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The aim of this study is to standardize Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores within a large sample to approximate an autism severity metric. Using a dataset of 1415 individuals aged 2–16 years with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or nonspectrum diagnoses, a subset of 1807 assessments from 1118 individuals with ASD were divided into narrow age- and language-cells. Within each cell, severity scores were based on percentiles of raw totals corresponding to each ADOS diagnostic classification. Calibrated severity scores had more uniform distributions across developmental groups and were less influenced by participant demographics than raw totals. This metric should be useful in comparing assessments across modules and time, and identifying trajectories of autism severity for clinical, genetic, and neurobiological research.
Currently, levels of impairment in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are measured largely in terms of language delay, cognitive functioning, or behavioral issues such as aggression. While these are important factors in overall adaptive functioning, they are not core features of the autism spectrum. Measuring the relative severity of autism-specific features could contribute to our ability to accurately describe ASD phenotypes across samples and across time in clinical and treatment research. An ASD severity metric could be useful for categorizing samples into more homogeneous groups in genetic and other neurobiological studies; it would also address a need to document severity as part of clinical assessment.
At this point, measures that provide autism severity ratings, such as the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS; Schopler, Reichler, & Renner, 1986), the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS; Gilliam, 1995), or the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC; Krug, Arick, & Almond, 1980), tend to yield scores that are either strongly correlated with IQ or that do not correspond to standard measures of diagnosis (Gilliam, 1995; Volkmar et al., 1988; Spiker, Lotspeich, Dimiceli, Myers, & Risch, 2002; South et al., 2002; Szatmari, Bryson, Boyle, Streiner, & Duku, 2003). The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS; Constantino et al., 2003) provides a method for quantifying social impairment that has shown relative independence from participant characteristics such as IQ. SRS scores are based on parent or teacher report, however, and thus a complementary measure of ASD severity that offers the opportunity to take into account the observations of an experienced clinician would be desirable.
For genetic, neuroscience, and intervention research, severity of core autism features often has been estimated using primary phenotyping measures, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., 2000) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R; Rutter, LeCouteur, & Lord, 2003). While it is true that higher ADI-R and ADOS scores indicate that an individual has a greater number of items representing core deficits and/or greater severity of impairment, scores were not normalized for this purpose and vary in the degree to which they are correlated with both IQ and chronological age. Attempts to indicate severity using ADI-R item scores selected to operationalize ICD-10 criteria for the disorder proved successful in predicting the number of affected relatives of verbal probands, but not for nonverbal probands (Pickles et al., 2000). One limitations of ADI-R scores as a severity metric is that nonverbal children are not scored on roughly 25% of the total ADI-R items, and so communication domain summary scores are restricted by non-random missing data.
The ADOS, a semi-structured autism diagnostic observation, has shown strong predictive validity against best estimate diagnoses (Gotham, Risi, Pickles, & Lord, 2007), making it a common choice among phenotyping measures. In each of four developmental- and language-level dependent modules, a protocol of social presses is administered by a trained examiner, and then behavioral items relevant to ASD are scored on a 4-point scale, with 0 indicating 'no abnormality of type specified' and 3 indicating 'moderate to severe abnormality.' Specific items comprise an algorithm for each module; these items are summed and compared to thresholds, which results in a classification of "autism," "autism spectrum disorder," or "nonspectrum."
Because the ADOS has been used to catalogue ASD features in large samples, ADOS raw totals are a common stand-in for a measure of autism severity. This instrument was created for diagnostic purposes, and thus was not specifically designed to facilitate longitudinal and cross-sectional comparison of data. As an individual gains language skills, he or she potentially moves through ADOS modules, making raw scores not directly comparable across time. Additionally, effects of age and language level on domain total and algorithm scores have been observed (Joseph, Tager-Flusberg, & Lord, 2002; de Bildt et al., 2004; Gotham et al., 2007).
In 2007, the original ADOS algorithms were revised in part for the purpose of increasing the comparability across modules 1–3. Algorithms with the same number of items and of similar content across modules were created (Gotham et al., 2007). These revisions resulted in improved specificity of the measure among more impaired populations, while generally maintaining or improving predictive validity among individuals of other developmental levels (e.g., fluent speakers). The algorithm domain structure now includes a Social Affect (SA) and a Restricted, Repetitive Behavior (RRB) domain for each of the five developmentally-based algorithms corresponding to modules 1–3. Comparability of item content and total item number across these algorithms was intended to improve the interpretability of longitudinal comparisons using the measure. Still, items are necessarily developmentally graded across modules, making calibration necessary to compare algorithm totals.
Some effects of participant characteristics still exist within and across ADOS modules as well. Revised algorithm totals met the goal of independence from chronological age and decreased association with verbal IQ, with the exception of Module 1 scores (Gotham et al., 2007). A replication of the algorithm revisions in an independent dataset again found low correlations between raw scores and age, verbal IQ, and nonverbal IQ, though significant associations remained between verbal IQ and Social Affect domain total scores for Module 1 recipients with few or no single words and Module 2 recipients aged 5 or older (Gotham et al., 2008).
True normalization of severity of autism would require a representative population, but to date, population studies have been too small, e.g., Brick Township (Bertrand et al., 2001), have not used the ADOS (Chakrabarti & Fombonne, 2005; CDC, 2007), or have collected samples older than most clinically assessed children (Baird et al, 2006). Acknowledging these limitations, in the present study we elected to standardize ADOS scores using a large "convenience" sample of individuals with ASD. Our goals were to reduce remaining participant demographic effects to the greatest possible degree, and generate standard scores that would approximate a severity metric for the construct of 'autism spectrum' as it is measured on the ADOS. This metric ideally will be useful in (1) allowing comparison of assessments across modules and time; (2) providing a means of assessing the relationship between severity in ASD and verbal and nonverbal IQ; and (3) identifying different trajectories of autism severity independent of verbal IQ both for clinical purposes and for phenotypic subgrouping in genetic and neurobiological research. We hope that calibrated severity scores can then be replicated in smaller population-based studies and tested for validity in predicting treatment responsiveness and other clinical outcomes in children with ASD.
Our first approach to developing a severity metric was to calibrate ADOS algorithm totals using eight age/language cells chosen on the basis of theoretically-driven expectations for specific age ranges with similar developmental impairments. This would have allowed a 'prefix' on the severity score that indicated age and language level out of the eight possible groups (ranging from young Module 1's with no words to fluent speakers, aged 5–10). Within each cell, raw totals were converted to Z-scores, which were then converted to a 100-point scale. This method yielded calibrated scores that fanned out, with increasing variability of individuals' ADOS totals over time and age. Thus, an alternative approach was chosen in which a greater number of age/language cells were used, and severity scores within each cell were based on the raw total percentiles that corresponded to each of three possible ADOS diagnostic classifications. This method is described in more detail below.
Analyses were conducted on data from 1415 individuals, of which 355 individuals with ASD diagnoses had repeated measure data. The final dataset included 2195 assessments, where 'assessment' is defined as contemporaneous ADOS data and a best estimate clinical diagnosis. Autism diagnoses were assigned to 1187 assessments (54% of entire sample); 599 assessments were given diagnoses of non-autism ASD (27% of the sample, including n=12 with Asperger Disorder, n=3 with Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and n=584 with Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified, or PDD-NOS), and 409 had non-ASD developmental delays (19%). Contemporaneous verbal IQ data was available for 2007 assessments (91.4% of the entire sample) and nonverbal IQ data for 1989 assessments (91.0%). Please refer to Table 1 for a detailed description of the dataset by revised algorithm group.
Chronological ages in the sample ranged from 2 to 16 years (see Table 1 for age range by algorithm group). Recipients of ADOS Module 4 (older adolescents and adults with fluent speech) were not included in these analyses because of smaller sample size and the different relevance of age equivalents in adults. Females comprised 22% of the dataset (N=478 assessments). Ethnicities represented by these data include 14% African American (N=306 assessments); 3% Asian American (N=58); 77% Caucasian (N=1699); 0.5% Native American (N=10); 2% biracial (N=40); and other (N=20) or race not specified (N=62) totaling 4% of assessments. Twenty-three percent of the sample reported maternal education at the graduate or professional level; 56% of mothers had a bachelor's degree or some college education, and 21% of mothers had a high school degree or less.
Within the nonspectrum sample of 409 assessments, 111 had a primary diagnosis of a language disorder (27% of nonspectrum total), 80 were assessments with nonspecific intellectual disability (20%), 56 with Down syndrome (14%), 55 with oppositional defiant disorder, ADD and/or ADHD (13%), 31 with mood and/or anxiety disorders (8%), 29 with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (7%), 24 with non-ASD genetic and/or physical disabilities such as Fragile X, Williams syndrome, or mild cerebral palsy (6%), and 23 had an early delay that clinicians were not comfortable categorizing (5%).
The majority of participants were self-, school-, or physician-referred clinic patients at the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center (UMACC) or the University of Chicago Developmental Disorders Clinic. The rest participated in a longitudinal study conducted through the Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH) Centers at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and the University of Chicago clinic, or received diagnostic evaluations through recent, ongoing studies at UMACC, including those focused on participants with non-ASD developmental delays, ASD-affected sibling pairs, or children between 12 and 36 months of age who failed a social-communication screener. Out of 399 participants with repeated assessments through clinic reevaluations or longitudinal research, 301 individuals had 2 or 3 ADOS assessments (57% with autism, 31% with PDD-NOS, and 12% NS), and 98 individuals had between 4 and 8 assessments (58% with autism, 33% with PDD-NOS, and 9% NS). Individuals with longitudinal data did not differ significantly in gender, race, or maternal education from those with only one assessment point, however they had significantly lower mean verbal IQs (M=49.6, SD=27.8) and nonverbal IQs (M=73.0, SD=23.8) at first assessment than did single assessments (verbal IQ M=68.2, SD=32.8; nonverbal IQ M=77.9, SD=27.5); verbal IQ t(1351)=9.7, p<.001 and nonverbal IQ t(1334)=3.0, p<.01.
The most typical research protocol across sites and projects was the initial administration of the ADI-R and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 1st (VABS; Sparrow, Balla, & Cicchetti, 1984) or 2nd edition (Vineland II; Sparrow, Cicchetti, & Balla, 2005), to a parent or caregiver, followed by a child evaluation in which psychometric testing preceded the ADOS. The second most common protocol was a re-evaluation consisting of psychometric testing and an ADOS. In both cases, a clinical diagnosis was made by a psychologist and/or psychiatrist after review of all data. The ADI-R was available for 1700 assessments (77% of sample) and the Vineland for 1710 assessments (78%). The ADOS was administered and scored by a clinical psychologist or trainee who met standard requirements for research reliability. The Pre-Linguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (PL-ADOS; DiLavore, Lord, & Rutter, 1995) was given in 418 assessments (19%) and the piloted ADOS-T (Luyster et al., submitted), a toddler version of the ADOS, was given in 82 assessments (4%); for both measures, identical items were recoded to Module 1 algorithm scores. A developmental hierarchy of cognitive measures, most frequently the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL; Mullen, 1995) and the Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliot, 1990), determined IQ scores.
Clinic-referred participants received oral feedback and a written report without financial compensation. Participants recruited only for the purpose of research received financial compensation and a written summary of evaluation results. Institutional Review Boards at the University of Chicago or the University of Michigan approved all procedures related to this project.
Severity scores were created by dividing the pool of assessments from individuals with ASD into narrowly defined age and language cells, and standardizing raw total scores from the revised algorithms (Gotham et al., 2007) within these cells. In order to maximize the number of cases available for standardization, assessments missing data from any one item from either the Social Affect (SA) or Restricted Repetitive Behavior (RRB) domains of the revised ADOS algorithms were retained by adding to the domain total an average item score from that participant's existing domain data. The ASD sample alone was used for raw total standardization: this included all assessments corresponding to a best estimate diagnosis of autism or ASD, as well as data from 13 individuals who had ADOS data with a contemporaneous nonspectrum diagnosis but who were later diagnosed with ASD. This subsample (N=1807 assessments from 1118 individuals) was separated into groups based on the five revised algorithms used with children: Module 1 No Words, Module 1 Some Words, Module 2 Younger than 5; Module 2 Age 5 and Older; and Module 3. Within each of these five developmental cells, distributions of summed Social Affect and Restricted Repetitive Behaviors totals were generated separately for every one-year age group between 2 and 16 years; these age cells were collapsed when possible in order to create the fewest number of age- and language-level-determined 'calibration cells' with similar raw total score distributions. Younger age cells were purposely kept distinct to anticipate developmental changes and more frequent assessments in young children as they transition from toddlerhood to preschool to school programs. Age cells with similar distributions were collapsed only within the same algorithm. Eighteen calibration cells resulted (see Figure 1).
Within each of these 18 cells, raw ADOS totals were mapped onto a 10-point severity metric. After considering a variety of approaches, severity scores 1–3 were set so as to represent the distribution of raw scores receiving a nonspectrum ADOS classification within that calibration cell, severity scores 4–5 represented ASD-classification ADOS totals, and 6–10 represented raw totals receiving an autism classification within that cell. ADOS classification thresholds were determined by the revised algorithm relevant to each calibration cell. The range of raw totals corresponding to each point on the severity metric was determined by the percentiles of available data associated with each severity point within a classification range. Lower severity scores are associated with less autism impairment. Table 2 shows the raw score range corresponding to each severity point within each calibration cell.
Distributions of raw totals and severity scores were compared to assess whether severity score distributions across age/language cells were more uniform than raw score distributions. Linear regression models were analyzed to compare the relative independence of severity scores and raw totals from participant characteristics, such as chronological age, verbal and nonverbal IQ, and verbal and nonverbal "current" mental ages. Several assessments with longitudinal data were then chosen to exemplify various patterns of severity change over time across diagnostic groups.
