text:
Introduction: Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas social capital or waste of time?
- Naomi Cook
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 Introduction: Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas social capital or waste of time? Chris Kjeldsen and Gunnar Lind Haase Svensen University of Aarhus, Denmark and University of Southern Denmark ager n o 11 octubre 2011 Revista de Estudios sobre Despoblación y Desarrollo Rural Journal of Depopulation and Rural Development Studies Páginas: 7-28
2 Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas social capital or waste of time? Abstract: In debates on rural development, attention has often been directed toward the role of the agricultural sector and its relations to the state, subsidy programs and voluntary associations. However, we should not forget the importance of innovative private entrepreneurs outside agriculture. These people tend to invest a lot of time and energy in building local and supra-local social capital. Using case studies from rural Denmark, this paper critically explores under which circumstances private entrepreneurs social networks can be transformed into veritable social capital. Keywords: Private entrepreneurs, social capital, embeddedness, rural innovation, rural Denmark Creación de redes de empresarios privados en áreas rurales: capital social o pérdida de tiempo? Resumen: En los debates sobre desarrollo rural, la atención se ha dirigido generalmente hacia el papel desempeñado por el sector agrario y sus relaciones con el estado, las subvenciones y las organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro. No obstante, no deberíamos olvidar la importancia de los empresarios e innovadores privados al margen de la agricultura. Estas personas tienden a invertir mucho tiempo y energías generando capital social local y supralocal. A partir de estudios de caso de la Dinamarca rural, este artículo examina críticamente bajo que circunstancias bajo las redes sociales de los emprendedores privados pueden ser transformadas en auténtico capital social. rural Palabras clave: Emprendedores privados, capital social, embeddedness, innovación rural, Dinamarca Recibido: 8 de febrero de 2010 Devuelto para revisión: 6 de abril de 2010 Aceptado: 5 de julio de 2010 Chris Kjeldsen. Department of Agroecology, University of Aarhus (Denmark). Gunnar Lind Haase Svendsen. Danish Center for Rural Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg (Denmark).
3 Including the downside of social capital In the debates on rural development and rural innovation, a lot of attention has been paid to the role of agriculture, the state, supra-state initiatives as LEADER, as well as to civil society, here not least voluntary associations. 1 However, we should not forget the important role of the many individual, non-agricultural as well as agricultural, enterprises located out there. These are often characterized by energetic and innovative entrepreneurs who excel at networking, and who are rich on local as well as supra-local social capital (e.g. Young 2010; Svendsen et al. 2010). Apart from the private goods obtained (the entrepreneurs earning money), this also entails provision of collective goods in the form of local and regional networks that can be used for various forms of collective action, job creation, and the fostering 1 The issue contains a selection of peer-reviewed papers, which were originally presented at a workshop on Embeddedness of Rural Enterprises - Developing Integrative Conceptual Frameworks for Understanding Rural Innovation and Development at the European Society of Rural Sociology congress in Vaasa, Finland, August We thank the participants for their active participation and for paper contributions. This article is based on research from the research project Innovative Enterprises in Rural Areas, financed by the Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. Chris Kjeldsen y Gunnar Lind Haase Svensen 9
4 of trust and cooperative norms. Such goods are beneficial for the whole local community, something that can be seen as an unintended side-effect of entrepreneurial private good provision (Coleman 1990). Hence, both the intended and unintended effects of private entrepreneurship have important impacts on rural development and life conditions. Therefore, this special issue seeks to answer the overall question: How do private entrepreneurs contribute to rural development? The scope is, of course, narrowed in the papers that follow, which address the overall question through case studies from many parts of the world. Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas-social capital or waste of time? As is the case in many other fields in which the concept of social capital has been applied, the celebratory view has been dominating within rural studies and rural policies during the last two decades. The firm belief that rural networking per se is always good and should be seen as a comparative advantage of rural areas pops up in many scientific, grass root and policy documents. For example, in the influential OECD publication The New Rural Paradigm one reads in the foreword: Rural policy is beginning to take into account the diversity of rural region types. On the aggregate, rural regions face problems of decline with out-migration, ageing, a lower skill base and lower average labour productivity that then reduce the critical mass needed for effective public services, infrastructure and business development, thereby creating a vicious circle. However, there are many rural regions that have seized opportunities and built on their existing assets, such as location, natural and cultural amenities, and social capital (OECD 2006: 3). Unfortunately, the blessings of social capital are often overestimated. This may pave the way for political laissez-faire, including withdrawal of public investments in local communities (Somers 2005: 13). At the micro level, entrepreneurs may just as well waste their time and money on networking rather than prosper, all depending on their strategies and specific local contexts. Furthermore, important issues regarding power and politics might be overlooked. Critical social capital commentators have warned that What others have called the dark side of social capital makes it clear that excluding the issues of power and politics from the concept of social capital is tantamount to eliminating one half of the human record of history and society. Before any sanguine theories of social capital continue on their present tack, empirical work is urgently necessary to determine the conditions lending themselves to this dark side of social capital (Somers 2005: 13). 10
