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Galápagos and Cape Horn: Ecotourism or Greenwashing in Two Iconic Latin American Archipelagoes?
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1 Galápagos and Cape Horn: Ecotourism or Greenwashing in Two Iconic Latin American Archipelagoes? Ricardo Rozzi Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310920, Denton, TX ; Francisca Massardo Universidad de Magallanes and Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Omora Ethnobotanical Park, Correo Puerto Williams, Region de Magallanes y Antartica Chilena, Chile; Felipe Cruz Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador; Casilla , Quito, Ecuador; Christophe Grenier Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador, Université de Nantes, France; Casilla Quito, Ecuador; Andrea Muñoz Escuela de Hoteleria y Turismo, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Patria Torre II, Quito, Ecuador; Eduard Mueller Universidad para la Cooperatión Internacional, San José, Costa Rica; Joerg Elbers International Union for Conservation of Nature, Regional Office for South America, Calle Quiteño Libre E15 12 y La Cumbre, Sector Bellavista, Quito, Ecuador; Environmental Philosophy 7 (2), 1 32 Copyright 2010 by The International Association for Environmental Philosophy. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved.
2 2 Rozzi, Massardo, Cruz, Grenier, Muñoz, Mueller, and Elbers True ecotourism requires us to regain an understanding of the inextricable links between the habitats of a region, including its inhabitants, and their habits. With this systemic approach that integrates economic, ecological, and ethical dimensions, we define ecotourism as an invitation to a journey ( tour ) to appreciate and share the homes (oikos) of diverse human and non-human inhabitants, their singular habits and habitats. Today, mass nature tourism often denies these links and is generating biocultural homogenization, socio-ecological degradation, and marked distributive injustices in iconic places, such as Costa Rica, the Galapagos and Cape Horn. In order to implement genuine ecotourism in Latin America and elsewhere, it is imperative to overcome marketing ambiguities, and pay close attention to local autonomy and biocultural diversity. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, when more than 50 percent of people live in cities exposed to a few languages and biological species in their everyday lives, ecotourism offers an invitation to take a journey (or tour) to appreciate and share the homes (or oikos) of diverse human and non-human inhabitants, their singular habits and habitats (Rozzi 2005). The definition given by The International Ecotourism Society (TIES; in Honey 2008, 6) emphasizes that ecotourism should provide means for local people, share socio-economic benefits among all involved parties, favor conservation of both biological and cultural diversity, and offer the traveler an educational as well as enjoyable experience of reconnection with biocultural diversity. Today, however, most tourists do not achieve a true ecotourism experience because they go to remote places in conventional cruises, or all-inclusive resorts that offer fake images of nature with minimal environmental reforms (such as not changing the sheets daily) and nominal relations with local people (such as handcrafts sold at stores within the hotel or cruise ship). Latin America, which is the region that harbours the greatest biological diversity in the world (Guevara and Laborde 2008), and where, according to Martha Honey (2008) ecotourism was initiated at the Galápagos Islands in 1969, does not escape to this prevailing greenwashing trend that fails to recognize the fundamental principles and practices of ecotourism sensu stricto. Nevertheless, in Latin America a growing number of local communities, conservationists, authorities, and researchers in the sciences and humanities are working toward socially and ecologically responsible forms of tourism, which can promote respectful living together, and meaningful transformative experience for both the hosts and the visitors (Acevedo 2006, Rozzi 2006). We were invited by Robert Figueroa, the editor of this special issue on environmental justice and ecotourism, to contribute perspectives from Latin America. Faced with a plethora of contrasting ecotourism initiatives in our Neotropical region, we decided to begin with the distinction between integral ecotourism and mass nature tourism based on a concise analysis of the situation in Costa Rica, the world s flagship country for ecotourism. Then we
3 Galápagos and Cape Horn 3 focus on two of the most fragile ecosystems in Latin America, which represent at the same time two of the most iconic places remaining in today s global world to explore wild habitats and biota: the Galápagos and Cape Horn. For these remote tropical and sub-antarctic archipelagoes that today are critically threatened by massive tourism, well-run ecotourism, with care and regulations, could offer the most effective option for social, ecological and economic sustainability. Our goal is two-fold: First, we call attention to the marketing ambiguity of the term ecotourism, as used to mask detrimental impacts that massive forms of nature and adventure tourism are having on the autonomy of local communities, as well as their social and ecological wellbeing. Second, we succinctly introduce forms of ecotourism that are being proposed and/or developed in the Galápagos and Cape Horn archipelagoes by local communities in alliance with the Charles Darwin Research Station and the Omora Ethnobotanical Park, respectively, their teams of national and international researchers, graduate students and volunteers, and some private business and government authorities. Finally, to contextualize our analysis of ecotourism in the two archipelagoes, we briefly assess the distributive justice of the tourism industry at the global scale, and contrast it with global economy as well as with trends of social corporate responsibility for sustainable tourism, and ecotourism. Ecotourism: Local-Global Tensions In Latin America it is still possible to find many localities where national and international visitors can experience and share with the local communities and their native habitats relations that are not packaged by the mainstream tourism economy. The encounter with these communities reminds us that ecotourism, and communitarian ecotourism, is much more than conventional tourism in a green envelope (Acevedo 2006, 294). These direct encounters, face to face with majestic trees, the smell of the mosses and the rain, the colorful macaws and groups of monkeys in the canopy, and the sharing of food, conversations, and everyday life with local peasants, fishermen, or indigenous communities transform both the visitors and the local human and non-human inhabitants that are visited (Acevedo 2006, Rozzi et al. 2006; Rozzi, Anderson, Pizarro et al. 2010). Genuine ecotourism tends to operate at a small scale involving personal engagement with the environment. Among Latin American countries, Costa Rica is the world s flagship country for ecotourism. However, today it offers a wide scope of tourism, from the mass four S s sun, sea, sand, and sex to personalized, small-scale, local ecotourism projects. On the side of mass tourism, the recent arrival of U.S. and other foreign hotel chains to Costa Rica has discredited the country s image as the world center for ecotourism. On the side of small scale tourism, the initiative of Rara Avis Rainforest Lodge and Nature Reserve helps to illustrate the origins of ecotourism, and the rich diversity of types relationships between ticos and US entrepreneurs to develop options for succeeding with
