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Research Report RR The Sexual Exploitation of Looked After Children in Scotland A scoping study to inform methodology for inspection
- Ernest Morgan Pope
- 2 years ago
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1 Research Report RR The Sexual Exploitation of Looked After Children in Scotland A scoping study to inform methodology for inspection Jennifer Lerpiniere Moyra Hawthorn Iain Smith Graham Connelly Andrew Kendrick Vicki Welch
2 2 Acknowledgements We would like to thank the many participants who took part in this research. They have shown great professionalism, kindness and good grace, even though we have at times made unreasonable demands on their time and energies. This research covers a highly sensitive subject to which the researchers and the participants are committed to making a difference. Together, we hope that this research, along with the work done by many other individuals and organisations, will make a positive change for looked after children and young people in Scotland. 2
3 3 Foreword Child sexual exploitation is an increasing issue of concern for our society. We have seen through recent media reporting the profound consequences on the lives of some very vulnerable children and young people. While this issue affects all elements of society, there are some groups of children and young people who are particularly at risk. Looked after children and those who have experience of the care system are one such group. One of the issues for us in Scotland is to try to understand the depth and breadth of the challenge we face. Child sexual exploitation is often hidden away from society, but the impact on the health, safety and well-being of very vulnerable young people is indescribable. We know that identifying the problem is only the start, and that all partner agencies need to come together and work closely together to ensure that all children and young people are prevented from being exploited in this way, are protected, and enjoy the best start in life. With this in mind, we asked CELCIS to complete an initial, small-scale study in an attempt to answer some of the questions around child sexual exploitation, enabling us to ensure that - as we commence a review of our inspection methodologies and targeting of our scrutiny activities - we robustly address this important issue. We plan to use the information gained through the CELCIS study to strengthen our inspection activity across relevant services, particularly in relation to child sexual exploitation, and undertake, along with scrutiny partners, a wider thematic study on risks, resilience and the mental health needs of young people aged years in Scotland. In this way, as a scrutiny and improvement body, we can continue to provide assurance about how vulnerable children and young people in Scotland are protected. Annette Bruton Chief Executive Care Inspectorate 3
4 4 Contents Acknowledgements... 2 Foreword... 3 Introduction... 6 Background... 6 Progress... 8 Structure of This Report... 8 Literature Review: Child Sexual Exploitation Historical Context Modes of Child Sexual Exploitation Extent of Child Sexual Exploitation in Scotland Indicators of Sexual Exploitation Disclosing Abuse and Exploitation Impact of Child Sexual Exploitation Intervention and Treatment Barriers to Good Practice Recent Policy and Practice for Child Sexual Exploitation (UK) Summary Research Methodology Methods Governance and Quality Control Ethical Considerations The e-delphi: Progress and Findings Overview and Sample Findings Summary The Case Audit: Progress and Findings Progress to Date About the Instrument About the Analyses Descriptive Analyses Inferential Analyses Summary
5 5 The Rapid Response Survey: Progress and Findings About the Instrument Progress to Date Findings Summary Secondary Data: What Data are Available Elsewhere? Overview Findings Summary Answering the Research Questions Introduction Prevalence: Grooming: Links to going missing: Data: Identifying and Responding: Regulation: Concluding Remarks References Appendices Appendix 1 Barriers and Enablers to the Use of Research Appendix 2 Case Audit Sheet (without preliminaries) Appendix 3 Rapid Response Survey (without preliminaries)
6 6 Introduction Background In December 2012 the Centre for Excellence for Looked After Children in Scotland (CELCIS) was awarded the tender for a research project to investigate the sexual exploitation of looked after children in Scotland. The research was commissioned by Social Care and Social Work Improvement Scotland also known as the Care Inspectorate and related in particular to children in Scottish care services for which the Inspectorate has responsibility 1. To comply with funding arrangements and operational imperatives, the Care Inspectorate required this research to be conducted and reported within a very short timescale (three months), and within a fixed budget. Researchers often face restrictions such as these and must find creative ways to work within these limitations whilst also being honest about what is possible and what might realistically be achieved within the limits that prevail. CELCIS has over-lapping areas of interest with the Care Inspectorate; this has allowed the study to be somewhat more intensive than would otherwise have been possible, it will also facilitate any necessary follow-on work. This allows us to meet the requirements of the Care Inspectorate and to ensure that the research is conducted in a robust and responsible way. This report draws together research related to sexual exploitation of looked after children in Scotland from four strands of this study and from earlier work done by others. This information will inform the work of the Care Inspectorate. Some strands of the study will continue to receive information via on-going participation in the various research activities already initiated. These data will be used to develop a more detailed and nuanced picture which will be made available to the Care Inspectorate in the form of an Update Report in due course. The full analysis will also be used to inform CELCIS s work and that of partners across the looked after children s sector. Sexual exploitation is a form of sexual abuse which is defined by the UK-wide National Working Group for Sexually Exploited Children and Young People (NWG) as: The sexual exploitation of children and young people under 18 involves exploitative situations, contexts and relationships where young people (or a third person or persons) receive 'something' (e.g. food, accommodation, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, affection, gifts, money) as a result of performing, and/or others performing on them, sexual activities. Child sexual exploitation can occur through use of technology without the child's immediate recognition, for example the persuasion to post sexual images on the internet/mobile phones with no immediate payment or gain. In all cases those exploiting 1 6
