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Computer-simulation study on fire behaviour in the ventilated cavity of ventilated façade systems
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1 MATEC Web of Conferences 9, (2013) DOI: ßmatecconfß C Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2013 Computer-simulation study on fire behaviour in the ventilated cavity of ventilated façade systems María P. Giraldo 1, Ana Lacasta 2, Jaume Avellaneda 3 and Camila Burgos 1 1 INCAFUST Catalan Institute of Wood, Barcelona, Spain 2 Architectural Buildings Department, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain 2 Applied Physics Department (EPSEB), Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain Abstract. Fire spread through the façades is widely recognized as one of the fastest pathways of fire spreading in the buildings. Fire may spread through the façade in different ways depending on the type of façade system and on the elements and materials from which it is constructed. Ventilated façades are multilayer systems whose main feature is the creation of an air chamber of circulating air between the original building wall and the external cladding. The chimney effect in the air cavity is a mechanism that improves the façade s thermal behaviour and avoids the appearance of moisture from rain or condensation. However, in a event of fire, it may contribute to the quickest spreading of fire, representing a significant risk to the upper floors of a building. This study deals with some aspects of fire propagation through the ventilated cavity in ventilated façade systems. Also we review the provisions stipulated by the Spanish building code (Código Técnico de la Edificación, CTE) [1] to avoid fire spread outside the building. The results highlight the importance of the use of proper fire barriers to ensure the compartmentalization of the ventilated cavity, as well as the use of non-combustible thermal insulation materials, among others. In addition, based on the results, it might be considered that the measures stipulated by the CTE are insufficient to limit the risks associated with this kind of façades systems. The study has been performed using field models of computational fluid-dynamics. In particular, the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software has been used to numerically solve the mathematical integration models. BACKGROUND The ventilated façade system belongs to a group called cladding systems and is an updated version of that known as cavity wall. This method of construction was introduced in the Northwest of Europe during the 19th century and gained widespread use from Both systems base their performance on the air chamber of the cavity, and while the cavity wall system has been used only in brick walls, the ventilated façade has a vast variety of finishes. Nowadays the trend in architecture is towards a growing usage of lightweight construction systems that are quick to install (drywall construction), versatile and have a high technical and aesthetic value. The ventilated façade has all these characteristics as well as providing a good performance from an acoustic and hygrothermal point of view. In Spain and other Mediterranean countries, the use of ventilated façades over the last ten years has significantly increased as a result of the good performance of this kind of façade system. They are used in new buildings as well as in the refurbishment of façades. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 2.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article available at or
2 MATEC Web of Conferences (A) (B) (C) Figure 1. Façade cavity systems (A) Cavity wall (B) ventilated façade (C) elements of ventilated façade. The use of ventilated façades offers advantages such as: Contributes to thermal comfort and energy saving: the fitting of insulation on the outside of walls and slabs eliminates thermal bridges in any part of the façade, thereby preventing the loss of heat to the exterior in winter and absorbing heat in summer. Elimination of condensation on the inside of the façade wall: the pressure difference between the air in the cavity and outside leads to the creation of an airflow known as the chimney effect, which eliminates humidity in wet conditions and prevents condensation. However, in terms of fire safety, the chimney effect poses a risk, because the ventilated cavity may provide a pathway for the fire to spread quickly. In general, the provisions of the Spanish building code (CTE) on external fire spread are perceived as insufficient to address risks associated to the fire spreading through the façades, taking into account the different types and design of the façade. This study focuses on the CTE provisions regarding ventilated façades with the purpose of analyzing the risks which are not sufficiently covered. Fire spread through the ventilated cavity When there is a fire in a building, the façade may be one of the quickest spreading pathways. Some types of façades, as in the case of ventilated façade systems, pose a greater risk because of the characteristics of the elements that comprise them. The ventilated façade is a multilayer system consisting of the following elements (Fig. 1C): 1. Support: (wall, column, slab, etc) a resistant structural element which is part of the building and is responsible for transmitting forces to the structure of the building. 2. Substructure/ fixing system: a set of resistant elements responsible for transmitting forces received by the cladding to the support. Metal railing systems, usually aluminium uprights and cross members. 3. Insulation: Located on the exterior side of the supporting wall. 4. Air chamber: The cavity formed by the separation between the cladding and insulation (fixed to the building wall). 5. Cladding: The outer face of the façade, which be composed of different materials. Several authors have highlighted the influence of the geometric factor of the façade in the development of a fire and its spread through the façade surface [2, 3]. In particular, it has an impact on the speed of propagation of fire, and the shape and trajectory of the fire plume p.2
3 1 st International Seminar for Fire Safety of Facades, Paris (France), 2013 The arrangement of the components of a multilayer façade, such as the ventilated façade, may be understood as part of its geometric development. Therefore, the ventilated cavity is an element that significantly influences the behaviour of fire. In a ventilated façade, fire may spread along the following routes: 1. Through the window openings by the so-called leap frog" effect. 2. Through the surface of the cladding, when the reaction of the material to fire contributes to the rate of fire spread, and 3. through the ventilated cavity, if adequate fire barriers are not employed; due to the chimney effect, this latter factor is considered the fastest propagation pathway [4]. In this study we focus only on this last case. Once the fire is within the ventilated cavity, the hazards associated with the fire spreading through the cavity are as follows: Thermal properties of insulation. If a combustible material is used (which is often the case), fire intensity increases. The substructure of the façade. In this type of fire incident, the temperature within the fire envelope may achieve a local temperature in excess of 600 C. Regardless of the external panel construction, if fire enters the cavity and comes into contact with the aluminium substructure, it may begin to lose its local strength and integrity as it is heated. Under prolonged fire exposure conditions, the railing system could melt, which may lead to localised system collapse. Cavity shape and chimney effect. As mentioned above, fire spread in ventilated façades occurs through the windows and the ventilated cavity. This may occur simultaneously. When flames are confined by the cavity, they will become elongated as they seek oxygen and fuel to support the combustion process. This process, together with the chimney effect, may lead to a flame extension five to ten times greater than of the fire plume spreading through the windows [4], regardless of the materials used as insulation. This may enable fire to spread quickly and unseen through the external cladding system, if appropriate fire barriers have not been provided. Vulnerable areas. Window and door frames may provide a direct entry route to the cavity. These are usually made of aluminium or PVC and lack fire barriers or seals. Provisions of the CTE on ventilated façades The Spanish building code CTE (DB SI) Fire Safety (Sects. 