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|By The Bos
|Part of the Avatar: Guardian continuity.
|"You may be able to kill me, but your reign shall not last. The capital will fall, but your fall will be greater. I have played my role, and now it is up to someone else to decide yours."
|— Jeong Jeong's last words to Jiang Rha in "The Capitol Part 1 - Absolute Rebellion".
|Jeong Jeong
|Biographical information
61 (deceased)
|Physical description
|Hair color
|Eye color
|Personal information
|Weapon of choice
|Fighting style(s)
|Chronological and political information
Firebending Master
Order of the White Lotus, Fire Nation Military
|First appearance
|Voiced by
Keone Young
Jeong Jeong, also referred to as the Deserter, is a strong, enlightened, but embittered man, who has seen more than his share of the cruel reality of war. Once an honored Admiral of the Fire Nation military, he disagreed with Fire Lord Ozai's oppressive way of ruling, and left the military. In so doing, he gained his famous title, "the Deserter". Because he was the first person to abandon the military and survive, he is considered a legend within the Fire Nation. He lives in the Earth Kingdom wilderness, so as to avoid Fire Nation soldiers and bounty hunters. He travels with a small group of followers, including Chey, the second man to survive leaving the Fire Nation military.
Jeong Jeong is sixty-one years old, has two vertical scars next to his right eye, and is a master firebender. However, he does not think highly of Firebending, referring to it as a "burning curse". In a conversation with Katara, he admitted that he had always wished that he were a Waterbender, since water is considered an element of healing, whereas firebending "brings only destruction and pain".
Many years before Avatar Aang returned to the world, Jeong Jeong had a pupil, Zhao, who did not acknowledge the dangers of Firebending. Zhao was only concerned with using fire to destroy his opponents; he wasn't concerned with learning about the discipline that came with it, much to Jeong Jeong's disappointment.
When Aang was brought by Chey to Jeong Jeong's camp in order to learn Firebending, Jeong Jeong was furious, since it was clear to him that Aang was not interested in learning discipline. He could tell just by watching Aang walk into the camp that Aang had not mastered Waterbending or Earthbending, the disciplinary principles of which would aid Aang in controlling the power of Firebending. Jeong Jeong only consented to teach Aang after receiving a chilling vision from Avatar Roku, through Aang's body.
Jeong Jeong's teaching techniques rested heavily on discipline. Before he taught Aang how to Firebend, he made sure that Aang learned discipline, so that he wouldn't unintentionally hurt anyone. Jeong Jeong instructs Aang to do breathing exercises for several hours; Aang becomes impatient, which greatly angers the master, who uses Zhao, his former student, as an example of what could happen to one who did not learn the discipline associated with Firebending. Aang quickly apologizes, and says that he is ready to learn Jeong Jeong's way.
Jeong Jeong then proceeds to teach Aang to use real fire, much to Aang's excitement; however, Aang is disappointed when Jeong Jeong assigns him the simple task of preventing a leaf from being completely burned. Aang decides to create his own fire, and accidentally burns Katara. The accident was another example of why Jeong Jeong's teachings of discipline are vital in learning Firebending.
Shortly thereafter, Zhao and his men showed up, and attack Jeong Jeong, who is able to escape under the cover of fire.
While staying at the Western Air Temple, Aang and the others discuss the necessity of finding a new Firebending teacher. Katara suggests they look for Jeong Jeong, to which Aang replies, "Yeah right. Like we'll ever run into Jeong Jeong again."
Before the liberation of Ba Sing Se, Jeong Jeong returns and is revealed to be a member of the Order of the White Lotus. During Aang's battle with Ozai, Jeong Jeong, along with the rest of the Order, liberate Ba Sing Se. Jeong Jeong and Iroh both use the power of Sozin's Comet during this battle.
Phoenix Battles
With the end of the war and the coronation of Fire Lord Zuko, Jeong Jeong was given a full pardon for any crimes Ozai had accused him of. He was given another commission, to lead the Fire Nation military on a more peaceful path. He has lead the attacks on known Phoenix Warrior strongholds, as well as freeing several Earth Kingdom villages.
After the second liberation of the Earth Kingdom, Jeong Jeong returned to his office at the Fire Nation Capital. While there, he is alerted that the Phoenix Warriors have attacked the Capital. He orders defensive measures to be taken, though the Phoenix Warriors continue to advance. Eventually, Jeong Jeong sees Jiang Rha from in the midst of battle. Jiang makes his way to Jeong Jeong, and the two decide upon an Agni Kai to determine the outcome of the battle. The two Admirals silence their underlings and begin their duel. After an intense battle, Jeong Jeong is knocked to the ground and killed by Jiang.
Jeong Jeong is an extremely powerful Firebender; however, his approach to fighting is very conservative. He believes Firebending to be a curse, a dangerous power usable only for destruction. Thus, his style emphasizes self-control, precision, and patience. His teachings to Aang demonstrate his philosophy of discipline, for Jeong Jeong believes that many Firebenders (such as Fire Lord Ozai, Admiral Zhao, and Princess Azula) draw all of their power from their anger and thus easily lose control of the flames. His own style is thus focused on slow development and constant return to the basics, which he makes it a point to impart to Aang. Nonetheless, Jeong Jeong demonstrates later that this attitude does not equate with weak or unsure Firebending, but rather the opposite.
Although few of his abilities are shown on screen, Jeong Jeong seems to specialize in the creation of walls of fire and large blasts. He first used this to fend off Zhao's river boats, controlling the wall so precisely the flames could burn on water. Subsequently, he created a fire wall to fend off four simultaneous fire blasts. In "Sozin's Comet, Part 2: The Old Masters", he surrounded Team Avatar with a large wall of fire, and later he created fire walls to push Fire Nation tanks around. Jeong Jeong seems to be able to control his Firebending very well, as the fire walls he created only pushed back the Fire Nation tanks, rather than melting them. This ability corresponds with his belief that Firebending can be dangerous if not consistently controlled.
While liberating Ba Sing Se, Jeong Jeong was shown to be able to keep himself suspended in the air, by extending a jet of fire below his feet. It is possible that he was only able to do this because of the Comet's power, as most Firebenders can only use this method for short bursts, with the possible exception of Azula and Fire Lord Ozai. However, given his vast experience and mastery of Firebending, he shows no difficulty in executing it. Jeong Jeong's technique is different from Ozai's in that Jeong Jeong seems to levitate rather than fly, and can execute other large Firebending techniques without needing to land or cut off his propulsion.
Jeong Jeong's master Firebending ultimately stems from his keen and experienced mind. He was able to tell just from looking that Aang had not mastered Waterbending and Earthbending, thus making him unready to learn Firebending. Jeong Jeong has also achieved enlightenment, and is very in-tune with spiritual things like Iroh; this attitude is seen when he unquestionably obeys Avatar Roku, who appears to him in a vision, to teach Aang Firebending.
See more
For the collective works of the author, go here.