7 7 the child/young person have power over them by virtue of their age, gender, intellect, physical strength and/or economic or other resources. 2 This definition guides UK government policy and practice and was specified in the tender document as the definition to be used in the research project. It should be acknowledged that sexual exploitation is one form of child sexual abuse, this research has not addressed the issue of coercive and violent sexual abuse of looked after children (Kendrick, 1997, 1998). This and other relevant definitions are discussed in detail in subsequent sections; for example, many of the experts in the e-delphi study comment on the strengths and limitations of this definition. They note that definitions have a critical impact on policy, practice and indeed on research itself. There have been a small number of earlier studies in Scotland related to the sexual exploitation of looked after children (Beckett et al., 2012; Berelowitz, Firmin, Edwards, & Gulyurtlu, 2012; Brodie & Pearce, 2012; SCCYP, 2011). These studies note the near absence of reliable information about prevalence and difficulties in gathering reliable data in this area (Brodie & Pearce, 2012). These studies also identify a range of risk factors and routes to sexual exploitation for children and young people. In some studies risk factors especially pertinent to children and young people looked after away from home and other looked after children are identified (Brodie & Pearce, 2012). Furthermore, a number of third sector organisations continue to work to raise awareness of how this issue affects children in Scotland. It was in this context, that the Care Inspectorate sought to commission this research to get a clearer understanding of the incidence and prevalence of sexual exploitation of children in the Scottish care system. This clearer understanding will guide their work and the work of partner organisations and contribute to the CI s vision:... that people in Scotland should experience a better quality of life as a result of accessible, excellent services that are designed and delivered to reflect their individual needs and promote their rights. 2 NWG,
8 8 Research questions implicit in the brief included: What is the prevalence of child sexual exploitation in the in-care population and the looked after at-home population? Are children and young people in Scottish care services being targeted by groomers? What is the strength of the relationship between the number of children going missing from care in Scotland and the prevalence of child sexual exploitation? What are the views of professionals in relation to gathering, storage and use of data related to the sexual exploitation of looked after children? What actions at a service level and locality level are in place to identify and respond to actual and potential occurrences of exploitation? What is the potential role of regulation in ensuring effective collaboration? Progress The research brief was indeed a challenging one, particularly in respect of the required timescales and the complexity and quantity of work involved with this project. As researchers we are dependent on the assistance and participation of various partners and stakeholders. We are grateful that we have encountered much goodwill towards the project and repeated endorsements of the need for the study and of the approach we have taken to it. Some of the requests we have made, have required partners to undertake detailed and difficult tasks, requiring significant time commitments. Some potential participants have not been able to comply with the timescales we set. Many remain keen to be part of the study and suggest they will continue to provide responses when it is practical for them to do so. This may mean that data continue to be received for a number of weeks following the submission of this report. We remain committed to analysing and reporting all of the information we gather, as we believe these findings will inform the decision makers and practitioners who are best placed to improve the lives of looked after children in Scotland. Structure of This Report After this brief introductory section we turn our attention first to previous research. We originally planned to include a very brief overview of literature; however, we have found a considerable amount of good quality material that has direct relevance to the questions raised by this study. This literature is relatively easy to access; however, it is not clear that policy makers and practitioners have translated this knowledge into practice. There may be a number of reasons for this. For example, Nutley et al. (2007, pp ) identify a number of enablers and barriers to the use of research which they cluster these into four groups: 8
9 9 The nature of the research; The personal characteristics of the researchers and potential research users; The links between research and its users; The context for the use of research. Whilst space does not permit a detailed discussion of these factors here, researchers and those commissioning research may wish to consider these matters further. Appendix 1 provides an extended quote from the work of Nutley et al. which introduces these ideas. Having accepted that there may be many reasons why previous research has not always been fully recognised or applied, we outline some of this important material in an extended literature review. The literature review is followed by a section outlining the methods used in this study and the methodological and ethical issues raised by research of this complexity and sensitivity. After this, we move to the findings from this study, describing progress and findings for each strand of the research: e-delphi; Case Audits; Rapid Response Survey; Secondary Data. Each section concludes with a discussion which highlights key information and relates it to the research questions. The main body of the report concludes with a section entitled Answering the Research Questions; this section draws together findings from the earlier sections and outlines the implications of this study for the Care Inspectorate, for CELCIS and for the sector more widely. Finally references and appendices are provided at the end of the document. 9
10 10 Literature Review: Child Sexual Exploitation Historical Context Literature charts the shifting focus of concern within society in respect of children: in 1871 concern centred on abuse by adoptive parents; in 1885 it was teenage prostitution; in 1908 it was incest, then later it was neglect, physical abuse, sexual and emotional abuse (Bullock, 1995). Concern around sexual exploitation of children is not new; terminology in the area has changed over time and has included teenage prostitution (ibid) and child prostitution (Pearce, 2009) as well as sexual exploitation. An example of this is provided by the USA, where there has been a subtle but significant shift from constructions of child prostitution to those of child exploitation. Mitchell, Finkelhor and Wolak (2010) argue that this reframing has resulted in policy and practice change from an emphasis on juvenile justice to an emphasis on child protection. Child sexual exploitation remains a difficult phenomenon to define; whilst it is usually treated as a subgroup of sexual abuse, sources differ with reference to its distinguishing features. It has also been noted that some children have been moved around the UK by adults for the purposes of child sexual exploitation (Barnardo's, 2009). This is recognised as a form of child trafficking by the UK Action Plan on Tackling Human Trafficking (TSO, 2007). Again, movement of children for the purposes of prostitution was raised as a concern in the late 19 th Century, at that time referred to as the white slave trade (Cree, Clapton, & Smith, 2012). While some children are involved in trafficking for purposes such as employment or financial gain, it is evident that others are trafficked specifically for purposes of sexual exploitation. Sexual Exploitation of children has been the subject of considerable media, political and academic attention recently, evidenced through reporting of cases such as Rochdale (RSCB, 2012) and allegations of child sexual exploitation, rape and other forms of abuse in respect of Jimmy Savile (Gray & Watt, 2013); publications such as those by the Office of the Children s Commissioner in England (Berelowitz, et al., 2012) and Scottish Government (Brodie & Pearce, 2012) and academic studies both internationally and within the UK (Cockbain & Brayley, 2012; Dodsworth, 2012; Kalergis, 2009; Thomson, Hirshberg, Corbett, Valila, & Howley, 2011; Twill, Green, & Traylor, 2010; Williams, Binagwaho, & Betancourt, 2012; Wurtele, 2012). There is, however, evidence of concern about sexual exploitation of children within Scotland in the previous 10 years (Scottish Executive, 2003). The then Scottish Executive commissioned a study by the children s charity Barnardo s, the objectives of which were to extend knowledge of the way in which sexual exploitation was a factor for young 10
11 11 people placed in secure care in Scotland, their experiences prior to secure care, and the way in which their needs were addressed in secure care and thereafter (Creegan, Scott, & Smith, 2005). A further study was carried out into sexual exploitation of looked after young people by the Glasgow Centre for the Child and Society jointly funded by Barnardo s and the Glasgow Child Protection Committee (Dillane, Hill, & Munro, 2005). Other studies specifically of the Scottish context include:(munro, 2004) (interviews with workers who were part of the Barnardo s Street Safe Project); and, although not specific to child sexual exploitation, Scotland s Commissioner for Children and Young People and the Centre for Rural Childhood Perth College UHI (SCCYP, 2011) (a deskbased literature review, web survey and interviews with key professionals and young people into child trafficking). Findings of these studies are likely still to be relevant to everyone involved in policy, practice, management and inspection of standards today. While recognising that the trafficking of children for sexual exploitation is both undesirable and unacceptable, the way which the subject has been presented in the UK more recently however has been characterised by some as a moral panic which it is argued risks inhibiting a helpful response (Cree, et al., 2012). This more recent work, which has focused on sexual exploitation and child trafficking also needs to be considered in the context of ongoing concerns about the safety of children looked after away from home in Scotland which have also addressed sexual abuse: for example, The Children s Safeguards Review (Kent, 1997). Modes of Child Sexual Exploitation A recent publication by Barnardo s based on its annual survey of its 21 child sexual exploitation services proposes that there is no one single form of child sexual exploitation; sexual exploitation varies between geographical areas and its form can change quickly. Some features of recent trends include: Organised abuse and internal trafficking- based on links between abusers, this often involves young people being moved to other towns or cities for exploitation. Older men masquerading as boyfriends of teenage girls, with the reverse being true for teenage boys. Involvement of peers in exploitation both directly as abusers or indirectly in linking other young people to abusers CSE also occurs through loose networks of abusers and criminal gangs Exploitation of younger children with children as young as 11 years believed to be at risk of exploitation. The role of technology in exploitation shown to have increased markedly since (Barnardo s, 2012) 11
12 12 Data collected by The Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP) (2011) indicates that young people aged are most likely to be victims of CSE. Perpetrators are usually male aged which is distinct from the characteristic representation of the older man most usually associated with sexual abuse. In approximately 80% of cases sexual offences are committed by a family member or someone known to the child, often in a position of trust (CEOP, 2012a). It was also discovered that across 13 Local Safeguarding Children Boards over 230 networks were involved in CSE (from two offenders to much larger numbers), highlighting the sizeable scale of this type of exploitation (CEOP, 2011). It is widely acknowledged that some perpetrators volunteer or seek employment in organisations for young people such as care settings and schools (Wurtele, 2012). However Wurtele suggests that intentional exploitation forms only a small part of the problem in youth organisations. She suggests that bad judgement and boundary violation is a frequent cause of exploitation and that this is more common when there are opportunities for unguarded access to young people. This has implications for training and ensuring that staff understand what constitutes appropriate boundaries in their relationships with children. Child Sexual Exploitation via the Internet Sexual exploitation via the internet appears to account for a significant proportion of CSE (Mitchell, Finkelhor, Jones, & Wolak, 2010). CEOP reported that online offenders are frequently organised and often: coalesce to form online offender networks that are as tightly controlled as their real world equivalents. It is understood that the individuals involved in these networks are generally unknown to each other offline and are commonly not financially motivated. (CEOP, 2012b, p. 5) It was emphasised that boys and girls were exposed to the same risk of online CSE (CEOP, 2012b). Mitchell et al. (2010) found that perpetrators used social networking sites to gain access to friends of their victims. There is an increasing risk of CSE from overseas offenders as internet use across developing nations expands (CEOP, 2012a, 2012b). In addition, concealed recording devices make it easier to take images in public without suspicion being raised (CEOP, 2012a, 2012b). The most common routes to exploitation via the internet are through video chat rooms, online self-generated imagery, and social networking sites. Using social networking sites (SNS) offenders build a relationship with children then initiate some form of sexually exploitative activity on or offline. The most recently identified methods used by perpetrators involve obtaining the child s SNS password directly from the child and at a later date compromising or threatening to compromise (by uploading inappropriate images or posting negative messages that appear as though they are from the child) the