5 Structure Hence, our discussion on profitable and less profitable (or even counter-productive) networking among rural entrepreneurs includes some initial reflections on the impact of specific contexts and configurations of networking. We will thus try to balance the sunny and dark side of social capital. Overall, we will question the onesided celebratory view of social capital (Portes and Landolt 1996: 21). This we will do within the framework of embeddedness (Section 2). Then we use two cases from rural Denmark, which may serve as illustrative examples of productive networking (veritable social capital) and non-productive networking (waste of time), related to degrees of local and supra-local embeddedness (Section 3). Finally, we shortly introduce the articles in this issue (Section 4). Embeddedness Our starting point is that networking can be conceived as particular configurations of social relations contingent on localized contexts. In other words, networking can be conceived as an embedded form of social interaction. Thus, the forms of embeddedness have an influence on the effects and outcomes of rural entrepreneurship. Polanyi s three forms of integration The notion of embeddedness (literally, to be integrated within something else) seeks to analyse economic action as being embedded within a complex network of social relations. The concept was originally coined by Polanyi (Swedberg 2003: 28) but much further developed by economic sociologist Marc Granovetter (Granovetter 1985). Polanyi actually abandoned the concept and instead talked about forms of integration (Polanyi 1977). By this, Polanyi meant the patterns made by the movements of goods and persons in the economy, whether these movements consist of changes in their location, in the appropriation, or in both (Polanyi 1977: 36). He then listed three forms of embeddedness present in every historical period in various mix Chris Kjeldsen y Gunnar Lind Haase Svensen 11
6 proportions. These are reciprocity, i.e. movement of goods and services (or the disposal over them) between corresponding points of a symmetrical arrangement ; redistribution, i.e. movement towards a center and out of it again, whether the objects are physically moved or only the disposition over them is shifted ; and market exchange, i.e. movement in a similar sense, but this time between any two dispersed or random points in the system (ibid.). Polanyi thus emphasizes that economic action is influenced by different forms of social relations, which can be identified in different proportions during economic history. In the following, we will focus on the dimension of reciprocity, which is the one that corresponds the most to our use of the notion of networking. The problem of over- or underembeddedness Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas-social capital or waste of time? Building up networks whether integrated reciprocally in the local community, through vertical value chains ranging outside the local area, or in local, regional or global markets should be a balanced process. Network building is not necessarily a viable strategy for the single entrepreneur. This might sound strange, but the point is that rural entrepreneurship, as other forms of entrepreneurship, can be both over- and underembedded (Granovetter 1990: 96). Many cases of over- and underembeddedness has been identified within economic sociology (Woolcock 1998). In these cases, economic action has been conceptualized as the continuous forging of relations within firms or communities, based on bonding types of social capital, as well as forging of relations external to firms or communities and based on bridging types of social capital. One practical example is that many firms seek to build up relations of trust within the firm, thus ensuring that a flexible coordination of innovation processes can occur within the firm. These processes might be hampered if different parts of the firm were unwilling to exchange ideas across the firm. 12
7 Figure 1 Forms of social capital on microlevel (Woolcock 1998: 172) At the same time, building up beneficial relations with a wide range of external partners is also important, in order to reach a suitable level of flexibility to changing market conditions. Accordingly, a distinction can be made between processes of internal integration and external linkage. Cases of under- and overembeddedness occur when one of the two processes comes to dominate and even suppress the other. Strong intra-community ties coupled with the absence of external links may hamper an enterprise s ability to exploit new emerging market possibilities. When strong intracommunity ties are combined with high external linkage, the social mobility of an economic enterprise can be facilitated. This mechanism can be seen in many immigrant economies in the Western world. In Denmark, for example, many immigrants from South-East Asia established grillrooms during the 1970s, supported by low-interest loans from community banks within the local immigrant community. The high level of intra-community integration was thus a positive factor to the establishment of new businesses. Problems did arise when, during the 1980s, new waves of immigration from the Middle East increased competition on the market for grilled food. Most of the community banks had no knowledge of other sectors and were not able to support transition into other sectors where competition was not that fierce. As a consequence, many Asian grillroom owners went bankrupt. In that regard, there was a limited social mobility of economic enterprise. Other sources have emphasized that overembeddedness can reduce the flow of innovations throughout a given network by closure, meaning that networks charac- Chris Kjeldsen y Gunnar Lind Haase Svensen 13