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Modern Water Fountains
There is nothing as soothing as the sound of flowing water. Adding a fountain to your garden can transform the entire landscape and make it more interesting to both you and your visitors. Garden water fountains will attract birds and your garden will be filled with sounds. It is a magical experience that will make every morning very enjoyable.
Modern water fountains add an air of sophistication to a garden. They are contemporary and the sleek design will make them the centerpiece of the landscape. Their bold designs will draw attention and your surroundings will look more unique and one of a kind.
Modern landscapes do need beautiful fountains in order to make the entire design feel more complete and polished. The clean fountain design will be perfect for every minimalist garden, but it can bring out the best from every landscape. You can really let your personal style lead the way when it comes to modern water fountains because there are so many amazing designs to choose from.
Materials are quite important when it comes to choosing your modern water fountain. The right fit depends on both design and the construction of the fountain. So let's see some of the most common materials used for making them:
Stone: This is a durable material which is suitable for almost every garden. It includes marble, rock, granite, etc. What makes stone so special is the fact that it will not show any signs of wear for years to come. Stone is often used for modern water fountains because it corresponds well to the idea of an elegant and clean design. Keep in mind that this is a very heavy material so you might need some help with installing the fountain in your garden.
Copper: What makes copper stand out is the patina that appears over time. This is a beautiful detail that will give your garden a lot of character. On the other hand, you have to be really careful with this material because it can get damaged easily. Scratches and dents will be noticeable. Luckily, copper is often combined with stone so your modern water fountain will only have a couple of copper details, or simply be coated with it.
Ceramic: Ceramic can often be seen in modern water fountains. It is a versatile material which comes in various colors. It is super durable and rarely shows any signs of use. Modern water fountains that have ceramic details are sophisticated and classic. It is used for making the fountain sound more soothing and pleasant to the ears.
Resin: Resin is very interesting because it has a capability of mimicking various materials. It is a budget-friendly option so you will be able to get a gorgeous modern water fountain for just a fraction of a price. It is also very durable and will look brand new for years. Plus, it is quite easy to clean and scratches will not be a huge problem because they can be removed quickly.

subset: commoncrawl


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Critical thinking is an approach to gathering data and making inferences about the world. It draws heavily on ideas from the Scientific revolution and advocates an approach of data acquisition and rational assessment. When applying critical thinking the goal is to collect as much relevant data as possible, and then asses that data for accuracy, and finally use the data to arrive at the most justified conclusions possible. Critical thinking is an on going process and even ideas that one feels are well supported need to be occasionally reevaluated to see if new information might change ones mind.
Critical thinking uses many aspects of formal logic and informal logic. It also focuses on discovering bias, propaganda , delusion and deception both in the sources of ones information and ones own views and approaches to reasoning problems out.
|This page uses content from Conservapedia. The original article was at Critical thinking. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. Conservapedia grants a non-exclusive license for you to use any of its content (other than images) on this site, with or without attribution. Read more about Conservapedia copyrights.


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By Jude Bijou of Attitude Reconstruction
- Trace back in time to identify when the mood began by looking at various past time-frames and determining if you were feeling it then. No matter its magnitude or duration, something upsetting happened that triggered your mood or pervasive feeling. It could have been as simple as an edgy interaction, an intense argument, or change of plans disappointment. Pinpoint the event by asking yourself, "When did I start feeling like this?" or, "When was the last time I remember feeling okay?"
Sam asked himself, "How was I feeling three weeks ago when my friends visited from out of town? How about last weekend at the wedding of his college roommate? How about Wednesday evening?" As he checked in about how he felt at various points in time, a light bulb went off in his head. Sam realized his mood started Wednesday morning after his wife made a snide comment about how he never did anything around the house. At the time he didn't say anything, but pulled away emotionally and started feeling distant. Voila. That was the culprit.


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Alex Karmios
- UbicaciónAtenas, Grecia
- Teléfono+302109626572
- Móvil+306937788331
- Página webAlex Karmios sitio web
Available for work in:
- Atenas, Grecia
Alexandros Karmios Mini Biography Filmmaker Alex Karmios's career began participating as a model at catwalk - fashion shows and later on, as a character in a couple T.V. commercials (1999-2001). Thrilled by the process of creating moving image and the rush of it, he decided to attend class at the Film Studies department of New York College in Athens, Greece (2003). His first experience in a professional organized movie set was with the film "Straight Story" (2006). One thing brought to another and by the millennium's first decade he got mostly known as a fashion photographer. Through his work in still photography, his fate led him to the music industry doing album covers and portraiture for music artists & bands like "U.N.S.I.N." and "KAY and the Schooldrivers". By then, already having directed a couple shorts and participated in many other productions in different fields, even as a cinematographer for a short that made it to the official short film selection of the 61st Cannes Film Festival (FLAT, 2008), the next step was to get involved with music videos. Alex, today is working in the film industry as a director and cinematographer being in development and production of several projects with the music video "Acid" of "U.N.S.I.N" (2010) having launched his career forward, for good. SOURCE: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3468878/


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2,064 job vacancies are available in Felinfach on neuvoo.co.uk. Apply now and land the best job in the city.
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Felinfach is located in the county of Wales. neuvoo.co.uk shows 2,064 vacancies in the city, particularly in sectors like Mechanical, PR, Manufacturing, Energy, Agriculture or Engineering. Currently, qualified candidates are needed for positions such as Client Support, Process Engineer, Support Engineer, Electrical Engineering Technician, Application Support Engineer or Power Engineering. Nearby areas such as Cardiff, Swansea, Newport, Wrexham, Bridgend or Caerphilly also have multiple job vacancies to offer.
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During the last 30 days, 1,032 job opportunities in Felinfach were indexed on neuvoo.co.uk, 258 during last week.
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neuvoo.co.uk: the largest job search website in Felinfach
neuvoo.co.uk indexes over 662153 vacancies across the United Kingdom, 2,064 of which are in Felinfach.Show more...
Never miss a job. Get new jobs emailed to you everyday.


