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beeroverwithme (207) Tønsberg, Norway | July 27, 2014
Given that there are few other pubs in north Juneau (downtown being more than 10 miles away) I decided to pay this almost unrated place a visit. From the outside it looked like a regular American sports bar and that is exactly what it is. I found a spot at the bar, with televisions, hanging on all four walls, blaring out sports results, hardly making it above the general noise. The bar offered 8 beers on tap, including the obvious Bud Light, Stella and Guinness, but they had a few craft beers too, from Ninkasi, Alaskan and Elysian. No bottles though, so selection was very limited. Overall this is not a place worth going to, unless A) You care deeply for sports or B) You happen to be in the area with no means of getting to downtown Juneau. Visited: 2014-07-26.
Bulk_Carrier (419) Vermont | February 4, 2014
Been here several times and as I live in the valley, most of the time, I'd rather go here than the downtown (probably I'm turning into a local), haha, oh well, anyways: the ambiance well, I've been there during football season and they got a nice selection of beers ranging from Ninkasi, Elysian, Alaskan Brewing Company, and Midnight Sun. Service keeps up with the football atmosphere. The selection, well, that was already noted. The food, wow, from the steak salad to the pastrami sandwiches to the fried shrimp dinner. These guys don't make bad food. The value, well, since its not downtown and tries to cater to the locals, its probably just a tad better. To the tourists who want to get away from the typical "downtown touristy" joints, take the cab to come here to meet me or any of the locals.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 10, 1979
|Filing date
|Apr 24, 1978
|Priority date
|Apr 24, 1978
|Publication number
|Reginald D. Richardson, Robert H. Shannon
|Original Assignee
|Richardson Reginald D, Shannon Robert H
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (121), Classifications (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a process for the recovery of oil and bitumen from heavy oil deposits, from tar sands, shale, or the liquifaction of coals and the upgrading thereof to produce light oil, medium oil or heavy oil, gases and elemental sulphur. The process is an integrated one in which the heavy oil is recovered from the ground and upgraded, with the low value hydrocarbon residual remaining after upgrading then being combusted or gasified to produce thermal energy for use both in ground recovery and upgrading and in producing other forms of energy required for optimum recovery and upgrading. The process is one having high thermal efficiency facilitating the efficient production, distribution and use of the energy required for both recovery and upgrading. The high degree of integration of the units of the process and the high thermal efficiency incorporated in this integration, results in a system which once initiated is essentially energy self-sufficient in that substantially all of the energy required for the recovery and upgrading stages can economically be provided from the hydrocarbons recovered.
A number of processes for the recovery of oil from heavy crude oil, tar sands, shale, or coal have been proposed and are in use. Present processes require importation to the site of costly fuels to supply process energy. The cost of producing such process energy is high not only because of the purchase cost of these fuels but also because of low thermal efficiency characteristic of its production from these imported fuels. For example, present heavy oil processes utilize hot water flooding and steam injection of the heavy oil deposit in order to reduce the viscosity of the heavy oil which can then be extracted in the form of a hot mixture of heavy oil and water. The thermal energy required to produce steam to heat the water prior to underground injection or to produce steam for direct underground injection is normally produced by burning externally supplied fuel. Propane or other combustible gases have been used. In some cases compressed air is injected underground where combustion takes place by ignition of the volatiles in the oil to provide an oil stimulation procedure known as fire flooding. The use of compressed air requires externally supplied electric power and costly compressor equipment.
Present processes for upgrading such hydrocarbons, such as heavy oil, utilize hydrogen for desulphurizing the oil. In the upgrading processes currently in use the hydrogen required is normally produced by reforming natural gas (methane) or naphtha and for this a hydrogen plant is required. In addition to the capital cost of a hydrogen plant, such reforming processes consume a valuable natural resource and the hydrogen produced contains a higher level of impurities than is desirable for optimum desulphurizing results. Approximately one-third of the source methane or naphtha is consumed in the reforming process. A further disadvantage of present upgrading processes is the production of coking residuals with high sulphur content which is stockpiled with objectionable environmental consequences and any energy value contained therein is thereby discarded. Also as with present recovery processes, the energy requirements for present upgrading processes are produced at high cost from imported fuels.
It has been found that these disadvantages and deficiencies of present recovery and upgrading processes can be overcome and other advantages created by providing a recovery and upgrading process which incorporates gasification of the low value residual hydrocarbons remaining after upgrading to produce thermal energy in the form of hot gases. This thermal energy can then be used directly for thermal stimulation in ground recovery and for the production of electric power and other forms of energy required in-process such as steam and hot water for recovery and upgrading. By producing this thermal energy from low value waste residuals of the hydrocarbons recovered, and then utilizing this energy in part to produce electric power and other forms of required energy by means of thermally efficient highly integrated combined cycles in which heat losses of the hot gases are minimized, the process energy requirements are satisfied at low cost. With low cost electric power available, electrolysis of natural water can be carried out economically, thereby producing at low cost the hydrogen required for desulphurization and the oxygen required for gasification. The need for costly hydrogen and oxygen production plants is thereby eliminated. At the same time, the electrolytic hydrogen produced is of the purity desirable to effect optimum desulphurization results.
Once in operation the process requires minimal supplies of fuel or energy from outside sources and only the supply of natural water in addition to the hydrocarbons recovered by the process system. By gasification of all of the hydrocarbon residuals, not only are their high energy values recovered for process use but the ecological problem created by stockpiling coking materials is eliminated.
The high thermal efficiency and the degree of integration of the various steps of the process, notably the unique integration of gasification of the hydrocarbon residuals and the decomposition of water by electrolysis together with overall efficient distribution and use of energy generated in the process, not only removes many of the difficulties of conventional systems, but provides major benefits.
It has been further found that the favorable economics of the basic process disclosed herein can be added to by the production of deuterium oxide, commonly referred to as heavy water, as a by-product. Therefore a second embodiment of the invention is designed to produce heavy water as a by-product of electrolysis. The principal factor providing the opportunity for the production of heavy water at low cost is again the unique combination of the gasification of hydrocarbon residuals to produce low cost energy including electric power and the electrolytic decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen. The water to be electrolyzed to produce hydrogen and oxygen is first partially enriched in deuterium and the extraction of the deuterium molecule from the hydrogen is then accomplished as a part of the electrolysis operation. Much of the cost of heavy water production is thereby incorporated in the cost of electrolytic production of high purity hydrogen and oxygen, the cost of the latter being a minimum due to the low cost in-process energy production.
Accordingly, a process is provided for the recovery of oil from low yield hydrocarbon sources and the upgrading thereof to produce a light oil, the process comprising the steps of recovering the hydrocarbon deposit from the ground; upgrading a feedstock concentrated with the hydrocarbon to produce therefrom a light oil, elemental sulphur and residual hydrocarbons; gasifying the residual hydrocarbons to produce hot gases; utilizing the hot gases to produce energy for use in the process including electric power; and, utilizing the electric power to electrolyze water to produce hydrogen for use in upgrading and oxygen to assist in the gasification of residual hydrocarbons.
These and other features of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic flow diagram illustrating the processing steps of the present invention as applied to the recovery of oil from heavy oil deposits.
FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic flow diagram of a second embodiment of the present invention as applied to heavy oil deposits and further illustrating the production of heavy water as a process by-product.
FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic flow diagram illustrating an alternative use of the gas turbines of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic flow diagram illustrating the use of the process shown in FIG. 1 for the recovery of oil from tar sands.
For the purpose of illustrating the invention, the invention as applied to the recovery of underground heavy oil deposits will be described.
In accordance with the present invention there is provided a process for recovering heavy oil from ground deposits 1 by injection of thermal energy in the form of hot water (12), steam (14) and hot gases for stimulation (11) and underground burning (13). The hot gases are produced in-process from low value by-products of the heavy oil processing system and the steam and hot water are produced in process utilizing a portion of these hot gases as will be described below.
A heavy oil-hot water mixture is thereby created underground and this mixture is raised to the surface by pumping. Each heavy oil deposit varies in viscosity, in depth underground and in other factors which effect the amount and form of thermal energy required for stimulation. It is well established that the practice of stimulating heavy oil by means of thermal energy can result in a recovery of from 15% to 25% of a representative heavy oil deposit compared to 5% to 8% when thermal stimulation is not used. Thermal stimulation methods which utilize steam injections and underground burning are known in the art as steam injection and fire flooding respectively.
To reduce the viscosity of typical heavy oil deposits (non sand bearing types) sufficiently to achieve this increased recovery and raise one barrel of heavy oil requires 0.8 to 1.0 barrels of hot water at a temperature in the range of 80� C. to 100� C. This is supplied by the injection of a combination of hot water in the desired temperature range and steam preferably at a pressure between 300 psig and 500 psig and a temperature between 150� C. and 200� C. In the case of deep deposits of sand bearing heavy oils, which must be recovered by in-situ methods in which the sand content is not removed with the oil recovered, pressures of at least 2,000 psig and temperatures of at least 300� C. and larger volumes of water and steam may be required. The steam is necessary to achieve optimum liquifaction of the oil deposit in a minimum amount of time. The amount of steam required would not only vary between deposits but between extraction points within oil deposits and between points of time over the life of a given extraction point or oil well.
