and coastal locations in the Marmara and Aegean regions. The average litter size is 1.7 to 2.3 lambs, and the ovulation rate is 2.9 to 3.3 [2,3]. In recent years, a number of natural genetic mutations have been associated with ovulation rates in sheep breeds, including one mutation in the BMPR-1B gene (FecB) and ten different mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein 15 gene (FecX I, FecX H, FecX G, FecX B, FecX R, FecX L, FecX Gr, FecX TT, FecX O and FecX W ) [4-6]. These mutations are significantly associated with the ovulation rate of different sheep breeds. İletişim (Correspondence) ; Fax:
2 484 Analysis of FecB, BMP15... The FecB gene is a dominant autosomal gene responsible for the fecundity of Booroola Merino sheep, and its additive effect on the ovulation rate was first identified in the 1980s [4,7]. The FecB gene maps to chromosome 6 in sheep [8]. A point mutation that significantly increases the ovulation rate of ewes is located at base 746 of the coding region (746 A G) in the highly conserved intracellular kinase signaling domain of the BMPR-1B; this mutation causes a glutamine to arginine amino acid substitution [9]. The gene dosage effect of the mutation is additive for the ovulation rate with an increase of 1.5 for each gene copy. These extra ovulations subsequently increased litter size by approximately 1.0 and 1.5, respectively [4,10]. FecB gene mutations have been reported in many other sheep breeds, such as Booroola Merino [7], Belclare, Cambridge, China Small Tailed Han, Hu [5], Romney [11], Kendrapada [12], Garole and Javanese sheep [13]. In contrast, FecB mutations were not detected in Thoka, Woodlands, Olkuska, Lacaune [13] and Sangsari sheep [14]. The BMP15 located on the chromosome X [15]. Each BMP15 gene significantly affects prolificacy [11]. Ewes with two inactive copies of the BMP15 gene (homozygous animals) are sterile [15,16] and exhibit a similar ovarian phenotype. Ewes with a single inactive BMP15 gene (heterozygous animals) are fertile and exhibit an increased ovulation rate and an increased incidence of twin or triplet births [4,5,13-18]. In general, heterozygous ewes with mutations in both FecB and FecX G exhibited increased fertility compared with ewes harboring a mutation in only one of these genes [6]. The Galway mutation has been identified in Cambridge [16], Garole, Kendrapada [12] and Small Tailed Han sheep [19]. Hanrahan et al. [16] estimated the effect of FecX G to be 0.77 and 1.18 in Belclare and Cambridge ewes, respectively. The FecX I mutation was studied in Inverdale, Belclare, Cambridge, Romney, Hanna and Rasa Aragonese, Cambridge, Small Tailed Han, Sakiz [13,16,19] sheep. Recently, Gursel et al. [20] report that the Inverdale mutation was identified in Sakiz sheep in Turkey. The CAST gene, which is located on sheep chromosome 5, acts on growth characteristics, such as muscle development, birth weight of the lamb, weight at weaning, and postmortem meat qualities, such as tenderness [21-24]. In addition, the CAST gene affects cataract development and the reproductive performance of the animals [23-25]. In a study by Garcia et al. [26], calpastatin exerted a significant impact on fertility and longevity on cattle. Based on these results, the use of CAST markers together with increased predicted transfer ability (PTA) potential in selection programs for dairy parameters is projected to increase milk yield together with fertility [26]. FecB, FecX G and FecX I mutations have been studied in local sheep breeds, such as Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Daglic, Awassi, Tuj, Karakas and Bafra (Sakiz x Karayaka cross) in Turkey as well as in Greek Sakiz ewes; however, these mutations were not identified [10,27,28]. In addition, the CAST gene has not been studied in Sakiz or other Turkish domestic sheep breeds. We tested the hypothesis that a major gene was segregating in the Sakiz breed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate FecB, FecX G, FecX I and CAST gene mutations in the Sakiz sheep breed and the potential introgression of these genes into these breeds to enhance their reproductive rate. MATERIAL and METHODS Animals A total of 71 ewes were used in the study. Ewes were randomly selected from five unrelated herds. These herds were managed within the scope of the Protection of Indigenous Genetic Resources Project under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture. DNA Isolation Initially, wool samples were prepared by cleaning with EtOH (ethanol). The CTAB (hexa-decyltrimethylammonium bromide) method of DNA isolation was performed using wool samples obtained from selected animals [29]. The amount of DNA obtained and its purity were determined by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop-2000c, Thermo Scientific). The quantified DNA was stored at -80 C until PCR-RFLP (Polymerase chain reaction and Restriction fragment length polymorphism) was performed. PCR-RFLP Genotyping DNA was amplified by PCR using the primer sets provided in Table 1. The amplification products were cut with restriction enzymes, and the alleles or mutations were determined. The primer sets used for the amplification of FecB, FecX G, FecX I, and CAST; the size of the PCR products; the restriction enzymes used and their product sizes and references for PCR-RFLP are provided in Table 1. For the PCR amplification of FecB, FecX G, FecX I and CAST, 33.5 μl of dh 2 O, 5 μl of 10X buffer, 5 μl of MgSO 4, 1 μl of dntps (2.5 mm), 2.5 U Taq DNA polymerase (Biomatik Corp., Cambridge,Canada) and 1 μl of (0.025 μm) forward primer and 1 μl of (0.025 μm) reverse primer from each primer sets presented in Table 1 were used. The final volume was 50 μl after the addition of 3 μl of 100 ng/ml DNA sample. The PCR conditions for FecB [5,13], FecX G [16,27], FecX I [5,15,27] and CAST [21,30] were as follows: initial denaturation at 94 to 95 C for 0.30 s to 5 min followed by 33 to 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 to 95 C for 0.30 s to 3 min, annealing for 40 s to 1 min at 60 to 61 C, elongation at
