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Category : Reception Accessories
Elegant Butterfly Pen Set
Availability : In Stock
Product Rate
The perfect accessory to help capture your guests wishes on your special day, and an excellent compliment to adorable guest signing books as well. From Cassiani Collections exclusive Elegant butterfly accessory collection , elegant sculpted butterflies pen holder and pen included. Each pen set is accented with elegant white epoxy sculpted butterflies highlighted with perfectly placed shimmering crystals . Each comes packed in an individual gift box and measures approximately 8 high.
Item : 464
Weight : 2.00 lb
Minimum Order : 1
Price : US $9.00
Shipping details
Leaves the warehouse within 1-2 business days.
Once your order is shipped allow 1-6 business days in transit for delivery within the contiguous U.S. International orders require 6-10 Business days in transit not including Custom clearance process. Deliveries will be completed by UPS, FedEx or USPS.
A Ship Confirmation email will be sent when the order is on its way.
Ships only to USA & CANADA
Made by myitalianfavors.com
All website pictures, designes and text are copyrighted of My Italian Favors Inc .All Rights Reserved Prices and products are subjected to change without notice.


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YumEarth, Organic Pops, Pomegranate Pucker Lollipops, 50+ Pops, 12.3 oz (349 g)
- You earn loyalty credit for every order you place at iHerb!
- Loyalty credit is equal to 5% of the value of your order, excluding shipping charges.
- Your loyalty credit will be applied towards your next order as soon as your current order has shipped.
- Your loyalty credits are valid for up to 60 days from the date of your last purchase.
YumEarth, Organic Pops, Pomegranate Pucker Lollipops, 50+ Pops, 12.3 oz (349 g)
Expiration Date:?Sep 2018Expiration Date
The length of time for the expiration date or "best used before" date depends on the type of product, as well as the brand.
Perishable items (such as flax oils or certain probiotics) generally have shorter expiration dates. Although our warehouse is fully air-conditioned, these more fragile items are put in cold storage (freezer or refrigeration unit) for maximum freshness.
Our receiving department does its best to verify and then enter the correct expiration dates for all incoming products. However, discrepancies do occur from time to time. This being said, the exceptionally high turnover at iHerb ensures that our inventory is among the freshest in the industry.
Shipping Weight:?1.2 lbsSwitch to Metric units
- Product Code: YUE-00144
- UPC Code: 890146001449
- Package Quantity: 50+ Pops approx, 12.3 oz (349 g)
8.1 x 6.1 x 3.4 in, 0.95 lbsSwitch to Metric units
- No Artificial Colors
- No Artificial Flavors
- USDA Organic
- Each Pop Only 22 Calories
- Made with Real Fruit Juice
- Gluten-Free
- 100% Daily Vitamin C Per Serving
- Fat-Free
- Nut-Free
- Certified Organic
- No Artificial Dyes
- Tree Nut-Free
- Real Fruit Extracts
- 100% Natural Flavors
- 100% Vegan
- Peanut-Free
- Soy-Free
- Dairy-Free
- Fat-Free
- Egg-Free
- Kosher Parve
- Certified Organic by Oregon Tilth
YumEarth was born out of our commitment to feed our families a diet rich in delicious healthful foods that are free of chemicals. YumEarth tastes much better because we choose real fruit extracts and planet friendly ingredients grown on sustainable family farms to sweeten our lives and yours.
YumEarth. Good for us. Good for Mother Earth.
Other Ingredients
We're Proud of Our Planet Friendly Ingredients
Organic evaporated cane juice, organic brown rice syrup, non-GMO citric acid (from beet sugar - not corn), natural flavors, organic black carrots, organic black currant, organic apple, organic carrot, organic pumpkin, ascorbic acid.
Flavor assortment may vary.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 17 grams (approx. 3 Pops)
|Servings Per Container: 17
|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value*
|Calories from Fat
|Total Fat
|0 g
|Saturated Fat
|0 g
|Trans Fat
|0 g
|0 mg
|0 mg
|Total Carbohydrate
|17 g
|Dietary Fiber
|0 g
|17 g
|0 g
|Vitamin A
|Vitamin C
|*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.

subset: commoncrawl


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Three brothers. One destiny. Freedom at all costs.
A drama about the Algerian struggle for independence from France after WWII.
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|Reviews for The AntiTale
| songhamitra chapter 3 . 11/29/2011
| tiadorna chapter 3 . 8/6/2009
I hope you're planning on updating soon. I'm anxious to see where this goes!
| FictsForTheWorld chapter 3 . 7/5/2009
poor Carlisle. ( He cant even smile. He was sweet to Esme though. Very cute. I also like he part about her affection for him. Cant wait for more!
| FictsForTheWorld chapter 2 . 7/4/2009
I love this story! Do you plan on updating soon?
| Chibi-akuma-no-kage chapter 3 . 6/16/2009
Hey your story seems pretty good so far except chapter 3 is missing...or the chapter 4 you uploaded is for a different story. I hope you can update this story soon.