Hot gases produced in process gasifiers as described below, are in part burned underground to assist in raising the temperature of the oil deposit and to maintain at a high temperature the heavy oil-water mixture. The water content is made up of the hot water injected and that formed as steam condenses. It will be apparent that gasifier hot gas may be injected in combination with steam as part of a combined steam-hot gas injection method; or a portion of the gasifier hot gas may be injected alone into the heavy oil deposit area and ignited to effect thermal stimulation by fire flooding. The hot gas produced in process gasifiers is available at the point of injection into the oil deposit at pressures up to 150 atm. and temperatures between 800� C. and 1000� C. depending upon the parameters of gasifier operation. There will be some heat loss in transport from the gasifiers. As explained below, these losses are minimized by the use of an integrated, insulated duct system in which the hot heavy oil-water mixture is transported to the central plant A and the hot gases and hot water are transported to the deposit field C.
It is important and will be increasingly important in the case of large scale heavy oil recovery projects, to be able to supply thermal energy flexibly, that is in various forms such as hot water, steam and hot gas at various temperatures, pressures and volumes. It is important that thermal energy be provided in as complete a range of forms and conditions as practically possible to enable the flexible application of underground stimulation methods to particular deposits of heavy oil and that these various forms of energy be derived to the greatest extent possible from waste or low value residual hydrocarbons. As will become apparent in the description that follows, the process provides this flexibility.
On extraction the heavy oil to water weight ratio at the surface will range from 1:08 to 1:1.1 in various degrees of emulsification. The heavy oil-water mixture is fed to a central processing plant A where it is first treated in an oil-water separator 2 to remove 99.0% to 99.5% of the water content.
After water removal the heavy crude oil is fed to process units 3 for upgrading by the separation of gaseous and light oil fractions from heavy residual oil fractions and desulphurization of the light oil fractions to produce a sweet light oil, the principal commercial product of the process. The heavy residual oil fraction is used as fuel in the gasifiers described below.
The selection of the most suitable oil-water separation, upgrading and desulphurization units is deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art. The selection will be influenced by the API, sulphur and mineral content of the crude oil feedstock. The selection will also be influenced by the availability of high purity hydrogen (99.5% pure) which is produced in the processing plant A by the electrolytic decomposition of water.
Following sections describe a gasifier combined cycle energy system and the process for the electrolytic production of hydrogen for heavy oil upgrading and desulphurization (and oxygen for gasifier operation). Gasifier combined cycle production of electric power and process heat and electrolytic production of hydrogen and oxygen are uniquely married or integrated, and this integration makes possible a number of the advantages of the overall process system. One of these advantages is the flexibility provided in the selection of upgrading processes.
The upgrading and desulphurization steps employ conventional practice, but with significant modifications to achieve optimum results when combined with the gasification and electrolytic operations incorporated in the process. Using steam produced by the combined cycle energy system, the heavy crude oil feedstock (3% to 4% or higher sulphur content) is distilled to separate a sulphur bearing light oil fraction from the feedstock. A high sulphur content residual oil remains. The sulphur bearing light oil product of the distillation process step is then desulphurized using high purity hydrogen (as high as 99.5%). The products of desulphurization are commercial grade light oil with a low sulphur content (0.3% or lower) and elemental sulphur.
The high sulphur content residual oil is divided into two portions, a first portion which forms the basic supply of in-process fuel feed to gasifiers which are capable of handling high sulphur content fuels. The second portion of residual oil is hydrocracked to produce second quantities of light oil fractions and a second quantity of residual oil. The light oil fraction produced by hydrocracking is then desulphurized together with the light oil fraction produced by distillation. The residual oil produced by hydrocracking is added to the above distillation produced residual oil and fed to the gasifiers.
It will be noted that the capability of gasifiers to handle sulphur bearing fuels eliminates the need to desulphurize the high sulphur content residual oil feed to the gasifiers. This minimizes the consumption of hydrogen for desulphurization. Part of the gasifier gas is later desulphurized by other less costly methods as described in a following section. In addition, the heat value of sulphur in combustion in gasifiers is available for recovery from the hot gases produced and the ecological problem of sulphur emissions experienced by present processes is eliminated. The quantity of hydrogen used in the upgrading process described above to hydrocrack the second portion of heavy oil and to desulphurize the light oil fractions produced by distillation and hydrocracking will be in the range of 5 to 7 pounds per barrel of light oil desulphurized and residual oil hydrocracked. Present practice is to desulphurize both light and heavy residual fractions with a resulting higher consumption of hydrogen and the creation of a coking residual problem, the coking residual being stockpiled or discarded.
The residual oil remaining after the distillation and hydrotreating steps are fed to a series of conventional gasifier units 4 to produce hot gases which are utilized in various ways to meet the energy requirements of the process. In a 100,000 barrels of light oil per day process plant a total of 8 to 10 gasifier units 4 would be employed, with an average capacity of 80 million cubic feed per day. These gasifier units 4 would produce sufficient hot gases for the production of 3 to 4 million pounds of steam per hour for process use in the central plant units A and field units B and 500 to 600 megawatts of combined electric power. It will be appreciated that fewer units of larger capacity can be used to produce the required energy.
A steam feed, extracted from the steam produced for process use, is used to raise the residual oil to a combustion point in the gasifiers. To enhance the BTU value of the gas produced, oxygen is fed to the gasifiers. The oxygen is produced by electrolysis, described below, and therefore the amount of the oxygen fed to the gasifiers will depend on the oxygen supply from the electrolysis system. As will become apparent in the description that follows, the oxygen supply from electrolysis will depend on the amount of water electrolyzed, which in turn depends on the amount of energy generated from the gasifier hot gases that is used to produce electricity versus the amount of that energy that is allocated for process use in central plants units A and for underground stimulation of oil deposits 1 in the deposit field C.
Preferably some gasifiers will be operated with 100% oxygen, some will operate with air-oxygen mixtures and others will operate with air only, with the whole gasifier system optimized for oxygen and air-oxygen mixture operation based on the energy required to satisfy process demands for electric power, hot gases for underground injection and on the process requirements for BTU value in hot gases and steam.
The temperature of the hot gases produced by the gasifiers will vary from 1,000� C. to 1,350� C. depending on the extent to which 100% oxygen is used in the gasifiers as opposed to air-oxygen mixtures and on the composition of the fuel feed. The more oxygen used, the hotter the gas will be and the higher its BTU value. The hot gases are used in two manners:
(i) for production of steam in waste heat steam boilers 5, and
(ii) for direct underground injection 11.
The steam produced in waste heat boilers 5 is used to:
(i) drive steam turbines 6 for the production of electric power for electrolysis,
(ii) for steam feed to heat exchanger 7 which is used to heat water for underground injection 12, and
(iii) for steam feed to the gasifiers 4 and upgrading units 3.
The high temperature-high pressure gasifier gas that is directly injected underground (11) by-passes the waste heat boilers 5 and is piped directly to the deposit field C for use in thermally stimulating the deposits 1. This gas can either be injected alone or together with steam as described below. This hot gasifier gas used for underground injection (11) is not purified, thereby confining loss of heat to that lost in transport and making hot gas available for field injection at temperatures in the range of 800� C. and 1,000� C. and at pressures up to at least 150 atms. Such high temperatures and pressures are required for deep deposits of sand bearing heavy oils, the oil of which must be separated out by in-situ methods. The high temperature and pressure gases are particularly useful for initial heating of a deposit.
Hot gas, now partially cooled, is exhausted from the waste heat boilers 5. To facilitate use of this lower temperature hot gas that achieves sensible heat recovery therefrom, it is fed to a purification unit 8 to remove acid gas. This may be done in any one of a number of physical or chemical absorption processes. The selection of the most advantageous method is deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art. Elemental sulphur is produced as part of the gas purification step.
This lower temperature hot gas exists from gas purification unit 8 at a temperature of between 100� C. and 200� C. and is utilized in two manners.
(a) in the recovery system for direct underground injection 13 for fire flooding. The BTU value per SCF of the hot gas will be in the range of 200 BTU to 325 BTU, depending on the gasifier air-oxygen mix.
(b) as fuel to power gas turbines 9, which are located with field units B intermediate the central plant A and deposit field C. The gas turbines 9 are utilized for the production of additional electric power with the hot exhaust gases from the gas turbines 9 being used for the production of steam in a second set of steam boilers 10 located with field units B. This steam is used for direct ground injection 14.
The piping and process equipment for the ground injection of steam produced in the steam boilers 10 is designed to be portable and provide for a direct tie-in to both the supply of hot gasifier gas (11) and the supply of purified lower temperature hot gas (13). The purified hot gas can thereby be utilized for direct ground injection 13 to facilitate fire flooding or as underground heat supplement to steam for maintaining the deposit at operating temperature.