3 485 DİNÇEL, ARDIÇLI, SOYUDAL, ER ALPAY, ŞAMLI, BALCI Table 1. Primer sets and enzymes for PCR-RFLP of FecB, BMP15 (FecX G,FecX I ) and CAST genes Tablo 1. PCR-RFLP için FecB, BMP15 (FecX G, FecX I ) ve CAST genlerinin primer set ve enzimleri Gene-Allele Primer Sets* PP (bp) RE RP (bp) References FecB FecX G F:5 -CCAGAGGACAATAGCAAAGCAAA-3 R:5 -CAAGATGTTTTCATGCCTCATCAACAGGTC -3 F:5 CACTGTCTTCTTGTTACTGTATTTCAATGAGAC-3 R:5 -GATGCAATACTGCCTGCTTG-3 FecX I F:5 -GAAGTAACCAGTGTTCCCTCCACCCTTTTCT 3 R:5 -CATGATTGGGAGAATTGAGACC-3 CAST F:5 -TGGGGCCCAATGACGCCATCGATG - 3 R:5 - GGTGGAGCAGCACTTCTGATCACC AvaII 141 Hinf I 154 XbaI 622 MspI AA 190 BB 159, 31 AB 190, 159, 31 AA 141 BB 112, 29 AB 141, 112, 29 AA 154 BB 124, 30 AB 154, 124, 30 AA 336, 268 BB 622 AB 622, 336, 268 * GenBank accession no: BMP15(FecX G, FecX I )(AH009593), FecB (AF312016), CAST (AF ); (PP: PCR Product, RE: Restriction Enzyme, RP: Restriction Product) [5,13] [16,27] [5,15,27] [21,30] Fig 1. The FecB gene cut with the AvaII restriction enzyme. The products were electrophoresed on a 2.5% agarose gel. No mutations were detected in any of the individuals (M: Marker, Columns 1 to 6: 190 bp band, NC: Negative Control) Şekil 1. FecB geninin AvaII restriksiyon enzimi ile kesimi (%2.5 lik agaroz jel- tüm bireylerde mutasyon yok) (M: Markör, Sütun1-6: 190 bç lik bant, NK: Negatif Kontrol) Fig 2. The FecX G allele cut with the HinfI restriction enzyme. The products were electrophoresed on a 4% agarose gel. No mutations were detected in any of the individuals (M: Marker, Columns 1 to 6: 29 and 112 bp bands, NC: Negative Control) Şekil 2. FecX G allelinin Hinf I restriksiyon enzimi ile kesimi (%4 lük agaroz jel- tüm bireylerde mutasyon yok) (M: Markör, Sütun1-6: 29 ve 112 bç lik bant, NK: Negatif Kontrol)
4 486 Analysis of FecB, BMP15... Fig 3. The FecX I allele cut with the XbaI restriction enzyme. The products were electrophoresed on a 3.5% agarose gel. No mutations were detected in any of the individuals (M: Marker, Columns 1-5: 154 bp band, NC: Negative Control) Şekil 3. FecX I allelinin XbaI restriksiyon enzimi ile kesimi (%3.5 luk agaroz jel- tüm bireylerde mutasyon yok.) (M: Markör, Sütun1-5: 154 bç lik bant, NK: Negatif Kontrol) Fig 4. The 622-bp PCR product from the CAST gene cut by the MspI enzyme. The products were electrophoresed on a 2.5% agarose gel. AA, AB and BB genotypes were detected (M: Marker, Columns 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16: 268 and 336 bp bands, Columns 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 15: 268, 336 and 622 bp bands, Column 17: 662 bp band, NC: Negative Control) Şekil 4. CAST geninin 622 bç lik PCR ürününün MspI enzimi ile kesimi (%2.5 lik agaroz jel görüntüsü - AA, AB, BB genotipi) (M: Markör, Sütun 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,13,14,16: 268 ve 336 bç lik bant, Sütun3,6,10,11,12,15: bç lik bant, Sütun17: 662 bç lik bant, NK: Negatif Kontrol) 70 to 72 C for 30 s to 2 min, and a final extension at 72 C for 4 to 8 min. The PCR products for the amplification of the FecB gene (product size 190 bp), FecX G allele (product size 141 bp), FecX I allele (product size 154 bp) and CAST gene (product size 622 bp) were subjected to electrophoresis using 2%, 3%, 2.5% and 1.5% agarose gels, respectively. For RFLP, 15 μl of the PCR products were incubated with 4 μl buffer, 4 μl dh 2 O and 15 U of restriction enzymes at 37 C for 16 h. The restriction digestion products (FecB, FecX G, FecX I and CAST) were visualized in agarose gels stained with 2.5%, 4%, 3.5% and 2.5% ethidium bromide, respectively. The PCR and RLFP product bands were by visualized using the DNr Minilumi imaging system (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4). Statistical Analysis Data were processed by POPGE V1.32 software to calculate genotypic frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium [31]. RESULTS In the present study, FecB, FecX G, FecX I and CAST mutations were investigated in Sakiz sheep breeds. The agarose gel images of PCR-RFLP products are presented in Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. Mutations in the FecB gene and at the FecX G and FecX I loci in the BMP15 gene were assessed in the samples. Based on the PCR-RFLP analysis, no digested fragments were observed for FecB, FecX G and FecX I at 190, 141 and 154 bp, respectively, if the herd did not carry the mutations [5]. All of the 71 individuals were homozygous for FecB and BMP15. None of the samples harbored the FecB mutation, and similarly no FecX G and FecX I mutations were noted in the BMP15 gene. Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium and χ²-values were not estimated due to the genotypic frequency. A total of 71 Sakiz individuals were genotyped. Of these sheep, 42 were AA, 25 were AB and 4 were BB for the CAST gene. Genotypic frequencies were estimated as 0.59, 0.36 and 0.05 for AA, AB and BB, respectively, for the CAST gene (Table 2). Significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg
5 487 DİNÇEL, ARDIÇLI, SOYUDAL, ER ALPAY, ŞAMLI, BALCI Table 2. Genotypic frequencies of FecB, BMP15 (FecX G,FecX I ) and CAST genes Tablo 2. FecB, BMP15 (FecX G, FecX I ) ve CAST genlerinin genotipik frekansları Regions Allele n Frequency Chi 2 P FecB equilibrium was not observed for the CAST gene in the investigated breed (P>0.05). DISCUSSION AA AB BB FecX G AB AA BB FecX I AB AA CAST : Not Estimated BB AA AB BB The results of our study indicate that FecB, FecX G and FecX I mutations, which have a major effect on litter size, are not present in Sakiz sheep. These results are consistent with reports in Romanov, Finn, Thoka, Woodlands, Olkuska, Lacaune [13], Sangsari [14], Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Daglıc, Tuj, Karakas [10], Awassi, Imroz, Kivircik [20] and Bafra [28] sheep breeds wherein FecB mutant alleles do not segregate in these breeds. In contrast, FecB mutations are reported in several sheep breeds, such as Booroola Merino [7], Belclare, Cambridge, China Small Tailed Han, Hu [5], Garole, Javanese [13], Kendrapada [12] and Romney sheep [17]. The FecX G mutation was analyzed in Garole, Kendrapada [12], Malpura, Deccani, Baluchi [32] and Sangsari