1 and 2) addresses the spread of fire in a very general way. It makes only a succinct reference to façade ventilated systems. In particular, it relates to two aspects: Fire barriers, under the following conditions: Barriers in cavities are required every 3 storeys or 10 m, in buildings higher than 18 m. Barriers in cavities are required every 3 storeys or 10 m, in buildings less than 18 m, except in cases in which insulation materials meet the classification of fire reaction B-s3,d2, i.e. it has a low level of combustibility. Otherwise, no fire barrier is required. Combustibility of thermal insulation material, under the following conditions: The insulation should meet the classification of fire reaction B-s3,d2 throughout the height of the entire building, in buildings higher than 18 m. The insulation should meet the classification of fire reaction B-s3,d2 until 3.50 m in public access areas. The rest of building does not have this requirement. The regulation does not provide details about these requirements p.3
4 MATEC Web of Conferences Table 1. Computational domain. Scenarios Mesh size (m) Number of cells Cell size Basic scenario , Double size scenario , OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess fire behaviour and its propagation through the cavities of ventilated façades systems. In particular, we seek to assess the level of protection provided by the measures stipulated by the CTE. We focus our study on the following aspects: A. Fire barriers in the ventilated cavity. Two different methods for partitioning the cavity are considered. B. The influence of the use of combustible and non-combustible thermal insulation. C. The influence of the size of the cavity and level of ventilation. Three variables are considered: low, medium and high ventilation. METHODOLOGY This research is conducted using field models of computational fluid-dynamics to evaluate some aspects of fire dynamics in the different cases studied, the conditions of which are explained below. In particular, the following software is used: The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to solve the models PyroSim for the graphical interface, and Smokeview to visualize the results. Computer-simulation is a useful tool that provides an approach to the problem of fires, taking into account different variables and scenarios. One of the great advantages of simulation is the possibility to study some aspects of the phenomenon of fire without incurring the high costs of laboratory tests. This does not mean that computer-simulation can replace the laboratory tests; however, it is a powerful tool for carrying out complementary studies, mainly as regards the physical behaviour of fire. In this research a scenario representing a fire in a living room is considered. The fire starts on a couch in the ground floor of the scenario. To achieve this, an ignition source of 400 cm 2 is placed on the surface of the couch. This source is characterized by a burner with a heat release rate of 1000 kwßm 2. Once the fire reaches the stage of flashover, it spreads to the outside through the windows. The windows are disabled when a device (heat detector) reaches 300 C. Moreover, the window frames are disabled when a device (heat detector) reaches 500 C (Considering a failure in the aluminium window frames due to fire exposure) as a result fire enters to the cavity. Fire growth occurs according to the calculation performed by the software. The FDS solves the equations governing the simulated system and provides graphical and numerical data for each scenario. The models show a simplified representation of the analyzed cases. Eight cases are evaluated based on a common computational domain and a fire scenario. Table 2 describes the variables considered in each case under study. The characteristics of the computational domain and the scenarios are described below. Computational domain Two computational domains are performed; one is the basic scenario and the other is double the size scenario. The basic scenario size is 6.50 m 4.90 m 8.25 m. Each cell has a uniform size (0.10 m 0.10 m 0.10 m). Table 1 shows the information about the two domains. Previously, two different computational domains are also performed for the same scenario to compare the evolution of fire: with cell size (0.20 m 0.20 m 0.20 m) and (0.10 m 0.10 m 0.10 m). The results were similar for both domains. The smaller mesh was chosen to all simulations p.4
5 1 st International Seminar for Fire Safety of Facades, Paris (France), 2013 B A Open door Figure 2. Computational domain three-storey scenario. Figure 3. Geometric description of the scenarios and location of the thermocouples. Table 2. Case studies. (C) Cavity size and ventilation level (A) Fire barriers (B) Thermal insulation FB WB CI NCI Floor Window Combustible Non combustible barriers barriers insulation insulation LV o o o o Low ventilation MV o o Medium ventilation HV o High ventilation Double size o scenario The simulations parameters are follows: Temperature: 10 C, Moisture: 60%, ventilation conditions 1.0 m/s (3.6 km/h), Simulation time: 900 seconds. There are two different areas to be considered in the domain (Fig. 2): (A) Enclosure (Living room) and (B) Open (external conditions) p.5
6 MATEC Web of Conferences (A) Fire barriers (FB) Floor barriers (WB) Window barriers (B) Thermal insulation (CI) Combustible Insulation similar in type to polyurethane foam (NCI) Non combustible insulation similar in type to rock wool (C) Cavity size and ventilation level 1.0 m/s 2.5 m/s (LV) Low ventilation 7 cm cavity width (MV) Medium ventilation 17 cm cavity width (HV) High ventilation 7 cm cavity + forced air flow Figure 4. Details of the ventilated cavity elements. Geometric configuration and contents of the scenarios The fire scenario consists of a three-storey living space of 4.00 m 4.90 m. Each floor is 2.50 m high and is separated by concrete floors (non-combustible material). The façade cladding material is non-combustible. The scenario is representative of a typical living space with a fire load density p.6
7 1 st International Seminar for Fire Safety of Facades, Paris (France), Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) Time (s) Time (s) Without barrier (FB) (WB) Without barrier (FB) (WB) (A) (B) Figure 5. (Top) comparative of temperatures between a scenario without barrier and the two types of barriers studied, for thermocouples 1 (left) and 2 (right). (Bottom) graphics of fire spreading through the façade. (A) With barriers, at time of 300 s. (B) Without barriers, at 250 s and 300 s. approximately of 600 MJßm 2. The characterization of the materials that constitute the furniture is based on some parameters extracted from the database of Ref. [6]. Measurements devices Data on the evolution of the temperatures are recorded through thermocouples located at the height of the parapet of the first floor, both inside and outside. Furthermore, thermocouples are placed inside the chamber to check the temperatures reached (Fig. 3). In order to observe the distribution of temperatures in certain areas of the scenario, chromatic planes of two dimensions are used, as seen in Figures 6 and 7. Ventilated cavity details As indicated in the research objectives, in this study three aspects related to the ventilated cavity are explored. Table 2 and Figure 4 shows the information on each of them. Two sizes of ventilated cavity are studied LV and MV (low and medium ventilation) according to the provisions of CTE DB HE Energy Savings (Appendix E). The third type of ventilation HV (high ventilation) incorporates a forced air flow p.7
