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Layering privacy on operating systems, social networks, and other platforms by design
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Pervasive, easy-to-use privacy services are keys to enabling users to maintain control of their private data in the online environment. This paper proposes (1) an online privacy lifecycle from the user perspective that drives and categorizes the development of these services, (2) a layered platform design solution for online privacy, (3) the evolution of the PeCAN (Personal Context Agent Networking) architecture to a platform for pervasively providing multiple contexts for user privacy preferences and online informational privacy services, and (4) use of platform network effects for increasing wide-scale user adoption of privacy services. One implication of this paper's concepts is that platform-mediated networks, which are reportedly the vehicles for most of the revenue earned by 60 of the world's largest companies, and other platforms that commonly host millions of users, will not have to individually reinvent and manage sophisticated user services for privacy protection since universal privacy platforms can be layered on them in future.
KeywordsOnline privacy platform P3P PeCAN platform Social networking User adoption of technologies Web privacy services Identity protection
Privacy advocates are working with modern and innovative environments in which operations take place that are beyond the citizen's control, and/or do not yet fall within the realms of governance. One such environment is the global Internet, where experimentation with business models is rampant, the combinations of multi-cultural approaches and infrastructure readiness is uneven on a per-country basis, and users are mass-adopting new and disruptive technologies in the shortest cycle times ever witnessed in world history. To add to this dynamic picture of progress are uncertain economics, as at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, major and minor economies are in recession, or declaring the end of it with predictions of sluggish growth for coming years. However, interestingly, even in these times, firms on the Internet, particularly social networking platforms, have experienced huge user growth. Countries, rich and poor, have significant percentages of young people online.
In October 2009, the social networking platform Facebook™ had over 300 million active users, and one million developers and entrepreneurs from over 180 countries (Facebook Statistics 2009). Its fastest growing demographic segment was approximately 35+ years old, whereas in September 2008, Facebook claimed 200 million active users and its fastest growing demographic was the 25+ age group.
In 2010, Facebook supports over 400 million active users. Moreover, seventy percent of Facebook users are outside of the US. Clearly, users greatly value the functionalities offered by such vehicles of worldwide, culture-crossing social innovation. Online social networks (OSNs) are now in a position to create and sustain new and old social norms for generations of users. The balance between personal branding and privacy is being tested and socialized.
In the OSN environment, one question that arises is whether users care about privacy and its long-held status as a social norm. OSNs' experiences with user outrage and legal action over previous launches of privacy-invasive services indicate that the answer is affirmative. One such experience was recorded when Facebook launched its News Feed service from the Facebook Home Page in September 2006. Initially the service was opt-out and it automatically displayed all rich social information regarding recent activities of friends to other friends. Hostile user reaction emerged to having user information and interactions monitored and pushed to friends. Users formed groups, such as Students against Facebook, to speak out about the service's privacy problem. Facebook immediately responded to its users' outcry, and added privacy controls to allow users to decide what information they would allow to be pushed to others. Facebook's CEO also publicly apologized for his company's mistakes concerning privacy in the OSN.
Surprisingly, given recent company experience with user privacy, but not so surprising from a profit or business experiment perspective, one year later Facebook launched a privacy-infringing service called Beacon. Coupled with Facebook Ads, the Beacon service widened the scope to communicating user data from external parties, namely ad sponsors (i.e. companies) to the user's friends. In effect, information regarding products that a user purchased, or commented on, from a partnering company's site would be pushed to the user's Facebook friends without explicit user permission. Additionally, many users were not informed about the program beforehand. This privacy violation was larger than the last and users escalated their outrage to a class action suit that was settled in Sept 2009, the same month that Facebook reported being cash flow positive for the first time. As part of the legal settlement, Facebook agreed to shut off its Beacon service and pay USD 9.5 Million to fund a privacy and online safety foundation. Again, the CEO of Facebook publicly apologized, the issue subsided, and the OSN continued to grow rapidly. By now the 6-year old OSN was exhibiting a strategy of launching for profit services that shared users' data with many parties, and when or if users objected about the company's handling of their private data, the company reacted by making amends and seeking forgiveness from its users.
Meanwhile in 2008, on the international scene, the Canadian Privacy Commissioner, Jennifer Stoddard launched a yearlong investigation on Facebook's privacy practices, after a number of Ottawa University Law students and the Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic filed a complaint about Facebook privacy practices and potential violations. Her investigation's 2009 conclusions cited that Facebook needed to improve its privacy practices by improving its explanations around user privacy, restricting unnecessary access of user information to application developers, and not retaining user personal information after her/his account is deleted. Again, Facebook cooperated with the Privacy Commissioner's Office to address its concerns. However, in 2010, the Commissioner started a further investigation into Facebook's new privacy policies, after a Canadian user filed a complaint alleging that Facebook's December 2009 default settings made his information more available to others.
Understandably, unsuspecting users do not immediately think of privacy issues when they join an OSN to network with friends and acquaintances. However when users notice infringement on their personal space, privacy is clearly important to them. Also apparent is the tension between user privacy and the OSNs business model. Again using Facebook as a good example, we see the bold 2008 launch of Facebook Connect. This time Facebook could give rich user data, including but not limited to profile information, social graph information such as Facebook IDs of all friends and spouse, number of wall posts and notes, photographs, tags etc., to companies that participated in Facebook Connect. One key difference in this service's launch was that Facebook gave privacy settings to allow users to control what information, if any, is provided to the companies. Due to such organizational learning, Facebook is currently a leader in the OSN space not only for its functional value but also for the privacy controls provided to users.
As of March 2010, 80,000 web sites were participants and formed a chargeable customer group within Facebook Connect. In turn, Facebook users enjoyed the easy functionality of single sign-on using their Facebook authentication credentials to log into other web sites, the transfer of their own and friends' information from the sites back to Facebook, and the easy viewing of their friends' related information from their interactions with the external company sites. With Facebook Connect, the OSN is moving to a single portal from which users will conduct everyday tasks such as bank, register for courses, pay bills, and buy goods.
Given the rich personal data exchange, a current issue that worries privacy advocates is whether users are actively setting their privacy preferences on OSNs. Ethical business practices would guide OSNs into caring about user education in the privacy space. Due to the aggressive user growth rate, the importance of branding and reputation, and previous brushes with users' outrage over their privacy infringement, platform sponsors and providers of OSNs should be receptive to their users, privacy associations, privacy commissioners, and governments' advocacy, and be willing to pay close attention to their users' needs around handling of their private data. Moreover, on the flipside, these social networking platforms present an inexpensive and effective opportunity for national privacy advocates to reach out to hundreds of millions of their citizens to increase user's awareness and education around privacy. Such user education, at a minimum, influences how users share, protect, and hence control their private information, and informs users how to avert or detect poor handling of private data, and to avert and/or resolve private data handling disputes in future.
This paper presents a novel proposal to suggest that privacy platforms for awareness and education, and aggregation of privacy technologies for users to protect their privacy, detect privacy violations, and resolve privacy disputes are the way to go in the future. This proposal is a large step forward in comparison to the loose bunch of point technologies that are available now. For privacy platforms to be workable, they need to be sandwiched between other platforms such as operating systems, mobile devices, and social networking platforms. In effect, this paper's proposal and design that layers privacy platforms onto operating system and social networking platforms may realize the opportunity to mature the services for the user privacy lifecycle universally across platforms and hence help billions of citizens to become more privacy-aware and in control.
The user's online privacy life cycle
OECD classification of privacy technologies
Privacy technology category
Personal Privacy Enhancing
Cookie managers or blockers, ad blockers, encryption software
Anonymizers, P3P, E-P3P, EPAL
Information Brokers
Proxies, Firewalls
Olivier's (2003) classification of privacy technologies
Privacy technology category
Private communication
Cookie managers or blockers, encryption software
Anonymizers, Infomediaries
Personal Control
Ad blockers, P3P, Infomediaries, Proxies
Organizational safeguards
E-P3P, EPAL, Hippocratic Databases
Inference control
Privacy-preserving data mining
This paper proposes a higher-level classification system, according to user behaviour within a privacy lifecycle. This lifecycle system is multiple-level (Jutla et al. 2010) where each phase of the lifecycle presents itself for further sub-classification. However, due to space limitations, this paper describes only the top-level of the privacy lifecycle classification.
- (1)
Becomes Aware of privacy issues and rights,
- (2)
Acts to protect her/his privacy; note that Olivier's classification is a possible sub-classification for the Act phase of this Privacy Life Cycle Classification system.
- (3)
Detects privacy violations or potential privacy violations, and
- (4)
Resolves privacy conflicts.
- (5)The lengths of time a user spends in each phase differs and the phases are cyclical, meaning that the user will re-enter them over time. These phases are illustrated in Fig. 1.
Life cycle-based classification of privacy technologies
Categories = phases of the privacy life cycle
Technology examples
P3P, PeCAN, web site resources
Refrain from releasing selected private data (P3P, PeCAN), cookie managers, blockers, anonymizers, pseudonymizers, encryption software, firewalls, proxies, privacy-preserving data mining
Online access to personal data, De-anonymizing (linking) software
Example Web sites: http://www.ipc.on.ca/english/Decisions-and-Resolutions/Decisions-and-Resolutions-Summary/?id=8303, http://www.priv.gc.ca/cf-dc/index_e.cfm, http://www.privacyinternational.org/index.shtml, http://www.privacy.org.nz/court-cases/, http://www.cnil.fr/english/news-and-events/the-swift-case/,
A privacy life cycle from the user perspective, to the best of my knowledge, has not been proposed before. In the literature, one finds privacy life cycles from the organizational perspective (Mont 2006; Guarda and Zannone 2009; Anton et al. 2004). These privacy life cycles for organizations focus on creating, maintaining, implementing and disposing of privacy policies, and monitoring employee and systems compliance to them. In common to both the user and organizational privacy life cycles are the information-providing and information-based services and the requirement to model personal data and support appropriate representations of user preferences. I further propose that the same phases of the privacy lifecycle provided from the user perspective can be used to classify the activities of the privacy life cycle from the organizational perspective. Details of the privacy life cycle from the organizational perspective are given in Jutla et al. 2010.