sheep [14] ; however, none of these sheep breeds carried the FecX G mutation in the BMP15 gene. Additionally, the FecX G mutation was identified in Small Tailed Han, Belclare and Cambridge sheep [1,33]. In contrast with results from Gursel et al. [20], our results indicate that the point mutation in FecX G might not serve as a major gene that influences prolificacy in Sakiz sheep. Galway and Inverdale gene polymorphisms were analyzed as likely candidate genes influencing high prolificacy in Sakiz breeds of Greece, but no polymorphism has been identified [27]. The FecX I mutation was first identified in the Romney sheep breed, which exhibits high fertility traits [1]. Studies indicate that the Small Tailed Han, Hu [33], Olkuska, Garole, Javanese, Woodland, Lacaune [13], Egyptian [34], East Friesien, Finn, Romanov [5] and Greek Sakiz [27] sheep do not carry the FecX I alleles. Our results demonstrate that the FecX I mutation we examined was not present in Sakiz sheep. In addition our results are consistent with reports by Gursel et al. [20]. In this study, we analyzed a CAST gene polymorphism. The genotypic frequencies of the AA, AB and BB alleles for the CAST gene were calculated as 0.59, 0.35 and 0.56, respectively. These frequencies are similar to those reported in Arabic [21], Iranian Zel [23] and Makoi sheep [24]. The CAST gene, which encodes calpastatin, regulates the activity of calpain as a protease inhibitor [35]. In addition to its role in determining the quality of meat, the CAST gene has also effects on reproductive activity [23]. However, studies on reproductive activities are very limited. Garcia et al. [26] reported that the CAST gene was strongly correlated with fertility and longevity. However, Byun et al. [35] reported that the CAST gene did not affect fertility or longevity in Romney, Corriedale, Merino, Polwarth, Kelso and Coopworth ewes. Proof of the relationship between the CAST genes and reproductive activity may explain the variety of litter sizes in Sakiz ewes. These results suggest that the high prolificacy of the Sakiz breed does not result from FecB, FecX G and FecX I mutations. Further investigation should be directed at other loci of the BMP15 gene or other genes and involve larger sample sizes. Furthermore, the effect of CAST gene alleles on reproductive parameters should be investigated. Studies on the genomic aspects of fertility, while improving the accuracy of selection, will allow for more economical and efficient use of resources. REFERENCES 1. Davis GH: Major genes affecting ovulation rate in sheep. 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Glimpsing into New Orleans' First Master Plan
"Among the ideas for the master plan and revised zoning law presented by Dixon and Larissa Brown of Goody Clancy and Jack Swenson of Camiros, a Chicago planning firm focusing on zoning issues, were:
-- Using incentives, disincentives and regulations to promote infill construction and repair of blighted buildings in old neighborhoods that have lost population and need more density to support expanded services and shopping opportunities. "The city's future does not lie anywhere in being more like a suburb," Dixon said.
-- Promoting the development of 'neighborhood centers' that can combine schools, health clinics, shops, recreational attractions and social services.
-- Focusing on redevelopment of major vacant or underused "opportunity sites" such as the former Lindy Boggs Medical Center, the Earhart Boulevard corridor, the former Kennedy High School site and the large vacant tract at the upriver end of the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Uphill Rush 7
Uphill Rush 7 is a free . Glide across the craziest water rides in the world! Uphill Rush 7: Waterpark combines rollercoasters and water slides for totally insane fun. You can perform mid-air stunts, like the Turtleback and Tower of Power, to boost your score. Bounce into other riders without falling off the track!
You can play the game on smartphone and tablet (iPhone, iPad, Samsung, Android devices and Windows Phone)
We hope you had fun with this great Adventure Games. Find the best among our games below.
Published: 11-20-2015
387 Users Played
How to play Uphill Rush 7 game?
Detailed instructions can be found in the game or in description or use Mouse/keyboard to interactive.
Why Can't We Play This Game?
Uphill Rush 7 is an online which you can play for free here at ChipGames.net - It has tag(s) HTML 5 Games, Mobile and Tablet Games, Water Sports Games. It has been played 387 times. Uphill Rush 7 is one of the many Adventure Games that we feature. If you want to play more games, check out Uphill Rush 6 game or Uphill Rush game or Uphill Rush 5 game or Uphill Rush 4 game or Uphill Rush game or Uphill Rush 3 game or Uphill Rush 2 game or Gotham City Rush game or Ben 10 Rush 3D game or Ben 10 Bike Rush game or Ben 10 Motorcycle Rush game or Mario Rush 2 game. To play even more games, head over to the HTML 5 Games page, the Mobile and Tablet Games page, the Water Sports Games page or just check out the all time best games page.


text: I have a news section but would like to have it more organized, I already have a lot of forum sections per industry that people chat in currently but for my homepage news etc. id like to organize it a lot better than what it is. So would it be better to just add Prefixes or more Forum sections within the News forum?


text:
Ericsson Vintage Round Shaped Wall Type Phone - 1940
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: -
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: May 03, 2010
- Channel: Auction House
Ericsson's Bakelite telephone was first distributed world-wide in the 1930s. It was called the Swedish type of telephone and set the standard for the newer generation of how a telephone should look. These telephones were used worldwide for over 30 years. This specific item has been fully restored to its original working condition and has been adapted to be working with the US standard telephone plug (ready to use). No additional color coating has been added to maintain its original look and feel.