In line with the goal of increasing comparability across modules and developmental levels, severity scores for ASD participants were expected to have a more uniform distribution across age- and language-level calibration cells than would raw totals. Distributions of raw ADOS totals were generated for each of the 18 calibration cells (Figure 2) and compared to the distribution of severity scores for each cell (Figure 3).
Distributions of severity scores showed increased comparability across the age/language cells, though they were not uniform. The means and standard deviations of both severity scores and raw totals are listed by age/language cell in Table 3.
Severity score distributions exhibited a ceiling effect that is inherent to the metric. By ensuring that scores 6–10 correspond to approximate fifths of the ASD participants who received scores in the autism classification range, roughly 20% of participants received the maximum score of '10' (in this dataset, 19.3% of participants with an autism classification on the ADOS have a severity score of '10,' which is 16.5% of all participants). Though some overlap exists, severity scores showed expected heterogeneity of distribution across the three diagnostic groups: autism, PDD-NOS, and nonspectrum (see Figure 4).
Multiple linear regression analyses were performed separately for the dependent variables severity score and raw total to examine whether participant characteristics such as age and IQ would be less associated with severity scores than they were with raw scores. For ASD assessments with complete contemporaneous demographic data (N=1369), potential predictors were entered into a structured hierarchical model, in which Block 1 included verbal and nonverbal IQ and mental age variables (which are known to affect the expression of ASD symptoms; Lord & Spence, 2006), and Block 2 included age, gender, maternal education, and race (variables that could affect ASD symptoms but that often have had non-significant effects when Block 1 variables are controlled). Whereas 44% of the variance in raw totals was explained by this model, only 12% of variance was explained for severity scores using these covariates. Verbal IQ and one maternal education variable (mothers with graduate/professional degrees versus all others) emerged as significant predictors for both severity score and raw score. Nonverbal IQ, verbal mental age, nonverbal mental age, chronological age, and gender were not significant predictors of either severity scores or raw totals for ASD participants. When covarying for these variables, as well as verbal IQ and maternal education, there was a trend for African American participants to have lower severity scores than other racial groups combined (B=−.35; β = −.06, p=.04), but this is not easily interpreted due to the confounding effects of possible referral bias. For all ASD assessments with racial affiliation data (N=1749), mean severity score for African-American participants was 7.4 (SD=1.8) compared to 7.3 (SD=2.2) for the combined other participant groups, t(1747)=−.71; p=.48.
Verbal IQ and the graduate/professional maternal education variable were then entered into Forward Stepwise models (see Table 4), at which point maternal education was excluded from the model as a predictor of severity score, though retained as a predictor of raw score. Standardization reduced the effect of verbal IQ, the most influential participant characteristic on ADOS scores. Verbal IQ explained 43% of the variance in raw totals in the model, but accounted for only 10% of the variance in severity scores in this model. This represents a change from a large effect size (R=0.67) for verbal IQ on ADOS scores to an effect size just outside the accepted range for 'small' (R=0.32; see McCarthy et al., 1991; Cohen, 1988). The effect of maternal education on raw total scores was likely an artifact of recruitment biases (Graduate/ Professional raw total M=14.9, SD=7.2; other maternal education levels raw total M=15.4, SD=7.2; t(1887)=1.13, p=.26).
When the initial hierarchical block models were applied to the full sample (ASD and nonspectrum assessments combined), significant predictors of severity scores included verbal IQ, gender (with males the more severe group), and maternal education; significant predictors of raw totals included verbal IQ, nonverbal mental age, gender, chronological age, and maternal education (these statistics are available from the authors). This again indicates that, when severity scores are applied to a clinical referral population, they are less influenced by participant characteristics than are raw ADOS totals.
Four children with ASD diagnoses and longitudinal data were chosen to exemplify patterns in severity score change over time. Their scores by chronological age are plotted in Figure 5, with ADOS module and raw total score displayed for each time point.
"Adam," a Caucasian male, was seen at 45 months of age as part of a clinical research project. He received a diagnosis of autism at that time. He was evaluated with ADOS Module 2 until age 13, when he received Module 3. His mental ages were 34 months nonverbal and 21 months verbal at first assessment, and 165 months nonverbal and 111 months verbal at final assessment at age 13 (NVIQ: 71 at first, 107 at last; VIQ: 44 first, 80 last). Despite his increase in IQ, Adam showed a persistently severe trajectory, with scores varying between 8 and 10 over seven assessments.
"Bianca," a Caucasian female, was first seen at age 48 months as a clinical referral, at which point she received a diagnosis of autism. She was evaluated with ADOS Module 2 until age 5, when she received Module 3. Her mental ages were 46 months nonverbal and 56 months verbal at first assessment, and 107 months nonverbal and 120 months verbal at her 8.5-year-old assessment (NVIQ: 80 at first, 107 last; VIQ: 108 first, 126 last). Bianca showed decreasing autism severity over time, with scores dropping from 9 to 4 across six assessments.
"Cara," an African American female, was first seen as part of a research project at age 3. She received a diagnosis of autism. She was evaluated consistently using ADOS Module 1. Her mental ages were 16 months nonverbal and 8 months verbal at first assessment, and 51 months nonverbal and 11 months verbal at her last assessment at age 10 (NVIQ: 47 at first, 40 last; VIQ: 23 first, 20 last). Despite the stability of her IQ scores over time, Cara showed worsening autism severity, with scores increasing from 5 to 10 over four assessments.
"Daniel," a Caucasian male, was first seen at 34 months of age as a clinical referral and was given a nonspectrum diagnosis; at 46 months of age he received a PDD-NOS diagnosis which then remained stable over time. He was evaluated with ADOS Module 1 in his assessments through age 5; at age 10 he received Module 3. His mental ages were 38 months nonverbal and 36 months verbal at first assessment, and 162 months nonverbal and 142 months verbal at final assessment at age 10 (NVIQ: 112 at first, 129 at last; VIQ: 105 first, 113 last). Daniel showed consistently mild severity scores varying between 1 and 3 over four assessments.
The calibrated severity metric based on ADOS raw totals offers a method of quantifying ASD severity with relative independence from individual characteristics such as age and verbal IQ. It should have utility in various genetic, neurobiological, and clinical research endeavors, including treatment trials, that otherwise would use unstandardized ADOS raw totals. Calibrated scores have more uniform distributions across age- and language-groups compared to raw totals, making it possible to compare children's scores longitudinally across distinct algorithms. In part because of the modular system of the ADOS, chronological age, nonverbal IQ, and verbal and nonverbal mental age did not predict either raw totals or severity scores in this sample. The severity metric builds on this modular system to reduce the influence of participants' verbal IQ, which accounted for 10% of the variance in severity scores versus 43% of the variance in raw totals, a reduction from a large to medium effect size. The remaining influence of verbal IQ on the severity metric can be seen in the drift of mean scores toward greater severity in older age groups with lower language levels (Modules 1 and 2). This apparent age effect seems likely to be explained by lower verbal IQ in the older children without fluent speech. Though this effect has not been eliminated entirely, the calibrated metric is better able to measure autism severity beyond verbal impairment than are raw ADOS totals.
Calibrating scores within narrowly-defined age/language cells achieved the reduction in verbal IQ effects within the new metric and corrected for artificial variability in individuals' scores across time. Unfortunately, a greater number of calibration cells precludes a user-friendly age/language 'prefix' to the severity score, as mentioned in the introduction. The method described here necessarily defines autism severity in relation to individuals of similar age and language ability. When using these scores clinically and for research, one must keep in mind the age/language level of the child/sample, as there clearly will be developmental and adaptive functioning differences among children with the same severity score on this 10-point scale. This is true of all standardized scores. Calibrated severity scores do not measure functional impairment, but are intended to provide a marker of severity of autism symptoms relative to age and language level. The module a child can be given depends on his/her expressive language level, and thus will continue to be an important indicator of adaptive functioning for most children.
The dataset described here included children from various areas in the United States, both urban and rural. Participants represented both consecutive clinic referrals and research participants. While this is likely a representative sample for a North American clinical research center, it is worth examining how referral bias might have influenced these calibrated scores. Though the dataset was large (N=1807 assessments from children with ASD), its division into age/language cells for calibration resulted in a few small cell sizes. For example, children under age 5 who are not language delayed are unlikely to be referred for an evaluation unless they exhibit notable ASD symptomatology, so we would expect these cells to have a more limited distribution in the higher end of the range of ADOS scores. Another referral bias involved the tendency for children of higher severity to have more clinic reevaluations than those with less pronounced features of ASD. Indeed, the mean severity scores across the 18 calibration groups ranged from 6.64 (in young children with fluent speech) to 8.10 (in older children with phrase speech only), indicating that severity scores are still somewhat influenced by developmental level and referral bias.
After attempting a number of methods for standardizing ADOS scores, we believe that the present method of using ADOS diagnostic classifications to 'anchor' severity scores best controls for recruitment effects that would be present in any large clinical research sample, and therefore results in a metric more likely to be generalizable across datasets. If a cell in this calibration sample had predominantly high- or low-scoring children, this restricted range would only be assigned to severity scores associated with one classification (autism, ASD, or nonspectrum), allowing for more variability in other datasets across the other possible classifications. Ideally this method circumvents to some degree the inevitable effects of recruitment. Anchoring severity scores to ADOS classification instead of clinical diagnosis also avoids conflicting dimensional and diagnostic assignment. Within the present method, severity scores reflect ADOS raw totals regardless of the participant's diagnosis, so a child with a non-ASD best estimate diagnosis potentially could receive a score of 6 on the metric while a child with autism receives a 3, if the former child showed more autistic symptomatology relative to his/her age and language within that 45 minute assessment than did the child with autism.
More work is needed to test the validity and utility of this calibrated severity metric. Module change, especially into Module 3 (fluent speech), may inflate an individual's severity score. Some longitudinal variation in these scores is expected, but the purpose of the metric is to measure change beyond typical variation in ASD. For this reason, the fact that approximately 20% of ASD assessments with 'autism' ADOS classifications receive the highest severity score of 10, creating a ceiling effect, was preferred over drawing out the distribution of the metric with the result of less meaningful differences between scores. We hope to further examine patterns of severity score change over time in a longitudinal sample, identifying trajectory classes and the risk variables that predict class membership.
Another future direction is to calibrate the Social Affect and Restricted, Repetitive Behavior (RRB) domains of the revised ADOS algorithms separately in order to measure severity within these symptom domains. This process will need to employ a different method of mapping raw scores onto a severity metric, due to the fact that each domain has a smaller range of possible raw totals than the overall score (with a maximum of only 8 points for the RRB domain).
Although based on a large sample, this is not a metric of symptom severity in a "true" ASD population because ADOS data on such samples do not exist at present. As larger population studies become available, the metric should be recalibrated within those samples for a more accurate reflection of the distribution of ADOS scores in the ASD population.
These results also may be influenced by the historical period in which some of the data were collected. This sample grew over a 16-year period in which patterns in ASD identification evolved. As greater numbers of children are identified at earlier ages (thus including milder cases at younger ages), it is possible that severity scores might have been assigned differently to raw totals if only recently collected data were used.
The ADOS calibrated severity metric represents a step towards achieving greater comparability of scores across time, age, and module, and is less influenced by verbal IQ than raw scores. Therefore, it should provide a better measure of ASD severity than other methods currently available, including ADOS raw total scores. This metric must be replicated in a large independent sample. To test the validity of the metric, calibrated scores should be used to track observed changes in ASD severity against sources of convergent validity.
Calibrated scores could be used to predict outcome, changes in adaptive skills over time, and associations between severity of core features and clinical characteristics such as behavior problems, peer relationships, and school achievement. This metric may also prove useful in interpreting results from studies of the effectiveness of interventions, and in characterizing samples for genetic and neurobiological research. An important reminder, however, is that the calibrated severity metric is based on a relatively brief, office-based observation with a clinician, and thus is only one part of a necessarily broader picture of the strengths and difficulties of a child with ASD.
We gratefully acknowledge the help of Susan Risi, Kathryn Larson, Cristina Popa, and Mary Yonkovit, as well as the families that participated in this research. This study was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (Validity of Diagnostic Measures for Autism Spectrum Disorders: NIMH RO1 MH066469) and an Autism Speaks Predoctoral Training Fellowship.
Disclosure: C. Lord receives royalties for the ADOS; profits related to this study were donated to charity.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Eskimonoun [ C ]uk /ˈes.kɪ.məʊ/ us /ˈes.kə.moʊ/ plural Eskimos or Eskimo
Examples from literature
- Eating foods high in fat helps the Eskimos stay warm.
- Eskimos first lived in Alaska more than 7,000 years ago.
- Eskimos know how to live with freezing temperatures.
- Eskimos make fires inside the igloo and the snow keeps the heat in.
- Eskimos traditionally make their clothes from animal hair and animal skins.
- The Eskimos cut the ice into squares, and they use these to build the igloo.
- The Eskimos, called Inuits in some places, live in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and northern Russia.
- The traditional Eskimo food is meat from animals such as seals, walruses, and whales.
- Today, most Eskimos live in modern houses in villages.
- You can learn about the Eskimo people and life in the town many years ago.
- A sledge with a fine team of dogs had also been placed at their disposal, and an intelligent young Eskimo, who could speak some English, was ready to guide them on their southward journey.
- During the summer months the Eskimo has to provide light and fuel for that long half-year of darkness within the igloo.
- No matter how poorly off he is, an Eskimo will feel quite offended if a visitor does not share with him what he has to eat.
- Then the little Eskimo children creep nearer to their father with certainty that a new story is in store for them.
- With the Eskimo was a fine breed of dogs, with erect ears, sharp noses, bushy tails.