8 MATEC Web of Conferences 800 Temperature (ºC) Time (s) T1 (10 m) T2 (16.50) T3 (16.50) ºC (A) (B) Figure 6. (Top) temperatures recorded by thermocouples located inside the cavity. (Bottom) (A) graphics of flames and smoke through the façade without fire barriers, at 450 s. (B) Temperature distribution for the same situation. RESULTS The results show the great influence of the ventilated cavity in fire spread through the façade, should adequate fire barriers not be employed. Fire barriers In all the cases studied, we observe that is very important to consider the use of fire barriers to prevent the entry and spread of flames into the cavity. It is also observed that fire spread through the cavity is much faster than through the windows. In addition, the probability of fire spread to the upper floors is greater. The comparative of temperature evolution (Fig. 5 top) show peaks at slightly lower temperature on the surface of the façade when using barriers; indicating that the fire plume projected on the façade has a similar behavior in both cases. However, temperatures inside the enclosure are significantly lower when p.8
9 1 st International Seminar for Fire Safety of Facades, Paris (France), 2013 HRR (KW) Time (s) CI NCI Temperature (ºC) Time (s) CI NCI (A) (B) Figure 7. (Top) comparative of HRR and temperatures (thermocouples 4) between scenarios with combustible and non-combustible insulation. (Bottom) graphics of flame spread and temperature distribution, at 350 s. (A) Combustible insulation CI. (B) Non-combustible insulation NCI. using barriers (FB) (WB). This shows that, preventing the passage of fire through the ventilated cavity decreases significantly the possibility of fire spreading to upper floors. In general, it is observed that both partitioning methods are effective in preventing the passage of fire to the ventilated cavity. However, it should be considered that the barriers FB have the additional ability to limit the passage of flame through the camera, while the barriers WB only limit the input or output of fire through the window frames (or doors). This is an important aspect because the interior of the cavity may reach high temperatures. In the non-combustible insulation scenarios, temperature peaks near 800 C were recorded, being of about 1000 C in the scenarios with combustible insulation. The double size scenario (18 meters) (height reference used by the CTE) which are performed without barriers, shows the ability that may have the fire and smoke to spread through the cavity, even if the insulation is non-combustible, as seen in Figure 6. This result highlights the importance of compartmentalize the ventilated cavity to prevent this type of spread. Because the study is conducted using computational techniques, it is not possible to obtain data on the fire resistance of the elements or on the degradation of materials exposed to flames, but rather their influence on fire dynamics. The potential effectiveness of a fire barrier design can only be fully assessed as a part of a series of large-scale tests. Thermal insulation It is observed that the combustibility characteristics of the thermal insulation material has a significant influence on the intensity and velocity of fire propagation through the cavity as seen in the comparative of HRR and temperatures in the curves of Figure 7 (top) p.9
10 MATEC Web of Conferences Table 3. Summary of temperature peaks. LV MV HV CI NCI CI NCI NCI C 600 C 550 C 250 C 700 C 750 C 450 C 500 C 900 C 400 C C 600 C 750 C 400 C 830 C 570 C 550 C 500 C 950 C 500 C Once the fire is within the cavity the propagation through the ventilated cavity occurs quickly, regardless of used insulation material. However when this is a combustible material the spread of fire is much more intense and the probability of fire spread to the upper floors is increased (Fig. 7 thermocouple 4). Cavity Fire is a phenomenon sensitive to external factors. Ventilation is one of the factors that more affect fire behavior. The results obtained from the different temperature curves shown that the size of the cavity and the flow of ventilation affect the spread of fire through the ventilated cavity. It is observed that the larger the camera is, the higher possibility of the fire spreading to the upper floors. According to the results on the scenario HV it may be considered that the ventilation contributes to the spread of fire through the cavity. The impact of ventilation may be more decisive than the size of the camera. Table 3 shows a summary of the temperature peaks reached in each case. CONCLUSIONS The ventilated cavity is a potential pathway for fire spreading in fire situations. For this reason the compartmentalization of the cavity on each floor of the building, by using appropriate barriers, is considered essential in order to prevent this type of propagation. The establishment of barriers every 3 floors or 10 meters, as is required by the Spanish building code (DB-SI Sect. 1.3), is not sufficient: it would be equivalent to protect a part of the building while the other part remains without protection. The spread of fire through the ventilated cavity is due to the system configuration and the façade chimney effect that occurs within the cavity, regardless of the used thermal insulation material (whenever non-combustible). The provision of CTE (DB SI Sect. 2.4), in the sense that partitioning barriers are not required in buildings lower than 18 meters (in the conditions already explained), leaves a significant risk without covering. Therefore it deserves to be revised by legislation. It s worth to mention that a high percentage of residential buildings in Spain are lower than 18 meters. It is important to use appropriate fire barriers which, at same time, allow the ventilated cavity to properly work in normal circumstances, without affecting the hygrothermal performance of the façade. The products market has evolved a lot in this area and offers interesting options based on intumescent materials. Fire barriers arranged on the window frames are considered appropriate to prevent the passage of fire from one fire compartment to the ventilated cavity and vice versa. However, as they do not contain the passage of fire through the cavity, they are not effective in preventing the damage of the ventilated cavity substructure by the fire. Barriers crossing the entire façade are more effective for this purpose. The use of combustible insulation materials significantly increases the spreading and the fire intensity and raises, therefore, the level of risk. We recommend the use of non-combustible insulation materials (reaction class A or B) along the whole façade p.10
11 1 st International Seminar for Fire Safety of Facades, Paris (France), 2013 It is important, in our opinion, to inform the professionals involved in building about the risks that remain unfilled by the regulations. The appropriate protective measures should be incorporated even if they are not required by the current regulations, because its fulfillment does not guarantee, in all the cases, an acceptable safety level. References [1] Spanish Building Code CTE (Código Técnico de la Edificación) DB SI, Section 1 concealed spaces and Section 2 external propagation of fire, [2] S. Yokoi, Study on the Prevention of fire spread caused by hot upward current, Building Research Institute, Report N 34, Tokyo, Japan, [3] Oleszkiewicz, Vertical separation of windows using spandrel walls and horizontal projections, Fire Technology, 27, pp , [4] S. Collwell, B. Martin, Fire performance of external thermal insulation for walls of multi-storey buildings, Building Research Establishment BRE, London, [5] Avellaneda, Jaume, Façanes lleugeres ventilades: Criteris per al disseny constructiu, Departament de Construccions Arquitectòniques I. Papers de Construcció, Barcelona, [6] Giraldo, M., Evaluación del comportamiento del fuego y protección contra incendios en diversas tipologías de fachadas, doctoral thesis, Technical University of Catalonia UPC, Architectural Buildings Department, [7] Fire Dynamics Simulator (version 5), NIST p.11
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The History of Colony of Massachusetts-Bay. Volumes I-II.