text: Culture 30 October 2000 The ethics of the sand pile. History stands poised on the brink of catastrophe. The very existence of the human race is precarious. Edward Skidelsky is awed by the implications of a radical new physics Ubiquity: the science of history . . . or why the world is simpler than we think Mark Buchanan <e Sign up for our weekly email * What a pity that this remarkable book has been so misleadingly presented. According to the blurb, it uncovers "a new law of nature" that applies to subjects as diverse as the "behaviour of forest fires, the extinction of species, the pattern of earthquakes, the rise and fall of financial markets, the flow of traffic, the growth of cities, the outbreak of wars and even trends in fashion, music and art". The new law is "unifying science", and will "make it easier for us to manage and control the future". This kind of language may bolster sales, but it will lead thinking people to dismiss Mark Buchanan as a charlatan. It recalls the worst pretensions of Marxism, such as Engels's attempt to construct a "dialectic of nature" to complement the dialectic of history. Attempts to unify the whole of human knowledge under a single rubric are now terminally unfashionable, and any endeavour to "make it easier for us to manage and control the future" is regarded with peculiar suspicion. It would be a great shame if Ubiquity were lumped together with Marxism and other discredited grand narratives. As a matter of fact, Buchanan's purpose is diametrically opposed to that of previous system-builders. The "new law of nature" described in Ubiquity is not a law of nature in the traditional sense at all. It is not an attempt to explain facts in the manner of Newton, by relating them back to deep underlying causes. Rather, it is the admission that, for a wide variety of phenomena, there are no deep underlying causes, just an accumulation of tiny accidents. This is a radically new kind of physics, and it suggests a new approach to the study of society. The example of Newtonian physics inspired such thinkers as Marx to seek out the underlying law of historical change; the new science suggests that such a law does not exist. A postmodern physics has inspired a postmodern history. Ubiquity is not an original work of science: it is, rather, an attempt to summarise and bring together the work of scientists in many different fields. Buchanan's gift is for synthesis and lucid exposition. His background is in science journalism, and he has a journalist's feel for the intellectual limitations of his readership. The maths is applied with restraint, and is supplemented with concrete illustrations wherever possible. My own career in science terminated ingloriously with a single GCSE in chemistry, yet I found Ubiquity fell (just) within my grasp. Nor did I suspect - as I often do when reading popular science - that this feeling of understanding was merely a gratifying illusion spun by artful prose. The core ideas in Ubiquity really are very simple - that is their beauty. It is curious that the progress of science is not always in the direction of ever greater complexity; simplicity is often the mark of an intellectual breakthrough. All the phenomena discussed here obey a certain mathematical formula known as a power law. As they increase in scale, so they decrease in frequency. When the size of an earthquake doubles, it becomes four times as rare. When the size of a stock-market fluctuation doubles, it becomes 16 times as rare. The exact fraction does not matter; it is the general law that counts. What this law indicates, translated into English, is that there is no such thing as an average size for an earthquake or a stock-market fluctuation. There is no median point around which they all cluster. Certain phenomena - human height, intelligence - do cluster around a central point. Plotted on a graph, they form the notorious bell curve. But imagine for a moment, Buchanan says, that human height obeyed a "power law" instead. What this would mean, in practice, is that there would be no possible way of predicting the height of the next person you bumped into. You might crush her under your foot or, alternatively, she might crush you under her foot. And whatever size you happened to be, the situation would be the same. Whether you were as tall as a mountain or as small as an ant, the human landscape would look roughly the same. It would be, in the jargon, "scale invariant" - identical on every possible scale of magnification. This is precisely how the landscape of earthquakes, stock-market crashes, forest fires and wars looks. There is, in the strictest sense, no such thing as a typical earthquake or a typical war. What does all this prove? So far, it looks like nothing more than a curious but idle observation. It is all very well to gesture to these mysterious correspondences; the important thing is to explain them. This is what Buchanan goes on to do. Scale invariance is, for him, no more than a symptom pointing to a common underlying pattern of organisation. Only this common underlying pattern does not correspond to any "law of nature". This marks a crucial departure from traditional physics. The timeless equations of Newton or Einstein are of no use in trying to understand phenomena such as earthquakes or forest fires, in which accident plays a central role. The best way to understand them is to construct a "game of chance", combining elements of randomness with elements of regularity. It functions as a stylised model of the real situation, bringing out its central features and explaining its behaviour. Such games are, needless to say, played on computers. Indeed, this whole area of science is unthinkable without the computer. The game that Buchanan comes back to again and again - which functions as an organising metaphor for his thought - is the "sand-pile game". Devised by the physicists Bak, Tang and Weisenfeld in 1987, the game involves sprinkling grains of sand, one at a time, on to a table top. The grains soon form piles, which grow steeper and steeper until an errant grain triggers an avalanche and the pile flattens out again. They then asked a simple question: what is the average size of an avalanche? But however many times they ran the game through the computer, they could arrive at no answer. A falling grain might dislodge anything from one to a million other grains. The distribution of avalanches obeyed our old friend the power law: double the number of grains involved, and the avalanche becomes slightly more than twice as unlikely. What is it about grains of sand on a table that produces this curious statistical result? The precise physical properties of sand are irrelevant. The computer simulation captures what one might call the logic of the situation, while discarding all that is accidental to it. This logic turns out to be identical in all the phenomena discussed by Buchanan. The composition of the individual items does not matter at all; they might be grains of sand, trees in a forest, atoms in a magnet or traders on the stock-market floor. All that matters, for the purpose of the game, is that they are organised into what is known as the "critical state". This is what makes the application of the new physics to human society more than merely metaphorical. There is a sense in which grains of sand and human beings really are behaving according to similar laws. The historic division between the social and the natural sciences may at last be coming to an end. One of the most important conclusions of Ubiquity is that, for systems organised into the critical state, there is no difference in principle between the small and the large. There is no special class of "great events" that requires special explanation. "Large events are just magnified copies of smaller ones, and arise from the same kinds of causes." This is important, because it runs against our natural inclination to believe that great events must have great causes. Geologists have sought out the causes of great earthquakes, and economists have sought out the causes of great crashes, as though these could somehow be set apart from the tiny tremors that daily afflict the earth's crust and the financial markets. Buchanan suggests that they are, in fact, nothing more than larger versions of these tiny tremors, and require no special analysis. Applied to history, this theory suggests that great wars and revolutions demand no explanation beyond a narration of the precise chain of events that compose them. In the sand pile, it is impossible to specify the cause of a huge avalanche other than by tracing its exact progress right back to the original grain that triggered it all off. There are no "laws of avalanches" distinct from the laws governing the movement of the individual grains. And any grain - the unfortunate Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo springs to mind here - can, if it falls at the right time and place, start an avalanche. The only way to understand the history of the sand pile is to recount it; old-fashioned narrative history turns out to be the most scientific of all. The vision of history that emerges from Ubiquity is tragic. It is the vision of the Iliad. History stands permanently poised on the brink of catastrophe; the abduction of one woman can lead to the destruction of cities. Instability is an inalienable feature of human life. We flatter ourselves that we have overcome it through the development of rules and institutions, not realising that those very rules and institutions are equally subject to its depredations. The very existence of the human race is precarious; the tiniest fluctuation at some random point in the ecosystem could unleash on us an avalanche of extinctions. The predicament of the individual is equally tragic. Human society is configured in such a way that each individual action may have consequences that are vast but totally unforeseeable. Each of us stands, potentially, at the pivot of world history; anyone can be the grain that brings the pile tumbling down. We are thus burdened with an awesome responsibility, yet at the same time denied any means of knowing how to discharge it. What practical consequences follow from this? Is there an "ethics of the sand pile"? This question awaits another book. Subscribe from just £1 per issue This article first appeared in the 30 October 2000 issue of the New Statesman, Divorce your husband and watch him get rich More


text:
found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
I am already spayed and up to date with shots.
Phoenix, a Voorhees German Shepherd Dog dog was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a German Shepherd Dog for sale in Voorhees, or seeking a German Shepherd Dog dog from a breeder in Voorhees.


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can i place sprinkles/ candy decor for decoration on whip cream frosting? I am having a hard time decorating cakes with whip cream. I am using a Wilton whip cream recipe. Please Help I have another order for a birthday cake on friday with whip cream. thanks
0 replies
Quote by @%username% on %date%


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There were multiple rumors claiming that Samsung might launch the Galaxy S7 flagship smartphones on February 21, now they turn out to be true. The company will be rolling out the Galaxy S7 on Sunday, February 21 at 7 pm CET in Barcelona, that's said, a day before the MWC2016 officially goes live.
The South Korean company has teased a video mentioning it is going to launch the "The Next Galaxy" on the same date. The launch event carries "Samsung Galaxy Unpacked 2016" theme, however, the teaser video hasn't revealed much, but it shows a man wearing its own Gear VR headset, significantly giving us hint about the launch of the next galaxies.
"Get ready to rethink what a phone can do," Samsung said in the text accompanying the video. "#TheNextGalaxy will be revealed at Unpacked on February 21."


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Ross Gardler <rgard...@apache.org>
|Re: Selective PDF
|Fri, 19 Nov 2004 22:20:28 GMT
Ross Gardler wrote: > Sean Wheller wrote: > >> On Friday 19 November 2004 14:38, Ross Gardler wrote: > > > <snip/> > >>>> This way we don't have to update >>>> each plugin and have control over all files in a single place. >>> >>> >>> I don't follow this, why would having it in forrest.properties or >>> skinconf.xml require an update to each plugin? >> >> >> >> Thinking POD plugin, etc. >> Let's say a person wants PDF + POD + RTF. NOw you need to specify the >> inlcudes and excludes in three places. pdf-plugin, pod-plugin, >> rtf-plugin. > > > No, its still only one place, skinconf.xml, three elements yes, but only > one file. Furthermore since the default behaviour is that the link is > included in most cases you will not need to do anything other than add > the plugin name to forrest.properties. Further explanation of the above (this point made me read your docs, which I hadn't done before and I realised there was a mismatch between our ideas). You say in your docs: "The choice of method may be either or both and is controlled by adding the following properties to the forrest.properties file of the plugin." The file we put the config stuff into is not in the plugin. The user should never edit the plugin. It goes into the configuration of the users project. The plugin then pulles that information from the central file using standard (and core) forrest techniques. This is exactly what currently happens with the enabling/disabling of the PDF button in skinconf.xml. All we are doing is defining skinning behaviour on a per page basis rather than a per project basis. Further... You say:
In the following example all files with the extension "html" and only the "index.html" file residing in the "documentation/" directory will be transformed to PDF and a button added to the related pages. All "html" files, other than "index.html," in "documentation/" directory will be excluded.