PrimeLife (2008) is a large European Initiative intending to create privacy technologies for the online arena. Areas of application include electronic commerce and social networks. Camenisch (2008), PrimeLife technical leader at IBM's Zurich Research Lab, states "We aim to develop a toolbox, which you could describe as an integrated electronic 'data manager.' The data manager provides users with an overview of which personal data he or she uses when, where, and how. It lets users define default privacy settings and preferences for all kinds of applications, and it prompts the user if applications request data for any other purposes." Allowing users to define privacy settings and preferences for all kinds of applications implies that context mechanisms, similar to the concepts introduced in Bodorik and Jutla 2003, Jutla and Zhang (2005), Jutla and Bodorik (2005), and Jutla et al. (2006) for electronic commerce, will be supported. PrimeLife is a well-funded European project and its deliverables are expected to revolutionize available privacy technologies in the marketplace.
The PrimeLife initiative, as per a recent update on its application to social software (Kuczerawy et al. 2008), has not yet identified a platform solution for privacy as proposed in this paper. Rather Pekárek and Pötzsch (2009) examine privacy in social networks and provide use cases to specify privacy requirements for social network users. In Pekárek and Leenes's (2009) interesting position paper, researchers miss the fact that users can greatly influence the policies and practices of a social networking site. Further, the researchers have not identified that the strength of the business model of social networking sites depends on strong cross-side network effects wherein citizens comprise one side. User outrage will necessarily be avoided by the executive owners of these sites, and social networks will visibly try to accommodate user privacy needs once the users become aware and voice them.
Six unique 2-way comparison services for user preferences, business policies, and government regulations
Ten complex privacy services
Comparison type
3-way comparisons (1 or more governments, 1 or more organizations, and 1 or more users)
Multiple Orgs (2 or more )and 1 User
Multiple Governments (2 or more) and 1 User
Multiple Users (2 or more) and 1 Government
Multiple Orgs (2 or more) and 1 Government
Multiple Governments (2 or more)and 1 Org
Multiple Users (2 or more)and 1 Org
Multiple Governments (2 or more)
Multiple Organizations (2 or more)
Multiple Users (2 or more)
The aware phase
PeCAN and P3P share a common privacy model based on an educational focus and information-providing approaches to enhancing user control over personally identifiable information. I present the argument that good mechanisms to provide user control, such as P3P, PeCAN and HCI- related privacy mechanisms, implicitly have an educational aspect to them. Indeed, electronic privacy research in the information systems, human-computer interaction, and computer science areas (Jajodia 1996; Kobsa 2002; Patrick and Kenny 2002), and various implementations (e.g. AT&T's Bird, Microsoft's IE6) encourage organizations to provide explanations to their customers for why and what purposes data is being collected and with whom the collected data can be shared. The rationale is that comprehension on the users' part will prevent misunderstandings, increase the perception of user control, and hence increase trust in e-commerce.
P3P is foundational in that it provides a valuable XML vocabulary for privacy on which many information-providing services can be built. PeCAN expands P3P in two important ways (1) by allowing users to customize their privacy preferences according to contexts, and (2) providing sophisticated information-providing services that intend to help users avoid giving out information that can be used by others to harm their privacy.
While the Platform for Privacy Preferences (Cranor 2003; Cranor et al. 2002a, b, 2006) is the most mature online platform for making the user aware of what organizations' privacy policies state, its development may be complemented by other privacy platforms that are also information-and service providing. These complementary platforms may provide further sophisticated services to prevent the user from releasing private information, according to his/her privacy preferences, to an organization. This paper evolves the PeCAN (Personal Context Agent Networking) architecture into a platform and layers it onto the P3P platform, thereby illustrating how privacy services can develop and evolve in a platform environment. Moreover, a later section in this paper shows how the platform concept is a key vehicle for widespread user adoption of privacy web services.
Users' privacy requirements last a lifetime and beyond. Education is a first-phase preventative approach to privacy management. This first phase maps to the Aware phase of the user's online privacy life cycle illustrated in Fig. 1. Other phases are the Act, Detect, and Resolve phases. Each of these four phases are explained and illustrated in "The user's online privacy life cycle".
The act phase
User actions that emerge out of an increased privacy-awareness phase involve preventing privacy violations through limiting and/or avoiding release of private data to organizations, and questioning and/or negotiating with service providers about their intentions regarding the management and use of the data before releasing it to organizations. These actions are win-win to users and business as empirical research results (Jutla et al. 2004b) show that adoption of user intervention (uIV) tools such as P3P-based agents, encryption, cookie cutters, pseudonymizers, and anonymizers increase user trust in e-business.
Using the PeCAN and P3P platforms, users can also actively choose not to reveal their personal data to requesting organizations and thus these platforms service the Act phase where users take action to protect their privacy through non-disclosure. However, non-disclosure is not always possible, and so other popular privacy technologies and tools have emerged for users to take further explicit action to protect their privacy. These include the encryption-based approaches found in the FaceCloak (Luo et al. 2009) and NOYB (Guha et al. 2008) services, the PGP encryption platform (PGP 2009), and GnuPG tools. Various forms of encryption have been used to address authentication, access control, data confidentiality, data integrity, and non-repudiation needs on secure networks for decades (Denning 1982; Jajodia 1996; You et al. 1998). Many users have sought encryption services when, for example, they look for the shttp or https prefixes in web URLs, or the lock symbol on web pages. Users employ encryption approaches at a later phase when they choose to take pragmatic action to secure their private data after becoming aware or educated about privacy risks and solutions.
In some popular online social networks, increasing the extent of encryption-based approaches may have the disadvantage of changing some degree of functionality of the social networks. The usability of the encryption techniques has been a complicating issue (Whitten and Tygar 1999). However, software developers are aware of the usability issues and hence encryption implementations are becoming friendlier and easier to use, as apparent in Google's Gmail support for SSL encryption.
Further, users can act to protect their privacy by employing anonymization technologies to prevent websites from collecting their identities by hiding or blocking identifying information such as cookies and IP addresses (Bayardo and Srikant 2003; Senicar et al. 2003; Goldberg et al. 1997). Other mature technical appliances for security and privacy that users actively employ are proxies and firewalls. Such tools are popularly described in the business literature (e.g. Panko 2008).
A popular means for a user to take control over maintaining her/his privacy is through applying the privacy settings available on browsers and some web sites. Social networking websites, in particular, are trying to address their users' privacy needs by providing settings to allow users to restrict certain categories of their private data from being displayed.
More emergent technologies are the location-based privacy protocols implemented in privacy services for mobile social networks, such as Buddy Beacon, Loopt, and Whrrl, and which are being prototyped (Zhong et al. 2007) in research labs. Moreover, attempts at identity theft can be prevented by user actively using web anti-spoofing tools. Web spoofing, also known as "phishing" or "carding", is a form of internet crime for identity theft (Chou et al. 2004). In Chou et al. (2004), a browser plug-in called SpoofGuard to protect users is described. The SpoofGuard detects spoofing by analyzing email to find suspicious links, and alerts the user.
The phases outlined here and the technologies discussed are from the user perspective and hence can be under the user control. Users benefit also from the organizational perspective when organizations similarly act and employ technologies to protect customer, employee, and partner privacy.
The detect phase
In the Detect phase, users may find out that their data has been mishandled in some way. For example, their information is aggregated in a manner that makes some private data visible and accessible to a larger audience than they initially intended. The violations can range from minor to severe. Users may detect privacy violations using many means including through simple online access of what data the organizations are holding and for what purposes the data were used. If these purposes, for instance, do not match what the user agreed to when her/his data was collected, then violations can be flagged.
Organizations and governments seek to preserve individuals' privacy while releasing information or profiling users to provide optimized services. A common approach is to de-identify data to be released by removing the identifiers. However, de-identified information can be recovered from existing information, i.e. the remaining data fields available about the user. This can lead to a type of inadvertent privacy violation known as a linkage attack where "attackers use innocuous data in one data set to identify a record in a second data set with both innocuous and sensitive data."(Greengard 2008)
Narayanan and Shmatikov (2009) created a re-identification algorithm that can be used to detect how private information is available online. Their algorithm re-identified users in the anonymized social network graphs available in social networking platforms by connecting the dots among user information provided on multiple platforms. The researchers showed how a third of the users, who can be verified to have accounts on Twitter and Flikr, were re-identified in the anonymous Twitter graph with a 12% error rate. Narayanan and Shmatikov (2009) also developed a re-identification algorithm that they applied to the Netflix Prize dataset, which contains anonymous movie ratings of 500,000 subscribers of Netflix, the world's largest online movie rental service. Using "the Internet Movie Database as the source of background knowledge, we successfully identified the Netflix records of known users, uncovering their apparent political preferences and other potentially sensitive information." (Narayanan and Shmatikov 2009) Note that identity-linking is not limited to social networks but can be done among pseudonyms or identifiers used to login, at the network-and application levels, on different systems, or email addresses, and so on.
It is possible that identity-linking can be the basis of a future user service as a user may find it useful to know what can be derived about him/her from the information posted on the web already. PeCAN also hosts a service for inference control (An et al. 2009) which prevents the user from releasing further information that would enable her/his privacy-sensitive contexts from being derived from those already released to ubiquitous software-enabled environments. In a sense PeCAN's inference control service does detection as it must first automatically detect a potential privacy violation and then alert the user to prevent it. It is a service that spans the Act and Detect phases.
Indeed, the services that provide users with reasonable control over their private information are information-based or information-providing. Similarly, the software services in firms that enforce the protection of customers and employee privacy are information-based or information-providing. Note that we can make a further distinction between information-based versus information-providing models. Encryption, anonymization, and anti-spoofing use information-based models in that they manipulate, perturb, or block information in some way and thus belong to one class, whereas technologies such as P3P, PeCAN, and re-identification are based on information-providing models.