Thomas and John Fleet. Hardcover. Boston, 1764-1767. 8vo, contemporary calf, 566 + 539 pp. With bookplates of Gordon Abbott. Ownership markings of Jonathan Sayward Barrell, merchant in York, Maine, as well as James Lloyd of Massachusetts, who signed the front free endpaper of first volume in 1765. A quite good set with very good contents, complete. Front board of of first volume detached, rear board of first volume nearly detached, one signature clipped from margin in Volume II, lacking front free endpaper in second volume. Remains quite good, complete, with bright contents. Genealogical notes of the Lloyd family on rear endpapers of first volume. "Hutchinson did not seek his role as an ally of the Crown. Rather, he was a vigorous and conventional defender of Massachusetts interests. He opposed, for example, the impressment of Massachusetts inhabitants by British naval vessels. In 1742 he confronted Captain William Scott on the deck of H.M.S. Astraea and demanded the release of one seaman and the hostage wife of a man Scott was attempting to impress. Hutchinson persuaded Shirley to intervene in their behalf. In 1747 Speaker Hutchinson mediated between a violent anti-impressment mob and the provincial government; the Massachusetts House approved such a strong anti-impressment resolution that the mob dispersed. Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts-Bay accurately recounted these events and contained sympathetic accounts of Puritanism; the Antinomian heresy of Hutchinson's ancestor, Anne Hutchinson; and Massachusetts opposition in the 1680s to the "tyrannical disposition" of the royalist governor, Sir Edmund Andros, and his administration's "harpies." Hutchinson's History acknowledged the multiplicity of jostling interest groups in Massachusetts and the duty of government to protect the public interest from the demands of self-interested groups like the advocates of an inflated money supply he had battled in the 1740s. Though Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) got credit for the Albany Plan of colonial union in 1754, Hutchinson played an equally important role in drafting the document." - ANB. Evans 9705 and 10685, Howes H-853. Please contact us for additional pictures or information. . Good. 1764. First Edition.
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text:
I love parties with friends as well as a romantic dinner.
I like people but also animals, restaurants but also picnics, the arts but also the technology, the shape but also the substance...
Making people feel comfortable, no matter what.
Looking at things from a different perspective.
Paper planes. It's a skill you're born with. Can't be taught.
Music: Hip-Hop, R&B, Rock, Pop, Ambient.
Food: Italian, Japanese, Mexican.
Books: The Divine Comedy, One Hundred Years of Solitude, 1984, The Trial, Candide, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Frankenstein.
Good music
Happy friends
My contact lenses
Good food & wine
My toothbrush
Maybe looking at stars from my terrace..
You smell good.
You want to start a ukulele duo.
You practice random acts of kindness.
You want to hang out for a drink.


text:
Gators of the nineties and before understand the rivalry with Tennessee without the conference implications. The fans still feel it on game day and Watkins knows all about it now after being a part of it for four years.
"It would mean a lot," Watkins said of winning the game. "This is a big rival for us. I didn't realize the rival until I got here. I only knew about Florida State and in-state rivals. But this is a great rivalry and it would be great to leave knowing I never lost to Tennessee."
There is not taking the Vols lightly. When these two teams meet on the field, there will be sparks flying.
"The teams are gonna come play no matter what their record is and no matter what our record is," Watkins said. "We're gonna go out and play hard like we're in the national championship or something.
"We know those guys are gonna come down ready to throw some punches. We've beaten them four times in a row. Obviously they see that and they want to get one on us."
Watkins will savor the victories over Tennessee and whoever wins Saturday will be the same, but hearing the fight song of the Vols is something he won't miss hearing.
"Yeah, it's bittersweet," he said about playing for the last time. "Obviously I've enjoyed my time here, but all of us hate 'Rocky Top'. It'll be good to not hear it anymore."
Florida head coach Will Muschamp will tell you that the only statistic that matter is the scoreboard and the Gators gave up their last game to the tune of a 21-16 loss to Miami. Still, the defense of which Watkins is a part of has been pretty good in two contests.
One statistic the Gators are king at right now is 3rd down conversions. They have only allowed two third down conversions in 24 attempts against two teams that were supposed to be solid, if not explosive on offense.
Watkins understands the importance of the situation every time the Gators get to third down.
"Getting off the field on third down gets our offense the ball, obviously, and it wears their defense down," he said. "That's the type of football we like to play here. But when we don't get off the field, we stay on the field a long time, we get gassed and it gives the other teams defense time to get their wind back." Focus is the key in making every 3rd down situation count.
"Just paying attention to detail and taking pride in getting off the field on third down," he said. "We have to do that a little earlier in the game and I think we'll be fine. That's something we did all last year and that's why we were a top defense."
The Gators are top five nationally in many defensive categories, but Watkins believes this unit can do better.
"I feel like we haven't played up to our best," he said. "Just like last week (against Miami), it looked like a good game for us but we could have been a lot better. We definitely have the potential to be better than we were last year. We're looking forward to coming out this week and trying to reach that."
There are several new starters on defense this year, but most saw plenty of playing time a year ago. Still, experience is coming fast to the guys that have played a lot in the first two games of the season.
"We have guys who have been in the system for two years and we have a couple new guys out there but that should be out of the way by now," Watkins said. "We are two games into the season so those guys that had those first two games should be ready to go and know what to expect."
One person that wasted no time in getting into the groove is freshman cornerback Vernon Hargreaves. The speedster was the top rated cornerback in high school as a senior last year and has lived up to that billing so far in 2013 with the Gators only two takeaways on the year having nabbed an interception in both of the first two games.
Hargreaves has made himself an integral part of the defense already.
"He comes in and he knows what to do," Watkins said of the youngster. "That allows us in the secondary to be more versatile. I can go back to safety with him stepping in and filling that void. He's made plays when the coaches asked him to and he will continue to make more.
