text:
Hi! :razz:
I have found howtos that describe how to make own programs in notepad on Windows. Can I do the same on Ubuntu and if so what program? And which format should I save them in?
Printable View
Hi! :razz:
I have found howtos that describe how to make own programs in notepad on Windows. Can I do the same on Ubuntu and if so what program? And which format should I save them in?
do you want compile a file text ?
Very easy, linux have very strong command lines, google to get command with your language program
I'm assuming you're referring to batch scripts on Windows. Bash scripts are a really easy way to make scripts for Ubuntu.
There are many ways to make your own "programs" for Ubuntu. From simple stuff to full Programs. Every "way" uses some kind of programming language you have to learn first - what kind of language you use depends on how much time you want to invest to learn and program, and on what you'd like to achieve. the .bat scripts from Windows (I assume you mean those) have their equivalent in Linux with "shell scripts", or "bash scripts", those are mostly used to script command sequences for non-simple Tasks, so you can do the same Thing with one command instead of repeating the commands over and over again. But you can also program little applications with it, if you're clever; though for "real programs" other languages, like python, are easier and more powerful.
If you want to learn programming for real, I suggest you ask some moderator to move this to another "channel" inside this forum, to "Other Community Discussions"->"Development & Programming"->"Programming Talk". First read a bit in there, the stickies and other beginners' posts, there's a lot of information going on there. With the right "buzzwords" do your own web research, you'll find many guides and tutorials on what possibilities exist and how to use programming languages and such. Be aware this is mostly not simple stuff, but actually _real_ programming, and it can take years to learn how to make good software. depending on what you want to achieve.
good luck!


text:
You May Also Like
Items to Shop
Customer Reviews 2 item(s)
- Beautiful Ring
The Druzy ring is beautiful. It is huge, but it doesn't interfere with my typing and it is so light and most of the time you don't even notice that you are wearing it. If there was one thing that I would improve on this ring, would be that the gold ring part would be shiny instead of brushed. It would really make the ring "POP" more. I love it and it goes with everything.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Citation Edit
OECD, Report on the Cross-border Enforcement of Privacy Laws (2006) (full-text).
Overview Edit
The volume and characteristics of cross-border data flows have been evolving, elevating privacy risks, and raising crossborder enforcement challenges. This report describes the current attempts to address these challenges and highlights the need for a more global and systematic approach to cross-border privacy law enforcement cooperation.


text:
Today, Paul Hodes announced that his plan to help veterans create new, good paying jobs in New Hampshire and throughout America has been moved ahead through a recently announced executive order by President Obama. As part of Hodes' comprehensive jobs plan, improving resources for veteran entrepreneurs will create jobs and grow New Hampshire's economy.
"The men and women who have honorably served in our military have leadership and technical skills that are perfect to help grow our small business economy," said Hodes. "Small businesses in New Hampshire are the key engine for job growth, encouraging more veterans to create and grow New Hampshire small businesses is a win-win for the Granite State."
By executive order, President Obama has created a task force of high ranking officials from across his administration to work towards creating a stronger small business community led by veteran entrepreneurs. In January, Hodes proposed legislation which would similarly encourage veteran-owned small business growth. Hodes has called for an investigation into government practices which were not meeting stated goals for including veteran-owned small businesses.
Source: http://hodes.house.gov/PRArticle.aspx?NewsID=1881