subset: commoncrawl


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Get on board with gym etiquette
So you know how to behave at work, and you're polite on public transport. But now it's time to brush up on your gym etiquette. There's always that one person who doesn't seem to be able to play by the rules, so we've drawn up a list to make sure that person is never you. Read on to find out how to become a grade A gum bunny.
Take a towel
If you're working out than you'll probably be sweating - and if you're not then maybe it's time to start pushing a little harder. Some gyms will provide paper towels to wipe down equipment with after you've finished, but others don't so it's a good idea to take a small towel with you. Then after you've sweated your stuff on the treadmill, you'll be able to give it a quick wipe as a courtesy for the next user.
Don't litter
Don't leave rubbish around the equipment, and definitely DO NOT spit your gum out in the machine's water holders. This sounds like obvious advice, but you'd be surprised. There is nothing grosser then setting your water down into a wad of gum. There are bins for a reason, so use them people!
Put back equipment
If you're using mats, weights, kettlebells or any other piece of moveable equipment, make sure you put it back. Think how irritating it is for the next user and the gym staff to run around having to find stuff.
Warm up and stretch
Warming up and cooling down are vital parts of any work out, but make sure you pick a suitable spot to do this. Keep out of other's people's way, and avoid areas that are generally really busy.
Personal hygiene
Nobody wants to be stuck running next to the smelly person, so make sure you either have deodorant with you, or have applied liberally beforehand. Make use of the showers after your workout too! But if you are using the wet areas, it's an idea to take a pair of flip flops as foot bacteria is easily spread. This will also keep your tootsies safe too.
Cover Media