13 13 child s social networking site unless they agree to perform or participate in sexual activities. Increasingly victims are invited to small online groups where only those with access can see files. Young people may also put self-generated indecent images of themselves online (CEOP, 2012b). The willing production of such images may indicate underlying vulnerability and increase the likelihood that these young people will be targeted. Peer exploitation can also occur, because self-generated imagery (e.g. via sexting ) can often be uploaded online as a joke, after an argument or once a relationship has ended. Almost 22% reports to CEOP in 2011/12 related to the distribution of indecent images. Group and Gang Associated Child Sexual Exploitation Often victims of group or gang associated CSE are disengaged from professional services, so little is known about this type of CSE (CEOP, 2011). However gang offending is usually associated with greater levels of violence than group offending. Group offending tends to take place through loose networks with formal and informal associations whereas gang offending takes place within an organised group, with a clear membership, which is often involved in criminal activity. Gang and group offending is generally male against female sexual exploitation though this is not always the case (CEOP, 2011). Beckett et al. (2012) highlighted a number of routes by which exploitation occurs via gangs, including sex as an initiation into the gang, being coerced by gang members, for material gain, young women setting up people in other gangs, or young people being coerced into exploitation as a means of informal income. Many young people have been normalised to sexual violence and do not regard themselves as victims. Some within gangs have endured exploitation because of inclusion and perceived protection afforded by the gang (CEOP, 2011). Extent of Child Sexual Exploitation in Scotland While estimates exist about the number of children vulnerable to sexual exploitation in Wales and Northern Ireland, accurate figures of the scale and extent of child sexual exploitation are not available for Scotland (Barnardo s, 2012). One Scottish study concluded that there is evidence showing the particular vulnerability of young people who are looked after to sexual exploitation (Brodie & Pearce, 2012) but that researching the prevalence is complex; there are barriers to prioritising the issue of sexual exploitation and a lack of consistent data gathering procedures in local authorities (Brodie & Pearce, 2012; CEOP, 2011; Jago et al., 2011). It is recognized however, that while all young people are vulnerable to sexual exploitation, some are particularly vulnerable. Personal characteristics associated with risk of sexual exploitation are known to include: 13
14 14 Family difficulties; Experience of different types of abuse and neglect Experience of the care system History of educational difficulty, including truancy and exclusion from school History of running away or going missing Drug and alcohol misuse Delinquency and gang involvement (see Beckett, et al., 2012; Brodie & Pearce, 2012; Creegan, et al., 2005; Dillane, et al., 2005; Jago, et al., 2011; Scott & Skidmore, 2006) One study by the University of Bedford found on one day in 2011, 22% of children using child sexual exploitation services were in care (Jago, et al., 2011). Similarly the Barnardo s survey of their sexual exploitation services found that 14% of service users had been in care. While recognizing the legislative differences between Scotland and the rest of the UK, these factors highlight the particular vulnerability of children who are looked after to sexual exploitation. Equally it must be considered that young people may have become looked after because they have been exploited. Gibbs and Sinclair (2000) reporting on sexual harassment in residential child care found that more than a third of the female residents (37%) but only 11% of the male residents said sexual harassment had happened before admission; conversely, nearly a quarter (23%) of the females and 7% of the males said that it had happened after. A number of local authorities were able to explain recent initiatives that had been undertaken in relation to child sexual exploitation. These included moves towards new monitoring systems and moves towards better inter-agency working. Glasgow City Council recently conducted its own scoping study into sexual exploitation of looked after and accommodated children and young people. A summary of their findings is reproduced below by kind permission of Glasgow City Council Practice example, Glasgow City Council The scoping study was commissioned to provide an estimate of the prevalence and risk of sexual exploitation amongst the looked after and accommodated population in Glasgow. Primarily, it was designed to provide a baseline for future research, policy and practice developments to begin identifying young people s pathways into exploitation and more effective and appropriate models of care across all vulnerable groups. The study focused on the looked after and accommodated population of children and young people as they may be at particular risk because of their existing vulnerabilities and complex needs. A group of 39 young people were identified from the 168 children and young people looked after away from home in provided and purchased children s units in mid A two-stage process of case file analysis identified those cases where there were warning signs and strong indicators of risk of sexual 14
15 15 exploitation indicating that 33% of children and young people were at substantial risk / harmed through sexual exploitation. Vulnerability and risk were key elements in the histories and present circumstances of the young people, contributing to a complex and challenging assessment and intervention process for all agencies involved in supporting the young people. While information was collated and shared, and risk factors generally identified, there was variability in relating and assessing these factors to the risk of, or experience of, sexual exploitation. The risk factors were often referred to in isolation of the overall context and circumstances of the young people. Multi-agency input and support was apparent, but also accompanied at times by uncoordinated responses when faced with complex and challenging behaviours and circumstances. Framing recommendations based on a small-scale local scoping study utilising single agency records designed to estimate the prevalence of sexual exploitation is problematic. However, the indicative findings of this work indicate that recommendations for policy, practice and research within a Glasgow framework may help in developing future responses. Repeat the scoping study, utilising the indicator matrix, on other vulnerable / at risk groups to better ascertain the prevalence of sexual exploitation in the city. Provide specific multi-agency training for managers and front line workers around the issues of sexual exploitation. Ensure that practitioners are familiar with the potential indicators of vulnerability, and specific risk factors of sexual exploitation. Ensure that practitioners and managers are more proactive in identifying concerns rather than waiting for children and young people to disclose. Ensure that services / VYP processes are not concluded or withdrawn because a young person is not engaging. Develop a tool for practitioners that provides an evidence based resource for workers to more readily identify the risks