4 4 Rozzi, Massardo, Cruz, Grenier, Muñoz, Mueller, and Elbers the aims of ecotourism for its alliance with the well-being of local inhabitants and their native habitats (Box). The benefits that projects such as Rara Avis have provided to the local community, their tropical rainforest habitats, and the national and foreign visitors, comply with the three primary principles of ecotourism defined by The International Ecotourism Society (TIES): 1) to benefit conservation; 2) to respect basic rights and benefit host communities; and 3) to be educational as well as enjoyable for the traveler (Honey 2008). Assessing these goals in a recent interview, the former president of TIES, Martha Honey, affirms that: Regarding the first one, ecotourism has brought increased resources to protected areas and an emergence of green architecture that is lighter on the land. Regarding the third principle, we have seen, for instance, the emergence of the importance of good naturalist and cultural guides in interpretation and enhancement of the visitor experience. However, regarding the second principle ecotourism and host communities this is both the most difficult part of the ecotourism equation and where, I feel, we have done least well. (Honey 2009, 1) Today, numerous initiatives such as Rara Avis are established in Costa Rica and Latin America. Many of them have been started by foreign conservationists, such as Amos Bien (see box, p. 27), but also a growing number of ecotourism initiatives are being originated by national entrepreneurs, and more recently indigenous communities (Acevedo 2006; Rozzi 2006). The latter have adopted a communitarian ecotourism or rural communitarian tourism approach that is based on the autonomy of peasant, fisher, and indigenous communities over their management of land, and aims to support these communities in their land tenure and their needs to overcome poverty (PROBIOMA 2004). However, the proportion of the tourism industry that promotes ecotourism sensu stricto is comparatively small (Blount 2001). In 1990, TIES coined what has become the most popular definition of ecotourism: responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people (Honey 2008, 6). In this definition, the notion of improving the well-being of local people can be, and has been, problematic because it has been associated with a notion of development that is closely linked to forms of global free trade, which threatens local autonomy and the sharing of benefits that is essential to the concept of ecotourism. Tourism like other global industries, has been affected by both free trade and globalization, as well as by the anti-globalization fair trade movement. Within the tourism industry there are marked divisions. Local ecotourism initiatives are increasingly threatened by two interrelated factors: 1) The arrival of hotel chains facilitated by free trade agreements and/or government incentives; and 2) the terminological ambiguity in green marketing that reduces ecotourism to nature, wildlife, and adventure tourism. Chain hotels, airlines, and other multinational tourism companies that generally favor open borders and free
5 Galápagos and Cape Horn 5 trade have been gaining ground over tenets of ecotourism that support locally owned business, local hiring, and local purchasing. Notably, the bias toward the global side of tourism can be traced even in the environmentally concerned business that supported sustainable tourism at the 1992 Earth Summit. The contradictions among the proponents of green tourism are expressed in the Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry, the travel industry s response to the Earth Summit Declaration on the Environment and Development (Honey 2008). This document made it clear that international tourism corporations coupled sustainable development and environment protection with free trade, privatization, and government deregulation. The Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry guiding principles state that nations should cooperate to promote an open economic system in which international trade in Travel & Tourism services can take place and protectionism in trade in Travel & Tourism services should be halted or reversed (Honey 2008, 34). During the last three decades, even the iconic Costa Rica has seen its sustainable tourism models increasingly replaced by a different tourism model of large all inclusive resorts and cruise ships. Large scale green tourism with a narrow market-oriented philosophy has expanded at the fastest rate since 1984, when the government of Costa Rica passed legislation supporting investment incentives for hotels, air and sea transportation companies, car rental agencies, and travel agencies. With the passage of the Tourism Development Incentives Law in 1985, tourism projects became eligible for incentives, including exemptions from property taxes and from import duties for construction and remodeling materials, as well as tax breaks for vehicles, such as vans and cars, fishing and pleasure boats, jet skis, dune buggies, and golf carts. To qualify for these incentives, facilities were required to have more than twenty rooms and had to conform to strict norms of furnishing; hence, most local people could not afford to receivethese government incentives (Hill 1990). In her landmark short essay, The Paradox of Tourism in Costa Rica, Caroline Hill (1990) criticized the unrestricted policy of the country to attract foreign tourism investment with the prospects of acquiring modern technology and to increase the number of visitors through international tourism marketing operations. Hill began her essay by criticizing with irony that: The New York Times Magazine published a special issue on 11 October 1989 entitled The Sophisticated Traveler. Costa Rican Pacific beaches were featured in an article that discussed Manuel Antonio National Park, a naturalistic paradise of 1707 acres of jungle coming right to the high-tide mark of some of the most beautiful beaches in the world. The tourists who travel there, as with all the other national parks in Costa Rica, tend to carry binoculars and serious cameras along with their sunscreen.... In 1988, CINDE and the Costa Rican Tourism Bureau (ICT) signed an agreement on an incentive program designed to bring foreign investors in to help in the growth of tourism in Costa Rica. To
6 6 Rozzi, Massardo, Cruz, Grenier, Muñoz, Mueller, and Elbers realize their goal of bringing in $1 billion of foreign exchange income by 1995, the private and public sectors are attempting to develop first-class beach hotels and other amenities. (Hill 1990, 14) By the early 1990s, Hill s critical forecasts were confirmed, and eighty percent of Costa Rica s beachfront properties had already been bought by foreigners (Honey ). Most of the medium to large hotels in the capital, San José, have been acquired by international hotel chains, including the U.S. Best Western, Marriott, and Hilton (Hampton Inn), and the European Occidental Chain and Barceló. Today, extensive dry tropical forests and traditional cultivation lands of northwest Costa Rica have been replaced by tourist facilities that offer all inclusive packages with unlimited golf on extensive lawns that divert the limited water from the native ecosystems and local agriculture communities (Gordon et al. 2010). With the completion of the new international airport of Liberia in Guanacaste, coastal resort and residential tourism are now of large typically gated complexes with hotels, golf courses, marinas, vacation homes, and other facilities that are most often owned by and catering to foreigners, particularly from the U.S. (Honey 2009). Hyatt and other hotel chains have installed large tourism complexes that are frequently advertised as ecotourism, based on their offer of outdoors activities, including bird watching, horseback riding, and water sports, such as surfing, fishing, scuba diving, and snorkeling. As the numbers of ecotourists rapidly expanded, foreign visitors to Costa Rica became less interested in learning about this country s rich biological and cultural diversity, and in the benefits that their activities could bring to conservation and the well-being of local communities. However, as stated in TIES definition, ecotourism is a different form of tourism that does not only involve recreational activities for the visitor, but it should also include benefits for conservation and the people in the region. The confusion between these two radically different types of tourism (1) ecotourism run by or with local communities, and (2) nature, wildlife, and adventure tourism implemented by hotel chains prompts a major threat to sustainability, the well-being of local inhabitants, and the possibility of establishing integrally ethical relationships between the hosts and the visitors in places that still conserve a unique biological and cultural diversity. In this article we call attention to the former marketing ambiguity of the term ecotourism, which masks detrimental impacts that massive nature and adventure tourism is having on the autonomy of local communities, and their social and ecological well-being. We center the analysis in two emblematic archipelagoes of Latin America that today are critically threatened by this new form of massive tourism: Galápagos and Cape Horn (Figure 1, Table 1).