The resolve phase
In the Resolve phase, users are provided with several options depending on their jurisdiction and its privacy governance models. In the US, recourse is through discussion, and if high-conflict, through user-actioned lawsuits. In countries with Privacy Commissioners, the user can complain to the Commissioner and any investigative and legal costs are borne by the government. Indeed, Bennett (1992) proposes five models that describe the privacy governance models in use by most countries' governments, according to who bears primary responsibility for protecting privacy interests: voluntary control (e.g. US), subject control (e.g. US), data commissioner model (e.g. Canada), registration (e.g.UK), and licensing (e.g. Norway). The bearer(s) of the primary responsibility are either or combinations of data gatherer, data subject, and government. In voluntary control and subject control, the organizations and citizens self-regulate on privacy issues. The data commissioner model uses a privacy ombudsman to help protect citizens' privacy. Whereas the registration and licensing models mean the data gatherers must first register with the government the data stores or databases which contain private data. Under the registration model, the government can deregister a store as a penalty if citizens complain about privacy infractions. In the licensing model, government employees are tasked to do inspections for compliance. Thus the privacy governance model also determines how active an oversight agency is in the Detect phase as well.
Many countries have web portals, blogs, and wikis to provide information leading to resolutions. The Canadian Federal Privacy Commissioner's web site has a serial listing of hundreds of privacy resolutions (Canada Federal Privacy Commissioner 2010). The Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario maintains a web site that includes indexed lookup of hundreds of summaries and resolutions (Ontario Information and Privacy Commissioner 2010). The online services for the Resolve phase are information-providing vs. transactional at this point.
Layering privacy platforms
Potentially there can be a privacy platform for each phase of the privacy life cycle, or one privacy platform can be created to host technologies to address all phases. It is more likely, in the beginning, with the fragmented efforts of privacy advocates, researchers, developers, and policymakers all around the world, that several platforms will emerge, and that the technologies to support the different user phases will map to these platforms. Indeed, this fragmentation of privacy platforms is the phenomenon we are witnessing today.
A useful platform (e.g. Windows, Akamai) provides a subset of services and rules employed by users in most of their transactions. Further, successful platforms are characterized by their usability, convenience, and pervasiveness. Business researchers define the platform-mediated network (hereafter referred to as a platform) as providing "a subset of components and rules employed by users in most of their transactions." (Eisenmann et al. 2006) Examples of components are hardware, software, and services. Rules are the technical standards, protocols for information exchange, policies, and contracts that govern transactions (Baldwin and Clark 2000).
There are one-sided and many-sided platforms. In a one-sided platform, users are all part of a homogeneous user base whereas a many-sided platform supports different and non-overlapping groups or networks of users or customers. For example, in 2-sided networks (Rochet and Tirole 2003; Parker and Van Alstyne 2005), users are permanent members of one distinct group, a "side," which transacts with a second side. Examples of popular many-sided e-business platforms are Alibaba, Amazon, Baidu, eBay, Clipvn, SalesForce.com, Visa, Monster, Xbox, and YouTube while examples of many-sided online social networking platforms are Facebook, Flikr, Orkut, QQ,Ning, MySpace, and Twitter.
A platform's value to a user depends on the number of other network users, and is subject to network effects (Katz and Shapiro 1985; Economides 1996). Network effects represent users' willingness to participate in, as expressed as their willingness-to-pay to associate with a platform, in the presence of an increasing or decreasing number of participants in the networks mediated by the platform. Social networking sites enjoy strong same side and cross-side network effects. When many friends of a user join Facebook on the same-side, for example, the more valuable the platform becomes to the user as he/she can communicate conveniently with a larger number friends through a common medium. The more users that join Facebook, the more application developers (a second Facebook customer group), and advertisers (a third Facebook customer group) will join on the cross-side. Users value the variety offered by the larger application development group and hence the platform becomes more valuable to the users. The latter phenomenon is a cross-side effect in the direction of application group to the user. Details of the high-level layered platform design will be elaborated in "Layering platforms—P3P, PeCAN, operating systems, social networks, and others".
Layering platforms—P3P, PeCAN, operating systems, social networks, and others
This section provides an illustration of the design presented in "Layering privacy platforms". It details the layering and synergies of two privacy platforms for the Aware phase of the Privacy Life Cycle. The privacy platform design is then illustrated where the combined services of the two privacy platforms are sandwiched in between the operating systems on user devices, such as the iPhone, and social networks or other high-level platforms.
Platform for privacy preferences—P3P (1997–2007)
Developed from 1997–2007 by a relatively small group of experts from US and European universities and industry, the best-known online privacy platform is the Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P). It enables organizations to represent their online privacy policies in a standard privacy-labeled format. Users' privacy software agents can then retrieve these specially formatted policies and automatically understand them. The syntax of P3P consists of a data schema and multiple privacy policy statements. The data schema part defines data elements that can be used in privacy policy statements. Each policy statement specifies what data will be collected, with whom they will be shared, for how long they will be retained and for what purposes. In order for the agents from the users' side to pre-fetch, interpret, and check these policies automatically, privacy policy statements are encoded in a machine-readable XML format on organizations' websites. The policy specification language has been a W3C Recommendation as P3P Version 1.0 since April 2002 (Cranor et al. 2002b), and P3P Version 1.1 is a Working group note as of 2007.
AT&T provides a free P3P agent called Privacy Bird as a user add-on to the IE6 browsers. Bird checks for P3P policies for all content on a page visited by the user, compares them to the users' privacy preferences, and reports on the match using a traffic-light metaphor (green, yellow, red), and a synopsis of alerts such a pop-up with text "this site can sell any medical data collected to third parties." In 2003, 30 percent of the top 100 Web sites were P3P enabled (Byers et al. 2003). In addition, a number of easy-to-use tools are available for Web-masters to post privacy policies in P3P format. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 (IE6) and Netscape Navigator 7 Web browser provide basic P3P functionality. A 2002 study of mainly over 50-year old users reports that the Privacy Bird is a useful agent. These user privacy agents simplify the task of examining the privacy policies posted by the websites and determining whether they are acceptable to the users/clients—a task that is cumbersome and disliked by users according to Lorrie Cranor, a leading privacy researcher and P3P author.
- (1)
The lack of online privacy education for users in general, and hence a lack of user readiness to demand that companies carefully and ethically handle their private data in future,
- (2)
A lack of user awareness that such a platform was available, and
- (3)
The under-funding of research and development and marketing efforts to maintain and market the platform.
That future is still not here as the average online user is naïve, currently to the point of ignorance, regarding online privacy issues and how apparently "cool" or convenient platform services can violate her/his privacy. A more recent study (Cranor et al. 2008) shows that "P3P had been deployed on 10% of the sites returned in the top-20 results of typical searches, and on 21% of the sites returned in the top-20 results of e-commerce". However, we put ourselves in a good strategic and technical position to help address deficiencies and avert crises when privacy technology research is proactive and anticipative rather than reactive.
The PeCAN platform (2002–present)
PeCAN's platform vision is to provide common privacy services to other online platforms and e-businesses. PeCAN's common service provides customized privacy preferences according to user context (space, time, country, organization, role of person, role of other interacting persons). In contrast, P3P provides one set of privacy preferences for all contexts. In addition, PeCAN supports multiple privacy services. Examples are services to maintain privacy-contexts and user-control mechanisms, sixteen enumerated services consisting of comparisons of government privacy regulations, business privacy policies, and user data handling preferences, and composite web services to maintain control over Personally Identifiable Information (PII) according to users' privacy and socio-economic concerns.
Software and services components of the PeCAN platform
➢A user wants to know whether her/his privacy preferences match the privacy practices of each of the organization's third party business partners.
➢A user wants to know whether privacy laws and authorities exist in Canada to enforce the intentions stated within the privacy policies on the businesses' web sites.
➢The user does not want to do business with a company that has CheatersInc or UnGreenCompany as a third party business partner because he/she considers these as unethical or environmentally unfriendly.
➢The user does not want to have her/his information shared with a third party business partner that is in a country with poor privacy laws.
➢The user does not want to deal with a company that shares customer data with a third party partner originating from a country with human rights abuses.
The PeCAN software agent architecture was presented in Jutla et al. 2006. It consists of a multi-agent system interacting with entities on behalf of the user. The platform prototype is developed in Java and C++ and uses mainstream web services standards, such as XML (Extensible Markup Language), SOAP, UDDI (Universal Description Discovery and Integration) , WSDL (Web Services Description Language), and the Web Ontology Language, OWL. Web privacy ontology (Kim et al. 2002) is a software component of PeCAN. It was motivated and designed in Jutla and Xu 2004; Jutla et al. 2006.
PeCAN's services support, among other things, a collaboration between its personal context agent (Jutla and Zhang 2005) and a P3P agent in order to apply context-specific privacy rules during a user's electronic commerce transaction with an organization's Web site or Web services. It has a number of other specialized software agents. A monitor agent (Bodorik and Jutla 2003; Jutla and Bodorik 2005) oversees the user's interaction with Web forms and other interaction mechanisms at Web service sites. A context agent manages dynamic changes of the user privacy context as the user interacts with sites on the Web, informs the user about the current privacy-related context for decision support within a Web transaction, and triggers revision of user privacy preferences either due to other agents in the architecture, or actions by the user. The arbitrator agent (He and Jutla 2006) allows users to negotiate on their PII's usage purposes, handling both recipients and retention periods of personally identifiable data with an organization on the Web. The regulatory agent invokes privacy Web services and utilizes external service feeds and trusted third party (TTP) agents to obtain knowledge on privacy regulations, guidelines, and service sites in multiple jurisdictions. Recommendations for additions to P3P were made in Jutla and Xu (2004), Jutla et al. 2004a and Jutla and Bodorik (2005).
Other web privacy services can allow the user to find out more information about the privacy practices of an organization's business partners. Users are concerned as many companies share their data with partners and third party service providers. A user may be interested in examining a partner's privacy policy or finding out under which regulations and jurisdictions the partnering organizations fall. PeCAN supports a proof-of-concept ontological privacy service that can look up various countries' privacy regulations.
