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1 İstanbul Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. J. Fac. Vet. Med. Istanbul Univ. 33 (3), 33-42, (3), 33-42, Araştırma Makalesi EFFECTS OF DIETARY NATURAL ZEOLITE ON THE TESTICULAR WEIGHT, BODY WEIGHT AND SPERMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN RATS gruplar ile karşılaştırıldığında, %6 zeolit grubunun şekilsiz baş (P<0.001), boyun-orta kısım bağlantı hataları (P<0.01), ve toplam morfolojik bozukluk (P<0.001) oranları önemli derecede yüksek bulundu. Bu çalışmadan, yüksek oranlardaki zeolitin erkek hayvanlarda spermatozoon morfolojisini olumsuz yönde etkileyebileceği ve çiftlik hayvanlarında zeolitin reprodüksiyon üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesinin gerektiği sonuçları çıkarıldı. Anahtar Kelimeler: Zeolit; Rat; Spermatolojik özellikler; Motilite; Morfoloji Muzaffer TAŞ 1, Ramazan DEMİREL 2, Dilek ŞENTÜRK 2, Doğan KURT 3, Süleyman BACİNOGLU 4, Ümüt CİRİT 4, M. Aydin KETANİ 5 Geliş Tarihi : Kabul Tarihi : Ratlarda Doğal Zeolitin Testis Ağırlığı, Vücut Ağırlığı ve Spermatolojik Özellikler Üzerindeki Etkileri Özet: Zeolitler iyon değişim özelliğine sahip doğal veya sentetik kristalize aliminyum slikat bileşikleridir. Kırk yılı aşkın süredir hayvanlarda yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılmalarına rağmen zeolitlerin spermatolojik özellikler üzerindeki etkileri bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada, erkek ratlarda zeolitin vücut ağırlığı, testis ağırlığı ve spermatolojik özellikler üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Araştırmada 24 adet 8 haftalık Sprague Dawley erkek rat kullanıldı. Ratlar çalışma başlangıcında tartılarak rastlantısal olarak dört gruba ayrıldı. Yüzde yirmi dört protein içeren standart toz rat yemine %0 (kontrol), %2, %4 ve %6 oranında zeolit karıştırılarak besleme grupları oluşturuldu. Daha sonra hazırlanan bu toz karışım pellet haline getirilerek 8 hafta süre ile ratların beslenmesinde kullanıldı. Çalışma sonunda ratların canlı ağırlıkları kaydedildi ve sodium thiopental anestezisi uygulandı. Daha sonra testisler, epididimisler, vesicula seminalisler ve ventral prostat çıkarılarak çevre dokularından temizlendi ve testis ağırlıkları kaydedildi. Kauda epididimis sıvısı pipet aracılığı ile aspire edilerek spermatozolojik muayeneler yapıldı. Çalışma süresince elde edilen ortalama canlı ağırlık artışı kontrol (%0), %2, %4 ve %6 zeolit gruplarında sırasıyla 49.37±17.18, 44.84±10.25, 39.45±5.98 ve 47.09±11.49 g olarak tespit edildi (P>0.05). Testis ağırlığı ve spermatozoon motilitesi bakımından gruplar arasında istatistiksel farklılık bulunamadı (P>0.05). Ancak diğer bütün 1 Dicle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey. Corresponding Author Address: Dicle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Diyarbakır TURKEY Tel: (8622) E- mail: 2 Dicle University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science Feeds and Animal Nutrition, Diyarbakir, Turkey. 3 Dicle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey. 4 Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, 34320, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey. 5 Dicle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey. Effects Of Dietary Natural Zeolite On The Testicular Weight, Body Weight And Abstract: Zeolites are natural or synthetic crystalline aluminosilicates with ion exchanging properties. Although zeolites have been used as animal feed additive for more than 40 years, there is no report about the effects of zeolites on spermatological traits. The aim of this study was to designate the effects of zeolite on the testicular weight, live body weight and spermatological characteristics in rats. Twenty-four, 8- week-old, Sprague Dawley male rats were used in the study. Rats were weighed and randomly divided into control and feeding groups at the beginning of the study. Feeding groups were formed by adding zeolite at rates of 2%, 4% and 6% to standard rat food. Subsequently the prepared rations were pelleted in 1 cm diameter and fed to the rats for 8 weeks. At the end of the study live weights of all rats were recorded and all animals were anesthetized with sodium thiopental. Then, the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate were removed, cleared from the surrounding tissues and testicular weights were recorded for each animal. Cauda epididymis fluid was aspirated by a pipette and spermatological examinations were made. The mean live weight gain during the study was 49.37±17.18, 44.84±10.25, 39.45±5.98 and 47.09±11.49 g in control (0%), 2%, 4% and 6% zeolite groups, respectively (P>0.05). No statistical difference with regard to testis weight and spermatozoon motility could be determined among the groups (P>0.05). However, when compared with all groups the rates of amorphous head (P<0.001), bent at cephalo-caudal junction (P<0.01), and total morphological defects (P<0.001) of the 6% zeolite group were found to be significantly higher. It was concluded that high rates of zeolite could affect the spermatozoon morphology negatively in male animals and the effects of zeolite on reproduction in farm animals require to be studied. Key Words: Zeolite; Rat; Spermatological characteristics; Motility; Morphology I n t r o d u c t i o n Natural zeolites, mining of which is easier and cheaper than other mines, are found in large reserves (33). It has been known that zeolites are aluminum silicate compounds having infinite three-dimensional crystalline structures containing soil alkali or alkali elements such as K, Na, Ca, Mg. At present it has been reported that use of natural zeolites develops by utilizing features of ion-exchange, water and gas absorption. They exhibit absorbent features because there are gaps in their molecular structures (24). Areas where these features of natural zeolites, significant industrial raw materials are especially used in recent years, can be categorized under 4 groups as pollution control, mine-metallurgy, human health and agriculture and animal husbandry.
2 35 36 In human medicine, zeolites have been applied as antidiarrheal remedies (27), for the external treatment of wounds and athlete foot, and for the removal of ammonia ions from kidney dialysates (17). Beneficial effects of zeolites in various disease states, including tumors, have been described (15). In veterinary medicine, there is evidence in the literature that the use of natural zeolites has favorable effects on the growth and performance of ruminant animals (16, 23). In addition, dietary zeolites improves weight gain of fattening pigs (34), feed efficiency and egg production in laying hens (9). Furthermore, some studies suggest that natural zeolites may have a beneficial effect against aflatoxicosis and other health disorders (36). Zeolites have been used as animal feed additive substance in stockfarming for more than 40 years. It was determined that fattening performance, slaughter and carcass characteristics of animals fed with feed containing zeolite at different rates were positively affected at various rates between 1.5% and 15% when compared with animals fed with normal feed (5, 16, 20, 23). As far as we know there have been no studies carried out about the effects of zeolite on the testes and spermatological characteristics although its use as an animal feed additive substance has been gradually getting prevalent. In the present study we aimed to determine the effects of zeolite added to rat food at rates of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% on the testicular weight, live body weight and spermatological characteristics in rats. Table 1: Analyses of Turkish Manisa Gördes Natural Zeolite Tablo 1: Türkiye nin Manisa Gördes Bölgesindeki Zeolitin Analizi Heavy metal analysis (ppm) Chemical analysis (%) As <50 Pb <50 Mo <5 Cu <10 SiO Al 2 O Na 2 O 0.4 Cd <5 Se <50 Ni <10 Co <10 CaO 3.4 K 2 O 2.4 TiO Zn 52 Mn 164 Cr 12 Fe 84 Fe 2 O MgO 1.4 M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s Zeolitic Material Turkish Manisa Gördes zeolite, obtained from Rota Mining Corporation (Istanbul, Turkey), was used as the porous template medium in the present work. Clinoptilolite was the predominant mineral (95%) present in the natural zeolite used. Chemical (%) and heavy metal analyses (ppm) of the zeolite were given in Table 1. Preparing of Foods The basal food used in the study is standard powdered rat food containing 22.41% protein. The rat food was obtained from Elazığ Feed Factory. Four different rations were prepared by adding zeolite at a weight of 0% (control), 2%, 4% and 6% food, respectively. Subsequently the prepared rations were pelleted in 1 cm diameter and fed to the rats for 8 weeks. Since