"I don't think I've seen a freshman come in their first two games and get an interception. Big-time plays, too. We're very proud of him and fortunate to have him."


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- "We had this synth called Dawn who insisted she was psychic; she could predict the future and tell you exactly what you were thinking in your head. She was right too, ten out of ten times. The lieutenant told us she was playing mind games, that she was using all sorts of fancy reasoning to weird us out; but the Loot knew jack. Dawn was lucky - she radiated 'luck waves' to the entire platoon. While she was with us, no one ever got hurt. The day she was reassigned, everything began to go wrong..."
- ―PFC Alex Tulae[1]
Dawn was a female synthetic employed by the United States Colonial Marine Corps who thought she was psychic.[1]
According to PFC Alex Tulae, she could predict the future and tell you "exactly what you were thinking in your head." The unit's lieutenant explained this away as a "mind game" - an artifact of the android's mental capacity.[1]


text:
Finding Inspiration During the Longest Winter on Record
Posted by admin | Posted in Uncategorized | Posted on 26-02-2015-05-2008
Okay, maybe I'm exaggerating a bit, but only a really teeny tiny bit. As anyone who has been training in New England for a spring marathon will tell you, this has been a brutal winter to train in. When Bangor, Maine has received 117 inches of snow and the city I live in over 100 inches, when it snows every other day, when you have 7-8 foot snow banks lining your street, when it's -11F the morning of your long run, it truly does feel like a never-ending winter. I'm even starting to wonder if I'll be able to get in any long runs outdoors before April 26, 2015, the day of the London Marathon, (so far I've done most week day runs indoors on the treadmill and a few of my longer runs, not easy at all). However, there are people supporting me and companies supporting me who are keeping me in the game and inspired to train wherever and however necessary to ensure I have a successful marathon. I want to give a special shout out to these two businesses who we, as a family, have done business with and who I am very grateful to for their support.
My sincerest thanks go to the businesses listed below:
Biddeford Saco Dental Associates:
323 Main St, Saco Maine 04072
Tel: (207) 282-9962
Lisa Howard Orthodontic
306 Us Route 1, Ste D-1, Scarborough, ME 04074
Tel: (207) 885-1005


text:
If you are looking for someone to bring commercial quality to your audio, I'm your man. I've worked in pop & TV music for the last 15 years, where the highest quality is expected. That involves writing, recording, producing, editing, mixing and mastering audio.
Here are some things I've worked on in the past few years:
⚡ Created original music for Siemens, Comedy Central, Carphone Warehouse, Channel 4 & ITV
⚡ Music used on America's Next Top Model, Big Brother, MTV, Snooki & Jwoww, So You Think You Can Dance, Happy Endings, Red Bull, Mob Wives, Hollyoaks
⚡ Written/produced with Billboard #1 artists
⚡ Releases on major dance labels (Monstercat, Hospital, Ministry of Sound)
⚡ Production music for top 5 music libraries
⚡ Radio airplay on BBC Radio 1
I'd love to hear about your project....
If I don't believe I can bring a huge amount of value to it, I will tell you upfront.
If I do believe I can help, you won't be disappointed!
Would love to hear from you. Click the contact button above to get in touch.
Terms of Service
1 major revision
turn around within 5 days, but faster if urgent


text:
$250.00 3 months ago
Floor buffer only used a few times. - $250 (Calera)
Floor buffer only used a few times. Very powerful.
3 months ago
Birmingham, AL
$200.00 12 months ago
Used Pullman-Holt industrial Floor Buffer - $200 (Rowena)
I have an old Pullman-Holt industrial size floor cleaner/buffer that works great. It is 110 volt and has about a 50 ft. heavy duty cord. I dont know much about it except it is a model P8. I have seen it used several times and it works great. I'm asking $200.00 or best offer. It is very heavy.
12 months ago
San Angelo, TX
$1,195.00 1 year ago
NEVER USED! NSS GALAXY 1.5HP 20" COMMERCIAL FLOOR BUFFER/SCRUBBER - $1195 (JR Restaurant Direct, Rockwall)
NEVER USED! NSS GALAXY 1.5HP 20" COMMERCIAL FLOOR BUFFER/SCRUBBER.MODEL NUMBER - GALAXY-20SERIAL NUMBER - 8B958915C120V, 60HZ, 1PH, 15AITEM HAS BEEN TESTED AND IN GREAT WORKING ORDER!MEASURES APPROXIMATELY 44"h.PLEASE CHECK OUT OUR ITEMS FOR SALE ON CRAIGSLIST AND EBAY!!WE SELL NEW AND USED RESTAURANT EQUIPMENT,AS WELL AS ONLINE AUCTIONS!!JR RESTAURANT DIRECT, ROCKWALL, TXCOMMERCIAL, DELI, PIZZA,
1 year ago
Eastern Texas, TX


text:
Doctor insights on:
Sharp Pain In Left Side Under Armpit
I'm having sharp pain left side directly under my armpit that gets worse when lying on my left side.
Underarm: Underarm pain can be tricky. There are many of possible causes. Please go in to be checked as some of those causes are not as benign as others. ...Read more
Axilla (Definition)
Area of human body directly under the joint where the shoulder connects to the arm. It contains axillary vessels, brachial nerve plexus, lymph nodes & vessels, axillary ...Read more
Have a pain that starts off sharp pain on left side of torso under armpit then radiates down arm could this be heart related?
Pain: The pain you describe is highly probable to be musculoskeletal pain related to a nerve that runs where you describe. The heart could be the cause but it is far less likely to be so. ...Read more
Sharp pain in left armpit area, left side of chest, and upper part of breast for an hour and a half? Started in armpit area. Sort of short of breath
Injury, Clot risk?: If you have had blood clots in the past, seek evaluation immediately through the emergency room. If your breast feeding is complicated with pain or bleeding, call your physician for immediate counsel. If you injured your chest or the shortness of breath grows, er evaluation needed. Get going. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Whenever a lay down and turn sideways to my right side, after some minutes, a feel a sharp pain in my left side of chest near the armpit. Whats this?
Pinch: Positional changes causing this armpit pain are likely due to pinching a nerve, muscle or joint. If this is the only position that creates this pain, it is likely not harmful. If this persists and is present in a more regular position see your doctor as soon as possible. ...Read more
I am having intermittent sharp left side bladder pain and at the same time l am getting a sharp pain on my left side by my armpit and upper chest.