8 terized by high social integration might not be able to provide the type of resources which is needed the most (Uzzi 1997: 58). Likewise, overembeddedness can stifle economic action if the social aspects of exchange supersede the economic imperatives (Uzzi 1997: 59). Another example is that overembeddedness can result in self-defeating cycles of behaviour. The case is that if strong assumptions of trust and cooperation are exploited in embedded ties, vendettas and endless feuds can arise (Uzzi 1997; Axelrod 1984). How, then, should a rural entrepreneur invest his time and energy? In local or extra-local networks? Arguably, balancing between the over- and underembeddedness of economic action is a key issue in rural entrepreneurship. On the one hand, rural entrepreneurs should be aware to build strong intra-community ties, as the forging of strong intra-community ties is an important prerequisite for cultivating a diverse development repertoire within rural areas (Ray 1999). The absence of strong intracommunity ties might hinder utilisation of local resources such as traditional foods, regional languages, crafts, folklore, local visual arts and drama, literary references, historical and prehistoric sites, landscape systems and their associated flora and fauna (Ray 1998). On the other hand, it is important to keep in mind that successful utilization of financial institutions, technology and other assets is contingent on a high degree of extra-community linkage. In that regard, networking in itself might not constitute a viable strategy. The craft of balancing the use of resources between different forms of networking is every bit as important. Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas-social capital or waste of time? Productive and non-productive networking As mentioned in Section 1, networking has clearly become a plus word. And social capital is detected everywhere, not least in rural communities. However, social capital is built just like all other forms of capital, as a fabric, a motorway, an expert knowledge. Our key message is that rural entrepreneurs, and rural researchers, should have a more critical view on investments of labour-time in networking. In the contemporary project- and network-society, a considerable amount of time is spent on building and cultivating networks, reinforced by the possibilities of the internet. However, do these investments always have a pay-off? Or can investments in networks simply turn out to be counterproductive? To analyze the relationship between 14
9 two different configurations of networking, we have selected two cases the first one representing productive and the second one non-productive networking. Introduction Productive networking: PileByg Ltd. PileByg Ltd. was founded in The company produces willow hedges, as well as wind and noise fences consisting of dead as well as living willows (to motorways, for example). PileByg is an innovative enterprise that has been rather visible in the Danish media. 2 It is located in a renovated farm house and manor in a sparsely populated area in the Northeastern part of peninsular Jutland. 110 hectares of land planted with 80 different varieties of willows surround the farm. In 2008, PileByg has about 15 full time employees and an annual turnover of about 2,7 million euro. PileByg is jointly owned by the couple Johannes Falk and Vibe Gro. John works as the Chief Executive, while Vibe takes care of staff, marketing and R & D projects. Besides, the office team consists of secretary, designer and developer Birgit Østergaard-Jensen. The remaining staff consists of a production team and a traveling team that erects willow noise fences and hedges all over Europe. Since its establishment, PileByg has gone through a constant product development and diversification. The main customers are public companies (e.g. the Danish Road Directorate, Danish municipalities) and private enterprises, including the retail market. There is also a significant sale to private and public enterprises abroad, primarily England, Scotland, Sweden and Norway. The case was studied by using long, semi-structured interviews. Three interviews of approximately 1 hour s duration were undertaken, transscribed and analyzed, including the two owners Vibe Gro and Johannes Falk, and secretary and developer Birgit Østergaard-Jensen. We find that PileByg is an illustrative example of productive networking in the sense that it successfully capitalizes upon a mix of local and supra-local networks hence PileByg is neither over- or underembedded. This is due to a persistent focus on network cooperation that pays for all partners, i.e. win-win games. Hence PileByg 2 Not least, the award of two prizes the Danish Design Prize 2000 and an award at the Danish Garden and Landscape Exhibition in 2003 has attracted the attention of the press. Chris Kjeldsen y Gunnar Lind Haase Svensen 15
10 succeeds to turn both carefully selected local and supra-local networks into social capital. PileByg relies heavily on both informal and formal network cooperation. These networks include foreign customers, vendors, subcontractors and Danish customers. In addition, there has been a close cooperation with the Danish world-wide producer of isolation, Rockwool, which has been of vital importance for PileByg, not least in the initial phase. Besides, local networks have been important, both in respect to recruitment of skillful, local employees and using local partners, who manufacture or further develop some of the most complicated machines. In the following, we will first look at efficient supra-local network cooperation, exemplified in the cooperation with the Danish fire-safe isolation producing enterprise RockDelta (Rockwool). Then we look at successful local cooperation exemplified in cooperation with the local smith on developing machines for processing the willow. Finally, we briefly note the importance of trust for all forms of low-cost network cooperation. Supra-local cooperation: RockDelta Ltd. Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas-social capital or waste of time? According to co-owner Vibe Gro, the most crucial event in the history of the company is the close collaboration with the Danish head quarter of a subsidiary firm within Rockwool, RockDelta Lmt., in the up-start period RockDelta has specialized in vibration isolation/noise control and ballast protection and has departments over most of the world, but its head quarter is (still) situated in a town near the Danish capital Copenhagen. This made possible the testing, patenting and capitalization of a good idea: The willow noise fence. Vibe Gro tells: When you re a little enterprise and have a really good product (..) there s a lot of formalization and testing before you have a strong product. And it takes.. enormous resources. And at that time, it was actually the subsidiary firm of the Rockwool Group [RockDelta], which made a patent on the product and helped to make some of the formalization of all the technical aspects of the product (..) They took us by the hand. And that was extremely decisive. Vibe Gro also stresses the business acumen in such a collaborative relationship. Cooperation, she claims, is market driven and both parties have clear economic interests to safeguard. In relation to RockDelta, the win-win situation consisted in PileByg s access to expertise on the one hand, and Rock-delta s interest in selling more rock wool isolation (as a part of the willow noise and wind fences) and, besides, gaining a share in the patent and thus long-term profits. At this early stage, cooperation with a giant within the Danish industrial sector, Rockwool, was perfect for the 16