7 Galápagos and Cape Horn 7 Figure 1. Map showing the location of two iconic South American archipelagoes at contrasting tropical and sub-antarctic latitudes: Galápagos (1,000 km west of the Ecuadorian coast) and Cape Horn (at the southern end of Chile). The dark line demarcates the boundaries of the UNESCO biosphere reserve areas that have been created to protect and promote environmental, social, and economic sustainability, including sustainable tourism and ecotourism, in both archipelagoes.
8 8 Rozzi, Massardo, Cruz, Grenier, Muñoz, Mueller, and Elbers Character Trait Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) i Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (Chile) ii Physical Protection Biological landmarks Human occupation Total land area (km 2 ) 7,782 km 2, 13 large islands, 6 smaller islands, 40 islets 19,173 km 2, 3 large islands, hundreds of smaller islands and islets GPS 1 20 N-1 0 S; W S; W Geologic origin Volcanic Igneous rocks National park Galápagos NP (1959) 97% of the archipelago land surface Alberto de Agostini NP (1967; 12,800 km 2 ) & Cape Horn NP (1945; 63,500 km 2 ) 67 % of the terrestrial surface Park personnel 238 people 1 administrative Park rangers Personnel prepared for marine and terrestrial vigilance None Vigilance equipment Boats, communication equipment Chilean Navy in the ocean, none in the land Biosphere reserve Galápagos 142,782 km 2 (7,782 km 2 terrestrial; 135,000 km 2 Marine Reserve) Created in 1984 Cape Horn 48,883 km 2 (19,213 km 2 terrestrial; 29,670 km 2 marine areas) Created in 2005 World Heritage Site Declared in 1978 N/A Historical Charles Darwin and Beagle Voyage 1835; inspiration for Charles Darwin and Beagle Voyage ; inspiration for the the theory of evolution theory of human evolution Hotspot and rarity Unique vertebrates assemblages and highly endemic plant species Main traits Isolation, demanding ecological conditions, relative absence of competitive and/or predatory species World hotspot for mosses, liverworts, and lichens Isolation, demanding ecological conditions, relative absence of competitive and/or predatory species, pristine landscapes Original people None Yahgan people Human settlement 130 years (since 1879 in San Cristobal) 7,500 years BP Human history Early subsistence farmers and fishing. Since 1960, some people working for the research station. Since 1980s, tourism; since 1990s, fast growing. Nineteenth century exploitation of sea lions and otters from Europeans. Late 1890s and early 1930s husbandry and subsistence fishing. Since 1950s, has been a naval base. Current population , living in 3% of the territory 2,200 living in less than 3% of the territory Main Sites Puerto Ayora Puerto Williams, Hornos Island as entrance of cruise ships Main occupation Tourism, fishery Artisanal fishery, wood fire Population strata Residents, old immigrants, scientists Residents, Yaghan Community, Public services, Navy families Immigration rate High, 6 10%/year Relatively stable Table 1. Biological and cultural traits of the Galápagos and Cape Horn biosphere reserves. i Grenier 2007, Honey 2008, Watkins & Cruz 2007, ii Rozzi, Massardo, Anderson, Heidinger et al. 2006, Rozzi, Armesto, Gaffinet et al. 2008, Rozzi, Anderson, Pizarro et al. 2010
9 Galápagos and Cape Horn 9 From Genuine Ecotourism to Greenwashing Nature Tourism in the Galápagos The Galápagos Islands, discovered uninhabited in 1535 by the Spaniard Bishop Tomas de Berlanga who called them the Enchanted Isles, are often cited as the place where ecotourism originated (Grenier 1998, Honey 2008). The unique biodiversity of these remote islands located in the Pacific Ocean, 960 km west of the Ecuadorian coast, was highlighted in 1570 by the name given to the archipelago in the first modern world atlas (Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, by Abraham Ortelius): Galápagos (the Spanish name for giant tortoises). All of its reptile species as well as half of the bird and insect, and a third of the plant species are endemic to Galápagos, and found nowhere else on the planet. Thanks to the work started by the Charles Darwin Research Station at the end of the 1950s, this archipelago is viewed as one of the most unusual and precious ecosystems on earth. The team of researchers at the Charles Darwin Research Station made a significant contribution to update and broadly communicate the scientific narrative elaborated by the British naturalist of the nineteenth century. During the second half of the twentieth century the popularity of the Galápagos as a unique natural laboratory for observing the process of evolution at work, grew rapidly (Grenier 2007). In 1959, the Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF) was created with the help of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and conservationists worldwide to assist the Ecuadorian government in the establishment of the Galápagos National Park (GNP), which protects 97 percent of the total terrestrial area of square kilometers and restricted 3 percent for human inhabitation. The U.S. Military bases established in Galápagos during World War II lease modern aerial and naval transport infrastructures allowing regular and growing connections with the continent. Once the GNP was created, planes and cargoes facilitated the integration of this once remote archipelago to Ecuadorean national territory by its peopling and economic development. The main drivers of this geographical opening process of Galápagos, with severe ecological and social consequences, are a nature tourism economy linked to the conservation sector, both working at a global/worldwide scale, and the Ecuadorean State, which promotes the development of the new province established in 1973 (Grenier 2007a; 2010). Organized ecotourism in the Galápagos Archipelago began only in the late 1960s, as a joint venture of two Ecuadorian tourism companies (Metropolitan Touring and Turismundial) that associated themselves with a New York company (Lindblad Travel). The first cruise ship (the Lina A, which had a maximum capacity of fifty eight passengers) arrived to the islands in This event marked the official start of world s ecotourism (Honey 2008). David Balfour, honorary British Consul and director of Metropolitan Touring s office on the Galápagos recalls that when he first arrived to the
10 10 Rozzi, Massardo, Cruz, Grenier, Muñoz, Mueller, and Elbers archipelago in 1969, tourism had not really started, and that Metropolitan Touring began by doing a feasibility study, especially from the point of view of conservation. Tourism was done in close conjunction with the Charles Darwin Research Station and the Galápagos National Park. It was pioneering work... [and] there was a close link between tour operations, scientists, and the national park. (quoted in Honey 2008, 125 6) To reinforce the combined goals of conservation and early ecotourism, the Ecuadorian Government working in close collaboration with the National Park Service and the Charles Darwin Research Station, succeeded in declaring the Galápagos a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979, and in nominating the archipelago a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1986, adding to it the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Finally, in 2001, the World Heritage Site was extended including the Galápagos Marine Reserve. In parallel to the establishment of ecotourism, however, another process began to grow increasingly fast in Galápagos: short-term profit-oriented tourism (Grenier 2002). From approximately 6,000 visitors in the early 1970s, the number of visitors grew to over 120,000 in 2005 (Figure 2), reaching 173,000 in 2008 (Watkins and Cruz, in preparation). As Ecuador adopted free-market policies in the 1980s, and concomitantly ecotourism became a marketing buzzword within the travel industry, there was a growing wave of tourism investments, producing new vessels, companies, and hotels in the remote archipelago. Between 1980 and 1998, uncontrolled commercial fishing, improvised tourism growth, and unregulated population growth through immigration had negative consequences of pollution and an explosive increase of invasive exotic species introduced into the Galápagos Archipelago (Durham 2008; Nash 2009). Today, there are more exotic than native plant species, and several of the native and endemic animal and plant species are extinct (Table 2). In an effort to stop the detrimental processes originated in the 1980s, the Special Law for the Conservation and Sustainable Development of Galápagos Province was issued by the Ecuadorian Government in This law recognizes the conservation priority through reforms controlling immigration, fishing, and introduced species, and providing support for residents of Galápagos to have a right for job revenues and benefits from tourism in the islands. The law completely banned industrial fishing, and defined a strict zonation for tourism. Tourism activity is allowed only in the companionship of naturalist guides, and in seventy land and sixty two marine sites, precisely demarcated by the Galápagos National Park. Three levels of guides were defined, including Ecuadorian or foreign guides with scientific background or speaking more than one language (categories 1 and 2), and auxiliary guides who lack formal scientific training and usually speak only Spanish. Finally the law mandates that after 1998, all new guides must be residents. In spite
11 Galápagos and Cape Horn 11 Figure 2. Top: Number of tourist visitors per year to the Galápagos Archipelago during the last decades (Source: Watkins and Cruz, in preparation). Bottom: Picture of a visit to the galapagoes or giant tortoises reserve Finca Las Primicias, showing the littlecontrolled nature tourism that prevails in the archipelago today (Photograph taken on May 29, 2010, by Andres Marin, Omora Ethnobotanical Park Photographic Archive).