text:
Finding the right painters to work on your home can be hard work! Here in Freelton, College Pro is the smart choice for house painting. From simple interior touchups to completely redoing the exterior of your home, College Pro Freelton is the name you can trust to get the job done at an affordable price. The search is over for a quality company that takes pride in its work! Read on to learn more about our innovative house painting techniques and why we're the smart choice for your Freelton home.
Many homeowners — even ones who have lived in Freelton for years — don't realize just how much damage the weather does to a home's paint. As the temperature and humidity changes dramatically from season to season, your home's paint slowly (and sometimes quickly) fades, chips, and erodes. Regular house painting will bolster your Freelton home with a solid first line of defense from the elements while keeping your home looking great.
Low prices with high quality isn't too good to be true! Our Freelton house painting services are always offered at low prices, but our commitment to offering great quality and value to our customers means you'll get a wonderful coat of paint for your home. Whether you have a small or large house painting project, our Freelton painters will treat your home with respect and never call the job finished until you're completely satisfied. We even guarantee our house painting work with a warrantee, so you can rest assured that the job isn't completed until you're happy with it. Don't put off your home improvement ambitions for another second — call us today to schedule a free house painting estimate for your Freelton home! You'll be glad you did, and you'll be reminded of your good decision-making every time you come home. That's the College Pro difference!
Learn more about College Pro Freelton


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Article 11: Conduct on board aircraft
11.1 General
If in our opinion you conduct yourself on board the aircraft so as to endanger the aircraft or any person or property on board, or obstruct the crew in the performance of their duties, or fail to comply with any instructions of the crew, including but not limited to those with respect to smoking, alcohol or drug consumption, or behave in a manner which causes or is likely to cause discomfort, inconvenience, damage or injury to other passengers, the crew or any property, including the aircraft, we may take such measures as we deem necessary to prevent continuation of such conduct, including restraint. You may be off-loaded at any point, prosecuted for offences committed on board the aircraft and we may decide to refuse to carry you at any time in the future.
11.2 Electronic devices
You may not operate on board the aircraft transmitting devices such as cellular telephones, radio-controlled toys and walkie-talkies. If we or Our Operators permit electronic devices such as MP3 players, laptop computers or electronic games to be used during the flight, you agree to switch them off for flight take-off and landing. Portable recorders, hearing aids and heart pacemakers may be used without restriction.


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Celiac Disease and Gluten-Free Diet Support
- Questions? Join our forum: Nearly 1 MILLION POSTS, and over 62,000 MEMBERS!
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- Is Celiac Disease Substantially Underestimated?
Is Celiac Disease Substantially Underestimated?
- By Jefferson Adams
- Published 09/18/2013
- Celiac Disease Research Projects, Fundraising, Epidemiology, Etc.
- Rating:
Celiac.com 09/18/2013 - New tests and new histological criteria for diagnosing celiac disease, along with changing perspectives on the disease's natural history are causing a number of researchers to question past prevalence estimates for celiac disease.
A team of researchers recently set out to establish a more accurate estimate of celiac disease rates by using a new serogenetic method.
The research team included Robert P Anderson, Margaret J Henry, Roberta Taylor, Emma L Duncan, Patrick Danoy, Marylia J Costa, Kathryn Addison, Jason A Tye-Din, Mark A Kotowicz, Ross E Knight, Wendy Pollock, Geoffrey C Nicholson, Ban-Hock Toh, Matthew A Brown and Julie A Pasco.
They are variously affiliated with the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, the Department of Medical Biology at the University of Melbourne, the Department of Gastroenterology at The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health in Parkville, Australia, ImmusanT Inc., One Kendall Square, Building 200, LL, Suite 4, Cambridge, MA, USA, the School of Medicine at Deakin University in Geelong, Australia, Healthscope Pathology in Melbourne, Australia, the Human Genetics Group at the University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 5, Translational Research Institute in Woolloongabba, Australia, Endocrinology at Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia, the NorthWest Academic Centre of the Department of Medicine at The University of Melbourne in St Albans, Australia, Geelong Gastroenterology, Level 1, in Geelong, Australia, the Rural Clinical School at the School of Medicine of The University of Queensland in Toowoomba, Australia, and Roche Diagnostics Australia, in Castle Hill, Australia.
The researchers assessed human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ genotype in 356 patients with biopsy-confirmed celiac disease.
They did the same for two age-stratified, randomly selected community groups of 1,390 women and 1,158 men, who served as controls. They tested and screened all patients for celiac-specific serology.
They found that only five patients with biopsy-confirmed celiac disease lacked the susceptibility alleles HLA-DQ2.5, DQ8, or DQ2.2, and four of these patients had been misdiagnosed. HLA-DQ2.5, DQ8, or DQ2.2 was present in 56% of all women and men in the community cohorts.
Transglutaminase (TG)-2 IgA levels were abnormal in 4.6% of the community women, and in 6.9% of the community men. Composite TG2/deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) IgA/IgG were abnormal in 5.6% of the community women and in 6.9% of the community men.
But in the screen-positive group, only 71% of women and of women and 65% of men possessed HLA-DQ2.5, DQ8, while 75% of women and 63% of men possessed DQ2.2.
Medical review was possible in 41% of seropositive women and 50% of seropositive men, and led to biopsy-confirmed CD in 10 women (0.7%) and 6 men (0.5%). Based on relative risk for HLA-DQ2.5, DQ8, or DQ2.2, celiac disease affected 1.3% of men and women with positive TG2 IgA screens, and 1.9% of women and 1.2% of men with positive TG2/DGP IgA/IgG screens
Serogenetic data from these community cohorts indicated that testing screen positives for HLA-DQ, or carrying out HLA-DQ and further serology, could have reduced unnecessary gastroscopies due to false-positive serology by at least 40% and by over 70%, respectively.
Requiring biopsy confirmation based on TG2 IgA serology leads to substantial underestimations of the community prevalence of celiac disease.
Testing for HLA-DQ genes and affirmative blood results could reduce the numbers of unnecessary gastroscopies.
Celiac.com welcomes your comments below (registration is NOT required).
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Jefferson Adams
Jefferson Adams is a freelance writer living in San Francisco. His poems, essays and photographs have appeared in Antioch Review, Blue Mesa Review, CALIBAN, Hayden's Ferry Review, Huffington Post, the Mississippi Review, and Slate among others.
He is a member of both the National Writers Union, the International Federation of Journalists, and covers San Francisco Health News for Examiner.com.View all articles by Jefferson Adams
1 Response:
IrvRating: ( Author)
said this on
24 Sep 2013 4:37:32 PM PDT
Keep the science, it's great.
(Comment Replies Disabled)
In Celiac.com's Forum Now:
Thanks for the responses raven and cyclinglady! I guess we just have to wait. Is it wrong that I want there to be no question that its celiac? She has had so many symptoms for awhile now--seemingly increasing--but I want there to be no question in her mind that she needs to be gluten-free--you...
https://okinawahai.com/tips-for-eating-gluten-free-in-okinawa/ Hope this helps!
Sorry you're feeling poorly Have you seen this page: https://www.peoplespharmacy.com/2015/07/27/getting-off-ppis-can-be-a-challenge/ I think you can get gluten free DGL, maybe worth a try?
I could be wrong but Methotrexate is an immune suppressant so it may affect Celiac testing. I have seen this mistake made with other people with RA. It may be that the only way you will know if it will help is to continue eating gluten free for awhile and see how well it does with the pain l...
Welcome! YES! Some of us who have problems with gluten do not test positive to celiac tests. There is a term for this, non celiac gluten sensitive NCGS and this could explain your symptoms. Having said that, it would be a good idea if you hunted down the actual results of your celiac test...


