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White Dwarf Properties and the Degenerate Electron Gas
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1 White Dwarf Properties and the Degenerate Electron Gas Nicholas Rowell April 10, 2008 Contents 1 Introduction Discovery Survey Techniques Sirius B - Internal Properties Pressure Ionisation Electron Degeneracy The Equation of State for an Electron Gas 4.1 Fully Degenerate Configurations Consequences for the Mass of White Dwarfs Thermal and Mechanical Properties Decoupled
2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1 Introduction White dwarfs are the second most common type of star in the Galaxy, and represent the end stage of evolution for around 97% of all stars. Only those with masses greater than 8M will avoid this fate, and post nuclear-burning will become either neutron stars or black holes. Now devoid of the nuclear energy sources that drive the evolution of their progenitor stars, white dwarfs shine at the expense of their residual thermal energy. It takes many billions of years for this heat to radiate away into space, and as such white dwarfs contain an observable fossil record of star formation processes in the history of the Galaxy. 1.1 Discovery The first two white dwarfs to be discovered were 40 Eridani B and Sirius B. Observations revealed these stars to be of a type fundamentally different to the ordinary stars, and over several decades at the start of the twentieth century the theory of stellar structure was revised to incorporate this new class of star. In particular, parallax measurements of 40 Eridani B showed it to be many magnitudes fainter than other stars of it s spectral type (figure 1). The existence of Sirius B was inferred from it s gravitational influence on it s companion, Sirius A. By analysis of the orbital dynamics, and an early measurement of gravitational redshift, it s mass could be measured. The observed mass and size of these stars implied a density several thousand times greater than anything observed before in nature, and the behaviour of material under these conditions was not well studied. Figure 1: An early (1914) HR diagram showing 40 Eridani B at bottom left.
3 1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 Survey Techniques White dwarfs are typically around 10 magnitudes fainter than main sequence stars of the same colour. As such, they are observable only relatively close to the sun, and therefore exhibit large proper motions. This fact has historically been used to conduct surveys for white dwarfs through the use of the reduced proper motion statistic H (figure 2) which combines apparent magnitude in some band (m B ) and proper motion (µ) to estimate the intrinsic magnitude of stars: H B = m B + 5 log(µ) + 5 In this way Willem Luyten produced some of the first large proper motion catalogues containing 000 white dwarfs. Proper motions were detected and measured from photographic plates by eye using large blink comparators, which inevitably led to incompleteness problems due to objects being missed. Modern surveys avoid this by using automated search algorithms to pair up stars between observations taken at different epochs. Figure 2: A reduced proper motion diagram showing the loci of various Galactic stellar populations and types. Spectroscopic surveys can also reveal white dwarfs through their characteristically pressurebroadened absorption lines. For example, although SDSS primarily targets extragalactic objects, a large sample of white dwarfs has been spectroscopically observed due to their photometric colours merging with QSOs.
4 2 SIRIUS B - INTERNAL PROPERTIES 4 2 Sirius B - Internal Properties Taking up to date values for the mass, radius and temperature of Sirius B from Holberg et al. [1998] we can infer some basic properties of the interior of white dwarf stars in general. It should be noted that Sirius B is not particularly representative of white dwarf stars, being of considerably higher mass, and is chosen more for historical context. 2.1 Pressure Ionisation Holberg et al. quote a mass of M 1.05M and radius of R R, which leads to a mean density of kg m. Assuming an internal composition of pure carbon, this leads to a mean nuclear separation of m. By contrast, the Bohr radius of a carbon ion with only one remaining electron is m, and the interior must be entirely pressure ionised. 2.2 Electron Degeneracy Holberg et al. derive an effective temperature of T 25000K for Sirius B. If we use this as a first order estimate of the interior temperature, we calculate a de Broglie wavelength of m for the (free) electrons, several orders or magnitude greater than the mean separation of m. Therefore, any attempt to understand the internal structure must involve a quantum mechanical explanation. By contrast, the de Broglie wavelength of the ions, m, is only about twice the average separation. Therefore, to a good approximation we expect the ions to behave as an ideal classical gas. The Equation of State for an Electron Gas The equation of state for the degenerate interior of white dwarf stars can be derived from first principles by first considering the density of quantum states g(p), defined in phase space as g(p) dpdv = 8π h p2 dpdv. This includes the degeneracy factor of two for electrons of opposite spin states. As electrons fermions, the distribution of particles amongst the quantum states obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics, which states that the average occuption of a state of energy ǫ is given by f(ǫ) = 1 exp[ ǫ µ kt ] + 1. Microscopically, pressure is defined as the flux of momentum through a unit surface. If we consider a surface element of area dσ with normal n, we can derive an expression for the
5 THE EQUATION OF STATE FOR AN ELECTRON GAS 5 Figure : The equation of state is derived by considering the flux of momentum across surface element dσ in the direction n pressure by considering how many electrons pass through it per second into an element of solid angle dω, in the direction s, in the momentum range p p+dp (figure ). The number density of states in the vicinity of dσ is given by g(p)dp, and these are occupied according to f(ǫ). Each electron carries a momentum equal to p cos(θ) in the direction n, and sees a projected surface area of cos(θ)dσ. This is multiplied by the velocity of the electrons corresponding to the given momentum, expressed for now as v(p). As the distribution function is isotropic, the fraction of electrons passing into dω is equal to dω. Finally, to get the pressure 4π on the surface, we divide out dσ and integrate over one hemisphere and all momentum states: P = π 2 θ=0 2π φ=0 p=0 8πp h 1 exp[ ǫ(p) µ kt Integrating out the angular dependancy leaves: P = 4π h p=0 p ] + 1 cos(θ)2 v(p)dp dω 4π. exp[ ǫ(p) µ ] + 1 v(p)dp. kt where v(p) and ǫ(p) are the relativistic expressions for the velocity and energy of a given momentum state, respectively. µ has dimensions of energy and is called the chemical potential. In this context it is related to the degree to which the interior is degenerate. This formula cannot be solved analytically for all possible conditions in the white dwarf interior. However, there are several limiting cases in which this is possible, and these can be used to demonstrate certain properties that extend into the analytically intractible regimes..1 Fully Degenerate Configurations When all quantum states are occupied up to some momentum, and none above this, the electron gas is said to be fully degenerate. The momentum of the highest occupied states is denoted p f and called the Fermi momentum, with the corresponding Fermi energy ǫ f. This is equivalent to assuming a temperature of zero for the interior. This is obviously unphysical, and any
6 THE EQUATION OF STATE FOR AN ELECTRON GAS 6 thermal energy will promote electrons to higher momentum states. In reality, the interior of a white dwarf is only partially degenerate, and hydrostatic equilibrium is maintained by a complex mixture of degeneracy pressure and a small but finite thermal pressure. However, this assumption greatly simplifies the solution to the equation of state, as in this regime the distribution function takes the following form: f(ǫ) = The pressure integral now becomes: { 1 : ǫ ǫf 0 : ǫ > ǫ f P = 4π pf p v(p)dp. h p=0 For the velocity, we rearrange the relativistic expression for momentum p = γ(v)mv to obtain v(p) = c p m ec ( p m ec )2 + 1 which, when substituted into the above formula, allows us to write for the equation of state: P = 4πm4 e c5 h x ξ=0 ξ ξ 2 dξ where we have used the substitutions ξ = p and x = p f m ec m ec. x is called the relativity parameter and appears widely in degeneracy pressure calculations. This integral has the following solution: P = πm4 ec 5 6h [ ] x(2x 2 ) (1 + x 2 ) + sinh 1 (x). This is the general formula for the pressure at all values of the relativity parameter, for the fully degenerate case. Now, the number density of electrons can be expressed as a function of the Fermi momentum p f by integrating the density of states in phase space over all possible values of the momentum (p = 0 p f ). This gives: which can be expressed in terms of x as n e = 8π pf p 2 dp = 8π h p=0 h p f n e = 8πm ec h x which allows one to express the pressure directly in terms of the number density of electrons. Before making this substitution, we may further simplify the equation of state by considering as
7 THE EQUATION OF STATE FOR AN ELECTRON GAS 7 two limiting cases the regimes of non-relativistic degeneracy (x 0) and relativistic degeneracy (x ). The parameter x is a measure of the momentum of the electrons in the highest populated energy states, and thus measures the importance of relativistic effects. In these two cases the general equation of state reduces to the following forms: P 8πm 4 ec 5 0h x 5 x 0 πm 4 e c5 h x 4 Now substituting in the number density of electrons: P = 1 40 P = 1 16 x ( h π)2 2 n 5 e m e ( π)1 hcn 4 e These expressions give approximations to the equation of state for completely degenerate stellar configurations, in the limiting regimes of non-relativistic and relativistic degeneracy..2 Consequences for the Mass of White Dwarfs Putting the equation of state for the non-relativistic, fully degenerate white dwarf interior into the equation for hydrostatic equilibrium yields the following approximate result: which has the solution: ( ) M 2 ( ) M 5 P R 4 R R 1 Thus more massive white dwarfs are expected to be smaller, a feature not observed in main sequence stars. Also, the relativistic softening of the equation of state has profound implications for the maximum mass of white dwarf stars, as first noted by Chandrasekhar in 191. Specifically, the reduction in stiffness gives rise to a limiting mass for highly relativistic white dwarfs. Repeating the above argument for the relativistic-degenerate configuration gives the relation: ( ) M 2 ( ) M 4 P R R 4 M 1. M 6 R 4 M 4 R 4
8 THE EQUATION OF STATE FOR AN ELECTRON GAS 8 R cancels out, implying the existence of a unique mass for relativistic white dwarfs, above which hydrostatic equilibrium cannot be maintained and the star starts to collapse. This unique mass is called the Chandrasekhar Mass, and has the definition given by Chandrasekhar [199]: M Ch = 5.75µ 2 e M where µ e is the number of nucleons per electron, and is a measure of the metallicity of the interior. M Ch has the value 1.44M for a composition of pure He 4.. Thermal and Mechanical Properties Decoupled It was shown earlier that the ions present in the interior of the star behave, to a good approximation, like an ideal classical gas, and the electrons as an ideal Fermi gas. How does the pressure in each component contribute to hydrostatic support? Using data for Sirius B discussed in section 2, we can estimate the pressure of the ions and electrons separately. The equation of state for the ions is P i = n i k B T, and for the electrons P e = 1 40 ( π)2 h 2 m e n 5 e, where n e = 12n i for an internal composition of pure carbon. Putting the numbers in leads to the following ratio for the relative magnitude of the pressures: P e = n 2 P i Given the mean density of Sirius B, one calculates an ion number density of n i = m. Putting this into the above ratio gives: P e P i = Thus the mechanical properties of white dwarfs are completely dominated by the degenerate electron gas. The thermal properties can be explored by considering the heat capacities of the two components, defined at constant volume as C v = U. The internal energy of both the ideal classical T v gas of ions and ideal Fermi gas of electrons satisfies U P. However, the equation of state for the electrons has no T dependency in the fully degenerate limit, and the total combined heat capacity of the interior is found to be: C v = U i T = 2 n ik i. + U e v T v The heat capacity of the degenerate electrons is equal to zero; the thermal energy content of the star is dominated by the ions.
9 REFERENCES 9 References S. Chandrasekhar. An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago press [199]. J. B. Holberg, M. A. Barstow, F. C. Bruhweiler, A. M. Cruise, and A. J. Penny. Sirius B: A New, More Accurate View. ApJ, 497:95-+, April 1998.
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One way or another we all seek for approval. Even if you think you don't - you do. Approval and sympathy help us to move forward in many aspects of our lives. If people like you - it's easier to work and communicate. But not all of us are talkative and naturally charismatic. And they say that you cannot force someone to like you. Well, maybe you can't but you can work on yourself instead. Thanks to our easy tips you can become the most well-liked person in the room.
What does the smile mean? It means that you are happy. If you're saying "hi" to someone with a big,
Pay attention
This may sound a little
Ask for help
Well, we already know that people like to talk about themselves, but there is one more thing that every person likes and does: people LOVE giving advice. If you want someone to like you - ask him/her for an advice. You think it should be in
Your body language
A half of any conversation is done through body language. Without noticing it, other people pick up signals that you send through your body. Remember the smile thing? Also, when you are talking to someone do not distract on you smartphone, or tv or anything else. Avoid the unconscious body language that signals boredom or disinterest. Crossing your arms at your chest tells other people that you're bored and don't want to be talked to. This might seem
Look good
For some strange
These tips and tricks may sound simple and even stupid, but they work as good as magical. Use them wisely, they can be very powerful. Do not try to be someone else - you are awesome the way you are, and those tips will help you bring it to others people knowledge. And before you know it, that person's going to look up and realize that they feel like they've known you for years… even though you've only just met.