While the P3P agent compares a user's privacy preference and a business' privacy policy, a PeCAN service can compare a business and a government's privacy policy. Another PeCAN service would compare a user's privacy preferences and government privacy regulations. The six possible two-way comparison combinations are enumerated in Table 4.
Web privacy services are useful not only for enabling these six two-way comparisons among user, government, and business stakeholders, but also for single stakeholder comparisons. For example, a service to compare business policies can be useful in several areas. One is the area of multiple jurisdictions where users might deal with a Web multinational, that is, with a company doing electronic commerce through subsidiaries in many countries (for example Amazon Japan or Amazon UK). A Web service doing such a comparison would tap resources, such as the Safe Harbor initiative, which lists membership information of companies who abide by other countries' privacy laws when doing business in those countries. Another area could be a Web service in which a user can compare many business' privacy policies to determine which of them handle personally identifiable data in a manner that is appropriate to the user.
PeCAN provides a service to perform a three-way comparison among user preferences, business practices, and government regulations (Jutla and Xu 2004; Jutla et al. 2004a). This comparison could be useful to an Internet user in several ways. An automatic comparison between the contents of P3P elements representing business privacy practices and those representing privacy law may result in highlighting to the user (1) omissions in the business' P3P policy statements, or (2) concerns of mismatch of interpretation of privacy legislation. The P3P specification is not yet mature enough in terms of element definitions to handle many legal subtleties cleanly. Hence a Web service can be useful to the user in flagging absence/presence, or ambiguity, of fair information principles regarding privacy as defined in law in the business' practices expressed in P3P policies.
Table 5 enumerates several other useful services for PeCAN which are proposed in this paper, based on comparison services between businesses, governments, and users. That is, in future PeCAN can implement services for a user to compare the privacy policies of two or more businesses, the privacy regulations for two or more governments, two or more sets of user privacy preferences, the privacy policies of multiple businesses against a set of user privacy preferences, and so on.
A further PeCAN service makes context sharing among software agents privacy-conscious. Bayesian network-based inference control methods (An et al. 2006, 2009) prevent privacy-sensitive contexts from being derived from those already released to ubiquitous software-enabled environments.
To increase the usability of the web privacy services, and to bring privacy management to mobile voice commerce, in 2005, Keselj and Jutla developed a high-level conceptual multi-agent software architecture which integrates natural language capability to be used in Internet Information Retrieval (IIR) tasks and privacy management. These improved PeCAN services are at experimental stages.
The market sides of the PeCAN platform
The PeCAN architecture specifies software components and services that may run on standard computer hardware. Service transactions have specific workflow and user input requirements that are part of the platform rules. Rules for a privacy platform are also dictated by the jurisdiction(s) of the operating platforms, including country- and industry-relevant regulations, laws, and acts.
Some platform markets cannot be developed without piggybacking on other platforms. Such is the case with current privacy platforms. P3P and PeCAN's markets are limited without Internet Explorer, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, and Chrome's support for their P3P and PeCAN agents and services, and a privacy vocabulary that is a web standard. Each client device must have an operating system, and hence privacy platform dependence and layering on operating system platforms is a natural extension. Similarly, without organizations and application providers placing their privacy policies in P3P-markup format, existing privacy platforms, P3P and PeCAN, will not have another market with which to connect their user services.
In Fig. 3, I focused on layering P3P and PeCAN platforms with the social networking organizations' platforms as these hosts hundreds of millions of users in well over 180 countries. This paper thus proposes a strategy for stakeholders to use the strong network effects of the social networking (SN) platforms to make privacy services pervasive.
A platform can also be viewed as a technology disruptor. According to Brydon & Vining (2006), new technologies can disrupt a market by "changing individual incentives for creating and sharing information, raising or lowering the costs of enforcing property rights, reducing or relocating transaction costs, and supporting institutional mechanisms (e.g. rating/reputation systems)." I suggest that social networking platforms are ideal environments for institutionalizing privacy mechanisms as well. Such institutionalization would lead to pervasive provision and use of privacy services, and the enhancement of socially innovative platforms that have "assets which can hardly be copied and which contribute to sustainable competitiveness." (Scheinstock et al. 2001; Jutla and Yu 2008)
Technology research often anticipates a future scenario. In this case it would be a scenario where users are better educated about online privacy issues. Privacy training will come from multiple sources, including classes in schools and specialized courses for employees. It would be an oversight to overlook the social service that OSN platforms can provide to their users in helping build privacy awareness and promoting informed and forward-looking user choices.
User-centric combined services for the aware and act phases
- (1)
She wants to know all the intended purposes/uses and possible dissemination of her information which she has tagged as private at the OSN site.
- (2)
She wants to do business only with firms that post a privacy policy.
- (3)
She wants to know that the business' privacy practices match her privacy preferences and to be alerted if they do not.
- (4)
She wants a store that will not only encrypt her credit card information but also the contents of her shopping basket.
- (5)
She wants to know whether her privacy preferences match the privacy practices of each of the OSN supplier's third party business partners.
- (6)
She wants to know whether privacy laws and authorities exist in the business' jurisdiction to enforce the intentions stated within the privacy policies on the businesses' web sites.
- (7)
She does not want to do business with a company that has CheatersInc or UnGreenCompany as a third party business partner because she considers these as unethical or environmentally unfriendly.
- (8)
She does not want to have her information shared with a third party business partner that is in a country with poor privacy laws.
- (9)
She does not want to deal with a company that shares customer data with a third party partner originating from a country with human rights abuses.
- (10)
She wants to know which private data protection law has precedence for her transaction.
- (11)
She would like to negotiate a quick electronic contract with a third party partner of the OSN, in which the company becomes obligated to destroy her data if it and its assets are sold to another company.
- (12)
She wants to know that she does not inadvertently provide information on a Web form at this site that goes against her stated privacy preferences. For instance, she has a preference not to give out her age, but she provides her birth-date and weight in the context of buying prescription medication to a business linked to the OSN.
- (13)
When she returns to the OSN, she would like to review her information and contracts for all the businesses or organizations linked to the OSN.
- (14)
She wants to review her privacy preferences for a linked site when she returns to the OSN site.
- (15)
She wants to maintain online privacy preferences for particular classes of organizations.
- (16)
She wants the OSN to keep her data that she provides to its various partners unlinked.
- (17)
She wants to ensure that private data that she intends to give out will not cause her other private data to be derived.
Analyzing these requirements, we see that current P3P agents will support the first three requirements on this list. Requirement 4 can be satisfied by an extension to P3P with a <SAFEGUARDS> tag and accompanying extension of the P3P agent's matching algorithm to do a SAFEGUARDS comparison. Satisfying requirements 5–9 are the focus of the cooperating PeCAN Web services in (Jutla et al. 2004a). Data support in a Web privacy ontology combined with implementation of the PeCAN services shown in Tables 4 and 5 is envisaged to support requirement 10. Services to implement negotiation and contracts as in requirement 11 are described in another paper (He and Jutla 2006). PeCAN's design includes services to satisfy requirements 12–17.
State-of-the-art privacy agents, such as the P3P-based agent PrivacyBird (AT&T 2005), are currently limited by fixed-format form interfaces. User preferences are restricted to specifying user rules for handling of his/her personal data in categories such as health, financial, and physical data. A good example of such a form is the Privacy Preference Settings form that AT&T Bird uses (see www.privacybird.com/tour/1_2_beta/). These settings are done at a large grain level that is user-friendly but lacks flexibility for personalizing privacy software according to a wide range of subjective user preferences and weightings of these preferences.
Warn me about companies that share customer information with other companies that do not have privacy statements.
Warn me about companies that share with other companies whose practices violate my privacy, ethical, and/or social preferences.
Warn me about a company that has a third party partner that is on my blocked list.
Warn me about businesses, 3rd party, or otherwise, that are in jurisdictions with no enforcement of fair information practices.
Summary of contributions, managerial, and user implications
- (1)
Users' knowledge of privacy issues and readiness to act on protecting privacy change over time and hence pass through different phases, each posing different challenges and opportunities in the changing online environment,
- (2)
Protecting privacy requires different, yet sometimes overlapping, strategies and tools in each life cycle stage, and
- (3)
Protecting a user's privacy continues indefinitely, so the phases will cycle or repeat continuously throughout her/his lifetime, and for those affected (e.g. family members), beyond the lifetime.
The second major contribution of the paper is a design for providing privacy protection via layering privacy platforms. The multi-layer privacy technology platforms and their services may map to one or more of the lifecycle phases. Formal privacy platforms from the user perspective currently exist only for the Aware and Act phases. Online technologies are becoming available to add to platforms for the first three phases while the Resolve phase's technology assistance is mainly through information-providing web sites at this time. The paper illustrated the application of platform management theory (Eisenmann et al. 2006) to privacy platforms wherein the PeCAN architecture is evolved to a platform to show the value of layering and combining privacy services across privacy platforms. What user privacy requirements are addressed through the combined service offerings of the P3P and PeCAN platforms are identified.
Another key contribution is that the platform concept can be turned into a bonanza, versus a nightmare for privacy, as piggybacking a privacy platform onto the strong network effects of existing operating systems and social networking platforms could translate to wide scale adoption of privacy services for awareness, action, detection, and resolution. That is, a strategy to make privacy pervasive is for user privacy services to become widely available, predictably and consistently, across mainstream platforms. This paper proposed accomplishing the wide scale pervasiveness of privacy services through a design to layer privacy platforms onto existing popular platforms.
With a platform-based strategy, the popularity of social networks, and a growing suite of online privacy services to meet the needs of the phases of the privacy life cycle, in coming years billions of users will have access to and will adopt the tools to take control and maintain their privacy online.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.