The availability of purified hot gases for use in fire flooding as described in (a), and hot gasifier gases for direct injection, either alone or in a mixture with steam, for temperature maintenance underground, is a most valuable feature of the process. The quantity of these gaseous forms of energy required, in addition to hot water or steam, will vary with the depth of the oil deposit, the structure of the deposit and other factors such as the viscosity of the oil. The process is flexible in that the division of hot gasifier gas for (i) steam production or, (ii) direct underground injection (11); and the subsequent division of purified hot gas for (a) underground injection (13) as gas or in a mixture with steam or, (b) for the production of electric power and steam by combined cycle gas turbines 9 in field units B, may be varied depending on the oil deposit. For example at process initiation, all the hot gasifier gases may be used for underground stimulation in order to bring the deposits up to operating temperatures. Thereafter, the utilization of gas in the various forms is used to achieve an optimum balance between maintaining oil deposit temperature and upgrading.
As described, the process provides for a centralized group of process units indicated generally as units A in the flow diagram and decentralized oil field units indicated generally as units B. Units A are connected with the deposit field C by oil pipeline 15 for the transport of heavy oil from the field to the central plant. Gas pipelines 16, 17 and 18 connect units A to units B and the deposit field C, and transport the gasifier hot gases, the purified hot gas from purification unit 8, and hot water respectively, for use in the field C and units B, as already described. All piping systems connecting the central processing units A to the field units B, and connecting both units A and B to individual extraction points for the deposits 1 in the deposit field C, are contained in an enclosed duct system, indicated generally at 19. The duct system 19 is insulated to minimize heat loss of the oil-water mixture transported to the central plant A, the gas transported to the field units B and the steam or gas being transported to individual extraction points. It is preferable that only gases and no steam are transported to the field units B and deposit field C from central units A as gas may be more efficiently transported over the distances involved than steam, i.e. less temperature and pressure loss, and it is desired to make gas available in the field. The gas is preferred in the field for two purposes: (1) for turbine combustion 9 and consequential steam production for ground injection 14, and (2 ) for direct underground injection at extraction points for fire flooding. The steam produced in steam boilers 10 from hot gases exhausted from turbines 9 in field units B can then be transported to the extraction points of the deposits 1 in deposit field C in injection 14 without significant heat loss. This steam transport may be done efficiently over the distances involved from units B to deposit field C which are shorter than the distances from central units A to units B. It will be noted that the use of gasifiers in the central plant A makes possible the benefits of high thermal efficiency combined cycle energy production and distribution in the various forms in an integrated and flexible manner.
Electrolysis is used for the production of hydrogen and oxygen. The electrolysis units 20 use electric power produced in process. For example, 500 to 600 megawatts of electric power will electrolyze 800,000 to 900,000 gallons of water per day to produce 700,000 to 900,000 pounds per day of hydrogen and 6 to 8 million pounds per day of oxygen. This range of oxygen production will permit four gasifiers of the capacity described above to operate with 100% oxygen. The use of electrolysis in the process invention to produce hydrogen and oxygen for process use is feasible because of the availability of low cost electric power produced in process. If electric power had to be purchased, the cost of doing so would dictate (i) a different means of producing hydrogen, such as a hydrogen plant to break down methane, and (ii) the purchase of the oxygen required for process use, or the addition of an oxygen plant. The efficient use of thermal energy produced from low value oil residuals to produce, inter alia, low cost electric power renders the use of electrolysis feasible and thereby produces at low cost both the hydrogen and oxygen required by the process.
Reference is now made to FIG. 2 which shows a second embodiment of the process. To further enhance the economic feasibility of the process a natural water feedstock to the electrolysis units 20 is partially enriched in deuterium oxide in an H2 S enrichment unit 21. This partial deuterium oxide enrichment of the water in the H2 S enrichment unit 21 is quite low, as low as 6 to 10 times the natural deuterium oxide content in water, i.e. 900 p.p.m. to 1,500 p.p.m. This initial enrichment would preferably be accomplished by dual temperature hydrogen sulphide exchange utilizing what is commonly referred to as the GS process. The design of a GS process plant to partially enrich the electrolysis water feed to the level indicated above permits significant capital and operating cost reductions over present GS plants because of the smaller and less complex equipment needed to achieve the low level of enrichment required in the initial step. This smaller and less complex equipment also reduces the hazard factor inherent in the use of H2 S gas.
After electrolyzing the partially enriched water in the electrolysis units 20 to produce hydrogen and oxygen, the water that remains is deuterium enriched to a level of 5% to 10% deuterium oxide. This water remaining after electrolysis is then further enriched in a third step of enrichment in a vacuum distillator 22 to produce reactor grade deuterium oxide--99.75% pure deuterium oxide--commonly referred to as heavy water. It will be appreciated that to increase the enrichment achieved after electrolysis, initial enrichment could be as high as 1% to 5%, which is still much lower than the levels of enrichment practised in known deuterium oxide plants which use H2 S separation as the initial step.
In this embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 2, heat exchanger 7 of FIG. 1 is eliminated, the steam otherwise fed to the heat exchanger 7 now being directed to H2 S enrichment unit 21 to heat water for dual temperature hydrogen sulphide exchange. The large volume of hot effluent water that results from the H2 S enrichment step is available for direct underground injection 12 to effect hot water flooding of the ground deposits 1 and thereby supplement steam and hot gas injections. Of the natural water feed to the first partial enrichment operation, approximately 10% of the water would be enriched and then fed to the electrolysis units 20. The remaining 90% of the initial feed is depleted in deuterium and is hot effluent water with a temperature of approximately 120� C. at exit from the enrichment unit 21. When injected underground this hot effluent water would have a temperature between 70� C. and 90� C. after some heat loss in transport.
Reference is made to FIGS. 1 and 2. In a further embodiment of the process, if additional supplies of hydrogen are required to supplement that produced by electrolysis, either temporarily, for example because of the thermal energy requirements to emulsify the oil deposit, or as a basic supply to the upgrading units 3, the hot gases from the gasifiers may be treated in a water-gas shift reactor 23 to produce hydrogen gas for process use with a purity in the order of 97%. In this regard some of the gasifiers 4 would be equipped to produce hydrogen through such water-gas shift reactors 23 in an operation commonly known as the direct quench mode of gasifier operation.
The present invention is particularly advantageous in that it is capable, once initiated, of being essentially energy self-sufficient as a result of a high level of thermal efficiency built into the process and because all or most of the thermal energy required in the overall process--in both the recovery and upgrading stages--is produced from low value residual hydrocarbons, some part of which would otherwise become waste. It is capable of providing the required thermal energy in various forms such as hot gas, steam or hot water for underground stimulation, and steam or electric power for use in the upgrading stage of the process. In the combined energy cycle system described, electric power, steam and hot gas are produced at a rate of overall thermal efficiency of at least 40% to 45% compared to 30% to 35% in conventional energy systems where combined cycle systems are not used.
It is also particularly advantageous in that the proportion of total energy produced in process that is used in ground recovery versus the proportion used in the process units and to generate electric power for hydrogen and oxygen production by electrolysis is flexible. The process can be adapted to maximize oil deposit recovery at one end, or can be adapted to maximize the production of light oil at the other end. The thermal energy required for underground stimulation will depend on the form and location of the oil deposit, as well as on the point in time of the stimulation cycle for a given oil deposit as more thermal energy is required initially to stimulate a deposit and bring it up to operating temperature. Also, bringing new oil deposits on line for recovery would require a larger supply of thermal energy to the field. Therefore, at one extreme, where more energy is required for oil deposit recovery for any of these reasons, or simply because maximum possible recovery of a deposit is desired, the larger portion of the energy may be utilized for oil field recovery. The remainder of the energy is then used to produce sufficient electric power to produce enough hydrogen to desulphurize and hydrocrack a portion of the heavy oil mixture and thereby produce enough light oil to mix with the heavy oil mixture and render it transportable as heavy oil for further downstream refining at other plants. At the other extreme, the thermal energy can be proportioned to achieve a minimum objective for enhanced heavy oil recovery leaving sufficient energy available to achieve maximum production of light oil at the central plant. As explained above, present oil field enhanced recovery processes employ thermal stimulation in oil field recovery by burning methane or propane. They are constrained in their flexibility by the cost of providing methane or propane.
It is known that heavy oil deposits respond favourably to thermal stimulation and their recovery is thereby greatly enhanced as described above. In certain circumstances because the amount of energy required to achieve minimum recovery objectives set at any particular time and/or for any particular site, insufficient energy may be left for production of sufficient hydrogen to desulphurize all of the separated light oil fractions. In such a case, a proportion of the recovered heavy oil-water mixture may be stored temporarily or the residual feedstock to the gasifiers 4 may be supplemented with a small part of the recovered heavy oil-water mixture which would otherwise be processed to light oil. This latter procedure can be followed as long as the net cost of production of light oil (and heavy water where produced) are competitive with other heavy oil recovery and processing systems and the quantity of light oil produced meets acceptable criteria for a net yield of light oil from the natural hydrocarbon resource.
Alternatively, where supplies of coal are economically available to be shipped in, or are available for surface mining near the central plant using electric power generated in process, coal in slurried form can be used to supplement the residual feedstock to the gasifier units 4. This would obviate the need for any use of part of the heavy oil-water mixture as feed to the gasifiers thereby making more heavy oil available for hydrocracking and increasing the yield of light oils. This use of coal would increase the yield of light oil in an increment comparable to what could be extracted from the coal by liquifying it in a separate process.