Bladder infection?: Could be urinary tract infection. See your physician. ...Read more
Upper chest pain, left side closer to my armpit. Had it for a month, comes and goes, feels kind of like achy/sharp pain above my heart?
See thoracic surgeon: Begin with pcp , if no help concider vascular or thoracic surgeon. Your first rib could pressing on the vessel causing symptoms. Thoracic outlet syndrome is remote possibility. ...Read more
Upper chest pain, left side closer to my armpit. Had it for about 3 years , comes and goes, feels kind of like achy/sharp pain above my heart?
See a doctor: From the type of pain and it's location it does not seem to be anything serious. However it's better not to take any chances so please see a doctor to evaluate and to do atleast an E.K.G. and xrays. He might decide to do more tests if necessary. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
For the past week I have a sharp pain in the left side of my chest when i lay flat on the ground...I also have a lump in my armpit that my dr said was not a lymph node and could be a ligament...I have a 1 year old son who is very heavy that i carry around
Not a tendon: There are no tendons in the armpit. I think you should get a second opinion. If it is a lymph node you should have a proper diagnosis as this could be serious. ...Read more
I've been have sharp pain on the left side of my chest under my armpit to my collar bone when i breath or laugh etc. Any help ?
Multiple reasons: With no disrespect, especially at your age, have you had any implants.? Are you having any breast soreness, raising the possibility of mastitis. Do you work out frequently and could have pulled a muscle .? Rarely the top of the lung can collapse on one side causing your symptoms, have yourdoc listen to your lungs and then order a chest x ray if appropriate. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
I started getting sharp pain on top left side of left breast under armpit. It comes and goes every 2hrs but very sore. Any idea of what this may be?
Need an exam: Without examining the area it's difficult to give precise advise. Is there a lump in the tender area? If it's in the breast it could be a cyst. If it's in the axilla it's likely an infection such as a boil or abscess. In order to make a diagnosis and treat the condition you would have to see a physician. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
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text:
Hotel Reservations To make a hotel reservation, first select a community in West Virginia from the list below, pick a hotel, see if the dates you want are available, and reserve a room now!
Rather make your Special Internet Rate reservation over the phone? Call us toll free in the US or Canada: 1-800-752-1432 or in Europe: 00-800-11-20-11-40. When calling this number to reserve a room, please refer to discount code 3778 in order to ensure the lowest possible discount rate.
West Virginia Cities and Major Destinations
West Virginia Counties
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by trich
My mum died in February 2012...it was such a shock, although she had been ill with various things for years. I had just moved to New Zealand in September 2011 with my family of husband and 3 kids so i didnt get to say goodbye. I rushed home to the UK for the funeral and to be with my family. The weeks went in a blurr and then i returned to my kids and to start university the very next week. 3 months have passed, my life is busy; we have been adjusting to this new life, trying to get friends and groups for the kids, adjusting to new jobs ans study that i am no further along with my grief than i was on the flight over to her funeral. I miss her so much. I feel awful that i didnt see her and that she didnt get to speak to the kids. The last thing i said was i call you next week... the week got busy, i didnt call and next i heard, she was dead.
Having moved to a new country, i dont have any support here. No one that knows me well enough to ask how i am doing or invite a conversation about mum. She is in my thoughts constantly and sometimes i feel like i will explode. Well i did today which led me to here. My poor husband has had to deal with my nutty ups and downs, with exams and studying. I realised that, subconciously i blame him for me not being there when she died. We moved here mainly because of him...i was a little reluctant but thought it might eb a good opportunity. My main concern is, i am thinking about her all the time...the last time i saw her in the chapel of rest was a very surreal event. i have dreamt about her many times, some are not so good. I do have a councellor at university and have spoken to her a few times, it hasnt helped that much.
I wish i could be there for my dad and my brothers. That way, i could also receive their support. Although, my husband is happy for me to talk about Mum, i feel sometimes that he wokuld rather i didnt, as he is also overloaded due to me not having many people to talk to about this. Thats all i ahve to say for now...just that i hope that soon the pain will start to ease..that the picture in my head will not be so vivid and someday it will seem like it is all real.
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Sorry, there are no Mae dates.
As longtime music aficionados, the members of the modern rock troop Mae have come to know this moment well. "For us, that's what music is about," says singer-guitarist Dave Elkins, who formed the band with drummer Jacob Marshall, and is now joined by guitarist Zach Gehring, bassist Mark Padgett and keyboardist Rob Sweitzer. "I remember listening to Matthew Sweet on my Walkman as a kid and feeling like I was on cloud nine. That's what we want to do for other people. We want to write songs that people connect to."
Though it would take some serious arm-twisting in order for them to admit it, for the past six years, that's exactly what Elkins and his band mates have done. In that relatively brief amount of time, the Virginia Beach based five-piece have developed a unique and affecting sound that, with albums like 2003's 'Destination: Beautiful' and 2005's 'The Everglow', has scored them a rather sizeable following around the world.
The title 'Singularity', in fact, came out of many heavy discussions that the members of the band had while writing. "There was a book that Rob and I were reading," Marshall recalls, "and in it, the author used the term 'singularity.' That was the first time I ever heard it, but he described it very eloquently as 'the ultimate unknowable in science... the interface between the natural and the supernatural.' We realized through those conversations that there is so much more for us to learn and to understand and these ideas inspired us to question everything."
Granted, throughout the disc, Elkins and his band mates still churn out the kind of soaring ballads that made their first two records such fan favorites. But 'Singularity' is a far more rocking affair, as evidenced by its first single, "Sometimes I Can't Make It Alone," a brawny blast that recalls some of the seminal alternative groups that the members of Mae grew up listening to. "We've always loved bands like Pearl Jam, U2 and the Smashing Pumpkins and on this record we wanted to tap into that," Marshall says. "We weren't trying to recreate a '90s record, per se, but we definitely wanted it to have that same energy."
Indeed, throughout 'Singularity', the members of Mae may get into some rather heady material, but more than anything, this is an album that aims to connect with its listeners and maybe even encourage them to crank up the volume just a bit. "That's all we were looking to do with this band," Elkins says in closing. "We're not worried about being considered an 'emo band' or an 'indie band.' We're just a rock band, and we're happy to be given the chance to get our music out there to all of these different people."