subset: commoncrawl


text: 6 Cute and Compact Shoulder Bags Facebook Pinterest Twitter Print Mail Save Left Arrow Right Arrow Photo by danielle-nicole.myshopify.com Left Arrow Right Arrow 2 of 7 Grid View See All Danielle Nicole Peyton Shoulder Bag Versatile is the word to describe this gold-accented faux-leather staple. It's stylish with kick-around brown boots and cheery, colorful flats.To buy: Unfortunately, this item is no longer available. A similar product can be found here. Start


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Kittredge is now home to four businesses that provide everything from massage to children's clothes.
By the Creek Tans & Stuff is open in Kittredge Village next to Bear Creek Restaurant. The 3,200-square-foot space houses a tanning spa, massage therapist, women's and children's clothing, artwork, jewelry and a dance studio for belly dancing and yoga.
It is planning a grand opening from 4:30 to 7:30 p.m. Sunday, Dec. 11.
EDS Waste Solutions Inc. was named the Evergreen Chamber of Commerce Business of the Year at the group's 2011 Holiday Gala on Dec. 5 at Mount Vernon Country Club.
EDS is a family-owned business that goes back five generations. The company provides residential, commercial and industrial garbage removal and recycling services to customers in Jefferson, Denver, Clear Creek, Gilpin and Park counties.
Imagine Zeus and the Greek gods looking down upon Evergreen and not liking what they see. The gods consider blowing up the world and starting over, but Zeus sees that fifth-grader Sam has the potential to make the world a better place.
Sam is able to create some eco-awareness at his school and to make a bully see that there's a better way to get attention and make friends.
I recently read that 42 percent of Americans join the annual tradition of Black Friday, flooding malls and big-box stores to get a jump on the holiday shopping season. Many start well before the sun rises, standing in lines to take advantage of special deals for early risers.
I don't exactly remember when the term "Black Friday" entered the American vernacular, but it wasn't long ago. Now, it's heard as often as other words that enjoy a much longer tradition — words like Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Many people complain to me that they find winter birding dull because there are no pretty birds around.
True, the winter residents at most feeders, pine siskins, chickadees, nuthatches, hairy and down woodpeckers, house sparrows, house finches, and the various forms of the dark-eyed junco are mostly gray, brown, and black-and-white birds. Not very exciting or colorful, but they are still interesting.
A site for four-eyes
Some Jeffco sheriff's employees are now eligible for overdue merit-based pay increases, after the county commissioners passed on a 2-1 vote Dec. 6 a budget that allocates an additional $1.4 million to the department for discretionary spending in 2012.
Overall, the $476 million county budget cuts $600,000 from the 2011 spending plan and includes $3.5 million in funds to be used at the discretion of department heads, including pay increases for subordinates.
GOLDEN — The girls swimming season has officially kicked off with 16 teams from Jefferson County meeting for the D'Evelyn Sprint Pentathlon on Dec. 3 at Colorado School of Mines.
"The girls are already exhausted. I don't think they realized how much swimming happens this early in the season," Evergreen assistant coach Angie Harrington said.
Hailey Newhall had a double-double to lead the Evergreen Lady Cougars to a 65-32 rout of Montbello in both teams' season opener on Dec. 3 at Evergreen High School.
The Lady Cougars avenged last year's 50-49 loss at Montbello by applying full-court pressure in the first half that resulted in a 40-16 halftime lead. Evergreen was set to open the season two nights earlier vs. George Washington, but that game was rescheduled for Dec. 6 due to weather. Results weren't available at presstime.
CONIFER — To say that Don Fuller was a little wet behind the ears when it came to wrestling last season would probably be accurate. And to say that he's grown from that experience by leaps and bounds is definitely accurate.
Copyright © 2017
Canyon Courier is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Evergreen, Colo, and the surrounding area.


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Global Symposium in Prague
The Faculty Global Symposium in Prague is the first of a series of annual programs aimed at connecting faculty and staff with NC State's global strategic partners around the world.
2017 Request for Proposals
Up to 12 NC State faculty or staff members will be selected to participate in the new week-long program in Prague, Czech Republic from March 6-10, 2017. A majority of funding for the program is covered by NC State Global for the selected cohort, although departmental matching funds are encouraged. Read the full request for proposals for additional details.
NC State Global strives to promote faculty and staff global scholarship and research across the university's colleges and departments. The NC State Prague Institute is a natural location for the inaugural symposium, as its academic and administrative home will transition to the Office of Global Engagement to better serve the entire NC State community in the years ahead.
Collaborative opportunities abound at the Prague Institute, reaching well beyond the scope of the College of Design. This summit is designed for faculty and staff to explore opportunities for department or college specific involvement with the Prague Institute and surrounding university partners in the Czech Republic. Participants will have the opportunity to learn about the Prague Institute's history, resources and opportunities from on-site staff and NC State Global program facilitators. Discipline-specific meetings with area universities will also be arranged for participants to explore co-teaching or collaborative research opportunities.
Program Objectives:
- Participants will explore current issues in comparative education, particularly focused on the European and American systems of international education.
- Participants will learn about the background, mission & vision, resources and opportunities for collaboration available at the NC State Prague Institute.
- Participants will explore program development options with the NC State Prague Institute and surrounding universities.
- Participants will discover Prague as a relevant and strategic destination for academic collaboration, utilizing the Prague Institute as a gateway to Europe.
- August 25, 2016 – Request for Proposals Announced
- October 5, 2016 – Proposal Deadline
- October 19, 2016 – Decision Notifications Distributed
- March 6-10, 2017 (Spring Break) – Program Dates in Prague
The application period is now closed.
Program Contact:
Office of Global Engagement
email@example.com or (919) 515-3201


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©2005 Tony Abbott; (P)2006 Imagination Studio
"This series will serve as a stepping stone for young fantasy fans who have outgrown Dragon Tales but aren't yet ready for Harry Potter or The Chronicles of Narnia." (School Library Journal)
"<3 these stories"
I'm just loving the secrets of droon series!! I can't wait to read more and see what happens next in the story.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


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Mon's Group. Moms connecting with other moms in a casual setting, enjoying fellowship, study and prayer in Rooms A104/106. Feel free to bring your babies, toddlers and school aged children. It will be held Wednesday, every other week, January 18, February 1 and 15, March 1,15 and 29, April 26 (no class on the 12), and May 10 and 24, from 9:00am to 11:00am. We will be watching "Lioness Arising" DVD series by Lisa Bevere. Childcare is provided in Rooms 109/111 for babies and toddlers. All snacks for children are nut free. All moms are welcome. Please contact Erin Cimino at 608.333.7537 or email firstname.lastname@example.com or Rachel DeMaster at 608.695.8387.
2017 © Copyright, CityChurch. All Rights Reserved. Sitemap.


text: LSU men's basketball pregame: Tigers vs. SMU in the NIT The Advocate Mar 24, 2014 - 7:21 pm (…) LSU forward Shavon Coleman (5) celebrates a goal against Alabama during the second half of an NCAA college basketball game in the second round of the Southeastern Conference men's tournament, Thursday, March 13, 2014, in Atlanta. LSU won 68-56.(AP Photo/John Bazemore) Pregame news and notes for tonight's NIT game between LSU and Southern Methodist. Load comments View comments


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About the Book
One Lonely Note is a charming illustrated story book for children and adults of all ages. It is about the search for harmony that every individual will be able to relate to.
Features & Details
- Category Children
Small Square, 7×7 in, 18×18 cm
22 Pages
- Publish Date Jul 02, 2014
- Language English
- Tags lonely note, children's story, new book, Music, colour, handmade
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How to buy the right microwave
Ask the right questions and find a microwave to suit you
Having changed the way we think about cooking, today's microwaves are a far cry from the earliest models – nowadays they're multi-functional! Here's all you need to know before you buy.
Use our product guide to find the right microwave for you.
Visit housetohome's directory to find kitchen retailers in your local area..
Microwave features
* Auto/ Express/ Instant cook: These programmes will cook certain foods for a fixed time at the touch of a button.
Auto defrost: Look out for models that will calculate the exact time
for you if you type in the weight of the item you want to cook.
Multiple grill settings: The higher the grill wattage, the faster your
food will brown. More than one setting on high-powered grills is best,
so you can choose to grill with a high or low heat.
MPU 01 Desktop
* Child lock: Locks the door to prevent the microwave being opened by little fingers.
* Catalytic cleaning: A special lining that grease doesn't stick to, making it easier to keep your oven clean.
* Delay start: Means you can programme your microwave to cook while you're out.
* Preheat: Quickly heats the convection oven, using microwave and grill.
Five points to consider before you buy a microwave
1. Buy a combi rather than a standard model. It may be a bit more
expensive, but you'll get a whole lot more for your money – a microwave,
oven and grill in one.
2. Combined power means faster cooking. A
high-wattage microwave combined with a grill or oven cooks up to two
thirds faster than anything else.
3. The more power settings it
has, the more versatile it will be. Some models have up to 11 settings,
though five is plenty for most basic tasks.
4. A wide range of
oven temperatures is most useful. Low temperatures of, say, 40℃ can be
useful for warming plates and oven-drying foods like tomatoes or
5. You'll need a capacity of at least 25ltr if you have a family. The biggest mircrowaves are about 32ltr.
Use our product finder to find the right microwave design for you.
Visit housetohome's directory to find kitchen retailers in your local area.