there is no zeolite protein and digestible energy, the raw protein and metabolic energies of the rations were estimated according to the rates of the control food. The raw protein (RP) and metabolic energy (ME) value of the rations of control, 2%, 4% and 6% zeolite groups were estimated as respectively 22.41% and 3203 kcal/kg, 22.58% and 3229 kcal/kg, 22.65% and 3211 kcal/kg and 22.45% and 3225 kcal/kg. Crude ash, crude oil, dry matter and crude protein analyses of the diets were conducted with Weenders Analysing Method (1) and the crude cellulose amount was conducted according to Crapton and Maynard (5) at the laboratory of the Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, Dicle University. Animals and Treatments A total of 24 healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats (aged 8 weeks, average 306 g weighing) were obtained from the Dicle University, Veterinary Faculty, Experimental Research Centre (DUSAM) laboratory, Diyarbakir, Turkey. They were kept under standard laboratory conditions (12-h light: 12-h dark and 24±3 C). Feed and water were provided as ad libitum. Rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups (n = 6), according to zeolite ratios (0%, 2%, 4% or 6% zeolite) of the diets. This study was approved by the animal ethic committee of Dicle University. Live weights of the rats were recorded on the first day and at the end of the experiment lasting for eight weeks. At the end of the experiment all animals were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (4mg/kg body weight, i.p.). The testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate were removed and seperated from the surrounding tissues, and than testicular weights were recorded for each animal. Sperm progressive motility was evaluated by an earlier method described by Sonmez et al. (29). For this purpose, fluid was obtained from the caudal epididymis with a pipette and diluted to 2 ml with Tris Buffer Solution. A phase-contrast microscope with a hot plate was used for the examinations. The system was pre-warmed (35 C) and the percentage of motility was evaluated visually at 400X magnification. Motility estimations were performed from three different fields in each sample. The mean was used as the final motility score. There is no agreed general classification for the determination of morphology of rat spermatozoa (28). In our study, morphological examinations were carried out in 9
3 37 38 categories: Acrosome integrity, hookless, head without tail, amorphous head, bent at cephalo-caudal junction, proximal droplet, tail without head, coiled tail and total morphological defects (2). Buffered-formol saline was used for morphological examinations (11). Morphological examinations were carried out under 1000X magnification of a phase-contrast microscope. Two hundred cells were calculated for each morphologic evaluation (31). Statistical Analyses. In the statistical comparisons among the groups, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The significance controls of the differences between the groups were determined by Duncan s test (6). All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS program v for Windows. Means and standard errors (mean+s.e.m.) were presented in the tables. R e s u l t s Mean final fattening weights of the control, 2%, 4% and 6% zeolite groups were found to be 358.0±17.00, 352.0±10.92, 345.7±6.03 and 353±12.46 g (P>0.05) and the mean live weight gain obtained during the experiment was observed as 49.37±17.18, 44.84±10.25, 39.45±5.98 and 47.09±11.49 g, respectively (P>0.05). At the end of the experiments, right and left testes weights were observed as 3.46±0.09 and 3.40±0.14, 3.61±0.06 and 3.65±0.19, 3.32±0.09 and 3.20±0.21, and 3.62±0.10 and 3.37±0.08 g in control, 2%, 4% and 6% zeolite groups, respectively (P>0.05, Table 2). Table 2: Testes and Mean Body Weights in All Groups Tablo 2: Gruplara Göre Testis ve Vücut Ağırlıkları Groups Control (0%) 2% Zeolite 4% Zeolite 6% Zeolite Body weight (g) Day ± ± ± ±2.43 Day ± ± ± ±12.46 Mean live weight gain (g) 49.37± ± ± ± Testes weight Right 3.46± ± ± ±0.19 Left 3.32± ± ± ±0.08 Epididymal sperm motility, and abnormal sperm rates are presented in Table 3. No differences in sperm motility were observed among groups. Zeolite treatment did not show any significant effect on the acrosome integrity, hookless, head without tail, proximal droplet, tail without head and coiled tail of the sperm. However, the group fed with 6% of zeolite had significantly higher amorphous head (P<0.001), bent at cephalocaudal junction (P<0.01), and total morphological defects (P<0.001) compared to the other groups. Table 3: Effects of Different Levels of Zeolite on Semen Characteristics in Rats Tablo 3: Farklı Düzeylerde Kullanılan Zeolitin Rat Sperması Üzerindeki Etkisi Groups Control (0%) 2% Zeolite 4% Zeolite 6% Zeolite Motility (%) 60.00± ± ± ±5.83 Acrosome defects (%) 0.67± ± ± ±0.63 Hookless (%) 0.67± ± ± ±0.40 Head without tail (%) 0.17± ± ± ±0.45 Amorphous head (%) 2.67±0.33 a 4.00±0.58 a 6.83±0.83 a 20.83±4.36 b** Bent at cephalo-caudal junction (%) 4.50±0.96 a 5.67±0.92 a 7.17±0.98 a 16.67±3.42 b* Proximal droplet (%) 0.33± ± ± ±0.42 Tail without head (%) 1.83± ± ± ±0.56 Coiled tail (%) 2.33± ± ± ±1.58 Total morphologic defects (%) 13.17±1.74 a 16.33±1.52 a 19.83±1.76 a 47.50±7.10 b** ab : Mean values in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly, *:P<0.01, **: p< D i s c u s s i o n In animal husbandry, various feed additive substances are added to animal feed to increase production. Studies about the use of zeolite in animal husbandry as additive substance to animal feed in order to investigate their effects on the fattening performance of cattle, lamb, goat and avian species have been raported in recent years. Previously, researchers indicated the beneficial effect of zeolites to increase biomass production in fisheries (21), to promote weight gain of chicken (9), swine (35) and sheep (8), to improve the quality of animal products such as eggs (13) or wool (8), to
4 39 40 reduce bacterial contamination of the gut (32) and to counteract harmful effects of ingested toxic substances (35). Different dietary levels of zeolite were tested in different animal species by many researchers. In studies on pigs, zeolite was used between 0.5% and 5% of the diet (22, 34, 36), and between 0.16% and 1% (7, 9) or 3 5 g/kg body weight (12) on chicken. In the present study the effects of zeolite, added at rates of 2%, 4% and 6% to the diet, on the testicular weight, live body weight and spermatological characteristics were investigated in rats. The studies on various animal species demonstrate that zeolite generally have positive effects on body weight in animals (4, 26, 30). Our results have demonstrated that zeolite at rates between 2% and 6% has no positive effect on the live weight of rats. Similarly Olver (19) reported that the use of zeolite in avian feed had no effects on body weight gain. Similar to the body weight results, testes weights of the rats demonstrated no differences among the groups at the end of the study (P>0.05). Although natural zeolites were used as additives in various industries in poultry (18) and animal breeding (25), no reports described the effects of zeolite on spermatological characteristics in the animal. No differences in epididymal sperm motility were observed among groups. Zeolite treatment did not show any significant effect on the acrosome integrity, hookless, head without tail, proximal droplet, tail without head and coiled tail of the sperm. However, the group fed with 6% of zeolite had significantly higher amorphous head (P<0.001), bent at cephalo-caudal junction (P<0.01), and total morphological defects (P<0.001) compared to the other groups. Zeolite added to animal diet has been reported to be capable to have three different effects in vivo. The first one is the ion-exchange characteristics of zeolites and their capability in changing the ionic composition and ph of the stomach-bowel fluid (10). The second one is the capability to free the silicate anions in the zeolite structure. Electrolyte balance in the liver, kidneys, testes and blood were reported to change because of this effect (15). The third one is their capability in absorbing digestion products of small molecular weight due to the absorbent characteristic of the zeolite. For example zeolite is reported to be able to drag and excrete glucose, amino acids, vitamins and mineral substances or larger molecules from the body via feces (35). In a study it was reported that feces contained more balanced feeding elements and consequently more valuable organic manure was obtained by adding zeolite to the feed of the animals with