Hence where the energy balance of any particular plant requires that the quantity of residaul feedstock fed to the gasifier units be supplemented this can be accomplished using a small percentage of the heavy oil-water mixture or by using coal. In doing so this will not disrupt the favourable economics of the process invention as this additional thermal energy is produced at very low cost because of the high thermal efficiency of the process in comparison with the cost of otherwise purchasing electric power or fuels for use in the processing system, or methane or propane for underground stimulation of producing hydrogen.
It will be appreciated from the foregoing that the invention can take other forms consistent with utilizing the above described process steps to thereby achieve enhanced recovery and refining of less conventional hydrocarbon resources in an economical, essentially energy self-sufficient process. It is important to the process invention that the residual hydrocarbons remaining after upgrading are used to generate thermal energy which in turn is utilized to generate various forms of energy including electric power for the electrolytic separation of hydrogen and oxygen, the hydrogen being used to carry out its most valuable function of hydrotreating to achieve sulphur removal and upgrading.
To produce the thermal energy from the hydrocarbon residuals conventional boilers could be used in combination with the gasifier units 4 described above. A combination of 7 to 9 gasifier units at the unit capacity described above and one or more conventional steam boilers may be employed. As explained above, the energy balance for a given plant may require the use of a portion of the recovered heavy oil as fuel for increased hot gas production. This additional supply of fuel can be taken from the recovered heavy oil before upgrading and sulphur removal and fed to the gasifiers which are capable of handling sulphur containing fuel. Any such heavy oil to be used as supplementary gasifier fuel may be drawn before or after oil-water separation. In a further alternative, it may be drawn from a point in oil-water separation unit 2 where the heavy crude oil and water are most thoroughly mixed or emulsified and therefore more difficult to separate, as the water content of the oil-water mixture is required in any event for gasifier operation. The heavy oil-water mixture may be mixed with the hydrocarbon residuals fed to the gasifiers. It will be appreciated that the fuel supplement may also be taken from the desulphurized light oil after sulphur removal, a procedure more likely to be followed to supply fuel for boilers when used, boilers requiring a low sulphur fuel for efficient operation.
Reference is now made to FIG. 3. Where underground stimulation to achieve a minimum recovery yield can be accomplished without injecting all the steam produced in steam boiler 10, a proportion of the steam can be recycled to steam turbines 6 for production of electric power. This steam transport can be accomplished over the intermediate distances between units B and A without significant heat loss. In addition, if further electric power is required, a similar recycle can be effected. Such a recycle can be carried out because of the combined energy cycles incorporated in the process. This further illustrates the benefits of the high degree of integration of the system, and takes further advantage of the combination of gasification of hydrocarbons with electrolytic production of hydrogen and oxygen. When more of the steam produced in steam boiler 10 is used for electric power production not only is a greater quantity of high purity hydorgen produced but more oxygen is available for feed to the gasifier units 4. The additional oxygen combusted in the gasifier units 4 increases the BTU content of the gasifier hot gases produced, making additional thermal energy available for underground stimulation thus providing a partial offset to the degree of total energy diverted temporarily from underground stimulation. When no steam is needed for thermal stimulation underground, all the steam from steam boilers 11 may be recycled to steam turbines 6.
It will also be apparent that the exhausted hot gas from gas turbine 8 may be injected directly into the ground rather than fed to steam boiler 10.
In addition, a portion of the oxygen produced by electrolysis, instead of being used in the gasifiers 4 to increase the BTU value of the hot gases produced, may be injected directly underground for burning to increase the temperature of the oil deposit where desirable.
As an alternative to using a heat exchanger as illustrated in FIG. 1, water at ambient temperature could be injected underground and heated in the ground using steam from steam boiler 10. In doing so, more hot gasifier gases could be channelled for eventual use in gas turbines 9 and steam production in steam boilers 10. In a further alternative the heat exchanger 7 could be located with field units B and fed steam from steam boiler 10.
Other methods of upgrading and desulphurizing the recovered heavy oil mixture which utilize hydrotreating may be employed. High purity hydrogen is produced from natural water, normally abundant and available at low cost, instead of from high value oil, naphtha or gas. Also, thermal energy is produced from low value residual hydrocarbons by means of a thermally efficient combined cycle energy system. Because of these factors, the choice of an upgrading and desulphurization means will include multiple step hydrogenation, hydrocracking and the like, but as described above the selection of a specific upgrading and desulphurizing operation, i.e. the use of kilns, fluid beds, cracking units, etc., will depend on the composition of the heavy crude oil feedstock and the availability of high purity hydrogen. The selection could include one of the more advanced hydrocracking processes known in the art and which utilize the hydrogen single molecule to crack the long chain hydrocarbon molecules to more valuable shorter chain products.
The above described process also can be utilized to recover bitumen from surface mined tar sands. In such cases, different field recovery techniques would be used. Reference is made to FIG. 4. The tar sands are surface mined as is conventionally done. The electrical energy for the surface mining is produced in-process. Because underground stimulation is not required, all the hot gasifier gases are utilized for steam and electric power production to provide the additional electric power required for surface mining. The mined tar sands are washed with hot water derived from the heat exchangers 7. Exhausted hot gas from gas turbines 10 is utilized as the heat transferring medium in heat exchanger 7 and is supplemented by steam from the waste heat steam boilers 5 as required. Alternatively, the hot gas from the gas turbines 10 can be mixed with steam for process use, with other steam used in heat exchanger 7 as the heat transferring medium. When heavy water is produced the waste effluent hot water resulting from dual temperature H2 S exchanger 21 is used as the primary source of hot water to wash the tar sands, and is supplemented if required from a heat exchanger 7. The bitumen-water mixture thereby produced is fed to the separator 2 for water removal. The remainder of the process is essentially as described above for heavy oil application. The selection of processes for upgrading of the bitumen recovered, will, as in the case of a heavy oil application of the process, be strongly influenced by the availability of large supplies of hydrogen and the opportunity thereby provided for use of the hydrogen molecule as an efficient upgrading medium. Hydrocracking, as an upgrading step for the separation of light fractions from the recovered hydrocarbons may prove to be a preferred process considering the availability of low cost hydrogen. Alternatively, fluid coking or flexicoking processes in present use may also be employed. The waste residual hydrocarbon remaining after upgrading is a high sulphur coking residual. This is fed as fuel to the gasifier units, with possible supplementation by slurried coal or a small percentage of the bitumen feedstock if required as described above to achieve an energy balance in a given plant.
The present invention is particularly advantageous in its application to surface mined tar sands in that the process consumption of residual coking materials as fuel not only produces energy from waste material at lowest possible cost, but also eliminates an ecological problem which exists at present tar sands plants where the waste coking material is being accumulated in large volume. This is because this coking material may not be efficiently used as fuel for the conventional boilers employed due to its high sulphur content. Also, where heavy water is produced a large part of the hot water required for removal of sands from bitumen would be available as a by-product of the heavy water process.
The process as described above for heavy oil application, with minor modification, can also be used for the liquefaction of coals of any type, such as anthracite, bituminites or lignites, and shales either alone or in combination with heavy oil or tar sands bitumen. Coal or shale either treated or untreated, and crushed and dried as necessary, either alone or in slurries of coal and heavy oil would constitute the hydrocarbon feedstock. As in the case of an application of the process system to heavy oil underground recovery or tar sands bitumen recovery, the specific upgrading and desulphurizing operation employed would be selected on the basis of the particular coal or coal-oil mix of feedstock and the availability of large quantities of high purity, low cost hydrogen, the latter to exploit the advantageous upgrading properties of the hydrogen molecule. The tar residuals remaining after upgrading would be fed to gasifiers. Hot gas produced in the gasifiers would be used to produce electric power and process steam in a combined cycle arrangement as described above with respect to heavy oil application, the principal difference being that gas turbine operations would be centrally located with the waste heat boilers 5 of units A and hot exhaust gases from the gas turbines would be feed to the waste heat boilers 5 to produce steam for process requirements in the central plant. Most of the electric power produced from the hot gasifier gas would be used to produce high purity hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis. As in the case of a heavy oil application or tar sands application the hydrogen would be used for upgrading by means, for example, of hydrocracking and the oxygen used in the gasifiers. Heavy water may also be produced, in the manner described in the above-described application of the process to heavy oil recovery, with the hot water effluent from the initial partial enrichment step being used for process steam after being stripped of H2 S.
In summary it will be seen from the description of the process system that it may be applied with minor variations in the process arrangement to the recovery and upgrading of various hydrocarbons, many of which are not readily amenable to recovery or upgrading, such as heavy oil, tar sands bitumen, shale or lignite and other coals. Commercial products produced by the system will be light, medium or heavy oil and elemental sulphur, and if desirable heavy water. In some circumstances surplus hot gas (synthesis gas) and electric power may also be available for commercial sale.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|May 19, 1947
|Jun 28, 1949
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Recovery of hydrocarbons from oil shale
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|Texaco Development Corp
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|Universal Oil Prod Co
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|Clean Energy Corporation
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|Institute Of Gas Technology
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|Oct 20, 1975
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|Eduardo Da Costa Barcellos
|Process for obtaining oil, gas, sulfur and other products from oil shale
|Aug 11, 1976
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|Stoddard Xerxes T
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|Jul 24, 1997
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|Bingham; Clarke S.