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A masters refers to the completion of a graduate study program that prepares students to further their knowledge of a specific subject or advance their careers. The majority of masters are granted by state or public universities.
An MA in Economic Policy will give students a strong foundation for the understanding of policy implementation. It is an in-depth program focusing on international economics and policy by employing a balanced course-set and ensuring to concentrate as much as possible on current events.
Officially known as the Italian Republic, the country is found in southern Europe. The official language is Italian and the cultural rich capital is Rome. Many of the world's oldest universities are located in Italy, in particular the University of Bologna (founded in 1088). There are three Superior Graduate Schools with "university status", three institutes with the status of Doctoral Colleges, which function at graduate and post-graduate level.
Top Master Programs in Economic Policy in Italy 2017
The Master in European Economic Governance (MEEG) aims to train full-fledged economists and experts in the field of European regulation and policy. Technical and analytical competencies acquired through the program are intended to form professionals with a comprehensive understanding of the European regulatory framework, who are adept at managing relations between national institutions, companies, and European institutions. [+]
This two-year programme, belonging to the class 'Public Administration Sciences' (LM-63), aims to create professionals who will be able to react to the new demands for efficiency, efficacy and economy in complex administrative structures. [+]


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The Phoenix Fund - Frequently Asked Questions
Raleigh Charter High School counts on financial support from families to supplement our annual state and county funding. The brochure, video and following FAQ are offered to increase understanding of charter school economics and our fundraising needs.
How will my gift make a difference? How will the donated funds be used?
Your gift will help us maintain teacher salaries that are competitive with Wake County Schools. With the continuation of generous giving, students can benefit from new textbooks, a low class and school enrollment, and upgraded science and technology equipment. Every donated dollar will be carefully used, will be greatly appreciated, and will directly benefit our students and the teachers they love.
How can I help?
Can you just tell me what to give?
We ask that every family participate in the life of the school and in financial support of the school. Every family situation is different and every family's contribution will be different. We ask all families to make a "stretch level" gift.
When can I give? What is the goal?
The annual appeal for financial donations begins every August, and we rely on contributions to the Phoenix Fund from every family, every year. Our 2016-2017 goal $325,000. This goal is easily attainable with strong support from the RCHS community. All current parents, alumni parents, and alumni will be asked to support the Phoenix Fund. Our financial year is July-June.
Why does a charter school need to raise money?
Raleigh Charter's revenue comes from fixed per-pupil allotments from North Carolina and varying per-pupil funding from the counties where our students reside. The average per-pupil amount received from state and county funding is projected to be about $7,000. These limited dollars are provided for instructional expenses (such as textbooks, supplies for each department, teacher salaries.) Charter schools do not receive funds for their land or building. Charter schools do not receive Education Lottery proceeds. We must stretch instructional funds to cover building costs (about $100/month/student).
To manage this funding challenge, we ask for support from every family, every year, and our administrators and Board of Directors work diligently to use per-pupil funds as efficiently as possible. In addition, great savings are realized by not having a gym, cafeteria, or library.
How does this funding compare locally and nationally?
A quick scan of public school budgets and private school tuitions will show the true cost of a high school education. A review of national public school spending tells us even more. North Carolina, the primary source of our per-pupil allotments, ranked 48th in the nation (2015 NEA report of 2013-2014 spending) on per-capita education spending.
What is the vehicle for raising financial support?
The Phoenix Fund is our only fundraiser. We ask everyone - every family, every year - to contribute to one fund for the benefit of the entire school. We do NOT ask our students to do fundraising through the sale of popcorn, candy, wrapping paper, etc. Those programs designate only a small percentage of your cost to our school. In contrast, 100% of your gift to the Phoenix Fund will benefit our students, faculty, and distinctive programs.
All gifts are tax deductible, are greatly appreciated, and will be carefully used.
Thank you for your generous support of Raleigh Charter High School!
Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com with any questions or call RCHS at 919-715-1155.
|Contact RCHS | Our Location | Job Openings | Webmaster | Feedback
© 2017 Raleigh Charter High School


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Learn more about W.H. RICHARDSON & SON LIMITED. Check the company's details for free and view the Companies House information, company documents and list of directors.
Know about every new company document that is added!
Take advantage of our watch this company feature free of charge and have notifications sent directly to your inbox. Whenever a new document appears on this website, or if their particulars change, you will be immediately informed about such changes. To monitor these changes, all you need to do is click on watch this company.
|Fixed Assets
|£ 844,910
|Tangible Fixed Assets
|£ 776,856
|Current Assets
|£ 458,603
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation
|£ 811,581
|Share Premium Account
|£ 232
|£ 252,867
|Shareholder Funds
|£ 689,064
|Profit Loss Account Reserve
|£ 620,312
|Called Up Share Capital
|£ 68,520
|Net Assets Liabilities Including Pension Asset Liability
|£ 689,064
|Total Assets Less Current Liabilities
|£ 790,635
|Net Current Assets Liabilities
|£ 54,275
|Creditors Due Within One Year
|£ 512,878
|Stocks Inventory
|£ 205,736
|Share Capital Allotted Called Up Paid
|£ 14,000
|Number Shares Allotted
|£ 14,000
|Tangible Fixed Assets Disposals
|£ 40,400
|Tangible Fixed Assets Additions
|£ 8,765
|Tangible Fixed Assets Cost Or Valuation
|£ 1,498,405
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation Charged In Period
|£ 88,697
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation Decrease Increase On Disposals
|£ 30,300
|Fixed Asset Investments Cost Or Valuation
|£ 67,752
|Investments Fixed Assets
|£ 68,054
|Creditors Due After One Year
|£ 101,571
Information about the Private Limited Company W.H. RICHARDSON & SON LIMITED has been prepared for information purposes only. It is not intended to be nor does it constitute legal advice. This is public information provided by the official company register.


text: Sanji hears it Adjust content blocking setsann Channel: animemanga next random Comment Top NextComment Hello everyone it's setsan, I got banned and I'm just re-uploading my content. I was planning on leaving Funnyjunk and not come back but we all know that's not possible. So I'll be staying and dealing with the whole getting banned thing. next Tags: sanji | hears | one piece I HEW THE , Ra A Semi was ears like :3 hawk ... +474 Views: 32497 Submitted: 02/13/2013 Facebook Twitter Google+ Tumblr Pinterest


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Great Cheverell Vacation Packages
Many of Wiltshire's attractions can be found near to Great Cheverell, making it a smart choice as a place to base yourself during your visit. The Great Chalfield Manor and Lacock Abbey are amongst the many popular places to discover here. Two other great attractions that are within a short distance of Great Cheverell are the Avonleigh Organic Vineyard and Westwood Manor.
Nearby Bath Rugby Stadium, Bath is the perfect place to experience Wiltshire's passion for rugby union, and to see local legends, the Bath Rugby, in action. To endear yourself with the locals, be sure to wear navy and white, the colors of the Bath Rugby.
After enjoying Great Cheverell, relax for the night at one of the area's bed-and-breakfasts, hotels or short-stay apartments. The Old Bell Inn, Warminster, the Best Western Leigh Park Hotel, Bradford-on-Avon and the Red Lion - B&B, Chippenham are just some of the many great places to stay around here.