associated with sexual exploitation. Drawing on the indicators utilised for this scoping study this development could incorporate a traffic light system of concerns. Rewrite the Vulnerable Young Person sexual exploitation guidance incorporating recent evidence, practice knowledge and research and ensure that the guidance is consulted when there are concerns around the issue of risk of sexual exploitation. Establish a child sexual exploitation working group to adopt a strategic overview of policy, practice and research into all forms of exploitation. (Merging with the already well-established child trafficking sub group of the Child Protection Committee VYP may be a possible way forward looking at child exploitation overall). Commission further research and practice developments to inform and implement best practice models. Ensure that future policy and practice developments are located in a robust monitoring and evaluation framework. In a collaborative, action research process between practitioners, managers and researchers monitor the 13 cases identified as high risk over the next 12 months to provide comment on assessment, intervention and outcomes. Further Information is available from Sheila Murie or Moira McKinnon Glasgow City Council Social Work, City Chambers East, 40 John Street. Glasgow, G1 1JL. 15
16 16 Estimates of the prevalence of CSE and the reliability of available data are explored more extensively in other sections of this report. Indicators of Sexual Exploitation A number of features are now recognised as possible indicators that young people may be being sexually exploited (Barnardo s, 2012; Scottish Executive, 2003). Barnardo s have identified a number of key indicators of vulnerability to sexual exploitation, based on experience from their work with young people affected by childhood exploitation. These include: Going missing for periods of time or regularly returning home late Regularly missing school or not taking part in education Appearing with unexplained gifts or new possessions Associating with other young people involved in exploitation Having older boyfriends or girlfriends Suffering from sexually transmitted infections Mood swings or changes in emotional wellbeing Drug and alcohol misuse Displaying inappropriate sexualised behavior (ibid, p.5). Going missing is reported to be a feature in the lives of young people vulnerable to sexual exploitation (Barnardo's, 2009; Brodie & Pearce, 2012; Dillane, et al., 2005) and thus a key indicator of vulnerability to sexual exploitation (Barnardo's, 2009). However, it should be remembered that children may go missing for a number of reasons and that thresholds for reporting children as missing may vary between different types of placement. One study (Barnardo s, 2012) found that 44% of service users had gone missing on more than one occasion, mirroring the findings of the University of Bedford that over half of all young people using child sexual exploitation services on one day in 2011 were known to have gone missing (a quarter more than 10 times) (Jago, et al., 2011). Disclosing Abuse and Exploitation Children and Young People In a review of the literature about children s disclosure of sexual abuse, Paine and Hanson(2002) reported that there are a range of barriers which children find immensely difficult to overcome. These barriers include direct threats to the child to keep silent or harm will come to them or their families, or that they will be responsible for the family splitting up. Perpetrators will also silence victims by telling the child that they (the 16
17 17 perpetrator) will go to jail or will commit suicide. Where there is some form of positive relationship between the child and perpetrator, which is often the case, the child will not disclose abuse in order to protect the perpetrator. Children may not disclose abuse for fear that they will not be believed, a belief which is often confirmed for many children. Children may also be concerned about getting into trouble for something they shouldn t have done (Beckett, et al., 2012). Other research highlights that all children feel shame and that they have a measure of responsibility for the abuse and for this reason find it difficult to disclose what has happened to them (Barnardo's, 2011). The extreme nature of the difficultly that children and young people experience in disclosing abuse should not be underestimated; even when there was clear evidence that abuse or exploitation had taken place via the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease, 57% children denied a history of sexual abuse (reported in Paine & Hansen, 2002). Paine and Hansen s (2002) review highlighted that it is not enough to educate a child and inform them to tell. Children and young people will keep the abuse a secret in many cases, and some may not recognise that they are being exploited and would therefore not feel there is anything to disclose. Equality Issues and Disclosure Barriers to disclosing abuse are even greater for some populations of children: disabled children, boys and young men, and children from minority ethnic backgrounds. Disabled children have smaller social networks than other children and therefore fewer individuals that they can disclose to; communication difficulties can also impede disclosure, and similarly disabled children may have limited ability to use or access phones or the internet to disclose (Oosterhoorn & Kendrick, 2001; Sullivan & Knutson, 2000). It has also been demonstrated that disabled children, most likely for their increased vulnerability, are more likely to be targeted for sexual abuse, although the relationship between disability and sexual exploitation is not straightforward and should be explored further (Sullivan & Knutson, 2000). Additional pressures for boys and male young people include concerns about homosexuality (Moody, 1999; Paine & Hansen, 2002) and issues of masculinity such as not wanting to appear vulnerable and helpless (Moody, 1999). Children and young people from an ethnic minority background but residing in the UK (as opposed to children who have been trafficked into the country for the purpose of sexual exploitation) may have additional cultural pressures which make it difficult to report any form of sexual abuse. Sexual relationships under certain circumstances may be forbidden in some cultures and therefore children and young people (who may feel they are more western than their parents) may go to even greater lengths to hide the abuse (Ward & Patel, 2006). In addition, there may be concerns about lack of cultural awareness and fear about the response from services (Gilligan & Akhtar, 2006). These 17