text:
Happy Mother's Day to all the moms out there. You are the best!
I know to be there
When and where, I'll be there
You know what's to be said
We said out loud, we never said
My premonition of the world comes to me
A sun in your hands from the middle life
Says I'm alright. You said you don't have to speak
I can hear you
I can't feel all the things you've ever felt before
I said it's been a long time
Since someone looked at me that way
It's like you knew me
And all the things I couldn't say
Together, to be
Together and be
Together, to be
Together and be
Together, to be
Together and be
Together, to be
When and where, I'll be there
You know what's to be said
We said out loud, we never said
My premonition of the world comes to me
A sun in your hands from the middle life
Says I'm alright. You said you don't have to speak
I can hear you
I can't feel all the things you've ever felt before
I said it's been a long time
Since someone looked at me that way
It's like you knew me
And all the things I couldn't say
Together, to be
Together and be
Together, to be
Together and be
Together, to be
Together and be
Together, to be
Together-The xx
I watched Dante out of the corner of my eye as I cracked eggs for a tomato and basil quiche. Mi figlio was having an exciting morning playing his new loud-ass drum set from the comfort of his cushy playpen. I couldn't complain, though. I loved it when my babydoll and son slept over. Without them, the fucking Penthouse was lonely.
"Da da, dis!" he yelled, pointing at his mouth. It was his way of telling me he was hungry.
I smiled and began putting small pieces of prosciutto and Focaccia bread in his favorite bear bowl. Then, I poured some organic apple juice into his bottle--he still preferred the bottle over sippy cups.
"Here you go, figlio," I said, sitting the food down next to him. "You're fucking lucky I love you."
He picked up a piece of bread and tried to shove it in my mouth. After a few minutes of play time, I left him to eat in peace. Later, I planned to take him out with me. It was important for me to bond with him since I'd missed so much in the beginning.
I was just removing the sticky buns from the oven when I felt Bella's presence. After putting them aside to cool, I glanced over. She was standing in the doorway watching me closely. I almost fucking bust a nut when I got a good look at her long legs and hard nipples. Pregnancy always made her hot, so she only slept in shit like camis and underwear.
"Good morning, babydoll," I greeted nicely. "How did you sleep?"
Her beautiful eyes met mine. "I slept well, Edward. What is that delicious smell?"
I adjusted myself while she went to stand by the stove. She put a piece of Focaccia on a plate and covered it with fresh mozzarella cheese. Then she handed it all over to me. I turned the grill on and warmed it to perfection.
"You always spoil me when I come over," she said, a blush covering her cheeks.
I smirked. "I could have spoiled you so much more if you'd come to my bed last night."
My babydoll pulled on the tie of the periwinkle silk robe she was wearing and smiled. I took the opportunity to take off my t-shirt, leaving me in basketball shorts and nothing else. Bella made a small sound and crossed her legs. She fucking loved my bare chest.
"It's pretty fucking hot in here," I said before rubbing some cool water on my abs. "I woke up and boxed this morning."
Bella practically squeaked,"Um, I should go eat..."
Fast as lightening, I picked her up and placed her on the counter. She breathed heavily as I put a warm piece of bread to her lips. Slowly, she opened her mouth, taking a huge bite. I leaned forward and licked a crumb from the corner of her mouth.
"Is it good, babydoll?"
"So good," she replied, opening her legs so I could come closer.
"Do you want more?"
"Yes," Her voice was almost breathless.
Who knows what the fuck would have happened if our son hadn't chosen that moment to throw his bear bowl out of the playpen and scream, "Ma ma, no!"
Bella scrambled off the counter, running over before I could get myself under control. She lifted DC out of his playpen, covering his fat face with kisses. I swear he fucking winked at me as she cradled him to her breast. Mi figlio was still the best cockblocker on the West coast.
Sighing, I finished making breakfast and put it all on the table. Dante oohed and ahhed as my babydoll fed him a piece of warm sticky bun. When our eyes met, she shrugged and mouthed, 'Later'. I really fucking hoped I'd get some pussy later, but I had my doubts.
Breakfast was great. We put DC in his high chair and made conversation. Bella refused to tell me anything about my birthday gift while I begged ridiculously. Our son mainly ignored us and played with his alphabet blocks.
"So, what have you got planned today?" I asked Bella casually.
She took a sip of orange juice before replying. "I'm going over the schedule for our next few book tour stops with Angela. I think I want to postpone New York until after I have the twins."
I nodded. "Good idea. I'm going with you so have her add it to my schedule when you decide."
"Um, well you see... Giles is supposed to join us at the New York stop. It's easier for him to meet there since he's coming from London," she informed me, her voice nervous.
I laughed. "I don't fucking care, Bella. We're still very much together. The sooner Giles realizes he doesn't have a fucking chance, the better."
Bella balled up her fists, her eyes shooting fire my way. "In case you missed the memo, we are getting divorced! You can't tell me who I can and can't be friends with, Edward. Giles and I..."
"Stop using him to make me jealous!" I snarled, my own anger matching hers. "It's obvious you don't care for him."
"Oh really! Is that why we spent half of last night talking via webcam?" Her fork dropped the moment she finished the sentence.
I chewed the quiche slowly, letting her sweat it out. "You spent the night talking to Giles. If it was me and you we'd have been fucking long distance. Remember when I made you touch your pussy and pretend it was me? I bet that motherfucker has never even seen your treasure."
"You're so damn cocky," Bella hissed, standing up. "Well I may be knocked up and alone, but I still have options."
"I never said you didn't babydoll! I fucking love you. I'm your soulmate, remember? The divorce doesn't mean shit to me, because you'll always be mine."
She sat back down. "You've had years of experience... I've only had you, and it turned out badly. I'm not saying I can ever be sexual with any man, Giles included, but I need time to explore my feelings. I know I shouldn't have led you on in L.A., but I was having a weak moment. We can't stay stuck in this rut, Edward."
"You're free to do whatever you want," I said curtly. "Just don't think I'll sit idly by and let some other man take my family away. You know deep down we belong together."
After breakfast, Bella went to get DC ready for the day. I took a quick cold shower and dressed in some casual clothes. I only had a half day of work for the Polaris business, and then DC and I could hit up the city. I liked showing him shit and watching his reactions.
A few hours later, I helped Bella into the Phantom. She was wearing some short ass purple dress and wedge shoes. The whole ensemble showed off her tits and ass way too much. I tried to hold my fucking tongue, but it was driving me batshit crazy.
"Go ahead and say it," she muttered, glaring at me.
I exhaled loudly. "Please go change. That shit is too fucking short and tight. I won't be with you. What if some fucker grabs your ass? Do you want me to commit a homicide today?"
Bella leaned across the console and kissed my cheek. "I'll be fine, Edward."
DC sat quietly and played with his toys while i used my shoe to push his stroller back and forth. Three women had come up to me the minute I entered the baby boutique and after they saw my son, they'd really stuck to us.
"Both," I answered. "I also want the Gingham silk for infant sizes in all colors."
"You have wonderful taste," the sales lady gushed, clasping her hands together.
I smiled graciously. "Oh, and my wife is very fond of sunflowers so anything with those I'll buy."
While they went to wrap up boxes, I picked out a few pairs of jeans and polo shirts for Dante. His little but was growing out of shit every day. It was a good thing we were rich, because feeding and clothing small kids was fucking expensive.
"You like this," I asked, holding up a 7 For All Mankind jean set for Dante. He tried to chew the fucking hanger, so I took it as a yes.
An hour later, Felix was loading boxes in to my trunk. He rolled his eyes when he saw all the shit I'd brought. Everyone, including my babydoll, said I went overboard with the kids. I just wanted them to have the best. Besides, I'd spent my entire life fucking up shit and killing so they could live well.
A little after two, we met up with Carlisle to have lunch. He'd picked a spot near the hospital and it was busy with medical school students getting takeout. Bitches kept giggling and coming up to talk to me, so I kept my Tungsten ring in full view.
Carlisle tickled DC's stomach before sitting down. He looked fucking tired but still really happy. I noticed young and old women flirted with him, too. My mom was lucky to have a husband who loved her and remained faithful. These last few years had really made me look up to Carlisle--I wanted to be more like him.
The restaurant was cafeteria style, so we'd gotten our own food. DC had tried to shove his french fries up his nose until I showed him the correct way to eat them. A little bit of ketchup and he was good to go.
"This place has the best turkey club in Seattle," Carlisle remarked while adding mayonnaise and mustard to his sandwich.
After eating some of my steak sub and Greek salad, I had to agree. Though I preferred fancy restaurants, there were some casual places which were just as good. I made a mental note to get something to go for my babydoll.
"How are you, son? Any questions about the pregnancy you want me to answer? As far as I can tell, the girls are developing normally. Your mom and I are over the moon. We love it when you guys add to the family."
I smiled. "Nah, I think I know a lot about pregnancy and changing hormones. Bella drives me fucking crazy, but I'm glad I'm here to live the experience with her. I won't fuck up again."
He nodded. "I know it's going to be stressful on you both with three small children. Plus the next few months will be crucial for Bella. I'll do everything within my power to make sure she stays healthy."
"I didn't think I wanted kids," I admitted, glancing over at my son. "Now, I can't imagine my life without DC and the little babydolls. I'm just worried about Bella. I know giving birth to twins can cause...complications."
Carlisle patted me on the back. "Bella is a healthy young woman who has already been through one successful birth. The odds are in her favor. If she shows any signs of distress, I'll have her put on bed rest. So far, her blood pressure and vitals look fantastic. Just keep taking care of her the same way you did last time."
After our talk, I felt much better. I knew it would literally kill me to lose Bella or the twins. I had done some bad things, but those were my sins not theirs. Doctor Crowley was always telling me to stay positive, though. With my illness, I couldn't afford to stress out about shit that might never occur.
DC and I spent the rest of the day at the Seattle Children's Museum and the mall. I made sure to use plenty of sunscreen on his fat rolls and tried to keep a hat on his head. We attracted lots of female attention, but I only had thoughts for my angel.
It was almost seven when we pulled up to the Penthouse garage. DC had fallen asleep in the car, so I carried his little limp body up to the Penthouse. Felix stayed down to load up the boxes.
"Aren't you off work yet?" I heard Jessica's nasally voice ask as I stepped off the elevator.
Then I watched in horror as Jane and she practically fucked against the wall. Jane was much taller, so Jessica had to wrap her legs around Jane's waist. They were dry humping and fondling each other's breasts.
I cleared my throat loudly. "Stop that shit! There are children present, and I really don't want to be accused of making porn without a license."
Jane jumped away from Jessica, straightening her gray vest. "Sorry, boss."
I decided to go easy on her. "It's alright. Where's Bella? Did anybody touch her ass today?"
Jessica rolled her eyes. "You are such a stalker, Edward. It would have never worked out between us."
I laughed. "Like you had a chance."
"I'm glad you're happy," Jessica said sincerely. "I'm happy, too, but I'd be happier if you let my lover come home early. Pleassssse."
I waved them away. "Go ahead."
There were some female squealing and slurping noises before I finally managed to open the front door. The first thing I noticed was Bella passed out on the sectional. She was still wearing the same dress, but her shoes had been removed. She looked so fucking peaceful curled under a yellow throw blanket. Of course the demon cat was perched next to her feet.
After I put DC in his bed, I went to join my babydoll. I had to splash the fucking cat with water to get it to leave before sitting down. Bella mumbled and shifted, which made the blanket fall a bit. I drooled as I got an eyeful of her creamy tits.
Making sure to stay quiet, I began rubbing her feet. Everything about her was so small and delicate. I thought it was amazing her little body could bring forth something as huge as Dante. Women really were the strongest beings on Earth. I'd been such a goddamn fool to think all females were worthless.
"Edward," she whispered, her eyes fluttering open. "What time is it? Where is my little lamb?"
"It's almost eight. DC is asleep in his bed. I tired him out, so he should sleep through the night. How do you feel, babydoll?"
"Exhausted," she answered, sitting up. "I don't remember being this tired with Dante."
I had to put my foot down. "I'm cutting you to ten hours a week. We have enough money, so you can stay home and write. I know you're stubborn as fuck but think about the babies."
She laid back down so I could finish the foot massage. I put pressure on her insoles and rubbed her upper foot. She whimpered, her eyes widening. I kissed each of her tiny toes, which made her giggle. My angel was pretty ticklish.
I told Bella about the hand painting DC and I made for her and how well he did with the other kids. Sure, he had tantrums but he got over shit pretty quickly. My babydoll loved hearing about our day, her smile almost blinding me.
"He loves it when you spend time with him. Thank you, Edward."
I opened a bottle of water and took a long slug. "No problem. He's my son, too. I like the little dude. He's pretty funny."
Suddenly, Bella climbed on my lap and started kissing me long and hard. I placed my hand on her ass, pulling her close. She hummed and nibbled on my top lip, letting her palmhand wander to my crotch. I stilled her hand before she could continue further.
She laid her head on my shoulder. "I know, and I"m sorry. It's just... Sometimes I want you so much. Why do you have to be so hot and sweet all at the same time?"
"A gift," I quipped, sniffing her hair. She smelled so fucking sweet.
She began sucking on my neck, her little tongue occasionally licking my ear. I was so hard it hurt. Luckily, I managed to remove her dress without changing our position. Despite the words Bella said, her body told me something different. She needed the sex as much as me.
"Let's go take a bath," I suggested, standing up with her in my arms.
After I set up the Jacuzzi jets and bubbles, I sat Bella on the edge of the tub. I opened her legs and buried my face in her snatch. She was already soaking wet and swollen with need. I ate her out while she ran her fingers through my hair.
"Don't stop," she begged, her nails digging into my bare back.
The first time I took her from behind, the force of my pumps making water splash over the edge. Bella came fast and hard, gasping and reaching back for me. The second time I laid against the tub while she rode my cock. My eyes never left her tits as they bounced proudly in front of my face. Occasionally, she'd lean down so I could get a taste.
"Delicious," I mumbled, squeezing her tight ass.
By the time we got out of the water, I felt like I was about to drop. Bella ordered food and fed me while I dozed in front of the television. She'd stolen one of my Harvard tees and cut out the shoulders. I thought she looked fucking sexy.
"Our babies might be made of pasta," she warned playfully, "I just want to eat it all the time!"
We didn't talk about the divorce or our lovemaking. I suspected she knew I needed a night of normality before things turned to shit. Holding my babydoll close, I drifted to sleep. She still felt something for me, even if it wasn't love.
Scowling, I looked down at Phil Dwyer. It was fucked up that a man I'd never heard of or met had the ability to hurt my babydoll worse than any foe. He looked harmless enough and had passed the background checks, but I was still fucking leery of his motives.
"Don't say shit until I tell you to speak," I ordered, pounding the table for emphasis. "If it was up to me, she'd never have to meet you."
Phil nodded. "I understand, Mister Cullen. My therapist says I need closure before I get married and..."
He didn't get to finish, because my babydoll entered the room. I had guards everywhere, and Dwyer had been strip searched. I figured he had to be desperate to consent to all our demands. When he saw Bella, his face turned white.
"You're as beautiful as your mother," he said, startling her.
I smacked him on the back of his head. "I fucking told you not to speak yet!"
Bella took a seat and held up her hand. "It's okay, Edward. Let him talk."
I took my post behind her and began rubbing her shoulders. She patted my hand, smiling to let me know she was fine. We'd chosen to have the meeting in my office conference room where there was a long table separating Dwyer from my angel.
"First off, I have to say what an honor it is to meet you, Bella. I knew you when you were little, but Renee kept our contact brief. She was always so worried you'd say something to your dad," he said, leaning forward.
Bella sniffled, using a tissue to wipe her nose. "You have to understand, I never knew my mom had an affair. Did my father know?"
Phil nodded, sadness all over him. "He threatened me once. He said he'd kill me if I didn't stop seeing her. Renee was bored in Forks, and I was missing Florida. It started out as a few one-night stands, but soon...soon I fell in love with her."
Bella gasped and squeezed my hand. "Why? I just don't understand. I have so few memories of my mom, but I know she loved Charlie."
"She did love him," he admitted. "She just made a mistake. I was younger than her and fool enough to believe she'd run away with me. She chose Charlie and you, and it just about killed me,"
"Why do you want me to know all this?" Bella asked, her shoulders trembling.
Dwyer stood up. "I need closure. After Renee died, I turned to the bottle. Two years ago, I entered hard core rehab. I met a wonderful woman who has changed me for the better. My therapist says I really won't be able to complete my journey until I let go of the past. I just... I just wanted to apologize to you. It's my fault Renee is dead."
"How so?" I asked, putting the guards on alert.
"That night... I called Renee and threatened to tell everyone about our affair. I said I'd put up pictures of us all over the police station where Charlie could see them. She...she was coming to see me that night. If I'd just left her alone... I'm so sorry, Bella. It's my fault you grew up without a mother."
Bella hiccuped as I pulled her into my arms. My father had been a serial cheater who didn't take his marriage vows seriously; however, Renee had chosen her family and husband over the affair. I didn't want my angel to hate the memory of her mother..
"I'm so sorry," Dwyer whispered, rocking back and forth.
Bella stopped crying and asked for a drink of water. Then she sat back down, composing herself beautifully. I was so proud of her strength and grace. She handled bad shit like a pro--she really was the right woman for me.
"I forgive you, Phil Dwyer. You weren't the drunk driver who hit my mother. Go ahead and live your life.
"Both of my parents are gone, but I know they are still somewhere looking down on me. Despite Renee being gone, I had a great childhood. Though my time with my parents was brief, I experienced more love than most people will ever know. Don't let it weight you down any longer."
Dwyer thanked my babydoll repeatedly before being led from the room by a burly guard.
He took one last look at Bella before the door closed. I didn't know the fucker, but he had balls for even trying to make it right.
I dismissed everyone and held Bella while she played with a button on my shirt. For a long time, we didn't say anything. I paid special attention to her face to make sure she wasn't feeling sick.
"I don't hate my mom, Edward. She was weak, but I know she loved Charlie and me."
I kissed her forehead. "You're so brave, babydoll. I'm proud of you."
"Edward, Mister Dwyer isn't the only one I need to forgive today. I need to forgive you for what you did. It still hurts, and I suspect I'll always feel pain knowing you cheated on me."
"I'm so sorry, Bella," I whispered, holding her tightly. "I wish I could erase those months from our life together."
She squeezed my hand. "You know I still love you. I forgive you, but it's over. The marriage vows we took don't mean anything. Just give me some time, Edward. I'm not saying we'll never get back together, but we need to start over."
I wiped some stray tears from my eyes and kissed her silken cheeks. "Anything for you, babydoll. The divorce will be hard on me, but I understand completely. Promise me you won't abandon me. I really can't survive without you."
"I promise," she whispered. "I promise to always be your friend and partner. If it's meant to be, we'll end up together in the end."
Later, I managed to get Bella to tell me about the surprise birthday party Esme and Di had planned for me over the weekend. I told her I didn't want anything but her naked in bed, but she assured me her gift was even better than sex. I was pretty fucking skeptical.
I stepped off the private jet and hopped into a shiny black Mercedes Benz. The driver already had his instructions, taking off as soon as my bags were in the trunk. I'd told my babydoll I had a last minute work trip, because she would have killed me if she really knew my destination.
Even though it was after midnight, the streets were full of people. I watched from my window as a young man and woman embraced under the stars. I imagined it was my babydoll and I enjoying each other's company, though I was prepared for her never to speak to me again after she found out about my deceit.
I checked into my hotel suite to change before going back out. Wearing all black, I picked up an unregistered Maserati in the garage. Law enforcement in the States was bad enough, and I didn't need the Interpol fuckers after me, too.
The ride from Mayfair to Chelsea didn't take long. Luckily, there were places to park outside of the flat. Unlike the seedier parts of London, these streets were clean and safe. I made sure my Glock was loaded before exiting the vehicle.
It was too damn easy to pick the fucker's locks, so I used the excess time to go through his drawers. He was extremely organized and had way too many pictures of my babydoll in his office. Growling, I grabbed a bottle of his most expensive wine and poured it down the kitchen drain.
I was sitting on his white leather sofa when he walked through the door. Immediately, he pulled out the phone. I ran over and slapped it out of his hand. I really didn't see what Bella saw in the fucker, but I had to know she was safe with him. If it had of been up to me, he would have been swimming with the fishes long ago.
"Edward Cullen," he asked, confusion on his face. "Why are you in my flat?"
I smirked. "Sit down, Atwood. We need to talk about some shit."
The dumb fucker tried to run, so I was forced to knock him down. We wrestled on the floor, his weak punches nothing against my fists of fury. Soon I got tired of the shit and hit him with the butt of my gun. I checked his pulse to make sure he was passed out and not dead. Unfortunately, he was still breathing. It was going to be a long fucking night.
Please review. The smuttake from last chapter will be posted tomorrow. Check out Naughty Rendezvous for that one.


