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PitchBook January 06, 2015
Throughout our 2014 in Review coverage, we've explored global venture capital trends in regard to deal activity, fundraising, exits, valuations and more. Now, it's time to zoom in on several of the most active regions in VC—including the U.S.'s Bay Area, Pacific Northwest and New York metro area, as well as Europe—to explore how they fared individually in 2014. Which startups within these regions grew the most? Which sectors thrived? Find these answers and more by checking out each region's respective datagraphic below:
For more of our 2014 in Review coverage, click here.
For additional data on the Bay Area, NYC, Pacific Northwest or Europe, or to break down other U.S. and global regions, contact us here.
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subset: commoncrawl


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What is meant by carry forward rule?
The carry forward rule envisaged that in a year, 17 ½ per cent posts were to be reserved for Scheduled Castes/ Tribes; if all the reserved posts were not filled in a year for want of suitable candidates from those classes, then shortfall was to be carried forward to the next year and added to the reserved quota for that year, and this could be done for the next two years.
Category: Indian Constitution Short Questions


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As Attorney General, Jack Conway has followed through on his commitment to vigorously prosecute child predators and crack down on Internet crimes. Since creating the Cybercrimes Unit in 2008 and leading the passage of House Bill 315 -- which updated Kentucky's laws in order to fight Internet crime -- the Office of Attorney General (OAG) has seized more than 200,000 child pornographic images off the Internet, made 33 arrests, processed 2,688 hard drives, launched 188 investigations, and conducted more than 100 Internet safety programs across Kentucky. Jack is also a member of the National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG) task force that is working with MySpace and Facebook to create parental safety controls, sweep sex offenders off the sites and develop age-verification software.
Source: http://jackconway.org/the-issues/


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On this "Raving Fans Page", we include some of the feedback we get from our customers and supporters. These comments are unedited. We strive to please our customers an...
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About Elaine Manes
I am the owner of A Wonderful Space Home Staging and Redesign, specializing in enhancing properties for sale, to appeal to the largest number of buyers. I am nationally certified as an Interior Redesign Industry Specialist, which gives me the tools and the vision necessary to provide clients with the solutions they need. Not everyone is lucky enough to find something they love and create a career around it. With a background in art and real estate, I feel like I have found the perfect job to use my artistic creativity and my experience with buyers and sellers.
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Walker campaign: still trying to sell the big lie on jobs
"Mary Burke served as Jim Doyle's commerce secretary. She said, 'I support Governor Doyle's policies entirely,'" the narrator in the Walker ad says. "And when Doyle's term ended, Wisconsin had lost 133,000 jobs."
It kind of makes you think that Mary Burke had something to do with Wisconsin losing all those jobs, doesn't it? But that's not the case. Mary Burke was commerce secretary from January 2005 until November 2007. During that time, Wisconsin added more than 72,400 jobs. The unemployment rate dropped from 4.8 percent to 4.6 percent. In fact, if Walker had added jobs at the same rate as Wisconsin jobs were being added during Mary Burke's 34 months as Commerce Secretary, he would have around 35,000 more jobs to his credit by now. Instead, he will come in at less than half of the 250,000-job promise that was the pillar of his 2010 campaign.
In August of 2013, Walker tried to walk back his promise. It didn't work. Then he tried to reaffirm it. That didn't work, either:
Walker can't even blame his commerce secretary, because essentially, it's him. He chairs the scandal-plagued Wisconsin Economic Development Corp., which replaced the Wisconsin Dept. of Commerce. Last year, the non-partisan Legislative Audit Bureau found the Wisconsin Economic Development Corp. "did not have sufficient policies, including some that were statutorily required, to administer its programs effectively." More recently, the Wisconsin Economic Development Corp. approved a $6 million tax credit to Ashley Furniture, whose officers then quickly gave $20,000 to Gov. Scott Walker's re-election campaign. It's something that seems to fit a pattern, according to observers.
"We've seen Gov. Walker use our tax dollars for companies that outsource Wisconsin jobs overseas and give over $500 million in tax dollars to companies that have given his campaign over $1 million. If we were looking for a return to the days of corruption, cronyism and incompetence, then Gov. Walker's got a 'Wisconsin Comeback' for you," One Wisconsin Now Director Scot Ross said.
As for Gov. Doyle, he had the unfortunate timing of happening to be in office during the Great Recession, which began under Republican President George W. Bush. The U.S. lost 8.7 million jobs as a result of the recession and some of those were in Wisconsin, but Republicans don't like to talk about that happening under Bush. Instead, they are trying desperately to blame it all on Doyle and then, by extension, to tie it to Burke. The problem is that even if you wanted to blame everything on Doyle – which is ridiculous – the job losses didn't occur while Mary Burke was serving as commerce secretary.
More importantly, people need to understand that as the handmaiden of far right-wing interests, any talk about more jobs and better pay coming from people like Scott Walker is going to be exactly that: talk. The only reason that Walker talks about jobs at all is because he has to. Even cursory polling will tell any politician that jobs and the economy represent the Number 1 issue for voters, as has been the case for many years. But what some people on the right really want when it comes to labor is very different from what most people want. Instead of a rising tide for all, they want a buyer's market for labor; where pay, benefits and upward mobility are all very limited; where people are grateful to have any job at all and will take whatever they can get. That is what is eroding the middle class in this county and that is the unfavorable environment for workers in Wisconsin that Walker has been able to consistently deliver during his term. And plenty of his biggest campaign donors like that situation just fine.
One Response to "Walker campaign: still trying to sell the big lie on jobs"
Jim, you have done a great job of summarizing the record of Scott Walker. This sould be sent to both City Pages and the Record Herald before the election. When you look at Walkers total record with an open mind it seems voting for him would not be an option. The key here is an "open mind". You have written a great article and it should be published.


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November 2, 2016
Did you know that the Chamber has a blog? Did you know that you as a member can contribute to our blog? Did you know that blogging is important for your business?
The Chamber does have a blog that is part of our website and regular communications. Do you like to write and want to contribute an article to our blog? We'd love to have you and thus help you promote your business! We would like to invite you as a member to be a guest blogger and write an article for our blog. We accept articles of 500 words or less in length with an image that we can promote! Blogging is fun and can really help your business. I read an article recently by Krista Bunskoek, PR and Content Manager at Wishpond entitled "Four reasons why blogging is important for your business."
I urge you to check the article out and consider blogging today! We'd love to have you join us in the blogging world!
Ann Ormond, President
Greater Newburyport Chamber of Commerce & Industry
978-462-6680 x15


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Adding Beauty Always: 2017 and Beyond
January 1, 2017
Our family has experienced a ton of change over the last 3 years. We no longer have any babies in the house, the husband is realizing some of his dreams (which brings me so much joy!) while also providing for our family with 2 jobs, and I have gone from homeschooling two kids, to four. Read More


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Fred Smoot was on with Holden and Danny on 106.7 The Fan today, and he apparently did not approve of the first round of the NFL draft.
"Hey, man. It was one of those drafts, it was not sexy at all," he said. "Like, none of the picks that came out that Mel Kiper and those guys said it would be like most drafts are. They went in the trenches this year. There was a lot of offensive lineman out there, a lot of tackles, a lot of guards. And I was kinda blew away with the E.J. Manuel pick. I thought that was kinda far-fetched, considering that the Syracuse kid had played for the coach, kinda handed that pick to them and I think that was the shocker of the first round.
"You're talking about no running backs getting drafted, you're talking about, I think, two corners, three corners? It was not sexy."
Smoot thinks the second round will be better, and he has his eye on the Honey Badger.
"Yes, yes. I'm signing out for him," Smoot said, when asked about Tyrann Mathieu. "I'm hoping he becomes a Washington Redskin. I think it'd be the perfect pick for the Washington Redskins.
"I don't know if he'll still be there at No. 51," he continued. "But if he is I think it'll be hard for them to pass up on a player like that, because not what he just brings to the defense, what he's gonna bring to a special teams. He's gonna play all special teams. He's gonna help in the return game. He's gonna be an instant playmaker on the defensive side of the ball, and the Redskins are liking that."
What about Manti Te'o?
"I think there's a little too much going on with Te'o right now," he said. "And I don't know if a city like Washington is a city he should be in after all the stuff he's been through this offseason."
I don't know, Fred. Knuckleheads always seem to find their way here.