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What you need to prepare for the year 2020.
The IoT may have as great an impact on transportation as the invention of shipping containers and overnight delivery.
Seismic shifts in technology can drive certain companies out of business. For example, when the first two international airlines (Pan Am and TWA) could not adapt to deregulation and the resulting drop in air fares, they went bankrupt. Shifts like these usually leave vacancies for modern businesses to fill.
Market forces usually require transportation companies to regularly seek out new ways of lowering costs and staying competitive. Inefficient operators are outshined by their competitors. Globalization exposes carriers and fleet operators to new levels of competition from low-cost rivals in neighboring regions.
With profit margins at their lowest points, the companies surviving today will allegedly be among the first to use the IoT and big data to optimize operations.
Let's look at the specific items transportation companies can quantify to improve overall efficiency. For now we'll focus on truck fleet operations, but the ideas presented also apply to passenger and cargo airlines, taxis, buses, ocean shipping, and local delivery vans.
Trucks are the perfect IoT business use case as there is a consistent need to monitor vehicles on roads from central locations. The tools to do this include the IoT cloud, big data databases, analytics, the ERP system, onboard sensors, and wireless communications.
There are several metrics to measure on a moving truck. Intel says the average heavy truck generates 10MB per kilometer of data.
The IoT serves several goals. First, it offers preventive maintenance to ensure vehicles remain in service. IoT solutions can also change delivery routes in real-time to meet shifting customer requirements, road conditions, and other factors. They'll also ensure vehicles consistently operate safely, conserve fuel, and adhere to environmental emissions regulations.
Manufacturers already ship many of their machines and devices with the IoT on board. Rolls Royce for example, monitors engines for customers, while Goodyear and other tire makers put RFID chips into their tires.
Fleet operators themselves can locate GPS, heat, humidity, vibrations, and other sensors on brakes, engines, refrigerated trailers and lights. Data gathered is uploaded to the IoT cloud using cellular connections.
How do fleet operators use this data?
The biggest change we can expect in fleet operations is the advent of big data and analytics software through the cloud. This lets trucking companies process streaming and unstructured data and run algorithms accordingly. The output of this analysis creates work orders in the ERP system, sends notifications to drivers, and allows dispatchers and managers capture what is occurring in real-time on dashboards.
But what does all this mean?
Well, consider the situation from ten years ago. Trucking companies used satellites to upload data and download metrics manually from vehicles. Data was loaded into warehouses so BI (business intelligence) could be run, but these processes took excessive amounts of time, rendering operations relatively inefficient in the long run.
Now, open-source databases like Spark, Storm, Kafka, and Hadoop allow companies to process data in real-time and require little-to-no conversion periods. Also, companies no longer require statisticians, as statistical models are built into programming languages that allow programmers and end-users alike to gain insight from data. For enterprises without programmers, cloud companies exist to do this work for them.
Consider the classic transportation problems taught in business schools. Students are taught to use linear programming and set routes for entire fleets so they can meet customer deliveries while driving the shortest distances. This is how routes are set before big data and the IoT. On-board metrics and the big data cloud can have trucks change courses or routes as conditions change. If a supplier's warehouse has run out of inventory, or another truck has cracked a brake drum, these problems can be addressed and fixed accordingly.
Another goal is to keep vehicles in operation. 18 wheelers require regular changes to their brake pads. In the absence of the IoT, companies can only do this on fixed schedules. Thus, brakes are changed too often, and money is ill-spent. With the IoT, a company monitors brake rotor temperatures and kilometers driven and uses predictive models to accurately determine when a truck's brakes need to be changed. Scania trucking company describes the problem here, and here is Spark ML code to show how to run predictive models against brake data.
The IoT also shows which drivers are not operating vehicles safely, and which ones are more likely to damage engines or waste fuel.
There is another factor that will likely force transportation companies to adopt the IoT. No one is discussing driverless trucks yet, though the fleet of driverless passenger vehicles is consistently growing. Cars will be equipped to talk with each other, and trucks will not be left out of the loop.
Highways themselves will be equipped with sensors to report road and traffic conditions and several cities are already streaming data on traffic conditions along with crowdsourced applications like Waze.
Trucking and transportation companies need to prepare for the IoT now. Otherwise, they risk losing their competitive edge and having IoT technology forced upon them when they aren't ready. Manufacturers are already building the IoT into their machines; trucking companies can tap into this data as they build transportation models, and the growth of IoT and big data means standards are emerging to invoke complexity and low-costs for businesses. Companies who choose to embrace the IoT and move forward will emerge victorious, while those who refuse could face threats of permanent closure.


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THIS overclock is done using offset mode. Im using gigabyte z77x ud3h motherboard and i7 3770k cpu, don't have much experience overclocking just started a year back. Please feel free and comment. Its at 4.5 ghz 1.176 volts max under full load tested for 12 hrs using aida 64 trial.so do you think its stable? Hyperthreading is disabled... I dont use it.
Edited by shobhannandy - 9/23/13 at 11:21pm


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Robert Thomas Lawlor NY School Teacher
Seeking info on Robert Thomas Lawlor,principal and school teacher, in probably the 1840's in NY. He was born on Marian St. NYC, NY. Robert gave up teaching to do city work in the Hall of Records. His wife's name was Mary Martin Lawlor b in NY City Hall d/o Thomas Martin (NY school teacher ) and ? from Scotland. Known children were Ella who married Neil ?, Mamie who taught school and retired in 1900, and? who was the mother of Katherine and died abt.1902. The Lawlor's and Farrell's attended churchon So 5th Ave., NY. Vacations were spent at the shore they had a large house with lot of company. I believe they had some family in NJ. All taken from notes Katherine Farrell Weisel made for her children. Any help appreciated. Ann


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The Official Tourism Website for Shropshire
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EmstreyShrewsburyShropshire, SY5 6QS
Tel: 01743 617607
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Easy access from the mainland U.S., no passports required for U.S. citizens and a variety of amazing dives, including plunging walls, hulking wrecks and laid-back reefs, make a trip to America's Caribbean a must-do for divers who want to kick back and "lime."
Top 10 Dive Sites
Salt River Canyon
St. Croix's north shore is one of the best-kept secrets in wall diving, and this site has two walls facing each other across a quarter mile of blue water. Hordes of reef fish swarm the tops of the walls, deep-water sea fans and black coral cling to the deeper sections, and big animals like hammerheads and black-tips sometimes make appearances.
Recommended minimum skill level: Intermediate to Advanced
Carval Rock
Drop down on the sheltered south side of this rock formation, then kick hard against the stiff current flowing through "The Cut," a shallow, submerged passage through the rock. Let the current take you 360 degrees around the rock, past dramatic formations and through a narrow canyon packed with baitfish and tarpon. The sheer wall on the east end drops to 80 feet, and the shallow coral gardens on the way back to the boat are good places to look for nurse sharks, reef squid and octopus.
Recommended minimum skill level: Intermediate
WIT Shoal II
This 330-foot freighter and former tank landing ship was first sunk by a tropical storm in 1984, then six months later towed to her current resting place west of Saba Island. The ship sits upright in 90 feet, with the pilothouse starting at 30 feet. Cup corals and sponges encrust the ship, and open holds and companionways provide refuge for grouper and barracuda.
Recommended minimum skill level: Intermediate
Butler Bay Wrecks
These five distinct wrecks clumped together on St. Croix's northwest tip can be done in one dive — if you move fast. Better yet, take it easy and see them all over two dives. The Rosaomaira is the deepest at 110 feet, and the Northwind, once used as a prop in the 1980s television movie Dreams of Gold: The Mel Fisher Story, tops out at 20 feet.
Recommended minimum skill level: Intermediate
French Cap
This small cay south of St. Thomas is too far for most dive boats to visit with any regularity, but when the weather is perfect, special trips do happen and they're worth it. There are a few spots to dive here, and the Pinnacle is one you shouldn't miss. A handful of rock spires shoot up from the 95-foot bottom to about 40 feet. Jacks and barracuda chase swarms of reef fish around the summit. Craggy fissures provide ample nooks for green morays and octopus to hide.
Recommended minimum skill level: Intermediate
Cow and Calf
These sister sites are easily accessible from either St. Thomas or St. John. Both feature undersea playgrounds complete with arches, canyons and swim-throughs at a max depth of 45 feet. At Cow Rock, a tunnel packed with silversides ends with "The Champagne Cork," a vertical opening where the surge pops divers out onto the surrounding staghorn coral reef. Look for gray reef sharks cruising the perimeter.
Recommended minimum skill level: Beginner
Congo Cay
This dive starts in a wide sand channel where large southern stingrays rest and forage for food. Follow your dive guide through a backbone of rock spires to the coral-draped wall. Dolphins sometimes cruise the sand channel surrounding the cay. Depths are between 25 and 80 feet with the best formations and marine life between 35 and 60.
Recommended minimum skill level: Beginner to Intermediate
Frederiksted Pier
Macro life abounds at this simple, but diverse beach dive on St. Croix's western shore. Depths reach 50 feet at the end of the pier, but the pilings in 25 feet or less host an array of hard-to-find critters like seahorses, batfish and frogfish.
Recommended minimum skill level: Beginner
Eagle Shoals
This rarely visited site off the east end of St. John is best known for "The Cathedral," a large, open chamber accessed by multiple entryways. Look up to see streams of sunlight pouring in from the "skylight."
Recommended minimum skill level: Beginner
Tunnels of Thatch
These tunnels on the north side of Thatch Cay are only safe when flat calm surface conditions keep the surge down. You'll meander through a winding path of baitfish- and tarpon-packed canyons and caverns, then explore a sloping, boulder-strewn hillside at depths of 25 to 40 feet.
Recommended minimum skill level: Intermediate
Pre-Dive Check
Country: USA
Primary Languages: English, but locals also speak a Virgin Islands creole.
Currency: U.S. dollar.
Cultural Influences: Danish, American, African.
Signature Dishes: Callaloo, a spinach- or collard greens-based soup, and fungi, a type of cornmeal porridge.
Signature Marine life: Southern stingrays make regular appearances in the sand channels between the reefs, and during the summer, huge tarpon show up to feed on the schools of baitfish.
Topside Sporting Pastime: Sailing. And during the first week in July, St. Croix's Emancipation Day donkey races draw big crowds and even bigger laughs.
Topside Trinkets: Caribbean hook bracelets, Cruzan rum.
Travel Savvy Tip: No passport is required to travel in "America's Caribbean," but bring one along if you want to take a side trip to the nearby British Virgin Islands.
Taking the Plunge
Getting There: Nonstop flights to St. Thomas (STT) and St. Croix (STX) originate from several U.S. gateways, including Atlanta, Miami, Newark, Charlotte and Philadelphia. Several interisland carriers, as well as an interisland ferry and seaplane charters departing from Charlotte Amalie harbor, offer connecting service between St. Thomas and St. Croix. St. John does not have an airport. To get there, fly to St. Thomas and take a taxi to the interisland ferry docks at Red Hook or Charlotte Amalie Harbor.
Weather: Low 60s to mid-70s in winter; mid-80s in summer.
Dive Conditions: Water temps range from the high 70s in winter to mid-80s in summer. Vis averages 60 to 100 feet.
More Information: To learn more about planning your U.S. Virgin Islands dive vacation, log on to the official USVI Department of Tourism web site.