text:
Best Windows 10 laptop cooling pads to use
For various PC problems, we recommend to use this tool.
This tool will repair common computer errors, protect you from file loss, malware, hardware failure and optimize your PC for maximum performance. Quickly fix PC issues and prevent others from happening with this software:
- Download ReimagePlus (100% safe download).
- Click ŌĆ£Start ScanŌĆØ to find Windows issues that could be causing PC problems.
- Click ŌĆ£Repair AllŌĆØ to fix all issues (requires upgrade).
Nowadays we tend to use laptops for hours on end which leads to overheating. When this happens, laptop performance decreases but because┬Āour work or gaming tasks are urgent, we can't afford to shut it down for a while. Prevention is better than cure, therefore we recommend you buy one of these laptop pads if you don't use one already.
Cool down your laptop with these pads:
Kootek 12-17-inch Cooler Pad
This cooler is suitable for 12-17-inch laptops and is powered by five built-in fans (the big fan has 5.9-inch, small fans: 2.76-inch). It also comes with two on/off switches allowing you to control the fans and the LED lights separately.Three options are available: have only one fan working, four fans working or all 5 working together. This interesting feature allows you to control how much fan power you want to use. Of course, use all five when gaming (speed: 1000 +/- 10% RPM; 2000 +/- 10% RPM).
The ergonomic stand offers six adjustable height settings to play games, work or watch movies at the most comfortable viewing angle. With a net weight of 1145g (40.39 OZ) and dual USB hub, this is one of the most impressive cooling pads currently available.
Buy it from Amazon for only $29.99 down from $59.99.
This portable laptop cooling pad disperses a continuous air flow beneath your laptop, dissipating the heat generated by the CPU and GPU. It is powered by 4 large fans with 1200 RPM high speed that produce a noise level of 25 dBA. There are two height settings available that provide the best viewing angle whether you are at your desk or on the couch.
Other specs include:
- Air flow: 75.35 CFM'╝łMax.'╝ē
- USB Ports: 2
- USB cable length: 23.62 inches'╝ł60cm'╝ē
- Material: Metal and ABS
- Product Weight: 735g (2.1lb.)
- Product Size: 16├Ś11.3 ├Ś 1.14inches'╝ł408├Ś287├Ś29mm
- Compatibility'╝ÜSuitable for laptops less than 17-inch screen.
Buy E-PRANCE X5 from Amazon for $19.99 down from $49.99.
This ergonomic laptop cooling pad has two adjustable height settings for maximum comfort. It is ultra-portable with only one inch of thickness and just 1.6 lbs/ 727 g of weight. This┬Āpad is designed for laptops that range from 15.6-inches to 17-inches.
It is powered by three large 110mm fans, spinning at just over 1,000 RPM and providing a strong 65 CFM of air flow. It has two USB ports, so if you ever need an extra USB port, use one of the two from the cooler.
Other specs include:
- Dimensions: 380mm L x 280mm W x 28mm H (14.96in. L x 11.02in. W x 1.10in. H)
- Material: HIPS and metal mesh
- USB cable length: 60cm (23.62in.)
- Life/MTBF: 10,000 hours
Buy HAVIT HV-F2056 from Amazon for $19.55 down from $21.99.
Tree New Bee K0025
This butterfly-like cooling pad is powered by four large fans mounted on a metal platform for maximum efficiency. It offers adjustable height settings for excellent viewing angles without too much strain on your eyes. Its excellent design made of a butterfly-shaped platform with blue LED will impress your friends.
Other specs include:
- Dimensions: 408mm L x 287mm W x 29mm H (16.06in. L x 11.29in. W x 1.14in. H)
- USB Ports: 2
- Speed: 1200 +/- 10%RPM
- Material: Plastic cover and metal net USB cable length: 60cm (23.62in.)
- Weight: 707g (1.59lb.)
- Life/MTBF: 10,000 hours
- Product Includes 1 Cooling Pad 1 USB Cable 1 Warranty Card.
Buy Tree New Bee K0025 from Amazon for $19.99.
iKross 885157826112
This fashionable, robust cooling pad is the perfect solution for a sluggish laptop thanks to its 74.35 CFM air flow capacity. Its ergonomic design allows you to use it in various situations, at work, while gaming or when you are simply watching a film on your couch. This cooling pad is powered by four high-performance 140 mm fans can spin at 1200 RPM.
Other specs include:
- Fan Noise Level: 25 dBA (Min.)
- USB Port: USB 2.0 x 2 with Fan Speed Adjustable Switch
- Compatibility: Supports all laptops up to 17″
- Product Size: 16 x 11.3 x 1.14 inches (408 x 287 x 29 mm)
- Material: Metal and ABS.
Buy now this iKross cooler from Amazon for $19.99 down from $59.99.
LotFancy 12R-2697-S
With six-level height settings, this cooling pad brings perfect ergonomics for maximum comfort. Your laptop will always run smoothly with these five ultra-quiet fans. ┬ĀThe pad also has two USB ports for connecting one extra┬ĀUSB device.
You can use all five fans at once, four fans or just one (the central one), so you can choose the best cooling mode depending on how many tasks your laptop is running. The fans run at about 1000 RPM creating an air volume of┬Ā74 CFM.
Buy LotFancy 12R-2697-S from Amazon for $25.90 from $80.00.
Bujian T1BLACK
This cooling pad is powered by six fans letting you choose from five speed levels (default speed is with 3 fans running) with a maximum speeds of 1400-1500RPM. There are also five height and angle settings available, offering comfortable viewing and typing angles. The pad comes with two USB-ports: one to connect to the laptop and one extra port for extra connectivity.
You can use this cooling pad for 11-17-inch laptops. Buy it from Amazon for $24.98 down from $45.00.
Cooler Master NotePal X3
This heavy duty pad is a sturdy foundation for your laptop and a reliable cooling device. Its single fan is enough to dissipate extreme heat from gaming laptops and the front vent sends a smooth breeze over your hands. The fan controller allows you to adjust the fan speed according to your needs.
This cooling pad offers two height settings and supports various laptop sizes, including 15-inch and 17-inch devices.
Buy it from Amazon for $29.40 down from $39.99.
EGOGO 12-17-inch Laptop Cooler
The four ultra-quiet 140mm fans with blue LEDs provide a maximum air flow of 75 CFM and can reach speeds of up to 1200 +/- 120RPM. The two adjustable switchers allow you to control the fan speed. This ultra-portable cooler does not require much space with its 408mm L x 287mm W x 29mm H /16.06inches(L)x 11.30inches(W)x 1.3inches(H) dimensions and its 733g/ 25.85 oz weight.
Extra-connectivity is also provided via the two USB ports and in case something goes wrong, you have a one-year manufacturer's warranty.
Buy this cooling pad from Amazon for $19.99 down from $188.99.
This five-fan cooling pad is powerful enough to support your laptop even during the most intense gaming moments. The full range metal mesh enhances the cooling capability by 25% and rapidly dissipates the heat generated by the laptop preventing slow-performance and crashes.
This cooler supports a variety of laptop sizes up to 16-inches and it offers an additional USB port for extra-connectivity. Thanks to its excellent design, laptops will simply fuse with the pad giving the illusion of one compact device.
Buy AVANTEK CP_05 from Amazon for $29.99 down from $47.99.
All the cooling pads listed above are excellent coolers. Before purchasing one, think about what tasks you run on your laptop. If you're a gamer, we recommend you to buy a five-fan cooler with a minimum of 65 CFM. Also, have a look at some of the cooling pads we found for tablets.
- Top 10 Windows 10 USB-C laptops to buy
- Best Windows 10 gaming laptops for true gamers
- HP unveils two new mid-range ENVY Windows 10 laptops
- Overclock your NVIDIA GPU with NVIDIA Inspector