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Need an AMH Test in Holicong, PA? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable AMH Test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
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Can I change the button "choose file " and "upload a file" language ?Asked by lisandre on March 20, 2015 at 10:35 AM
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Whenever we have a hot new printable coupon, I like to close out the evening with a "Coupon of the Day" post. That way y'all can see the hot new coupon and print it before it's too late. I think there are two great coupons worth mentioning today. I suggest grabbing prints of these ones while you can. Here are the links:
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I had forgotten about this recipe, until Camille reminded me that we would have it all the time growing up! I love casseroles because they are so easy to make and taste wonderful! I love that this recipe is a side and main dish in one. Doesn't get much better than that!
Pork Chops and Hash Brown Casserole Recipe:
(Makes 6 servings)
4-6 boneless pork chops
1 Tablespoon vegetable oil
Seasoned salt, to taste
1 (10.5 ounce) can condensed cream of celery soup
1/2 cup milk
1/2 cup sour cream
1/4 teaspoon pepper
4 Tablespoons butter, melted
1/2 teaspoon garlic powder
1 (32 ounce) bag frozen hash browns
1 cup shredded cheddar cheese, divided
1 (6 ounce) container french fried onions, divided
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Brown pork chops in vegetable oil in a pan over medium heat. Sprinkle pork chops with seasoned salt and set aside. In a large mixing bowl, combine soup, milk, sour cream, pepper, melted butter, garlic powder, frozen hash browns, 1/2 cup shredded cheese and half the container of french fried onions. Spoon mixture into a 9×13″ dish and rest pork chops on top. Bake covered for 40 minutes. Remove from oven and top with remaining cheese and onions and baked uncovered for 5 additional minutes.
Looking for more delicious casserole recipes?
Here are a few of our favorites:
Chicken Taco Casserole
Fiesta Pork Chop and Rice Bake
Chicken and Broccoli Alfredo Casserole
20 Delicious Casserole Recipes
Corn Bread Sloppy Joe Casserole
This recipe would be perfect in some of these casserole dishes:
Oval Casserole Dish with Glass Lid
Le Creuset Rectangular Baking Dish
Pyrex Value Pack Baking Dishes
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Dementia isn't passed on via transfusion, team says
This should be reassuring news, given we are more likely to need transfusions with a CLL diagnosis!
'Results of a large, retrospective study suggest that neurological diseases are not transmitted via blood transfusion.
"The results are unusually clear for such a complicated subject as this," said study author Gustaf Edgren, PhD, of Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden.
Dr Edgren and his colleagues conducted this study by analyzing data from 1,465,845 patients who received blood transfusions in Sweden or Denmark between 1968 and 2012.'
Full article (free registration):
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MagiCBuild is a configuration and build system that provides high-level functionality for compiling a software product from source code. It is based on GNU make and consists of a framework of Makefiles, and a shell script based framework for configuration. All output and intermediate files are written to an output directory tree that is totally separate from source code tree, which helps keep the source tree clean from trash such as object files and executables. It allows building with "./ configure && make && make install", such as with Automake.
MagiCServer++ is a framework for implementing efficient and flexible Internet server applications. It supports both connection-based TCP and connectionless UDP datagram protocols in a transparent fashion. It features a transparent distribution through threading (Linux pthreads), an open architecture for other distribution models, and logging. It is simple, yet highly expandable.
A tool for securing DNS communications between a client and a DNS resolver.
A polyhedral extraction tool (PET).


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A larger and more spacious alternative to our desirable Salisbury Oak Mini Sideboard, our Salisbury Oak Large Sideboard is an excellent storage solution for those looking to create a classic, timeless look and feel in their home. This sideboard offers more than enough space to keep any room in your home organised and tidy. Featuring three storage drawers at the top, perfect for storing those household essentials, and three cupboards underneath, this classic piece also features the signature thick tops and proportions which epitomise this beautiful range.
This sideboard is expertly crafted to exceptionally high standards from hand selected knotty oak, which is hand aged to create a unique slightly distressed look. The timber is also treated with a light wax which serves to protect the wood from any accidental knocks and scrapes and also brings out the wonderful natural golden tones of the wood grain. Our Salisbury Oak range features many other excellent solutions for living room furnishing, including oak TV stands, console tables and coffee tables.
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- John Hernandez
- Saints and Sinners
- Artists 4 Learning: Regional 2016
- Fr. Gerrer's Secret Vault
- A Tribute to America's Combat Artists and Fighting Forces
- Wounaan Baskets
- Regional 2015
- Steve Hicks
- St. John's Bible
- Oklahoma Modern
- Arts of the Prairie
- Michi Susan
- Illuminated Word
- Regional-2014
- Ivory
- Organic: Exploring Nature in Art
- Barbara Cleary
- Voices
- Christmas on the Plains
- MGMoA Regional Exhibit 2013: Don't Waste--Create!
- Russian Boxes
- Human Figure
- Ernest Oberholtzer
- SGU Exhibit
- Arthur Primas Collection
- MGMoA Regional Exhibit 2012: Tails of Cats & Dogs
- Earth Chronicles
- Animals in Art
- Katherine Liontas Warren
- Rugs of the Orient
- The Nativity
- MGMoA Regional Exhibit 2011: Kids at Heart
- Patrick Riley
- Maps from the MGMoA
- Rembrandt Etchings
- Passed to the Present
- Billy Hassell
- MGMoA Regional Exhibit 2010: Promise of Home
- Andean Textiles
- Art of Armaments
- Spanish Colonial
- Grasslands Bronzes
- MGMoA Regional Exhibit 2009: Doing What we CAN to Help
- Come and See
- Favorite Things
- Speak
- Amazon
- The Kiowa Five
- MGMoA Regional 2008
The Illuminated Word: The Saint John's Bible
Photos courtesy of Saint John's University, Collegeville, Minnesota. 2014
Free Admission for Church Groups during this Exhibit.
or call 405-878-5605
This exhibition is sponsored in part by
December 14 - January 25
Gallery Talks on Illuminations
of the St. John's Bible
December 14, 2014, 1-5pm
Festival of Lessons & Carols
by St. Gregory's University's Schola Cantorum
December 14, 2014, 5pm
This exhibition features all seven volumes of the Saint John's Bible Heritage Edition, based on the Revised Standard Version of the Bible. Visitors are invited to touch and turn the pages of the monumental books, giving them the opportunity to literally touch history. As they turn the large pages, they can observe the beautiful script and illuminations, which were originally created in the traditional manner with lamp-black ink, egg tempera paint, and gold leaf. Furthermore, the St. John's Bible is history itself, being the first handwritten bible to be commissioned by Benedictine monks since the invention of the printing press during the late Middle Ages.