12 12 Rozzi, Massardo, Cruz, Grenier, Muñoz, Mueller, and Elbers of the creation of the Special Law for Galápagos, after 1998 the numbers of visitors continued growing at rates higher than 20 percent annually, with a rapid decline in the quality of the visitor experience, a dissociation from conservation goals, and weak respect for the unique biota of the archipelago (Figure 2, Table 2). The average quality of Galápagos guides who, for four decades were considered among the most highly qualified in the world, rapidly decayed, and the tourism industry aggressively oriented toward soft nature tourism, with more concern for comfort than conservation (Watkins and Cruz 2007; Grenier 2007b). Plants Vertebrates Invertebrates Native Threatened Extinct Introduced Table 2. Number of native species of vascular flora and vertebrate and invertebrate fauna recorded in the Galápagos Archipelago (first row). The second and third rows show that today a significant proportion of this unique flora and fauna is threatened or has become extinct, and the fourth row indicates the high numbers of invasive exotic species that have been introduced into the islands as of (Data compiled from Durham 2008) Bruce Epler, who, in collaboration with Alan White and the Charles Darwin Research Station, wrote the first Galápagos Guidebook for visitors to the islands, indicated already in the early 1990s that 85 percent of the money made by the tourism activity in Galápagos was paid to airlines and vessels, and as little as 3 percent for on-land hotels and park entrance fees (Epler 1993; 2007). In 2006, Galápagos s tourism services provided an estimated 71 percent of the islands GDP and generated 33 percent of all tourism revenues earned by the Ecuadorian government. However, 92% of the tourist dollars was spent on floating hotels, and only 8% was spent on land-hotels or day-boat tours offered by locals. More recently, Honey cautions that market linkages between local farmers, cattle ranchers, fishers, and the floating hotels are virtually nonexistent: most of the food and other supplies are imported (2008, 132). There is obvious deterioration in the life conditions of the unique large, long-lived tortoises and other endemic land flora and fauna, the exuberant diversity of colorful fishes and other marine life forms, and the first human immigrants. As a result of the biocultural impacts of distorted ecotourism described in this concise history, in 2007 the UNESCO declared Galápagos as a World Heritage Site in Danger.
13 Galápagos and Cape Horn 13 In early August 2010, however, during the thirty-fourth World Heritage Committee session, Galápagos was removed from the list of World Heritage in Danger. The Committee found that significant progress had been made by Ecuador in addressing the problems of invasive species, unbridled tourism, and over-fishing. This decision was taken against the technical advice of IUCN, UNESCO s Advisory Body for Natural World Heritage. On August 28, 2010, The Economist called attention to the fact that this decision was based more on political than technical reasons, and admonished that: The decision to remove the islands from the list of world heritage sites in danger taken at a meeting in Brasília that concluded on August 3rd was only one of several signs that the UN agency is bending its own rules under pressure from member states. And since UNESCO is supposed to be an unprejudiced protector of the whole world s built and natural environment, such slipping standards are not merely of concern in remote Pacific islands. (The Economist 2010, 49) The Economist made a clear distinction between the two ways in which this new trend might be interpreted: When an archipelago famed for its flora and fauna is deemed to have escaped from environmental peril, that might sound like good news for anyone with an interest in the fate of life on Earth. But UNESCO s recent clean bill of health for the Galápagos islands was greeted with dismay by many of the people who care passionately about the place. (The Economist 2010, 49) The recent decision to change the endangered status of Galápagos reflects political and economic pressures. Nevertheless, it is also true that currently the Ecuadorian government, in cooperation with local authorities, universities, and the Charles Darwin Research Station, has been trying to establish a new management system for sustainable tourism in Galápagos, emphasizing a participatory approach among the main stakeholders on the islands: local people, community organisations, NGOs, local government, and touristic operators, among others. In its initial phase, this work demonstrated to local people that the current tourist activity in Galápagos is not sustainable and that most of the income generated goes exclusively to the largest tourist operators and does not represent a benefit for the local community in the islands (Grenier 2007). At present, efforts are being made to facilitate local stakeholders to work together to guarantee the sustainable management of tourism in Galápagos, involving public, private, and local actors, and to emphasize the use of local products for a genuine ecotourism in the Ecuadorian Enchanted Isles. From our brief historical account of ecotourism in Galápagos we can learn that:
14 14 Rozzi, Massardo, Cruz, Grenier, Muñoz, Mueller, and Elbers 1. This type of tourism is identified with Latin America. 2. It began with a focus on the biological diversity of a remote and exotic place. 3. It was initially developed by Ecuadorian and U.S. private tourism operators in close collaboration with national and international scientists, other professionals, and government authorities. 4. We can also learn about the central role that the presence of a long-term ecological research, education, and conservation field station has played in the process of establishing ecotourism. As much as La Selva Biological Station and the Organization for Tropical Studies (created in 1963) were instrumental to initiate ecotourism in Costa Rica in the 1970s (Appendix), the Charles Darwin Research Foundation established by IUCN in 1954 (under the advice of the German ethologist Eibl-Eibesfeldt) was a key factor in implementing conservation and ecotourism in the Galápagos. 5. Finally, for individuals and organizations that aim to develop ecotourism with the intention to contribute to biocultural conservation and the wellbeing of local communities, our concise summary about the current status of ecotourism in Galápagos yields also an important understanding that advises caution. The establishment of genuine ecotourism is incompatible with policies that are prevailingly guided by free-market criteria. Ecotourism requires policies that also consider ecological, social, and cultural attributes of the fragile, unique socio-ecological systems. It is also critical to highlight the fact that insular systems in general, and the Galápagos in particular, have evolved a peculiar, endemic biota due to their condition of isolation. In order to achieve biocultural conservation, and genuine ecotourism, the condition of isolation of insular systems cannot be overridden by the fate of boundaries imposed by the prevalence of free-trade policies. In the Galápagos, the pioneer twodecade period of tireless discovery of the archipelagos biodiversity beauty, its scientific interest and potential value for tourism, as well as the implementation of conservation and small-scale, carefully planned ecotourism initiatives, was taken over by a three-decade period of unregulated, massive nature tourism. Therefore, the initial efforts of hardworking pioneers will remain utopian, and the beauty and unique diversity of the archipelago will be lost, if tourism cannot be strictly regulated again. The Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve: An Opportunity for Sub-Antarctic Ecotourism? At the southern end of the Americas, almost 200 years ago the famous British naturalist Charles Darwin visited another emblematic archipelago: Cape Horn. Like the Galápagos has been suggested as the place that inspired Darwin s evolutionary theory of natural selection, the Cape Horn archipelago has
15 Galápagos and Cape Horn 15 Figure 3. Number of foreign visitors per year to the Magallanes Region (A) and Puerto Williams (B) during the last decade (Source: INE-SERNATUR 2008). *Data are not available for the year 2005 in Puerto Williams.