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Alain Brosseau, a waiter at the Chateau Laurier, was walking home to his apartment in Hull after finishing his shift at 11:30 pm. On his way he passed through Major's Hill Park. The park was known as a popular gay pick-up area, and six youths were also in the park searching for homosexuals to rob and attack. They saw Brosseau and followed him when he walked to the bridge, believing incorrectly that he was gay. A short way across Brosseau was first hit with a stick and then robbed. Gang member Jeffrey Lalonde then lifted Brosseau and threw him off the bridge. Brosseau was killed instantly when he hit the rocks below. Lalonde was given a life sentence, and died in jail in 2008.
In 1996, Carl Stewart made a short film titled Nice Shoes Faggot, about the murder of Alain and an attack on two men in their home by the teens who murdered Alain.


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Eating spicy cuisine, like repeatedly hitting a computer monitor with a hammer or explaining what happened to the computer monitor, can make you sweat. Feel the heat with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
$45 for an Indian meal for two (up to a $90.97 total value)
- One appetizer (up to $14.99 value)
- Two entrees (up to a $29.99 value each)
- Two glasses of wine (an $8 value each)

$90 for an Indian meal for four (up to a $184.94 total value)
- Two appetizers (up to $14.99 value each)
- Four entrees (up to a $29.99 value each)
- One bottle of wine (a $35 value)

Click for the menu.

Saffron Garden
Decorative wood panelling on the walls and a rustic bar with the appearance of a wine cellar gives Saffron Garden a cozy and romantic atmosphere. The menu leads a swift tour of India with tandoori, biryani, and curry dishes, each preceded by tantalizing aromas. Chunks of salmon simmer in a spicy-mustard sauce in the fish malabar dish, and chicken vindaloo surrounds the poultry in hot vinegar sauce and potatoes. A dish named gosht dhansak prepares lamb or beef Persian-style, with lentils, fiery spices, and an entire rug.


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Watch Stas London in Five Videos at Lucas Entertainment
Stas Landon is one of the hottest new hunks over at Lucas Entertainment and he's appeared in four scenes since he debuted in March. And this outdoor fuck scene with Sergeant Miles makes number five.
Stas Landon is a native of Ukraine, but apparently works as a banker in Moscow. He's a sexy fucker, incredibly handsome and sporting a beard. He's packing a seven-inch, uncut cock, although it looks bigger than that, but the Lucas Entertainment measuring stick has never ever been very accurate, so who knows. It'd be fun finding out how big it is in person.
There's an interview at the beginning of this scene that's kind of funny because it's quite clear this pair are eager to start fucking. They head outside, strip down, and Stas starts kissing his way down to Miles' cock. They fuck in the dirt under a tree and when Miles pushing things up to ramming speed, the sound of him smashing into Stas' ass is such a turn-on.
See more at Lucas Entertainment


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Modern Linens #SR19 Iron-On Embroidery Pattern
$ 2.95
Modern Linens
Try these modern linen designs on pillowcase edgings, napkins, decorative pillows, skirt borders, or tea towels. The possibilities are endless!
Embroidery has never been easier to learn!
Comes complete with:
- Giant 18x24 inch sheet of transfer designs
- Color guide with DMC Brand Embroidery floss suggestions
- Stitch guide to help you get started.
See our selection of tea towels here. White or Evergreen.


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The Disney Version contains examples of:
- Ear Worm: Who's afraid of the big bad wolf, big bad wolf, big bad wolf...
- Fridge Brilliance: In an attempt to gain access to Practical Pig's house (at least in the UNCENSORED version), the wolf disguises himself as a Jewish peddler. Since meat from a pig is treif (not kosher), what better way to trick pigs into thinking you're not going to eat them? Unfortunately, this is only the ORIGINAL cut we're talking about (see Bowdlerize in the Trivia tab).
- Growing the Beard: Taken to a literal extreme in Real Life: during the shorts heyday, one New York theater allegedly kept the short playing for so many weeks, that they had a sign posted above it saying "You've kept us here so long, we're growing beards!" complete with illustrations of the Three Little Pigs with real beards put on them. And they deliberately made the beards longer as time went by. Previously, cartoons had little story and focused more on surreal imagery that would repeat at times. Afterwards, cartoons began to focus more on a plot than animating something for the sake of it.note
- Sequelitis: None of the sequels did nearly as well as the original did, causing Disney to decide that you just can't top pigs with pigs.


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Captain of Staten Island Ferry Ordered To Explain Whereabouts Before CrashOct 20, 2003 | New York Daily News
The captain of the Staten Island ferry who allowed his boat to slam into a pier, killing 10 passengers, has a date with federal investigators.
Capt. Michael Gansas has been ordered to appear before a National Transportation Safety Board panel Tuesday and explain exactly what he was doing when the Andrew J. Barberi hit a dock at the St. George Terminal.
Investigators, who have begun gathering background information on the crew, already are checking Gansas' story that he was on the bridge when pilot Richard Smith passed out at the controls -- but could not stop the boat from crashing.
"We do not yet know all the circumstances on the bridge," said NTSB head Ellen Engleman. "We have received conflicting reports."
Gansas, 38, who is on medical leave, could not be reached for comment at his home in Hazlet, N.J. The skipper's attorney, Bill Bennett, declined to comment on what he called "an unfortunate accident."
Under city Department of Transportation rules, Gansas should have been ready to grab the controls if something happened to Smith. "If the policy…was implemented at the time of the accident, we don't know," Engleman said.
But city officials looking into New York's worst maritime disaster in decades -- a cataclysm that injured 64 people, including three who lost limbs -- told the Daily News earlier that Gansas was below decks and "definitely was not where he was supposed to be."
His testimony will become part of a 72-hour history leading up to the crash that NTSB investigators are compiling. The feds have all but ruled out the gusty weather and mechanical failure as causes of the crash.
Federal investigators also issued a subpoena for additional blood and urine samples from Smith to find out whether he was taking prescription medicine -- and whether the drugs figured in the disaster.
Gansas, Smith and the other crew members have tested negative for illegal drugs and alcohol.
Smith, 55, who tried to kill himself after the crash by slashing his wrists and shooting himself with a powerful pellet gun, remained in critical condition at St. Vincent's Medical Center on Staten Island. He has not been questioned by investigators.
After the 3,335-ton craft hit the dock at 3:20 p.m. Wednesday and impaled itself on the concrete pilings, Smith fled to his Staten Island home.
He told the paramedics who found him bleeding on a bathroom floor that he had high blood pressure and was on medication. But a source close to the investigation said yesterday there was no indication that Smith suffered from hypertension when he was recertified by the Coast Guard in 2000. Recertification must be done every five years and requires a physical.
Meanwhile, DOT spokesman Tom Cocola refuted a New York Post report that Smith had been reassigned to the Potter's Field run in 1997 after defying then-Commissioner Christopher Lynn. "There's nothing in Smith's personnel record to reflect this," Cocola said, adding that Lynn had disciplined a different ferry pilot.
Smith's lawyer, Alan Abramson, said his client had an "exemplary" record but that he has not been able to interview him about the disaster.
Engleman also denied another Post report that the ferry sped up just before it crashed into the dock. "It neither sped up or slowed down," she said.
The 310-foot vessel, which was carrying 1,500 passengers, was moving at its normal cruising speed of 17 to 19 mph when it crashed.
"Passengers have reported to us that there were no warnings, no whistles," Engleman said.
The Coast Guard towed the wounded boat to the Brooklyn Navy Yard on Saturday, where it could remain for a year.