text:
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) president Nitin Gadkari on Tuesday expressed 'sincere regret' for comparing spiritual leader Swami Vivekananda's intelligence quotient (IQ) to that of underworld don Dawood Ibrahim's.
"Swami Vivekananda has always been a source of inspiration for all of us in the BJP. My personal reverence for Swami Vivekananda is second to none. In that context I had referred to Swami Vivekananda dedicating his intellect for the welfare of humanity," Gadkari said in a press statement.
"I am deeply pained to note that my words have been taken out of context to create confusion," he said.
"I would like to reiterate that I never compared Swami Vivekananda with anyone. I had absolutely no intention to project Swami Vivekananda in bad light. If my words about Swami Vivekananda have hurt the public sentiments in any manner, I express my sincere regrets," Gadkari said.
Earlier on Monday, Gadkari said his remarks were ´misrepresented´.
"I did not make any comparison between Swami Vivekananda & Dawood Ibrahim. What I said was represented in wrong way," Gadkari told media.
He said: "I only said those who use their IQ wisely are like Swami Vivekananda and those who do not use it properly are like Dawood Ibrahim."
Gadkari dragged himself into controversy when he said the intelligence quotient level of Swami Vivekananda and Dawood was almost the same.
Speaking at an event, he said: "As per psychology, if we compare the IQ level of Swami Vivekananda and that of Dawood Ibrahim, it could have almost been the same."
"But Vivekananda used it in nation building, brotherhood and spiritualism while Dawood used that in excelling in the crime world," Gadkari added,
According to reports, the BJP president said this trying to drive home his point that gender discrimination was unfair and that people should be judged based on their qualities.
The BJP sees Swami Vivekananda as one of its chief inspirations.


text:
Animal and Fish Feed
The enrichment of meat products with Omega-3 and its addition to animal feed to boost levels in animal derived produce is seen by some as having potential in bridging the gap between recommended and actual intake in the modern population. In the last years animal nutrition has experienced great progress in its search for the optimization of animal production. Several of these improvements have been ascribed to micro-ingredients used in the elaboration of animal feed, which have been formulated to make nutritional and heath conditions in animals better, aswell as to facilitate productive processes. The benefit to the animal's health trickles down to humans who consume meat. The new research, published in the journal Nutrition Research, suggests that raising cattle on flaxseed diet (10 percent), rich in alpha-linolenic acid, leads to increases in the Omega-3 content of the meat, which could then be passed on to the consumer.
Customer reviews
No reviews were found for Animal and Fish Feed. Be the first to review!


text: Oath of Scholars Printings/Rarity: Cost: CMC: 4 Card Type: Enchantment Oracle Text: At the beginning of each player's upkeep, if that player has fewer cards in hand than any of his or her opponents, the player may discard his or her hand and draw three cards. Retrieved from "http://mtg.wikia.com/wiki/Oath_of_Scholars?oldid=58333" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Exodus Rare Cards CMC: 4 Blue Enchantment


text:
The benefits of cloud computing are many and real, according to a couple recent surveys of the people who should know best -- enterprise customers with cloud deployments.
It's one thing to be enthusiastic about a new trend like cloud computing, but it's an entirely different story when you can point to concrete, measurable advantages, like users do in two surveys recapped in this excellent CIO.com writeup. You can basically take your pick because the numbers jump out and grab your attention: How about, "88 percent of cloud users pointed to cost savings and 56 percent of respondents agreed that cloud services have helped them boost profits." Or, "60 percent of respondents said cloud computing has reduced the need for their IT team to maintain infrastructure, giving them more time to focus on strategy and innovation."
There's more. Yes, the surveys were conducted by vendors with skin in the game -- Rackspace Hosting and CDW -- but the answers just make too much sense to be made up. Like the results saying small businesses are using the cloud primarily for storage, while larger businesses and government entities are using it for collaboration and conferencing apps -- all great examples of how to use the cheapest resources in the best way for the best advantage.
As a bonus, there's even a cloud roadmap at the end of the piece, providing a strategic how-to so that a cloud strategy is mapped to ROI, and not just implemented because it sounds cool. If you're a cloud fence-sitter, this story is for you. Visit us at the Mobile Enterprise 360 community to join the conversation.


text:
Boost Attention And Profits With An All New Charging Structure
The medical industry is changing rapidly. As the outdated program appeared to be dependent upon a fee for each service, more modern cost systems concentrate on delivery of quality care. Assertive medical care providers that change to the new billing program early on will certainly have much less stress for their organization once the modifications turn out to be required anytime soon.
These changes for the means health care service providers bill their clients and insurance policy companies could enhance the standard of the attention sufferers receive. This will likely steer several companies to alter the target of your services they supply. In the payment for services program, medical care suppliers benefit from offering expensive solutions. Alternatively, a charge for value program is going to encourage a health-related team to help keep people healthier.
There are going to be far more revenue in protective attention. As healthcare suppliers set out to proceed to list of accountable care organizations 2013, they'll really need to be ready to make contracts along with insurance providers. This starts off with cautiously examining their present efficiency and locate ways exactly where modifications will be beneficial.
By using aco solutions, a healthcare supplier could evaluate their prior records and determine ways to increase their functionality to further improve the quality of care and attention they provide to individuals along with the earnings they acquire from their professional services. With this statistics at their fingertips, medical managers are typically in an improved position in order to make a deal with insurance companies.


text:
Named as the UK's most popular conference and events destination outside London by the British Meetings and Events Industry Survey 2015/16, Birmingham is where the world meets.
Whether you know the city well , or haven't been for a few years, you cannot help but be in awe of the constant changes being made, providing an outstanding destination experience for all visitors, whether you are coming for a weekend break, a conference or an exhibition.
Birmingham is a city that welcomes major events and visitors like no other. With undeniable connectivity, located in the heart of the UK, more than 36,000 bed spaces available for delegates and an incredible range of world-class venues and state-of-the-art facilities, Birmingham is the best placed city for events of all sizes.
The city continues to be the city of choice for both national and international conferences and events. During, Birmingham attracted a record 37.2 million visitors, with 9.4% increase in visitors since 2013.
More people than ever before are talking about Birmingham, and why not, there's so much to say! With the opening of Europe's largest Library in 2013 and further new developments massively changing to the city. Projects that opened last year included a redevelopment of The Mailbox into a luxury shopping destination, The Resorts World complex at The NEC and the £600m redevelopment of New Street Train Station.
Furthermore, we continue to offer outstanding event support through our Birmingham Convention Bureau, with benefits to both organisers and delegates. Our aim to make sure every visitor to Birmingham receives the best possible welcome, and has a fantastic time while they are here.


text:
|1,152 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|6 nights
This property is perfect for the traveling professional. It is very quiet, peaceful, remote but close to everything. Enjoy working on your laptop at the pool, on the huge decks that abound. The bedrooms are on the lower level and the living, kitchen, dining are on top, to enjoy the views. There are beautiful horses and bovine to watch and help you relax, sunsets that are amazing, sunrises that are amazing, both visible from the decks. Sleek monogram appliances, solid surface countertops, WIFI, satellite TV with Netflix via Roku, extremely comfortable King Size bed in master with luxurious linens, Whirlpool tub in Master with shower, in unit laundry, New Floors 2013. Just a great place to relax. Secure, Quiet, Covered Parking, Gated Entry with remote. Near Round Rock, Georgetown, Hutto and Taylor,TX and Close to Austin, TX. PLEASE READ RATES AND DO NOT ASSUME AUTO GENERATED QUOTES ARE ACCURATE. Located just off University Blvd. Come See, Come Stay, Come rejuvenate your body and soul.
This working farm is close to Everything, Location, Location, Location: You are within only 15 minutes to Austin and the Live Music Capital of the World, 10 Minutes or less to shopping, Restaurants, Theaters, Cinemas, Cave Exploring, Universities, Hospitals, Dell Diamond and Major employers and some really nice Golf Courses. This is the perfect place to stay for easy access to all points Central Texas. 2 Minutes from the I30 Tollway, 7 Minutes from IH35 and Dell Diamond and Hawaii Falls Water Park, just off University Blvd, East of Round Rock, TX and 5 minutes from Georgetown, TX (See Map). The Maximum Occupancy on this unit is 4 (FOUR).
As onsite owner, I am dedicated to providing you with an exceptional unit that is clean, well staged, comfortable, superior customer service, privacy and safety. Occupancy is strictly enforced to assure travelers a quality unit upon arrival.
This exceptional unit is well positioned to travel everywhere in beautiful Central Texas, or just having a quiet getaway. There are great places and events to visit all around this area, all times of the year. From SXSW, Austin Film Festival, Formula One Racing, Various Universities, The Texas Hill Country, Amazing Golf Courses within minutes and many other activities.
Watching the amazing sunsets and sunrises from the decks is memorable and just breathtaking. The value you receive from a traditional hotel is one main reason to book this property. At less than the cost of a single room in most hotels, you will have a fully detached, well decorated home with covered, secured parking along with privacy and superior comfort.
I am sorry it's taken so long to respond.
We had a great time. Your home is lovely, the dogs playful, and the views from the decks relaxing.
We hope to stay with you when next we come to Austin.
We have told some of our friends that they should check with you when they travel to the Austin area.
All the best,
We stayed at the Upside Down House for two weeks over the Christmas period. All communication, both before and during our stay, was answered promptly and efficiently. Leslie was waiting to meet me and show me around the cottage exactly as arranged. I was also introduced to Karma, her large but very gentle dog! The cottage was extremely well equipped and everything we needed was right at hand. We both slept really well on the super comfy beds, enjoying the peace and quiet of the countryside. We also loved the night skies, star gazing unspoilt by light pollution.
Thank you, Leslie for the use of your cottage. I will be in touch next time we are visiting relatives in Georgetown.
We came back to what our grandsons call "the ranch" again for 2 weeks in May, 2015. Our 8th visit! The peace and quiet were once again welcome every day after busy family activities. We enjoyed the new outdoor seating arrangements and the expanded pool setting. This IS our home away from home and we are already looking forward to our next visit. Thank you, Leslie, for making us comfortable and at home once again.
This rental home is just as described and better! There are two porches on the second floor, you can enjoy a sunrise in the morning and the sun setting in the eventing. Property is surrounded by farm land and farm animals. Enjoy peace and tranquility. The home itself has everything you'll need for a home feel away from home. Lots of closet space for your bags, great kitchen and appliances whirlpool bath comfy beds! The pool area is wonderful and fenced off in case you have little ones. We had a lovely time! The home is situated perfectly between a few small towns and the Austin/round rock area.
Stayed there for a week what a great place to stay easy to find close to everything The owner Leslie was very nice and helpful the place was as described to bad it was cold because i would have liked to have used decks and pool they were great but the inside was very nice. i would recommend this place to anyone up to two couples priced right as well Thank you Leslie
Leslie, thank you so much for this wonderful stay. We came to Texas Hill Country to visit good friends in Hutto. It was the first time we were away from home for almost three weeks and weren't homesick for a single day because your cottage is really a home away from home. You were always there for us when we had a question or needed something. The unit has all necessities and much more. We enjoyed the pool a lot. It is so quiet on the property. We loved the sunrises and sunsets, the horses and donkey, cows and chickens, Karma.
Everything was a described, no matter if it was the unit, the property, things to do, ... Stores, restaurants, activities, etc. can be reached with a car within minutes.
Our friends came to visit us and fell in love with the farm. When their family comes to visit they would like them to stay here. And we definitely would like to stay here, again on our next trip to Texas. We already miss the the farm.
Mike, my husband, is so good at selecting just the right home for the right occasion. While staying in Hutto and visiting family and grandchildren, this was a wonderful "home away from home" for us to arrive at every evening. Just the right size...the fireplace was perfect for the cold weather...loved being on a farm....watching the sunrise every morning. I felt very safe and Leslie attended to all of my needs. Loved being welcomed by Karma in the evenings! And my granddaughters visit was a treat! Thank you, Leslie for being just an outstanding hostess. I am so glad to know you are in Hutto! And thank you for sending the things I left behind! Would recommend your home and would stay again!
This property is minutes from Lakes, Universities, Austin Night Life, Shopping Malls, including Outlets, Restaurants, Theaters, Sports Complexes (i.e. 7 minutes to Dell Diamond), area Hospitals including Seton Round Rock, Scott and White @ University Blvd & IH 35. Major Employers nearby are Dell Computer, Ercott, City of Round Rock, City of Georgetown, City of Taylor, Samsung, Westinghouse, IBM, etc. Perfect for the traveling professional looking for peace and quite, security and luxurious accommodations, WIFI, and covered secured parking.
Other Activities: Excellent shopping right up Chandler at the Outlet Mall and surrouding stores. 30 Minutes to Formula One Race Exit straight down toll road. Restaurants such as Friday's, Chilli's, MiMi's Cafe, Cracker Barrel, Pei Wei, Jimmy John's, Rudy's BBQ, and some great local Tex-Mex as well as other chains. Close to Wal-Mart and good Grocery Stores, Antique shopping in nearby Salado, walk the square at Georgetown and moments from Southwestern University in Georgetown.
Golf: Golf at Star Ranch of Hutto, Taravista off University Blvd, Forest Creek or Blackhawk. All within 10 minutes. Other public courses in the area as well.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
My Standard Rate
6 night minimum stay
This property does not host events or parties. Rates are for double occupancy. Additional rates will apply to additional persons, up to 4 Maximum.
* Approximate monthly rate. Actual rate will depend on the days of the month you stay.