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Read an Excerpt
The MacArthur New Testament Commentary Matthew 8-15
By John F. MacArthur
Moody PressCopyright © 1987 The Moody Bible Institute of Chicago
All rights reserved.
Jesus' Power over Disease (8:1-15)
And when He had come down from the mountain, great multitudes followed Him. And behold, a leper came to Him, and bowed down to Him, saying, "Lord, if You are willing, You can make me clean." And He stretched out His hand and touched him, saying, "I am willing; be cleansed." And immediately his leprosy was cleansed. And Jesus said to him, "See that you tell no one; but go, show yourself to the priest, and present the offering that Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."
And when He had entered Capernaum, a centurion came to Him, entreating Him, and saying, "Lord, my servant is lying paralyzed at home, suffering great pain." And He said to him, "I will come and heal him." But the centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy for You to come under my roof, but just say the word, and my servant will be healed. For I, too, am a man under authority, with soldiers under me; and I say to this one, 'Go!' and he goes, and to another, 'Come!' and he comes, and to my slave, 'Do this!' and he does it." Now when Jesus heard this, He marveled, and said to those who were following, "Truly I say to you, I have not found such great faith with anyone in Israel. And I say to you, that many shall come from east and west, and recline at the table with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven; but the sons of the kingdom shall be cast out into the outer darkness; in that place there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." And Jesus said to the centurion, "Go your way; let it be done to you as you have believed." And the servant was healed that very hour.
And when Jesus had come to Peter's home, He saw his mother-in-law lying sick in bed with a fever. And He touched her hand, and the fever left her; and she arose, and waited on Him. (8:1-15)
Matthew 8 begins where chapter 4 leaves off, with the Sermon on the Mount as a sort of parenthesis in between. At the end of chapter 4, Jesus was "going about in all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and proclaiming the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every kind of disease and every kind of sickness among the people. And the news about Him went out into all Syria; and they brought to Him all who were ill, taken with various diseases and pains, demoniacs, epileptics, paralytics; and He healed them. And great multitudes followed Him from Galilee and Decapolis and Jerusalem and Judea and from beyond the Jordan" (vv. 23-25). Jesus then "went up on the mountain" (5:1), where He preached His great sermon, and then came down from the mountain, still followed by "great multitudes" (8:1).
In the Sermon on the Mount Jesus turned the religious beliefs and practices of popular Judaism, especially those of the scribes and Pharisees, topsy-turvy. He had told them, in effect, that their teaching was wrong, their living was wrong, and their attitude was wrong. Virtually everything they believed in, stood for, and hoped in was unbiblical and ungodly. The Lord overturned their entire religious system and exposed them as religious hypocrites and spiritual phonies.
Unlike other Jewish teachers of that day, Jesus did not quote the Talmud, the Midrash, the Mishnah, or other rabbis. He recognized no written authority but the Old Testament Scripture and even put His own words on a par with Scripture. "The result was," Matthew explains, "that when Jesus had finished these words [the Sermon on the Mount], the multitudes were amazed at His teaching; for He was teaching them as one with authority, and not as their scribes" (Matt. 7:28-29).
In establishing Jesus' messiahship Matthew demonstrated His legal qualification through His genealogy, His prophetic qualification through the fulfillment of prophecy by His birth and infancy, His divine qualification by the Father's own attestation at His baptism, His spiritual qualification by His perfect resistance to Satan's temptations, and His theological qualification through the teaching of the Sermon on the Mount.
In chapters 8 and 9 Matthew dramatically sets forth still another qualification: Jesus' divine power. Through the miracles of these two chapters, Matthew shows beyond doubt that Jesus is, in fact, the very Son of God, because only God could perform such supernatural feats. In an astounding display of power, Jesus cleansed a leper, healed two paralytics, cooled a fever, calmed a storm at sea, cast out demons, raised a girl from the dead, gave sight to two blind men, restored speech to a man made dumb by demons, and healed every other kind of disease and sickness.
These two chapters are particularly critical to understanding the life and ministry of Christ. In this section Matthew records a series of nine miracles performed by the Lord, each one selected out of the thousands He performed during His three-year ministry. The nine miracles of Matthew 8-9 are presented in three groups of three miracles each. In each group Matthew recounts the miracles and then reports the Jews' response.
Jesus' miracles were the supreme proof of His divinity and the irrefutable credentials of His messiahship. Matthew's purpose in recording the miracles, like Jesus' purpose in performing them, was to confirm His deity and His claim to be the Messiah of Israel and the Savior of the world. In many ways this section is the heart of Matthew's message.
When Jesus first called His twelve disciples, He charged them not to go to Gentiles or Samaritans but "to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. 'And as you go, preach, saying "The kingdom of heaven is at hand." Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse the lepers, cast out demons; freely you received, freely give'" (10:5-8).
Tragically, however—and inexplicably from a human point of view—many of the Jews who saw Jesus' miracles concluded that He performed them by demonic rather than by divine power (Matt. 12:24). As more and more Jews rejected Him, Jesus turned His attention to the establishment of the Gentile church. He also began to speak more in parables, which the unbelieving Jews could not understand because of their spiritually hardened hearts (13:11-13).
It should be noted that the apostle John also recorded the miracles in his gospel as proof signs of Jesus' divinity and messiahship. When the Jewish leaders criticized Jesus for healing on the Sabbath, accused Him of blasphemy, and then sought to kill Him for claiming to be equal to God, "Jesus therefore answered and was saying to them, 'Truly, truly, I say to you, the Son can do nothing of Himself, unless it is something He sees the Father doing; for whatever the Father does, these things the Son also does in like manner. For the Father loves the Son, and shows Him all things that He Himself is doing; and greater works than these will He show Him, that you may marvel. For just as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, even so the Son also gives life to whom He wishes'" (John 5:16-21). A short while later He further explained, "The works which the Father has given Me to accomplish, the very works that I do, bear witness of Me, that the Father has sent Me" (v. 36).
Still later Jesus said to His Jewish listeners, "I told you, and you do not believe; the works that I do in My Father's name, these bear witness of Me ... I and the Father are one" (John 10:25, 30). When "the Jews took up stones again to stone Him," Jesus said, "I showed you many good works from the Father; for which of them are you stoning Me? ... If I do not do the works of My Father, do not believe Me; but if I do them, though you do not believe Me, believe the works, that you may know and understand that the Father is in Me, and I in the Father" (vv. 31-32, 37-38).
To His troubled disciples, who even late in His ministry could not comprehend His relationship to the Father, Jesus had to explain again, "Do you not believe that I am in the Father, and the Father is in Me? The words that I say to you I do not speak on My own initiative, but the Father abiding in Me does His works. Believe Me that I am in the Father, and the Father in Me; otherwise believe on account of the works themselves" (John 14:10-11; 15:24).
In his stated purpose for writing this gospel, John says, "Many other signs therefore Jesus also performed in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book; but these have been written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that believing you may have life in His name" (20:30-31).
The first three miracles reported in detail by Matthew (cf. 4:23-24) all involve the healing of physical affliction. In New Testament times disease was rampant and medical science as we know it did not exist. If a person survived a serious disease it was usually because the malady had run its course. Whether or not it was fatal, most disease caused great pain and suffering, for which there was little remedy. Sufferers were often left scarred, deformed, crippled, or otherwise debilitated for the rest of their lives. Plagues would sometimes wipe out entire villages, cities, or even regions. The list of diseases was long, and life expectancy was short.
Many diseases are mentioned in Scripture. We read of various forms of paralysis and atrophy, which would encompass such things as muscular dystrophy and poliomyelitis. The Bible frequently speaks of blindness, which was rampant because it could be caused by countless forms of disease, infection, and injury. Deafness was almost as common and had almost as many causes. We are told of boils, infected glands, various forms of edema, dysentery, mutism and other speech disorders, epilepsy, intestinal disorders, and many unidentified diseases.
When Jesus healed, He did so with a word or a touch, without gimmicks, formulas, or fanfare. He healed instantaneously, with no drawn out period of waiting or of gradual restoration. He healed totally, not partially, no matter how serious the disease or deformity. He healed everyone who came to Him and even some who never saw Him. He healed organic as well as functional afflictions. Most dramatically and powerfully of all, He even raised the dead.
It is small wonder, therefore, that Jesus' healing miracles brought such immediate and widespread attention. For people who seldom had means to alleviate even the symptoms of disease, the prospect of complete cure was almost too astounding to be believed. Even the rumor of such a thing would bring a multitude of the curious and hopeful. For those of us who live in a society where basic good health is accepted largely as a matter of course, it is difficult to appreciate the impact Jesus' healing ministry had in Palestine. Jesus instructed the disciples not to take any money, because people would have paid them all they had for health, and that could easily have corrupted the disciples' motives and objectives (see 10:8-9). For a brief period of time disease and other physical afflictions were virtually eliminated as Jesus went through the land healing thousands upon thousands (see Matt. 4:23-24; 8:16-17; 9:35; 14:14; 15:30; 19:2; 21:14; etc.). As Jesus Himself said on several occasions, His miraculous works alone should have been more than enough reason to believe in Him (John 10:38; 14:11). Such things had never happened before in the history of the world and could only have a divine cause. That is what made the rejection of the scribes, Pharisees, Sadducees, and others so self-condemnatory. No one could deny that Jesus performed the miracles, and only the most hard-hearted resistance to the truth could make a person reject His divinity in the face of such overpowering evidence. Those who would not believe in Jesus were indicted by every miracle He performed.
In the first three miracles of Matthew 8 the Lord healed a leper, a paralytic, and a woman with a fever. Beside the fact that each of them involved healing, these three miracles have four other common characteristics. First of all, in each of them Jesus dealt with the lowest level of human need, the physical. Although even earthly life involves much more than the physical, the physical part has its importance, and Jesus was lovingly sympathetic to those with physical needs. He thereby revealed the compassion of God toward those who suffer in this life.
Second, in each of the first three miracles Jesus responded to direct appeals, either by the afflicted person himself or by a friend or relative. In the first case the leper himself asked Jesus to make him clean (8:2); in the second the centurion asked in behalf of his servant (v.6); and in the third (v. 14), several unnamed friends or relatives asked on behalf of Peter's mother-in-law, as we learn from the parallel account in Luke 4:38.
Third, in each of the first three miracles Jesus acted by His own will. Though He was sympathetic to the needs of those who were afflicted and was moved by the appeals for help, He nevertheless acted sovereignly by His own volition (vv. 3, 13, 15).
Fourth, in all three miracles Jesus ministered to the needs of someone who, especially in the eyes of the proud Jewish leaders, was on the lowest plane of human existence. The first person He helped was a leper, the second was a Gentile soldier and his slave, and the third was a woman. We learn from John that Jesus first revealed His messiahship to a despised Samaritan adulteress in Sychar (John 4:25-26), and we learn from Matthew that these three miracles of His early ministry served the humblest members of society. Our Lord showed special compassion toward those for whom society had special disdain.
The Wretched Man: A Leper
And when He had come down from the mountain, great multitudes followed Him. And behold, a leper came to Him, and bowed down to Him, saying, "Lord, if You are willing, You can make me clean." And He stretched out His hand and touched him, saying, "I am willing; be cleansed." And immediately his leprosy was cleansed. And Jesus said to him, "See that you tell no one; but go, show yourself to the priest, and present the offering that Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." (8:1-4)
The great multitudes that followed Jesus when He had come down from the mountain did not do so because they adored Him as their Messiah. Most of the crowd, no doubt, was simply curious, never before having seen anyone perform miracles or heard anyone speak with such authority (4:23-25; 7:28-29). They were uncommitted observers, amazed by what Jesus said and did but not convicted of their need of Him as Lord and Savior.
The root word behind lepros(leper) means "scaly," which describes one of the earliest and most obvious characteristics of leprosy. There continues to be much debate among scholars as to whether or not the disease commonly called Hansen's disease today is the same as biblical leprosy. Many biblical terms for diseases simply describe observable symptoms that could apply to several different physical afflictions. In addition to that, some diseases change over the course of years, as immunities develop and new strains of infectious microorganisms are formed.
Most medical historians believe that leprosy originated in Egypt, and the leprosy bacillus called myobacterium leprae has been found in at least one mummy that also showed the typical scaly evidence of the disease on its skin. The Old Testament scholar R. K. Harrison maintains that the symptoms described in Leviticus 13 "could presage clinical leprosy" (Colin Brown, ed. The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975], 2:465). It seems safe to assume, therefore, that ancient leprosy was virtually the same as contemporary Hansen's disease.
This severe form of leprosy was the most feared disease of the ancient world, and even today it cannot be totally cured, though it can be kept in check by proper medication. Although some 90 percent of people in modern times are immune to such contagion of leprosy, it was much more communicable in ancient times. Spongy, tumorlike swellings would eventually grow on the face and body, and the bacillus would become systemic and affect internal organs, while the bones would begin to deteriorate. Untreated in ancient times, it produced a weakness which made the victim vulnerable to tuberculosis or other diseases.
Excerpted from The MacArthur New Testament Commentary Matthew 8-15 by John F. MacArthur. Copyright © 1987 The Moody Bible Institute of Chicago. Excerpted by permission of Moody Press.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.