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Community Calendar
Community Board 8 Small Business Committee Forum, Thursday, May 9, 7 p.m., Lenox Hill Neighborhood House, 331 East 70th Street (First-Second), Auditorium
Community Board 8 Youth and Education Committee meeting, Monday, May 13, 7 p.m., New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street (First-Second), Auditorium
Community Board 8 Environment and Sanitation Committee meeting, with presentation by Pledge 2 Protect coalition on campaign to stop East 91st Street Marine Transfer Station, Tuesday, May 14, 6:30 p.m., location TBA (contact the Community Board at 212-758-4340 to get the location)
Street Closures on the Upper East Side
Friday, May 10 ? 87th Street, Second-Third Avenues, 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Sign up to get our newsletter emailed to you every week!
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text:
Fashion retailer New Look has bounced back into profit after a turbulent year and unveiled plans for a rapid opening programme in China.
New Look also hailed its refinancing last month via a bond offering which pushed out the maturity on its £1.1 billion net debt to 2018 and reduced the high-interest payment-in-kind notes element of this amount by half.
The retailer, which has more than 1100 stores globally, posted a pre-tax profit of £3.1 million over the 53 weeks to March 30, after a calamitous loss of £54.5 million the previous year. However, this level of profit still leaves it a country mile behind rivals Next, Marks & Spencer, Debenhams and Arcadia, the group behind Topshop and Topman.
New Look chairman Alistair McGeorge, who joined in 2011, said the improvement had been driven by reducing costs, selling more items at full-price and better sales at refurbished stores. He said: "If you go back two years, people were incredibly sceptical about whether New Look would survive and our ability to refinance."
New Look, which has 590 UK shops, plans to open its first store in Beijing or Shanghai in March and will follow this with up to 25 in the world's most populous country inside the first year.
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text:
Pat Martin Twitter
November 21, 2011 by staff
Pat Martin Twitter, Martin's effing point of order So NDP Pat Martin got a bit sweary on Twitter after the Conservative government shut down parliamentary debate on the budget bill. "This is a f–king disgrace. Closure again. And on the Budget? There's not a democracy in the world that would tolerate this jackboot s–t."
He followed it with "For gods sake. In these uncertain economic times, don't you think our parliament should be debating our federal budget?"
Someone on Twitter then attacked him for capitalizing "Budget" but not the name of our lord the father, and Martin responded: "F–k you." (Which is weird. My readers would berate me for the missing apostrophe.)
I love Pat Martin. He gets fired up about the right stuff, types quickly and when he hears from pedants, tells them to get stuffed. A man after my own irascible heart.
Martin tweets the way I talk, but I will never be allowed to tweet-swear. I can't talk dirty in columns even now, when people on TV talk more about vgnas than they do about ankles, and frankly you actually need ankles. Try going a day without ankles. Just try it.
I am allowed to tell fragments of dirty jokes and if I ever write a column about one of the most deplorable of the Republican candidates, I can safely advise readers with a strong stomach to Google the word "Santorum." Rick Santorum despises gays, which is all the background you'll need to get the joke.
But I'm startled and distressed by NDP interim leader and full-time sedative Nycole Turmel saying Martin's "language was not appropriate and could have been offensive to some." Oh the deadening sound of one Canadian warning another Canadian that's he's verging on being interesting, even stirring and emboldening, so tone it down, buddy.
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The hotel stands for a personal atmosphere, hospitality, comfort and good facilities for an attractive rate, offers a 24 hour front office, comfortable rooms and an extensive choice of dishes from the � la carte menu in the atmospheric restaurant. Guests are always welcome in the cozy hotel bar or smoking lounge. This lounge contains an LCD television, air-conditioning and relaxing lounge chairs. The hotel also has free wireless internet in the entire hotel. In the lobby the hotel has a computer available, for guests, for free use of the internet. Domestic animals are not allowed.
The hotel is situated in the area Amsterdam - Noord, which is divided from the city of Amsterdam by the river IJ. The hotel offers free parking. Guests can discover Amsterdam with her historical buildings, the canals, museums and markets. Guests can also discover the environment which is known for the Zaanse Schans, where people can find crafts workshops, a few windmills and nice shops.
The hotel has 24 comfortable Deluxe and 44 standard rooms. The standard rooms are equipped with a television, a modem, an alarm clock, a bureau, a safe, a minibar, free coffee and tea making facilities and a bathroom with a shower and toilet. The Deluxe rooms are more spacious than the standard rooms and are extra equipped with a bathroom with bath, toilet and hairdryer.
The hotel has an attractive restaurant with an extensive � la carte menu. The hotel serves breakfast lunch and dinner.
American Express, Diners Club, MasterCard and VISA are accepted as methods of payment.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Satellite cable TV
Internet access
Tea Coffee
Central heating


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Head Coach Jackie Bagwell
Head women's tennis coach Jackie Bagwell enters her 13th season at Amherst College and 12th as head coach. The Kokomo, Ind., native has led Amherst's women's tennis team to at least the quarterfinals of the NCAA Tournament in each of the last five seasons, including four consecutive Final Four appearances from 1998-2001 and the college's first and only NCAA Championship in any sport in 1999. Her squads have also produced back-to-back national singles champions and a bevy of All-Conference and All-America performers during her 12-season tenure. Bagwell's experience and dedication remains the X-factor for Amherst.


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Running Time: 123 minutes
Studio Name: LBO Nitro Productions
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Originally posted on 60 Max Power O | Last updated 7/5/12
Here's all the latest news from around the internet regarding the Detroit Lions for Thursday, July 5.