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|Jun 24, 1998
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|World Energy Systems, Incorporated
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|Dec 18, 1998
|Feb 22, 2000
|Bingham; Clarke S.
|Method and apparatus for enhancing oil recovery
|Jan 24, 2000
|Dec 11, 2001
|World Energy Systems Incorporated
|Upgrading and recovery of heavy crude oils and natural bitumens by in situ hydrovisbreaking
|Dec 23, 1997
|Feb 26, 2002
|Egt Developments, Llc
|Method and apparatus for total energy fuel conversion systems
|Jun 27, 2000
|Apr 16, 2002
|Colt Engineering Corporation
|Method of removing water and contaminants from crude oil containing same
|May 25, 2000
|Mar 25, 2003
|Aqua Pure Ventures Inc.
|Water treatment process for thermal heavy oil recovery
|Jul 11, 2002
|May 11, 2004
|Egt Developments, Llc
|Process for producing olefins and diolefins
|Nov 13, 2000
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|Jgc Corporation
|System and method for oil fuel burning integrated combined cycle power generation
|Jul 18, 2002
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|Production Resources, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for generating pollution free electrical energy from hydrocarbons
|Jan 21, 2003
|Jan 10, 2006
|Encana Corporation
|Water treatment process for thermal heavy oil recovery
|Apr 24, 2002
|Feb 14, 2006
|Shell Oil Company
|In situ thermal processing and solution mining of an oil shale formation
|Apr 24, 2002
|May 9, 2006
|Shell Oil Company
|Thermal processing of an oil shale formation to increase permeability of the formation
|Feb 22, 2005
|Apr 29, 2008
|N Solv Corp
|Method and apparatus for stimulating heavy oil production
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|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Gas turbine power generating machine
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|Westinghouse Plasma Corporation
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|Shell Oil Company
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|Nov 8, 2007
|Apr 27, 2010
|L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude
|Combined hydrogen production and unconventional heavy oil extraction
|Jun 1, 2007
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|Shell Oil Company
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|Oct 10, 2006
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|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Hydrocarbon recovery using fluids
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|Earthrenew, Inc.
|Process and system for drying and heat treating materials
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|Nov 14, 2008
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|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Optimization of untreated oil shale geometry to control subsidence
|Mar 7, 2008
|Jan 3, 2012
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|Granular electrical connections for in situ formation heating
|Dec 15, 2009
|Jan 31, 2012
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|Method of developing subsurface freeze zone
|Apr 18, 2008
|Feb 28, 2012
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Downhole burners for in situ conversion of organic-rich rock formations
|May 21, 2008
|Apr 3, 2012
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Utilization of low BTU gas generated during in situ heating of organic-rich rock
|Apr 18, 2008
|Apr 10, 2012
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Downhole burner wells for in situ conversion of organic-rich rock formations
|Oct 10, 2007
|Apr 10, 2012
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|Combined development of oil shale by in situ heating with a deeper hydrocarbon resource
|Oct 28, 2009
|Apr 17, 2012
|Earthrenew, Inc.
|Systems for prevention of HAP emissions and for efficient drying/dehydration processes
|Jul 2, 2009
|May 1, 2012
|Masdar Institute Of Science And Technology
|Apparatus and method for energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly recovery of bitumen
|Oct 24, 2003
|Jun 12, 2012
|Shell Oil Company
|Temperature limited heaters for heating subsurface formations or wellbores
|Oct 24, 2003
|Jul 17, 2012
|Shell Oil Company
|Variable frequency temperature limited heaters
|Oct 24, 2003
|Jul 17, 2012
|Shell Oil Company
|Insulated conductor temperature limited heaters
|May 16, 2011
|Jul 31, 2012
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|Methods and systems for producing fluid from an in situ conversion process
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|Solution mining and in situ treatment of nahcolite beds
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|System and method for producing power from thermal energy stored in a fluid produced during heavy oil extraction
|Apr 21, 2010
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|Methods and apparatuses for SAGD hydrocarbon production
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|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Water treatment following shale oil production by in situ heating
|Jun 17, 2011
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|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Wellbore mechanical integrity for in situ pyrolysis
|Jun 17, 2011
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|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Olefin reduction for in situ pyrolysis oil generation
|Mar 7, 2008
|Jan 7, 2014
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Resistive heater for in situ formation heating
|Dec 11, 2009
|Feb 4, 2014
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
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|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for extracting bitumen and/or ultra-heavy oil from an underground deposit, associated installation and operating method for said installation
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|Process for producing hydrocarbon fluids combining in situ heating, a power plant and a gas plant
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|Multiple electrical connections to optimize heating for in situ pyrolysis
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|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Resistive heater for in situ formation heating
|Sep 17, 2014
|Jul 19, 2016
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Systems and methods for in situ resistive heating of organic matter in a subterranean formation
|Jul 30, 2014
|Dec 6, 2016
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Systems and methods for regulating an in situ pyrolysis process
|Oct 15, 2015
|May 9, 2017
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Method of recovering hydrocarbons within a subsurface formation using electric current
|Apr 24, 2001
|Mar 14, 2002
|De Rouffignac Eric Pierre
|In situ thermal processing of a coal formation using a movable heating element
|Apr 24, 2001
|Mar 21, 2002
|Wellington Scott Lee
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation with a selected hydrogen to carbon ratio
|Apr 24, 2001
|Mar 21, 2002
|Shahin Gordon Thomas
|In situ thermal processing of hydrocarbons within a relatively impermeable formation
|Apr 24, 2001
|Mar 21, 2002
|Maher Kevin Albert
|In situ thermal processing of a coal formation with a selected moisture content
|Apr 24, 2001
|Apr 4, 2002
|Wellington Scott Lee
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation using a natural distributed combustor
|Apr 24, 2001
|Apr 4, 2002
|Maher Kevin Albert
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation having a selected total organic carbon content
|Apr 24, 2001
|Apr 4, 2002
|Rouffignac Eric Pierre De
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation using heat sources positioned within open wellbores
|Apr 24, 2001
|Apr 18, 2002
|Berchenko Ilya Emil
|In situ thermal processing of a coal formation with a selected ratio of heat sources to production wells
|Apr 24, 2001
|Apr 18, 2002
|Rouffignac Eric Pierre De
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation to increase a permeability of the formation
|Apr 24, 2001
|Apr 25, 2002
|Karanikas John Michael
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation with carbon dioxide sequestration
|Apr 24, 2001
|May 9, 2002
|Stegemeier George Leo
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation using pressure and/or temperature control
|Apr 24, 2001
|May 9, 2002
|Berchenko Ilya Emil
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation using repeating triangular patterns of heat sources
|Apr 24, 2001
|May 16, 2002
|Wellington Scott Lee
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation in a reducing environment
|Apr 24, 2001
|May 16, 2002
|Wellington Scott Lee
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation to produce oxygen containing formation fluids
|Apr 24, 2001
|May 23, 2002
|Wellington Scott L.
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation with a selected moisture content
|Apr 24, 2001
|Jun 20, 2002
|Wellington Scott Lee
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation to produce hydrocarbons having a selected carbon number range
|Sep 24, 2001
|Jul 4, 2002
|De Rouffignac Eric Pierre
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation to increase a porosity of the formation
|Apr 24, 2001
|Aug 8, 2002
|Shell Oil Company
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|May 21, 2002
|Apr 17, 2003
|Conoco Inc.
|Use of syngas for the upgrading of heavy crude at the wellhead
|Apr 24, 2002
|Jul 17, 2003
|Vinegar Harold J.
|In situ thermal processing and solution mining of an oil shale formation
|Apr 24, 2001
|Sep 4, 2003
|De Rouffignac Eric Pierre
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation using a movable heating element
|Jun 12, 2003
|Nov 20, 2003
|Shell Oil Company
|In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation to produce a mixture with a selected hydrogen content
|Jul 18, 2002
|Jan 22, 2004
|Sarada Steven A.
|Method and apparatus for generating pollution free electrical energy from hydrocarbons
|Apr 24, 2001
|Jun 10, 2004
|Vinegar Harold J.
|In situ thermal processing of a coal formation to increase a permeability/porosity of the formation
|Oct 24, 2003
|Jul 22, 2004
|Sandberg Chester Ledlie
|Insulated conductor temperature limited heaters
|Oct 24, 2003
|Sep 16, 2004
|Vinegar Harold J.