16 16 Rozzi, Massardo, Cruz, Grenier, Muñoz, Mueller, and Elbers been suggested as the place that inspired his early ideas on human evolution (Rozzi 1999; Rozzi, Massardo, Anderson, Heidinger et al. 2006). As with the scientific and ecotourism interest in the Galápagos Archipelago, so Darwin s narratives have contributed to a growing tourism interest in the Cape Horn region. In addition to the commonalities associated with Darwin s evolutionary theory, the development process of ecotourism in these two South American archipelagoes shares other essential similarities. First, the current Regional Development Plan for the Chilean Region of Magallanes and Antarctica has identified tourism as one of the five main priorities for economic development. Among tourism activities, nature tourism represents the principal attraction for visitors to the region (Chacón 2002, García 2004), and the regional and national office of tourism (SERNATUR) adopted the slogan impossibly wilder ( más salvaje imposible ). For the global citizen, the Magellanic sub-antarctic ecoregion that culminates in Cape Horn represents one of the last wild destinations, and today it is experiencing an explosive growth in the number of foreign visitors (Figure 3). During the last decade, the number of foreign tourists has doubled in the Magellanic region, and it has increased by an order of magnitude in Puerto Williams, the capital of Cape Horn County and of the Chilean Antarctic Province. The fast increase in the number of foreign visitors to Puerto Williams is in part the result of the opening of a border crossing to the Argentine city of Ushuaia, located on the north coast of the Beagle Channel, which receives more than 300,000 tourists each year (Rozzi, Anderson, Pizarro et al. 2010). In this context, the former governor of the Chilean Antarctic Province, Eduardo Barros, affirmed that if planned and managed in an adequate way, ecotourism could offer a long-term gold mine, and the option for ecotourism would represent a shift in the State s vision of development, previously based on short-term economic cycles based on extractive and unsustainable activities, including the hunting of whales and the gold rush of the nineteenth century or oil exploitation during the twentieth century (Barros and Harcha 2004, 33). Second, with an analogous role played by the Charles Darwin Research Station in the Galápagos Biosphere Reserve, but much more recently, in the late 1990s a group of researchers in collaboration with the Chilean Government established the Omora Ethnobotanical Park (OEP) as a longterm socio-ecological research center near Puerto Williams on Navarino Island (Rozzi, Massardo, Anderson, Heidinger et al. 2006). Studies conducted by OEP researchers led to the discovery that the Magellanic sub-antarctic ecoregion constitutes a hotspot of biodiversity for a special group of plants: more than 5 percent of all species of mosses and liverworts are found in less than percent of the earth s surface (Rozzi, Armesto, Goffinet et al. 2008). Additionally, more than 50 percent of these species are endemic to the austral ecoregion. To broadly communicate this discovery, OEP researchers together with teachers and students at the primary school in Puerto Williams began to refer to the exuberant diversity of these little plants as the Miniature Forests
17 Galápagos and Cape Horn 17 of Cape Horn. This metaphor stimulated educational activities that integrated sciences, the arts, and environmental ethics, which led to the establishment of the Little Explorers of the Miniature Forests of Cape Horn project supported by the Chilean National Science Foundation (CONICYT). In turn, this project developed with the local community in Cape Horn contributed to the creation of a new national educational program supported by CONICYT that formally integrated pre-schoolers into science education for the first time in Chile. Subsequently, the educational experiences exploring the miniature forests of Cape Horn were translated by OEP researchers, students, and regional tourism operators into an innovative ecotourism activity: Ecotourism with a Hand- Lens. This form of ecotourism invites visitors, toting a hand-lens, to discover this unique biodiversity at the high latitudes of the Americas. National and international tourists, accompanied by local guides, enjoy and value the beauty, diversity, and ecological importance of small organisms like lichens, mosses, mushrooms, insects, and other invertebrates that usually pass by unnoticed, and which were previously not incorporated into tourism attractions in Chile (Rozzi 2005). Third, the discoveries made by Chilean and international researchers associated with the Omora Park team, stimulated these researchers to work in close collaboration with the Chilean government in the preparation of a proposal for UNESCO to create the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR). After a fiveyear process, the proposal was approved, and the CHBR was officially created in During the process of preparing the CHBR proposal, the Omora Park s researchers not only worked with authorities but also coordinated: 1) the participation of the local community, particularly the Yahgan Indigenous Community, educators and pre-school, school, and university students; 2) articulated inter-institutional collaborations, especially among the National Forestry Service (CONAF), Corporation for the Promotion of Production (CORFO), the National Tourism Service (SERNATUR), the Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG), the National Corporation for Indigenous Development (CONADI), the National Fisheries Service (SERNAPESCA) and the Undersecretary for Navy Affairs Office of the Ministry of Defense; and, 3) strengthened the association with national and international research centers. This process generated the definition of the zoning for the CHBR, a control program of introduced invasive mammal species, and the development of novel themes and activities, as well as trails and navigation routes, for sub- Antarctic ecotourism. A fundamental difference between the Galápagos and Cape Horn archipelagoes is that the latter has been inhabited during millennia. The Yahgan people represent the world s southernmost ethnic group. They navigated through the archipelagos south of Tierra del Fuego in canoes made of bark, for hunting, fishing, and inhabiting mostly on the coastal areas. In the Yahgan language omora means hummingbird. However, in the Yahgan cosmogony omora is a bird, and at the same time a small person, a spirit who maintains
18 18 Rozzi, Massardo, Cruz, Grenier, Muñoz, Mueller, and Elbers social and ecological order. Birds are perceived as distant relatives of humans and inhabitants of common habitats, but this co-inhabitation has strict social and eco logical rules. For instance, the Yahgan narratives underline the need for conserving the diverse communities of birds and other animals that maintain the integrity of the vegetation and watershed habitats, in order to sustain longterm flows of fresh drinkable water in Cape Horn (Rozzi, Massardo, Anderson, McGehee et al. 2010). Focusing attention on omora and its habitats helped OEP s research team reverse some socio-cultural prejudices that Yahgan people were facing from the side of other stakeholders in Puerto Williams. For example, in 2000 at the local school, Yahgan students were in average two years older than their classmates of navy and other resident families. Misleadingly, the lower performance of the Yahgan children was attributed to their intellectual capacities rather than to the Chilean centralized primary education curricula that were dissociated from Cape Horn s biodiversity and ecosystems and the Yahgan culture (Rozzi, Arango, Massardo et al. 2008). The name of Omora invited the Yahgan community to participate in a substantive and respectful way in the park s educational and research programs. As a result of this process, omora became a flagship species for biocultural conservation and ecotourism. With the support of the government and the Omora Park team, the Yahgan community built the Kipa