rumen (20). This information implies us that the absorption of some vitamins (such as vitamin E) and mineral substances, very vital in reproduction, by the zeolite can affect spermatozoon production and spermatozoon morphology negatively. The investigations have raported that violent testis degenerations were formed in vitamin and mineral deficiency by means of suppression of gonadotropin excretion (3, 14). In our present study, observation of the negative effect of zeolite on the spermatozoon morphology only in 6% of the zeolite group shows us the necessity of exceeding a particular threshold value for the appearance of this negative effect. Since our study was carried out using male rats, it is not possible to express an evidential opinion on the effect of zeolite on the reproduction of farm animals. Still, adding zeolite at high rates to increase fattening performance cannot be a more rationalistic approach until establishing the effects of zeolite on the reproduction of farm animals. C o n c l u s i o n Our conclusion provided clues to the possible negative effects of zeolite on the production and morphology of spermatozoon in animals. Consequently, it has been concluded that the effects of zeolite on the reproduction of farm animals is also required to be investigated. R e f e r e n c e s 1. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (15th edition), Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1990; Washington, DC, USA. 2. Bendahmane, M., Zeng, H.T., Tulsiani, D.R.P.: Assessment of acrosomal status in rat spermatozoa: studies on carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate agonists. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2002; 404: Bensoussan, K., Morales, C.R., Hermo, L.: Vitamin E deficiency causes incomplete spermatogenesis and affects the structural differentiation of epithelial cells of the epididymis in the rat. J. Androl.,1998; 19: Chesmedzhiev, B.V., Mircheva, D., Dzharova, M., Stanchev, K. H.: Effect of zeolite in diets with urea in experiments with sheep. Nutr. Abst. and Rev.,1983 (Series B); 53: Crampton, E. W., Maynard, L. A.: The relation of cellulose and lignin content to nutritive value of animal feeds. J. Nutr., 1938; 15: Duncan, D.B.: Multiple range and multiple F-tests. Biometrics. 1955; 11: Dwyer, M.R., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Mayura, K., Sarr, A.B., Buckley, S., Bailey, R.H., Phillips, T.D.: Effect of inorganic adsorbents and cyclopiazonic acid in broiler chicken. Poultry Sci., 1997; 76: Eady, S.J., Pritchard, D.A., Martin, M.D.J.: The effect of sodium bentonite on zeolite on wool growth of sheep fed either mulga (Acacia aneura) or lucerne (Medicago sativa). Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, 1980; 18:
5 Fethiere, R., Miles, R.D., Harms, R.H.: The utilization of sodium zeolite A by broilers. Poultry Sci., 1994; 73: Ghose, M.K.: Complete physico-chemical treatment for coke plant effulents. Water Research., 2002; 36: Hancock, J.L.: The Morphology of bull spermatozoa. J. Exp. Biol., 1952; 29: Kececi, T., Oguz, H., Kurtoglu, V., Demet, O.: Effects of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, synthetic zeolite and bentonite on serum biochemical and haematological characters. Brit. Poultry Sci.,1991; 39: Keshavarz, K., McCormick, C.C.: Effect of sodium aluminosilicate, oyster shell, and their combination on acid-base balance and eggshell quality. Poultry Sci., 1991; 70: King, G.J.: Reproduction in domesticated animals. Elsevier Science publishers, Amsterdam, 1993; The Netherlands. 15. Kleiner, I.M., Mestric, Z.F., Zardo, R., Breljak, D., Janda, S.S., Stojkovic, R., Marusic, M., Radacic, M.: The effect of the zeolite clinoptilolite on serum chemistry and hematopoiesis in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2001;39: Mumpton, F.A., Fishman, P.H.: The aplication of natural zeolites in animal science and aquaculture. J. Anim. Sci., 1977; 4: Mumpton, F.A.: La roca magica: Uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 1999; 96, pp Oguz, H., Kececi, T., Birdane, Y.O., Onder, F., Kurtoglu, V.: Effect of clinoptilolite on serum biochemical and haematological characters of broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis. Res. Vet. Sci., 2000; 69: Olver, M.D.: Effect of feeding clinoptilolite (zeolite) on the performance of three strains of laying hens. Brit. Poultry Sci., 1997;38: Papaioannou D.S., Kyriakis S.C., Papasteriadis A., Roumbies N., Yannakopoulos A., Alexopoulos C.: Effect of in-feed inclusion of a natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on certain vitamin, macro- and trace element concentration in the blood, liver and kidney tissues of sows. Res. Vet. Sci., 2002; 72: Peyghan, R., Takamy, G.A.: Histopathological, serum enzyme, cholesterol and experimental acute toxicity of ammonia in common carp cyprinus carpio and use of natural zeolite for prevention. Aquacult. Int., 2002; 10: Pond, W.G., Yen, J.T.: Protection by clinoptilolite or zeolite NaA against cadmium-induced anemia in growing swine. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1983; 173, pp Pond, W. G., Mumpton, F.A.: Zeo-Agriculture: Use of Natural Zeolites in Agriculture and Aquaculture. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1984; pp Pond, W.G.: Zeolites in animal health and nutrition: Application of their cation exchange and absorption properties. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Occurrence, Properties and Utilization of Natural Zeolites, Boise, Idaho, 1993; pp Poulsen, P.H., Oksbjerg, N.: Effects of dietary inclusion of a zeolite (clinoptilolite) and performance and protein metabolism of young growing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1995;53: Raetskaya, I.V.: Use of zeolites in feeding of farm animals. Nutr. Abst. Rev. (Series B), 1987; 57: Rodriguez-Fuentes, G., Barrios, M.A., Iraizoz, A., Perdomo, I., Cedré, B.: Enterex: Antidiarrheic drug based on purified natural clinoptilolite. Zeolites,1997; 19: Seed, J., Chapin, R.E., Clegg, E.D., et al.: Methods for assessing sperm motility, morphology, and counts in the rat, rabbit, and dog: a consensus report. Reprod. Toxicol., 1996;10: Sonmez, M., Turk, G., Yuce, A.: The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on sperm quality, lipid peroxidation and testosterone levels of male Wistar rats. Theriogenology, 2005; 63: Strzetelski, J., Szarek, A., Wolski, T.: Effect of zeolite and smoke dust on performance and some indices of nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism in fattening bulls. Nutr. Abst. Rev. (Series B), 1988; 58: Uysal, O., Bucak, M.N.: Effects of oxidized glutathione, bovine serum albumin, cysteine and lycopene on the quality of frozen-thawed ram semen. Acta Vet. Brno, 2007;76: Varel, V.H., Robinson, I.M., Pond, W.G.: Effect of dietary copper sulfate, Aureo SP250, or clinoptilolite on ureolytic bacteria found in the pig large intestine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1987; 53: Virta, R.: USGS Minerals Information, US Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summary, 2000; January Vrzgula, L., Bartko, P., Blazovsky, J., Kozac, J.: The effect of feeding clinoptilolite on health status, blood picture and weight gain in pigs. Vet. Med., 1982;27: Ward, T.L., Watkins, K.L., Southern, L.L., Hoyt, P.G., French, D.D.: Interactive effects of sodium zeolite-a and copper in growing swine: growth, and bone and tissue mineral concentrations. J. Anim. Sci., 1991; 69: Ward, T.L, Watkins, K.L., Southern, L.L.: Research Note: Interactive effects of sodium zeolite A and Eimeria acervulina infection on growth and tissue minerals in chicks. Poultry Sci., 1993; 72:
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Red and Green Christmas Card by Eva Dobilas
Hi there, this is Eva here today. Well, last week it was about non-traditional color holiday cards. This week, we are focusing on Red and Green, so of course I wanted to play along in the challenge.
For my card I created my card base using two different dies, Horizon Coved Rectangle Boutique Stacker Frames and Coved Rectangle Scalloped LG Stackers Nesting Dies. I used red, green and gold glitter and stock. Then I die cut a Nautical Wheeler Doily using a cream card stock. Then I die cut two 3-D Poinsettia dies using red card stock and layered the on top of each other and added little pearls in the middle.
I die cut the sentiment from the Joy to the World Wreath die set out of black card stock and added it to my flower and finally I die cut a Peace Dove out of light blue card stock to add to my flower.
Hope you like this little card and here is the list of the dies I used to create it.
Thanks for stopping by and hope to see your card this week for our challenge.