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Voices: Will Geno Smith be an NFL bust?
April 3, 2013
West Virginia's Geno Smith is probably going to be a high draft pick, but at least one scout claims that Smith's NFL future is bleak. Smith defended himself against a Pro Football Weekly scouting report that called him a "gimmick" who is "not a student of the game." The scout, Nolan Nawrocki, had a similarly dim view of Cam Newton before the 2011 NFL draft, and Newton has proved so far that he can stick in the league. Is the scout's analysis of Smith also off-base?
- EazyUsedToDoIt: "How does the writer purport to know Geno's a poor leader and isn't a student of the game? How much time did this writer spend around Geno and his teammates to be tossing around accusations like that? It's okay to criticize someone... but the WHY needs to be stronger."
- Tasty Mushuk: "If Geno wants to be great, he's going to have to deal with that kind of criticism all the time. Especially if he plays in Philly"
- DJ ON POINT 8.0: "There's a reason the Chiefs signed Alex Smith, the Eagles restructured Vick, the Bills signed Kolb, the Cards signed Palmer, the Raiders traded for Flynn. Not one of these QB's in this draft class is a starter at the pro-level."
- Greg25blee: "Should be a quality back-up for years to come."
- climb171: "Geno is a very average qb prospect in a year full of average to below average prospects."
- ebbearsfb1: "How does he know he is not a student of the game, and is not committed? Unless you speak to all his teammates and coaches you wont know that. Is it his fault his teams defense was terrible last year?"
Join the conversation or respond by signing in or creating a profile and blogging.