|Conductor-in-conduit temperature limited heaters
|Feb 22, 2005
|Jul 7, 2005
|John Nenniger
|Method and apparatus for stimulating heavy oil production
|Nov 9, 2004
|Mar 16, 2006
|Sarada Steven A
|Method and apparatus for generating pollution free electrical energy from hydrocarbons
|Oct 20, 2006
|May 3, 2007
|Vinegar Harold J
|Cogeneration systems and processes for treating hydrocarbon containing formations
|Jun 6, 2007
|Jan 24, 2008
|Sarada Steven A
|Method and apparatus for generating pollution free electrical energy from hydrocarbons
|Nov 8, 2007
|Nov 27, 2008
|L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exloitation Des Procedes Georges Claude
|Combined Hydrogen Production and Unconventional Heavy Oil Extraction
|May 21, 2008
|Nov 27, 2008
|Kaminsky Robert D
|Process for producing Hydrocarbon fluids combining in situ heating, a power plant and a gas plant
|May 29, 2007
|Dec 4, 2008
|Dighe Shyam V
|System and process for upgrading heavy hydrocarbons
|Nov 3, 2005
|Jul 9, 2009
|Shouhei Yoshida
|Gas turbine power generating machine
|Oct 13, 2008
|Aug 13, 2009
|Jose Luis Bravo
|High temperature methods for forming oxidizer fuel
|Apr 16, 2009
|Oct 22, 2009
|Michael Anthony Reynolds
|Methods of treating a hydrocarbon containing formation
|Apr 16, 2009
|Oct 22, 2009
|Stanley Nemec Milam
|Method for recovery of hydrocarbons from a subsurface hydrocarbon containing formation
|Jun 9, 2009
|Dec 10, 2009
|Borissov Alexandre A
|System and method for producing power from thermal energy stored in a fluid produced during heavy oil extraction
|Jul 2, 2009
|Jan 7, 2010
|Matteo Chiesa
|Apparatus and Method for Energy-Efficient and Environmentally-friendly Recovery of Bitumen
|Sep 18, 2009
|Mar 25, 2010
|Thomas Metz
|Chemical Product Providing System and Method for Providing a Chemical Product
|Jun 18, 2007
|Apr 22, 2010
|John Nenniger
|Methods and Apparatuses For Enhanced In Situ Hydrocarbon Production
|Oct 10, 2007
|Jun 3, 2010
|Bioecon International Holding
|Two-stage process for the conversion of tar sand to liquid fuels and specialty chemicals
|Jun 5, 2007
|Jul 1, 2010
|John Nenniger
|Methods and apparatuses for sagd hydrocarbon production
|Oct 27, 2009
|Aug 26, 2010
|Dighe Shyam V
|System and process for upgrading heavy hydrocarbons
|Aug 5, 2009
|Sep 22, 2011
|Norbert Huber
|Method for extracting bitumen and/or ultra-heavy oil from an underground deposit, associated installation and operating method for said installation
|Jan 20, 2012
|Jan 10, 2013
|Donald Maclean
|Offshore heavy oil production
|Jul 15, 1981
|Jan 27, 1982
|Robert Shelton
|Hydrocarbon fuel extraction system
|Nov 4, 2005
|May 10, 2006
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Gas turbine power generating plant
|Nov 4, 2005
|Feb 29, 2012
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Gas turbine power generating plant
|Oct 10, 2007
|Apr 17, 2008
|Bioecon International Holding N.V.
|Two-stage process for the conversion of tar sand to liquid fuels and specialty chemicals
|Jun 21, 2013
|Apr 10, 2014
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Device and method for extracting carbonaceous substances from oil sand
|U.S. Classification
|166/267, 208/414, 166/256, 166/272.1, 208/427, 166/65.1
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Beta Reading
Phillip asked a few people to beta read his second novel called Minimal a few weeks ago so that people could give him feedback on the general feel of the story, grammar issues and all that kind of stuff.
Phillip has already self published his first novel called Memories of the Dead, which is available on Kindle, Kobo and Nook if you so wish to find it. He is quite aware of the amount of work required to get a concept to publication and you can read about it here.
I really enjoyed getting involved in the beta read (and the heaps of note taking). I think that Phillip is onto something great with his new project. I wish him all the best with it. If you need a beta reader for your stuff, give me a shout through here. More than happy to get involved.
Rock on,


text:
This spa hotel offers a casino and coffee in the lobby. Business services and tour assistance can be provided. The on-site parking is complimentary. There are 105 rooms in total at this spa complex. Guests are welcomed in the lobby with 24-hour reception, a hotel safe, cloakroom, lift access to the upper floors, and a newspaper stand. Air conditioning, a breakfast room, Internet access, and room and laundry services are also available.There is a rollaway bed fee per night. There are no room charges for children up to and including 18 years who occupy the same room as their parents or guardians, using existing bedding.The hotel offers 105 air-conditioned rooms with safes, coffee/tea makers, irons/ironing boards, and complimentary newspapers. The en suite bathrooms include complimentary toiletries, shower, baths and hairdryers. The rooms are equipped with wireless Internet access, double or king-size beds, a direct dial telephone, satellite/cable TV, radio, and individually regulated heating.
From Q.E.W., follow Q.E.W to 420, follow 420 to the first set of lights and turn left. Go to the third set of lights at Bridge Street and turn right. Follow Bridge Street to the end and make a left on River Road. The hotel is located on the left-hand side of the street.


text:
Make your digital signage choices simpler. From transportation to manufacturing, we can help you find the right medium for your digital needs.
There are a variety of uses for digital signage. It can easily attract attention, provide product demos, directions, daily announcements, critical information, emergency alerts, or whatever messages your organization needs to convey.
Since digital signage systems are modular and easily scaled, you can start with something basic that meets your needs today. Then, simply add features as you go to make the most of digital signage.
Digital signage can be an asset in any market. From patient monitoring in healthcare to showcasing your restaurant's menu to providing waiting room entertainment—signage can completely transform your organization.
Connect with travellers and deliver the information they need quickly.
Provide consistent messaging within your organization.
Showcase your menu in a more
vivid way.
Share your promotions with eye-catching presentations.
Stream the latest financial data and
news, as it occurs.
Provide quick and consistent information to your patients.
Advertise events and conferences with
dynamic, easily swapped signage.
Enhance your guests' experience with in‐room entertainment, current events, weather, or activity information.
Impress visitors with your best features
and increase enrollment.
Instantly share data to keep your production levels on point.
"Interactive displays are becoming more and more popular, and we've definitely seen an increase in customer interest. "
—TOBY MACKEY, Senior Product Manager, Connection
We offer an in-house consulting methodology, based on our deep experience working with organizations of all sizes in different industries. Our experts work closely with you to find the digital signage solution to meet your needs.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Can I embed my form into a PDFMailer?Asked by AntAntForm on January 28, 2014 at 09:24 AM
Its a communicator to a mail lista dn I wish to add a jotform link with a "to join click teh link and complete the form" message. IS this possible?
I think this might be possible as long as the PDFMailer supports a feature to allow the embedding of a referenced url link to the form. I took a quick look into this as an option but at the moment I am finding little documentation about it though to my knowledge most modern Document-Type Creation Softwares including those for PDF's usually have some sort of Hyperlinking Tool.
Alternatively, you can also use the form's direct link as well.


text:
About The Baseball Tavern in Boston, Massachusetts
Located right by Fenway Park, The Baseball Tavern is a sports bar and grill that provides our customers with four different floors, including one of the city's only roof decks, that gives them year-round enjoyment. Speaking of our deck, it overlooks Fenway Park and is one of the most popular fun spots Boston has to offer, from the first pitch on Opening Day until the final out is recorded in the Fall Classic.
Non-Stop Entertainment
Whether it is before, during, or after a Red Sox game, or just anytime you are looking for some fun, you deserve to have a good time at our sports bar. All of the floors of our building provide plenty of big-screen, high-definition televisions to give you a good view of the game.
Want to take a break from watching all of your favorite professional or college sports? You can sit back and enjoy our great sound system or head down to our basement to partake in a bubble hockey tournament or play some video games at our arcade.
Finally, you can go back up to our roof deck for great views of the ball park or take a chance at winning our regular lottery drawings. Of course, there is always the option to just sit back and enjoy a great crowd of people while indulging in some of the best food Boston has to offer.
Helping Our Community
The community of Boston has done so much for our bar and grill that we feel it is only right to do what we can to show our thanks and appreciation. That is why we regularly donate gift cards and sponsorships to countless charities.
Additionally, we donate food to almost every event booked at our sports bar to raise money. Every year, our staff provides free food and donations to the Fenway Senior Center. One year, we even donated a ping-pong table to them.
Contact us to learn more about the rich history behind our sports bar and grill. Our restaurant has been a Boston, Massachusetts, institution since first opening our doors back in 1963.


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Download eCommQuest apk 1.0.2 free for Android smartphone
Posted by EASY Software Solutions, LLC in Business | Jan. 15, 2015 | 0 Comments
Apk file size: 1.8 MB
Founded in 2000, eCommQuest, Inc. specializes in working with clients to identify, create and deliver flexible resource solutions throughout North America. Our goal is to understand your business and the unique human capital issues at a corporate, division or an individual project level. Likewise, we strive to build long-term relationships with our consultants to understand their skill set, work history, capabilities and preferences. At eCommQuest we are focused on being the best at providing three key client services:
• Contract Staffing
• Direct or Permanent Placement
• Supplementary Consulting Services
The eCommQuest mobile application provides an efficient way for our Consultants to submit time/ expenses and for our Clients to access these records for approval.