subset: commoncrawl


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May 18, 2011 BY Aaron Hope
It's generally accepted that A Bathing Ape's Bape Sta is a direct takeoff on the Nike Air Force 1 Low. All it really takes is one look to see the AF1's silhouette and sole, so when you see the Bape Sta Mil Low, you might do a double take. The classic two-piece sole remains but resting atop is anything but Uptown, this model switching to a nearly one-piece canvas upper with an eye-placket blocked off by the same piping that runs along your ankle. And it's on the lateral side of that line where you'll meet a black/red crest and realize Bape still has plenty of tricks up its sleeve. Click through to see more and stick with Sneaker News for updates.
Filed under: Bape Upcoming Sneakers


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ROSELLE—Roselle Theater Group's "Night Of Theatre In Roselle," sponsored by the Mayor Garrett Smith Civic Association, presents "A Dance Between Friends," written by Vanessa A. Spencer, on Tuesday, April 27 at the Cavalier Regency, 2401 No. Wood Avenue, Roselle.
Category: Recreation & Lifestyle
Black History Program Saturday
RAHWAY—Artist R. Gregory Christie will tell stories about two brave champions as part of a Black History program from 1 to 4 p.m. on Saturday, April 17 at the Rahway Public Library, in a program geared toward children aged 9 through 12.
Off-Broadway Comedy Hit Coming To Rahway
RAHWAY—Steve Solomon's hilarious, multi-award winning, long-running Off Broadway hit, "My Mother's Italian, My Father's Jewish and I'm in Therapy," takes the stage at the Union County Performing Arts Center at Rahway on Saturday, April 30 at 8 p.m. for one performance only. Tickets are $25 and $35.
Big Talent Show This Weekend In Rahway
RAHWAY—The City of Rahway Recreation Department will be presenting its annual talent show at the Union County Performing Arts Center on Friday, April 16.
Explore The Shore At Clark Library
CLARK—Local author and photographer Kevin Woyce will present a lecture and slide show titled "History of the Jersey Shore" at the Clark Public Library on Thursday, April 15 at 7 p.m.
Dear EarthTalk: I pruned back an overgrown bush in my back yard last fall and now the soil around it is covered in dandelions and other weeds. Is there any way to get rid of these weeds without resorting to RoundUp and other chemical herbicides?
BALL IN THE HOUSE: Five Guys. Five Voices. That's It.
RAHWAY—On Saturday, April 25 the UCPAC will present Boston's original beatbox vocal pop band, Ball in the House. The afternoon will begin at 12:30 p.m., with an interactive workshop for families (registration required) followed by a public concert at 3 p.m.
Linden Offers New Exercise Class
LINDEN—The city's Department of Public Property & Community Services will offer a Pilates and cardio exercise class for Linden adults beginning in June.
Clark Schools Showcase Their Musical Talent
CLARK—Spring is in the air and it's time for the third annual Band Bonanza. Talented young musicians from all four Clark schools will be showcasing their skills at 7 p.m. on Wednesday, April 14, at Arthur L. Johnson High School, located at 365 Westfield Avenue.
NJIO Free Concert April 24th Features Talented 12-Year-Old Musician
SUMMIT—After two big concert successes this season at venues in Madison and the Oak Knoll School, the New Jersey Intergenerational Orchestra will present its free spring concert Saturday, April 24, at Summit High School.


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ROCKLAND | A 26-year-old Union certified nursing assistant avoided jail but has lost her career after being convicted Wednesday of possessing morphine intended for a patient. Danielle Beardsley pleaded guilty in Knox County Superior Court to one count of possessing morphine in exchange for the dismissal of the more …
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Wooden Walking Stick ~ Carved Handle
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Furniture & Furnishings
- Source: eBay UK
- Sold Date: Mar 12, 2012
- Channel: Auction House Sell similar item on eBay
Wooden Walking Stick.34 1/2" long (87.5cms). Rubber cover on the bottom with carved handle. Good condition.