11 Lilliput PileByg. Such a small, fledgling company did not have enough resources to undertake investments of this scale (developing, testing, and achieving a patent), neither did they have sufficient technical insight in how the final product should be designed. Therefore, Vibe Gro tells, a voluntary mentoring scheme was a perfect solution for both parties. Hence, networking was easily converted into economic capital without any waste of labor-time whatsoever, that is, increased incomes for both the little and the big enterprise. In addition to this, a major and not intended benefit was an enormous knowledge transfer from RockDelta to PileByg, e.g. in connection with marketing. The marketer, Vibe Gro, simply had free and fully informal access to all the information and advice she could dream of. 3 Local cooperation: Developing machines together with the local smith Building a unique production apparatus that can produce custom-designed products of high quality has only been possible due to close cooperation with local businesses, here in particular the local smith in the village. The interviews reveal that cooperation did not happen due to local patriotism but simply because it pays off: The smith is skillful, always accessible, and they know him. Moreover, when constructing, or further developing, complicated machines, geographical proximity becomes extremely important, allowing the smith to in a very informal way come to PileByg and correct errors, have informal talks with Johannes Falk and his employees, and in this way develop ideas for improvements simply by standing next to the machine discussing possible solutions. Overall, this saves a lot of distance costs and, besides, belonging to the same regional culture and using the same dialect allows for immediate understanding. For example, this was how a complicated bark remover machine, originally produced in Poland, was further improved in line with the specific needs of PileByg. Moreover, local partners as the local smith have gradually accumulated valuable knowledge about processing willow, which also increases PileByg s profits from using local services as well as contributes to general innovation and economic growth in the area. 3 [At] that time it was the perfect company for us to work with. Today we are completely independent of them. We never use them. But then, when they were thus quite necessary for us to no technical knowledge of something patent and in any market knowledge, that is Much of the marketing I know, I ve learned from the marketing manager [in RockDelta]. And that was because all I had to do was to lift the phone and call him. Chris Kjeldsen y Gunnar Lind Haase Svensen 17
12 It all started with a small machine made for the production of the so-called Harlekin fence (fence to primarily private gardens made of living willow trees). Birgit Østergaard remembers: I think it sounded too crazy. However, he [Johannes Falk] got it started and (..) a small machine was developed by a local smith. And eh.. it was adapted and.. has run ever since. And it is about 7 years ago we started that project. And we have sold a lot of kilometers of these fences. It s been a great success. And it leads to innovation among other small enterprises in the area. Because.. those machines that are standing outside in the production hall, they are all invented by local firms in this area. Such low-cost cooperation is, however, not only dependent on timing, expertise, win-win cooperation (RockDelta) or geographical proximity (the smith). Also the presence of trust presupposes smooth and, often, informal cooperation. Trust as a lubricator for win-win cooperation Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas-social capital or waste of time? In our interviews with business people in rural areas, trust appears to be an extremely important factor for smooth cooperation and low transaction costs. In the interviewees perspective, this has to do with a small and manageable size of employees, where people work together and not against each other, reinforced by local, regional and national trust cultures. For example, in an interview with an owner of a small tourist enterprise in Southern Jutland (April 25, 2008), network cooperation was described as: The network must be stretched out to personal relations, personal appointments, because that s what carries out here. 4 In another interview (Dec. 1, 2010) with an owner of a small machine factory in a remote area in Western Jutland, the connection between cooperative efficiency and trust is formulated in more detail: We do not use contracts when dealing with our customers. Sometimes we burn your fingers. Someone is suddenly gone. (..) But again, then sometimes we win a little (..) We were once in negotiation with a [Danish] wind turbine manufacturer, where we should sign and all that, and have a lawyer. We simply don t want to, and don t have time to go into such a cooperation [because] if you cannot talk together and keep your word (..) then it only raises costs and complicates everything, and we have to have lawyers every time we produce something. Well, we re not a paper factory, we re a machine factory. So we don t use any energy on that. 4 See also Svendsen et al for more details on this case study. 18
13 PileByg is a typical example of a small enterprise in rural Denmark where cooperation is lubricated by trust and formal contracts are almost non-existing. This taken-for-given trust may indeed be the comparative advantage of such an enterprise. Directly confronted with the question about which she had circled for long What does trust mean to you? Vibe Gro answered after a long silence of reflection: I should say: That s not an issue. Because trust, I think, it s just there. Interviewer: It s just there? It s like a natural condition for the tiny world here, for being so small.. that you have that. Funny you should mention that. 5 Similarly, Birgitte Østergaard-Jensen states that generally when dealing with people and making deals with people, we always turn back to those we feel we can trust. In this way trust between employees internally and between PileByg and external partners seems to create an ideal environment for effective innovation and cooperation and high economic performance in a very informal atmosphere. We now turn to an example of networking that doesn t pay off just as well. Introduction Nonproductive networking: The organic freshware terminal in Tinglev The Organic Freshware Terminal in Tinglev was a cooperatively organized distribution enterprise, initiated by an organic investment foundation in the region of Southern Denmark. The overall aim for the freshware terminal was to establish and develop a regionally embedded distribution network for regional organic and biodynamical products. The enterprise had a relatively short lifespan, as it was started in 1999 and shut down only two years later, in 2001 when the terminal went bankrupt. 