Mobile application includes:
• Time and expense entry
• Notifications to agree to prior to timesheet submittal
• Multiple assignments per user
• Calendar to navigate to prior and future dates
• Multiple timesheet options
• Timesheet Note
• Manager approval
• Expense Attachments by photo upload
Whats new
Bug fixing
EASY Software Solutions, LLC part of our Business and have average installs from 10 to 50. Last Update Jan. 15, 2015. Google play rating is 100.0. Current verison is 1.0.2. Actual size 1.8 MB.
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Both morning trainings are open format and aimed at professional dancers. Each training unit is a stand-alone and can be taken by participants individually. Special registration is not necessary, however we would ask participants to pay the training fee at the reception 15-30 minutes before the start of training.
We regard the evening workshops as a platform for networking the various branches of the arts. In contrast to the professional training in the morning, these are conceived for any audience with artistic interests. They can also be booked just for individual days, depending on the type of workshop.
Further information and registration by telephone 01 581 35 91 or by e-mail to training [at] tqw [dot] at
or at our reception in the TQW / Studios, giving details of:
- first name and last name
- e-mail address
- telephone number
Photos: Karolina Miernik; class Elena Lin: Chinese Martial Arts in Contemporary Dance


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When it comes to Maritime union, Premier Robert Ghiz thinks P.E.I. should have no part of it.
In his annual state of the province address Monday night in Charlottetown, Ghiz said P.E.I. needs to look at its role within Canada and all the benefits that come from being an equal partner within Confederation.
"I believe it would be a huge mistake," he said.
Every year since taking office Ghiz has delivered a state of the province address to members of P.E.I.'s Rotary clubs.
With Ghiz announcing his resignation in November, this year's speech had an air of a going away party as Ghiz highlighted what he saw as many of his government's accomplishments over his time in office.
Most were often repeated Liberal talking points, such as the introduction of Kindergarten in schools and increased health-care spending.
But he also spent part of his speech addressing the idea of Maritime union, which reared its head again recently when NDP MP Peter Stoffer suggested it as a way for provinces in the region to save money and allow for more public services.
RELATED: NDP MP Peter Stoffer supports Maritime union
Ghiz said if P.E.I. lost its place as an equal partner in Canada the province would lose the status it enjoys within the country and around the world.
"The ability to control our own education system, our own health-care system, our own social programs, to chart our own future," he said.
During his speech Ghiz reflected on his career saying that serving in public office and leading the province as premier has been a privilege.
"I knew that when we made decisions it was going to be impossible to keep everyone happy all the time but I truly believe that debate is important," he said.
There will be a lot of debate over the next few months, Ghiz said, with changes to political party leaderships and an election campaign coming up and he encouraged everyone in the room to get involved in those debates.
He also said for them to be a little more constructive when it comes to supporting candidates, no matter what their political stripe.
"Ease up on the criticism."
Everyone has an opportunity to be able to influence public policy, he said.
"Stay away from the mud slinging. Stay away from the personal attacks. Stick to policies."
Ghiz said he still thinks politics is a noble calling.
"While politicians will be criticized and we need to be thick skinned it is something that we truly need," he said.
With an election looming Ghiz urged the people in attendance to be respectful of everyone's opinions.
"I know my opinion hasn't been the right one on a number of occasions and I've been criticized for it and that's fine."
Robert Ghiz speech


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Big Story
Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Outpost' started by Modeeb, Dec 22, 2012.
he did ask if you could make a new law. It was relayed in the other thread as "change any law." I like her answer even more now. We already have too many laws. Paul g would give her all the points.
I did not see the other thread, sorry.
no. Yours was better Badger's had bad quotes and no video.
A++ Mo.
Wrong. Mine had the exact same video.
Stop melting down GC.
Its stupid they even ask them questions or do the talent thing. Its all about how they look
Badger. I didn't watch the video in yours because it was like three clicks away. But I did see this text:
that's not exactly what she was asked.
Lol I don't care what she says I just wanna bang her.
Omg..she is beautiful, however zero points is more than fair. That was painful to watch.
Goddamn, I'd each her bad American english.


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Worthing Christ Church, Sussex Genealogy
Parish History
Worthing Christ Church was formed as a chapel of ease to Broadwater, Sussex and to provide a burial ground for the poor of Worthing. It was consecrated thus in 1843 but by 1855 it became an Ecclesiastical Parish formed from Broadwater, Sussex
Sussex Parish Churches have a history of Worthing Churches Worthing Introduction
The history of the church is found at Worthing Christ Church Grafton Road
Worthing Christ Church Sussex Online Parish Clerks (OPC) and Worthing Sussex Online Parish Clerks (OPC)
Other places of worship in Worting include
Chapel Street, Independent Sussex Online Parish Clerks (OPC)
Holy Trinity (Anglican) Sussex Online Parish Clerks (OPC) Sussex Parish Churches
St Mary of the Angels (Roman Catholic) Sussex Online Parish Clerks (OPC)
St Matthew (Anglican) Sussex Online Parish Clerks (OPC) Sussex Parish Churches
Christ Church Worthing Wikipedia and list of places of worship in Worthing Wikipedia
See Worthing: Churches', A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 6 Part 1: Bramber Rape (Southern Part) (1980), pp. 119-122. + here
Civil Registration
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD.
Church records
West Sussex Record Office has deposited parish Registers Bap1843-1964 Marr 1855-1976
Bishop's Transcripts 1855-1904
no microfilm for this parish
Census records
| This section requires expansion with:
any unique information, such as the census for X year was destroyed.
FamilySearch Records includes collections of census indexes which can be searched online for free. In addition FamilySearch Centres offer free access to images of the England and Wales Census through FHC Portal Computers here have access to the Family History Centre Portal page which gives free access to premium family history software and websites that generally charge for subscriptions.
[1] to locate local Family History Centres in UK
[2] to locate outside UK.
Many archives and local history collections in public libraries in England and Wales offer online census searches and also hold microfilm or fiche census returns.
Images of the census for 1841-1891 can be viewed in census collections at Ancestry (fee payable) or Find My Past (fee payable)
The 1851 census of England and Wales attempted to identify religious places of worship in addition to the household survey census returns.
Find my Past census search 1841-1901
Prior to the 1911 census the household schedule was destroyed and only the enumerator's schedule survives.
The 1911 census of England and Wales was taken on the night of Sunday 2 April 1911 and in addition to households and institutions such as prisons and workhouses, canal boats merchant ships and naval vessels it attempted to include homeless persons. The schedule was completed by an individual and for the first time both this record and the enumerator's schedule were preserved.
Two forms of boycott of the census by women are possible due to frustration at government failure to grant women the universal right to vote in parliamentary and local elections. The schedule either records a protest by failure to complete the form in respect of the women in the household or women are absent due to organisation of groups of women staying away from home for the whole night. Research estimates that several thousand women are not found by census search.
Find my Past 1911 census search
Probate records
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Sussex Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
Maps and Gazetteers
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.
| This section requires expansion with:
any additional relevant sites that aren't mentioned above.


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Shirt with center front button closing, notched collar, set-in sleeves, may be worn in or outside pants. V. 1 featured a front band, long sleeves with a pleat at wristbands. V. 2 has roll up sleeves and front pocket. Pants have elastic slipped thru casing at waistline and a right hip pocket in back. Boy's pants have fly opening at center front. Pants are long on V.1. V. 2 pants are below the knee length.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
Gallery Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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Video by @Univision: Immigration detention = fastest growing incarceration in US
The arrest, detention and deportation of [undocumented] immigrants is higher than at any time in U.S. history with more than 2.3 million individuals deported in the last five years.
The government's immigration enforcement efforts — detention — is now the fastest growing incarceration system in the U.S.
With illegal border crossings down significantly over the past couple of years, enforcement efforts of [undocumented] border crossing has turned more forcefully to the interior and the communities where millions of undocumented immigrants live, once again sparking the debate over comprehensive immigration reform.
"Aqui y Ahora" Correspondent Tifani Roberts tells us how Obama's policy has separated hundreds of thousands of families and how an investigation shows the other side of deportations.


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Railway PWD Clerk & TE Admit Card 2015 Online Exam Dates
Good News for the applicants who ever have applied for the Railway Clerk and Ticket Examiner posts as the RRB is making efforts to release the Admit card for the year of 2015.Soon the candidates of PWD will be able to Download the Admit card/ Hall ticket from the Official web portal/ site that is [www.rrb.in] with the help of their acknowledgement number and the name and date of birth . Usually an RRB admit card comprises the details of the exam-date and the centre name and other details regarding the exam/ assessment.
Details regarding the Examination Dates of Online Exams/ assessments:
As per the Official source of the advertisement the Written Examination/ Online Examination will be held from the 24th of October 2015 to 4th of November 2015.