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HermesGreen and Multicolor Silk Twill "Jardins d'Armenie" Scarf
Design by Karen Petrossian. Scarf has rolled edges.
Made in: France Color: Olive Green and Multicolor Fabric Content: Silk Condition: Good. Several holes. Very faint scent due to storage.
Measurements & Sizing
- Length: 52"
- Width: 52"
Returns & Shipping
Luxury Garage Sale guarantees that all items sold on our site are 100% authentic. All products we accept are inspected for brand-specific guidelines and are put through a rigorous authenticity test process.
LGS is not affiliated with Hermes. We guarantee this Hermes item to be authentic. Hermes® is a registered trademark of Hermes.
Item #: 91039


text:
Plunge into the world of crime with the city of showdowns, murders, and a thrilling story.
In the game you can fly and shoot on an airplane, helicopter, jetpack, blow up the house, the car, killing the mafia and more.
Use the all weapons, grenades and pistols from RPG.
Clean the city from criminals and become better!


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Search Hotels near Top Soufriere Attractions
Top 10 Hotels in Soufriere
Ladera Resort
Rabot Estate, Soufriere LC09 1015.0 out of 5.0
South of the old French capital of Soufrière, Ladera Resort is arrayed on a forested mountain ridge 305 meters (1,000 feet) …
Sugar Beach, a Viceroy Resort
Val des Pitons, Soufriere5.0 out of 5.0
The magnificent twin Pitons, rising more than 762 m (2,500) above the Caribbean, cup the secluded bay fronting this St. Lucia …
Jade Mountain Resort
1000 Anse Chastanet Road, Soufriere 000005.0 out of 5.0
Set on a lush seaview mountainside, this upscale resort with unique architectural design celebrates Saint Lucia's stunning …
Boucan by Hotel Chocolat
Rabot Estate, Soufriere4.5 out of 5.0
Situated in the mountains, this luxury hotel is within 1 mi (2 km) of Diamond Falls and Toraille Waterfall. Church of the …
Anse Chastanet Resort
Old French Road, Soufriere4.0 out of 5.0
Offering a magical setting of flower-decked hillside and crystalline sea, this St. Lucia resort sits amid 600 tropical acre …
Fond Doux Plantation & Resort
Soufriere, Soufriere3.5 out of 5.0
This family-friendly Soufriere hotel is located in the historical district, within 1 mi (2 km) of Tet Paul Nature Trail, …
Stonefield Estate Resort
Stonefield Estate, Soufriere 331264.0 out of 5.0
Situated near the beach, this spa hotel is within 2 mi (3 km) of Morne Coubaril Estate, Soufriere Volcano, and Sulphur Spring …
Leisure Inn
Box 289, Soufriere2.0 out of 5.0
Situated in Soufriere, this hotel is 0.4 mi (0.7 km) from Church of the Assumption and within 3 mi (5 km) of Anse Chastanet …
Caille Blanc Villa
Anse Chastanet Rd, Soufriere4.0 out of 5.0
Situated by the ocean, this romantic villa is within 1 mi (2 km) of Anse Mamin Beach and Anse Chastanet Beach. Turtle Reef an …
The Downtown Hotel
Bridge And Frederick Street, Soufriere 000002.5 out of 5.0
This family-friendly Soufriere hotel is located on the waterfront, just steps from Zaka Art Cafe and Church of the Assumption …
Recent Reviews in Soufriere
A verified traveler from Chicago stayed at Ladera Resort
Great place to detox and relax
A verified traveler from Atlanta, GA stayed at Stonefield Estate Resort
Where to stay in Soufriere
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Any word with science in it is obviously godless and should be considered harmful. This liberal invention is used by the Democratic Party to try and take away America's right to do whatever the
most elite most wealthy top 1% favored most by God wants it to do.
For example, Some people say that going into Iraq without any evidence of WMDs and without a feasible exit strategy was the work of men without conscience. That may be true, but it takes a very strong and decisive man to begin a war that will probably last decades without namby pamby things like an exit strategy or evidence. So what George W. Bush, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld lack in conscience, they make up for in the heavenly virtue of
brute force balls.


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I adore sliding my mouth across a scrotum. Big, round balls are so manly and when the ball sac is shaved smooth, you can really appreciate just how wonderful they are. Just the thought of these meaty love lobes makes my tongue hard.
While I find teensy, tiny testicles on a sissy adorable, I must admit that I am addicted to large, over sized, manly balls. I love it when the guy gets excited and his testes start moving around in his scrotum...
I also like to see big ball sacs because they help reinforce how much of a simpering, cum-sucking, sissy fag I am because what hangs between my legs is insignificant in comparison. I want mine to be little like a small child.
Sucking balls also helps reinforce my submissiveness. There are few acts that someone can perform on a man that demonstrate their submissiveness more than kneeling before his spread legs to lap at his sperm factory.
Shaved balls makes the cock look bigger and bigger looking cocks make my mouth water and my sissy hole quivery.
Am I abnormal? Maybe. Am I perverted? Probably. Am I a sissy? Definitely! This blog is about those things that make a sissy swoon... at least this sissy. Topics that interest me include chastity, enemas, fisting, cock sucking, sounds, tampons, condom sucking, makeup, analingus, forced feminization, debutantes, ball gags, douches, corsets, bimboism, prostate milking, orgasm denial, fashion, erotic hypnosis, sexual humiliation, petticoats, panties, transgender fiction and a whole bunch more!
Saturday, November 13, 2010
Lapping the Love Lobes
Perversion of Sarah St. Claire at 10:52 AM
1 comment:
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text:
Making another user an admin on your company account
2. Click User Management.
3. Find the user you want to make an admin and click Make Admin.
4. Confirm you want to add the user as an admin.
If you want to remove admin status from a user on your account, find that user and click Remove Admin.


text:
On the back of the BlackBerry Torch, RIM has unveiled yet another smartphone. This time it's an addition to their successful Curve range. The BlackBerry Curve 3G (model 9300), despite what its name suggests actually supports both 3G and HSDPA, so expect speedy internet browsing and seamless streaming for your music and videos. Other BlackBerry regulars are all present, including onboard GPS, Wi-Fi and BlackBerry Messenger, as well as the ability to support memory cards of up to 32GB.
Being part of the BlackBerry Curve range, this dapper looking handset also sports a full QWERTY keyboard as opposed to the more condensed SureType variety found in the likes of the BlackBerry Pearl 3G. Although the BlackBerry Curve 3G will arrive with the BlackBerry 5 operating system, RIM has made it clear that an update to the superior BlackBerry 6 will be available in the coming months.
There's no official word on pricing or carriers yet, but with the handset set to be rolled out this month it's only a matter of time.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Mark Thomas <ma...@apache.org>
|Re: Native 1.1.12 release
|Tue, 15 Jan 2008 08:29:05 GMT
jean-frederic clere wrote: > I think that is all working around the fact that tcnative is not > mandatory module for Tomcat and it is somehow independent from tomcat. > > tcnative builds contain cryptosoftware (openssl) and that means they may > not be available for download in the ASF site. But that doesn't prevent > us from releasing tcnative sources. > > tcnative is not very visible and I am +1 for changing this. (updating > site and tc build). This is my preferred option. There would also need to be a release vote for all the src distros on a.o/dist. If there is some show stopper issue with releasing native separately that I haven't seen, then I am happy as the svn solution as an alternative. Mark --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
|View raw message