text: I Was Right Me Too Personal Stories, Advice, and Support 7 People Report Group Sort popular recent All the time I was right. .. I knew how things were going to happen I knew your promises had an expiration date. deleted 26-30 1 Apr 12, 2015 Sometimes being right still sucks. Joe1064 46-50, M 0 Oct 28, 2014 More Stories


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Dox is an extensible browser for manpages and HTML documentation. It allows you to access documentation via tables of contents, keyword indices, and full text searches. Interfaces to pydoc and perldoc are provided. Doxygen-generated documentation can easily be integrated in the toc and index sections.
|Software Development Documentation Desktop Environment
|Operating Systems
Release Notes: This release has bugfixes and the ability to follow http: and mailto: links.
No changes have been submitted for this release.
Release Notes: This release supports bzip2 compressed man and info pages, and man directories without whatis files. It has a new info2html converter.
Release Notes: This release is remote controllable from the shell. Info pages can be browsed. Man pages for all executables have been added.
Release Notes: New bookmark/history menus and a manpage, ability to zoom pages, and bugfixes.
A Fluent OpenStack client API for Java.
A TWiki appliance that is easy to use and lightweight.


text:
ComFusion 3 Now Available
ComFusion, a Spanish Ubuntu-based operating system formerly know as Uberyl, announces that version 3 is now available.
ComFusion 3 is now available for download.
The ComFusion website describes the operating system as being based on Ubuntu with an aim making Linux easier to use for the novice user with taking anything away from the experienced user.
ComFusion is described as a modest community project that is a "fusion of programs, distributions, styles and experiments.
More information on this release can be found on the ComFusion website.
Issue 201/2017
Buy this issue as a PDF
GitHub Announces Open Source Friday Program
They encourage people to take time out and work on open source projects on Friday.
System76 Announces Their Own Distro, Pop!_OS
Pop!_OS is based on Ubuntu and uses the Gnome stack.
Linus Torvalds Talks About His Motivation
He never tires of working on the Linux kernel.
Debian 9 Stretches Its Wings
The new release of Debian has a very strong focus on security.
Trojan Turns Raspberry Pi into a Cryptocurrency Mining Device
Two trojans in the wild are targeting Linux machines.
Fedora 26 Beta Comes with New Features
The workstation comes with the latest Gnome desktop environment and support for many application build systems.
Raspberry Pi Foundation Merges with CoderDojo Foundation
The two foundations join forces to expand their efforts to reach young people.
Samba Security Hole Patched but Risk is Bigger
Millions of devices that use Samba Server are vulnerable to attacks.
Red Hat Announces OpenShift.io
Red Hat takes its IDE online.
Microsoft Bakes Linux into Windows Server
Microsoft is slowly becoming a Linux vendor.


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You'll Want To Live Inside Of Jillian Jacqueline's Music Video
In her "prime," indeed
Photographed by Rob Norris
It's hard to turn skeptics into country fans. That's not to say the genre isn't catchy, uplifting, and all-around great, but for whatever reason, there exists a certain aversion to its twangy ethos. Here, we're promising that up-and-comer Jillian Jacqueline is the one to win you over—and then some. Her likeable blend of fiddle-laden anthem pop is a unique take on what you thought was country, a fresh genre twist that's perfectly exemplified by the video for her breakout hit "Prime," premiering right here.
"I wanted this video to be a technicolor dream," says Jacqueline. "The director, P. Tracy, and I had so much fun with it. It looks exactly like what I envisioned while I was writing 'Prime'...and of course, my dogs had to make an appearance."
The single is a fun and humble manifesto for living life to its fullest. "'Prime' was the first song I ever wrote that felt like an honest anthem," she adds. "It's a reminder to me, and to whoever hears it, that wherever you are, you gotta appreciate it, soak it all in, because life is fleeting and youth is just a state of mind."