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What can be improved (in terms of mixing) to get this track approved? what do you, guys, think?
Thanks in advance )
Play this song 150% speed and tell me if you like it. I think rock does not sell on Audio Jungle.
Why should anyone do such a strange thing?
Just try it, you will understand.
For me, some of your tunes seem too repetitive. I gave you an idea on how you as the creator of your songs can get to see the obviously bothering repetitiveness of your sounds.
Guys, is here anybody who knows something about mixing and wants to help? )
songs sounds a little muddy and noisy too me, it sounds like your going for a punkish sort of sound but it could still be cleaned up a bit on the high end. Experiment with some EQs and panning some of your items to give your mix a little more room. You'd probably find a lot of tips in this video series useful – http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0A5D662058525F1C&feature=plcp
Hi, man, really appreciate your help!
I'm afraid of reducing too much of high mids, 'cause don't want to lose that crunchy sound I like. ) Also don't want to lose energy by cutting some in bass area. But may be the surgically-narrow cuts could do the trick… Thanx again!
I also would like to help, I agree a bit with the colleagues that it is more a question of many repetitive things and not so much about the mix itself. If you want to play with the mix, you should eq the guitars differently, than play with panning. And if I am honest, I would work on the drums, the pattern is repeating million times, could be more inventive, even the sound of the snare could be much better. I was honest, and would like to help, so don't get me wrong
Yes, man, you're right about the drums. It's always a tough stuff for me ) For the guitars, yeah, I usually have several tracks with their own EQ and panning sets.
I'm glad you share your opinion. I'd like to have some criticism, 'cause reviewers usually don't give you any hints about what's wrong with your music. Well, except for sir Andy Slatter )


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Relationship Details
Celebrity Biographies
Kyesha Shalina had an 12 years affair with Willie Taylor when Willie Taylor was married to Shanda Taylor. Kyesha Shalina is currently available.
Music - Rapper
Why Famous: Love and Hip Hop Hollywood
Age: N/A
Music - Singer
Why Famous: Day26, r&b group
Age: 36 (b. 3/29/1981)
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Relationship Timeline
|Start Date
|12 years
|12 years
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No known children for this relationship. Add a child for this couple.
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Relationship Information, Quotes, and Trivia
Where and/or how did Kyesha Shalina and Willie Taylor meet?
Why did Kyesha Shalina and Willie Taylor break up?
Other Relationship Information about Kyesha Shalina and Willie Taylor:
In an interview with 107.5 in Chicago, Kyesha states she never knew Willie was married as he never wore a wedding ring. She also revealed that in 2004, when she met him, he was hooking up with three other women.
Add other Relationship Information
Classic Quotes by Kyesha Shalina and Willie Taylor about their relationship:
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What do you think of this relationship?


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In May, Forbes valued 50 Cent's net worth at $155 million, placing him at No. 4 on the list of wealthiest hip-hop artists. Today, he filed for bankruptcy.
What happened?
50 Cent, legal name Curtis James Jackson III, had been taken to court by Lastonia Leviston, former girlfriend of fellow rapper Rick Ross, who claimed that he had released a sex tape of her online. Leviston claimed this was part of a "rap war" between Jackson and Ross. A week after jurors decided that Jackson should pay $5 million to Leviston, he filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy. In general, bankruptcy protection guards against lawsuits and collection efforts.
Jackson's lawyer, William A. Brewer III, claims the filing does not anything to do with the lawsuit:
"This filing for personal bankruptcy protection permits Mr. Jackson to continue his involvement with various business interests and continue his work as an entertainer, while he pursues an orderly reorganization of his financial affairs."
If 50 cent was to go broke he still got a house with 52 Rooms , a gym , and a Club ???????? man got racks ???? pic.twitter.com/kX9BFrie1T — August 11th?? (@MJSingleton17)
July 13, 2015
Leviston's lawyer, Hunter Shkolnik, counters:
"We think this is a failed attempt to avoid paying this woman who has been hurt so badly by his actions."
It turns out that intentional acts, such as releasing a sex tape, cannot be discharged through bankruptcy. But it could reduce damages Jackson owes after losing a $17.2 million lawsuit last year.
50 Cent's malicious releasing of Leviston's sex tape is indefensible, but our conversation over his bankruptcy shouldn't focus instead on how funny it is that such a rich man has sunk so low.
13 times the now-bankrupt @50cent bragged about being filthy rich http://t.co/rZAsjon90Z pic.twitter.com/wQQF12Ap3M — Mashable (@mashable)
July 13, 2015
[bankruptcy court] Judge: What are two quarters worth? [awkward silence in the courtroom] Judge: Zero dollars! [50 Cent starts weeping] — Exploding Unicorn (@XplodingUnicorn)
July 13, 2015
50 Cent has filed for bankruptcy? That makes 0 Cents. — Brett Phipps (@InverteBrett)
July 13, 2015
Because that distracts from the real issue at hand: that a man who derived a sick sense of power from humiliating his rival's girlfriend (misogynistic on so many levels) is now attempting to weasel out of the consequences. If you're going to mock 50 Cent, mock that.
50 Cent ain't broke. This is a last-ditch effort to dodge having to pay Lastonia Leviston that $5 million. — Meek Melies (@CineMasai_)
July 13, 2015
Get your money, Lastonia Leviston — JagunEsq (@JagunEsq)
July 13, 2015
But when the wealthy are actually struggling with money issues (which doesn't seem to be the real issue in 50 Cent's case).
Alot of 50 Cent's broke jokes because he filed Chapter 11. Which just goes to show you 90% of ppl have no idea what they're talking about — Huey Mack (@HueyMack)
July 13, 2015
Let's not point and laugh at the cosmic irony. Instead, let's start a conversation about financial literacy, one that can benefit people across the socioeconomic levels.