18 18 difficulties in disclosing exploitation are similar for children who are trafficked but interpretation difficulties are likely to pose a further problem for many (Lebov, 2010). Agencies and Professional Disclosure Whilst it is somewhat dated, the 1988 National Centre for Child Abuse and Neglect report (cited in Paine & Hansen, 2002) found that professionals frequently failed to report abuse or exploitation disclosed to them. Non-reporting was noted in 88% of cases from day-care centres, 76% in schools, 70% in social service agencies, 42% in mental health agencies and 31% in hospitals. These are organisations and settings where children might have expected to receive help and support; failure to respond appropriately may reinforce children s fears that nothing will be done to help them or that they will not be believed. Non-disclosure both prevents individual children from gaining support and may allow perpetrators to commit further crimes against more children. This quotation from a child victim of exploitation (non-sexual) in Sweden illustrates the turmoil children may experience in revealing their abuse, and the gentle approach that is required to uncover it. Don t assume that I am lying. And if I am lying, please give me time to trust you. Give me a chance in your heart. Just say good, take it easy, you re ok, take your time. Show me that you want to help me. It s not easy telling you things that were dangerous to me. I was scared. (CBSSCC, 2013, p. 33) Impact of Child Sexual Exploitation It is difficult to separate the influence of the life experiences which leave children vulnerable to sexual exploitation from the impact of sexual exploitation itself. The initial and long-term effects of childhood abuse and trauma are however well recognised in literature. In the 1980s, Finkelhor and Browne (1986) postulated that the experience of sexual abuse could be analysed in terms of four trauma-causing factors, which they refer to as traumagenic dynamics traumatic sexualisation, stigmatisation, betrayal and powerlessness. When present, these alter the child s cognitive and emotional orientation to the world and create trauma by distorting the child s self-concept, worldview and affective capacities (ibid). These may manifest themselves in behaviour such as: precocious sexual activity, aggressive sexual behaviour or avoidance of sexual intimacy; isolation, self-harm or substance misuse; aggression, relationship difficulties or clinging; dissociation, phobias and mental health disorders.(see Finkelhor & Browne, 1986, pp ). Violence is also a concern in many studies, for example a large proportion of victims of CSE were found to carry weapons because of a perceived need for self-protection (Gilbert et al., 2008). 18
19 19 It has been shown that victims of child sexual abuse are particularly vulnerable to revictimisation. There may be particular concerns for re-victimisation of girls who had been sexually abused by a family member. For example, it was found that girls abused by a family member were significantly more likely to have experienced rape or attempted rape as young women (see Lalor & McElvaney, 2010). The impact of this trauma was difficult to overcome and frequently led to poor life outcomes for victims, including lower levels of education (Gilbert, et al., 2008). Experienced practitioners working with sexually exploited young people report features evident in the lives of sexually exploited young people including reported feelings of stigmatisation and difficulty in building trusting relationships (Barnardo's, 2009), sexual exploitation of peers (Barnardo s, 2012), and powerlessness and the need to exert a sense of agency in their lives (Pearce, 2009). Research indicates that for young people involved in sexual exploitation, there are particular complexities. As a result of the grooming process some may not recognise the relationship as exploitative; even when involved in sexual relationships organised by older men, they may perceive the relationship as consensual and romantic (Barnardo's, 2009; Creegan, et al., 2005). Frequent repeated sexual activity with strangers may make them vulnerable to sexually transmitted disease, pregnancy and other health-related conditions (Conway, 2012; Mitchell, Finkelhor, & Wolak, 2010). Intervention and Treatment Related to the prevention of CSE and other abuse, research suggests that offenders may avoid more knowledgeable children; for example, if a young child already knows the terms for genital areas then the person is less likely to abuse them (Wurtele & Kenny, 2010). This may suggest that education (in school or elsewhere) may have a role. As outlined earlier, the needs of these young people are complex. They may have a range of physical, sexual, mental and emotional health problems, be dissociated from school and peers and they may repeatedly go missing. This would seem to indicate a need for long-term interventions from trained staff working within a supportive environment which address the complex underlying vulnerability factors (Pearce 2009). Drawing on the Finkelhor and Browne model of traumagenic dynamics (1986), arguably these young people require experiences which will empower, build trusting relationships, and enhance self-esteem within safe boundaries. Creegan, Scott and Smith (2005) identify five key elements to any model of care provided: 19
20 20 Early intervention Safe accommodation Continuity of care Intensive support Multi-agency coordination (Creegan, et al., 2005, pp ) Writing within a Scottish context, they examine the implications for interventions in secure residential care, close support, specialist fostering and intensive intervention in the community. Reviewing the suitability of these settings individually, they propose that each can meet the needs of young people when the appropriate supports are put in place, although they caution that secure care works best only in the short term, where it may be necessary to break contact with abusive adults (Creegan, et al., 2005). A number of services have been set up specifically to provide support to children who have been sexually exploited (see for example Barnardo's, 2011; Barnardo s, 2012). Barriers to Good Practice Poor awareness of sexual exploitation among professionals is a key concern. There is limited provision of expert services for children in Scotland; and where these exist they are usually provided by third sector organisations (Brodie & Pearce, 2012). Harper and Scott (2005) note that there is often confusion in making the distinction between sexual exploitation and what is considered a young person s choice to have sex. They found an extreme case of this in their research in London: A stark example was in one borough where the case of a 13 year-old girl with a 24 yearold boyfriend, who made her have sex with his friends in exchange for drugs, was identified only as possible exploitation. (Harper & Scott, 2005, p. 43) As previously mentioned, it has been suggested that children and young people can also be confused about sexual exploitation, with many apparently exploited young people asserting that they are in a consensual relationship. Related to this is the difficulty in addressing the needs of children and young people who do not wish to acknowledge that they had been sexually exploited (Thomson, et al., 2011). Sometimes good practice is prevented through failure to pursue a case because a child or young person is unwilling to disclose exploitation. A Serious Case Review carried out in the Torbay area highlighted that there was a significant missed opportunity to prevent a 13 year old girl experiencing further episodes of sexual exploitation because she was unwilling to make a statement to the police (Boxall & Wonnacott, 2013). The authors stated that support and protection should not have been dependent on 20
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Ask Klaus!