text: Shaun - Unregistered August 19, 2010 11:03 PM @ andrew Of course they'll be able to take on a 20 race calender you idiot. They fly all over the globe supplying tyres to WRC and World Superbikes. They're not underestimating the sheer scale of supplying F1 teams with tyres. As for calenders and birds. At about November time you'll be able to purchase the new 2011 Bird Calender featuring the Robin, Seagul, Swan and Ive heard rumours they're including the sparrow 3 agree 2 disagree


text:
Class outside
We first had a class outside because our classroom was a little hot. It was a fresh class with cool shadow and wind. But it was a shame that there were not some beverage and snacks. They would have made the class more pleasant. To make a more pleasant class, we had a few games where one person guesses and speaks the word explained by other students. But, I could not enjoy it much because there were many unfamiliar vocabulary to me like locust, salamander, gerbil, and commodore dragon, etc.
Because it has been a very long time since I graduated from school, I could not remember whether there were classes outside during my school days. Interestingly, I had a few recent experiences of taking classes outside. When I studied English in the Philippines this March to April, there were frequent blackouts because the electricity situation in that country was not stable.
So we had to often take classes outside. Problem is that it was very hot at that time to the extent that the daytime temperature went up to over 30 degrees. So it was nearly impossible to take classes outside. So many students and teachers who could not find appropriate places for their classes went to nearby fast-food stores to avoid steamy heat.
The students there asked the academy to install their own generator many times, but the school didn't do so, blaming it on the lack of budget. It was not understandable. Anyway, Today's class outside reminded me of the moment.