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Content-rich biological network constructed by mining PubMed abstracts
The integration of the rapidly expanding corpus of information about the genome, transcriptome, and proteome, engendered by powerful technological advances, such as microarrays, and the availability of genomic sequence from multiple species, challenges the grasp and comprehension of the scientific community. Despite the existence of text-mining methods that identify biological relationships based on the textual co-occurrence of gene/protein terms or similarities in abstract texts, knowledge of the underlying molecular connections on a large scale, which is prerequisite to understanding novel biological processes, lags far behind the accumulation of data. While computationally efficient, the co-occurrence-based approaches fail to characterize (e.g., inhibition or stimulation, directionality) biological interactions. Programs with natural language processing (NLP) capability have been created to address these limitations, however, they are in general not readily accessible to the public.
We present a NLP-based text-mining approach, Chilibot, which constructs content-rich relationship networks among biological concepts, genes, proteins, or drugs. Amongst its features, suggestions for new hypotheses can be generated. Lastly, we provide evidence that the connectivity of molecular networks extracted from the biological literature follows the power-law distribution, indicating scale-free topologies consistent with the results of previous experimental analyses.
Chilibot distills scientific relationships from knowledge available throughout a wide range of biological domains and presents these in a content-rich graphical format, thus integrating general biomedical knowledge with the specialized knowledge and interests of the user. Chilibot
A comprehensive understanding of the rapidly expanding corpus of information about the genome, transcriptome, and proteome at large scale requires extensive integration with existing knowledge that often pertains to a number of biological disciplines. Despite the existence of specialized databases (e.g.
Herein, we present a text mining approach, Chilibot (
Figure 1
The network map of a biological network constructed by Chilibot
The network map of a biological network constructed by Chilibot. Chilibot queried the entire PubMed abstract database to identify a network of relationships amongst a set of genes reported to be regulated by cocaine [44], a biological concept ("plasticity"), and a drug ("cocaine"). Lines connecting rectangular nodes indicate relationships between the genes shown, and each icon in the middle of a line represents the character of the relationship. Interactive relationships (circles) are neutral (gray), stimulatory (green), inhibitory (red) or both stimulatory/inhibitory (yellow). The number within each icon indicates the quantity of abstracts retrieved for documenting that relationship. Icons containing the plus sign ("+") represent "parallel relationships". Gray rhomboidal icons indicate that only co-occurrence was detected. All arrowheads indicate the direction of the interaction, and some are bi-directional. The green or pink colors of rectangular nodes represent up- or down-regulation of the genes identified therein, respectively, based on experimental data provided by the user. More saturated colors are associated with larger changes. Nodes with no expression values (e.g., "cocaine") are in cyan. The terms and icons are linked to documentation when viewed in a web-browser. See supplementary information for subnetwork maps generated by Chilibot.
Recent analyses of several types of biological networks (e.g. metabolic
Results and discussion
Design and implementation
The overall goal of Chilibot is to generate graphical representations of the relationships among user provided terms (e.g. molecules, concepts, etc). This is achieved by automatically querying the PubMed literature database and extracting information using natural language processing (NLP) techniques.
Chilibot is an Internet-based application
Terms that can be queried include gene symbols, UniGene identifications (including human, rat and mouse) and/or free-form keywords (e.g. "ischemia", "apoptosis", "methylation"). Chilibot retrieves the synonyms of the queried terms from an internal database. The synonym table is compiled from 6 genomic or proteomic databases (see table
Table 1
Chilibot dictionary of gene/protein synonyms.
Number of gene symbols collected
Flat text file versions of the six databases were downloaded from their corresponding ftp sites. Synonym pairs were extracted from the corresponding fields and entries with the same symbol from the six databases were then combined in a case insensitive manner. (HUGO: Human Genome Organization; OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man; SGD: Saccharomyces Genome Database)
Figure 2
Distribution of the number of synonyms
Distribution of the number of synonyms. A synonym dictionary of gene symbols was compiled from 6 databases with a total of 113,503 unique symbols. Analysis of the number of synonyms for each symbol shows that 62,178 (54.8%) had more than one.
The texts (including each title and abstract) are then parsed into units of one sentence, which has been shown to yield higher performance levels than paragraphs or phrases in the identification of relationships from MEDLINE abstracts
Retrieved relationships are visualized using AiSee (AbsInt, Angewandte Informatik GmbH, Germany). Nodes (boxes) are used to represent query terms and lines for relationships. Icons with different shapes and colors are added to the middle of each line to indicate the nature of the relationship, with arrows indicating directionality. Color coding of individual nodes can be used to report the magnitude of change in experimental data, when provided by the user; different shades of green or red represent up- or down-regulation, respectively, and more saturated colors are associated with larger changes. The weight of an interactive relationship, reflecting the number of abstracts obtained from PubMed, is displayed within the icon (figure.
Performance evaluation
We used a set of 770 known relationships (see Methods) specified in the Database of Interacting Proteins (DIP)
Figure 3
Effects of the number of abstracts obtained on retrieval, recall, and content of relationships
Effects of the number of abstracts obtained on retrieval, recall, and content of relationships. To measure Chilibot's level of recall, a total of 770 known relationships specified in the Database of Interacting Proteins (DIP) was used as a reference set. A. Distribution of the number of sentences describing relationships when a maximum of 5–50 abstracts were selected for retrieval. For each group, the average number of sentences documenting a relationship is reported. Of the 770 known relationships, the histograms show that an increasing number of relationships are documented by a larger number of sentences when a greater number of abstracts are specified for retrieval. B. Increasing the specified number of abstracts for retrieval from 5 to 50 had no affect on the recall of total relationships, although there were changes within relationship categories (e.g., stimulatory/inhibitory).
Amongst the 68 DIP relationships that Chilibot did not detect (table
Table 2
Failure to detect known DIP relationships
Undetected relationships (%)
member of protein family (name generalization)
incomplete synonym list
no reference at abstract level
Chilibot was used to retrieve information about 770 pairs of known protein interactions obtained from the Database of Interacting Proteins (DIP). A total of 702 relationships were found (recall = 91.2%). Relationships were undetectable (n = 68) for the following reasons: 21 (30.8%) occurred when a specific member of the protein family (e.g. cdc25a) was recorded in DIP, yet only the general family name (e.g. cdc25) appeared in abstracts; 18 (26.5%) were due to synonyms present in abstracts and not in Chilibot's dictionary of nomenclature; 15 (22.1%) were caused by lack of documentation of the relationships in PubMed abstracts. Miscellaneous reasons accounted for the remainder (20.6%).
To estimate precision, defined as the fraction of retrieved relationships that are relevant, we randomly selected 100 relationships from the 702 relationships recovered by Chilibot (86 interactive, 11 parallel, and 3 abstract co-occurrence). We manually confirmed that the documentation retrieved by Chilibot contained information about 96 of the targeted relationships, and the remaining four shared symbols with other genes. In the interactive category, directionality was correctly identified in 79.1% and inhibitory/stimulatory properties in 74.4%. The original data used to perform these analyses are available [see
Additional File 1
A total of 770 known relationships were used to test the recall and precision of Chilibot. A maximum of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 most recent PubMed records for each relationship was specified for analysis. The relationships identified by Chilibot are summarized and provided in Microsoft Excel and OpenOffice format.
Click here for file
Additional File 2
The original results of the above study (non-essential files are deleted to keep the file size under the limit set by BMC bioinformatics).
Click here for file
User interface features
One of the key features of Chilibot is its capacity to link the relationships represented in the network map directly to their supporting documentation, usually as sentences containing both of the query terms. In addition, each node is linked to its synonym list and to a set of statements demonstrating the use of the term; these statements are selected from abstract texts by an algorithm favoring conclusive statements (see Methods). By providing the literature in a condensed and highlighted form, Chilibot facilitates the rapid comprehension of the relationships by the user.
Chilibot provides several options for customizing the query process and for viewing the identified relationships. Context specific searches restrict the analysis of relationships to a specific subject area, as defined by the user. Internet searches can also be customized (e.g. searching only documents in PDF format) by using Google WebAPI. Specific subsets of relationships contained in an overall relationship map can be reconfigured. For example, the user can customize the relationship map by requesting only those relationships with direct linkage to a specific node, or those that have a requisite number of supporting publications [see
Additional File 3
Sub-network graph obtained by filtering figure
Click here for file
Additional File 4
Sub-network graph obtained by filtering figure
Click here for file
Chilibot also identifies key index terms common to the relationship network. To do so, Chilibot uses Medical Subject Headings (MESH)
Chilibot also has the capability of suggesting new hypotheses based on the retrieved network of relationships. Such hypotheses, originally described by Swanson et al. as "undiscovered public knowledge"
To test the value of these "hypothetical relationships" in predicting the results of future research, we queried 22 genes known to be involved in long-term potentiation (LTP), an electrophysiological phenomenon closely associated with memory formation. Chilibot identified a direct relationship between LTP and all 22 genes, along with 194 inter relationships amongst the 22 genes. We then performed retrospective studies by limiting the search to literature published before the years 2000, 1995 and 1990 [
Table 3
Retrospective study of the predictive capability of the "hypothetical relationships" generated by Chilibot
Term 1
Tertiary nodes
Term 2
References Analyzed
Relationship Documented
A "hypothetical relationship" is defined when two terms have no documented relationship, but share connections to the same tertiary node(s). To test the value of these relationships in predicting the findings of future research, 22 terms (i.e., term 2; see methods) known to be involved in long-term potentiation (LTP) (i.e. term 1) were queried by Chilibot, limiting the latest references analyzed to the years 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2004. The "hypothetical relationships" (i.e. term 1 is related to term 2) and the time periods when these hypothetical relationships were suggested and documented are listed. The original results of these searches including links to the PubMed abstracts are available [see additional file 5].
Additional File 5
The original Chilibot query results of the term "long-term potentiation (LTP)" and 22 other terms, limiting the latest references analyzed to the years 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2004.
Click here for file