 plugin.pdf.button.include.output=**.html, documentation/index.html
 Your description of this value is incorrect. the first match (**.html) will match all html files regardless of where they occur. The second match (documentation/index.html) has no effect. It is only when you include the exclusion (which you describe as a second example) that the second match has effect...
 Exclusion example:

In the next example all files with the extension "html" will be excluded from transformation and the button will therefore not be displayed on the related pages.

 plugin.pdf.button.exclude.output=**/index.html
 In this case only files with the name "index.html" will be excluded not those with an html extension as you describe. When you put the first match of the include (**.html) together and the exclude match (**/index.html) you include all html files except ones named index.html. The second include match (documentation/index.html) comes into play if you put them all together. This would then say include all html files except index.html files, but include the documentation/index.html file. One final observation about your docs. Rather than using
....
, wouldn't it be better to do
<title>...</title>
? And rather than
...
 why not <source>...</source>. Don't worry about making these changes now, I can do them when I commit the patch unless there is a reason for this method that I have not spotted. Ross
|View raw message


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Image Source Nov 2016 Update: We are hearing reports that the amendment will come into force this month. While nothing has been confirmed as yet, it appears that the amendments will be published in the Gazette shortly. The Controller of
We are a boutique intellectual property law firm based out of India, assisting clients ranging from early-stage start-ups to Fortune 500 companies across several industries in protecting intellectual property across the globe.


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Set up Tomcat, Apache and mod_jk cluster
In this article I will go through a common set-up for a small production environment. A single tier, load balanced application server cluster. Overview A high level overview of what we will be doing. Downloading and installing Apache HTTP server and mod_jk Downloading Tomcat Downloading Java Configuring two local Tomcat servers Clustering the two [ continue reading ... ]


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Grzegorz Kossakowski <gkossakow...@apache.org>
|Re: How to define database connection in C2.2?
|Wed, 04 Jul 2007 11:07:42 GMT
Giacomo Pati pisze: > > Of course not. Avalon Components usually depend on DataSourceComponent, > which is an Excalibur class and in no way compatible with standard javax.sql.DataSource class. Then it would be very inconvenient to define data source both for Avalon components and Spring beans, I'm thinking about writing some bridge that would allow Avalon components use connections defined in Spring way. Do you have any ideas where to start while implementing such functionality? Generally speaking, is it possible to write such bridge? -- Grzegorz Kossakowski http://reflectingonthevicissitudes.wordpress.com/
|View raw message


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10 Royale Avenue #28B-1, Lakeport, California
$210,0003 Beds2 BathsActive
$210,0003 Beds2 BathsActive
10 Royale Avenue #28B-1, Lakeport, California 95453 - Spacious three bedroom, 2 bath condo in lakefront complex of Royale Shores. This unit has a large open living room, dining room, kitchen area, with plenty of natural light and great views of Clear Lake and surrounding mountains. Both living room and master bedroom have sliding glass doors that lead to the deck overlooking the lake. This lake front complex comes with covered parking space, storage unit and convenient location close to downtown Lakeport and shopping. Condo amenities include a lovely pool, club house, grassy areas and pier. Get ready for the easy life with this great condo!
Listing Courtesy of Erin Woodward~RE/MAX Gold Lake County


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Adsalan was Warder to Doesine Alwain.
Appearance Edit
He was keen-eyed with ruddy hair and a square jaw.
Activities Edit
He was standing guard for the Black Ajah hunters in the White Tower basement when Egwene al'Vere and Meidani arrive.[1]
It can be safely assumed that Adsalan died in the Last Battle, most likely shortly after Doesine's death upon the Field of Merrilor.[2]


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MINDY SIMMONS and the HOT POCKETS
Friday, January 10 in Sarasota, MINDY SIMMONS and the HOT POCKETS
in concert at St Andrew United Church of Christ, 6908 Beneva Rd.
A benefit concert to raise fund for "SCHOOLHOUSE LINK", an organization that provides funds to help homeless kids stay in school. This concert is co-sponsored by St Andrew United Church of Christ and Mary Mother of Jesus (an inclusive Catholic community).
Tickets are $20 and can be purchased by calling: 941-922-7595
Past dates
- Occurred Friday, January 10th, 2014 @ 7:00 pm


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Julie's Picante Sauce
Recipe by mamasan
I am posting this recipe so I do not loose it. My family would disown me if I could not make this, my son-in-law says i should open a store and sell this. You can either can it or freeze it.
Top Review by Sydney Mike
I enjoy making sauces, but did cut this recipe back by 2/3! Also used mild peppers rather than HOT ones, but other than that, the recipe was pretty much followed! And then, since we like these kinds of sauces a little chunky, I used the food processor just briefly! All for a very tasty sauce, thanks to your recipe! [Made & reviewed in New Kids on the Block tag]
See Discussion:1 Review
Ingredients Nutrition
- 22 tomatoes
- 9 hot peppers
- 5 large onions
- 2 bell peppers
- 236.59 ml white vinegar
- 177.44 ml sugar
- 850.48 g tomato paste
Directions See How It's Made
- Cut all vegetables and run through food processor .Put all ingredients in a large pot and cook for at least 30-40 min or until desired consistency ( I usually cook it longer) After it is done you can either process it in a hot bath or put it containers and freeze it.