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102 - 94 Final
Late surge by Mavericks spoils Christmas for BlazersDec 26, 2008 - 7:27 AM By James Reddick PA SportsTicker Contributing Writer
PORTLAND, Oregon (Ticker) -- Dirk Nowitzki scored 30 points, leading the Dallas Mavericks to a 102-94 victory over the Portland Trail Blazers on Thursday.
Jason Terry scored 19 points and Josh Howard added 15 for the Mavericks before being ejected in the third quarter after picking up two technical fouls.
The teams traded baskets up until the 5:00 mark of the fourth, after which the Blazers went cold and the Mavericks seemingly could not miss.
"We tried to make it tough on them," said Dallas guard Jason Kidd, who finished with 12 rebounds and 10 assists. "I thought down the stretch, we went with the small lineup and we got some stops."
The Trail Blazers held a 90-87 lead with 6:30 to play, but Kidd's 3-pointer started a 12-2 run, capped by consecutive dunks from Brandon Bass, giving Dallas an insurmountable 99-92 lead.
"We were playing well," Blazers point guard Steve Blake said. "We had things going for us. ... It's frustrating. We had an opportunity and we let it get away from us."
Brandon Roy led five players in double figures with 22 points but was held scoreless in the fourth quarter, missing all five of his field goals as Portland scored just 14 points in the final period.
"We've got to go to our best option, and Brandon is our best option," Blazers coach Nate McMillan said. "If they take that away, other guys have to (score) some points."
"Tonight, we forced Roy into some tough shots," Nowitzki said. "I don't think he ever really got into a rhythm."
Blake scored 14 points and Travis Outlaw and rookie Rudy Fernandez contributed 13 apiece off the bench for the Blazers.
The Mavericks controlled most of the first half as Nowitzki scored 24 points on 9-of-14 shooting.
Despite leading by 10 points twice in the second quarter, the Mavericks could not fend off the Blazers' hot shooting. Roy led the way with 15 points in the opening 24 minutes as his team shot 57 percent from the field.
Howard was ejected with 4:41 remaining in a testy third quarter. He was hit with a technical following his flagrant foul on Joel Przybilla and was tossed when he picked up his second technical after continuing to argue with referee Bob Delaney.
Without Howard, the Mavericks' bench stepped up in the fourth quarter. Bass, who entered the game for the first time in the final period, scored eight points in the final 12 minutes, and Jose Juan Barea added six.
"I'm not playing a bunch of guys to keep everybody happy," Dallas coach Rick Carlisle said. "This is what we need ... guys producing when we need it."
Nowitzki and Carlisle also received technicals in a quarter in which their team was outscored, 25-18.
Fernandez's tip-in off Blake's miss with seven seconds remaining in the third quarter gave the Blazers an 80-77 lead heading into the fourth.
"Portland is a tough team," Nowitzki said. "For us to grind this one out - with Josh being ejected - is really huge. We rose to the occasion."
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- Defending champion Warriors expect tough task from Thunder May 16
- Clarification: Stars fuel hope for mid-major prospects May 13
- Damian Lillard and Trail Blazers look to bright future May 12
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- Splash Brothers Curry, Thompson send Warriors to West finals May 12
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- Mavericks guard Harris has surgeries on left toe, thumb May 10


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It's quite terrifying waiting for someone to step off a cliff. Even more so when the person balancing precariously on the edge is your much-loved nephew.
I found myself clenching my fists as Sam, 15, leaned further back, his body at an increasingly steep angle to the rock face.
Then suddenly he was over the edge, inching gingerly downwards, feeding the rope attached to his harness slowly through his hands, watched intently from above by me and instructor Tim.
It's fair to say that abseiling down rock faces is not Sam's natural habitat. Like most teenagers he is happiest in a darkened room with his laptop and Xbox.
Hot pursuits
But the Peak District, where we were spending a long weekend, was a pleasantly screen-free zone, where days are spent on healthy outdoor pursuits: walking and riding, rock-climbing and caving.
To my amazement I'm told this beautiful national park gets about 20 million visitors each year.
Yet standing there beneath the pine trees, watching Sam work his way down 30ft of rock, you could have heard a pin drop in the blissful silence.
The base for our activity weekend was The Old Laundry. This cosy self-catering cottage is in the grounds of Sturston Hall, a mile from the pretty Derbyshire town of Ashbourne, at the southernmost tip of the Peaks.
It made a great base for exploring the surrounding countryside. There's beautiful Dovedale, with its rolling hills and a lovely river walk, the village of Tissington, with its gorgeous Jacobean manor house, and Bakewell, famed for its "pudding" (otherwise known as the Bakewell Tart).
We started our weekend with lunch in Bakewell, poring over maps that offered a bewildering range of activities and houses to visit.
For our first stop we picked the Heights Of Abraham. Here you can take a spectacular cable-car ride over the Derwent Valley which deposits you at the top of Masson Hill (ride closed until February).
A visitor attraction since Victorian times, the Heights of Abraham has 60 acres of gardens and play areas to explore before you head underground into a network of former mining tunnels and caverns. We took a guided tour of the caverns and they gave a fascinating insight into the gruelling life of the miners who once worked them. We also saw how Victorian tourists would have seen the caves – pulled up and down through a borehole in a wicker basket.
The next morning, worried that Sam might be in technology withdrawal, we had a go at geocaching in the grounds of National Trust-owned Ilam Park.
Geocaching is a 21st century take on a treasure hunt. Using a GPS we searched for caches, usually small Tupperware boxes containing a notebook (to record your name) and a prize to take, leave or swap for something of your own, from a bag of sweets to a toy car.
While Sam scrabbled around the tree roots looking for the cache I admired the gorgeous views: lush hillsides, statuesque trees resplendent in their autumn shades of auburn and bronze and, again, that lovely sense of peace.
For an inland area there are plenty of places to get out on the water as the Peaks are home to several large reservoirs which are used for watersports including canoeing, sailing and windsurfing.
On our last morning we took out a canoe on Carsington Water, the sun sparkling on the water, the sky a calming shade of blue... and Sam doing his best to keep me rowing in a straight line rather than in circles .
The bonus that comes with the Peaks being such an outdoorsy type of place is that the countryside is dotted with welcoming country pubs that offer proper, hearty dishes that you can tuck into guilt-free.
Heavenly alfresco
After rowing on the reservoir and walking across the Dovedale hills we ended up at the George at Alstonefield, a cosy, stone-built village inn that specialises in comfort food.
Out in the small garden Sam tucked into a well-deserved venison burger while my plate of fish and chips looked big enough to serve both of us.
An alfresco pub lunch in glorious sunshine, washed down with a relaxing ice-cold beer. Now that's my kind of outdoor pursuit...
Best view
Ilam Park is a National Trust property in the heart of Dovedale with beautiful views over the landscaped garden to the hills beyond. The house isn't open to the public but there are lovely walks through the park and a tea room with outdoor seating.
Best walk
The Tissington Trail is the former Ashbourne to Buxton railway line that has been transformed into a walking, cycling and horse-riding trail, connecting the southern tip of the Peaks to the middle of the region. The trail offers spectacular views of the limestone countryside of White Peak and in spring and summer the fields are covered in wild flowers.
Best pub
The George is a wonderful old country pub on the village green at Alstonefield, serving up generous portions of good old-fashioned comfort food. Reservations essential for weekend lunches. Call: 01335 310205.
What to do
The Peaks offer a huge range of outdoor activities, from rock-climbing and caving to hiking and mountain biking. Book with Peak Pursuits which has five activity centres in the Peaks. Call: 01782 722226.
Where to stay
Just outside the pretty market town of Ashbourne, The Old Laundry is a cottage that sleeps up to four. Once the laundry for 17th century Sturston Hall it has been sympathetically converted, with beamed ceilings, flagged floors and an Aga. Three-night breaks from £300. Call: 01335 664012.