Based on the literature that is currently available, Chilibot identified new hypothetical relationships, such as those between synaptophysin/CREB and synaptotagmin/CREB. Currently no direct empirical evidence for these relationships is available. However, scanning the 5' untranslated region of the synaptophysin and synaptotagmin genes did show multiple CREB binding sites, providing bioinformatics-based evidence supporting the plausibility of these potential interactions. Although these examples are promising, they are hypothetical relationships. Further review of the scientific literature, such as the sentences provided by Chilibot, is required to clarify the rationale for these hypotheses.
Network topology of relationships retrieved from the literature
Recent large-scale studies of metabolic
For comparison to the preceding biological networks, we studied the connectivity of the literature-based networks obtained by applying Chilibot to three groups of randomly selected genes (300 genes per group). The resulting networks contain 224, 116, and 138 nodes and 3018, 962, and 1912 relationships, respectively. Visualization of the network structure of one of the groups is provided [see
Figure 4
Scale-free topology of a relationship network derived from the biological literature
Scale-free topology of a relationship network derived from the biological literature. Chilibot was used to retrieve the relationships within 3 sets of randomly selected genes (300 genes per group). The resulting networks contain 224, 116, and 138 nodes and 3018, 962, and 1912 relationships, respectively. The distribution of the average connectivity of the 3 groups follows the power-law (P(k) ~k-n, n = 1.21).
Additional File 6
A graph demonstrating the scale-free topology of relationship networks derived from the biological literature. The network contains 138 nodes and 1912 relationships. A small fraction of the nodes (10 nodes colored in black) accounted for more than 45% of the relationships (solid lines), a characteristic of scale-free topology.
Click here for file
The scale-free topology of gene/protein relationships provides another dimension for comparing and prioritizing research targets after large-scale experiments. Currently, genes or proteins with large-fold changes are generally favored for further study
Chilibot graphically summarizes the relationships amongst a large set of user provided terms by analyzing abstracts retrieved from the PubMed literature database. We have found in our benchmark tests that these retrieved relationships are reliable. We believe that the scientific community will benefit from this literature mining capability along with the many features that Chilibot provides, especially in an era of science when insight can be submerged in an overwhelming sea of data and modularized knowledge.
Constructing the nomenclature dictionary
Flat text file versions of the six databases (HUGO, LocusLink, OMIM, GDB, SwissProt, and SGD) were downloaded from their corresponding ftp sites. Symbol-name pairs were extracted from the corresponding fields using Perl scripts. Names were curated to remove words that are unlikely to be used in texts, such as "partial cDNA", "fragment", etc. In addition, non-alphanumerical characters were converted into spaces. Entries with the same symbol from the six databases were then combined in a case insensitive manner. The final dictionary is stored in the Postgresql relational database.
Optimization of PubMed querying method
The NCBI Eutilies, in particular Esearch and Efetch, are used in conjunction with the Perl LWP module to interact with the
(Term 1 synonym 1 [tiab] OR Term 1 synonym 2 [tiab] OR ...) AND (Term 2 synonym 1 [tiab] OR Term 2 synonym 2 [tiab] OR ...)
Acronym disambiguity
Many methods [e.g.
Context sensitive search
All the context keywords provided by the user are combined with an "OR" operation. This string is then combined with the pair-wise PubMed queries, using an "AND" operation. The context keywords are not used in subsequent analyses.
Synopsis generation
A synopsis is a collection of sentences used to annotate the query terms. It is generated from the first 100 sentences that contain the specific query term or its synonyms. These sentences are sorted by a weighting mechanism that favors short, conclusive sentences. Words suggesting a conclusion, such as "suggest", "found", "show", "data" etc weights as +9 points. Starting the sentence with the query term and a verb weights as +5 points. The presence of words suggesting a negative result such as "not", "lack", "fail", "without" is weighted as -3 points. Having more than 30 words also reduces the weight by 3 points. Lastly, having keywords specified by the user adds 5 points to the weight. The 15 sentences with the highest weights are displayed.
Natural language processing
Title and abstract texts retrieved via the Efetch utility are first parsed into individual sentences using a Perl script. Only sentences containing both of the query terms or their synonyms are subjected to NLP analysis, which includes POS tagging by the TnT software
Classification of relationships
All sentences containing two query terms (or their synonyms) are classified into one of six categories: stimulatory (interactive), inhibitory (interactive), both stimulatory and inhibitory (interactive), neutral (interactive), parallel (non-interactive) and abstract co-occurrence only. Sentences are classified into interactive or non-interactive relationships based on the presence or absence of a verb phrase between the two query terms. The following exceptions apply: sentences are classified as parallel when the query terms are present in two separate clauses; sentences without a verb phrase between the query terms, but with specific terms indicating interactions such as "interaction", "bind", etc., are classified as interactive; interactive relationships are converted into parallel relationship when there is a negation (such as "not") within the same clause of the verb phrase. The interactive relationship is further classified into stimulatory, inhibitory, or neutral subtypes based on the presence or absence of words describing such relationships, including "activate", "facilitate", "increase", "induce", "stimulate", "enhance", "elevate", "inactivate", "abolish", "attenuate", "block", "decrease", "eliminate", "inhibit", "reduce", "suppress". For interactive relationships, the direction is defined as from the left query term to the right term and is reversed when passive voice is detected. To avoid the influence by spurious mistakes, the overall relationship between two terms is defined as interactive only when more than 20% of the sentences are detected as either stimulatory or inhibitory. Lastly, the co-occurrence type is assigned when the two query terms are located in the same abstract but not the same sentence. We ranked the informativeness of the relationships in the following order: both stimulatory and inhibitory, either stimulatory or inhibitory, neutral interactive, parallel, abstract co-occurrence. The overall relationship between two query terms is classified as the most informative type of relationship.
Visualization of the networks
Network layout is generated using the aiSee software. Each pair of query terms identified as having relationships is specified by nodes and represented by square boxes. The relationships are represented by solid lines. A special node with unique identification (an icon) is inserted into the middle of each line. The icon is either circular or rhomboidal depending on the relationship it represents (see legend of Figure
"Hypothetical relationship" generation and testing
After the query session is finished, the user can request Chilibot to suggest hypothetical relationships for any node that is within the retrieved network. For each node requested (NR) by the user, Chilibot scans the retrieved network to find those nodes that are not directly linked to NR, but have connections to the same tertiary nodes as NR. Chilibot then produces a new network map for each of these "hypothetical relationships", while maintaining the links to the supporting documentation. To test the usefulness of these "hypothetical relationships" in predicting future research, a total of 22 terms (ACTIN, ACTININ, AMPA, ARC, ATF, CAMKII, CAMKIV, CREB, ERK, KV4.2, NMDA, PI-3K, PKA, PKC, PLC, SYNAPSIN I, SYNAPTOPHYSIN, SYNAPTOTAGMIN, TAU, TRKA, TRKB, AND ZIF268) were queried together with LTP (long-term potentiation). Retrospective studies were performed by querying these terms again while adding the PubMed date limiting tag "&mindate=1960&maxdate=$maxdate", where the $maxdate equals to 1990, 1995, 2000, respectively.
MESH themes
The MESH Keywords of the abstracts represented by the graph are collected and sorted by their weighted percentage. When the keyword is the major topic of the publication, it is weighted as 3. Otherwise, it is weighted as 1. The weights are then divided by the number of abstracts to obtain the weighted percentage.
Web search and content filtering
Google WebAPI is accessed through Perl scripts. Due to the limitation of the WebAPI, the query terms are searched directly without the expanded synonyms. The URIs of the top 10 hits were retrieved from Google and then the content of these pages was obtained from their individual servers. These pages are then converted into texts, and sentences containing either one of the query terms are presented to the user. Sentences containing both of the query terms are highlighted. Links are also provided to restrict the web search to educational institutions or to files in the portable document format (PDF). Google is a trademark of Google Technology, Inc.
Selection of relationships from the Database of Interacting Proteins (DIP)
Authors' contributions
HC conceived of the project (together with BMS), coded the Chilibot program, performed the evaluations and drafted the manuscript. BMS conceived of the project (together with HC), participated in its design, coordination and analysis, and edited and revised the manuscript.
All none-graphic files are archived with tar and compressed with bzip2 to reduce file size.
This research was supported by PHS DA-03977 (BMS) and by the University of Tennessee Center for the Neurobiology of Brain Disease.
BIND: the Biomolecular Interaction Network Database
DIP: the database of interacting proteins
A literature network of human genes for high-throughput analysis of gene expression
Biobibliometrics: information retrieval and visualization from co-occurrences of gene names in Medline abstracts
PreBIND and Textomy – mining the biomedical literature for protein-protein interactions using a support vector machine
Evaluation of the vector space representation in text-based gene clustering
Genes, themes and microarrays: using information retrieval for large-scale gene analysis
GENIES: a natural-language processing system for the extraction of molecular pathways from journal articles
Bidirectional incremental parsing for automatic pathway identification with combinatory categorial grammar
Robust relational parsing over biomedical literature: extracting inhibit relations
MedScan, a natural language processing engine for MEDLINE abstracts
Getting to the (c)ore of knowledge: mining biomedical literature
Genomics and natural language processing
The future of text mining in genome-based clinical research
The large-scale organization of metabolic networks
Lethality and centrality in protein networks
Mining DNA microarray data using a novel approach based on graph theory
Mining MEDLINE: abstracts, sentences, or phrases?
TnT – A Statistical Part-of-Speech Tagger
CASS software
Evaluation of text data mining for database curation: lessons learned from the KDD Challenge Cup
Undiscovered public knowledge
Knowledge discovery by automated identification and ranking of implicit relationships
Supporting discovery in medicine by association rule mining in Medline and UMLS
Inhibition of postsynaptic PKC or CaMKII blocks induction but not expression of LTP
Intraterminal injection of synapsin I or calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alters neurotransmitter release at the squid giant synapse
Characterization of synapsin I binding to small synaptic vesicles
Increased phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and its endogenous substrates in the induction of long-term potentiation
Birth of scale-free molecular networks and the number of distinct DNA and protein domains per genome
Classification of scale-free networks
The small world inside large metabolic networks
Post-analysis follow-up and validation of microarray experiments
Crosstalk between cAMP and MAP kinase signaling in the regulation of cell proliferation
TNF-R1 signaling: a beautiful pathway
Heuristics for identification of acronym-definition patterns within text: towards an automated construction of comprehensive acronym-definition dictionaries
Creating an online dictionary of abbreviations from MEDLINE
Automatic extraction of acronym-meaning pairs from MEDLINE databases
A simple algorithm for identifying abbreviation definitions in biomedical text
Biology's name game
GENIA corpus-a semantically annotated corpus for bio-textmining
Protein interactions: two methods for assessment of the reliability of high throughput observations
Differential gene expression in the rat caudate putamen after "binge" cocaine administration: advantage of triplicate microarray analysis