- Certainly, one of the Lions' keys to success this season will be the health of the running game. Jahvid Best is determined to return healthy and give opposing defenses plenty to think about, writes Carlos Monarrez. —Detroit Free Press
- Which players are most important to the Lions' cause in the 2012 season? Mlive's Justin Rogers has players 6-10 on his top 25 countdown ready to go. —Mlive.com
- Defensive tackle Nick Fairley is hosting a kickball tournament this weekend in Dearborn Heights. Fairley and four other NFL players will participate in the event and then sign autographs afterwards. —Detroit Free Press
- As if you wanted to hear more about it, here's additional information regarding the offseason from hell. Lions' linebacker Justin Durant participated in a chat at Freep.com and admitted his teammates have been "terrible at decision making" during the offseason. There's an understatement. —Pro Football Talk
- Speaking of the terrible offseason, in case you missed it, former Lions' cornerback Eric Wright was arrested under suspicion of a DUI. Since he left Detroit as a free agent for Tampa Bay, we can't really count him as a problem child this offseason. Still, that's one more player with Lion ties doing bad things. —Detroit Free Press
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Unisys minds its business
THERE is something uplifting, as well as ironic, about the forecast from Unisys that this year will see double-digit growth from its operations in China, coming as it does shortly after the group decided to make Beijing its centre of activity.
For Unisys is the biggest non-PC and non-Apple computer operating system in the world, with a strong hold on the mammoth-computing power applications on which the mainland is going to be so dependent as it upgrades its infrastructure.
In other words, its property is more intellectual than most, yet, as China and the United States continue to breathe fire over copyright and piracy, particularly of software, the Unisys experience shows that behind the bluster, the real world continues to function.
In this instance, it is clear that both sides really do need each other. Unlike many US entities in China, the company is not using it as a source of cheap labour for goods which will be exported to high margin markets; Unisys' future in the country is very much in serving China's own needs.
As China and the US were rushing to the brink last month, a Unisys-based system for computerising a postal savings network was being set up in Shanghai.
This US$1.6 million system will connect 110 post offices, which may be a small beginning, but is expected to lead to much larger contracts for the group. The Unisys system could play a major role in helping in the essential mobilisation of savings in China.
In another major nation-wide project, Unisys last year signed a memorandum of understanding with the China Meteorological Administration for the development of a sophisticated weather forecasting radar system.
This, too, represents a significant contribution to China's infrastructure, given the role that air travel will play in the future. (Not to mention the comfort it will bring to travellers who have had to deal with the country's severe weather.) Forecasting the weather might prove easier than forecasting profits in China, but the fact that Unisys' management is prepared to look beyond the disagreements and pin its faith on commerce, adds valuable perspective to the affair.
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The Grievous Conflict of Geonosis was a battle between Grievous and Darth Grievous. It began after General Grievous asked Darth Darth Binks on advice on being cool. Binks scoffed this idea, telling his general to battle Darth Grievous just so he could watch him die. Amazingly, General won against Darth, earning the creation of Grievous' Planet.
Description Edit
The lame Grievous stepped into the Geonosian arena, where the Clone Wars began. Darth Grievous was waiting for him. The lame Grievous kicked his ass for some reason. That's good enough, right? I mean I wasn't going for an A+, Mr. Parcel.
Why Did the Lame-o Win? Edit
Nothing is known as of now, except that it has to do with the mysterious order of the Sarths. We don't even know what Sarths are yet, but could find out in the near future.


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Solid Wood Crafts and Toys Collection
Do you always have magazines and catalogs lying all over your house? This beautiful hardwood magazine rack is the perfect solution. You will love how organized everything is with the dual divided design. Have it match your home and style by choosing from either Oak (standard), Cherry, or Quarter Sawn White Oak as the wood type for your magazine rack.
© Copyrights 2003 - 2017 DutchCrafters All rights reserved.


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- Details
The Drive 13081 Low Height Overbed Table from Drive Medical.
With a 3.25" frame-to-floor clearance, this overbed table by Drive Medical was designed specifically for use with low beds. A spring-loaded lift mechanism provides infinite height adjustments from 19.75" to 28.75". The roomy 15" x 30" high pressure laminate top with T-molding still provides plenty of surface area and has a weight capacity of 50 pounds. Twin 1.5" swivel casters allow for easy maneuverability.Features and Benefits
- Designed specifically for use with low beds with a 3.25" frame to floor clearance
- Spring loaded lift mechanism - provides infinite adjustment from 19" - 28"
- Swivel casters allow for easy maneuverability
- The frame is constructed with tubular steel and durable attractive finish
- Top can be raised with the slightest upward pressure
- Walnut wood grain melamine top
Product Specifications
- Height: 19"-28"
- Product Dimensions: 28.00"(L) x 15.00"(W) x 28.00"(H)
- Product Weight Capacity: 50 lbs
- Warranty: Limited Lifetime
Model # 13081
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January 14, 2011 by USA Post
Bofa, New York State Common Retirement Fund, Albany, and will receive 4.25 million Bank of America to settle a lawsuit for securities fraud filed by the Fund and 132.8 billion against Merrill Lynch and two former company officials, Olayinka Fadahunsi confirmed, spokesman Thomas P. DiNapoli, New York State Comptroller and sole trustee of the fund.
E. Stanley O'Neal, former CEO of Merrill Lynch, and Jeffrey N. Edwards, former president of vice, were also named in the complaint and made part of the colony. Bank of America acquired Merrill Lynch in 2008.
According to court documents filed in July in U.S. District Court in New York, the fund alleged Merrill Lynch and its former executives have not disclosed the extent of participation of society in and exposure to subprime mortgage -backed securities and, therefore, artificially inflated the share price of the company. When actual exposure to the subprime MBS risk was known, the share price has dropped Merrill Lynch and caused losses to investors such as funds from New York, court documents claimed.
"The fund has been misled about the extent of the involvement of Merrill Lynch in the subprime mortgage fiasco is unacceptable," Mr. DiNapoli said in a news release.
Shirley Norton, a spokesman for Bank of America, confirmed the settlement and 4.25 million, but said the company declined to comment further.
Neither counsels for Mr. O'Neal, Michael J. Chepiga, a partner at Simpson Thacher & Bartlett, neither Mr. Edwards's lawyer, Antonio Yanez Jr., a partner at Willkie Farr & Gallagher, returned calls seeking comment.