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Need a quote?
Save time and we'll contact 5 reputable Safety signage companies for you
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Units B & C, 100 Cecil Street, Watford, Hertfordshire, WD24 5AD, United Kingdom
ShopKit Designs are a leading designers and manufacturers offering a wide range of products for commercial office, retail and home interiors. Their ranges include display and lighting systems, many different types of shelving and screening solutions, suspended display systems, bespoke shop fittings, cable display systems, bespoke display cabinets, light boxes, fine chain and wire suspension display, showcases signage and banner systems.
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Signs Made Easy are a family run business specialising in the manufacture and installation of a wide range of signage for Clacton, North Colchester and the surrounding areas. For businesses further afield we offer a fully online UK mailout sign service. Signs Made Easy supply a wide range of products including shop fascias, pop up banners, vehicle lettering, full colour graphics, magnetic signs, site boards, posters, exhibition displays, safety signs, vinyl text, logos and much more. Established 30 years ago, we have built a reputation for a reliable, personal and easy to use sign service.
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Signage solutions from the leading specialists Austin Luce. We supply one of the UK's largest ranges of sign systems ranging from business name plates, fire safety signs, internal signs, shopfront signage, graphic banners and loads more. With more than 60 years experience in the signage industry we are guaranteed to meet you sign requirements.
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Specialists in plastic and polypropylene substrates, Plaspro was formed to meet the requirements of the printing and packaging industry. Using modern digital printing solutions as well as litho and screen printing, Plaspro can provide print solutions for a range of packaging companies.
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School Signs Made Easy based in Clacton-on-Sea, Essex design, manufacture and install aluminium signage for the education sector across the whole of the UK. Our products include A-Boards, Braille Signs, Door Signs, Brass Plaques, Notice Boards, Window Films and more. School Signs Made Easy use aluminium as opposed to materials such as plastic and wood due to its appearance, strength and durability. We supply to a range of schools, nurseries, colleges and universities etc.
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Catersigns Limited is an interior and exterior signage expert, designing, manufacturing and printing a wide range of signs, banners, posters and displays using the very latest digital sign making technology. Our comprehensive range of signs are ideal for Fire & Safety, Kitchen & Catering, Hotel & Guest House's, Bar & Restaurant, Cafe & Take away, Leisure & Sports clubs and Schools & Nurseries.
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Beaverswood Supply Company products include damaged rack markers, barcode labels, hanging pockets, ID labels, industrial tags, label holders, label identification, location markers, magnetic & self adhesive ticket holders, magnetic & self adhesive ticket pouches, magnetic easy wipe racking strip, magnetic numbers & letters, magnetic paper, magnetic & self adhesive document pockets, magnetic self adhesive document holders, magnetic self adhesive strip, pallet markers, racksack, safety signs, self adhesive numbers & letters, ticket holders and weight load notices.
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Middlesex based Action Signs is your one-stop digital printing specialist designer and manufacturer of bespoke corporate signage, retail signage and vehicle signage. Our core product range includes reception signs, building signage, window graphics, acrylic & glass signs, frosted logos & lettering, stainless steel & brass plaques, health & safety signs, directory signage, glass partition manifestations, vinyl logos & lettering, banners, exhibition signage, illuminated back lit & front lit signs, LED & neon halo letters, exposed neon signs, aluminium tray signs, vehicle graphics & signage, veh...
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Looking for a temporary construction site and safety signage supplier then First Call Signs can help. We specialise in site access signs, site hazard signs, waste management signs, first aid signs, site information signs, parking signs, general notices and much more. Order before 3pm for next day delivery. Free logo printed on every sign. Bespoke signage (available on request). Free delivery on order over £80. Signs delivered to site or head office.
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All Labels Ltd is an independent self-adhesive label printer based in Oxfordshire. We work closely with our clients for high quality, competitively priced labels. All Labels offer full bespoke label printing, asset & security labels, tamper evident labels, quality assurance labels, consecutive numbered labels, bar code labels, window stickers, write on labels, clear & printed seals & blank labels. We have a large range of stock labels allowing clients to purchase small quantities of commonly used labels. All Labels Ltd work to ISO 9001:2015 standards.
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The inventors and manufacturers of polymer-based safety barriers, A-SAFE barriers protect people, property, profits and enhance performance. The unique impact absorption properties of the barriers mean only 20% of impact forces are sent to the floor, allowing barriers to reform after impact and protecting the substrate from damage.
St. Peters Place, Western Road, Lancing, West Sussex, BN15 8SB, United Kingdom
Founded in 1971, Tara Signs are well established sign makers with over 40 years' experience in the design, manufacture, installation and maintenance of a wide range of signage. Tara Signs products include Corporate and Architectural Signage, Automotive Signage, Wayfinding Signs, Public Sector Signage, Braille and Tactile Signage and more. Tara Signs services include Personal Project Management, Graphic & CAD Design, Presentation Schemes, Site Surveys & Site Plans and much more. Tara Signs have been awarded with a ISOQAR certification as well as further accreditations.
8 Arkwright Court, Fylde Industrial Estate, Blackpool, Lancashire, FY4 5DR, United Kingdom
At Firesafe we stock and distribute a comprehensive range of Fire Alarm Systems, fire detectors and associated products, emergency lighting, health and safety equipment, safety signage and Caresafe, products through the extensive network of City Electr...
Element House, Napier Road, Elm Farm Industrial Estate, Bedford, Bedfordshire, MK41 0QS, United Kingdom
Shop fitting and display company, Eden Shop Equipment are your one stop shop for all your retail requirements, products include; slatwall panels, retail shelving, display stands, shop counters, dump bins, tagging products, carrier bags, garment displays, mannequins, storage boxes, and so much more.
Unit 2 Abbey Manufacturing Estate, Mount Pleasent, Wembley, HA0 1UE, United Kingdom
The Safety Supply Company specialise in the supply of a wide range of personal protective equipment- PPE, industrial safety supplies and protective apparel and clothing. Our range also includes office safety equipment, anti-slip flooring, safety signs, industrial matting, lone worker alarms and first aid kits.
Lake District Business Park, Mintbridge Road, Kendal, Cumbria, LA9 6NH, United Kingdom
Metroplan Ltd are a Cumbria based supplier of top quality display, presentation and furniture products from flipchart easels, whiteboards, various noticeboards, exhibition stands, dispensers and many more. All available in various formats such as mobile, wall mounted, handheld, desktop and more.
The Old School House, Old Farm Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU1 1QN, United Kingdom
The Bellsure Group is a known contractors' friend that can offer a wide range of solutions to clients throughout the UK. The Bellsure Group is split into 4 different divisions – ironmongery, glass fittings, post box solutions and street furniture. Our product ranges includes everything from door hardware, glass fittings, mail boxes, safes, lockers, park furniture, external seats, picnic tables, planters and shelters to name a few.
Unit 5, Banbridges Industrial Estate, East Peckham, Kent, TN12 5HF, United Kingdom
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Revels Twelfth Night Celebration
Twelfth Night was rescheduled to Monday, January 16th.
Help us "put Christmas to bed" at our 9th annual Twelfth Night Celebrations in Watertown. Audiences will enjoy music, dancing, a mummers play, and a special visit from Father Christmas! The 4:00 pm peformance is sold out. However, there are tickets available for the 1:00 pm performance.
Twelfth Night is Sold Out