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Birchwood Vacation Packages
Birchwood is approximately 95 miles (153 kilometers) away from Minneapolis - St. Paul, a a well-known city in the United States of America.
Don't forget there is more to Northwest Wisconsin than Birchwood, so be sure to set aside enough time to visit the region's natural and cultural sights. Spooner, is 19 miles (31 kilometers) to the southeast, and Cameron sits 20 miles (32 kilometers) to the northeast.
While you are staying in Birchwood, why don't you make a day trip to Menomonie. Approximately 55 miles (89 kilometers) away, this regional city is where you'll find Wakanda Water Park, Menomonie Country Club and Lakeside Park. University of Wisconsin-Stout, Whispering Emerald Ridge Game Farm and La Pointe Park are just a sample of the many other attractions that await.
If the perfect vacation for you and your family includes being outdoors and rugging up against the cold weather, this region will be a great fit. Snow shoeing is popular here. Skiing is also enjoyed in the area. When the mercury rises, take the lead of the locals and head to the area's waterways for a spot of fishing or boating.
The closest major airport, Chippewa Valley Regional Airport, is situated in Eau Claire, 55 miles (89 kilometers) to the south of Birchwood, which is handy to remember when planning your vacation.


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It seems like an impossible task to turn the simple ankle boot into an outstanding style that works on so many levels. But Tiffany Tuttle isn't the type to let the impossible stop her from crafting amazing shoes. LD Tuttle's The Return goes from sleek, chic boot to peekaboo sultry to easy mule and back in the blink of an eye. Try them on for yourself. Your feet will thank you.
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Relevant offers
Google's stake in the outcome of a US$2 billion trial over smartphones using its Android operating system was revealed by testimony that the company indemnified Samsung Electronics against some of Apple's patent claims.
The videotaped testimony of a Google patent lawyer describing terms of the search engine company's agreement with Samsung was played for jurors immediately after Apple's lawyer read aloud a statement from Samsung saying it wasn't seeking indemnification from any third party.
Google's Android operating system is used to run Samsung smartphones and most of Apple's claims in its second US trial against the Suwon, South Korea-based maker of Galaxy phones relate to Android functions. Google has a strong financial interest in helping Samsung defeat Apple at trial beyond its obligation to pay. An Apple victory would allow the iPhone maker to seek a court order barring US sales of Samsung phones equipped with Android features.
While Google isn't a defendant in the case, Samsung's lawyer characterised the case in his opening argument as "an attack on Android." Samsung has called several of the Mountain View, California-based company's engineers to argue that it didn't need to copy Apple to equip its phones with innovative technology.
Going into trial last month, the world's top two smartphone makers already had spent hundreds of millions of dollars in legal fees in battles across four continents to dominate a market that was valued at US$338.2 billion last year, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
Samsung had 31 per cent of industry revenue, compared with 15 per cent for Apple, whose share of the market has shrunk as the touch-screen interface has become commonplace and Samsung, LG Electronics and Lenovo Group have introduced lower-cost alternatives.
Apple's presentation of Google attorney James Maccoun's testimony, with the dates and details he provided about a "Mobile Application Distribution Agreement" between Google and Samsung, was intended to show the jury that Samsung hasn't been forthcoming about Google's behind-the-scenes role.
"This is an offer that Google made," Maccoun testified when asked about indemnification. "I have no reason to believe that has changed."
Maccoun testified about email discussions, as early as April 2012, concerning the companies' agreement, five months before Samsung issued its statement denying that it sought demnification.
The Google lawyer acknowledged that Samsung is indemnified against claims pertaining to at least two of the five patents at issue in the trial, with Google designated "to control the litigation and defense" of those claims. The questioning of Maccoun didn't reveal how much Google will pay, or if it has paid for any of the litigation to date.
Adam Yates, a spokesman for Samsung, Matt Kallman, a spokesman for Google, and Colin Johnson, a spokesman for Apple, declined to comment on the testimony.
Apple, which was awarded US$930 million in damages after the companies' first US trial two years ago, this time is demanding as much as US$40 for each of more than 37 million Samsung devices it says are infringing patents. Apple wasn't able to persuade a federal judge to convert its 2012 trial victory into a ban on US sales of infringing Samsung devices, a goal that the iPhone maker said was more important than monetary compensation.
Apple claims that 10 Samsung products, including the Galaxy S3, infringe five patents covering a range of user-interface designs for the iOS software that powers iPhones and iPads, including features like the slide-to-unlock function, automatic spelling corrections, and the ability for a user to make a call by clicking on a phone number within a Web page or email instead of having to dial it separately.
Other functions Cupertino, California-based Apple says are covered by its patents include searching for words in files stored in different applications and updating applications while using other features of the phone.
In the 2012 case, jurors found infringement by Samsung of six of the seven Apple patents at issue and rejected all of Samsung's patent claims against Apple. In the current trial, Samsung alleges that two of its patents are infringed by Apple's iPhone 4 and 5 models and fourth- and fifth-generation iPods.
Apple is seeking US$2.19 billion in damages while Samsung is asking the jury to award US$6.2 million for Apple's infringement.
The disparity in the companies' demands "reflects a strategic decision by Samsung to portray Apple as greedy, given the remarkably high per-phone price Apple is seeking," Mark Lemley, a Stanford Law School professor specializing in intellectual property, said in an email.
He said the difference in damages requests also helps explain why the the companies didn't settle out of court with cross-licensing agreements.
"Apple clearly thinks - rightly or wrongly - that their patents are worth much more than Samsung does," he said.
Apple attempted to turn the tables on Samsung's tactics by arguing that the Galaxy-maker chose to present low-value patents at trial - which were purchased, and not awarded to the company - to low-ball potential damages in the case.
To make this point, Apple's lawyer, Bill Lee, got Samsung's damages expert to agree that Samsung paid US$2.3 million for two patents in 2011 covering video compression, one of which is at issue in the trial.
The patent is "not the work of anyone at Samsung," said the witness, James Kearl, an economics professor at Brigham Young University. He acknowledged the Samsung paid him and other consultants US$3.1 million to figure out how much compensation the company deserves.
Kearl also agreed that the patent Samsung is suing over is expired, and that Samsung purchased it after Apple met with the company and asked it to stop its infringement, and after Apple filed its second lawsuit, the one now at trial.
- With assistance from Brian Womack in San Francisco and Aaron Clark in Tokyo.
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Latvian rappers make Kristaps Porzingis tribute music video
Just in time for your Fourth of July parties is a new, very strong contender for the "Song of the Summer" title from a Latvian group called Transleiteris, an ode to their country's greatest export Kristaps Porzingis.
The video features the duo rapping while wearing New York Knicks hats in honor of Porzingis's new team intercut with highlights of the big man throwing down some dunks and shaking hands with Adam silver on draft night.
No one here at extra Mustard is fluent in Latvian, so we have no idea what they are rapping about, but they do say "Kristaps Porzingis" about a thousand times, which is good enough for us.
• Cowboys' Dez Bryant not happy with top 100 ranking
It appears Kristaps himself is a fan, as he tweeted the video out on Friday.
Check out the latest song from @Transleiteris made about me! 🔥🔥https://t.co/eZBTaSf3Xa— Kristaps Porzingis (@kporzee) July 3, 2015
- Brendan Maloy