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South African Punk Downloads
Monday, 5 September 2016
Bad Vibes by FREExMONEY
For those of you into thrashy hardcore FREExMONEY is a new Joburg based band born from members of Conqueror, Brafcharge and Goat Throne. They have a self released collection of 7 songs titled Bad Vibes and two videos up.
Pick up the music
They will be playing some shows this September on Slander's (Italian HC) South African tour.
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Thursday, 28 August 2014
SAPD (South African Punk Downloads) MIX TAPE ONE
A collection of some songs.
A.W.O.L - We Want A Revolution
All These Wasted Nuts - I Benefited From Apartheid
Atom Band - Betsy (Stalker Sympathy)
Brafcharge - Marikana
Captain Stu - Value Systems
Car Boot Vendors - An Honest Love Song
Conqueror - I Am Pain
Contramundi - Feedback
Corax - Death Spiral
Fruits Veggies - Without A Gwaai or a Cent
Fuzigish - Little Bird
Gentlemen Callers - I Stopped Caring
Gross Misconduct - Flags From Ashes
Hog Hoggidy Hog - African Son
Japan And I - By the Braai
JP Mayers - Jozi
Leek & The Bouncing Uptones - Racist
LP SHOW - driving in d minor
Make-Overs - Too Far
Matt Vend and the Tender Ten - Justifying Apathy
Mental junto - Greater good
MiSLeD - Hatemale
Monday Morning Justice - heart-dis-ease
Outrage - Capitalism Close Up Shop
Power Age - Smash the AWB [side 2- TLD- '7- 1987]
Provider - The Pearl
Ramblin' Bones & His Bloody Agents - Those Grey Men
Red Brigade - Beer song
sibling rivalry - xephon
Skelm Helm - NoChoice
SKUNKS - Zombie March
Sleeping At The Popes - New South Africa
Sloppy Folk - Fixed Dice (Electric)
Solitary Confinement - Convenient Evil
Sticky Antlers - Sick Man Of Africa
Still Thinking - Boys In Blue
The 85ers - Wooden Toy
The Bone Collectors - Circus
The Brother Moves On - Dagiwe
The Dollfins - Kiss Me Quick
The Finger - Anti-Social Tennis
The Nomadic Orchestra - Hell
The Trees - Burn This City
The Tubby Wilsons - & Jeffrey Learnt Absolutely Nothing
The Vendetta Cartel - Hidden Evil
The Vodun Haunts - Midnight Curse
Touched By Nausea - The Ecological Footprint
Toxic Death Kommando Militia - Unemployment
Two Weeks Old - ADD
War on Salt - Ska Government
Hope everyone is ok with the songs being used. The idea is: "Would it not be kinda nifty to try to compile one song from virtually every local punk band EVER in a set of archives that can be streamed or downloaded?"
Help with band suggestions and sourcing the songs for the next ones would be swell :)
This blog has been started to try and put together a documented audio history of past and present music from the South Afican punk scene / DIY underground.
This is about sharing some of the music we make and have made. rather than trying to sell a product.
Most of everything posted is out of print + permission to post from the creators of the work, will have been granted, but sometimes this can be very difficult... if not impossible.
So if you have a copyright issue with something and would like it removed please let us know.
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Tuesday, 8 April 2014
Same shit different package by Skuff Mullet
So, there is a new Skuff Mullet album up for free download.
Check it out here:
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Sunday, 16 March 2014
Undead Generation is a Punk band from Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Undead Generation (formerly known as The Tsotsis) is a young punk band from Port Elizabeth, South Africa. They started during June 2012 and play lively punk rock jams with a wide range of influences. It is very interesting seeing something like this, in this day and age, and also coming out of a place like PE! (nothing comes out of PE).
Get their 4 track "Kak Cool Demo":
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Thursday, 13 February 2014
Punk Fuck: A Glimpse Into Soweto's Punk Scene
TCIYF - by Leigh Lobotomy
Welcome to Soweto's emergent punk scene. Hope you survive the experience.
The JHBLive team take a look behind the scenes at Punk Funk, the second event bringing punks from throughout Johannesburg together for one massive gig in Dube, Soweto.
*Shot & Edited by Cale Waddacor
To read our full feature article, 'Peaceful Punks Of Soweto', go here:
"We want to see young kids interested in instruments. We want them to turn away from the commercial bullshit that spews garbage about bling and chains. This is real music and we want real people keen on it." - Mbuso "Moose" Zulu
*Interviewees: Clint Hattingh, Sechaba, Pule, Moose Zulu
*Performances: Black Magic Moonshine, Loui Lvndn, The Deaf Commission, Afgepis, Death Pegasus, T.C.I.Y.F, Brafcharge, The Carniwhores, The Moths, The Left-Overs, Fridge Poetry, The Slashdogs, Home At Last, Brainwreck, Jonny Joburg
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Friday, 7 February 2014
Toxikus Obliterate
Toxikus Obliterate is an Album-Minus-Band work of punk rock splendour by the kid on the cover of this 1991 skate mag.
Jon-Pat Myers (ex Toxik Sox guitarist) Belts out some of the best punk rock jams South-Side of the equator.
This long overdue batch of previously unreleased mayhem (a small excerpt from his library of 4-track self recorded demos) is out on We Did This. God Help you all.
*Toxik Sox was an apartheid era johannesburg punk band
Here -
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Thursday, 30 January 2014
Armour For Nightmares Are Back!
We spent our high school years together going to punk rock shows, listening to Deftones on repeat, skateboarding around the suburbs and spending weekends starting short-lived bands in sealed up spare rooms and basements.
Our musical tastes were bolstered after hearing Poison the Well's Tear From The Red for the first time in 2003, inspiring us to start a new band.
This first line up consisted of Jon on drums, David on lead guitar, Kimon on rhythm guitar and Brett on bass and vocals.
Steven came on board as a vocalist a few months after when we discovered he could scream while singing along to Finch's Falling Into Place EP. Up until that point, none of us (including himself) knew he could.
It might sound trivial, but that was a huge step for us, having a singer who could produce the same sounds as the vocalists from the bands we were getting into.
With Steven joining the line up, Brett was free to focus on melodic vocals, giving the band its distinctive dual vocal sound. David would also often provide additional vocals, as heard at the end of our first release 'Icarus Theory'.
Kimon performed at numerous live shows and contributed to a lot of the initial song writing process (his metal inspiration can be heard in 'Life Through Lesson') but had to make the hard choice of leaving the band to focus on his studies in 2005.
We were heart broken, but Armour had turned into something we couldn't give up on and our friend Jon Shaban, who we had been experimenting with on violin, joined on guitar and backing vocals, adding a whole new element to the band.
In our time together we performed at numerous clubs across the Western Cape including Mercury, The Whammy Bar, Wynberg Sports Club, Lanner's Landing, The Purple Turtle, Gandalf's, Roots and Acoustic Cafe.
Festivals include Knife Fight Festival II and III, Witchfest, Riot at the Madhouse and Rocktopia.
Armour disbanded after finishing our full length self-titled album, which was recorded and engineered between 2006 and 2007.
Our personalities, looming professional occupations, studies and the stress from gigging almost non-stop since our inception were all contributing factors, but we remained close friends and consider those old issues to be dead and buried for good.
In 2014 we announced a reunion show.
This is something we have been talking about for a long time but haven't been able to realise with Steven living in the UK. We're not sure what's to follow but are extremely excited and incredibly humbled by the interest in this event. We're going to make it worth your while. - from the band
ARMOUR REUNION SHOW. 30/01/2014. RAGAZZI. - tonight!
Self Titled
by ARMOUR
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My husband and I spent four nights at Hotel Blau Mar and could not have been more pleased. Our room (number 16) was spacious and we especially enjoyed sitting out on the patio which overlooked the pool. The breakfasts were excellent - good variety. The location was perfect as we could walk into the village, each night, for dinner. The coastal walk is a must. Stay here - you won't be disappointed!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- This charming hotel is in Llafranc, one of the best beach resorts on the Costa Brava. All rooms at the Blaumar have a private terrace or garden with sea views.The Blaumar is located in the heart of the beautiful Empordà region. Along the coastline there are a range of beaches and interesting fishing towns.The hotel has soundproofed bedrooms with bright décor and lots of natural light. There are wooden floors and attractive furniture.Wi-Fi is free in public areas. These include a living room where hot drinks are served around the fireplace.Breakfast includes local produce and fresh fruit and is available on the outdoor terrace. There are also gardens and a snack bar.Free public parking is possible on site. There are 10 golf courses within 20 km. The Dalí Museum in Figueres is an hour's drive away, while Girona can be reached in 30 minutes. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Orbitz, Hotels.com, Travelocity, Priceline, Booking.com, TripOnline SA, Hotwire and Cheap Tickets so you can book your Hotel Blau Mar reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Category Archives: Asia Travel
Low-cost Methods To Travel In Asia
Editor's Note: We'd like to thank our guest blogger, Vincent Stokes, for writing this insightful contribution about international travel. We can buy taxi voucher at the Taxi counter in the arrival hall and we can choose three different taxi variety: Budget (for two – 4 individuals with minimal luggage), Premiere (for four – 5 folks) and Family members (for 7 – eight folks with lots of luggage). No photographs utilized to be on the list but appears to have disappeared and surely no one particular gave me a second look as I took the photos for this lens.
Due to increasing demands, they expanded the terminal and opened the new arrival hall on 15 December 2008. Every thing is low cost if you stay out of the cities and the culture is incredible, exotic, and charming. Will be travelling to SE Asia very first week in January until probably very first week in Could. Booking flights to Asia is a basic process given the vast number of airlines which service this crucial location.
For initial-timers to this element of the planet, Bangkok tends to make for an introductory course in the ways of Southeast Asia: heat, traffic, street food stalls, friendly faces, and tuk-tuk drivers swearing to be your new best friend. Asia is home to some of the earliest architecture and ancient empires of the globe and complete of fascinating historical web sites, each with their personal special charm. Often viewed as the cultural heart of Asia, the countries of East Asia comprise some of the continent's most diverse and thrilling destinations. Let your Asia cruise be a medium to explore the enchanting cultures and original landscapes with their own exclusive fervor and flavor.
Riding an elephant is usually at the prime of most youngsters to-do list (it was for mine) and that's effortlessly accomplished in the Chiang Mai region. Inform us about your excellent journey and our Asia luxury travel authorities will assist you strategy the excellent trip. If you are due for initial vaccinations or your booster shots, get them before leaving US soil. Travel in some components of Mindanao is protected, but anybody heading this way will of course do some cautious investigation, because there have been many kidnapping incidents of late. So I am travelling all about SE Asia then to india then back to Asia to do Indonesia then down to Australia and new Zealand.
Thailand is a wonderful nation to go to or to live in. The relaxed pace of life and low cost of living make it both a pleasant location to be and a cheap one particular. It is a straightforward, filling and low-cost dish that you can get at practically any roadside vendor. On travel forums and places like Reddit I consistently see individuals asking if, say, three weeks is sufficient to see all the four mainland SEA countries. Biking is a wonderful way to explore destinations and get close to individuals in the countryside or to take in the astonishing sights and sounds Asia has to offer.
A Couple of Suggestions On Cheap Flights