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Factors Influencing Soil Structural Stability within a Growing Season
- E. Perfect ,
- B. D. Kay,
- W. K. P. van Loon,
- R. W. Sheard and
- T. Pojasok
Temporal fluctuations in soil structural stability within cropping treatments are often as large as differences between crops during the growing season. The relative importance of soil moisture, roots, and microbial biomass as factors contributing to this variation were investigated. Research was conducted on a fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Eutrochrept intergrading to a fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquept soil near Elora, ON. Six perennial forage treatments, established 2 yr previously, were compared with spring-seeded conventional and zero-till corn (Zea mays L.). The plow layer of each cropping treatment was sampled at monthly intervals. A combination of wet sieving and turbidimetry was used to provide a rapid assessment of wet aggregate stability (WAS) and dispersible clay (DC), respectively. On average, the forages had significantly less DC and greater WAS than the two corn treatments. Structural stability was found to decrease with increasing soil water content (r = 0.80 for DC and r = 0.74 for Was, both significant at P = 0.01). The corn soil experienced less extreme drying in the spring. Stepwise multiple-regression analyses selected soil moisture and microbial biomass (in that order) as significant predictors of structural stability within the growing season. Using both parameters, it was possible to explain up to 85% of the temporal variation in DC and WAS on a by-treatment basis.Please view the pdf by using the Full Text (PDF) link under 'View' to the left.
Copyright © .


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In partnership with the business, high tech communities and school districts, SVEF disseminates tools and resources for innovation to ensure all students gain the skills they need to succeed in the 21st century economy.
SVEF iHub connects Education Technology (EdTech) entrepreneurs, educators, and researchers. Through facilitating collaboration and product feedback, iHub aids the decision making process when integrating technology tools and solutions in the classroom.
Sponsored by Wells Fargo, the Teacher Innovation Grants empower teachers with opportunities to inspire their students to succeed in school.
John SMith Test 1 Pop Up here
Jane SMith Test 1 Pop Up here