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This is my first official teaser for the monster hunter freedom unite birthday story due to be released on the game's first birthday ((in europe) 26th June). The only known major character from my official works is Savalin (who also led the way in the MH1 birthday story) and is part of a continuation of his life in hunting. Known minor characters include a carriage driver and Savalin's wife (now married, eventually killed against the Monoblos). No information on other characters or the wyverns to appear have been released, neither has the plot, as yet but when they are known they will be released. Only speculation can be shown from what is shown below. BiscuitOfLies 13:50, June 4, 2010 (UTC) an entire list of my work, including my latest birthday story, can be found at http://the-monoblos.deviantart.com/
Kiara looked over at the sleeping lump on the other side of the carriage that was her new husband. He slept peacefully for someone that could be dead within twenty-four hours. Of course he could also be one of the most famous and renowned people in the whole entirety of all Minegarde by the end of this same amount of time. He, at least, was more than confident enough that he could miraculously pull a stunt like this. She'd heard his plan from him first hand – it seemed suicidal even for his standards, she was convinced that he'd been spending more time in the kitchen talking to the cats. It was, after all, Bryn's idea to go on that last hunt, people thought that he would barely survive the rage of not one but two black Diablos. Instead, she did remember, that he'd somehow excelled at it and caused havoc amongst the two wyverns before finishing them off. But who else could've got the idea in his head to do something even this ludicrously stupid but Bryn. Bless him either way she thought, she loved him and had tried to get him to be more reasonable for his own safety, but she should have guessed. A hunter's primary concern is not that of their safety – it is to get their fame and honour and be known by all, all over the continent. She only wished that he could somehow do as well as he expected and get out of the certain death-trap that await him, and be alive too. When they'd originally met now three years ago she had mostly just been interested in having sex with a hunter. But amazingly she'd actually fallen in love with him, properly, and he very much felt the same way to her. Just over six months ago he'd proposed to her and, before she knew what she was doing, she'd accepted. It was only less than one month ago now that they'd found the time to make it happen and stood in front of the makeshift altar in the guildhall at Kokoto and declared their love forever. Since becoming the hunter of Kokoto at its founding Savalin had been busy almost every day, she'd felt the pull that he had to his job incredibly strongly at first but as time passed they'd been able to make more time for each other and now they actually managed to get to bed at the same time, unless Savalin was out on a hunt somewhere other than in the close by grasslands. That did mean it would be a late night but it bothered neither of them. Usually Savalin was only heading out a few miles in any direction and bringing down a Yian Kut Ku or a Gypceros, but more and more and more commonly now he was being called out to deal with Rathalos and other, strong wyverns. Indeed one time he had even ventured as far as Akamaaya volcano to fight with a Gravios terrorising the populace. Her mind shifted back to what he was planning on doing though, she felt so much as though she didn't want him to go as far as he was just to make a name for himself. Part of it was because she wanted to be able to tell him how much she loved him when it was all over. There was something else aswell that she was wanting to tell him that currently she could not bring herself to do, she would though as soon as this was done. She sighed and looked out of the carriages window, pulling it down she stared out at the countryside around her, they had mostly been passing through grasslands on the way here since leaving Kokoto. They had skirted around Kokoto forest and once past that they'd avoided the Kokoto swamp aswell but they had passed right through the jungle at one point. She hadn't seen anything close up to trouble her on the way but on the first night she'd seen a Yian Kut Ku in the distance. Savalin hadn't got to sleep that night, instead he came back in the morning with some new crafting materials. She looked up at the sky in front of her outside the carriage, the sun was just setting in a beautiful array of different gold's and oranges. Sunset was always one of the nicest times of day for colours she thought, it always seemed to bring out the best in anything. From the front of the carriage she heard the driver speak.
'we'll be there in a minute missy' he began 'better wake up your sleeping beauty there' he gestured back, pointing at Savalin. He was right, they would be there soon, just looking at the nearby area told her that. Around her now were the first few paddy fields that told her they were nearing the city of Dondruma – their destination. She nudged Savalin once, a signal to let him know they were getting close, when he didn't wake up she nudged him again. She'd noticed how much he tended to sleep on long carriage journeys, she supposed that certain parts of it was because he never really got much opportunity to sleep when they were home or when he was working, or any other time to be honest. He slowly stirred after her second nudge though and immediately gave her a kiss and a hug. Looking out of the window he gave his 'where are we?' that Kiara knew was coming. The carriage driver immediately sensed he was awake and spoke, telling him they were nearing Dondruma. Savalin nodded his appreciation to the driver.
'Thank-you Andy for that' he began 'any trouble on the way here?' he asked. The driver taking them from Kokoto to Dondruma was the very same who Savalin had hired years earlier to take him from his home, Yukumo, to the centre of Minegarde. They had became friends, of sorts, after bumping into each other time and again and often called on each other for help, it was only natural that he take them from their home to the competition.
'Nope, no problems' Andy answered 'except for those potholes a few miles back where we thought we might accidentally wake you up' he joked, he knew Savalin was a light sleeper no matter how much he got when on the road. Savalin chuckled a little inside as Andy slowed his carriage down and entered the outskirts of the Dondruma. Once in a mile radius of the cities walls the carriage was halted by guards demanding their business. Knowing that only competing hunters were permitted inside the city with a carriage during the festival Savalin drew out his nomination from the guild and was waved forward by the guards. This was much to the delight of Andy who'd noticed at least forty odd carriages that had been declined to enter the city. Savalin had already made a copy of the guild nomination and got Kiara to put it on the carriage to prove their intentions during the festival. Kiara noticed the huge arena off to one side as she leaned out of the window to stick the statement to the wood of the carriage.


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M's give up too much for Bedard
February, 5, 2008
In acquiring Erik Bedard, the Mariners get one of the most dominant pitchers in baseball, but was it worth the cost? Bedard posted one of the greatest strikeout seasons ever in 2007, fanning over 30 percent of the batters he faced, the seventh-best mark in American League history. His out pitch is an 11-to-5 curveball that is poison to both left- and right-handed hitters, and he sets it up well with good command of his 91-94 mph four-seamer and a cutter he's been using more often of late to keep hitters from sitting on the fastball. His control has been steadily improving as he gets older and further away from 2002 Tommy John surgery. The main issue with Bedard to date has been health; he missed all of 2003 after getting the zipper on his elbow, his 2007 season ended early due to an oblique strain, and he has never thrown 200 innings in a single season. He was both effective and strong until mid-August last year, when the oblique strain really affected his performance, so there's some reason to expect him to cross the 200-inning chasm this year.


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A song by my brother Araniko Pandey. (He actually hired homeless musicians to play percussion and strings for a 100rs each for this song!)
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This build has been archived as of 16:01, June 13, 2010 (UTC), for the following reason:
This build had been designed for the following use:
This build was in the category Good before being archived.
A Ritualist that uses GoR to triple pot and perma-snare.
Attributes and Skills Edit
<pvxbig> [build prof=Rt/E Restoration=12+1+1 Water=11 spawning=6+1][Glyph of Renewal][Weapon of Warding][Resilient Weapon][wielder's boon][protective was kaolai][Teinai's Prison][armor of mist][Glyph of Lesser Energy][/build]
- PvP version of skills - [[Weapon of Warding (PvP)@14].
- [[Recuperation (PvP)@14]
- [[Life (PvP)@14]
Equipment Edit
- Full Survivor's, with a Rune of Sup Vigor and a Rune of Restoration.
- 40/40 Resto Set.
- 40/40 Water Set (and + Enchanting Water Set for AoM).
- Various Shield Sets.
- High and Low Sets.
Usage Edit
- Use Weapon of Warding to prot (non attacking) allies with blocking.
- Use Resilient Weapon to provide an armor boost as well as health regeneration to allies that are hexed or conditioned.
- Use Soothing Memories to heal.
- Use Protective Was Kaolai as party wide heal.
- Set up Life/Recup near the flag stand to provide partywide healing.
- Use Teinai's Prison to snare people.
- Use Armor of Mist to run flags/split.
Counters Edit
- Standard Anti-Caster Counters.
- Anti-Hex.
- Enchantment Removal.


text: July 9, 2015 Apica's Load Testing Platform Now Supports Automated Build Testing Within AWS CodePipeline, a Continuous Delivery and Release Automation Service Apica integrates with AWS CodePipeline, Amazon's long-awaited continuous delivery and release automation service, to provide fully integrated load testing solutions SANTA MONICA, CA. July 8, 2015 — Apica, a leading provider of Web Performance Monitoring and Load Testing tools has integrated with AWS CodePipeline to provide automated load testing solutions within AWS CodePipeline's continuous delivery and release automation service. The integration of Apica with AWS CodePipeline allows developers to model the full release process for building code, deploying to pre-production environments, testing the application, performing live load tests of any size, and releasing to production – all from a single platform. "Apica's technology integration with AWS CodePipeline provides agile developers a streamlined and efficient solution for modeling, deploying and testing their applications without ever leaving the AWS CodePipeline dashboard" says Erik Torlen, VP R&D at Apica. "This integration makes it easy to automate powerful testing functionality throughout the development lifecycle, helping Dev teams release better quality apps on time, without those common launch day surprises." Apica's Load Test Integration with AWS CodePipeline Results in Better Quality Apps and Enhanced Internal Efficiency AWS CodePipeline automates the application build, test, and release process, allowing for fast and reliable application updates. Automating this process allows a developer to test each code change efficiently and effectively, while ensuring the quality of their code. Effective and thorough testing throughout development is a crucial component to releasing high quality applications. Apps must not only function properly under light or normal conditions traffic, but maintain high performance levels when under stress from heavier than normal traffic. Apica LoadTest offers advanced scripting capabilities, a flexible SaaS platform for easy test executions, scheduling, automation and results analysis, GUI-supported scripting with no programming required, full API, and integration with APM tools including AppDynamics and New Relic. AWS Codepipeline users can schedule and run automated load tests from the AWS CodePipeline dashboard, thus streamlining the testing process. AWS CodePipeline users can sign up for a free version of Apica's LoadTest platform (AWS usage fees apply; includes unlimited automated testing for up to 50 concurrent users) HERE. About Apica Apica provides powerful, best-in-class technology for testing, monitoring, and optimizing the performance of cloud and mobile applications. Apica offers companies and developers alike easy-to-use, cloud-based load testing and web performance monitoring tools to test applications for maximum capacity, monitor daily performance, improve load times, and protect from peak loads. Apica was founded in 2005 and is based in Stockholm, Sweden and Santa Monica, CA, with offices in London and New York. To learn more about Apica, visit https://www.apicasystems.com. Categories: News Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Name * Email * Website Comment