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text: Hello, David. On Fri, Feb 01, 2013 at 12:44:43PM -0500, David Teigland wrote: > I already tried my own version of this, but used idr_for_each_entry a > second time. Unfortunately, the number it found and printed did not match > recover_list_count. > > warning: recover_list_count 566 > > It printed 304 ids: Heh, that's really weird. Maybe idr_get_next() is buggy above certain number or at certain boundaries? If you find something, please let me know. I'll see if I can reproduce it in some minimal way. Thanks! -- tejun


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Toshiba says that it will launch its first OLED consumer TV screens in 2009. The announcement by Toshiba president Atsutoshi Nishida follows news that Sony will introduce its OLED displays into the Japanese market at the end of this year. Toshiba says that it will look to produce both 21- and 30-inch screens, using organic EL polymer materials. The Corporation says it will not pitch OLED into an early price war with LCD but it remains confident the benefits of the format (low power consumption and super-slim form factor) will help the technology command a price premium.
Toshiba announces OLED screen production
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The European Parliament, looking to strengthen institutional ties between the US and the European Union, called this week for the creation of a transatlantic political council to co-ordinate foreign and security policy. The council would be chaired jointly by the US secretary of state and the EU's high representative for foreign policy and would meet at least every three months.
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As more and more out-of-work executives hit the job interview circuit, shouldn't ties be making a comeback?
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Instead, suit sales stayed flat in 2009, but tie sales posted their worst year since the dawn of casual Fridays, she writes.
Here's her quote from fashion expert Tom Julian, author of Nordstrom Guide to Men's Style:
No one wants to overdress. It's very important to mirror the image of the company. I have had calls from (baby) boomers who are now going back out (on a job hunt) and realize their power-suit look is too much. They need to fit in.
For the rest of her article, click here.
(Posted by Doug Stanglin)
Doug is an unrepentant news junkie who loves breaking news and has been known to watch C-SPAN even on vacation. He has covered a wide range of domestic and international news stories, from prison riots in Oklahoma to the Moscow coup against Mikhail Gorbachev. Doug previously served as foreign editor at USA TODAY. More about Doug
Michael Winter has been a daily contributor to On Deadline since its debut in January 2006. His journalism career began in the prehistoric Ink Era, and he was an early adapter at the dawn of the Digital Age. His varied experience includes editing at the San Jose Mercury News and The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Also: Follow On Deadline on Twitter