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Southern California High Tech Event Calendar
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|Tune Into the Future: The Intersection of Music + Tech
|Date: October 27, 2015
|Location:Santa Monica
|Tune Into the Future: The Intersection of Music + Tech. Digital technology has forever changed the way consumers discover, interact with, and monetize music. Join the conversation among our panel of creatives and industry experts for a discussion on new opportunities emerging from technology and music's perfect storm. See http://www.eventbrite.com/e/tune-into-the-future-the-intersection-of-music-tech-tickets-18942189599?aff=es2
|More information: http://www.eventbrite.com/e/tune-into-the-future-the-intersection-of-music-tech-tickets-18942189599?aff=es2
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Linebacker Cable Protector 5 and 4-Channel Extreme HD - #A569
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Linebacker Cable Protector 5 and 4-Channel Extreme HD
5-Channel and 4-Channel Extreme Heavy-Duty Cable Protectors safeguard electrical cables and hose lines from damage from extreme weather conditions and environments while providing a safe crossing for vehicles and pedestrian traffic.
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With First Tutors: Music you can search for a Saxmundham french horn teacher. French Horn lessons are a brilliant method to start a fun new hobby, acquire a new skill and attain confidence with french horn. Try our site to search for Saxmundham french horn tutors and determine which suits your requirements so you can enjoy your french horn lessons in Saxmundham straight away!
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Please allow for time to both produce and ship your order.
Express Shipping
Contact me for a quote on express shipping. I will everything I can to get your item to you in time, but bear in mind all items are hand made. There is no large warehouse with hundreds of dresses ready to ship. Include your shipping address and I will get back to you as soon as possible.
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Southern California High Tech Event Calendar
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|How Digital Cinema Made It Big
|Date: October 28, 2008
|Location:Los Angeles
|"How Digital Cinema Made It Big" SoCal AMA. Digital cinema is one of the most significant breakthroughs in the movie industry – find out how this new technology made it to the big screen. Get the true inside story of Digital Cinema by joining the Southern California American Marketing Association and Loren Nielsen, co-founder and President of Entertainment Technology Consultants. See http://www.socalama.org
|More information: http://www.socalama.org
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In Cambodia, the main target sectors for AFD intervention are agriculture, infrastructures, the productive sector and vocational training.
Rémy Rioux appointed Chief Executive Officer of Agence Française de Développement by the Council of Ministers today, 25 May 2016
Today, on a proposal made by François Hollande at the Parliament on 27 April 2016 and following a unanimous favorable vote of MPs and a majority of Senators, Mr. Rémy Rioux, 46, Deputy Secretary General of the French Ministry of Foreign affairs and International Development, has been appointed Chief Executive Officer of Agence Française de Développement, a Public Industrial and Commercial Establishment responsible for development in Southern countries and the French overseas territories. Rémy Rioux, AFD's 11th Chief Executive Officer, will take over as head of AFD on 2 June 2016.
Rémy Rioux was born in June 1969 in Neuilly-sur-Seine and is an alumnus of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, rue d'Ulm, Sciences Po, and the Ecole Nationale d'Administration. He is a historian by training, a former student of Alain Corbin and Pierre Nora, and Senior Advisor at the Court of Auditors. During his career, he has alternately held responsibilities in France and for development in Africa.
Rémy Rioux appointed Chief Executive Officer of AFD © Alain Buu
At the age of 26, Rémy Rioux discovered Africa during an ENA internship in Benin, and subsequently by campaigning to promote the harmonization of business law in Africa. He has a love of this continent and has travelled across it throughout his career, established close ties there, and acquired a recognized expertise in development issues. He worked at the Directorate of the Treasury from 2004 to 2007, and subsequently from 2010 to 2012, where he contributed to modernizing monetary cooperation with African Franc Zone member countries, participated in the resolution of the Ivorian crisis, and contributed to making the issue of infrastructure and development central to the international agenda of the G20. At the time, he was a Member of the Boards of Directors of AFD and its subsidiary PROPARCO.
Rémy Rioux also conducted control missions in the energy and defense sectors at the Court of Auditors between 1997 and 2004. He worked at the Ministry of the Interior from 2000 to 2002, at the Office of the Minister Daniel Vaillant, where he was responsible for the budget and changeover to the euro. He also held a position at the State Holdings Agency (APE), from 2007 to 2010, as Chief Investment Officer responsible for the transport and media sectors, and sat on the Boards of Directors of various companies (SNCF, RATP, ADP, Renault, France Télévisions, France Médias Monde, Arte, le Grand Port Maritime du Havre).
In 2012, he was Director of the Office of the Minister of the Economy, Finance and Foreign Trade, Pierre Moscovici. He was actively involved in redefining economic relations between Africa and France and in the work conducted by Jacques Attali on economic Francophonie. Two years later, Laurent Fabius, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Development, appointed him Deputy Secretary General of the Ministry, in charge of economic issues. Alongside the Minister, he managed the financial component of the negotiations for COP21.
Following the announcement made by the French President in September 2015 of a revival of France's Official Development Assistance policy and an increase in development and climate finance (by EUR 4bn by 2020, to reach EUR 12.5bn of annual commitments, including EUR 5bn for the climate), he was entrusted with a preparatory mission for the establishment of closer ties between Agence Française de Développement and Caisse des Dépôts, which aims to provide France with a tool capable of meeting the challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals.
He is a man of dialogue and conviction and is deeply attached to the Massif Central region, particularly Corrèze and Lozère, where he regularly stays with his wife and three children.
Key Dates
- 26 June 1969: Born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
- 1997: Auditor at the Court of Auditors on leaving ENA (Marc Bloch Class), where he became Senior Advisor in 2013
- 2001 and 2002: Budget Advisor at the Office of Daniel Vaillant at the Ministry of the Interior
- 2003: Control missions in the energy and defense sectors at the Court of Auditors
- 2004: General Directorate of the Treasury, Head of the Office for Monetary and Development Cooperation with African, Caribbean, Pacific and Franc Zone countries
- 2007: Deputy Director for the transport and audiovisual sectors at the State Holdings Agency (APE)
- 2010: Deputy Director for international financial affairs and development at the General Directorate of the Treasury
- 2012 to 2014: Director of the Office of Mr. Pierre Moscovici at the Ministry of the Economy and Finance
- 2014: Deputy Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development in charge of economic affairs
- 2015: Responsible for financial matters in the French negotiation team for COP21.
- June 2016: Appointed the 11th Chief Executive Officer of Agence Française de Développement.
AFD launched its social program on garment sector in Cambodia
AFD organized on December 8th in Phnom Penh a conference entitled "How to Make the Garment Sector in Cambodia a Model of Competitive, Social and Sustainable Industry". Workers' well-being, productivity and competitiveness were at the core of the discussions.
About 100 people joined the event. It was the first time that we could see around the same table representatives of ministries, the garment manufacturer association of Cambodia, factory owners, Better Factory Cambodia, unions, buyers, NGOs, development institutions and even workers.