Source: http://www.pionline.com/article/20110113/DAILY/110119948
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Download Ultimate Zip/Unzip apk free for Android smartphone
Posted by Applewhite Playgrounds & Tech in Productivity | Aug. 8, 2014 | 0 Comments
Apk file size: 0 bytes
This is a simple app that enables you to extract zip files with ease. You can also create zip file using this app .It has a browser to browse the files on your device.
- Compress Files into Zip format Files.
- Extract (Decompress) Zip Files.
- Decompresses the files in the source folder within a folder
- Access to the file with an explorer
- Compress Photos and Videos from Camera Roll.
- Compress Music files to save space on your phone.
- Share the compressed and uncompressed files easily.
This is great zip / unzip tool for your smart phone or tablet. With its help, you can zip multiple files on your device, some instance, before you send out multiple pictures, you can zip them together to make it easier to share with your friends, and make uploading / downloading much faster. You can also unzip the zip files you received in email.
Use it also to back up your applications and install new application APK on your phone, and manage phone memory and resources via task manager.
Installs to SD card.
What users say
1) Ultimate ZIP/Unzip helps me save space on my memory card. Whatever I used to do on my computer can now be done on my android phone
2) Of the entire compress and decompress tools, this app is the best for creating zip archive files. It also decompresses them back when needed.
3) Just like winzip or winrar
WinZip for Android lets you compress and decompress other popular file types in 3rd party apps:
- Word documents (.doc, .docx)
- Excel spreadsheets (.xls, .xlsx)
- PowerPoint presentations (.ppt, .pptx)
- PDF files (.pdf)
Some compress formats like rar, 7zip etc are still experimental, please let me known of you run into an issue.
In case of any issues with this app, do contact us at [email protected]
Applewhite Playgrounds & Tech part of our Productivity and have average installs from 10000 to 50000. Last Update Aug. 8, 2014. Google play rating is 73.1269. Current verison is None. Actual size 0 bytes.


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Adding More To Ok Recipe
Baking By HERSHEYKISS1126 Updated 3 Sep 2010 , 12:12am by JanH
I `m using the durable cake mix recipe(yellow ultra) mix without sour cream. My box mix says ultra should I use pudding mix,or should 1/2 box be enough pudding.
...if you omit sour cream then you're really not making the 3D Durable Cake recipe.
A lot of members add a whole (small) package of instant pudding and/or an extra egg to boxed cake mix to make it more dense.
Quote by @%username% on %date%


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AUSTIN, TEXAS -- Secretive new application service provider (ASP) Agillion, one of the most talked about start-ups around, is expected to break its silence in the next couple weeks by disclosing plans for its first service.
Agillion has been the subject of much speculation since announcing its formation 12 months ago. The buzz has largely been in reaction to the company's well-known leaders: former Tivoli CEO Frank Moss and BSG Systems founder Steve Papermaster will serve as Agillion's chairman and CEO, respectively.
Papermaster last week was still tightlipped about Agillion's plans, such as service details and pricing, but he did share a few tidbits.
The company's first offering, part of a line of what Agillion calls E-Services, will focus on customer relationship management (CRM), Papermaster says. The service, aimed at small companies, is scheduled to debut in the fourth quarter.
But unlike other ASPs, Agillion will not simply outsource traditional CRM applications, such as those from Siebel Systems. Rather, Agillion has designed its own CRM applications, which will be accessible via any Web browser.
Agillion also plans to differentiate itself by making it particularly easy to subscribe to its services. Business users will be able to sign up and set up billing for services through a Web-based portal site that Agillion is in the process of creating. Papermaster says monthly pricing will be based on the number of users that access each application.
Agillion plans to announce many partnerships with operators of Internet sites frequented by small businesses, Papermaster says.
Agillion initially will offer services through a single data center in Austin, where the company is based. Papermaster declined to detail what hardware and software platforms the company will use to support its services. Neither would he say whether Agillion has built its own data center or is collocating with another service provider.
Agillion has raised $4.5 million in venture funding and employs nearly 50 people.
Jennifer Kula, a consultant at TeleChoice in Boston, says she wouldn't be surprised to see Agillion target specific vertical industries, such as health care and insurance, with its offerings.
This story, "New ASP Agillion ready to talk services" was originally published by Network World.


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Posted by Jeff
Hired Mitch many years ago to modify my home loan. Many promises made, none kept. It dragged on forever, and there was very little communication why. Anyway, $6000 later, I got nothing from him...no modificaiton, no communication. Turned out that Mitch could no longer practice law at the time (do your research and check with the NJ and NY Bar associations) and Mitch wouldnt return calls. And, oh yeah, not surprisingly, he wouldnt return the money I paid him either.
Posted by anonymous
I contracted with Mitch about a year and a half ago for a mass tort lawsuit against BOA. Turned out, the lawsuit was eventually filed, but not within the 3 months like we were told, more like 6 months, and by August of 2013 it was dismissed by the judge. Communication was spotty, never able to get anyone on phone, emails routinely went unasnwered. He would pass me off to other people to email, and they changed as often as I change my socks. After the suit was tossed, he said there was nothing else that can be done but they would negotiate a modification for me with my bank. We submitted all sorts of docs, and then he assistant John Ellison stopped replying. So i emailed Mitch the other day to ask what happaend, and he sent me back a form letter telling me the NJ Supreme Court suspended his law license effective January 16th, 2014, and that MBS Litigation group is now insolvent. Great guy, huh?
Posted by anonymous
This lawyer took my money, told me all the great ways he was going to get the bank to give me a (much needed) loan modification. In the 12 months this took place I only had 25% success when trying to get ahold of him. I think we only communicated hand full of times, in 12 months. No response to emails. I had to call his office 3 times a week for a month to get him to respond. He filed a bogus mass tort lawsuit that had no chance of winning. Lawsuit was dismissed by the Judge due to it having too many plaintiffs, to many defendants and too many claims. He responded by saying it wasn't an issue and we will refile. A month later I've heard nothing. No response to any requests for email and now all phone numbers associated with him, the assistants or the main office are out of order.
Posted by Reyna
My name is Reyna and I live in West Covina, CA.
I tried everything with my home. I am too underwater to refinance. I tried modifying with my mortgage lender for over 3 years. I kept getting a new servicer. My mortgage lender is now Nation Star. They kept lying to me about modifying my mortgage.