5 Later on in the interview, she more than once returned to this theme. For example, the English and Scandinavian partners are the ones PileByg understands the best and trust the most, so that they attempt to expand on these markets. This in contrast to, for example, a large German market with promising potentials however, here cooperation has failed due to poor understanding and low trust. In Vibe Gro s expression, [trust] is like the oil that lubricates the whole unit, i.e. reduces transaction costs. Chris Kjeldsen y Gunnar Lind Haase Svensen 19
14 The freshware terminal was from an early point on driven by regional producers of organic and biodynamical products. The case was studied using in-depth, qualitative interviews as the main tool of inquiry. A series of qualitative interviews were conducted, based on a semi-structured interview guide. The interviews followed a snowball sampling approach, by which each respondent pointed towards other respondents to be included in the interviews. The duration of each interview ranged between 1.5 to 2.5 hours. The produced interview data was transcribed and analyzed using the software package Transana. 6 In addition to interview data, financial reports of the case were available from a public database for companies paying VAT. 7 We were also given permission to access a private archive with the development plans of The Organic Freshware Terminal (Lorenzen 2003). Apart from that, content analysis was applied to the analysis of websites and various documents from the archives. Development of The Organic Freshware Terminal Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas-social capital or waste of time? The Organic Freshware Terminal was initiated in the town of Tinglev near the Danish-German border in The terminal was built on a vision of the round table around which concerned actors along the food chain could meet and in a collaborative manner develop the regional food system in a more sustainable direction. The founders were a group of organic and biodynamical farmers who had been actively involved in several organic development projects in the region of Southern Denmark. One of the projects which they had been involved in was to establish a co-operative organic dairy in the early 1990 s. The basic idea of The Organic Freshware Terminal was to gather the regional organic and biodynamical producers and try to connect those with the regional consumers as a part of an overall regional producer-consumer network. The Organic Freshware Terminal was organized as a foundation and not as a stock-based private enterprise, as the founders were concerned that external, commercial actors might be able to take control of the terminal. During 1999, a managing director was employed as well as a few other employees, and the physical infrastructure of The Organic Freshware Terminal was built in a building in the town of Tinglev. 6 See info on the Transana project at 7 The database is available at 20
15 Supra-local networking After only a few months of operation, it was clear to the director that the number of interested regional customers was relatively modest, and he perceived the need for enrolling customers outside the region of Southern Denmark. One of the reasons for this was the ambitious objective by the board of The Organic Freshware Terminal to reach an annual turnover of approximately 7 million Euro (ØT ; ØT ). The terminal did succeed to make contracts with different public institutions outside the region, which then was supplied with organic products. They also started an innovative cooperation with a chain of gas stations (Q8 Oil), where selected gas stations within the region served as distribution centers for vegetable boxes In spite of these successful projects, the economic scale of the region in terms of turnover was still inadequate. The terminal could during the year 2000 still benefit from contracts with public institutions. However, a process of cutting back on public expenditure during that year posed a serious challenge to the terminal. In 2001, the terminal had several contracts with public institutions cancelled due to budget cuts. The same summer, other new projects failed including a major contract, which was supposed to be signed with several major institutions in the area of Copenhagen. The result was a severe decrease in turnover for the terminal. These developments led the terminal to run out of money and by the end of the year the terminal had to be terminated. At the peak of the activities of The Organic Freshware Terminal, the enterprise employed 5-6 people, including the managing director. The bankruptcy of the terminal left one of the local banks with a loss of near Euro. Local networking The Organic Freshware Terminal was not only concerned with establishing beneficial networks with supra-local partners. Early on, the board of the terminal expected that local or regional customers would be interested in what they had to offer, hence their vision of the round table. Unfortunately, these hopes were disappointed. The chairman of the board experienced this as a paradox. His interpretation was that the region of Southern Denmark had the highest density of organic producers in Denmark but could very well have the lowest number of organic consumers (ØT ). The managing director of the terminal expressed his discontent with the level of professionalism among some of the producers, who supplied the terminal with fresh organic produce (ØT ). One of his experiences was the following: At one point we had an important delivery for a municipality in the region. Parts of the Chris Kjeldsen y Gunnar Lind Haase Svensen 21