They all reached the same conclusion: the sector needs to create this type of platform for exchanges. As garment is a major pillar of the Cambodian economy and it is now at a crucial phase of its development, stakeholders have to develop a strategy to ensure the survival and continuing growth of this industry and then build the proper conditions for sustainability.
You can see some of the presentations of the stakeholders at:
Part 1: Overview on the Cambodian Garment Sector and its main stakeholders as of today
- Presentation from the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training, by H.E. HENG Sour, Director General, spokesperson for the Ministry
- Presentation from the Ministry of Commerce, by H.E. MAK Ousphea, Deputy Director General of Trade Support Services
- GMAC, by Mr. VAN Sou Leng, President
- GAP, by Mr. TRUONG Nga, Assessment and Remediation Manager
Part 2: Existing intervention to improve working and living conditions of workers and productivity
- The Arbitration council, by Mr. MEN Nimmith, Acting Executive Director
- The BFC project, by Mrs. GERMAN Esther, Program Manager
- The National Social Security Fund, by Mr. OUK Samvithyea, Director
- The USAID worker health project, by Mrs SAM Sochea, Project Manager
- The CGTI (Cambodian Garment Training Institute) project, by Mr. KEN Loo, General Secretary
- GIZ, by Mrs. LUEKE Monika, Program Head
Part 3: What gaps can now be filled in?
- Presentation from AFD, by Mrs. CATHELINEAU Emmanuelle and Mr. STEINMETZ Philippe, Country Director for AFD in Cambodia
In the Press:
- The Cambodian "Daily Key Players in Garment Sector Discuss State of Their Industry" - December 9th
- The Phnom Penh Post "Bid to boost Garment Trade" - December 9th
TPC the First Microfinance Institution in Cambodia Certified for Commitment to Client Protection
Thaneakea Phum (Cambodia), Ltd. (TPC) has been formally recognized as "Client Protection Certified" by the Smart Campaign for meeting strong standards of client care.
10th June 2015, Siem Reap, Cambodia: Thaneakea Phum (Cambodia), Ltd. (TPC) has been formally recognized as "Client Protection Certified" by the Smart Campaign for meeting strong standards of client care. TPC is the first microfinance institution (MFI) in Cambodia to be awarded this prestigious certification and one of the 10 MFIs pursuing such recognition supported by funding from the French Development Agency (AFD) under the "Client Protection Initiative" project implemented by Cambodia Microfinance Association (CMA).
An official award ceremony took place at the Royal Angkor Resort on 10th June 2015. His Excellency Kim Vada, Director General of National Bank of Cambodia, awarded the certificate to TPC's CEO, congratulating him on TPC's commitment to protecting the clients.
Client Protection initiative is aiming to contribute to the stability and promotion of responsible finance with a view to ensuring a sustainable growth for the microfinance sector in Cambodia. Among several actions aimed at fighting against the risk of clients' over-indebtedness, CMA is disseminating and ensuring the implementation of the Client Protection Principles (CPPs) in which CMA has been supporting top 10 MFIs in Cambodia to achieve Client Protection Certification through Smart Campaign.
The Smart Campaign is a global initiative which exists to ensure strong client-protection practices in the microfinance industry. The Smart Campaign's Client Protection Certification program publicly recognizes institutions providing financial services to low-income households, whose standards of care uphold the Smart Campaign's seven Client Protection Principles covering important areas such as pricing, transparency, fair and respectful treatment and prevention of over-indebtedness. The certification program contains a rigorous set of standards against which institutions are evaluated by independent, third-party raters that are licensed by the Smart Campaign. More information about Smart Campaign, visit: www.smartcampaign.org
In order to meet the strict guidelines outlined by the Smart Campaign for certification, TPC worked under the overall coordination of CMA and AFD with the Technical Assistance from Smart Campaign and Good Return over the past year. Working in partnership with TPC, Good Return provided technical assistance in the areas of: financial client protection, poverty measurement and reporting and financial capability development of clients.
Mr. Sok Voeurn, CEO of TPC, said: "At TPC we are thrilled to be first Cambodian microfinance institution to secure certification from the Smart Campaign. TPC is committed to poverty alleviation in Cambodia. With the needs of our clients as our number one priority, as an organization we have made a significant investment in building our client protection practices. We have reached our goal of certification by working in partnership with CMA under the Technical Assistance from Smart Campaign/Good Return and value their technical assistance. TPC is proud to be a role model for other institutions in Cambodia who are also committed to positive outcomes for their clients."
Mr. Yun Sovanna, General Secretary of CMA, said: "I congratulate TPC for this historic achievement, and strongly believe that together with the remaining MFIs under this initiative, they are becoming the champion for the other MFIs on pathway toward Smart Certification. I'd love to thank to AFD for the financial support and my colleague, Mr. Ear Techkung, as the project manager for overall coordination."
A Snapshot of TPC'S Clients as of 2014
- 85% are women
- 60% of TPC's clients work in agriculture
- TPC became fifth largest MFI in Cambodia
- TPC has 189,000 clients with total portfolio of $115 million
Example TPC Activities to Achieve Certification
- Improved individual cash flow analysis and credit history checks in conjunction with the National Credit Bureau to help prevent clients from over-indebtedness.
- Implementation of complaint handling policy and system to resolve client's grievances.
- Improved Client Data Privacy Policy to increase the security of client information.
- The Code of Conduct was made more robust to ensure the ongoing fair treatment of clients.
- A formalized policy was implemented to allow clients to restructure their loans if they are difficulty making repayments.
- Client loan contracts were simplified in order to make them more easy for clients to understanding
About Thaneakea Phum (Cambodia), Ltd. (TPC)
TPC is a rapidly growing, regulated microfinance institution. The fifth largest microfinance institution in Cambodia, TPC has a network of 60 offices, serving more than 190,000 clients across a portfolio exceeding 139 million USD. TPC's focus is on serving entrepreneurs and families at the base of the socio-economic pyramid, providing economic opportunities to transform the quality of their lives. For more information about TPC, visit: www.tpc.com.kh
About Cambodia Microfinance Association (CMA)
The Cambodia Microfinance Association is an NGO and professional association that aims to ensure the prosperity and sustainability of the microfinance sector in Cambodia. CMA plays a vital role in creating local and international networks as well as seeking equity and loan funds, new technologies and overseeing conflict resolution between microfinance operators. For more information about CMA, visit: www.cma-network.org
About French Development Agency (AFD)
AFD is a public development finance institution 100% hold by the French State that has been working to fight poverty and foster economic growth in developing countries and overseas territories for more than seventy years. In Cambodia since 1993, AFD has been supporting the microfinance sector as from the beginning for an accessible and inclusive finance. For more information about AFD, visit: www.afd.fr/lang/en/home
About Good Return
Established in 2003, Good Return is a non-profit organization that works across the Asia Pacific to deliver economic and social development programs for the financially and socially excluded. Sharing with others the vision of a world without poverty, Good Return is proud to be one of the leading supporters of financial inclusion across the Asia Pacific region. Good Return is an affiliate of World Education, and has its head office in Sydney, Australia. For more information about Good Return, visit: http://programs.goodreturn.org