So I started researching extensively until I found the right law firm to represent my family. To my surprise, the law firm I chose was in New York and was led by Mr. Tarter. I found out that they were suing mortgage banks on Wall Street and winning. BIG WINS. So I hired them. They sued my mortgage lender for Loan Modification Fraud and we settled. I am extremely happy. We even received monetary damages for the hassle. That covered all of my legal fees and the some extra.
I am very blessed to have found such a great man to represent my family.
Posted by Darrell
I live in New Jersey and we have been having problems with Citi Mortgage. I was having difficulty paying our mortgage payment. I kept calling Citi Mortgage for over a year and they kept giving me the run around. I was finally given a mod. Unfortunately, the mod placed us in an even worse position. I kept researching for attorneys who practice mortgage litigation. I was eventually referred to Mr. Tarter by a neighbor. He helped save their home. I met Mr. Tarter at his headquarters right on Wall Street. I was a bit apprehensive and intimidated at first. I was concerned that he would be too expensive. He wasn't. He saved our home. His team worked wonders. He is an amazing man and I owe him a ton of gratitude.
Posted by Michelle
I hired Mr. Tarter to assist with our mortgage. Chase Mortgage was trying to foreclose on me. Mr. Tarter used case law to file an actual law suit against Chase and WON. Chase lowered my payment by half. Amazing work Mr. Tarter. Yay
Posted by Mark
I hired Mitchel for a very complicated real estate deal. My mortgage lender tried to foreclose on my home. Since the lender had given me a predatory loan, Mitch was able to leverage that position in court and get my a payment I can afford.
Posted by Brad
I hired Mitchel Tarter to fight my lender Bank of America. I was a victim of the Bank of America Loan Mod scam. Bank of America strung me along for 2 years and finally told me that they would mod my loan. They ended up giving me a higher payment. I then hired Mitchel Tarter. Bank of America then gave me a 2.5% fixed for 30 years, lowered my principle over 100k and then gave me over $50,000 in damages. Mr. Tarter was amazing.
Posted by Danny
Hired Mitch Tarter to assists us in with our mortgage litigation. He told us that he was in the process of a conducting a mass tort lawsuit. We signed a retainer agreement for $5000 and paid him in full in July, 2012. After sending him the retainer...the check was cashed immediately. He told us he would file our complaint in Sep 2012. No complaint was ever filed.
We then contacted Mitch and terminated services with him and MBS Litigation and withdrew ourselves as plaintiffs from his supposed mass tort litigation. Since then, Mitch Tarter has not responded to our emails or phone calls. As of this posting, we have not been refunded our retainer as was promised in our last conversation with Mitch Tarter over 6 months ago.
Posted by Michael
Mitch was hired to handle a mortgage litigation matter under the guise of a mass tort lawsuit. I signed a retainer agreement for $6000 Oct 2012 and have paid $3000 and he hasn't responded to emails, faxes, or returned calls and the lawsuit has never been filed.
Upon doing further research into his background and abilities I feel that I may be the victim of a scam.


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How to lower your energy bill
Learn about energy-bill money
TV crew coming to Bayou Blue
Learn about local levees
SUNO to move to new campus
HOUMA -- A committee exploring long-term electrical options and how to lower city of Houma electrical customers� bills will hold its first meeting Monday.
The panel was formed by the Terrebonne Parish government administration to study power problems facing the city of Houma system. Many residents have complained about high power bills in recent months.
The meeting, open to the public, starts at 5 p.m. in the parish president�s conference room on the seventh floor of the Government Tower, 8026 Main St.
The committee will be made up of a mix of elected officials, staff from large power users, business representatives and two members from the public.
Parish Council representatives are Peter Rhodes, Harold Lapeyre, Alvin Tillman and Clayton Voisin. Steve Crispino will represent the Houma-Terrebonne Chamber of Commerce. Lori Davis will represent the South Central Industrial Association.
Other members are Harris Henry, finance director of the Terrebonne Parish school system, David Cassard, director of facility management for TGMC, and J.J. Buquet and Charles Theriot from the parish�s Revenue Review Committee.
The two public representatives are Mike Sobert, owner of Buquet Ice Co., and Bob Bixenman, with Rouses.
THIBODAUX -- You can learn how the state plans to use coastal-impact money secured in last fall�s federal energy bill during a hearing Tuesday in Thibodaux.
In the bill, Louisiana secured a portion of revenue from oil-and-gas production off the state�s coast to be used for coastal restoration.
The legislation allots Louisiana $540 million over four years. About $12.8 million of that will go to Terrebonne Parish and $9.7 million to Lafourche.
The state Department of Natural Resources is hosting a series of hearings this week to inform the public on how the money can be used. The local meeting will be from 6:30 to 8 p.m. in the Century Club Room at Nicholls State University. For information, call (225) 342-7308.
BAYOU BLUE -- When volunteers begin building another home here Monday, they will have help from the staff of a cable-television network that specializes in do-it-yourself home-improvement projects.
The home is one of 35 being built in Bayou Blue by Christian housing ministry Bayou Area Habitat for Humanity. The group began a building blitz in January that involves building 75 homes in Terrebonne and Lafourche within nine months to help provide housing for local hurricane victims. The homes are not free but fall in line with Habitat�s mission to offer decent, affordable housing.
The Do-It-Yourself television crew will be onsite all next week, taping staff members and volunteers as they build a home for a local family within seven days. The week will end with a home-dedication ceremony at 5 p.m. Feb. 18.
HOUMA -- You can give input on local levees and listen to the latest on current flood-protection projects during the Terrebonne Levee and Conservation District board meeting Monday.
The meeting will be at 6:30 p.m. at the Houma-Terrebonne Airport Commission building, 220 Clendenning Road, off Grand Caillou Road on the Houma Airbase in Houma.
NEW ORLEANS -- Southern University in New Orleans will move classes to a temporary campus Tuesday while repairs to its home campus continue after Hurricane Katrina.
Katrina caused 6-8 feet of flooding on the campus, shutting down operations and dislocating nearly than 4,000 students.