For more information about the Saint John's Bible, please visit: www.saintjohnsbible.org


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OFFICIAL: Africa Cup of Nations to be played between June-July
The African Cup of Nations is set to be moved to the...
Al Ahly have signed Brazilian-German midfielder Hendrik Helmke for three and a half years on a free transfer, and have released Moussa Yedan.
The 27-year-old German-born Brazilian midfielder has played in Germany, Malaysia, Norway, Finland and briefly moved to Iran before joining the Cairo giants on a three-and-a-half year deal on Friday, Al Ahly officially announced.
As a result, Juan Carlos Garrido has decided to release Burkinabé international Moussa Yedan, as the team would now have four foreign players after signing Hendrik Helmke and Nigerian striker Peter Ebimobowei, in addition to Ethiopian Saladin Said, while it is only permitted to have a maximum of three non-Egyptian players in one team in the Egyptian Premier League.
Its is worth mentioning that Hendrik suffered a knee injury in a friendly match with his last club, Iranian side Esteghlal FC – who he joined last December – that prevented him from playing a game in the Iranian Professional League, as per PersianFootball.com. However, Al Ahly's medical staff have played down the seriousness of the injury.
"We had doubts that the player had an injury in the knee cartilage, therefore he was submitted to the medical adviser Magdy Abdel-Aziz, who confirmed the well-being of the player's knee," said Alaa Abdel-Sadek, Al Ahly's football director.
"The medical adviser confirmed that the cartilage has no effect on Helmke's technical side and if the player needed a surgery it will be a simple arthroscopic surgery, which won't take more than three weeks maximum," Abdel-Sadek explained.
If Helmke is deemed fully fit, he will start training with the Red Devils starting on Saturday.


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Husband's birthday
The good:
-Service was friendly
-Appetizers: A fried sort of crepe with crab, asparagus and spinach. This was the definate highlight of the food. The other app was a Cheese dish with a tasty goat of some kind (although when I asked the server what it was it because I couldn't remember what the menu said, he came back about 20 minutes later with the answer, "It's goat cheese." ) It was covered with roasted crushed peanuts and warm. Also on the plate was a tempora battered Tittia.
-The rice in the Paella. It was cooked and seasoned perfectly.
-The decor. Not as intimate as it looked by the pictures on the internet but still an attractively decorated space.
-The wine. Had a delicious Mencia.
-They did the thing where they write "Happy Birthday So and So" on the dessert plate in chocolate sauce for my husband.
-Less expensive than I thought it would be. 2 apps, entree for two (that's how they handle the paella) 2 desserts, 2 glasses of Cava, 1 glass of port, 1 $65 bottle of wine (that I'm sure retails for about $20 or $25), still water, Check was just over $200. with the tax in that number.
The bad:
-Service. The word my husband came up with works best..."Discombobulated". No one knew what the last person who was at our table had done. There was no communication between staff. The staff was also not educated well enough to answer some of the simplest questions. It was 8:30pm and our main server had no idea what the fish of the day was, the aforementioned goat cheese conversation, etc.. Also when we sat down we received two nice little dishes. One had 2 Spanish sausage pieces for us to each try one and another had some olives. I'd had one olive and the server whisked the dish away because he needed to fit something else on the table. It went like that for the night. I felt like things were being picked up just a little bit before they should be and no one gave you chance to protest.
-The meats in the Paella. There was chicken, duck and rabbit in ours. They were tough and completely tasteless. This meant that my dinner entree consisted basically of really well done Spanish rice.
-The desserts. One was just okay; the drunken bannana. The other was not okay. We tried the Cabrales Ice Cream. I ate more of it than my husband did trying to understand it better and find something I liked about it. He was not in the mood to keep trying and decided immediately that Cabrales ice cream was a very bad idea and they probably shouldn't have it on the menu. Theory=good, Actual product=Bad...very bad.
Not exactly a glowing report, eh? We had a good time but for all the reviews and accolades I've read/heard about this place I can't say I'm impressed. I even read something that claimed this was named the best Spanish restaurant in the country.
Definately the most forgettable high end dining experience I've had since moving to Washington two years ago.


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Following a fairly dismal start to the year, the third week of January has finally brought a slight glimmer with a drop of just -0.7 per cent across all UK retail destinations. This is a marginal improvement on the result of -1.2 per cent for the same week last year and largely reflected by an overall increase of +2.8 per cent against the previous week. However, it is too early to celebrate with the results skewed by a positive performance in just one of the destination types.
High street destinations saw an overall annual increase of +0.5 per cent against the previous year despite a polarisation in regional performance which saw the majority fall slightly below par. That said, the regions with the greatest volumes, both Greater London and North and Yorkshire, saw results of -0.1 per cent and +2.9 per cent respectively to offset the slight shifts either side. Shopping centre performance continues to tumble, just three weeks into the year the YTD is -1.1 per cent in contrast to the -0.1 per cent at this point in 2016 and concerning given that overall centres have only seen an annual increase for 12 weeks in the past 52.
The continuing sea change is in retail park numbers, which fell for the fourth consecutive week, albeit that we would view a drop of -1.0 per cent almost positive for either the high street or shopping centres given recent history, this is such a stark contrast to the retail park performance of +3.2 per cent of 2016 and an opening to the year of -0.6 per cent.


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The Congenital Lip and Palate anomaly has a very important place in health care due to Epidemiology, Etiology, Surgery, Orthodontic, Speech Pathology and Prosthetic Rehabilitation. These children are handicapped right from birth for breast feeding, deglutition, recurrent naso-bronchial infection, defective speech, deafness, improper growth and development of maxillary arch and face, affecting the total personality of the individual.
Medical professionals have a responsibility to rehabilitate these children aesthetically, psychologically and functionally. The correct age for Cleft Lip surgery is 3 months; the correct age for Palate surgery is 6 months to 1 year and 2 months to get better speech. The District Collector, The District Rehabilitation Officer and the Project Officer ICDS of each and every district of Tamilnadu are playing a vital role to conduct Cleft Lip / Palate Screening Camps. All these smiles are possible only because of the generous assistance and grant by the The Smile Train USA in making MMHRC the regional Smile Train Centre.
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