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Kelly Zion
Because Of Me - Poem by Kelly Zion
Don't die because of me
I don't want to hurt anybody
this is just how I grieve
so don't die because of me.
I'm like the girl who went up into the hills
because her father promised to have her killed
but I brought a book of poems with me
so people would know how I grieved.
So don't die because of me
a graveyard is just a cemetery
we've come this far
so don't give up because of me.
If I die, I die,
'what's meant to be will be'
just don't give up on yourself
because they gave up on me.
You know the girl did come back
she came back to her father
and he had made a promise,
so he had to sacrifice her.
She mourned because she never found love
but she never gave up
so don't give up because of me.
Comments about Because Of Me by Kelly Zion
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If You Forget Me
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Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening
Robert Frost
A Dream Within A Dream
Edgar Allan Poe


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Join the 'Midol IB' group to help and get support from people like you.
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We found 2 questions associated with the 'Midol IB' topic.
Does taking too much midol IB effect the probability of pregnancy?
Posted 4 May 2010 by • 1 answer
Hello. My name is Mandy and I'm 31 years old. For the last year I have been taking Midol IB. I'm?
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Research |
Laboratory |
Publications |
Grants |
Jennifer Brigati - Received her B.S. in 2000 from Southampton College of Long Island University. PhD student in the Biomedical Sciences program (2000-2005). Research was focused on the development of phage probes for detection of B. anthracis Sterne spores. Currently - Assistant Professor at Maryville College, Maryville, TN.
I-Hsuan Chen - received her B.S. in 1997 from Soochow University at Taiwan and a M.S. in 2001 from Auburn University. Currently a Research Associate. Participates in development and evolutionary improvement of diagnostic probe against B.anthracis and Salmonella.
Galina Kouzmitcheva received a M.S. in 1978 from Kuibishev State University (Russia), a Ph.D. in 1992 from Institute of Molecular Biology, "Vector", Novosibirsk (Russia). Currently a Post-Doctoral Fellow. Research is focused on design of phage display libraries, development of diagnostic phage-derived probes and their evolutionary improvement. Selected publications:
Jane Mount - Received a B.S in 1971 from Lambuth College in Jackson, TN, a M.Ed. in 1979, a M.S. in 1996 and a PhD. in 2001 from Auburn University. Post-Doctoral Fellow (2002-2004). Research was focused on development of phage probes for gene delivery and biological testing.
Iryna Sorokulova - Visiting Professor from Ukraine (2002-2004). Received her M.S. from Kiev State University (Ukraine), Doctor of Philosophy degree in Microbiology and Doctor of Science degree in Microbiology from Institute of Microbiology and Virology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Sergey N. Ustinov - Research Scholar from Russia. Received his M.D. from Novosibirsk Medical Academy (1998). The main research interests are focused on molecular diagnostics and phage arrays. Select publications:
Chuanling Xu - Ph.D. student. Received her M.S. from College of Human Science, Auburn University at 2005.
Kiril A. Vaglenov - Ph.D. student.