text:
Patterns of functional enzyme activity in fungus farming ambrosia beetles
In wood-dwelling fungus-farming weevils, the so-called ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae), wood in the excavated tunnels is used as a medium for cultivating fungi by the combined action of digging larvae (which create more space for the fungi to grow) and of adults sowing and pruning the fungus. The beetles are obligately dependent on the fungus that provides essential vitamins, amino acids and sterols. However, to what extent microbial enzymes support fungus farming in ambrosia beetles is unknown. Here we measure (i) 13 plant cell-wall degrading enzymes in the fungus garden microbial consortium of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborinus saxesenii, including its primary fungal symbionts, in three compartments of laboratory maintained nests, at different time points after gallery foundation and (ii) four specific enzymes that may be either insect or microbially derived in X. saxesenii adult and larval individuals.
We discovered that the activity of cellulases in ambrosia fungus gardens is relatively small compared to the activities of other cellulolytic enzymes. Enzyme activity in all compartments of the garden was mainly directed towards hemicellulose carbohydrates such as xylan, glucomannan and callose. Hemicellulolytic enzyme activity within the brood chamber increased with gallery age, whereas irrespective of the age of the gallery, the highest overall enzyme activity were detected in the gallery dump material expelled by the beetles. Interestingly endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase activity capable of callose degradation was identified in whole-body extracts of both larvae and adult X. saxesenii, whereas endo-β-1,4-xylanase activity was exclusively detected in larvae.
Similar to closely related fungi associated with bark beetles in phloem, the microbial symbionts of ambrosia beetles hardly degrade cellulose. Instead, their enzyme activity is directed mainly towards comparatively more easily accessible hemicellulose components of the ray-parenchyma cells in the wood xylem. Furthermore, the detection of xylanolytic enzymes exclusively in larvae (which feed on fungus colonized wood) and not in adults (which feed only on fungi) indicates that only larvae (pre-) digest plant cell wall structures. This implies that in X. saxesenii and likely also in many other ambrosia beetles, adults and larvae do not compete for the same food within their nests - in contrast, larvae increase colony fitness by facilitating enzymatic wood degradation and fungus cultivation.
KeywordsSymbiosis Digestion Enzyme Insoluble chromogenic substrates Xylomycetophagy Xyleborinus saxesenii Insect fungus farming Social evolution Division of labor
Insects are the most abundant and diverse animal class on earth[1]. A key factor for their enormous success are adaptations to novel environments and food sources with the help of symbiotic microorganisms[2]. Insect hosts maintain prokaryotic, fungal, and bacterial associates in a variety of ways, which help them in nutrient acquisition and recycling, environmental detoxification, and defense against antagonists. By means of microbial symbionts insects are able (i) to detoxify toxic metabolites and (ii) to produce nutrients from plant material low in insect-accessible molecules, despite the plant material often being rich in structural polysaccharides (cross-linking glycans, cellulose and lignin)[3]. In most instances this occurs internally inside the insect host with the aid of an abundant microbial gut flora[4, 5, 6], however, there are several notable exceptions of insect lineages that cultivate microbes externally on plant material[7, 8]. These ectosymbionts are either kept in "gardens" and consumed directly by their insect hosts (e.g. certain lineages of fungus-growing ants, termites, and ambrosia beetles;[9]), or contribute indirectly by increasing the nutrient content of the diet (e.g. bark beetles that feed on fungus infested phloem;[10]), by degradation of toxic plant compounds (e.g. terpenes by bark beetle associated fungi;[11, 12]), or by provisioning of extracellular enzymes that facilitate wood ingestion or wood burrowing (e.g. wood wasps;[5, 13]).
External symbionts of insects are typically filamentous fungi and associated yeasts and bacteria that may be transported in concert in mycetangia (also termed mycangia[14]), which are specialized organs primarily for fungal spore transmission that ensure successful re-establishment of the nutritional symbiosis after dispersal. Mycetangia have evolved independently in many different fungus associated insects such as wood and phloem feeding beetles, gall midges and wood wasps[15, 16, 17]. The active care and maintenance of the fungal crops by the insect hosts after dispersal is, however, rare. Only three insect lineages, notably the fungus-growing ants, termites and ambrosia beetles, are true fungus farmers. Within task sharing societies they not only propagate, but also actively cultivate and sustainably harvest microbial gardens without exhausting their crops across one or more offspring generations (i.e. advanced fungiculture;[9]).
Ambrosia beetle is an ecological term used for all weevils that farm fungi within tunnel systems (galleries) in the xylem (= wood) of trees. Ambrosia farming is only found in Scolytinae and Platypodinae and evolved repeatedly at least nine times from the phloem feeding habit without any known reversal to non-farming[18, 19]. Female ambrosia beetles seek out recently dead trees where they bore into the xylem and initiate nest building by laying eggs and inoculating tunnel walls with mutualistic fungi. When larvae emerge they feed on the fungus and in some species further expand the gallery[20]. Depending on the species and environmental conditions adults repeat this cycle by either dispersing immediately following pupation or remain in their natal gallery and engage in cooperative breeding for more generations before dispersing[9, 21].
The relationship between ambrosia beetles and their fungi is often species (or genus) specific, with highly selective transmission of the primary symbionts in mycetangia by dispersing beetles[20, 22]. These so-called ambrosia fungi (usually species of the ascomycete genera Ambrosiella and Raffaelea) form layers of conidiophores on the tunnel walls that produce nutrient rich conidiospores for larval and adult beetle nutrition. Secondary symbionts, such as other filamentous fungi (e.g. Fusarium, Graphium, Ophiostoma, Paecilomyces, Penicillium[23, 24]), yeasts (e.g. Candida[25]) and bacteria[26, 27], are also present within galleries and often passively vectored in small amounts attached to the integuments of dispersing females[15, 20]. However, the primary mutualistic ambrosia fungus is known for only a minority of the 3000 species worldwide[28, 29, 30], and there has only been a single attempt to characterize the entire microbiome of an ambrosia gallery[31].
Studies on the dynamics of filamentous fungi in xyleborine ambrosia beetle galleries[23, 24], suggest that propagates of mutualistic ambrosia fungi (Ambrosiella and Raffaelea) are passively spread on tunnel walls from the mycetangia or via beetle feces during the excavation by the gallery founding female. This ensures that the mutualistic fungi dominate the gallery microbial flora initially while eggs are laid and larvae develop. Later, when the first offspring mature, other saprobic fungi (secondary symbionts like Penicillium and Paecilomyces) start to appear and increase in frequency over time. These opportunistic fungi dominate the microbial gallery flora at the time when the gallery is abandoned and all individuals disperse to found new galleries[23]. The secondary symbionts also dominate in the gallery dumps of our study species, the ambrosia beetle Xyleborinus saxesenii (Fruit-tree pinhole borer); they are relatively rare in freshly excavated parts of the brood chamber and their presence negatively affects larval numbers[24].
Larvae of X. saxesenii do not only feed on ambrosia fungi, like the adults and larvae of many other ambrosia beetles, but feed xylomycetophagously (i.e. feeding on fungus infested wood)[32]. In this way they (a) create more space for the developing fungus to form conidiophores on the gallery walls, (b) lower competition between group members by enlargement of the nest space, (c), likely reduce the growth of unidentified molds, possibly by gregariously feeding on them[21], and (d) fertilize the growing ambrosia fungus with the finely fragmented woody sawdust in their feces[21, 33]. This apparently allows X. saxesenii, and probably other xylomycetophagous ambrosia beetle species, to establish galleries for several consecutive offspring generations. However, nothing is known about the mechanism or the enzymatic machinery whereby these beetles together with the consortium of symbiotic fungi utilize the surrounding wood.
In contrast to xylem dwelling ambrosia beetles, weevils dwelling in the inner bark phloem and feeding phloeophagously (phloem feeding) or phloeomycetophagously (feeding on fungus infested phloem) are termed bark beetles[20]. Their primary associates, the ophiostomatoid fungi, are close relatives of ambrosia fungi and are known to produce a variety of hemicellulolytic enzymes[34, 35, 36, 37, 38], although Ophiostoma fungi in general leave the cellulose and cross-linking glycans mostly intact and instead utilize storage products in the living ray parenchyma[29]. The beetles and internal gut microbes may also contribute enzymes as larvae of a bark beetle (Phloeosinus bicolor) showed α-amylase-, invertase-, maltase-, lactase-, and protease-activities together with some hydrolytic activity on a substrate of hemicellulose but not on cellulose[39]. Similarly, in adults of the phloem feeding Ips cembrae consistent activity against hemicellulose together with pectinase-, α-glucosidase-, β-glucosidase-, α-galactosidase-, β-galactosidase-, trehalase-, serine protease-, peptidase-, and lipase-activities were detected in the intestinal lumen[40]. In general, the bark beetle associated fungi (e.g. the genera Ceratosytiopsis, Entomocorticium, Grosmannia and Ophiostoma[41, 42]), in addition to associated yeasts[12, 41, 43], and bacteria[44, 45] are capable of producing a variety of enzymes catalyzing (a) protein/peptide degradation (endo-, exoproteases and peptidases), (b) polysaccharide/starch/sugar degradation (glycoside-hydrolytic enzymes) and (c) fat/fatty acid degradation (lipases)[34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49].
Here the activity of the major groups of plant cell-wall degrading enzymes: cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases, in addition to proteases and α-amylases in the ambrosia beetle system are investigated for the first time. We take advantage of a recently developed method to maintain ambrosia beetle galleries of X. saxesenii for consecutive generations in-vitro in the laboratory[50]. We show that ambrosia beetles and their associated microbiome mainly degrade the hemicellulose component of xylem wood in addition to more readily degradable simple sugars. Furthermore, we document that larvae and adults possess different enzyme profiles, which adds an additional layer of complexity to the division of behavioral tasks between life-stages already reported within the highly social societies of X. saxesenii[21].
Gallery enzyme activity
Cellulolytic activity was similar between the entrance tunnel and brood chamber across gallery ages, whereas endo- β-1,4-xylanase (xylan and arabinoxylan) and endo- β-1,4-mannanase activity changed across age cohorts most notably with an increase in enzyme activity in the gallery dump over time (log-likelihood ANOVA comparison of final mixed models with reduced null models: likelihood-ratio5,11 = 12.7 – 16.9, p = 0.0095 – 0.0472, Figure1B). For these three enzymes we also noted a consistent but non-significant trend of higher activity in the entrance tunnel compared to the brood chamber at age45 (i.e., 45 days after gallery foundation), similar activity at age62 and the opposite pattern at age87 [see Additional file1].
Enzyme activity against the substrates xyloglucan, galactan, rhamnogalacturonan, debranched arabinan and amylose tended to be highest in the gallery dump [see Additional file1]. Because these enzyme activities were only sporadically detected, we analyzed each age cohort separately using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test [see Additional file1]. Enzyme activities against the substrates dextran and collagen were not detected in any sample (Figure1B).
Adult and larvae enzyme activity
Gallery enzyme activity
Plant cell-wall degrading cellulases, endo- xylanases and the pectinolytic endo- β-1,4-mannanase dominate the enzymatic profile but also consistent endo- protease activity against casein were detected at all measured time-points in all three gallery compartments (Figure1B). Taken together the enzymatic profile of the microbial consortium of X. saxesenii ambrosia galleries resembles that of common saprotrophic ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi[51, 52, 53], highlighting the universal similarity of enzymes required in the initial degradation of recently dead wood material. The production of extracellular enzymes by filamentous fungi is highly dependent on the growth medium and external conditions such as temperature and moisture etc.[51]. Hence it is extremely difficult if not impossible to obtain natural enzyme activity profiles under in-vitro laboratory conditions, as the actual micro-habitat experienced by microbes in nature cannot be fully replicated. The relatively high endo-protease and possibly also α-amylase activity detected in our samples (Figure1B), for example, is most likely because of casein and starch used in the artificial breeding medium and does not reflect the natural situation. Despite this caveat, the detailed enzymatic measurements of laboratory maintained and age-controlled beetle galleries containing all the naturally vectored symbiotic microbes provide an informative substitute for natural measurements of the highly inaccessible ambrosia beetle galleries deep inside wood.
Endo- xylanase activity increased in the brood chamber, but decreased in the entrance tunnel with gallery age ([Additional file1: Figure S1]). In addition, when comparing the endo- β-1,4-glucanase and endo- β-1,4-mannanase activity between compartments within galleries, samples from the entrance tunnel and brood chamber showed remarkably similar enzymatic profiles, whereas gallery dump samples had much higher activities (Figure1B). These changes in enzymatic activity most likely reflected progression in the degradation of the wood substrate surrounding the galleries. Only cellulase activity was remarkably similar and low in all gallery compartments at all age stages (Figure1B). Unfortunately, we are unable to distinguish whether these shifts in enzyme activity are due to changes (i) in beetle activities, (ii) in endo- xylanase production by the resident microbes, or (iii) in the succession of microbes in the galleries. Ambrosia beetle galleries are not static environments and conditions (e.g. humidity, degradation) and the composition of the associated microbial consortium changes both between gallery compartments and as tunnel parts age. Ambrosia fungi, as the primary food source for the beetles, only dominate the microbiome in freshly excavated gallery parts where the brood develop and are later replaced by secondary saprobic symbionts that continue degradation[23, 24]. Therefore, the observed enzyme activity in the expelled saw-dust material in the gallery dump is likely produced by opportunistic bacteria and fungi not necessarily involved in the nutrition of the insects, as found in certain fungus-growing ant dumps[54]. The expelled saw-dust is probably of little nutritional value and instead represents a source of potential contamination that needs removal[9]. However, this begs the question how the relatively lower enzyme activity of the microbial consortium in the freshly excavated gallery parts is able to sustain ambrosia beetle nutrition? The high hemicellulolytic activity against xylan, glucomannan and callose, but only little activity against cellulose (Figure1B), show that the gallery microbiome preferentially degrades hemicellulose components of the ray-parenchyma cells in the xylem. This is in contrast to bark beetle microbiomes in the phloem, which apparently leaves almost all of the structural plant cell wall components (cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin) intact[29]. Degradation of hemicellulose components is energetically less costly than complete cellulose degradation[51], however, the reliance on hemicellulases emphasizes that the xylem niche within recently dead wood is transient before the microbiome has to be provisioned with new material either by excavation of tunnel systems or dispersal to new hosts. Indeed, ambrosia beetles leave their galleries with their mutualists stored in mycetangia when opportunistic saprobes invade[23], which may coincide with depletion of the more easily accessible plant cell wall components.