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Vagabond Katlin shoe
A true flat shoe, with flexible sole and pointed toe. Minimal and cool.
**This item is FINAL SALE. Please email any size and fit questions to firstname.lastname@example.com**
- European sizing, fits true to size
- Leather upper
- Textile lining
- Side zip
- Manmade sole
- Designed in Seden


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Everyday Life Scrapbook 17
You will find family and travel scrapbooking ideas in this album which includes a family wedding and a short trip to Hawaii.
Inspiration: The colour and floral design of the afghan on the couch .
The title "Charming" is from Disney Tinkerbell & Friends. I used Fiskars border punches to mat photos and cut up a pretty floral paper for a side border.
Inspiration: Opening the wedding gifts.
The presents and title "Mr. & Mrs." are from Cricut cartridge Sweethearts. The scrapbook paper is from K&Co. Gypsy Baby Paper Pad.
Inspiration: The baby ducks swimming in the pool.
The duck images and title "Quack" are from Animal Kingdom. The paper is photographic paper from a pad from Joann's.
Inspiration: The blue tops and the green lei. The shower had a tropical theme.
The flourishes are from Cricut's Accent Essentials.
Inspiration: The cranberry bridesmaid dresses.
The large flourish is from Home Accents, the title "Tying the Knot" is from Sweethearts and the frames are from Reminisce. The scrapbook paper is from Me & My Big Ideas Renee Family Paper Pad.
Inspiration: The beautiful gold dress on the Mother of the Groom.
Inspiration: The wallpaper behind the desk of this lovely ladies dress shop.
The dress on the hanger is from Sweethearts. The scrapbook paper is from My Mind's Eye Fall in Love Paper Pad.
Inspiration: Off to Hawaii. The tropical flowers on the towel.
The title "Aloha" is from Life's a beach. The scrapbook paper is from Urban Oasis Combo Paper Pad. (travel)
Inspiration: The flowering bush.
The large flower is from Home Decor and the leaves are from Life's a Beach. I embossed the flower. This scrapbook paper is from Studio D the First Blush Collection Paper Pad.
Inspiration: The colours of the rainbow on the beach in Hawaii.
The palm tree is from Doodlecharms. I embossed it and fringed the leaves with scissors. This scrapbook paper is from Tapestry Al Fresco Paper Pad.
Inspiration: The colour of these beautiful plants at this Botanical Gardens in Maui.
The large flower is from Accent Essentials. The leaves are from Picturesque. I embossed them. The scrapbook paper is from Studio D The First Blush Collection Paper Pad.
Inspiration: The setting below the trees for a photo of our annual Bridge Club Golf Tournament.
One owl on the branch is from Sentimentals. The trees are from My Community. The large flower is from Home Accents and the title "Sweet" is from Graphically Speaking. The scrapbook paper is from K&Co. Greenhouse Paper Pad.
Inspiration: My niece got engaged and we went wedding dress shopping.
The veil is from Paper Doll Dress Up. I used it as a frame for the photo. This scrapbook paper is from Me & My Big Ideas A Beautiful Life Paper Pad.
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text: To get from Scafati to Vigevano by train you can catch one of the 1 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Vigevano leaves from Scafati at 21:37 and the last train departs at 21:37. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 14:08 hours. For your trip from Scafati to Vigevano by train you can choose to leave from one of Scafati main stations: Scafati On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Vigevano and book the best itinerary starting from Scafati.


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Onini was a Osebo's partner in the Static Shock series.
He was a snake being who had hands in the form of snakes' mouths. Like snakes, Onini has fangs and no legs . Onini traveled with Osebo to Dakota to steal gold from the museum. There was a gold spider in the museum that controlled Anansi's powers. Osebo hoped to attain it so he could depower his enemy. Onini attacked Virgil's house and kidnapped Sharon to use as bait. But Onini was defeated by Static, Gear, and Anansi and he was taken away to police custody.
Onini's powers consist of snake-like hands and a reptilian physiology. He has the strength equal to a python and even resembles one.
- Onini was voiced Kevin Michael Richardson who also voiced Static's father Robert.


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Today, I was making out with my girlfriend for the first time, and she reached down to feel me up. When her hands got there, she stopped and said, "You're not even hard..." I was. FML
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Up and coming moderatorIt's nice of you to help us sort out the submissions, using FML's moderate feature.
The return of the thumbYou have thumbed 5000 comments.11%
The thumb strikes backYou have left your thumbprint on 2500 comments.23%
100 kick-ass comments100 of your comments are neither buried or moderated. Popular is your middle name!56%
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By Anonymous - / Wednesday 24 April 2013 18:56 / United States - Huntington Park
Today, I spent an hour cleaning my already-clean house to avoid any form of conversation with my boyfriend. FML
By kiwi023 - / Tuesday 14 February 2012 06:50 / Canada
Today, I was taking a nap. Apparently, my two year old daughter decided to crawl on top of the covers on my bed because she was scared since there was a thunder storm. I thought she was one of our cats so I kicked her off. She hit the wall. FML
By fmlfmlfml - / Tuesday 2 June 2009 18:03 / United States
Today, I ran over a squirrel. I saw it twitching, so I backed over it to end its suffering. It wasn't a squirrel; it was a kitten. The children it belonged to watched as I ran over their kitten. Twice. FML
By Anonymous / Wednesday 8 April 2009 00:11 / United States


text:
Namaskaar India Casual Printed Women's Kurti
In Stock
र 499
Product Code: NI_06_JN_702R-L
Passionately selected and quality certified, this kurti is brought to you from the storehouse of Namaskaar India. This blue and red colored printed kurti from the ethnic collection of Namaskaar India is made from cotton material. Have a peace of mind, reliability, security of buying value for money goods from the store of Namaskaar India, a national reputed brand you can trust.