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text: Heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death and hospitalization in Canada. Elevated blood pressure is related to the development of cardiovascular diseases with cardiovascular mortality doubling with each 20/10 mmHg increase in blood pressure. This is also true for cardiovascular disease morbidity. For example, when compared to blood pressure below 120/80, blood pressure of 130-139/85-89 is associated with a 2.5 times greater risk of cardiovascular diseases in women and 1.6 times greater risk of cardiovascular diseases in men. High blood pressure significantly increases risk for stroke, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Reinhard Poetz <reinh...@apache.org>
|Re: CallFunctionNode problems in trunk
|Sun, 14 May 2006 14:41:21 GMT
Carsten Ziegeler wrote: > Reinhard Poetz schrieb: > >>Carsten Ziegeler wrote: >> >> >>>Ok, so let's change the strategy and fix the standalone service >>>selector... :) If svn works again I can do this on monday evening - if >>>noone beats me to it. >> >>I didn't fix the StandaloneServiceSelector but replaced it with a factory. >>Basically the factory works for me and the code is very simple. Exception >>handling needs to be improved but that's the next step. >> >>Could somebody verify and review the attached patch? >> > > I'm not sure but I think your solution is the opposite of the current > problem: you are always creating a new instance, so thread safe > components are not handled correctly. Right, but that's easily fixed (see http://people.apache.org/~reinhard/ProcessingNodeBuilderFactory.java). I would prefer getting rid of the StandaloneServiceSelector as it is everything else than a simple class for a simple task and why do all those builders need to be components? I know there are historical reasons but do we need them to be components _now or in the future_? Anything else that could be a problem with my implementation? -- Reinhard Pötz Independent Consultant, Trainer & (IT)-Coach {Software Engineering, Open Source, Web Applications, Apache Cocoon} web(log): http://www.poetz.cc -------------------------------------------------------------------- ___________________________________________________________ Telefonate ohne weitere Kosten vom PC zum PC: http://messenger.yahoo.de
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Fire in the Ashes
Twenty-five Years Among the Poorest Children in AmericaBook - 2012
From Library Staff
multcolib Jul 21, 2016
Kozol follows the fortunes of people he met decades ago (and wrote about in Savage Inequalities) in a squalid Manhattan welfare hotel and in the South Bronx's Mott Haven ghetto.
multcolib Nov 04, 2013
Kozol follows the fortunes of people he met decades ago (and wrote about in Savage Inequalities) in a squalid Manhattan welfare hotel and in the South Bronx's Mott Haven ghetto.
From the critics
Community Activity
CommentAdd a Comment
"Fire in the Ashes" tells the stories of the later lives of poor children who grew up in New York. Author Jonathan Kozol has worked with children in inner-city schools for 50 years and here provides an engaging, illuminating, often moving look at several black and Latino children who once lived in Manhattan's infamous Martinique Hotel. Upon the closing of that crowded and filthy shelter in the late 1980s, these families relocated to the Bronx neighbourhood of Mott Haven.
As these children grew into young adults, Kozol kept in touch with them and their families through visits, emails and phone calls. In a series of intimate portraits, he highlights the horrific challenges the children faced and describes how many managed to achieve successful lives, both by graduating from college and securing jobs, and above all, by becoming kind and loving human beings.
Certainly, not every story ends happily but Kozol has ultimately written a cleareyed, compassionate and hopeful book. It features Leonardo, recruited by a New England boarding school, where he emerged as a leader; the introspective Jeremy, who got through college and took a job at a Mott Haven church; and the buoyant Pineapple, whose Guatemalan parents provided emotional security at home. "I'm going to give a good life to my children," says 24-year-old Lisette, after her troubled brother's suicide. "I have to do it. I'm the one who made it through."
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Up to 85 percent of a Social Security benefit may be subject to taxation according to the official Social Security website. The amount of a Social Security benefit that is subject to taxation is based upon individual financial circumstances.Continue Reading
Taxes are typically only paid on Social Security benefits when other substantial income exists, as stated on the official Social Security website. The portion of a Social Security benefit that will be taxed is determined by total combined income and filing status.
With a married and filing separate status, Social Security benefits will likely be subject to taxation. Filing an individual return with a combined income of more than $34,000 or a joint return with more than $44,000 in combined income may subject up to 85 percent of the Social Security benefits to taxation, states the official Social Security website.Learn more about Taxes


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Hubby and I did this cruise last year. Weather was very mixed. Poured with rain in Dubrovnik. Cool but dry in Rome and Venice. Very warm the day we left Palma and again when we got back. Nice enough for sightseeeing but not sunbathing weather. The last day and night at sea was very rough. The show at night was to be the Talent contest but firstly that was cancelled as insurance for non staff on stage was a problem in rough seas. Then the whole show was cancelled as it was considered too dangerous for the dancers etc. Lots of people didn't make it to dinner that night including us, but we did go to the buffet later. Ship was very quiet as most people stayed in their cabins and got an early night. Next day it was like a millpond. It was a very enjoyable cruise and we almost booked again for this year but wanted to check reviews of the Escape first.
You should note that this cruise is on Island Escape, not Star, and Escape is not the best of ships in a rough sea. At that time of the year you take a chance with the weather and it can be rough (and cold). In the winter you can get the Bora wind in the north Adriatic which brings strong cold winds from the north.
Thanks Bradley and Sutton. Your comments have given my parents something to think about.


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Learn more about ALFREDO LANDOLFI LIMITED. Check the company's details for free and view the Companies House information, company documents and list of directors.
Know about every new company document that is added!
Take advantage of our watch this company feature free of charge and have notifications sent directly to your inbox. Whenever a new document appears on this website, or if their particulars change, you will be immediately informed about such changes. To monitor these changes, all you need to do is click on watch this company.
|Fixed Assets
|£ 56,473
|Tangible Fixed Assets
|£ 56,473
|Current Assets
|£ 1,251
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation
|£ 4,509
|£ 396
|Shareholder Funds
|£ 50,865
|Profit Loss Account Reserve
|£ 7,850
|Revaluation Reserve
|£ 43,009
|Called Up Share Capital
|£ 6
|Total Assets Less Current Liabilities
|£ 50,865
|Net Current Assets Liabilities
|£ 5,608
|Creditors Due Within One Year
|£ 6,859
|Cash Bank In Hand
|£ 251
|Stocks Inventory
|£ 1,000
|Share Capital Allotted Called Up Paid
|£ 6
|Number Shares Allotted
|£ 6
|Tangible Fixed Assets Cost Or Valuation
|£ 60,703
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation Charged In Period
|£ 279
|Intangible Fixed Assets
|£ 16,000
Information about the Private Limited Company ALFREDO LANDOLFI LIMITED has been prepared for information purposes only. It is not intended to be nor does it constitute legal advice. This is public information provided by the official company register.


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Here are a few healthy FREEBIES I saw and wanted to share with you before Friday's FREEBIES post.
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text:
About the Book
Features & Details
- Category Travel
Standard Landscape, 10×8 in, 25×20 cm
120 Pages
- Publish Date Feb 01, 2013
- Tags Switzerland, Camille, Travel, Photography
See More
About the Creator
Mark Braun
Cape Elizabeth, Maine, USA
Born in Minnesota. Carleton College class of 1979. University of Minnesota Medical School Class of 1984. Chicago for residency at Michael Reese Hospital, then in practice at Mercy Hospital. Moved 1/96 to Maine. Solo practice of internal medicine and geriatrics. Interests include photography, piano, tennis.
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How about a little patience for new Gator regime?
Published: Friday, January 7, 2011 at 3:43 p.m.
Last Modified: Friday, January 7, 2011 at 3:43 p.m.
Florida football fans are known for a lot of things.
Their passion.
Their loyalty.
Their sense of entitlement.
Their ability to make your ears hurt.
Their swagger.
Their uncanny sense for knowing whether you are a Gator or not before you open your mouth.
Florida football fans have quite a reputation around the country and the Gator Nation is everywhere. Fans of other southern teams find them to be arrogant and cocky. The last 20 years have been miserable for those fans, who have watched Florida win three national titles, eight conference championships and survive Ron Zook.
Now, as Gator fans try to wrap their arms around an energetic new coach who has brought in a fascinating staff, maybe it's time to try something that is rarely seen in these parts.
A little patience.
If Florida's first play of 2011 does not go for a touchdown, let's all calm down a little. If Will Muschamp's first team does not go undefeated and win the national title over the Steelers 100-0, relax.
The 2011 Gators are not going to score on every play, shut out every opponent or win every game.
But that's fine. This was not a hire for this year but for many years.
So show a little patience.
You screamed for a new offensive coordinator, and you got one of the best. You wanted to throw the ball for more than two yards on third-and-8, and you have a guy who will do it.
But I want it now!
We all know Muschamp will be judged by championships. But let's give the guy a little time.
Because if you look at the situation rationally, Florida will probably be an Outback Bowl kind of team again next year. Check back with me in Year Two.
This new staff inherits a team with talented players. But many of the young ones came to Gainesville with attitudes that had yet to be earned. Urban Meyer told me before the bowl game that he liked the talent he was leaving for Muschamp, but "the young guys need to grow up."
The new regime also inherits a team that has to change everything. The transition year of one coach leaving and another coming in is always bumpy. Remember, it was after the 10th game of the year that Meyer kept his players on the tarmac in Gainesville, kicked two of them off the team and demanded that the rest of them buy in. In Steve Spurrier's first year, he changed the culture but there were also a pair of losses in which the opponents each scored 45 points. Charley Pell's first team went 0-10-1.
It's not easy, no matter how hard you work.
Right now, Muschamp has no idea who will be his quarterback, his tailback, heck his right guard. And while I would not be surprised to see him pull a nice first recruiting class, it won't be his best.
And then there is the brutal schedule. During one six-week span, Florida will play Alabama, at LSU, at Auburn, Georgia and at South Carolina.
The Gators aren't getting through that schedule unscathed.
Look, I know that a lot can change between now and the start of the season. John Brantley could return and flourish in a different system. Mike Gillislee could turn out to be Herschel Walker once Florida gives him the ball.
All I'm saying is that on January 7, as I sit here I'm not expecting a great team at Florida next season. But I expect greatness to come eventually.
I know I'm also preaching to a fan base that couldn't understand how a team could possibly lose football games, despite losing 11 players — including one of the best to ever play the game — to the NFL and four coaches to other jobs and despite playing in America's best conference.
Certainly, 2010 wasn't what anyone expected. But there are places where 8-5 would have fans doing cartwheels. Florida is not one of those places. Never will be again.
Spurrier and Meyer saw to that.
Just be patient. It will come eventually.
In the land of great expectations, is that possible?
Contact Pat Dooley at 352-374-5053 or at email@example.com. You can listen to The Pat Dooley Show weekdays from 4-6 p.m. on 104.9 FM. And follow at http://Twitter.com/Pat_Dooley.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Maybach Xenatec Coupe on Sale in Dubai
This year, Mercedes-Benz's uber-luxury brand Maybach will go extinct, as the German brand could not see the potential for making a profit in the ultra high-end luxury car segment.
However, that does not mean the brand will vanish off the face of the Earth, thanks to a coach-building company called Xenatec. They take a four-door Maybach 57S and get rid of two of its doors. Since they kept the wheelbase the same as the donor car, they gave it longer doors and a sleek coupe body to fill in the gap.
Mechanically the car remains standard because Xenatec wanted the car to be servicable by any Maybach dealer around the world. So while you'll have the standard cars 6.0-liter, twin-turbo, V12 engine that produces 621-hp, you'll now also have a sportier looking body to travel around in.
And how much would it cost to have this conversion done? It'll cost as much as the original donor car. A Xenatec 57S Coupe will cost you a cool $940,000. That's very nearly Bugatti Veyron money.
Despite the stratospheric price tag, Xenatec has sold quite a few of these uber-coupes through their three main distributors; the factory itself in Germany, a dealer in Saudi Arabia and an armor car firm in Russia.
Finding one of these rare exotics would thus be hard, but we have. A Xenatec Coupe is looking for a new home. It is listed for sale at an exotic car dealership in Dubai, U.A.E. According to the advert, it has no mileage on it. While it is sitting at a used exotic car store, the car is still new.
So while you can still get in touch with Xenatec and pay them to build you a coupe out of your donor 57S, a fully finished example is awaiting you in a desert oasis.
Afterall, we at AutoGuide get a fuzzy good feeling by uniting the rich with expensive cars.
GALLERY: Xenatec Coupe
[Source: Alain Class]