Adult and larvae enzyme activity
Endosymbionts play a crucial role in nutrient acquisition in many wood-feeding arthropods, like termites or wood-boring beetles[2, 4, 49]. In bark and ambrosia beetles they seem of minor importance because these beetles feed either on (fungus infested) phloem (i.e. bark beetles) or fungi/fungus infested xylem (i.e. ambrosia beetles). The gut flora of ambrosia beetles has not been studied, but for bark beetles the species richness in larval and adult guts is relatively low[45, 55]. The endosymbiotic yeasts and bacteria in bark beetles have been shown to detoxify poisonous wood compounds (e.g. tannins[11]) and fix nitrogen[56]. However, their role for degradation appears rather small compared to the primary fungal ectosymbionts that are growing within the galleries of Ips and Dendroctonus beetles[45, 55]. As most ambrosia beetle species feed solely on fungus tissue, an endogenous production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes either by the beetles or associated endosymbionts in these species is not expected, but this may be different in larvae of X. saxesenii and other ambrosia beetles in the genus Xyleborinus that ingest both fungal tissue and particles of wood while feeding[21, 32]. Indeed, the different nutrition of larvae and adults in X. saxesenii was also reflected by endo- β-1,4-xylanase activity observed in whole-body extracts of larvae, but not of adults (Figure2). Endo- β-1,4-xylanase enzymes might be produced by gut endosymbionts that are either specific to the larvae (larval specific bacteria are known from Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles[55, 57]), or endosymbionts are present in both larvae and adults but facultatively produce and secrete endo- β-1,4-xylanases depending on context. A microbial origin of these enzymes is possible because insects are rarely capable of producing plant cell-wall degrading enzymes themselves, although an increasing number of putative genes coding for cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases are being discovered in the genomes of wood dwelling beetles[58], which in certain cases appear to be horizontally acquired from bacteria[59, 60]. A few beetle species have been shown to synthesize xylanase endogenously, for example larvae and adults of the wood-boring beetle Phaedon cochleariae[61] and the coffee-berry borer Hypothenemus hampei [UniProt:E2J6M9]. The latter is a scolytine beetle, and it therefore is possible that the endo- β-1,3(4)-glucanases and endo- β-1,4-xylanases found in our study may be endogenously produced by X. saxesenii.
Overview of highly derived, obligate nutritional symbioses between insects and fungi
Ambrosia beetles
Bark beetles1
Ship-timber beetles
Gall midges
Wood wasps
Fungus-growing ants
Fungus-growing termites
Insect family
Xiphydriidae, Orussidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae
Mutualistic fungi
Ascomycota (Ambrosiella, Raffaelea, Fusarium)
Ascomycota (Ophiostoma, Ceratocystiopsis, Grosmannia) Basidiomycota (Entomocorticium)
Ascomycota (Endomyces)
Ascomycota (Lasioptera, Ramichloridium)
Basidiomycota (Cerrena, Stereum, Amylostereum); Ascomycota (Daldinia decipiens, Entonaema cinnabarina)
Basidiomycota (Leucocoprinus, Leucoagaricus and the family Pterulaceae)
Basidiomycota (Termitomyces)
Age of symbiosis(Mya)
Mode of nesting
Xylem tunnels & chambers
Phloem tunnels & chambers
Xylem tunnels
Plant galls
Xylem tunnels
Subterranean nests (occ. mounds)
Subterranean nests and mounds
Substrate for fungi
Surrounding wood
Surrounding phloem (and wood)
Surrounding wood
Surrounding plant tissue
Surrounding wood
Collected plant material (twigs, caterpillar feces, leaf litter, flowers, fruits, fresh leaves)
Collected plant material (dry leaf litter, twigs, wood)
Mode of agriculture2
Primitive (possibly advanced in Dendroctonus)
Enzymatic profile
Fungus garden (incl. microbial community)
xylem degrading saprotrophism and bionecrotrophism5
bionecrotrophism of phloem
xylem degrading saprotrophism
Saprotrophism (saprobic and biotrophic in leaf-cutting ants)
Saprotrophism (plant cell-wall degrading)
Fungus acquired enzymes3
Mode of feeding4
No food
Plant sap
No food
Mycetophagy, (plant material)
Mycetophagy, (plant material)
Mycetophagy (Xylomycetophagy6)
Despite differences in the type of substrate used to cultivate symbiotic fungi, a striking, but perhaps not surprising commonality between the major insect fungus-growing systems is the direct or indirect use of a similar set of fungal carbohydrate active enzymes to utilize recalcitrant plant material as a stable food source (Table1). Plant cell-wall degrading xylanases, pectinases and to a lesser degree cellulases dominate the enzymatic profiles in all cases, although inherent variation between fungus-growing systems are certainly present at the level of specific enzymes. Endogenously produced cellulase enzymes are not common among arthropods[63] (for a contrasting view see[58]), which indicate that the provision of essential carbohydrate active enzymes by microbes facilitates fungus farming.
Feeding activity of X. saxesenii larvae not only benefits other group members by creating more space for the ambrosia fungus to form ambrosial layers on the gallery walls, but here we show that it also enhances wood degradation and nutrient cycling. Predigested larval feces, which contains small woody particles and probably also enzymes, is smeared on gallery walls after defecation[21, 33]. The wood particles in this fecal inoculum may be further degraded and nitrogenous excretions recycled by the ambrosia fungi[64]. This may in turn explain the positive effect of larval numbers on group productivity in X. saxesenii[21], and demonstrates a synergism between age groups that prevents competition for fungal food, because adults and larvae feed differently and apparently use a complementary set of enzymes. The differences in enzyme profiles of X. saxesenii larvae and adults are interesting for understanding the social system of this species. X. saxesenii is the only primitively eusocial ambrosia beetle described (characterized by overlapping offspring generations, cooperative brood care and reproductive division of labor) and similarly to the obligatorily eusocial ants, bees and termites exhibit division of labor not only between the sexes, but most importantly also between larval and adult offspring[21]. Differential enzyme activity therefore adds an additional layer of complexity to the behavioural division of labour between adults and larvae. Production of extra enzymes and nutrients by larvae (and their trophallaxis to adults) has been reported from other social insects, such as ants and wasps[65, 66, 67], and larvae of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex subterraneous have even been denoted the "digestive caste" of the colony based on the extensive enzymatic machinery detected in their gut lumen[68]. Holometabolous insects dramatically restructure morphology and physiology during metamorphosis and phenotypes of larval and adult stages thus represent distinct developmental and evolvable modules compared with the highly correlated life stages of insects with "incomplete" metamorphosis (Hemimetabola)[69]. Because of this predisposition we propose that larvae in holometabolous insect societies may play a much more important role in resource utilization than is currently recognized.
Materials and methods
Laboratory breeding
X. saxesenii adult females were collected in the Spilwald forest (560 m asl; 46°95', 7°31') close to Bern, Switzerland in January 2010, by dissection of galleries from stumps of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) that had been cut about a year earlier. From these galleries adult X. saxesenii females were brought to the laboratory and placed individually in ~15 mL plastic tubes filled with a sterile nutrient-enriched beech saw-dust media solidified with agar as previously described[50]. X. saxesenii galleries typically consist of a straight entrance tunnel dug perpendicular into the media for about 2–5 cm where it reaches a flat brood chamber of 2–3 cm2 and a height of 1 mm (Figure1A, [Additional file1: Figure S3]). Three distinct gallery compartments - entrance tunnel, brood chamber and gallery dump material – may be discerned both in laboratory galleries in artificial media and field galleries constructed in wood. X. saxesenii is obligately sib-mating (inbreeding) within the natal nest and dispersing females vertical transmit the associated mutualistic symbionts in mycetangia[21]. Dispersing adults can be collected from the surface of the media and thus enables breeding of consecutive generations in the laboratory.
Galleries used in this study were from the 5th laboratory generation. Sampling from laboratory ambrosia beetle galleries is preferable to sampling from field galleries, because this allows (i) to control the age of the galleries (and thereby changes in the fungal composition) and (ii) to monitor fungal diversity and the number of beetles and their behavior. Laboratory breeding of ambrosia beetles also has disadvantages, because symbiont composition may differ between laboratory and field galleries. Although it is unlikely that new microbes have invaded the system, because of the highly specialized vertical transmission of the primary mutualists in beetle mycetangia and relatively few other secondary microbes on the integument[14], it is possible that relative composition of symbionts has changed in response to the different conditions within the laboratory. Changes are probably negligible, however, because ambrosia beetles have up to now (March 2012) been reared for ten successive generations within the laboratory and major changes in gallery productivity across generations are absent, which indicates that the abundance of the primary symbionts in the microbiome is unaffected by long-term laboratory rearing [unpublished data (Biedermann PHW)].
Sampling and protein extraction
In this study we collected samples from laboratory maintained galleries at three particular time points during gallery development: (A) At day 45 after gallery foundation (= age45) when few adults, but many 1st and 2nd/3rd instar larvae are present in the gallery and the microbiome is dominated by the Raffaelea sulfurea symbiont[24]. (B) At day 62 after gallery foundation (= age62) when few immature brood, but many more adults that are just starting to disperse are present in the gallery. The microbiome has changed and is no longer completely dominated by R. sulfurea, but contains also a mixture of several saprobes (e.g. Paecilomyces and Penicillium species;[24]. (C) At day 87 after gallery foundation (= age87) when production of new brood has ceased and almost all adult offspring has left the gallery. The microbiome is dominated by a few saprobic species, which are probably of little nutritional value to the beetles[24].
When sampling, we removed the solid agar-sawdust based medium containing the beetle galleries from the plastic tube in a single large piece and subsequently dissected it using a scalpel and forceps. Thirty mg (wet weight) of gallery material from the three distinct gallery compartments: (I) entrance tunnel, (II) brood chamber, and (III) expelled material from the gallery dump were collected and weighed on an electronic scale (0.0001 g precision). Total proteins were extracted from each sample, put in an Eppendorf tube filled with 260 μl ddH20 and 0.1% Tween20, and ground with a small plastic pestle. Tween20 was added to the extraction water to keep enzymes in suspension[70]. Samples were vortexed, centrifuged at 15.000 g for 15 min at 4 °C and enzyme activity of the supernatant fraction was immediately measured to minimize internal proteolysis. In total 11, 15 and 8 galleries from age45, age62 and age87, respectively, were used giving a total sample size of 34 galleries times three compartments (11 gallery dump samples had to be discarded as there was not enough material). In addition, we counted all individuals (1st instar, 2nd/3rd instar larvae, and adults) present within a gallery at that time.
In addition to sampling gallery material we also measured individuals for enzyme activity. First instar larvae, 2nd/3rd instar larvae and adult beetles were collected at age45, when all developmental stages of X. saxesenii were present within galleries. All individuals were surface sterilized once in bleach and once in 96% alcohol. Three adults, four 2nd/3rd instar larvae and twelve 1st instar larvae were combined per sample to standardize the amount of biological material to approximately 30 mg biomass. Thereafter, samples were grinded in 60 μl ddH20 containing 0.1% Tween20, vortexed, centrifuged (see above) and immediately used for enzyme activity measurements.
Enzyme activity measurements
Insoluble chromogenic substrates used to test for enzyme activity and the specific type of enzymes measured
cellulase (endo-β-1,4-glucanase)
AZCL-Barley β-Glucan
cellulase (endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase)
AZCL-Debranched Arabinan
Data analysis
Enzyme activity of the gallery data were 'log + 1' transformed to normalize the data. Enzyme activity were analyzed for each substrate in separate mixed linear models with (A) the three factorial variables (i) gallery compartment (three levels: 'entrance', 'brood chamber' and 'gallery dump'), (ii) the interaction between gallery compartment and age of the gallery (three levels: age45, age62 and age87), (iii) the interaction between gallery compartment and beetle composition (three levels: 'adult beetles and immatures present', 'only immatures present' and 'no beetles or larvae present') and (B) the continuous variables (i) total number of adults and (ii) total number of larvae. All variables were included as fixed effects. Each gallery was assigned a code that was included as a random factor in all models because entrance, brood chamber and gallery dump samples from the same gallery are not independent measurements. Model estimation was performed with Maximum Likelihood using the lme function implemented in R[75] and each variable was evaluated by ANOVA analysis of log-likelihood scores using a step-wise model reduction scheme. Specific means were compared with Tukey's multiple comparisons of the final model. The correlation between a particular enzyme activity and the three sample gallery compartments were analyzed using partial least square regression of a matrix consisting of three x-variables (sample location: entrance tunnel, brood chamber and gallery dump) and 13 y-variables (enzyme activity for each substrate screened) using the R package pls[76] [see Additional file1.
Authors' information
HHDFL is postdoctoral fellow at the Microbial Ecology Group at Lund University, Sweden, and studies the ecology and evolution of mutualistic systems. PHWB is Ph.D. student at the Department of Behavioural Ecology at University of Bern, Switzerland. PHWB studies the evolutionary mechanisms of social and mutualistic interactions.
The authors thank Marko Rohlfs, Anders Tunlid, Morten Schiøtt and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous version of this manuscript and Jacobus J. Boomsma for providing the AZCL reagents. HHdFL gratefully acknowledges the M. P. Christiansen and wife foundation administered by the Danish Mycological Society for a research travel grant. HHdFL is supported by a fellowship from the Danish Research Council | Natural Sciences and PHWB partially by a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and by a fellowship of the Roche Research Foundation.
Supplementary material
Copyright information
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
by Ikea
Order now to get it by: Saturday August 05 - Monday August 07
Get it on Tuesday August 1st with expedited shipping.
Select the expedited delivery option after adding this item to your cart.
Condition: New
Product ID: 664933
Delivery Information |Returns & Exchanges |Payment Methods
The pan's low weight makes it easy to handle when filled with food. Made from aluminum, which spreads heat evenly and
energy efficiently, and makes it easier to regulate heat so the food does not burn and stick. Treated with Teflon
Classic non-stick coating that makes cooking and cleaning easy. Sizes: Volume 1 qt, 1.5 qt and 2 qt. STABIL
double-boiler insert fits all saucepans. Aluminum, Coated with Teflon(R) Classic, Phenolic plastic. Care instructions:
Handwash only. Suitable for use on gas cooktop. Suitable for use on ceramic glass cooktop. Suitable for use on electric
range. People & Planet: The material in this product MAY BE recyclable. Please check the recycling rules in your
community and if recycling facilities exist in your area.
Lodge SCRBRSH Scrub Brush, 10-Inch
Lodge Cast Iron Skillet with Red Silicone Hot Handle Holder, 12-inch
Copper Chef 4 pc system, 6 in 1 pan
Cooks Standard Multi-Ply Clad Stainless-Steel 3-Quart Covered Sauce Pan
T-fal A91082 Specialty Nonstick Dishwasher Safe Oven Safe Jumbo Cooker Saute Pan with Glass Lid Cookware, 5-Quart, Black
T-fal E93808 Professional Total Nonstick Thermo-Spot Heat Indicator Fry Pan, 12.5 Inch, Black
Lodge L8SGP3 Cast Iron Square Grill Pan, Pre-Seasoned, 10.5-inch
Farberware Bakeware 9 x 5-Inch Nonstick Loaf Pan, Gray