subset: commoncrawl


text: On 1/25/06, Robert Giles <rgiles arlut utexas edu> wrote: > comp.os.linux.suse is full of LAuS questions, but nothing > pertaining to the built-in kernel auditing that y'all are working on). LAuS (Linux Audit Subsystem) is an entirely different in-kernel auditing system co-developed between primarily SuSE and IBM. Although it did ship in t never made it into the upstream kernel due to a few hurdles that were not cleared. LAF (Linux Audit Framework) is the focus of this list. It is in the upstream kernel and it's the audit system used in RHEL/FC kernels. This list is where we're discussing both the userspace and kernelspace aspects of current audit enhancements prior to submitting those upstream. :-Dustin


text:
Absecon Police handled 590 calls for service April 15-21.
A 50-year-old woman from Absecon was arrested April 19 and charged with forgery.
There were eight warrant arrests.
Crime Stoppers
If you have information about a crime, contact Crime Stoppers anytime at 609-652-1234, 800-658-8477 (Atlantic County only), or crimestoppersatlantic.com. You can remain anonymous.


text:
Canva Marketing: Gorgeous Graphic Design That Converts
3 hrs | Video: AVC (.MP4) 1280x720 30fps | Audio: AAC 44.1KHz 2ch | 749 MB
Genre: eLearning | Language: English
Learn graphic design skills and create beautiful marketing graphics with Canva - the free online Photoshop alternative.
* Lectures 32
Learn graphic design skills so you can create amazing marketing graphics for free using a fully-featured online graphic design program called Canva. This beginner's course will give you the tools and understanding to design your own promotional graphics that attract customers. I have been doing graphic design for 8+ years and can't wait to show you this amazing free tool.
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text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
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|"Craig Russell (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Assigned: (JDO-390) JPOX fails new test: change to projected Date field is reflected in the database
|Sat, 31 Mar 2007 19:03:25 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/JDO-390?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Craig Russell reassigned JDO-390: --------------------------------- Assignee: Michelle Caisse (was: Andy Jefferson) Andy is right. The test doesn't actually test what it's supposed to. Instead of comp.setFounded(testDate); it should be something like testDate.setTime(123789L); And then the tests should make sure that the company instance in memory is not dirty (test is ok here) and that the instance in the database still has the same Date as it did earlier, using an equals test. There is a pretty good summary of the issue at http://email@example.com%3e The consensus is that if you project a Date from a query, the Date you get is not an owned SCO. It can be an SCO if your implementation chooses (the only requirement is that it is assignable to Date) but it cannot be owned. The test method projects a Date, modifies it, and then verifies both that the instance in memory whence the projected Date was obtained is not modified, and that the instance in the database is not modified. > JPOX fails new test: change to projected Date field is reflected in the database > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Key: JDO-390 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/JDO-390 > Project: JDO > Issue Type: Bug > Components: tck2 > Affects Versions: JDO 2 maintenance release 1 > Reporter: Michelle Caisse > Assigned To: Michelle Caisse > Fix For: JDO 2 maintenance release 1 > > > Changes to a projected SCO should not be persisted to the data store. JPOX persists changes to a projected Date field in the new query.result.ProjectedSCODoesNotTrackChanges test. > > [java] 1) testDateField(org.apache.jdo.tck.query.result.ProjectedSCODoesNotTrackChanges)junit.framework.AssertionFailedError: > [java] Expected Company instance not to be dirty; actual state is {persistent, transactional, dirty} > [java] Expected projected field value is Fri Jun 23 21:53:29 PDT 2006; actual value is Wed Dec 31 16:02:03 PST 1969 > [java] > [java] at org.apache.jdo.tck.JDO_Test.failOnError(JDO_Test.java:1052) > [java] at org.apache.jdo.tck.query.result.ProjectedSCODoesNotTrackChanges.testDateField(ProjectedSCODoesNotTrackChanges.java:150) > [java] at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) > [java] at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) > [java] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMet > hodAccessorImpl.java:25) > [java] at org.apache.jdo.tck.JDO_Test.runBare(JDO_Test.java:237) > [java] at org.apache.jdo.tck.util.BatchTestRunner.doRun(BatchTestRunner.java:107) > [java] at org.apache.jdo.tck.util.BatchTestRunner.start(BatchTestRunner.java:147) > [java] at org.apache.jdo.tck.util.BatchTestRunner.main(BatchTestRunner.java:122) -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
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text:
John Lennon Tooth
February 17, 2012 by staff
John Lennon Tooth, First, John Lennon's tooth went up for auction in a high-profile sale, and now it's Elvis Presley's turn.
According to ABC News, a one-of-a-kind a model of Elvis Presley's teeth together with a crown made for the star by the musician's former Memphis dentist, Henry J. Weiss, will be up for auction beginning February 25. The model – which will be auctioned via Omega Auctions in Stockport, Greater Manchester – is estimated to score a sky-high $15,000 or more.
Weiss, Presley's dentist until 1971, did all of the "Hound Dog" rocker's dental work, including the groundwork of a porcelain crown for his front tooth. As the story goes, Weiss was called upon in February of 1971 when Presley cracked his crown on a microphone while playing a gig at the International Hotel, now known as the Hilton Hotel, in Las Vegas. He affectionately called the crown the "King's Crown."
The model of the King's teeth is presently enclosed in a custom glass showcase.
Lennon's tooth scored over $30,000 at auction in November of 2011.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


text:
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|One of the meals at McCormicks.
Doesn't it look healthy and delicious?!
On the other hand I know I'm going to be worried about it. I've been doing so great at keeping this up and writing down everything I eat with as much accuracy as I can muster. I've also done really good at staying in my limits. It's hard to get enough protein every day without going too crazy on the fat. I just don't want to mess up a good thing.
I think I'm going to risk it. The portions are small and I can't set myself back that far. Tomorrow I'll be back on the wagon.
In related news, I reconfigured my excel spreadsheet and it's much fancier now. I even used a formula that I've never used before. I'm hoping that it will be easier to use so that I won't have to spend as much time on it every day, thus making my success more probable. Again, if anyone's interested I'm happy to share!