16 Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas-social capital or waste of time? goods to be delivered were leeks, which were sourced from one of our local producers. We were supposed to pick them up on a Sunday. We later found out that the producer had left for a weekend holiday Friday night. When we got to the pick-up point at the farm, we found that the producer had left the leeks in plastic boxes, covered by a tarpaulin. Unfortunately, the producer had not left anyone in charge of looking after the leeks. As there had been stormy weather the night before, the tarpaulin had trashed many of the leeks, and we could not use a significant part of the shipment. But we still had to pay for it.. (ØT ) He described some of the locally produced vegetables as being of inferior quality compared to what could be sourced from organic producers in Northern Germany, and he experienced some problems of being dependent on local sourcing and agreements, which were not kept by the same local producers. Instead, the director tried to pursue a strategy which reduces local dependency, both in terms of customer base as well as in terms of sourcing. This was countered by the efforts by the board, which aimed at recruiting local customers. The former CEO describes his experience:..i started approaching suppliers in Northern Germany, since my experience at the market in Hamburg was that their produce was of superior quality, compared to the Danish suppliers. When I approached the board for their approval of pursuing this track further, I was told not to go further into the matter, as the board wished to support the local producers (ØT ). There were two consumer members of the board which were meant to represent regional consumers and their interests. It was still questionable to which degree the inclusion of consumer board members reflected an actual local consumer base. In relation to this, the former director of the terminal observed that many of the board members originated in the German speaking minority of Southern Denmark (ØT ), which might explain why interest was so scarce among other subcultures in Southern Denmark. In terms of numbers, local consumers only constituted a minor part of the terminal s market. Problems of over- and underembeddedness During its two years in operation, the organic freshware terminal was not able to break into the regional food market of Southern Denmark, which was the single most important objective of the terminal. The Organic Freshware Terminal was in many ways competent in terms of coupling to resources outside its initial habitat. Still, one of the important factors behind their economic problems stemmed from a 22
17 problematic dichotomization of the terminal in relation to the surrounding regional food economy. The founders and the first board of the terminal did put a lot of effort into avoiding that external actors should buy their way into influencing the development of the terminal (ØT ). The chairman of the board explains: It was very important for us to make sure that it was the proper values, which should support the development of the terminal. We did not want to be hijacked by external investors or others who did not share our vision for a sustainable regional food system (ØT ). The legal construction behind the terminal was a foundation. The foundation was an approach to secure that proper and right organic values were behind the terminal. One of the ways to diminish external influence was to limit the access to representation in the board of the foundation. The board members were hand-picked and thus not eligible for democratic election. As an example of a regional round table, this particular platform can only be described as relatively exclusive, instead of being as inclusive as the principle of the round table would suggest. A related problem was that this particular legal form left the terminal very poor possibilities of increasing its capital base. The reason is that in Denmark, a foundation cannot increase its capital base except via gifts or donations. At the same time, it was hard meeting the expectations for turnover, which was formulated by the same board that advocated the above mentioned legal form. Means thus became an impediment to reaching ends. In that regard, the terminal exhibited patterns of overembeddedness. Processes of overembeddedness can be identified in different ways throughout the development trajectory of the freshware terminal. As observed in other studies, overembeddedness can reduce the flow of innovations throughout a given network by closure (Uzzi 1997: 58). Likewise, overembeddedness can stifle economic action if the social aspects of exchange supersede the economic imperatives (Uzzi 1997: 59). Apart from these two examples, overembeddedness can result in self-defeating cycles of behaviour. All of these three aspects can be found in the development trajectory of the freshware terminal. Regarding the organisational closure, the director of the terminal was highly critical of the quality of the local produce. However, he still had to source from the same local producers, as several of these had seats in the board. The director expressed his urge to increase levels of professionalization within the terminal, but the board did not incorporate these concerns into their strategy for developing the terminal. Instead the board insisted on pursuing the initial strategy of regional embeddedness, even Chris Kjeldsen y Gunnar Lind Haase Svensen 23
18 though they had not experienced any major market breakthrough. In that regard, social aspects superseded economic imperatives. The cancellation of contracts with public institutions, which happened during 2001, exhibited that the terminal suffered from a severe lack of supra-local embeddedness. There were no new network alliances to replace the cancelled business partnerships. In addition, the organizing principle of the terminal (a foundation) did not offer much help in keeping the terminal afloat financially. This combination of local overembeddedness and supra-local underembeddedness proved fatal for the terminal. Summing up: Productive and non-productive networking Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas-social capital or waste of time? To sum up, our intention was to suggest that the many blessings of social capital building among private entrepreneurs in rural areas may be overestimated. Entrepreneurs may just as well waste their time and money as in the case of the organic Freshware terminal rather than converting network cooperation into increased incomes. The case of PileByg Ltd. indicates that factors like timing, win-win situations, proximity, informal communication, careful selection of both relevant local and supra-local partners, as well as trust are important factors for productive networking. In contrast, under- and overembeddedness might lead to economic disaster, as in the case of The Organic Freshware Terminal, where social networks within a local area turned out to be definitely not social capital but, rather, a waste of time and money. Presentation of the articles Forging networks is a complex and demanding enterprise, and even more so in the context of rural entrepreneurship. The two Danish cases mentioned above in this special issue illustrate some of the complexities involved in forging viable networks and, not least, converting them into monetary capital. Some of the challenges dealt 24