Ask Klaus!
Two months ago, a reader wrote, "I have been told that a Linux system can "fill up" when it runs out of inode numbers because too many small files are created." The reader had two questions about inodes numbers: • What happens to the inode number allocated to a file that has been deleted? • Is it re-allocated to newly created files? I gave a correct but very technical answer to this question on inode number creation. But upon further reflection, it has occurred to me that maybe what the reader really wanted to know was, "What conditions lead to a "file system full condition" (because no inode entries are left), and what can I do about it?" It can be an amazing and annoying situation when a partition is shown as almost empty with the df command, yet every attempt of writing a file results in a "no space left on the device" message.
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- 2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
- 1/2 pound king oyster mushrooms (see Note), trimmed and very thinly sliced lengthwise
- Salt
- Freshly ground pepper
- 1/4 cup vegan mayonnaise
- 2 tablespoons finely shredded basil, plus more for garnish
- 4 slices of country bread, lightly toasted
- 4 small romaine lettuce leaves, whole or shredded
- 1 large red tomato, thinly sliced
In a large skillet, heat 1 tablespoon of the olive oil until shimmering. Add half of the mushroom slices in a single layer and cook, turning once, until golden, about 6 minutes. Drain the mushrooms on paper towels and season them with salt and pepper. Repeat with the remaining 1 tablespoon of olive oil and mushrooms.
In a small bowl, combine the mayonnaise with the 2 tablespoons of shredded basil and season with salt and pepper. Spread 1 tablespoon of the basil mayonnaise on each slice of bread and top with lettuce. Arrange the sliced tomato on the lettuce, followed by the mushrooms. Sprinkle the sandwiches with salt and pepper and garnish with basil. Serve the sandwiches open-face or close the sandwiches and serve.


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we have installed spiceworks centrally and we are gathering data from 2 sites. Mostly everything is pretty much as we would expect and we are rather impressed 4.7 rocks as far as I am concerned.
There are two issues that worry me
Firstly, we use several different AV products from Kaspersky, McAfee TOPSA, Sophos and even some AVG (both free and paid for - we look after some home users)
But it seems that Spiceworks is not detecting the AV or the versions on all the machine - is that nornal
Secondly - not all the exchange servers are being highlighted as such, is there a way of "telling" spiceworks that "this is an exchange server"
This topic was created during version 4.7.
The latest version is 7.5.00101.
2 Replies
Sep 8, 2010 at 6:56 UTC
Hi Mate, see this thread regarding the AV:
Not too sure about the exchange server question, mine just works lol we get the exchange tab added on when it recongnises it
Sep 10, 2010 at 5:05 UTC
Do you have Windows Security center enabled on all the systems that are having issues with AV software reporting? That would be the first thing to check as far as I am concerned.
If you are not seeing the Exchange tab then it most likely means that some of your Exchange servers are not being scanned correctly. Do you see scan errors or DNS issues related to any of them?
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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Ecco - The Tides of Time (USA) (Beta) ROM
Rating: ESRB: E, PEGI: 3+, ESRB: K-A
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Ecco: The Tides of Time is the sequel to 'Ecco the Dolphin' and was developed by Novotrade International for the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, as well as several of Sega's other consoles. The game was released in 1994 and features similar gameplay as its predecessor, where the player controls a dolphin as you traverse the ocean to save your family. Returning from the first game are the evil Vortex, a race of aliens intent on destroying Earth's oceans. Ecco travels to multiple areas to stop the Vortex, including into the future to gain help from his descendants.
Ecco has several moves, including a dash attack to defeat enemies, a sonar which can act as a projectile or be used to generate a map if held down long enough. The game also features several pseudo 3D stages, where Ecco must jump through rings with a front-facing camera system. The game is infamous for its high level of difficulty, although the player has an infinite number of lives and a password system.
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Seeking Spiritual Direction
February 2013 — Vol. 2, Issue 6
Fr. Jim Gallagher, C.S.C.
Discernment is not something to be done on one's own.
First off, this is because discernment is not primarily about making a decision about what we would like to do. It is seeking to come to understand God's call in our life and in particular moments of consequence. Thus, at the heart of it, discernment does not exist, unless the Lord is involved in the process – making it something that cannot happen in isolation.