Akar: the house (akar, in the Yaghan language) of the women (kipa). At this center, elder and young members of the Yahgan community began to weave baskets made of rushes, build small bark canoes, and carve harpoons made of whale bones as handcrafts that started to be sold to the growing numbers of visitors to Cape Horn. Ecotourism started to offer an alternative for social well-being, as well as for the conservation of the Yahgan traditional ecological knowledge and sub-antarctic habitats. With support from the regional government, Omora Park researchers have been working together with families of the Yahgan community in educational programs and ecotourism projects that helped create a communitarian center for handcraft production and sales, an ecotourism hostel, and the preparation of traditional Yahgan food. The conservation of Yahgan language and culture and the well-being of the members of the local community represents a central goal of OEP s ecotourism program in Cape Horn. However, this approach faces daily challenges, and as a whole Cape Horn is facing growing pressures of land-ownership by outside tourism companies. Therefore, to achieve the goal of developing ecotourism in the context of global environmental change and global free-market policies, it is critical for local initiatives to be articulated with initiatives at national and international levels. It is important that local actors can learn about global policies, and at the same time, that these local actors can educate global actors about the unique regional biocultural diversity. For ecotourism projects, this dialogical dynamic can favor the incorporation of both local and global forms of knowledge and criteria to collaboratively develop alternative processes for
19 Galápagos and Cape Horn 19 achieving environmental and economic sustainability, biocultural conservation, ecological and social well-being. Distributive Equity in Global Tourism: A Challenge for Ecotourism in Latin America At the global scale, the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) offers a promising panorama for social and economic well-being. Tourism is portrayed as one of the largest and fastest-growing economic sectors worldwide over the last six decades, while as an export category, tourism ranks fourth in value worldwide after fuels, chemicals, and automotive products (UNWTO 2009). According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), in 2006, the tourism industry generated million jobs and contributed over 10% of the world s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (WTTC 2007). The UNWTO 2009 Annual Report states, over time, an increasing number of destinations have opened up and invested in tourism development, turning modern tourism into a key driver for socioeconomic progress, through the creation of jobs and enterprises, infrastructure development, and the export income earned.... Visitor expenditure on accommodation, food and drink, local transport, entertainment, and shopping make up an important pillar of the economies of many destinations, creating much needed employment and opportunities for development. (UNWTO 2009, 2 4, emphasis added) However, an assessment of the distribution of the number of tourists and their contributions to regional economies shows that Latin America benefits little compared to the economic revenues of the tourism industry that are concentrated in Europe, the U.S., and more recently in Asia. Thus, while boasting the origins of ecotourism and suffering the biological, cultural, and economic growing pains of ecotourism at the local-level, Latin America is dwarfed in terms of the socio-economic benefits distributed by this global industry. Moreover, the global tourism market remains focused on the Anglo-European sites, and more recently, Asian and Pacific Island destinations, in spite of the popularity of ecotourism rhetoric in Latin America. The economic concentration of tourism activities in Europe, the U.S. and Asia, even surpasses the degree of concentration of the world s economy in these regions. During the last two decades, Europe accumulated more than 50 percent of all tourist arrivals and visitors expenditures. Considering the figures of tourist arrivals from 1990 to 2005, the numbers of tourists worldwide grew from 438 to 804 million; however, respectively, 265 (61 percent) and 441 million (55 percent) of these tourists visited Europe (Table 3). During the same decade and half, the region of Asia and the Pacific experienced an explosive growth from 56 million in 1990 to 154 million visitors in 2005, displacing North America to the third place in the world s numbers of visitors (Table 3). The number of tourists to the Middle East and Africa also grew at a very fast
20 20 Rozzi, Massardo, Cruz, Grenier, Muñoz, Mueller, and Elbers rate and accounted for 9.3 percent of the tourist visits worldwide in In this global context, the number of tourist arrivals to Central and South America is remarkably low. Combined, both Latin American regions accounted for only 2.2 percent of the world s tourist arrivals in 1990, and 3.1 percent of these arrivals in 2005 (Table 3). Reflecting on tourist expenditures, the concentration of the tourism industry in Europe, Asia, and North America is even higher. The UNWTO Annual Report for the year 2009 highlights that in the year 2008, worldwide receipts from international tourism reached the high value of US$ 944 billion. However, 87 percent of these receipts were issued in Europe, Asia, and North America, and less than 3 percent were issued in Central and South America (Table 3). Like the numbers regarding tourist arrivals, the concentration of these economic figures of tourist expenditures in Europe, Asia, and North America significantly exceeds the economic concentration of the world s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in these regions. In 2009 the world s GDP reached the sum of 58 trillion dollars; 70 percent of this value was contributed by the economies of the European Union (28 percent), the U.S. (25 percent), and Japan and China (17 percent) (International Monetary Fund 2010). Two Latin American countries alone, Brazil (2.7 percent) and Mexico (1.5 percent), contributed with 4.2 percent, and Latin America as a whole accounted for more than 8 percent of the world s GDP. This percentage is three times higher than the 2.7 percent contributed by Latin America to world tourism expenditures. This succinct regional analysis of the distribution of economic benefits suggest that for Latin America the tourism industry might not be a key driver for socio-economic progress, as stated in general terms by UNTWO s report at the global scale. Or, if it is a key driver, sustainable tourism remains most promising for local Latin American communities, while being severely undercut by the massive and traditional-consumptive forms of tourism in which Latin America ought not to compete both because it may not be able to match the Corporate New World Players, either domestically or in their strength of transnational corporate tourism, and due to the threat of biocultural destruction such massive tourism would entail for Latin America. In spite of this fact, Latin American governments continue subsidizing massive tourism with perverse incentives frequently at expenses of the well-being of local communities and their habitats. Conventional tourism is clearly not the route for socio-economic progress in Latin America. The fast growth-rate of the tourism industry in Latin America requires closer examination in terms of who benefits and who is damaged by a growth in the number of visitors that is as high as 232 percent in less than two decades in Central America, a region that received 1.9 million tourists in 1990, and to 6.3 million in 2005 (Table 4). Are these rates of growth in the numbers of tourists sustainable? Can Latin America compete with the rest of the world and benefit their local people with conventional tourism? The answers to these
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Can America follow the Swiss and afford to give its people a basic income?