text:
Consistent annotation of gene expression arrays
Gene expression arrays are valuable and widely used tools for biomedical research. Today's commercial arrays attempt to measure the expression level of all of the genes in the genome. Effectively translating the results from the microarray into a biological interpretation requires an accurate mapping between the probesets on the array and the genes that they are targeting. Although major array manufacturers provide annotations of their gene expression arrays, the methods used by various manufacturers are different and the annotations are difficult to keep up to date in the rapidly changing world of biological sequence databases.
We have created a consistent microarray annotation protocol applicable to all of the major array manufacturers. We constantly keep our annotations updated with the latest Ensembl Gene predictions, and thus cross-referenced with a large number of external biomedical sequence database identifiers. We show that these annotations are accurate and address in detail reasons for the minority of probesets that cannot be annotated. Annotations are publicly accessible through the Ensembl Genome Browser and programmatically through the Ensembl Application Programming Interface. They are also seamlessly integrated into the BioMart data-mining tool and the biomaRt package of BioConductor.
Consistent, accurate and updated gene expression array annotations remain critical for biological research. Our annotations facilitate accurate biological interpretation of gene expression profiles.
Since their introduction, microarrays have become an essential technology to measure the expression of thousands of genes in a single experiment. The widespread use of microarray technology required solutions to a number of challenges related to the analysis, storage and organisation of the data. Previous reports have detailed considerable progress in genomic scale analysis of complex gene expression data
Recently, attention has been focused on improving the annotation of probes and probesets
Affymetrix GeneChips use a variable number of pairs of 25 mer oligonucleotide probes to form a probeset representing a target transcript or gene. These pairs consist of a perfect match (PM) probe identical to target transcript sequence and a mismatch (MM) probe where the 13th (i.e. middle) nucleotide differs. For a given target transcript or gene, the number of PM-MM pairs varies from 11 to 20 depending on the GeneChip. Several attempts have been made to either reannotate the existing probesets or redefine probesets from the full set of probes. In both cases, these results are presented in various databases
In this paper, we present and assess our method to map and annotate gene expression arrays, using the Affymetrix GeneChip arrays as an example. In contrast to other methods, we employ direct mappings to both the reference genome and the Ensembl gene sets as the basis for the probeset annotation. This feature makes our annotations easily accessible for use with expression of protein coding genes and also with the more complex expression patterns such as antisense or pervasive transcription that have been observed in other studies
In the following sections we (i) describe exactly how probes are mapped and assigned to transcripts, (ii) demonstrate the quality of these annotations and (iii) present the bioinformatics resources to publicly access this information.
The mapping pipeline
Annotation of gene expression arrays and associated probesets with an Ensembl transcript is a two-step procedure. In the first step individual probe sequences are aligned to the corresponding genome sequence and in the second step probesets having at least half of their probes matching a transcript are annotated with the associated transcript. The Ensembl analysis and annotation pipeline uses the exonerate alignment tool
Additional file 1
Distribution of probes mapped to genomes. Diamonds represents distribution of the numbers probes per number of hits. These are the numbers of all mapped probes per number of mappings once the mapping rules are applied for all human (red), mouse (blue), and rat (black) arrays. The values on the y-axis are the log scaled counts of probes for a number of hits on the genome. The crosses represent the percentage of probes targeting repeat regions, y-axis on the left.
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Figure 1
Probes mapping to genome sequences
Probes mapping to genome sequences. The percentage corresponds to probes from the given array mapped at least once to the corresponding genome. On average about 94% of probes map the human genome, ~84% the mouse genome, ~87% the rat genome, and ~88% other genomes.
It is important to note that this first step in the Ensembl probeset mapping pipeline is independent of the completeness or quality of the genome annotation, but dependent on the quality of the genome assembly. For example, Ensembl release 47
The annotation pipeline
In the second step, we associate probes and probesets from commercial arrays with Ensembl transcripts. This step uses the mapping of the individual probes by associating those probes that are part of a defined probeset to a specific transcript. For successful transcript annotation, we require that at least half of the probes of a probeset match the underlying transcript sequence and 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) if available. The probeset sizes are calculated dynamically using the data available from the array design as for a given array the number of probes for a distinct probeset can vary. In cases where a transcript has a 3' UTR predicted based on experimental evidence we use the transcript and we double the length of the 3' UTR sequence for the probeset annotation. If a transcript has no 3' UTR annotated we extend the 3' most exon. The lengths of the extensions are computed as the greater of either the mean or median of all 3' UTRs in the given species. In future Ensembl releases, the extension will also be limited to avoid probesets being annotated to genes in close proximity unless there is independent evidence that the UTRs overlap. These extensions of transcript sequences are used to compensate for the absence of UTRs in some of the Ensembl transcript predictions. These occur because each Ensembl transcript UTR is based on experimental evidence from cDNAs, which in some cases can be incomplete leading to shorter or missing UTRs. Affymetrix probes and microarray probes in general tend to be designed against 3' ends of transcripts
Mapping probes to the Transcript set - Effects on the probeset annotation
In addition to mapping the probes to the genome, we investigated the effect of mapping the probes directly to the set of Ensembl transcripts represented as cDNAs. Mapping probes this way allowed us to assess the extent to which the probes are mapped across exon boundaries. The mapping of probes to cDNAs defined by Ensembl transcripts adds ~79,000 new alignments which corresponds to a ~2.2% increase, representing ~59,700 distinct probes (Ensembl release 51). Indeed some probes map at multiple locations on different genes, such as the probe 39540_at:245:7 from the HG_U95Av2 chip which maps to the Ensembl transcript ENST00000322357 on 19:3999238:4004988 (chromosome:start:end) as well as ENST00000332053 on 18:43810276:43820288. On the other hand some probes map to multiple transcripts of the same gene across different exon junctions, for instance the probe 61492_at:216:201 on the array HG_U95C maps to two different transcripts ENST00000366534 and ENST00000366533 from the same gene ENSG00000179397 but in slightly different locations. For the transcript ENST00000366534 the probe maps to the boundaries of exons 20 and 21 (ENSE00001441952 and ENSE00001441951) at the location of 1:242847609:242865435 and for ENST00000366533 maps to the boundaries of exons 19 and 20 (ENSE00001296059 and ENSE00001330630) at the location of 1:242840250:242865435. Other rare examples are probes mapping across three exons where the central exon is generally a short exon, for instance the probe 207136_at:1089:1005 from the array HG_U133_Plus_2 maps to the transcript ENST00000307959 on three exons, 7 bp on ENSE00001275564, 10 bp on ENSE00001425447, and 8 bp on ENSE00001275540. This 10 bp exon has strong supporting evidence from external protein identifiers P36575, NM_004312 and P36575-2 (Additional file
Additional file 2
Probes mapping to multiple exons boundaries. Example of a probe being aligned on three exons, where the sequence in red corresponds to the probe and blue/black sequences correspond to exons.
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Mapping probes to transcripts consolidates the probeset annotation description by 18% on average (Figure
Figure 2
Probes mapping to cDNA sequences
Probes mapping to cDNA sequences. The percentage corresponds to the number of probesets having their annotation consolidated with additional probes mapped across exon-exon boundaries in cDNA sequences.
Effect of updated array designs on probe annotation
The Ensembl probeset annotation pipeline is optimised to create a comprehensive gene expression array annotation based on the most current genome sequence and species-specific supporting data. To determine the quality and consistency of our annotation methods we have investigated the reasons why some probesets were not annotated by our pipeline. Using our annotation methods and the latest Ensembl genebuild, the transcript-level probeset annotation produces diverse results depending on the combination of genome sequence and GeneChip used. As seen in figure
Figure 3
Fraction of annotated probesets
Fraction of annotated probesets. Percentage of annotated probesets across Affymetrix chips ranked by value and by species (Human, Mouse, Rat, Others). Note the lower percentage of annotated probesets with the "B" or "v2"chips.
Effect of new assemblies and genebuilds
We examined the effects a new genebuild and genome assembly could have on the probeset annotation (Figure
Figure 4
Effect of new genebuilds and genome assembly
Effect of new genebuilds and genome assembly. Fraction of annotated probesets across Affymetrix chips for Ensembl release v46 (grey) and Ensembl v51 (red). For the Ensembl release v51 the Human genome had some genes removed due to wrong predictions, and a new assembly of the Mouse genome (NCBI m37, April 2007 strain C57BL/6J) resulted in a new genebuild.
The improved human genebuild focused on accurate transcript placement and UTR extensions, using both new methods and new data such as diTag information. For mouse, the new genebuild was created on the updated NCBI m37 mouse assembly. Somewhat unexpectedly our results indicate that increasing the accuracy of the transcript placement in human without a new assembly does remove some probeset annotations as some genes have had their structures improved. Between Ensembl release 46 and Ensembl release 51 the number of protein coding transcripts in human increased by about 4.8% (from 44340 to 46470), while the number of protein-coding genes decreased (from 22680 to 21714). As Dai et al described, at the time of the HG-U133 design, UniGene contained 2.8 million cDNA/ESTs but now contains 6.9 million sequences
Additional file 3
Genomic distribution of unannotated probesets in EST genes. In contrast to our protein based gene prediction methods, Ensembl predicts EST genes and transcripts by using evidence from ESTs only
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Figure 5
Genomic distribution of unannotated probesets
Genomic distribution of unannotated probesets. Ternary diagram representing the mapping of unannotated probesets for the Affymetrix gene chip HG_U133_A_2, Mouse430_2 and Rat230_2. Each corner of a plot represent a different group, the
Comparing Ensembl annotation with Affymetrix annotation
Since the Affymetrix annotation is the most widely used probeset definition in numerous gene expression analysis packages including BioConductor, we compared our probesets annotation with the latest Affymetrix GeneChip annotations. The Affymetrix annotation includes information from a number of sources depending on the array including sequence information collected at the time of array design, information updated from public databases such as UniGene and protein matches from public and Affymetrix-created sources
Additional file
Additional file 4
Comparison of Ensembl and Affymetrix annotations. Affymetrix annotations are compared with Ensembl annotations using external database identifiers cross referenced to the Ensembl gene predictions. For a given external database the percentage of common annotation between Ensembl and Affymetrix are shown.
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Probesets annotated to multiple genes
Probeset annotation is complicated especially when a probeset may intentionally or unintentionally target multiple genes or transcripts. This multiple gene targeting may be the result of probesets designed against erroneous cDNA sequence or chimeric EST clusters containing ESTs from closely related genes or overlapping genes. These probesets may be more likely to exhibit cross-hybridization from splice variants or closely related genes (i.e. paralogues).