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Exede offers internet via Satellite.
- High-speed satellite Internet service anywhere in the U.S.
- 3-Year Price Lock
- Some locations can receive double the normal data, free
Cairo, IL has a total of 9 internet providers including 1 Copper providers, 5 DSL providers, 3 Fiber providers, 3 Fixed Wireless providers, 3 Mobile providers and 2 Satellite providers.
Things are looking rough in Cairo, IL for broadband service. An Underdog score of 26 was calculated based upon poor coverage, slow download and upload speeds, restrictive package pricing, and less and favorable user testimonials.
Cairo, IL is located within Alexander county.
Exede offers internet via Satellite.
HughesNet offers internet via Satellite.
Frontier Communications offers internet via Copper, DSL, Fiber and Fixed Wireless.
Sprint offers internet via Mobile.
T-Mobile offers internet via Mobile.
Verizon offers internet via DSL, Fiber and Mobile.
Lazernet offers internet via DSL.
Maximum Broadband offers internet via DSL and Fixed Wireless.
1,985 of the residents of Cairo have at least one connection to the Internet (at home or the office).
About 70.12% of Cairo is connected to the Internet. This means there are still about 846 people with NO Internet access in Cairo, IL.
The average download speed for all terrestrial broadband (including cable) Internet in Cairo, IL is 0 Mbps and the maximum download speed available is 0 Mbps. Upload speeds via landline average 0 Mbps in Cairo.
The average download speed for all wireless Internet providers in Cairo, IL is 0 Mbps and the maximum download speed available is 0 Mbps. The upload speed average via wireless Internet providers in Cairo is 0 Mbps. Wireless Internet is defined as service coming from fixed wireless or mobile broadband providers.
There is 1 power local station available in Cairo.
Cairo is in the Paducah-Cape Girard-Harsbg Demographic Market Area (DMA), which is the 82 largest media market in the U.S.
35% of the TV viewers in the Cairo area use cable for some of their viewing. 56% of the TV viewers in the Cairo are Satellite TV subscribers. An estimated 0 people (or about 10% of the population of Cairo) receive their TV programming Over-The-Air (using an antenna) or receive no TV programming.
See plans, prices, & ratings for every internet & TV provider in your zip code.


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Lower Township police arrested three men on assault and weapon charges after a fight was broken up Sunday evening.
Police responded to a fight at Bayshore Road and Fiore Lane in North Cape May at 5 p.m. Police said several people fled in a silver Mitsubishi Galant when officers arrived.
Police arrested three people at the scene: Jake Gould, 23, of North Cape May, was charged with possession of a weapon for unlawful purpose and aggravated assault; Kursham Maxius, 22, of Cape May, was charged with aggravated assault for allegedly pointing a shotgun at a person and striking someone with a weapon; and Edward Flynn, 24, of North Cape May, was charged with unlawful possession of a weapon and unlawful sale of a weapon.
The three suspects were transported to Cape May County jail.
Joel Landau


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Jensen® Radios; JCR-175 AM/FM Alarm Clock Radio
Item #: 901-904948
Model #: JCR-175
Brand: Jensen
$24.99 Each
Product Highlights
- Type of Portable Speaker, Dock & Radio: Radio
- Bluetooth Compatible: No
- Color Family: Green
Small footprint alarm clock radio with auxiliary line in-jack for connecting MP3 or iPod players Jensen Alarm clock radio with auxiliary input jack enables simple connection to your iPod, MP3 player and other audio device. Radio secures time and alarm settings with battery back-up during power failures.
- 0.6" green LED display
- Wake to alarm or radio
- Sleep and snooze function
- Manual set
- Black
|Type of Portable Speaker, Dock & Radio : Radio
|Bluetooth Compatible : No
|Color Family : Green
|Brand : Jensen
|Weight : 1.00 lbs. per Each
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