Due to Technological Unemployment, Ben Still believes the Basic Income not only is desirable, but will inevitably become essential in the long term. We will also need to continuously lower work hours until automation makes most jobs completely obsolete.
Ben Still is a director and writer, known for Jekyll Island (2013), The Secret of Oz (2009) and The Money Masters (1996).

subset: commoncrawl


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Charity To Open Three "Community Fridges" In Cambridgeshire
Imagine a food bank, but colder...fridges for the community to share are coming to Cambridgeshire.
A Peterborough woman has insisted she never hurt anyone as she made a fresh appeal for information on the 20th anniversary of her son's murder.
The body of 6 year-old Rikki Neave was found naked in woodland near Peterborough's Welland Estate on November 29 1994. He had been strangled.
His mother, Ruth Neave, was charged with murder but later found not guilty by a jury.
She pleaded guilty to child neglect and cruelty and was sentenced to seven years in prison.
The case caused a national outcry after details of horrific abuse led to one national newspaper branding her "evil" and Mrs Neave, now 45, acknowledged that the perception of her guilt still lingered.
She held a press conference at the Oliver Cromwell Hotel in March and appealed for new information to catch her son's killer.
She said she had been pressurised into pleading guilty to the other offences and said Cambridgeshire Police had wrongly charged her because she was an "easy target".
But as she restated her innocence, protestors gathered outside the hotel objecting to her continuing to raise the case.
Meanwhile her daughter, Rochelle Neave told the Press Association said: "Although I was only young, I can still remember the abuse. I can remember her dragging my sister up the stairs by her hair and there was never any food in the house. She spent all her money on drugs.
I don't know why she's dragging this up 20 years later. She should let it lie.
She may have been cleared of murder but she was convicted of cruelty and I don't think the police will find anybody else responsible for his death."
Rikki had been on social services "at risk" register and there had been a history of abuse by Mrs Neave, who was a drug addict at the time, her trial heard.
Mrs Neave said her other children, who were all taken into care and later adopted, had been "brainwashed" against her and had frozen her out of their lives. If they want to talk to me, they know where I am" she added.
"I will prove that I should never have been accused of cruelty."
Mrs Neave said she had evidence that Rikki was in fact killed by a sex abuse gang and that this has been handed to Cambridgeshire Police.
She added: "I loved Rikki, he was a wonderful child. For the last 20 years, I have been going through living hell from the public opinion of me caused by all the lies. I wasn't a perfect mother but I never hurt my children and I should never have admitted to those offences. All I want now is justice and for his killers to be caught. I know people out there think I'm a murderer but I'm determined to prove that somebody else did this to my boy."
She hopes Cambridgeshire Police will act on her concerns within the next four months.
Steven Fox, 45, was among the protestors outside the hotel.
He said: "As a single dad bringing up two boys who suffered abuse from their mother, I don't think it's appropriate that she's doing this here. The local community still feels very strongly about what she did and feelings still run deep."
Detective Superintendent Paul Fullwood, from Cambridgeshire Police, said any action taken by the family is "a matter for them" adding: "We had a positive meeting with Mrs Neave and her husband Gary last month and have agreed to re-examine a number of matters they raised. This will take some time to do properly.
At this stage there remains insufficient evidence to start a fresh investigation, however this case will always remain open until those responsible for the tragic death of Rikki can be brought to justice."
Imagine a food bank, but colder...fridges for the community to share are coming to Cambridgeshire.
Mental health practitioners now work in Cambs Police Control Room, as fewer officer hours are being spent on crime.
Peterborough Man Guilty Of Causing Actual Bodily Harm Along With Racist Assault
Celebrating its 11th year, the Maize Maze at Skylark Garden Centre in Wimblington has a Star Wars theme for 2017.
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Product Overview↑ Back to Top
Get the Activeon GCA10W 16.0 MP CX 2.0" LCD Action Cam With Waterproof Housing And Activeon ACA01RB Rechargeable Battery For CX at one
Low Low Price with this Bundle purchase!
Package Overview ↑ Back to Top
Activeon - Rechargeable Battery For CX
Ensure your ACTIVEON action camera is charged and ready for use with this Activeon ACA01RB rechargeable lithium-ion battery. This battery that delivers 3.7V of power and features a 1200 mAh capacity for reliable performance. Up to 2 hours of battery life so you can capture pictures and video on the go.
- Rechargeable
- Up To 2 Hours Of Battery Life
- Delivers Long-Lasting Reliability
- 3.7 Volts
- Works With Activeon CCA10W
Activeon - 16.0 MP CX 2.0" LCD Action Cam With Waterproof Housing
CX Gold provides superior image quality by adapting a 16MP pro-grade CMOS sensor. With its 16MP advanced performance CMOS sensor, you can always capture the best video and photos in highest quality. The High precision F/2.4 super wide angle lens provides superb image quality with vivid colors.
The ACTIVEON CX Gold supports 4 FOV options. To reduce that fish eye effect you can set the FOV to medium or narrow. The CX Gold provides you the ability to select the correct FOV to customize it to your situation or preference.
Its built-in touch screen provides users convenient control of the CX Gold camera. The ACTIVEON CX Gold utilizes our easy to use User Interface(UI). Just select the icon you need and you're ready to go!
The CX Gold's compact size and light weight design provides a smooth user experience no matter what the situation. The CX Gold allows you to easily remove your camera from the waterproof housing for simple usage and charging.
- 2" Built-In LCD Touch Screen
- MicroSD Card Recording
- 4x Digital Zoom
- Digital Image Stabillization
- Full HD 1080P 60fps
- Built-In Wi-Fi
- 16 MP Camera
Customers Who Viewed This Item Also Viewed...
Technical Specs ↑ Back to Top
|Camcorder Format
|Digital Zoom
|LCD Screen Size
|5.75 in
|5.75 in
|2 lbs
|6.69 in


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Choose Between Two Options
- $45 for a five class pass for Zumba, yoga or body toning (a $100 value)
- $55 for a 10 class pass for Zumba, yoga or body toning (a $160 value)
- See a full schedule of classes
World Gym - Rego Park
World Gym - Rego Park challenges bodies to sweat as they move in its group classes that include everything from the calming stretches of yoga to the upbeat rhythms of Zumba. Chizel classes sculpt muscles using plyometric actions, KerBoomKA classes twist the abs with hip hop-inspired moves, and intense World Challenge classes engage advanced exercisers in high-intensity workouts. Personal-training lessons, which inspire people to achieve new levels of fitness, are also available.