text:
Lichfield City FC will get the chance to try again against Wolverhampton Casuals in the FA Cup.
Dave Langston's men forced the replay after a shutout at Brownsfield Park.
A crowd of 250 had turned up to see the first ever FA Cup tie to be played in the city of Lichfield.
The hosts look to rise to the occasion early on as Craig Marshall's strike cannoned off the woodwork.
But Casuals showed they were keen on spoiling the party when a volley forced home keeper Amrick Virdee into a smart save.
Lichfield were next to threaten when Dan Baxter's effort was clawed out.
City then went even closer to breaking the deadlock when Luke Chapman's free-kick struck the bar.
Marshall had another opportunity after being found by a Dean Withers cross, but he could only turn the ball into the side-netting.
The second half again saw Lichfield create good chances with Marshall heading over and Baxter seeing his shot smothered, before Jordan Evans' volley was turned away by the visiting keeper.
But it was Casuals who were handed a glorious opportunity to break the deadlock after Joe Clarke gave away a penalty. Lichfield were able to breathe a sigh of relief as the resulting spot kick was fired over the bar.
Both sides will now try again in a replay on Tuesday night (August 9).


text:
Look at other dictionaries:
diamonded — ˈdī(ə)məndə̇d adjective 1. : diamond II 4 the windows had diamonded panes Edith Sitwell 2. : adorned with or as if with diamonds he went ever gold laced, highly powdered, scented, and diamonded Charles Reade : diamondized … Useful english dictionary
diamonded — di·a·mond·ed … English syllables
dia|mond|ed — «DY muhn dihd, DY uh », adjective. 1. set with or as if with diamonds: »Figurative. ... the diamonded night (Tennyson). 2. having parts shaped like diamonds or lozenges: »A casement…diamonded with panes of quaint device (Keats) … Useful english dictionary
Josuke Higashikata — nihongo|Josuke Higashikata|東方 仗助|Higashikata Jōsuke is a fictional character from the Japanese manga JoJo s Bizarre Adventure . Josuke is the main hero of series 4. He begins the series as a new freshman in the town of Morioh. It begins while… … Wikipedia
bediademed — bediademed, diamonded, diaper see be … Useful english dictionary


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login with
"My toddler has a lot of energy" fixes!
I love these ideas. Even though Charlie is only 5 months, it's never too early to keep these lists handy when he finds out what the ground is and wants to cover as much of it as possible each day :)
Have you tried any of these with your little one?
Comment deleted
I love the one about rolling a ball in paint.. that's awesome.
This is great! Avery has a ton of energy and I'm always looking for ways to keep her active. She's still a bit young for some of these, but I'll definitely try them out :)
Only a couple. We would do a balloon game. In our townhouse we had an entry way that connected to the living room and our children were allowed to run from the front door to the back wall, where the couch was for a few years, and do that several times to get energy out in the winter or on rainy days. We played musical chairs too. We have done the rolling down the hill too.
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About Alissa
Current: Chinook, Montana
Birth: September 17
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*Site Hostess* I am a first time mom living in North Central Montana. I have a fiance, the most gorgeous baby boy, and a goofball dog named Lexi to fill up my plate :)


text:
The EFT Group is a European energy trading and investment firm, operating in south-east, central and western Europe, as well as Turkey and the Baltics.
The Group is developing two major investment projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina - the Stanari thermal power plant and the Ulog hydro power plant. EFT's aim is to become the first privately owned, integrated power company in south-east Europe, developed through greenfield investment.
EFT completed its greenfield investment project and officially started the com... more+
Xinhua, Editor: Li YanA thermal power plant in northern Bosnia and Herzegov... more+
St. Gallen, 12 January 2016 Yesterday, the Romanian Competition Council publish... more+


text:
The Graveyard[1] is a ghost that appears exclusively for the Ghostbusters: The Video Game (Stylized Portable Versions). For strategy on defeating it, go to Shandor's Revenge Mission.
Tobin's GuideEdit
An evil cemetery spirit that brings bones to life.
Dealing with the SupernaturalEdit
- Type:
- Ghost (must trap)
- Behaviors:
- Attacks: Melee, Range
- Weaknesses: Proton Stream
- His ability to bring bones to life was also ability for Gu Mo in Extreme Ghostbusters episode "Eyes of a Dragon".


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Mettler Toledo™ SevenGo Duo pro™ Lab Meters
Professional dual-channel instrument for special analyses, particularly in environmental, chemical and food and beverage industries. Mettler Toledo SevenGo Duo pro Lab Meters are portable meters for parallel determination of pH, mV, rel. mV or ion concentrations, and dissolved oxygen (DO).
Manufacturer: Mettler Toledo™ ME51302664
SpecificationsDescription & Specifications
Kit, Field; Mettler Toledo; SevenGo Duo Pro; pH/Ion/RDO; Portable; Includes InLab Expert Pro-ISM and InLab OptiOx (both IP67, 5m cable), OptiOx protective guard, rubber holster, calibration sachets, sample bottles and field compact case
- Either linear or segmented 5-point pH calibration, with selection from seven predefined and one user-defined buffer groups
- Dissolved oxygen mode based on optical Rugged Dissolved Oxygen (RDO™) technology
- Manual or automatic atmospheric pressure compensation using built-in barometer
- Modern data management for 500 GLP data records with date/time, sensor ID and serial number, and user and sample ID
- Contactless infrared interface for data transmission to a printer or PC
- Intuitive, user-friendly operation using menu guidance in 10 languages and backlit display
- Rugged watertight housing (IP67)
- Intelligent sensor management system (ISM™) for automatic access to up-to-date calibration data
InLab™ OptiOx for Dissolved Oxygen
- Optical oxygen sensor based on RDO (Rugged Dissolved Oxygen) technology
- Easy-to-replace OptiOx sensor caps
- Robust and manageable design
InLab Expert Pro-ISM for pH
- Low-maintenance XEROLYT™ polymer electrolyte with two open reference connections
- Robust, chemically resistant PEEK shaft
- Long-lasting ARGENTHAL™ reference system
|Lab Meter, InLab Expert Pro-ISM and InLab OptiOx (both IP67, 5m cable), OptiOx protective guard, Rubber holster, calibration sachets, sample bottles and field compact case
|-1999 to 1999mV
|BNC (>1012Ohm), RCA (cinch), (both IP67)
|Four AA
|32° to 104°F
|8.66 x 3.54 x 1.77 in. (22 x 9 x 4.5cm)
|3.54 in.
|Meter Field Kit with Electrodes and Case
|-2 to 19.999
|IR to printer or PC via RS232 or USB
|0 to 40°C
|1.77 in.
|8.66 in.
Buy a pH Meter Kit, Get Complimentary Calibration BuffersPurchase a METTLER TOLEDO™ meter kit and get a complimentary rainbow pack of pH buffer sachets with 10 each of pH 4.01, 7.00 and 10.01. This is an NLSU exclusive offer. You must apply and qualify for the program to be eligible.
: 06/30/18


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Name: single game tickets seattle sounders.zip
Release: 2015
Type: WinZip
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text: MotoStar April 09, 2016 8:32 PM Well done to Oettl but sadly this was spoiled by the rain. The two race winners so far are way down the grid! Norrodin has performed well after his disappointment last week, and good to see Fenati and Bastianini up there in the top five. Reply Report abuse 7 agree 1 disagree


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The records for the largest DDoS attack in history are being broken on a regular basis and there is no end in sight.
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The New Orleans Sewerage & Water Board said Wednesday that the city's drinking water is safe to drink despite the presence of a "slightly unusual odor."
The agency said it has tested the water and determined that it "meets or exceeds" all quality requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals.
"During this time of the year, it is not unusual to experience taste and odor issues related to algae from the Mississippi River, and some people are more sensitive to these types of events than others," the agency said in a statement. "We will continue to monitor the situation."