To establish the extent to which probesets target multiple genes, we investigated this multiple annotation problem with our pipeline. The results (Figure
Figure 6
Annotation of probesets to multiple genes
Annotation of probesets to multiple genes. Fraction of probesets on Affymetrix arrays that are annotated to multiple genes with each colour representing the probesets annotated to one or more genes. On average about 6.1% of probesets only target multiples genes in human, 4.6% in mouse and 5.6% in rat.
Figure 7
Characteristics of probesets linked to multiple genes
Characteristics of probesets linked to multiple genes. Fraction of overlapping and paralogous genes associated with probesets linked to more than one gene for the Human, Mouse and Rat GeneChips.
Allele-specific probes and mismatches
Previous reports have suggested that the response of 30% to 40% of probesets on human GeneChips could be affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) creating allele specific probes
Figure 8
Prevalence of allele-specific probes
Prevalence of allele-specific probes. Distribution of allele-specific probes among all mapped probes for all species-specific GeneChips. In this figure the terms mismatch and perfect match correspond to the results of exonerate alignments of the probes to the genome, which have either one or no mismatchs, and not to the designations provided by the manufacturer.
Data access
Updated array annotations are provided as necessary with each Ensembl release
Web display
The individual probes that are mapped to the current assembly for a given species are displayed along the genome assembly (Figure
Figure 9
Ensembl web display
Ensembl web display. A view from the Ensembl genome browser showing the Mouse
Data mining: Ensembl BioMart, Biomart.org and biomaRt
For R/BioConductor users, the package biomaRt
The Ensembl Perl API
Ensembl maintains a comprehensive set of Perl APIs, which permit the programmatic retrieval of data from the databases. Using the API, there are different routes to access our probe mapping and probeset annotations. One is to retrieve genomic mappings using the ProbeFeatureAdaptor which will fetch all the probes aligned to a given region (slice). An Ensembl Perl API example script is available as an additional file (Additional file
Additional file 5
Example Perl script using the Ensembl API. This Perl script extracts probes mapping and probeset annotations for the Mouse Affymetrix array MOE430A, on the chromosome 2 between coordinates 26771920 and 26789448.
Click here for file
Recent studies have shown the need to regularly and automatically re-annotate gene expression probes and probesets
In most of the published studies, probes or reference sequences were mapped against external databases or transcripts using strict alignment rules
While a majority of probesets are perfectly mapped to the genome and annotated to one gene and a few transcripts (Figure
While some probesets potentially target multiple genes (Figure
Some studies
While this paper focused on the Affymetrix GeneChip probesets to describe our procedure to map and annotate gene expression arrays, our pipeline is also implemented to annotate arrays made by other manufacturers, including both Illumina and CodeLink expression arrays.
Our method to map microarray probes and annotate probesets to the latest Ensembl gene sets provides a consistent annotation of gene expression arrays available to researchers. For some arrays a substantial number of probesets cause problems but these issues have been identified and are taken into account by our annotation methods. However, with the recent advances in functional elements identification and the massive parallel sequencing technologies our understanding of the genome and transcriptome is evolving. Consequently, regularly updating our probe set annotation based on the latest genome assembly and gene predictions will continue to improve the analysis and understanding of gene expression arrays.
Probe mapping procedures
The Affymetrix GeneChip probe sequences are freely available on the Affymetrix website, and were downloaded for all the species included in Ensembl. Probes, targets, annotation, technical documentation files and others documents are available from the Affymetrix microarray product webpage
Annotation to transcript
The annotation method associates microarray probesets with Ensembl transcripts. At least 50% of the PM probes in a probeset need to match the underlying transcript cDNA sequence for successful transcript annotation. In cases where a transcript has a 3' UTR predicted based on experimental evidence we use the transcript and twice the length of the 3' UTR sequence for the probeset annotation, otherwise we extend the 3' most exon. The length of the extension is precomputed as the longer of the median or the mean of all 3'UTR of the corresponding species. In the future, this extension will be adjusted to avoid any overlap with a gene in the proximity of the extended transcript.
Mapping probes to cDNA
GeneChips probe sequences were aligned against cDNA sequences with Exonerate and using the same parameters as our current pipeline. For each transcript cDNA, sequences were downloaded from the corresponding Ensembl databases (Ensembl release 51) using the Perl API. For each alignment, coordinates were projected to genomic coordinates and probes mapping to exon-exon boundaries where kept for the analysis.
Unannotated probesets genomic locations
For each unannotated probeset the genomic location of probes were obtained using the Ensembl API. The probe locations are computed at the transcript level, so for example a single probe hit could map to an exon on one transcript, and an intron on another transcript. For each unannotated probeset, the number of probes assigned to a category (exon, intron, 5'UTR, 3'UTR, and borders) is divided by the number of associated transcripts the given probeset. Finally, for each category, each ratio is centred by the sum of all ratios. For the ternary diagrams, locations were classified into three groups, the "non coding" group including intergenic region and intron categories, the "coding" group including the exon and 5'/3' UTR categories and finally the "border" group which includes probes located on border of one of these regions. Border locations are associated with the most 5' region, for example a probe spanning an exon-intron boundaries will be defined as being in the exon border, while a probe spanning an intron-exon will be defined as intron border.
Comparison with Affymetrix annotation
All Affymetrix annotation files corresponding to the GeneChips included in our pipeline are publicly available and were downloaded from the Affymetrix website. All Human, Mouse, Rat but also C. elegans, Drosophila, Zebrafish, Rhesus, Chicken, Canine, Cow, Yeast and Anopheles Plasmodium GeneChips were annotated on 08/07/2008, except for MG_U74A/B/C annotated on 31/05/2007. The Affymetrix annotations for the RGD database are missing from the 19/03/2008 and 08/07/2008 annotation files, thus Affymetrix RGD annotation for the rat GeneChip have been replaced by the previous annotations files (06/11/2007). External accession numbers given by the Affymetrix annotations files were used to compare with our annotations. For each GeneChip, external identifiers associated with transcript-level annotated probesets were extracted using the Ensembl Perl API and compared with Affymetrix external annotations. When Affymetrix or Ensembl provided more than one external identifier for the same probeset and the same database, one accession identifier in common was enough to connect the two annotations.
Probesets annotated to multiple genes
Genes linked to same probeset where extracted and analysed for homologous or overlapping evidence. The "within_species_paralogues" inferred from gene trees were extracted from the Ensembl Compara 51 database using the Ensembl Compara API
Allele-specific probes and mismatches
For each probe mapping we looked for the presence of one or more SNPs within that region regardless of the presence of a mismatch in the alignment. Species-specific Ensembl Variation release 51 databases and the variation Perl API were used to obtain the SNPs available for each probe location. Probes with SNPs found in their genomic location where categorized in four groups: the mismatch with or without SNPs groups, and the perfect match with or without SNPs groups. The mismatch groups correspond to probes mapping the genome with one mismatch as defined in the mapping procedures.
Public access
The Ensembl API allows programmatic access to all of the arrays reannotated by our pipeline. The probe mapping and probeset annotation data can be directly accessed using our public MySQL servers (host: ensembldb.ensembl.org, user: anonymous, port: 5306 for Ensembl releases above 48). We also provide a Perl API to programmatically access the mapping and annotation in our database as well as all other data available in Ensembl. Documentation schema descriptions, tutorials and also instructions on how to download and install the Ensembl APIs (Core, Compara, Variation, Functional Genomics) can found at
Authors' contributions
BB was responsible for designing and implementing the analyses, interpreting the data. NJ and GP contribute to the Ensembl software developments. NJ develops and maintains the probeset annotation pipeline and produces the data. The manuscript was written by BB, NJ, GP and PF. PF conceived the study, coordinated the study and the writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors thank Vivek Iyer and the entire Ensembl team. The Ensembl project receives primary funding from the Wellcome Trust. Additional support for this work was provided by EMBL and the European Union through the EURATools project, European Commission contract number LSHG-CT-2005-019015 (BB) and the HEROIC (High-throughput Epigenetic Regulatory Organisation In Chromatin) Project, European Commission contract number LSHG-CT-2005-018883 (NJ). Open access changes were paid by the Wellcome Trust.
Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics
ArrayExpress--a public database of microarray experiments and gene expression profiles
The MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC) project shows inter- and intraplatform reproducibility of gene expression measurements
Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)-toward standards for microarray data
Alternative mapping of probes to genes for Affymetrix chips
Redefinition of Affymetrix probe sets by sequence overlap with cDNA microarray probes reduces cross-platform inconsistencies in cancer-associated gene expression measurements
Evolving gene/transcript definitions significantly alter the interpretation of GeneChip data
Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome
Ensembl 2008
Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project
AffyProbeMiner: a web resource for computing or retrieving accurately redefined Affymetrix probe sets
Transcript-level annotation of Affymetrix probesets improves the interpretation of gene expression data
matchprobes: a Bioconductor package for the sequence-matching of microarray probe elements
Uncovering information on expression of natural antisense transcripts in Affymetrix MOE430 datasets
RNA maps reveal new RNA classes and a possible function for pervasive transcription
Strand selective generation of endo-siRNAs from the Na/phosphate transporter gene Slc34a1 in murine tissues
Automated generation of heuristics for biological sequence comparison
A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and bias
Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data
Estimation and correction of non-specific binding in a large-scale spike-in experiment
GeneAnnot: interfacing GeneCards with high-throughput gene expression compendia
EST clustering error evaluation and correction
Lineage-specific biology revealed by a finished genome assembly of the mouse
Design and Performance of the GeneChip® Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 and Human Genome U133A 2.0 Array
The vertebrate genome annotation (Vega) database
The consensus coding sequence (CCDS) project: Identifying a common protein-coding gene set for the human and mouse genomes
ESTGenes: alternative splicing from ESTs in Ensembl
Affymetrix - Technical Note, Annotation Methodology
Ensembl Variation Resources
Whole-genome re-sequencing
A sequence-based identification of the genes detected by probesets on the Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 array
EnsMart: a generic system for fast and flexible access to biological data
Genome browsing with Ensembl: a practical overview
BioMart and Bioconductor: a powerful link between biological databases and microarray data analysis
AILUN: reannotating gene expression data automatically
Transcript-based redefinition of grouped oligonucleotide probe sets using AceView: high-resolution annotation for microarrays
Interpretation of multiple probe sets mapping to the same gene in Affymetrix GeneChips
EnsemblCompara GeneTrees: Complete, duplication-aware phylogenetic trees in vertebrates