Note:- The R.R.B have an authoritative power to change the exam dates with out any intimation to the Applicants ,so we request candidates to be attentive and to keep visiting our page or the official webpage for updates regarding the examination dates and other important details.
An over view of the Details regarding the Recruitment for the year 2015:
Name of the Conducting organization is :- Railway Recruitment Board-[RRB].
Date of the written examination :- 24th of October 2015 to 4th of November 2015
Expected declaration of the Admit Card :- It will be before 21 days from the date of examination.
Follow these Steps in order to download RRB Admit card for the Posts of Clerk and Ticket Examiner for the year of 2015 :-
Step 1– First one has to Log on to the official site of RRB in the web browser that is [rrbappreg.net].
Step 2– Now will be taken to the home page of the site and the applicants have to search for the link .
Step 3– Then Click on the link and go through the link.
Step 4– Then the Applicants have to enter the Registration I.D /Number and the Password.
Step 5 –Now click on the Submit option , ones Admit card will be shown in the Pdf form.
You Can get the following RRB Admit card i.e RRB Allahabad,Ajmer, Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Guwahati, J&K, Kolkata, Mumbai, ranchi, Siliguri, Thiruvananthapuram.
Download here the Admit card of RRB PWD.


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Audited financial statements /2016/
Audited financial statements /2015/Audited financial statements /2014/Audited financial statements /2013/Audited financial statements /2012/
On October 29 ARGE celebrates its 5th anniversary
With great pleasure we inform you that ARGE BUSSINES becomes an exclusive distributor of the Metsa Tissue.
Our Mission Invest variety of consumer goods and support economical growth of all operating markets.Develop organizations by improving people management quality and in-depth understanding of business directions we operate in..
Our Vision Provide our daughter companies with centralized corporative knowledge and expertise to enable local high quality business processes.
Download company profile
Grow with us"ARGE BUSINESS" LLC offers you a career with responsibility, challenge, a chance to work with some of the market's leading consumer brands and opportunity to grow and develop professionally in a pleasant environment.
We appreciate the time you have invested in seeking a position with our company.
Job opportunities


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Today, I found a note on my door that said "You're the sexiest person I've ever stalked". Later, I found another note that said "Sorry, that was meant for your roommate. You aren't my type." Not even a creepy stalker thinks I'm attractive. FML
MobilityYou are connected to FML via the mobile site or an app. How modern.
Keen reader – Level: godlike ninjaYou have voted for 100% of the entire collection of FMLs to date.0%
Keen reader – Level: master ninjaYou have voted for 50% of the entire collection of FMLs to date.0%
Keen reader – Level: student ninjaYou have voted for 15% of the entire collection of FMLs to date.1%
The return of the thumbYou have thumbed 5000 comments.0%
The thumb strikes backYou have left your thumbprint on 2500 comments.1%
BeginnerYou have looked through 5 pages of the website. That's a start.40%
I agree, my mouse works.200 "I agree" votes is a good start.16%
YDI MasterYou made your 500th "You deserved it" vote.5%
JudgmentalYou have voted "You deserved it" over 100 times.24%
50 favoritesLove knows no boundaries. You've already added 50 FMLs to your favourites list!78%
A new thumbYou've used your thumb on 1000 comments.2%
One more and it's business timeYou've received 68 Hugs on your profile. Kinky.0%
Today, my boyfriend was watching TV, when we started getting frisky. I'd just started to give him a blowjob when he pushed me off and said, "Fun's over." Dragon Ball Z had just come back on. He's 21. FML
Today, I uploaded a cute photo of my boyfriend and me on Facebook. Ten minutes later, his friend commented: "Dude! You're supposed to capture the Snorlax, not date it!" FML
Today, my boyfriend was going down on me. Just as I was about to orgasm, he pulled away and said that my vagina is like a mask and that he feels like Bane from Batman. He's been talking in a Bane voice to my vagina for 30 minutes now. I guess sex is over. FML
Today, I held hands with the boy I like. Without thinking, I commented that his right hand is softer, as if he only used lotion on that one hand. And then we stood there in terribly awkward silence. FML


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2023 West Malcolm X Street Lansing, Michigan - LansingWell over grown. Weeds and grass are consistently 8+" tall.
726 East Michigan Avenue Lansing, Michigan - LansingSorry if you'd rather not see this. If you have a recommendation for other 'posting' I'd be happy to change it. The fenced in area has overgrowth high enough vehicles must nose into the East bound Michigan traffic to see if any East bound Michigan traffic is coming. (What? I know.) It's in the fenced in area provided by the city of Lansing. What can be done to cut this back? Do you authorize me to do it since it's in the fenced in area? Thanks.
Sidewalk Overgrowth OpenPointe West Boulevard Grand Ledge, Michigan - Delta TownshipThere are two or more evergreens with a base that encroach the sidewalk. It's overgrowth is very sever forcing walkers to single file through. What is the township ordinance on this matter? There are other locations where a report and action could be helpful. I'm curious in how to proceed when conditions exist and corrective action is desired. Thank you. I am asking that action be taken for this property if this is an appropriate forum.
Grass & Weeds over 8" tall Archived701-709 South Grand Avenue Lansing, Michigan - LansingSchedule a city mower to clear the weed growth. It's blocking good line of sight at the intersection. Especially for low profile vehicles.
Grass & Weeds over 8" tall Archived401-599 South Larch Street Lansing, Michigan - LansingPark Bench cut-out has weeds and growth over 8" tall. Please dispatch mowing.
Sidewalk Problem - Access Archived119 South Larch Street Lansing, Michigan - Lansing
Snow at street/sidewalk opening S Larch and E Michigan at the SE corner with an open lot. Who maintains this section of sidewalk? Parts are cleared well for pedestrians; however, yesterday afternoon I observed a lady that lost her boot as the deep snow at the corner 'sucked' it off her foot. She was committed to be in a lane of traffic yet the light changes within seconds so she was in extreme panic to retrieve the boot and get out of the way.
This should never happen.
Snow covered sidewalk Archived17301 East Michigan Avenue Lansing, Michigan - LansingSnow is an issue on the sidewalk area in front of Clara's diner to the railroad tracks. Who own and maintains this section of sidewalk?
Snow on Sidewalk Archived630-698 East Michigan Avenue Lansing, Michigan - LansingSnow is an issue on the sidewalk area in front of Brogan's Tire Parking lot to the railroad tracks. Who own and maintains this section of sidewalk?
614 East Michigan Avenue Lansing, Michigan - LansingBrogan's Tire sidewalks are covered with packed snow and ice from the overnight storm. It may be early to shun them, but a lesson could be learned from the neighboring medical center, Omni Facility, and the Mobil Gas station from the corner. Props to Family Dollar, up the street, as they have made great efforts that show clear the sidewalks. They welcome business.
Sidewalk Problem Archived401-471 East Kalamazoo Street Lansing, Michigan - Lansing
Who maintains the sidewalks over bridges? In particular the Kalamazoo St bridge over the Grand River between Grand Ave and Cedar. Out for a walk at noon to see it was slightly glazed and a person was having difficulty negotiating the slight slope and closeness of the traffic.
Could this be reviewed and maybe the existing schedule adjusted?
1014 Platt Street Lansing, Michigan - LansingThe vehicle is parked with a flat tire.
Traffic Signal: Walk Archived500-598 East Kalamazoo Street Lansing, Michigan - LansingSE corner, facing West: The WALK light is out.
Matress for pickup Archived2300-2314 West Oakland Road Lansing, Michigan - Ingham CountyAbandoned Matress on WB Saginaw located off the road, north side.
Corner visibility issue. Archived101-117 S Hosmer St Lansing, Michigan - LansingComing out of the Hosmer corner onto michigan from the south is a hazard to self and traffic. You have to sit in the pedestrian area to even begin to see. What can be done to cut the foliage away? (And we're walking)
11334-11502 Upton Road Grand Ledge, Michigan - Delta Township
Like a wish bone the branch is hanging with balance on either side of the wire. Eventually, the branch will blow away or with ice have enough weight to break the wire.
Could it be removed please.
Street light Out - Marathon Archived601 West Saginaw Street Lansing, Michigan - GeneseeSaginaw in front of Marathon station, away from the corner.
Street Light Out - Ballpark Archived101-317 North Larch Street Lansing, Michigan - LansingNorth of Michigan the second set of lights, the West light is out.
Lansing River Trail Lansing, Michigan - LansingThere's an exposed screw head about 3/8" which could cause someone an issue. It's a TORX screw size 2(?) and can be located on the the outside, East row, of four screws in the surface. Stand almost exactly with the South edge of Oakland overhead. Now look down and screw it back in. Thanks.
Street Light Out Archived447-699 Stone Ridge Drive Lansing, Michigan - WaverlySaginaw South side from Stoneridge Dr. to Reno's establishment.


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By Sbaits
- 251 views
- Find their other images
Couldn't get a good picture given the lighting to do this justice, really liked the way this futurned out.
All of these are prototypes, can't recall which works the best. All work but are limited to slower retrieves (which is fine for fall) or else they will flip upside down. Thinking of adding a hanger to the lip so I can then troll these fast in the summer.
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