19 with in the two cases included cashing in your check, meaning that rural entrepreneurs should be mindful that investing time and money into network building should pay off. There is also a challenge in terms of balancing between being over- and underembedded. Each of the following papers explores the range of aspects which should be considered in relation to establishing networks in the context of rural entrepreneurship. The papers provide detailed studies of rural entrepreneurship, embeddedness and networking across a wide range of different contexts. The first paper by Hilde Bjørkhaug and Gunn Turid Kvam is a study from Norway on small-scale food entrepreneurs. Part of the funding from the Norwegian government targeting rural entrepreneurs has been dedicated to women and young people in order to ensure gender equality and recruitment. The background for the study is the perception on behalf of the Norwegian government that there is a need for small enterprises to grow in size and increase their market impact, as goals of increasing profit, settlement and employment in rural areas have not been met. The paper analyses ambitions and initiatives for achieving business growth among male and female managers of small-scale food enterprises. The results show that most entrepreneurs are mostly concerned with enhancing their embeddedness within local or regional markets and, overall, securing one s own enterprise rather than creating new workplaces. This does not correspond with the agenda on behalf of the government. One of the important factors that explain this discrepancy is the embeddedness of rural entrepreneurs in traditional structures and cultures of local communities. Some of the existing support systems focus on network building, but this has so far not been successful. The discussion of how networking might be enhanced is discussed in the paper. The second paper by Tove Brink is a study of three Danish food networks, which are composed by 93 small- or medium sized enterprises. The study employs statistics and causal path modelling on the impact of connections between the rural entrepreneurs within the networks across social, physical and economical space. The aim is to explore which impact different configurations of network relations have on growth. The study shows that impact of growth does not come from the number of connections itself, but rather from the heterogeneity in the value chain. Her results emphasize the importance of physical connections, meaning physical proximity, in relation to securing the heterogeneity of activities of entrepreneurs. Social connections, which extend beyond the local setting of the networks, do not lead to enhancements of heterogeneity to the same degree. In that regard, building supra-local networks does not necessarily lead to monetary gain. Chris Kjeldsen y Gunnar Lind Haase Svensen 25
20 Networking private entrepreneurs in rural areas-social capital or waste of time? The third paper written by Mette Weinreich Hansen aims to analyze different relations to, and interpretations of, the rural in three organic processing companies in rural Denmark. The study, which is based on interviews and uses a sensemaking approach, presents three cases: a dairy, a butchery, and a mill for processing organic grain. The cases show different ways of making sense of organic production and rural identity. The dairy and the mill use rural location and dependence on local natural resources as crucial elements in making sense of its products, whereas the butchery seeks to give its products an exclusive and international brand, which is not bound to local resources. On the background of these three identity stories, the author argues for a public and open debate about how to maintain a trustworthy image, which is not only a good story but actually links to reality, including reflections on what organic processed food should be in the future, and a (re-)consideration of the rural local as an important part of constituting the identity of organic products. The fourth paper by Suvi Huttunen is a study on local bioenergy production from yet another Scandinavian country, Finland. The study is based on a series of qualitative interviews with 31 energy producing farmers. Local bioenergy production is a new branch of farming-related entrepreneurship in Finland. The paper distinguishes between two types, the first being heat production using wood based fuels, which in the Finnish public has been termed heat entrepreneurship. The other type is production of liquid biofuels or heat and electricity from biogas. For both kinds of local energy systems, the paper is concerned with what kind of embeddedness can be observed and how it is acknowledged and used among energy producers. In the context of the paper, embeddedness is conceived as two separate analytical dimensions. The first is termed vertical embeddedness and concerns institutional, political and regulatory context. The second is termed horizontal embeddedness and concerns local context meaning local actors, consumers, producers, their association and communication. The study reveals quite different forms of embeddedness for the two different systems. Heat entrepreneurs have a high degree of both horizontal and vertical embeddedness. It has been an important factor that heat entrepreneurs have been very proficient in embedding themselves in local contexts, resulting in high levels of trust. Apart from that, existing regulatory schemes have provided active support for this distinct type of rural entrepreneurship. Biogas and biodiesel producers exhibit a quite different pattern, as they have a low degree of horizontal and vertical embeddedness. The main reason for these differences is that the latter group of entrepreneurs has been less successful in terms of establishing beneficial network relations at local levels. The absence of active regulatory support is also an important factor. 26
PRESS RELEASE. Ana Botín: Santander is well positioned to face the challenges. We will lead change GENERAL SHAREHOLDERS MEETING
PRESS RELEASE GENERAL SHAREHOLDERS MEETING Ana Botín: Santander is well positioned to face the challenges. We will lead change Banco Santander has room for growth within our customer base and in our tenMore information
The DTU PhD programme: Results from a survey among PhD graduates and recruiters. Technical University of Denmark. Report.