text:
Dysmenorrhea (say: dis-men-uh-REE-uh) is the medical term for menstrual cramps. Most women who have menstrual periods have some cramping. For some, this is merely annoying. For others, it is severe and disabling.
Dysmenorrhea is either primary or secondary. Primary dymenorrhea is pain that is not due to any underlying gynecologic disorder. These are the kind of cramps that most women have. Prostaglandins are hormone-like chemicals that are released during a woman's normal menstrual period. It seems that these are what cause uterine contraction and pain. It has also been found that women with more severe dysmenorrhea also have higher levels of a hormone called vasopressin. It makes these uterine contractions more intense, and perhaps more painful.
Secondary dysmenorrhea refers to pain that is caused by an underlying gynecologic disorder, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, or adenomyosis (a non-cancerous growth, similar to endometriosis, in the muscular wall of the uterus). There are many more causes for secondary dysmenorrhea. There are too many to list them all here.The relationship between endometriosis and pain is not at all clear. Many women have endometriosis found when they have exams performed for other reasons, but have no pain at all. At the same time, many women have a very small amount of endometriosis, but severe pain. Women should be cautious about multiple surgeries to try to eliminate endometriosis that keeps coming back. This can irritate the abdominal wall muscles, and has the potential to make pain worse.
Your doctor will do a physical exam, including a pelvic (internal) exam. Sometimes an ultrasound will be needed to make sure there are not fibroids or structural abnormalities of the uterus or cervix causing pain. If there is reason to suspect endometriosis or other problems with the pelvic organs, sometimes a laparoscopy will be performed. This is a surgery that involves a small incision (cut) and insertion of a scope to look at the uterus and other structures in the pelvis.
Treatment will depend on whether a cause for the pain is found, although initial therapy for both primary and secondary dysmenorrhea is the same. If your diagnosis is secondary dysmenorrhea, there will be a certain treatment that the doctor may recommend for that problem (such as shrinking a fibroid or removing a growth). If the diagnosis is primary dysmenorrhea, there are a number of things that can be helpful.
The most effective treatment for primary dysmenorrhea is anti-inflammatory medicine such as:
Your doctor may suggest that you start taking it one or two days before your menstrual period starts, and take it regularly for two or three days. It is important to take it early and consistently (for 24 to 48 hours). Otherwise it is not likely to work as well.
You may choose to take a birth control pill, especially if you also need contraception. This makes menstrual periods lighter and lowers prostaglandin release. It is also more predictable. The birth control pill can be taken all of the time to stop menstrual periods entirely, if needed.
The levonorgestrel intrauterine device (or Mirena IUD) has also been studied in dysmenorrhea, with promising results. It is different than the older IUDs, because it releases a small amount of progesterone. This makes menstrual periods lighter and decreases prostaglandin production.
The menstrual cycle can be suppressed with synthetic hormones like danazol (Danocrine) or leuprolide acetate (Lupron) as well. These are very expensive medicines. They also have potentially serious side effects, including elevated cholesterol, liver problems, depression, abnormal hair growth or hair loss, and lowering of the voice. They are not often used.
Exercise before and during your period can ease some pain. Both acupuncture/acupressure and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) have been shown to be helpful for some women as well.
Some patients also find yoga helpful. There is not much research to prove that it is effective. Use of supplements such as vitamin B1, vitamin B6, or fish oil may be helpful. Studies have shown that non-drug therapies can help to reduce pain levels and enhance pain coping. These include:
These self-management strategies can help you to improve your function so you can do more and enjoy life more.
TRIP Database (Resources for Evidence Based Medicine)www.tripdatabase.com
Menstrual cramps (Mayo Clinic)http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/menstrual-cramps/DS00506
Familydoctor.org http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/women/reproductive/menstrual/829.html
Dysmenorrhea (Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center College of Medicine)http://www.hmc.psu.edu/healthinfo/d/dysmenorrhea.htm
French L. Dysmenorrhea. American Family Physician. January 2005;15;71(2):285-91.Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. Primary Dysmenorrhea Consensus Guideline. www.sogc.org/guidelines/public/169E-CPG-December2005.pdf> Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada. 2005;169:1117-1130.


text:
It takes a dream to build a team.
With the help of their high school's newest teacher, four Hispanic students form a robotics club. Although they have no experience, the youths set their sights on a national robotics contest. With $800 and parts scavenged from old cars, they build a robot and compete against reigning champion MIT. Along the way, the students learn not only how to build a robot but something far more important: how to forge bonds that will last a lifetime.
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