As well, we are members of the larger Body of Christ. Thus, our relationship with the Lord is not just between the individual and the Almighty; it is an individual in relationship with the Almighty in the context of the community. We come to our best understanding of our call when we bring others who know us and who know the Lord into the process of discernment.
This is the reason why spiritual direction is so often recommended to those in discernment. What better way to find our way to the Lord than through the direction of one who has trod the path before us. It provides one the opportunity to dive deeper into the work of discernment than what you can do on your own.
In truth, though, spiritual direction is about more than just discovering one's vocation. At the heart of it, direction is meant to help one grow in relationship with the Lord. So it is not only for those who are seeking to discern their vocation, nor is it something necessarily to end once one finds one's vocation. It is helpful for all who seek to grow in their relationship with the Lord.
Indeed, the first level of work in spiritual direction is to learn to deepen one's relationship with the Lord. This is the work to which we are all called no matter what our vocation. Each of us is called to an ever-deepening relationship with the Lord. Attending to this is also what allows us to grow in our capacity to hear and respond to the Lord's invitation.
Within this context of growing in one's relationship with the Lord, it is also appropriate then to bring up issues related to the discernment of vocation. An experienced spiritual director can ask questions that cause us to reflect on the areas of our prayer and our life that might best illuminate God's call or draw out the things that are holding us back. As well, it can often be hard to pick up patterns in our life or in our prayer that can help us in our discernment. Through regular conversations with a spiritual director, they will often be able to see the patterns that we miss ourselves.
The trick then is to make the commitment to find a director. If you read this and have no idea where to find an experienced spiritual director, a good place to start is your pastor. This doesn't necessarily mean that your pastor should be your director; it means that he will often know individuals in the area who can serve as a director. Set up a time to meet with your pastor or a trusted mentor in the faith and talk over your desire for direction. See if they can give you a good lead in your area.
Another thing to keep in mind when looking for a spiritual director is that they need to be someone with whom you feel comfortable sharing your life in Christ. Any spiritual director will know this. So don't feel that you have to continue to meet with someone, or don't worry about hurting their feelings if after the first or second meeting there is something there holding you back. Keep looking until you find someone that you can trust and can help you grow in your relationship with the Lord.
There are many parts to discerning one's vocation. One of the most important parts is spiritual direction. If you do not have a director, look into finding one. Along those lines, feel free to be in touch if we can be of assistance as your strive to find a good director.
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A snipe hunt was a catchall term for a practical joke wherein more senior personnel would send newbies to do things such as search for nonexistent items.
In 2366, Data related how William T. Riker had taught him how to hunt snipe (a fictitious animal) while USS Enterprise was at Starbase 12 earlier that year (it involved holding a bag and calling out to the snipe). Riker had apparently also pranked Wesley Crusher in similar manner, and was forced to come clean about the prank when he burst out laughing mid-explanation. (ST novel: Federation)
During her time in the Bajoran Militia, Kanril Eleya was told to go "blow the DCA" by Corporal Hoolud. She commented that "they had some trouble finding his front teeth after the next sparring session." (Bait and Switch: "Shakedown Shenanigans")
- Author StarSword explained in his author's notes that this one is borrowed from the United States Navy. The target of the prank is told that the "DCA" is an air horn that has to be blown when the ship leaves port. However, "DCA" is actually the abbreviation for damage control assistant, a junior officer on the ship.
In 2409 Crewman Apprentice Miq'doh Drohhl was told to perform an "echo check" on USS Bajor's impulse engine when it was test-fired, which consisted of opening an access panel and yelling at it to see if it resonated. He was interrupted by Captain Kanril Eleya, who demanded an explanation, which in turn sent Lieutenant Commander Bynam Ehrob, Lieutenant Kerensky, and a chief petty officer into laughing fits. (Bait and Switch: "Shakedown Shenanigans").
External links Edit
- Snipe hunt article at Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
- Snipe hunt article at Memory Beta, the non-canon Star Trek wiki.


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Joel Ewanick, who has hit the ground running since coming from Hyundai Motor America Inc. to head up U.S. marketing for General Motors Co., will take on an expanded role as global chief marketing officer effective immediately.
In broadening the executive's role, CEO Dan Akerson says Ewanick is "the right leader to take GM's marketing strategy to the next level.
"In a short period of time, with his marketing acumen and creative leadership, Joel has proven to be a vocal advocate for the customer," he says in a statement.
Ewanick, 50, will report directly to Akerson on global matters but continue to report to GM North America President Mark Reuss when it comes to U.S. marketing.
Ewanick's global mission will be to ensure there is a consistent marketing message for all brands, including Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Opel and Vauxhall, the auto maker says. He also will oversee strategically important auto shows worldwide and GM's participation in other global events.


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On Sat, Aug 13, 2016 at 4:07 PM,
Imogen Spedding
My mum died of pancreatic cancer a few days after you guys gave such a beautiful performance back in 2012. I'll never forget it, and I know my mum still smiles down from where she is whenever I play this video. Thank you guys for making my mum happy that day.
God bless.
On Mon, Oct 6, 2014 at 6:07 PM,
I memory of you Christina did song prayer that it was so beautiful, I did feel so. I did remember about that it did get down load .
Thanks Chris. You are looks good picture.
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