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Ford Posts $2.1 Billion Profit
Ford posted a $2.1 billion profit for this quarter, beating market expectations by a full year despite a lull in the new vehicle market. Ford has undergone a series of cost-cutting measures, including plant closures and layoffs, but has also introduced a torrent of new product in nearly every segment.
Ford hasn't earned $2 billion profit since 2004, when the company sold 17 million vehicles. Expectations for this year include sales of fewer than 12 million cars and trucks. Ford's strong performance has been attributed to a number of factors. New products like the Fiesta, Mustang, Edge and Fusion have been extremely well received by the automotive press and well as consumers. Sales of the full-size Taurus are up 96 percent from the previous generation. Ford's image has also remained strong, as it avoided taking government loans (unlike rivals GM and Chrysler), and avoided the quality problems that have plagued Toyota.
However, Ford's executive chairman told the New York Times that the success of the company was attributable to its own strengths, not the weaknesses of its competitors.
"I don't know how much it really helped because it's all about the product," Mr. Ford told reporters after a speech in Detroit this month. "People will come into our showrooms but if they don't see anything they like, they'll go elsewhere."


text: Posted June 19, 2016 (edited) I have been known to do some tv binge watching from time to time. What are some of your favorite shows? I don't watch a lot of TV, but some favorites are: 1. Game of Thrones - "You know nothing John Snow..." 2. Breaking Bad 3. House MD 4. Lost 5. The Walking Dead 6. 24 with Jack Bauer - a classic! 7. How could I forget "Dexter?" 8. Sherlock with Benedict Cumberbatch. 9. Suits! - a very good lawyer series about a guy with a photographic memory who pretends to be a lawyer. 10. The Walking dead My recent obsession has been "The Detour." Omigosh this is the funniest show. If you haven't seen it you have to watch a few episodes. It is disturbingly funny in all the wrong ways. Edited August 1, 2016 by HunkaHunkaBurningLove 1 Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Stop a devastating war and save the man you love in Legends of the East: The Cobra's Eye! A long-forgotten artifact has just resurfaced, and evil forces are racing to claim it. To make matters worse, the love of your life, Daniel, has somehow gotten himself mixed up in the mess. Now you must find Daniel and uncover the truth behind the legendary Cobra's Eye before the fate of the world is changed forever. Your destiny awaits you in this thrilling Hidden Object Puzzle Adventure game!
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Green-Wood Cemetery celebrates its 175th anniversary
Green-Wood Cemetery turns 175 this year, and the bucolic Victorian attraction offers plenty to see, do and even drink.
Tue Jul 9 2013
Photograph: Aaron Brashear
Green-Wood Cemetery
For nearly two centuries, Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery has served as a place of peace and tranquility as much for this city's living, breathing denizens as for its dearly departed movers and shakers. Among the open-air destination's regular lineup of cultural events is a Historic Trolley Tour (Wed, second and last Sun of the month, 1–3pm; $15, Green-Wood Historic Fund and Brooklyn Historical Society members $10) that lets visitors explore all 478 acres of one of New York City's original green spaces (its popularity in the mid-1800s helped inspire the creation of Central and Prospect Parks). The national historic landmark honors its 175th anniversary this year with special events both on- and off-site, including "A Beautiful Way to Go: New York's Green-Wood Cemetery," an exhibit at the Museum of the City of New York (through Oct 13, see Museums). Green-Wood's summer calendar is especially jam-packed; here's how to have some fun amid the final resting places of Leonard Bernstein, Boss Tweed, Jean-Michel Basquiat and other notable New York residents.
Drinks to Die For
- Critics choice
- Free
Commune with spirits of the fermented kind when Brooklyn Historical Society's annual summer beer garden takes up temporary residence in the cemetery's open meadow, as part of a collaboration to celebrate the organizations' histories and the borough they share. Indulge in Shake Shack custard and Brooklyn Brewery suds at the cheekily titled Drinks to Die For (July 25, Aug 22 6–8pm; free, drink ticket $5), while live bands serenade.
- Green-Wood Cemetery 500 25th St, at Fifth Ave
- Thu Jul 25 - Thu Aug 22
Green-Wood Summer Yoga Series
- Price band: 2/4
- Critics choice
Instructor Barrie Raffel leads the Green-Wood Summer Yoga Series (Sat 13, Aug 10 8–10am; $25, Green-Wood Historic Fund and Brooklyn Historical Society members $20), a gentle exercise session that uses the tranquil setting to help participants make that all-important mind-body connection. Reflect on the life-extending properties of a healthy self as you practice your downward dog on the picturesque grounds. A post-yoga breakfast includes tea, coffee and snacks from Baked In Brooklyn.
- Green-Wood Cemetery 500 25th St, at Fifth Ave
- Sat Jul 13 - Sat Aug 10
Moonlight Walking Tour
- Price band: 2/4
- Critics choice
Late-night explorers need only a flashlight and all the bravery they can muster to set off on the Moonlight Walking Tour (July 20 at 8:30pm; $20, Green-Wood Historic Fund and Brooklyn Historical Society members $15). Historian Jeff Richman will lead participants through storied grave sites, monuments and catacombs—including those of DeWitt Clinton and painter William Holbrook Beard—under the light of a full moon, with the accompaniment of a live accordionist to up the old-school scare factor.
- Green-Wood Cemetery 500 25th St, at Fifth Ave
- Sat Jul 20
Green-Wood Cemetery, 500 25th St at Fifth Ave, Sunset Park, Brooklyn (718-210-3080, green-wood.com)
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Grace McMillan, 82, Roosevelt Grandchild
Published: February 26, 1994
Grace Roosevelt McMillan, a photographer who was the eldest grandchild of President Theodore Roosevelt, died on Tuesday at the Greater Baltimore Medical Center. She was 82 and lived in Baltimore.
The cause was a stroke, her family said.
Born Grace Green Roosevelt in San Francisco, she graduated from the Sorbonne in Paris and became an accomplished freelance photographer. She was a trustee of the Baltimore Museum of Art and the Greater Baltimore Medical Center. During World War II she managed the large McMillan family farm in Maryland while her husband served in the Navy in the Pacific.
She was the only daughter of Brig. Gen. Theodore Roosevelt Jr., a soldier, author and publisher, who died in the cross-Channel assault on Omaha Beach in 1944. A highly decorated officer and former Governor of Puerto Rico, he received the Congressional Medal of Honor posthumously.
Mrs. McMillan is survived by her husband of 60 years, William, a retired architect; a daughter, Eleanor McMillan of Bethesda, Md.; a son, William Jr., of Baltimore; a brother, Theodore Roosevelt 3d of Mount Desert, Me., and three granddaughters.


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Stone Chart
Simulated Birthstone Family Tree Pendant in Sterling Silver (1 Stone)
Item# 20034561
Celebrate her strong family ties with this customized tree pendant. Crafted in satin-finished sterling silver, this lovely style features a cutout tree design framed in a circle of the simulated birthstone color of your choice. The linear bail is also lined with birthstones. Polished to a bright shine, this pendant suspends along an 18-inch cable chain that secures with a spring-ring clasp. View product details
Typographic errors are subject to correction. Merchandise enlarged to show detail and may not always be exactly as pictured. Promotions, prices, styles and availability may vary by store and online.


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text: To get from Modugno a Vimercate by train you can catch one of the 18 trains that everyday travel between Modugno Citta and Arcore, the closest station to the city. The first train to Arcore leaves from Modugno Citta at 06:29 and the last train departs at 23:26. The trip by train from Modugno Citta to Arcore last on average 05:35 travelling with high-speed trains (Frecciarossa or Italotreno) If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 08:22 hours. On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Arcore and book the best itinerary starting from Modugno Citta.