When travelling to Asia, the big decison to make is which country to check out. We encourage travellers from Australia to take advantage of our early bird fares, either to conclude 2016 with a excellent trip to the UK or Europe, or to embark on an additional exciting year of travel in 2017," said Backo. It takes around 1 hour (depending on the traffic) and if we travel in a group (far more than 3 people) or with young young children, I suggest taxi for a hassle-free travel to and from LCCT. There is a free of charge bus shuttle to take you to and from parking zones, every 15 minutes.
This can be 1 of the most rewarding of all Asian destinations, but with some 17,000 islands (the world's biggest archipelago) as well tiny time or patience and too significantly travel can turn a trip into a miserable stressful race between islands with some really hot/humid climate and shitty roads (and drivers). Air Asia flies the discount banner in this portion of the world other carriers such as Bangkok Airways, Thai Airways, Vietnam Airlines, and Lao Airlines also service the area. To counter this, go down your checklist and ask if he sells the next item on your list.
But as the very same with most travel destinations about the planet, no destination is as protected (or as unsafe) as our favourite news stations can make it appear. With costs going up for all the international airlines, it appears that the odds of acquiring cheap international flights to Asia at the final minute are quite slim. Ideally, the typhoid vaccine need to be provided at least one particular month ahead of you travel, but it can be offered closer to your travel date if needed. During my very first solo travel knowledge to Southeast Asia, Korea and Japan, I travelled with a backpack. It is quite cheap in this country, but we didn't find it cheaper than in Vietnam. Due to the vast distances and expanses of water separating Asia's different regions, air travel is most likely to be the preferred mode of transport among the regions' many travel destinations. There is a lot of 'not to miss' stuff all over Asia – depends on what you're following.
Although you can easily commit that significantly time (or far more!) and by no means get bored, it's also perfectly achievable to have an remarkable Southeast Asia backpacking encounter that lasts a couple of weeks or months. My husband and I operate in Asia as consultants and have had a possibility to dig into the cities and the rural areas where our work is usually centered. The Indonesian island of – Bali is property to some of the world's ideal surf beaches, low-cost and cheerful southeast Asian dining and several of the hippest nightclubs in Asia. I feel your price range may possibly be a bit tight and you may possibly struggle in some areas, specially southern Thailand. Scuba Diving: Southeast Asia provides some of the ideal scuba diving in the world.
It will be an epic trip and we are having some entertaining now deciding which spots to put on our stops along the way list. The borders of Asia have never ever truly been clearly defined and are observed to be culturally determined rather than physically. Travelfish Ebooks : A series of ebooks (some free, some a few dollars), from very best Bangkok hotels to 52 weekends of travel, place out by one of our preferred internet sites for Southeast Asia travel information. Yup, hope to see u throughout our forth coming kelong trip which will be on the long weekend of November Fri 27, Sat 28 and Sun 29 of 2009. Get your ISIC discount cards just before you travel to save funds abroad and sort out your travel visas and vaccinations. If you are in New Delhi, you have to travel 22 hours in a train to Gorakhpur, from Gorakhpur Sunauli is 3 hours drive.…
We've got pre-trip organizing data, climate information, nation backgrounders and itineraries, plus we verify out hotels, restaurants and factors to do and see in the area, and offer transport info to get you moving. STA Travel supplies air tickets for buyers of all ages however, some of our airfare is accessible just to full-time students, Teachers at accredited schools, and youth travelers below the age of 26. These unique fares could have age restrictions and/or other eligibility specifications like possession of valid ID Cards. Southeast Asia is a major travel area and most of it is perfectly secure to visit.
I have a lot of time, so I am going to take it and see as much of S.E Asia as I can, maybe finishing off with close friends in Australia/NZ. International calling cards utilized in the many public phone boxes make calling home extremely simple and extremely low-cost. South East Asia is massive, and I've only been to parts of Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Singapore, Cambodia, and Indonesia. It is an wonderful place to pay a visit to (with a unique a person) filled with lots of flowers, remarkable statues, scenic views of the mountains, and a large pond to pedal boat away in…the boat is in the shape of a swan I may possibly add.
Asia (Thailand, China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and so forth) : The new hotspot for hip travelers is Asia. We're going to SE Asia from mid December beginning with Thailand so have all this to look forward to. Although we found some of these in China, Russia and Mongolia, specifically the visa – FFS – receiving a visa for Russia and China is a appropriate bitch!! Is actually a youngster company of , an incredibly well-liked travel agency offering deals on hotels, plane tickets or something else you need to reserve for a trip. As a leading travel organization in Asia, Buffalo Tours designs the ideal in tailor-produced, private guided tours to Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, Laos, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Japan. Some men and women will hate me for saying this, but Laos must possibly be the 1st to drop from your list. I do like that you include travel from Canada, I actually live close to Vancouver which you mention in the article.
I can confidently and comfortably say that they've provided me with decent prices for hotels in Europe and Asia where I travel frequently for company. Areas like Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City and Kuala Lumpur are great, but the genuine beauty of South-East Asia lies in its rural regions, in the lengthy stretches of rice paddies backed by soaring limestone cliffs. But the variety is wide, and can go as low as a couple of dollars a night in some places to luxury alternatives for these with much more outsized travel budgets. A tour guide who operates regularly for the identical travel service will have to follow their rules.
Of course this leaves small time for cultural immersion, but if your priority is to see the massive attractions then you can do it all on a reasonable price range. Get your temple overload – There's a lot of every thing in Southeast Asia – lots of meals, islands, garments, drinking, and lots of temples. I'm not saying you shouldn't go to these places in Southeast Asia — by all implies, party it up and have entertaining.…
Interesting Places in Seminyak Bali
Seminyak tourist attractions in Bali, a tourist area located in the north of the tourist area of Legian Bali. Seminyak is better known as a place to seek private villa, from luxury villa to villa's for rent. As well will be private villa, Seminyak also famous for world-class restaurants and bars of international standard. You can see the best places for Honeymoon in seminyak bali through seminyak villas.
Atmosphere Seminyak tourist spot offers a very different atmosphere to the tourist spots of Kuta Bali. If more impressed Kuta casual and relaxed, while Seminyak gives the impression of a modern, formal, and luxury.
Because Seminyak is its high end boutiques, upscale restaurants and SPA.
The development of tourism in Seminyak Bali is very unusual, and I personally do not think Seminyak tourist attractions can be a barometer of high end travel in Bali. Seminyak a very different place about 15 years ago, was once a small village Seminyak losers developed compared to the tourist areas of Kuta and Legian. There used to be lots of rice cultivation in Seminyak, but now it has turned into a densely populated area with diverse types of private villa.
Points of Interest Seminyak
The streets are often jammed, the price of food is expensive and the cost of staying is also more expensive than Kuta! So what pulled Seminyak in Bali tourist spots that should be visited? Why not just tourist Kuta?
Seminyak tourist areas offer different things to the tourist area of Kuta or Legian tourist attractions. If Legian and Kuta is more favored by tourists who are looking for nightlife, cheaper hotel prices, food prices still affordable and crowded, so different from the Seminyak tourist spots in Bali.
Seminyak tourist places preferred by tourists who are looking for private villa, because in Seminyak many luxury private villa available for rent. In addition to a private villa, Seminyak also famous as shopping spots that offer unique merchandise and upscale, luxurious SPA care facilities, as well as a restaurant and bar with five-star standards.
If it can be said, Seminyak has become an elite tourist area for foreign and domestic tourists. Because the available diverse luxury facilities in the Seminyak area, the attractions in Seminyak became very famous and a barometer of luxury tourist spots in Bali.
Most of the attractions in Seminyak in the form of beaches and attractions in Seminyak number is not too much. For the information of readers, not because of Seminyak famous attractions, but because variations luxury class tourist activity. As the activity of shopping and fine dining.…
Vaccinations For Travel To Asia
Travel Period Detroit to Beijing: Travel to Beijing could commence November 7-December 7, 2016, and all travel must be completed by March 7, 2017. If you are filling up these memory cards your on-line travel journal also serves as a dumping ground to unload your images/videos so you can take much more picture with out shelling out $80 for another memory card. Even even though Southeast Asia is full of beaches, that doesn't imply you must pack two bikinis and practically nothing else. We also give extensive Emergency Evacuation and Emergency Health-related travel insurance coverage. I am 60 years old Chinese lady coming to Sydney in DECEMBER 2015.I can cook and appear right after babies. Primarily based on your motives for the check out, you require to begin seeking for the excellent travel package.
I say rent the low cost guesthouses, eat and get cool stuff from all the distinct vendors….all with a bit of caution even though of course! I dont want to travel with that " the far more nations I see the greater it is" -believed I am also ok with concentrating on unique regions and it would be wonderful to have the possibility to decide on my route when beeing in the nations.
Names like Sony, Samsung and Sanyo are synonymous with the electronics sector, making Asia a single of the ideal places to shop for higher-tech goods and solutions. When travelling as a group, dependants under 21 are not covered for free and they will be considered as 'travelling adults' in order to be covered on a group policy. With the military presently in control of the Thai government, it is best to keep away from political demonstrations – which is a recommendation for almost every nation in Asia. And really feel cost-free to e-mail me directly if you have something else far more particular you happen to be questioning about. There are excellent selections for hotels primarily based on whatever spending budget from $10 to what ever luxury you demand. Me and my companion are organizing a roughly 40 day trip about some of the price range countries in the SEA.
In key cities, in any 1 of the country's numerous huge shopping malls, there is a really unbelievable variety of cheap quick-meals, from western international brands and regional copies to Thai, Japanese and Korean gigs. The Philippines is ultra-diverse, there's one thing for pretty considerably everyone (from swimming with Whale Sharks, cheap diving and forgotten beaches to excellent surfing, even greater nightlife, hill tribes the list goes on). Not only did that very first Thailand expertise open our eyes to the fact that we could travel comfortably and inexpensively for extended periods, but it also helped us recognize that there was a globe to discover beyond Europe, our home at the time. For outdoor enthusiasts, a wonderful way to see parts of Asia is by way of bicycle tours. MetroStar Ferry makes travel to Cavite City actually fast: 40 minutes, no much more no less.
The CDC has reported thousands of confirmed Zika situations that U.S. travelers have brought back to the states with them, like far more than 800 pregnant women. The 2 week guy just wants to tube in laos and travel thailand so im guessing Nam' and cambodia would be the after new year thing. I took the ferry at its terminal in SM Mall of Asia and it departed at 11:00 AM. We reached the MetroStar Ferry terminal in Cavite City at 11:40 AM, sharp.…