A ribbon cutting at the new campus, at 6801 Press Drive, just north of the main campus, is scheduled for 10:30 a.m. Monday.
In early November, the Army Corps of Engineers began work on the new buildings with a $15 million FEMA grant.


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Bulk Edit Short Product Descriptions/Excerpts
I recently installed this plugin but am wondering if it does what I need. I have woocommerce installed and am in need of a plugin where I can bulk edit the product descriptions and short product description/excerpts.
I did enable the excerpts in the setting but don't see where to bulk edit them in my product listings.
Does this plugin do that? Thank you.
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text: Hello from Washington UK, yes there is one haha. We are visiting the USA on a tour holiday, we are staying at the Doubletree Crystal City for two nights mid October. Can anyone let me know of reasonable mid range restaurants which are in walking distance, say half an hour of the hotel. I've seen the Lebanese Taverna mentioned which looks good. Although I've looked at it on Google satellite I cant tell if you can actually walk along Army Navy Drive. Any all advice/ help welcome. We are independently staying in Washington DC later in our holiday so don't want to travel there for a meal. Thanks Jean


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Pretzel Bites with Quick Cheddar Dip
Once you dip these pillowy chewy pretzel bites in creamy cheese, you won't bother with crunchy pretzels ever again.1/9
Because who doesn't like to take a dip?
Once you dip these pillowy chewy pretzel bites in creamy cheese, you won't bother with crunchy pretzels ever again.1/9
Make your own hummus for an easy after-school snack that's super-healthy.2/9
What makes this so much better than the storebought French onion dip? Slow-roasted onion and shallot gives the dip a depth that you can't find at the store. Bonus: You can sidestep all the additives, too. If you're short on time during the week, you can make the dip ahead.3/9
Store-bought yogurt may be convenient but it can't compare to the mild creaminess of homemade. Plus, DIY yogurt is a fun (and edible) science project for kids.4/9
Get the kids involved with kneading the dough and making the dumplings, and they'll be even more excited about eating them.5/9
Let the little chef in the house stir together this super simple guacamole.6/9
Give chicken tenders a little more crunch with a crushed-tortilla coating, and dip them in ranch dressing, barbecue sauce, or Buffalo sauce.7/9
Dip these small dumplings in a ginger-soy vinaigrette. Beneath the crispy dough wrapper is a rich pork and bok choy stuffing.8/9
Make ranch dressing green with envy with this zesty and rich dip, boosted with watercress.9/9


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Testing An Electrical Circuit For A Ground
Should I make sure my Circuits are Properly Grounded? How to Determine if a Circuit is Actually Grounded and how to proceed to bond your system for equipment protection
Earth Ground Electric Circuit
- I went to install my dishwasher and there was three wire coming from the metal housing in the wall which had a white, black and green wire. I connected the white with white and black with black but when I grounded the green wire to the dishwasher I noticed that the previous owner tied one end of green wire to the appliance and just stuck a loose end up the pipe. Does this mean that I need an electrician to run a green wire from the breaker panel to the appliance to get it properly grounded?
Background: Joe, a Homeowner from Chicago, Illinois
Dave's Reply:
Thanks for your electrical question Joe.
Electrical Circuit and the Earth Ground
NOTE: Where you proceed with a situation like this depends if there is a ground already present with the incoming circuit that you could bond to or not. This may depend on the age of the home, or looking to see if existing outlets are grounded or not, and I mean truly grounded.
Checking an Electrical Circuit for a Earth Ground
- Many times grounded outlets are installed in older homes even though a ground wire was not attached to the outlet or a ground wire was not bonded to the outlet box, and this is not a recommend practice.
- The presence of a ground is best identified by using a receptacle tester and circuit analyzer that has three lights on it that indicate if the wiring of the outlet is correct or not.
- If it is discovered that the circuit is not grounded then an approved connection to a metal cold water pipe would work in a situation such as this.
More about Home Electrical Wiring
Receptacle Tester and Circuit Analyzer
Electrical Grounding Methods and Requirements
Listing of electrical codes for grounding with examples of electrical grounding codes for home electrical wiring.
For Best Results Consult a Licensed Electrical Contractor.
Locate An Electrical Contractor in Your Area
MORE ABOUT THIS TOPIC: Electrical, Grounding
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text:
First, it either rains, snows or sleets. Sleet is kind of like water crossed between snow, hail and water. This is called precipitation. It is the first stage of the water cycle.
The Water Cycle
Every drop of rain, or water from any other place, even the water you drink, eventually ends up back in the water cycle.
So what is the water cycle? Let's find out.
Firstly, before we start what do you know about water??
Where do you think it comes from??
How do you think water goes from muddy water to clean drinking water??
Next the water goes into lakes or rivers,
which is called the surface runoff.
It can also go into the ocean.
In the next step we will talk about the groundwater.
If the water doesn't run into rivers or lakes, then it will soak into the soil.
All the water will run along the groundwater storage, basically like a storage area underground for water.
If the water gets to a tree, some of it will soak up in the roots, but that goes into another stage, so we won't talk about it now.
This stage is evaporation. Evaporation is where all those water droplets that came down during stage one all rise up again into the sky.
This isn't the only way this happens though, let's take a look at the other way.
It is called evapotranspiration.
Remember the water that soaked up in the roots of the trees, well they have gone up to the top of the tree, to the leaves now.
This water is now basically coming out of the leaves and evaporating, or rising into the sky.
When the water evaporates, it turns from a liquid to a gas, called water vapour. Because it is a gas, you can't see it.
After that the water vapour becomes a cloud.
The clouds fill up with more water vapour and then they get too heavy to hold any more water, so it precipitates, which is either rain, snow or sleet.
Then the water cycle begins all over again.
1.What have you learned.
2. Do you have any questions.
What have you learned in this lesson?
Is there any questions you have?
Now let's move on.
What comes first in the
water cycle
Well nether it is in a cycle which means that it just keeps on going round.
2. When the clouds get heavy how many different ways can it fall.
4 rain, snow, sleet and hail
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The Water Cycle
You will find out what the water cycle is in a simple way with this prezi.
Ben Rawlingson 4 September 2013
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