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Mr. Steve Edward Foster
Kent Town, South Australia - Australia
No approved endorsements
About Mr. Steve Edward Foster
From the early days of playing and touring with Brian Cadd and the Bootleg Family, through co-writing Little River Band & John Farnham's huge hit in Europe, "Forever Blue", to playing around Australia in the vocal harmony quartet, country/rock/bluegrass band "Blackwood County," and the all original electric rock/jazz/swing band "The OCQ", Steve Foster does it all!
Available for booking:
STEVE FOSTER solo act- English, Australian Irish & American folk & country with some Dylan & Donovon and amazing mouth organ! Ideal for a smaller venue or you wish to hear yourself talk.
STEVE FOSTER & THE OCQ- An urban folk trio that plays all your favourites as well as some of Steve's award winning songs.
Professional History
If you notice offensive or incorrect information, please contact us.


text:
Conte claims title is up for grabs after Chelsea's shock defeat
Antonio Conte suggested the Premier League title race is interesting again after his Chelsea side were beaten 2-1 by Crystal Palace.
Chelsea's 13-game winning run at home came to a shuddering halt as Wilfried Zaha and Christian Benteke scored within three minutes after Cesc Fabregas had opened the scoring.
Chelsea are now seven points clear of second-placed Tottenham with nine games to play, beginning with Wednesday's clash with rivals Manchester City. Still they need 21 points to win the title.
"For sure, for you (the media) it's a good result, because (it) makes this more interesting in the championship," Conte said.
"But I always said the league finishes when you have the mathematical (certainty) that you won.
"Otherwise you must fight, you must play every game to try to win.
"In England it doesn't exist an easy game. Every game will be very tough, from now until the end, also if the team name is Manchester City or a team that is fighting for the relegation zone."
Palace boss Sam Allardyce opened his post-match media conference saying: "That shocked you all, didn't it?"
Allardyce added: "It's an absolutely outstanding victory for us, particularly in the position we're in. Nobody expected it."
Allardyce then called on Zaha, who returned to Palace after a short and unhappy spell at Manchester United, to emulate Chelsea's Eden Hazard by being consistently excellent.
Zaha was subject of scrutiny over the international break, having rejected the chance to play for England in favour of the Ivory Coast, where he was born.
Allardyce said: "Wilf must feel really good about himself by his consistent performances at the moment.
"(Hazard's) ability is something Wilf could look at to try and match."
Asked if Zaha can realise his potential with the Eagles, Allardyce said: "He's already realising his potential now by the way he's playing. His potential's becoming a reality."
Chelsea were beaten for just the second time in 18 home games under Conte and conceded twice for the first time since the January 4 loss at Tottenham, despite having Hazard back following a calf injury.
There was an element of good fortune for Palace as Andros Townsend was fortunate not to concede a penalty when Pedro's shot struck his arm after just 17 minutes.
Conte added: "It's very difficult to see this situation. For sure something there was, but I think it's right also to accept the decision of the referee.
"We hope in the future to be better, the decisions.
"It's a pity, but I think today it wasn't our day. We deserved at least to draw. I don't want to say to win, but at least a draw.
"We created many chances to score. We dominated the game."


text:
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Video: Inside the making of the 'Human Voice' starring Sophia Loren
Director Edoardo Ponti and his film crew reveal how using Canon's new camera and their new innovations helped them achieve a beautiful film. "What I really love about Canon is that they merged practicality with excellence," says Ponti. "The practicality of having a camera that is light, small, manageable and the excellence of the image. It really… Read More →


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text:
Currently 2.31/512345 Rating: 2.3/5 (Total votes: 16)
Rating: 2.3/5 (Total votes: 16)
PocketBreeze - View up to 30 days of appointments and tasks on your Today screen
Choose your own layout, fonts & colors - even your category and status icons.
Integrates seamlessly with Agenda Fusion, Pocket Informant, and the default PIM
Manage your tasks with virtually unlimited grouping and sorting capabilities
Define smart filters to filter your display by many categories together
Download many free skins from our skins pageto give your Pocket PC a great new look
Edit tasks and appointments with one tap
View your task and appointment notes with scrolling pop-up windows
Jump ahead to any day or week with the calendar pop-up window
Install additional plug-ins to add new tabs with new capabilities to PocketBreeze
Enable/disable and re-order your PocketBreeze tabs as you wish
A year's worth of your contacts' birthdays and anniversaries with flashing reminders...and more
The Calendar Tab
NEW! Create new appointments or tasks using PI templates for PI users!
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View your appointments and tasks in a single, tabbed display
Include up to 30 days of your upcoming agenda
View category, status, and note icons with each item
View appointment and task notes in a pop-up preview window
Complete tasks, modify item attributes & reminders directly from the Today screen
Monthly pop-up calendar window let's you jump ahead to any date span in the future or past
Filter the Calendar display by category or special defined filters
Define special fonts and colors to items according to their status
Choose layouts, fonts, and colors for appointments & tasks
View daily snap overview using large popup timelines
The Tasks Tab
Manage your tasks from the Today screen
Sort or group tasks by: Category, Priority, Completion, Progress, Sensitivity, ABC/123 values (For PI and AF users), Subject, Due Date and Start Date
Use up to three sort levels
Filter tasks by Category or special defined filters
Define different text colors according to task status
Complete tasks, modify date&reminder, priority and private status from the Today screen
Reschedule and create copies of tasks
NEW! The Notes Tab
Manage all your written and voice notes
Create new notes and notes directly from your Today screen
Create new notes using templates and convert regular notes to new templates!
Sort or group tasks by:
Filter your notes by folder
Rename and move notes location
NEW! The Messages Tab
View email accounts inbox folder, SMS and MMS message titles
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Mark items as read/unread
Generate tasks from email items for "Follow up" or "Reply"
Create new emails using the context menu by clicking any account title
The Special Events Tab
View your contact's birthdays and anniversaries - automatically loaded from your contacts database
Define up to two additional categories to include in this tab
Choose the the text color for those additional categories
Special Events tab icon flashes as a reminder when a special event is near - you define how many days
NEW! Custom Tabs Support
Add additional Today screen plugins as custom tabs inside PocketBreeze
Add unlimited number of custom tabs
Simply assign new tab icon for each custom tab taken from the current selected skin
Default skin offers five professional optional custom tab icons: Finance, Launcher, Meters, RSS and Weather
What's New in This Release:
· Fix corruption or hang seen after changing sort settings
· Fix icon assignments getting lost after PB Settings or reboot
· Fix accidental clicking after scrolling to a different tab
· Fix filter bar occasionally not redrawing after using dropdown
· Locate PhatPad when installed on storage card
· Remove obsolete settings: Double click scrolling, full drag scrolling
» show more