text:
Hoover UH70085 Pet Cyclonic Bagless Vacuum Cleaner
Hoover UH70085 Pet Cyclonic Bagless Upright Vacuum Cleaner Features a Soft Touch Handle Grip and a Conveniently Placed Fingertip On-Off Switch
Availability: Discontinued
List Price: $234.95-
See price in cart
The Hoover UH70085 Pet Cyclonic bagless upright vacuum cleaner comes with a complete pet on-board tool kit to ensure that your home is thoroughly cleaned. It is especially designed to help you with messes caused by pets.
Easy Cord Storage
Versatile Handle
Cleans Different Floor Types
Adjustable Brushroll
Easy Cord Storage
The Hoover UH70085 upright vacuum cleaner has a 28 foot long power cord that automatically retracts for easy storage.
Versatile Handle
The UH70085 bagless vacuum cleaner has three different handle positions including a low position for cleaning underneath furniture.
Cleans Different Floor Types
To clean many different types of flooring efficiently, this vacuum cleaner feature 5 carpet height adjustments.
Adjustable Brushroll
When cleaning hard floors the brushroll can be shut off to prevent damage and promote efficient cleaning.
- Model: UH70085
- Product Type: Pet Cyclonic Bagless Vacuum Cleaner
- Product Dimensions: 17.00 x 37.20 x 17.00
- Product Weight: 39.20
- Product Color: Red
- Application: Ideal upright vacuum designed especially for pet owners
- Amps: 12 amps
- Surface Type: Carpet, Upholstery, Bare floors, Furniture
- Dust Capture: Bagless
- Cleaning Path: 15 inches
- Built-in Cleaning Hose: Yes
- Cleaning Hose Type: Stretch
- Cleaning Hose Length: 8 feet
- Cord Length: 28 feet
- Belt Design: Requires belt
- Filter: Yes
- Filtration Type: HEPA
- Adjustable Carpet Height Options: Yes
- Number of Adjustable Carpet Heights: 5
- Tools Included: Crevice tool, Extension wand, Upholstery/dusting brush, On-board accessory storage
- Additional Accessories: Air powered hand tool
- Features patented WindTunnel technology
- Includes a 28 foot long power cord
- Includes a complete pet on-board tool kit
- Switch from cleaning carpet to hard floors by controlling brushroll operation
- The dirt cup releases from the bottom
- The HEPA filter will last for a lifetime
Safe, Secure Shopping
Vacuum Home is rated as a trusted store from the following online authority sites:


text:
by Chelsea
(New Hampshire )
My dad passed away from brain cancer a year ago i was only 19. I still remeber the doctor pulling my family and I aside after his surgery to try to remove the tumor and just telling us "it's bad really bad" those words forever haunt me. After numouers surgerys there was nothing else they could do he fought this tough battle for alittle over a year but the cancer was to strong. My mom sister and I spent his last night with him he was not awake but I held his hand and told him its ok to let go and that ill always love him he passed away after that. I just feel so empty I'm in college and hear all of my friends talking about their dads and all of the things they do together and it hurts cause I can't do them. I know that even though I may not have a dad on earth I have an angel in heaven but sometimes its just not enough. I wish the pain would be easier to deal with in time but its harder.
Comments for I miss you daddy
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Tap into the compassion, support and wisdom of the
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text:
This a Teisco Crescendo 'Teardrop' style guitar dating back to 1968, made in Japan. The guitar is in very good condition, given its age, with a few knocks and scratches the note. The main mark to note is a long hairline crack in the lacquer along the edge of the body. This is not structural. There is also some minor lacquer cracking near the neck socket.
Overall the guitar is in tidy condition and is a great collector's piece, as these are very difficult to come by.
We Welcome Part Exchange
We welcome part exchanges on items over £500. We realise that sometimes you need to "move something on" to get your new guitar. We give fair prices and once agreed we stick to them. The only thing we ask is that you accurately describe your guitar. We have plenty of happy customers from our part exchange scheme.
How it works – If you are local, you can simply call in. If you are not local we will assess your guitar and give you a valuation via phone/e-mail (we may ask for pictures). Once the price is agreed, we always stick to it, and your new guitar will be removed from the market so the deal can be concluded.
You can either send us your guitar, or we can use our courier to pick up for a small charge (UK only). Once the guitar is with us and any balance is paid we can dispatch your new guitar.
Need to know more? Just e-mail us at: firstname.lastname@example.com or call us on 01695-570023


text:
Need Immunization Titers in Tifton, GA? Simply order online 24/7 and get fast, affordable Immunization Titers at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
Why would I get Immunization Titers?
Immunization Titers are required by hospitals, vendor credentialing services, schools, and other organizations to demonstrate immunity to certain diseases in Tifton, GA.
How much do Immunization Titers cost?
Our Immunization Titers prices include the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Tifton, GA, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, please CLICK HERE.
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For a popular sample report, please CLICK HERE.
We are delighted to offer Immunization Titers in Tifton, GA.
Immunization Titers in other cities near Tifton, GA:Ashburn | Brookfield | Chula | Ellenton | Enigma | Irwinville | Lenox | Norman Park | Omega | Poulan | Sumner | Sycamore | Sylvester | Ty Ty


text:
Recently, the internet world went abuzz when a video of a little kid crying and whining was posted on social media. The father of the crying child, Hong Zhi Jie, was the one responsible of posting said video and was then reshared by Facebook page, Asian Crush.
Apparently, the child was in tears because his mother had used a slipper to kill a cockroach. After the 'murder' took place, the mother tried to reason with her son.
The mother asked the boy what was he crying about and he said she had killed the cockroach. However, feeling incredulous as the cockroach was just a pest, she tried to reason with him. Instead, he replied back:
"But it could have hid in this drawer and found it's mother. Now you killed it, and it's mom can't find it anymore."
Helpless and sprawled across his home floor, the distraught boy continues to mourn for the lost life of the cockroach.
Feeling slightly guilty, she tried to trick the poor child into thinking that it was alright. "But I didn't kill it," she said. The little boy interjected her reply and asked,
"You want to kill me too?!"
Ignoring his silly question, the mother tried to trick him again. She said "But I didn't hit it." to which he screamed "You just hit it with this!" and pointed at the slipper on the floor.
Finally feeling exasperated by the innocent boy's antics, she warned him to stop crying. But the boy wasn't done. He argued with his mom "It would have run off eventually," and she defended by saying "But it didn't move."
He responded saying, "If you just touch it gently, it would have ran away."
After watching the kid's antics, the internet had a good laugh and decided to share it with the world. Others saw the kindness of the boy's heart and shared it as a lesson to other."
"Little kids are so funny."
"What a kindhearted child. His heart is really innocent and pure. We need this kindness in this world."
"What his video tells me is children are born with an innate appreciation for life and to be kind."
Although pests like cockroaches may carry diseases, the boy who was still young didn't understand that.
Watch the funny video here:


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I was raised believing that Irish immigration to the New World was due to the Irish potato famine in the 1840's. This was a lie. There was no famine; the starvation of the Irish people was caused by the British as a form of genocide. Does that sound harsh? Read on.
The English first conquered Ireland during Europe's Dark Ages. By 1801, Ireland was formally a part of Great Britain, with no local government of her own. Over the next 40 years, the British slowly eroded Irish land ownership rights, making it harder and harder for Irish peasants to grow crops and support themselves. The potato was originally introduced to the Old World as a gentile crop, but soon became a subsistence crop for the Irish because it was the only way they could feed their families on their tiny parcels of land, located on poor soil. Meanwhile, Irish grain, livestock, dairy, and produce were shipped directly to England.
In the early 1840's, a potato blight swept through the Americas, and was then carried to Europe. Every country in Europe experienced the blight, and yet no other country in the Old World experienced famine. This was for the simple reason that all other forms of food (meat, grain, and vegetables) were still produced in sufficient quantities.
This was true in Ireland as well; during the height of the famine, there was enough food on the island to feed twice the population. However, the subsistence farmers were left to starve while everything else was shipped back to England. Ireland Before and After the Famine, author Cormac O'Grada documents that in 1845, a famine year in Ireland, 3,251,907 quarters (8 bushels = 1 quarter)) of corn were exported from Ireland to Britain. That same year, 257,257 sheep were exported to Britain. In 1846, another famine year, 480,827 swine, and 186,483 oxen were exported to Britain.
Cynically, England began a charity program for Ireland. Not only did British charities collect money from across Europe, but the British government imported corn meal from America, while simultaneously exporting the fresh yellow Irish corn to England. Britain also instituted a public works program so that destitute Irish could earn money, but the program was intentionally made useless; Irish workers were paid to dig holes.
An overwhelming attitude of racism pervaded England during the entire ordeal. Several Oxford professors lamented that the starvation would "only" kill 1 million Irish. The English bureaucrat put in charge of the aid program announced that the starvation was God's will and that the Irish deserved it.
As the starvation worsened, England cut funding for the charity programs, claiming that the capitalist "free market" would solve the problem (while simultaneously stealing Ireland's food - bacon exports actually increased in the late 40's). Britain simultaneously tightened restrictions on land ownership and made it easier for landlords to evict their tenants altogether.
This period is now known in Ireland as an Drochshaol; "the Bad Times."
In Ireland, a political group known as the Repeal Association had for some time been advocating a local government for Ireland. As the starvation ground on, a group of Repealists realized that the only way to gain independence from England was through armed struggle. They went to the new Republic of France and returned with an Irish version of the tricolor standard - the same flag that is now flown in the Republic of Ireland. They broke away from the Repeal Association and formed a new group called the Young Irelanders. One of their leaders was Thomas Francis Meagher.
Back in Ireland, they attempted to start a revolt in Counties Wexford, Kilkenny, and Tipperary. The revolt was put down by the local police. Meagher was arrested and sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in Australia. Meagher escaped and fled to America, along with many of the movement's leaders.
The very same year, Meagher and the other leaders in exile convinced the State of New York to form two Irish regiments as part of the state militia. The First Irish Regiment was formed in 1848, and the Second Irish Regiment was formed a year later. During the 1850's, the New York militias underwent several reorganizations. The First Irish Regiment became the 9th New York State Militia, and the Second Irish Regiment became the 69th New York State Militia. After the First Battle of Bull Run, the 69th was re-formed as the 69th New York State Volunteers, with Meagher as Colonel.
These men and women also formed the basis for modern Ireland. The Bad Times fueled the anger for what later became the Troubles, and ultimately led to Irish independence, almost a hundred years later. These are the men and women we portray.


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The England midfielder was sent off in the opening stages of the second half but Paul Lambert's men stood firm to take a point from their clash with the Black Cats
The England midfielder was shown a straight red card by referee Martin Atkinson for a late challenge on Jordi Gomez just four minutes into the second half.
It was the third time in the last four Premier League games that Paul Lambert's side had been reduced to 10 men, but Sunderland were unable to make the most of their numerical advantage.
Gus Poyet's side had their chances after Delph's dismissal, with Gomez striking the post late on, but Villa dug deep and showed plenty of character as they held on for a point.
Villa's lack of goals will be a concern for Lambert, as his side have only found the back of the net 11 times in 19 top-flight games, while Sunderland have won just one of their last nine matches.
Andreas Weimann was recalled to the Villa starting line-up to replace the suspended Gabriel Agbonlahor, while Charles N'Zogbia started at the expense of Jores Okore.
Sunderland striker Connor Wickham returned from suspension, with Wes Brown and Liam Bridcutt also starting as Ricky Alvarez, Lee Cattermole and Sebastian Coates dropped to the bench.
Bridcutt lasted only 18 minutes, though, as he was replaced by Cattermole after failing to recover from a collision with Christian Benteke.
Wickham has scored only two Premier League goals this season, but the striker was clearly not short of confidence as he tried his luck with a curling effort that flashed wide of the far post shortly after.
Both sides lacked quality in the final third, but N'Zogbia forced Costel Pantilimon into a good save when he cut in from the right.
Weimann then failed to punish Sunderland when they lost possession in their own half, dragging a poor finish wide of the far post with his left foot.
There was finally a talking point in an uneventful match early in the second half, when Delph was given his marching orders by referee Atkinson for a poorly timed tackle on Gomez.
Villa were then forced to retreat, and Wickham somehow failed to open the scoring after 67 minutes following a goalmouth scramble as Villa struggled to get out of their own half.
Wickham was almost punished as Jack Grealish broke quickly, but his side-footed finish was just wide of the far post and Pantilimon then produced a fine save to keep out a Vlaar header as Villa attempted to snatch a winner.
Gomez rattled the post and Pantilimon denied Leandro Bacuna before Benteke headed into the side-netting in stoppage time in a dramatic finale, but neither side could take all three points.


text:
In the middle of the Enchanted Wood you can hear the trees whispering "Wisha-Wisha" and amongst the thick forest is the most enchanted tree in the world - the magic Faraway Tree. Here, fairy folk live on every branch. Meet Moon-Face, Silky the Fairy, and Saucepan Man, and visit the different lands at the top of the Faraway Tree - including the Land of Spells, the crazy Land of Topsy-Turvy, and the Land of Do-As-You-Please where the children ride in a runaway train! Enid Blyton has created a magical journey for children with The Magic Faraway Tree.
©1939 Enid Blyton (P)2012 Enid Blyton & © 2012 Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. All rights reserved. First published in 2004 in Australia. Distributed by Bolinda Publishing under exclusive licence from the
"A Fantastic version of a childhood favourite"
I loved this book as a child. The version read by Kate Winslet is fantastic. My nephews children (ages 4 and 5) and I listened on a long car trip. The children loved the story as much as I did as a child. It really does stand the test of time.
My kids (2 & 4) love listening to this! Kate Winslet was fantastic! Highly recommend it!
"The magic far away tree"
it was clear to understand and the expresion was on point. I didn't want to stop listening it was great.
"The Magic Faraway Tree Review"
It was simply the best book ever!
I loved listening to it!
I think it was amazingly read!
"Loved it!"
My 6yr old daughter and I enjoyed it together while home sick with the flu. Kate was amazing. Thank you.
"Beautifully read"
Fantastic audio book! Kate does such an incredible job with voicing all the characters. suitable for young and old alike!
"Winslet brings it to life."
Wonderful narration by Kate Winslet again. Look forward to more children's books narrated by her.
Awesome! My 5 year old son loves listening to this book; its narrated beautifully. He's looking forward to the next book!
"Great book!"
My son loves this audiobook. He is only 6, but he will lie in his bed for hours (literally!) listening to this. Kate Winslet has done a great job of narrating & Enid Blyton is a fantastic storyteller.
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Interplanetary travel described in the Vedas
Wanted: People willing to die on Mars CBC News – Mar 16, 2013 The man behind the private space project dubbed Mars One is looking for people to travel to Mars, but he's not offering a return ticket. "The technology … more
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