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No, really, it's a video game and it'll set you back a million dollars. The "Super Dangerous Wad Wad Edition" of Saint's Row IV can be yours for the bargain basement price of $1 million. It does come with some pretty cool perks though:
Saints Row IV: Commander in Chief Edition
A Virgin Galactic space flight
Full-Size Dub-Step gun replica
A personal shopper
Plastic Surgery (we assume it's for you, and not the personal shopper)
One week at the Top Royal Suite at the Burj-Al-Arab in Dubai
One week for two at the Jefferson hotel in Washington, DC
First-class air travel to both Dubai and DC
One day of spy training
A hostage experience
Capsule Wardrobe
A Lamborghini Gallardo
A Prius, because you probably won't want to drive the Lamborghini everywhere
They totally had me at hostage experience. What?! There is only one of these available so you better jump on this before all the other ridiculously wealthy gamers grab it first.
Product Page ($1 Million Game Trailers via Geekosystem)


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JACKSONVILLE, Fla. - Champions Tour president Rick George will welcome "rookies" Scott Hoch (11 PGA Tour victories) and Fred Funk (seven, including the 2005 Players Championship) to the 50-and-over league this season.
However, don't blame George for casting an eye to 2007, when the most decorated rookie class since Tom Watson, Tom Kite and Lanny Wadkins joined in 2000 will hit the tour.
The list includes four members of the World Golf Hall of Fame, four Masters champions, three British Open champions and five double-digit winners of either PGA Tour or European PGA Tour events.
"We're working to make 2006 the best year we can," George said. "But it's hard not to get even more excited about 2007."
The season will begin with the 50th birthdays of Mark O'Meara (Jan. 13) and Nick Price (Jan. 28). O'Meara has 16 PGA Tour victories and eight more international triumphs, and he won the Masters and British Open in 1998. Price, who was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2003, has 18 PGA Tour titles and 24 international victories, and he has won two PGA Championships, a British Open and the 1993 Players Championship.
Seve Ballesteros will be 50 on April 9, 2007. He won nine times on the PGA Tour (including two Masters and three British Opens), 72 other events and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2000.
After that, Nick Faldo's 50th birthday (July 18) will kick off a stretch of four months in a row with a significant player becoming eligible for the Champions Tour. Faldo, inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1998, won three Masters and three British Opens among his worldwide total of 30 titles.
Bernhard Langer (Aug. 27), winner of two Masters and 58 worldwide events, comes next. He made the Hall of Fame in 2002.
Jeff Sluman, the 1988 PGA Champion, follows on Sept. 11, and the class of 2007 is anchored by John Cook (Oct. 2), an 11-time tour winner.
There are, of course, no guarantees that each of them will play a full Champions Tour schedule. Ballesteros continues to be plagued by injuries, and Price and Faldo have other interests, both business and family.
Those seven players have won 264 tournaments worldwide (72 on the PGA Tour) and 19 major championships.
"If just a few of them play a lot of Champions Tour golf, it would be great," George said. "If they all play, it will be a tremendous boost to the tour."
Chasing the cut record
At the Qatar Masters this week, Ernie Els can equal Langer's European PGA Tour record of 69 consecutive cuts.
Els' chances are good because he has played well since returning to competitive golf after a knee injury and surgery last summer, and because he's the defending champion this week at Doha Golf Club.
Els won the Dunhill Championship in December and finished second the following week at the South African Open. He won last year's Qatar Masters during his best stretch of golf, when he won that event and the Dubai Desert Classic back-to-back.
If Els makes the cut this week to tie Langer, he can break the record next week in Dubai. Els has won that tournament three times, and he set the course record in 1994 with a 61.
Els began his run at the 2000 Johnnie Walker Classic in Taiwan.
Southpaw stable
Golf has come a long away since natural left-handers such as Ben Hogan and Johnny Miller were forced to swing from the right side, either because of a lack of equipment for lefties or because instructors believed players were better off swinging right-handed.
This year, the PGA Tour has a record 10 left-handed players who are fully exempt. In addition to Phil Mickelson and Mike Weir, who won back-to-back Masters titles in 2003 and 2004, the others are Steve Flesch, Russ Cochran, Nick O'Hern, Bubba Watson, Eric Axley, Greg Chalmers, B.J. Staten and John Engler.
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text: Fiscal 2012 ResultsThe Company reported revenues for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012 of $4.30 billion, a 1.3% increase compared to year-ago revenues of $4.25 billion. Income from continuing operations for the fiscal year 2012 was $62.7 million, or $1.14 per diluted share, compared to $68.7 million, or $1.27 per diluted share, for the fiscal year 2011. Adjusted income from continuing operations for the fiscal year 2012 was $76.1 million, or $1.39 per diluted share, essentially flat, compared to $75.0 million, or $1.39 per diluted share, for the fiscal year 2011. Strategy Update Slipsager concluded, "We continue to focus on our long-term strategic goals and are pleased with the progress we are making. The recent acquisitions of Air Serv and HHA along with our initial steps to streamline internal assets and focus resources on vertical markets are improving our long-term growth prospects. The acquisition of Air Serv strengthens ABM's position in the aviation vertical with over $650 million in annual revenue and their European operations will serve as a strategic base as we seek to expand our global presence in other verticals. With the HHA transaction, ABM has consolidated and strengthened our healthcare capabilities considerably. These acquisitions along with the investments and acquisitions we have made in our on-demand and mobile businesses uniquely position ABM to meet the long-term growth opportunities in the facility services industry." Dividend The Company also announced that the Board of Directors has declared a first quarter cash dividend of $0.15 per common share – which is a 3.4% increase - payable on December 28, 2012 to stockholders of record on December 21, 2012. This will be ABM's 187th consecutive quarterly cash dividend. Outlook At this time, given the economic and government spending uncertainties relating to possible sequestration under the Budget Control Act of 2011, commonly referred to as the "fiscal cliff", the Company is not providing guidance for fiscal year 2013. The Company anticipates providing guidance in March 2013, when it reports results of its first fiscal quarter.