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 25, 2010
|Filing date
|Jul 30, 2008
|Priority date
|Jun 19, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas J. Ribarich
|Original Assignee
|International Rectifier Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (44), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (2), Classifications (15), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,622 filed Jul. 27, 2004 and entitled BALLAST CONTROL IC WITH MINIMAL INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL COMPONENTS, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/337,738, filed Jan. 7, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,019,471, entitled BALLAST CONTROL IC WITH MINIMAL INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL COMPONENTS, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/883,397, filed Jun. 19, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,525,492, entitled "BALLAST CONTROL IC WITH MINIMAL INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL COMPONENTS" which application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/212,643, filed Jun. 19, 2000.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic ballast for controlling fluorescent or high-intensity discharge lamps, and more particularly, to an electronic ballast that requires fewer internal and external components.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electronic ballasts for controlling fluorescent or high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps usually require electronics necessary for preheating the lamp filaments, striking the lamp, driving the lamp to a given power, detecting lamp fault conditions, and safely deactivating the circuit.
Electronic ballasts for gas discharge circuits have recently come into widespread use because of the availability of power MOSFET switching devices and insulated gate bipolar transistors ("IGBTs") that can replace previously used power bipolar switching devices. Monolithic gate driver circuits, such as the IR2155 sold by International Rectifier Corporation and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,955, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, have been devised for driving the power MOSFETs or IGBTs in electronic ballasts.
The IR2155 gate driver IC offers significant advantages over prior circuits: The driver is packaged in a conventional DIP or SOIC package. The package contains internal level shifting circuitry, under voltage lockout circuitry, deadtime delay circuitry, and additional logic circuitry and inputs so that the driver can self-oscillate at a frequency determined by external resistors RT and capacitors CT.
Although the IR2155 offers a vast improvement over prior ballast control circuits, it lacks a number of desirable features such as the following: (i) a start-up procedure which ensures a flash-free start without an initial high voltage pulse across the lamp, (ii) non-zero voltage switching protection circuitry, (iii) over-temperature shutdown circuitry, (iv) DC bus and AC on/off control circuitry, and (v) near or below resonance detection circuitry.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,623 to Wilhelm et al. issued Apr. 3, 2001 and having common assignment with the present application discloses an electronic ballast which addresses limitations of the IR2155, such as those discussed above. The electronic ballast is identified by the assignee, International Rectifier Corporation, as the IR2157.
The ballast control circuit of the '623 patent, as in commonly known ballasts, requires an implementation of the preheat timer that includes a comparator for comparing the CPH pin against a fixed threshold. In addition, the oscillator circuit requires more than one comparator. These and other configuration details result in additional components being required both inside and outside the chip. Accordingly, the prior art could be improved upon by providing a ballast control IC which performs the primary ballast functions while minimizing the internal and external component count. Applications for such ballasts would include linear fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold-cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, and flat fluorescent lamps.
The present invention overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art, such as those described above, by providing an electronic ballast that utilizes fewer comparators and combines the functionality of sub-circuits, thereby reducing the number of internal and external components required.
More specifically, the chip of the present invention includes an oscillator circuit that advantageously requires only one comparator circuit. In addition, a lamp preheat circuit uses a preheat resistor parallel to the timing resistor to program preheat frequency, and the voltage at the gate of a MOSFET switch is ramped to gradually disconnect the preheat pin (and thus the preheat resistor) from the frequency timing input. Also, the preheat circuit ramp is utilized as a ramp for lamp ignition as well, thus saving on circuit components. Further, the preheat capacitor input is used as a convenient delay for connecting a DC bus sensing resistor to a DC bus sensing input.
The integrated circuit of the present invention includes circuitry for performing the following functions: micro-power start-up current, programmable preheat frequency, programmable ignition-current or over-current, programmable preheat time, programmable ignition ramp, programmable running or minimum frequency, programmable dead-time, programmable low DC bus frequency-shift reset, external shutdown pin, and high- and low-side 600V half-bridge driver outputs for driving two MOSFETs or IGBTs connected in a classic totem-pole configuration.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention which refers to the accompanying drawings.
Referring first to
Operationally, the minus (−) input of comparator 12, Vth, initially is at ⅗ VCC, which is established by the voltage divider formed by five resistors 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 of equal resistance connected in series between VCC and COM. The on/off control signal
Switch 30 is 'off' initially due to the output of OR gate 32 being 'high' when
When the voltage on pin CT exceeds ⅗ VCC, the output of comparator 12 goes 'high' causing switch 36 to 'close,' switch 30 to 'open,' and switch 24 to 'close.' Timing capacitor CT then discharges exponentially towards COM through dead-time resistor 28 at a rate given by:
Closing switch 36 changes the threshold at pin CT from ⅗ VCC to ⅓ VCC. In doing so, inherent positive feedback forces the comparator output to transition quickly with a single edge. When capacitor CT discharges below ⅓ VCC, the output of comparator 12 goes 'low' again, and the cycle repeats itself.
This charging and discharging of CT between ⅗ VCC and ⅓ VCC continues indefinitely until the
The charging time determines the 'on' time of gate drive signals HO and LO (see Timing Diagram,
Preheat Timer and Ignition Ramp
During preheat, it is necessary for the IC to oscillate at a higher preheat frequency. This is followed by a smooth downward sweep through the ignition frequency to the final running or minimum frequency. To do this, an external capacitor CPH is charged linearly from COM to VCC through an internal 5 μA current source 44 flowing out of the CPH pin. The CPH pin is also connected to the gate of a PMOS transistor 46 which connects pin RPH to pin RT. In this configuration, resistor RT is connected in parallel with resistor RPH such that the oscillator frequency is higher during preheat. Since the threshold of the PMOS is about 1.5 volts, the preheat period is defined as the time it takes for capacitor CPH to ramp from COM to (VCC−1.5 volts). As capacitor CPH continues to charge from (VCC−1.5V) to VCC, switch 46 opens slowly, which slowly disconnects pin RPH from RT. This causes the frequency to transition slowly from the preheat frequency to the final running frequency. (See Timing Diagram,
The advantageous features of preheat circuit 40 are: 1) using a resistor RPH parallel to resistor RT to program the preheat frequency; 2) ramping the voltage at the gate of PMOS 46 to disconnect the RPH pin smoothly from the RT pin; and 3) using the existing capacitor CPH ramp as the ramp for ignition as well. Classical implementation of the preheat timer requires a comparator for comparing the CPH pin against a fixed threshold. By combining the above-noted three functions in preheat circuit 40 of the present invention, a 'comparator-less' pre-heat timer is realized, thereby reducing the overall size of the IC.
Start-Up Circuitry and Low DC Bus Frequency-Shift Reset:
Start-up and low DC bus frequency-shift reset circuitry 50 is shown in the schematic of
Circuit 50 of the present invention achieves this by using the VDC pin to sense the DC bus. If VDC decreases below (VCC−10.9V), the CPH pin is pulled down linearly with the VDC pin. This gradually will re-connect RPH with RT and therefore gradually shift the frequency higher.
The 10.9V threshold is achieved with a PNP transistor 52, and the two 5.1 zener diodes 54 and 56, connected in series. The base of transistor 52 is connected to pin VDC, the collector of transistor 52 is connected to COM, and the emitter is connected to the anode of the lower diode 54. The cathode of the upper diode is then connected to pin CPN. In this configuration, the frequency is not increased until VDC goes below the two zener voltages (10.2V) plus the emitter-to-base voltage of transistor 52 (≃0.7)=10.9V.