text:
Enter your HCPK account email or mobile number to receive your password
Your Password has been sent to your mobile and email address. Please check to get your password.
Your account is verified and ready to use.
Change your mobile number to get the code.
Enter the code that has been sent to your mobile and email.
Mobile # verifiedIbraheem is online
Water World Technology is the leading water treatment company in Pakistan. We provide the most comprehensive, cost-effective and reliable treatment systems and services for our industrial, institutional, commercial, municipal domestic customers.
Reverse Osmosis RO is recognized as one of the best available technologies for producing best quality drinking water. Its also the same method used by many bottled water companies to make safe and great tasting water. No other water treatment system can offer you as much protection and reliability.
We deals in
-Full range of Reverse Osmosis Systems
-Community Water Plants
-Water Softeners
-MultimediaCarbon filters
-Swimming Pool Equipments
-Water Treatment Chemicals all


text:
Are there any good online backups that allow fast restoring of entire folders and Servers?
15 Replies
May 9, 2012 at 2:01 UTC
That would depend more on your available internet speed than the online service per say. No point you having a company promise you xx restore time if you only have a 1mb line - try restoring a 100GB image over that quickly.
May 9, 2012 at 2:42 UTC
How much is the data size that you intend to backup?
Irrespective of the data size, StoreGrid Cloud ensures 3x faster restore speed than the backup time depending on your network speed. StoreGrid Cloud protects files, folders and disk images of the server and ensures easy restoration of selected file or folder or bare metal restores,all managed from a single agent.
You could try a 30 days free trial to check if it suits your requirement. Do let us know if you need any assistance or clarifications.
May 9, 2012 at 7:09 UTC
Innovative Business Solutions is an IT service provider.
We are an MSP and utilize Asigra for our clients online backup needs. Very fast and ultra reliable.
May 9, 2012 at 7:54 UTC
Yes... Seriously... Tons of space for $7.49/month/server...
Works great!
May 9, 2012 at 8:50 UTC
Carbonite will overnight you a drive for $180 in an emergency.
May 9, 2012 at 10:47 UTC
Brand Representative for Tomahawk Backup
That is typically dependent on your bandwidth and how many incremental deltas need to be merged. Tomahawk will also ship you a USB drive if you need to restore more quickly than your internet connection will allow (the data is still encrypted on the drive while in transit)
May 9, 2012 at 11:39 UTC
As the others here have mentioned, data size and bandwidth are important to know.
However, Zetta is the only cloud backup and recovery solution that lets your users mount a drive via web that has a replicated version of their data.
Happy to answer more specific questions if you're willing to share more about your environment and needs.
May 10, 2012 at 8:56 UTC
Brand Representative for EMC
Are there any good online backups that allow fast restoring of entire folders and Servers?
have you checked out Mozy? There's been a ton of recent buzz around them...
May 10, 2012 at 9:53 UTC
Brand Representative for EMC
You can reach out to them directly @ email@example.com if that's easier :)
May 10, 2012 at 1:27 UTC
Just wanted to follow up on this thread with some more specific information.
Zetta actually offers 3 ways of quickly restoring entire folders and servers:
1. Mounting a web drive to your local computer
2. Via a browser from anywhere
3. Through the ZettaMirror lightweight software application
Here's screenshots of each of these Data Recovery tactics using Zetta.
May 10, 2012 at 8:12 UTC
Are there any good online backups that allow fast restoring of entire folders and Servers?
Depends on the size of the file, speed of your internet connection [and other components in the chain] & your opinion on what would count as fast.
May 17, 2012 at 4:47 UTC
I tried to use thomahawk but I got a few errors, I couldn't access the FQs page. There were a few erros on the website. So I decided not to try it out.
I'm currently trying Crashplan Pro, this one sends me two emails, one says the backup worked fine, the other says my pc couldn't fine the destination.
It seems there's no good online backup plans. I can't believe this is so difficult to do for these companies. I"m sure there might be a good one out there, but it'll probably be unafordable, like asigra is, and that one might not even be good either.
May 17, 2012 at 6:06 UTC
Brand Representative for Tomahawk Backup
Hi @Leo7327, I pulled up your account and you haven't created any backup sets yet, so I'm not sure what errors you could get without running at least one backup. But I'm here to help if needed.
Regarding the FAQ page, do you mean this page?
Bashing 3 active Spiceworks vendors in a single post (your first post?) is probably not the best way start out. Any one of us would help you if you ask. "Bashing" is probably not the best word to use, but that's all I have at the moment.
May 18, 2012 at 6:21 UTC
Just in case you plan to try out StoreGrid Cloud, want to point out that it has one of the lowest pricing plans and there are no per computer charges or fixed gigabytes slabs.
Jul 24, 2012 at 7:01 UTC
I'm not bashing anyone, I'm just telling the truth, that's what this site is for. It is for IT guys.
I had problems with your product. period.
Do not reply.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
We (3 couples) rented the groundfloor apartment for one week over New Year's. It could not have been better: very tastefully furnished, absolutely perfectly equipped, centrally located, very friendly and helpful landlord. We would go again anytime!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- We have fun renovating lofts in old company buildings. We like to do the details of furnishing and to play around with different materials and objects. This hobby grew over time to a small business.Our concept is to create spacious lofts which are reasonable priced and to offer these loft in a simple and convenient way. We support families. Children under 14 are not counted as extra guests and pay not additional fees.Because all our apartments are in quiet court yard and adjacent apartment houses, we do not allow parties or loud music. ... more less


text:
Look at other dictionaries:
Bit (horse) — For other uses, see bit (disambiguation). A horse wearing an English bridle with a snaffle bit and a cavesson A bit is a type of horse tack used in equestrian activities, usually made of metal or a synthetic material, and is placed in the mouth… … Wikipedia
Bit stock — Stock Stock (st[o^]k), n. [AS. stocc a stock, trunk, stick; akin to D. stok, G. stock, OHG. stoc, Icel. stokkr, Sw. stock, Dan. stok, and AS. stycce a piece; cf. Skr. tuj to urge, thrust. Cf. {Stokker}, {Stucco}, and {Tuck} a rapier.] 1. The stem … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Rear — Rear, v. i. To rise up on the hind legs, as a horse; to become erect. [1913 Webster] {Rearing bit}, a bit designed to prevent a horse from lifting his head when rearing. Knight. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Rear (horse) — Rearing is when a horse stands up on his hind legs, so that his body becomes more perpendicular to the ground.Rearing is considered a dangerous habit for riding horses, as it is possible for the animal to fall backwards, especially when carrying… … Wikipedia
Side reins — are equipment used when longeing a horse, running from the bit of the bridle to the saddle or surcingle. As a horse training tool, they encourage flexion and softness in the horse s mouth. For longe work with a rider up who does not carry… … Wikipedia
Same-sex marriage and procreation — is an issue that lawmakers and judges have used to determine whether or not same sex marriage is legal. One such use occurred in the 2006 Washington state Supreme Court decision, Andersen v. King County [… … Wikipedia
List of creatures in Primeval — The following is a complete list of creatures from the universe of ITV science fiction television series Primeval and also any spin off merchandise. The series includes various imaginary species which are not native to the series setting, with… … Wikipedia
On Horsemanship (Xenophon) — On Horsemanship (Ἱππαρχικὸς ἢ περὶ ἱππικῆς) written c. 350 BC by Xenophon is one of the earliest extant treatises on horsemanship in the Western world (the oldest is the one written by Kikkuli of the Indo Aryan Mitanni Kingdom). In it, Xenophon… … Wikipedia
On Horsemanship — is the English title usually given to Περὶ ἱππικῆς, peri hippikēs, one of the two treatises on horsemanship by the Athenian historian and soldier Xenophon (c. 430 – 354 BC). Other common titles for this work are De equis alendis and The Art of… … Wikipedia
Domestication of the horse — A bred back Heck Horse, closely resembling the Tarpan (photographed 2004), believed to be phenotypically close to the wild horse at the time of its original domestication. There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the… … Wikipedia