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Our Pretties
I am a cheerful and full of energy girl with an excellent disposition and the same sense of humour:) I am well-mannered and interesting. I am very easy-going and flexible. Well, I also know what I want and feel self-assured through life. I enjoy getting and giving compliments:) I am also sociable, compromising and passionate.
I enjoy my yoga classes as well dancing in classes and for pleasure. I love karaoke and travelling! I prefer an active life style and rest. My pleasure is also visiting cinema, exhibitions and theatre performances.
Need partner: 30 - 55 years old
I hope to meet an intelligent man with a great sense of humour who will be well-mannered, sporty, active, and independent. I would like to find the one who respects women, who is sociable, smart, cheerful and affectionate.


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Have you of all time met someone who recharges your life just by beingness there? Perhaps it is the property they say or how they say them, or the way they esteem and pro your goals and ideas, or the guide they set. These are general public that you entail to be in circles on a regular basis to reload your real meaning.
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There are else things that can trench your spirit as symptomless. Everyone has their own stock of problems and pressures. If you are broad your hope zone, so that you can become much in life, afterwards you will run up resistant far more than snags and pressures than the border line person, simply because you are doing far much.Post ads:
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It is copernican that you consistently charge your fundamental nature so that you be aware of revived and willing to rearrange on to decent all you can be in this astonishing existence.
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There are oodles several levels at which you can tap into this get-up-and-go.Post ads:
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By far the top way to tap into that recharge is to on a regular basis mix with people who have the recharge level. The form of empire who wander the pace. The ethnic group who can ever find a useful sideways to every situation and relish the confront of overcoming obstacles and roadblocks. These race will elasticity you a massive mystic recharge if you put in ample juncture beside them.
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Whatever it takes, get secure that you get a reload at lowest possible sometime a week, whether it be finished reading, listening, or interacting straight near a regnant recharger.


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The Energy Report - What Is Keeping OPEC Up At Night?
For OPEC life should be good! Oil prices are trading over $100 a barrel an their production is at a three year high and the money is rolling in. Life should be good. Should it not? Well the truth is that OPEC is going through a lot of sleepless nights and it doesn't really have anything to do with Iran but it has a lot to do with the unconventional oil and gas production. You see OPEC's desire to produce as much oil as they can has little to do with Iran or even high oil prices. In fact it may be their desire to hang onto precious market share as unconventional energy sources are starting to cut into their current and future economic prospects . Whether you are talking about tar Canadian oil sands or shale gas and oil production is making life for OPEC's monopoly look less solid . Not only will OPEC matter less but the competition from these new sources of energy may create more tension in an already unhappy population as many OPEC governments rely on oil money to run their governments and to stay in power. Obviously after he tumultuous year that we have just seen with the Arab Spring of discontent spreading through major OPEC producers the prospect of having as much sway over global oil prices should make them all think about a new way of doing business. Even Iran with all of third bluster and blow in the Strait of Hormuz is a ploy to rally the masses around a regime that they are sick of. The Iranians of course do agree with the regime on one issue and that is their right to pursue a nuclear weapon. The Iranian regime has exploited the hey why not us attitude that permeates Iranian society. While may hate the regime they still have some national pride when it comes to their nuclear ambitions. In fact that may be all they have. Besides they think, well Israel has one why not us.
Yet the big buyers and consumers of oil and gas are no longer kissing OPEC feet begging them to pump more oil or begging to invest in their inestimable oil fields. In Fact so far in 2012 the big money is moving away from OPEC and into North America and unconventional plays.
Even China's OPEC best hope for OPEC is investing big in alternative plays. Right after French oil group Total SA invested $2.3 billion into the development of U.S. shale gas reserves in Ohio now China's Sinopec paid Devon Energy $2.2 billion for an interest in five different shale gas regions in the United States. Yet what should be more disturbing to OPWEC is that China's real interest is to learn the Shale production game and technique so they can exploit their own massive shale and unconventional resources.
Is it any Wonder why OPEC is reluctant to lose customers by denying them oil? Bloomberg News reported that Crude production by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries rose to the highest level in three years in December, led by surging Libyan output. They reported that production increased 162,000 barrels, or 0.5 percent, to an average 30.667 million barrels a day from a revised 30.505 million, the most since November 2008, according to the survey of oil companies, producers and analysts. Daily output by the 11 members with quotas, all except Iraq, climbed 167,000 barrels to 27.967 million, 3.122 million barrels above their former target.
This is another reason why I am predicting a wide range for energy this year. Despite recent high prices a flood of new production and increasing oil output by many producers will help keep prssure on prices later in the year!
Make sure you take advantage! Open your account today! Just call me at 800-935-6487 or mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com! Also get the POWER!!!!! TO !! PROSPER!! Tune into the Fox Business Network
Phil Flynn
Research Division
806 W. Washington Blvd.
Chicago, IL 60634
312 563-8344 / 800 935 6487
There is a substantial risk of loss in trading futures and options.Past performance is not indicative of future results. The information and data in this report were obtained from sources considered reliable. Their accuracy or completeness is not guaranteed and the giving of the same is not to be deemed as an offer or solicitation on our part with respect to the sale or purchase of any securities or commodities. PFGBEST, its officers and directors may in the normal course of business have positions, which may or may not agree with the opinions expressed in this report. Any decision to purchase or sell as a result of the opinions expressed in this report will be the full responsibility of the person authorizing such transaction.


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PUZZLE London, UK
Welcome to the world of Brazilian-born, London-based artist PUZZLE, a one-man electro-pop enigma whose darkly emotional songs attempt to unpick the human condition. Inspired by a smorgasbord of influences - from the Pet Shop Boys to Lauryn Hill to Years & Years - PUZZLE's meticulously-crafted world is augmented visually by a love for high-concept art, fantasy and the escapism of video games. ... more
Streaming and Download help


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Vintage Tin Gama Tank w/Key
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Toys, Dolls, Games & Puzzles
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Mar 17, 2009
- Channel: Auction House
You are bidding on a Vintage Tin, Toy, Wind-up Gama Tank.The tank has a touch of rust as shown in pictures. It is as shown and sold as is. Key winds but does not seem to work. Might be able to be fixed to work tho. The gear assembly does turn. Sale if final. Thanks for looking.


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Ai gasit mai ieftin? Suna pentru cea mai buna oferta!
Peach - DAC with Apt-X Bluetooth, USB, Optical & Coax digital inputs
The Chordette Peach, developed from the highly successful 2008 Chordette Gem, integrates with an existing HiFi system and allows the transfer of music from a Bluetooth enabled product. The Peach adds optical and coaxial inputs vastly expanding the system possibilities. The USB port allows direct streaming of audio from a Personal Computer or laptop.