To program the DC bus level at which the frequency shift occurs, an external resistor 58 (RSUPPLY), with an internal resistor 60, form a voltage divided ratio of the DC bus at pin VDC. To further reduce external component count, resistor 58 also supplies micro-power start-up current to the IC. As the DC bus increases at ballast turn-on, current flows from the DC bus, through the resistor 58, into pin VDC, through the existing ESD diode 62 connected between VDC and VCC.
Once VCC exceeds the positive-going under-voltage lock-out threshold, UVLO (+), an external charge pump (or other form of supply) connected to VCC through an external diode 63 takes over as the supply for VCC and increases VCC up to the internal zener clamp voltage (see Timing Diagram,
State Diagram
Referring back now to
The state machine operates between five basic modes of operation based on the status of the various inputs to the IC. These five modes of operation include:
1) under voltage lockout mode;
2) preheat mode;
3) ignition ramp mode;
4) run mode; and
5) fault mode.
VCC represents both an input to be sensed and the primary low voltage supply to the IC. In addition to these seven inputs, the IC surface junction temperature represents an eighth input. The outputs of the IC include:
The supplies to the IC include:
The general description for the IC functions of the present invention are as follows:
Under-Voltage Lock-Out Mode (UVLO)
The under-voltage lock-out mode (UVLO) is defined as the state the IC is in when VCC is below the turn-on threshold of the IC. The undervoltage lock-out is designed to maintain an ultra low supply current of less than 150 uA, and to guarantee the IC is fully functional before the high and low side output drivers are activated.
The start-up capacitors 70, 72 (CVCC) are charged by current through supply resistor 58 (RSUPPLY) minus the start-up current drawn by the IC. Resistor 58 is connected to VCC internally through a diode, and is chosen to fulfill two functions. The first is to provide twice the maximum start-up current to guarantee ballast start-up at low line input voltage. The second is to set the IC reset threshold in case of a decreasing DC bus (described in more detail above). Once the capacitor voltage on VCC reaches the start-up threshold, and the SD pin is below 4.5 volts, the IC turns on and HO and LO begin to oscillate. Capacitors 70, 72 begin to discharge due to the increase in IC operating current.
During the discharge cycle, the rectified current from the charge pump charges the capacitor above the IC turn-off threshold. The charge pump and the internal 15.6V zener clamp of the IC take over as the supply voltage. The start-up capacitors 70, 72 and snubber capacitor 80 must be selected such that enough supply current is available over all ballast operating conditions. A bootstrap diode 82 and supply capacitor 84 comprise the supply voltage for the high side driver circuitry. To guarantee that the high-side supply is charged up before the first pulse on pin HO, the first pulse from the output drivers comes from the LO pin. During undervoltage lock-out mode, the high- and low-side driver outputs HO and LO are both low, pin CT is connected internally to COM to disable the oscillator, and pin CPH is connected internally to COM for resetting the preheat time.
Preheat Mode (PH)
The preheat mode is defined as the state the IC is in when the lamp filaments are being heated to their correct emission temperature. This is necessary for maximizing lamp life and reducing the required ignition voltage. The ballast control IC enters preheat mode when VCC exceeds the UVLO positive-going threshold. HO and LO begin to oscillate at the preheat frequency with 50% duty cycle and with a dead-time which is set by the value of the external timing capacitor CT, and internal deadtime resistor, RDT. Pin CPH is disconnected from COM and an internal 1 uA current source (
Ignition Mode (IGN)
The ignition mode is defined as the state the IC is in when a high voltage is being established across the lamp necessary for igniting the lamp. The ballast control IC enters ignition mode when the voltage on pin CPH exceeds 13V.
Pin CPH is connected internally to the gate of a p-channel MOSFET 46 of preheat circuit 40 (see
Run Mode (RUN)
Once the lamp has successfully ignited, the ballast enters the run mode. The run mode is defined as the state the IC is in when the lamp arc is established and the lamp is being driven to a given power level. The run mode oscillating frequency is determined by the timing resistor RT and timing capacitor CT (see Design Equations 3 and 4 in the following section). Should hard-switching occur at the half-bridge at any time due to an open-filament or lamp removal, the voltage across the current sensing resistor RCS will exceed the internal threshold of 1.3 volts and the IC will enter FAULT mode. Both gate driver outputs, HO and LO, will be latched low.
DC Bus Under-Voltage Reset:
If the voltage of the DC bus decreases too far during a brown-out line condition or over-load condition, the resonant output stage to the lamp can shift near or below resonance. This can produce hard-switching at the half-bridge which can damage the half-bridge switches. To protect against this, pin VDC measures the DC bus voltage and pulls down on pin CPH linearly as the voltage on pin VDC decreases 10.9V below VCC. This causes the p-channel MOSFET 46 (
Fault Mode (FAULT)
If the voltage at the current sensing pin, CS, exceeds 1.3 volts at any time after the preheat mode, the IC enters fault mode and both gate driver outputs, HO and LO, are latched in the 'low' state. CPH is discharged to COM to reset the preheat time, and CT is discharged to COM for disabling the oscillator. To exit the fault mode, VCC must be recycled back below the UVLO negative-going turn-off threshold, or, the shutdown pin, SD, must be pulled above 5.1 volts. Either of these conditions will force the IC to enter UVLO mode (see State Diagram, page 2). Once VCC is above the turn-on threshold and SD is below 4.5 volts, the IC will begin oscillating again in the preheat mode.
Design Equations
The design equations for implementing the ballast IC of the present invention are as follows:
Step 1: Program Dead-Time
The dead-time between the gate driver outputs HO and LO is programmed with timing capacitor CT and internal dead-time resistor 28 (see
Step 2: Program Run Frequency
The final run frequency is programmed with timing resistor RT and timing capacitor CT. The charge time of capacitor CT from ⅓ VCC to ⅗ VCC determines the on-time of HO and LO gate driver outputs. The run frequency is therefore given as:
Step 3: Program Preheat Frequency
The preheat frequency is programmed with timing resistor RT and preheat resistor RPH and timing capacitor CT. Timing resistor RT and preheat resistor RPH are connected in parallel internally for the duration of the preheat time. The preheat frequency is therefore given as:
Step 4: Program Preheat Time
The preheat time is defined by the time it takes for capacitor CPH on pin CPH to charge up to 13 volts. An internal current source of 5 μA flows out of pin CPH. The preheat time is therefore given as:
t PH =C PH�2.6e6 [Seconds] (7)
C PH =t PH�0.385e−6 [Farads] (8)
Step 5: Program Maximum Ignition Current
The maximum ignition current is programmed with the external resistor RCS and an internal threshold of 1.3 volts. This threshold determines the over-current limit of the ballast, which can be exceeded when the frequency ramps down towards resonance during ignition and the lamp does not ignite. The maximum ignition current is given as:
Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Islamist group threatens more attacks unless it receives television coverage
Danny Lockwood attracts praise for his sell-out book criticising multi-culturalism
Poll finds that people believe media is responsible for Islamophobia
Writer found dead in hospital after saying he was recovering well
Islamist sect claims it murdered cameraman because he was a spy
How press myths feed prejudice about Muslims in Britain
Police in Denmark and Sweden arrest men alleged to be planning an attack on Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten
Papers falsely claimed that cafe owner was forced to remove an extractor fan because it offended Muslims
Times, Guardian, Independent and Financial Times writers to address meeting about racism, Islamophobia and the media
Is the media responsible for having turned an obscure Florida pastor with a flock of no more than 50 people into an international figure by publicising his threat to burn the Qur'an?
Albanian journalist Kastriot Myftaraj is being sued by the country's leading Muslim organisation for writing two articles critical of Islam in the small circulation Tirana daily Sot (Today)
A row that blew up last week in South Africa over another newspaper cartoon featuring the Prophet Muhammad shows no signs of dying down
Excellent analysis of the ramifications surrounding the attack on Danish newspaper cartoonist Kurt Westergaard by Christopher Caldwell in today's Financial Times
A Sudanese woman facing 40 lashes for wearing trousers in public is a former journalist who now works for the media department of the United Nations mission in Sudan
More than 70 US newspapers have been helping to distribute a DVD of a documentary film, Obsession: Radical Islam's war against the West, that has been criticised as Islamophobic. The DVD is being included as an advertising insert in newspapers in "swing" states ahead of the presidential election
A Danish appeals court has rejected a lawsuit against Jyllands-Posten, the newspaper that published the cartoons depicting the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 2005. The court said it was not proven that the purpose in printing the cartoons was to portray Muslims as criminals and terrorists or to make a mockery of Islam. One of the most controversial drawings showed the prophet wearing a bomb-shaped turban with a burning fuse. (Via Time)