The DTU PhD programme: Results from a survey among PhD graduates and recruiters Technical University of Denmark Report October 2015 AARHUS COPENHAGEN HAMBURG LONDON MALMÖ NUUK OSLO SAIGON STAVANGER VIENNAMore information
of Småland, Öland and Blekinge
OECD TERRITorial review of Småland, Öland and Blekinge 1. Socio-economic trends The region s demographic trends largely mirror those of Sweden as a whole, on a smaller scale. Growing concentration of theMore information
KEYWORDS: Co-design, design games, distributed design processes, network theories, relationship management
Co-Creation in Distributed Value Creation Systems and Networks (blank line) Anne Louise Bang Kolding School of Design, Kolding, Denmark email@example.com (blank line) Poul Rind Christensen Kolding School ofMore information
Leading Positive Performance: A Conversation about Appreciative Leadership. Diana Whitney, Phd, Amanda Trosten-Bloom and Kae Rader
Leading Positive Performance: A Conversation about Appreciative Leadership Diana Whitney, Phd, Amanda Trosten-Bloom and Kae Rader This is a preprint of an article published in Performance Improvement journal,More information
OECD Insights Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life
OECD Insights Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life Summary in English The world of work has seen enormous change over the past couple of decades. Manufacturing jobs account for an ever smallerMore information
new challenges and how its delivery can be improved in order to maximise its impact in the future.
Contribution of the Kent, Greater Essex and East Sussex Local Enterprise Partnership to the consultation on the conclusions of the Fifth Cohesion Report on Economic, social and territorial cohesion: theMore information
Speech in Congress The Nexus between Water, Energy and Climate by Danish Minister for Trade and Investment, Ms Pia Olsen Dyhr
Speech in Congress The Nexus between Water, Energy and Climate by Danish Minister for Trade and Investment, Ms Pia Olsen Dyhr I am honored and excited to be here today in the Halls of Congress to discussMore information
World Tourism Organization RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENTS FOR SUPPORTING AND/OR ESTABLISHING NATIONAL CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
World Tourism Organization RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENTS FOR SUPPORTING AND/OR ESTABLISHING NATIONAL CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Introduction Certification systems for sustainable tourismMore information
Options for financing biogas plants
IEE Project BiogasIN Options for financing biogas plants D.5.5, WP 5 Dominik Rutz Erik Ferber WIP Renewable Energies Sylvensteinstr. 2 81369 Munich, Germany February 2011 Contents 1. Introduction... 3More information
The Work on Gender Mainstreaming in the Ministry of Employment by Agnete Andersen, legal adviser
The Work on Gender Mainstreaming in the Ministry of Employment by Agnete Andersen, legal adviser Agnete Andersen The outset for the work on gender mainstreaming Gender equality is a difficult bird becauseMore information
Do slow applications affect call centre performance?
Do slow applications affect call centre performance? A white paper examining the impact of slow applications on call centre quality and productivity Summary To be successful in today s competitive marketsMore information
A sustainable energy and climate policy for the environment, competitiveness and long-term stability
2009-02-05 A sustainable energy and climate policy for the environment, competitiveness and long-term stability The party leaders of Alliance for Sweden entered into an agreement today on a long-term,More information
Building innovation capacity via PPP. Ravi Randeniya - BSc Eng MScE MBA
Building innovation capacity via PPP Ravi Randeniya - BSc Eng MScE MBA Innovation is a major factor of economic growth and its advancement is a good measure of overall performance in the globalized economy.More information
Local Tourism Development
CSS CENTRE FOR SERVICE STUDIES RESEARCH 10:2 REPORT Jon Sundbo Cases in Public-Private Network Collaboration and Servcie Innovations Local Tourism Development Center for Service Studies Roskilde UniversityMore information
The Future Top of Germany Study Courses in Energy Engineering at Flensburg University of Applied Sciences
Fachhochschule Flensburg Flensburg University of Applied Sciences Flensburg Kiel Berlin The Future Top of Germany Study Courses in Energy Engineering at Flensburg University of Applied Sciences MinistryMore information
The Umbrella Concept. Results of the SME and Start-up Survey 2012. Prof. Dr. R.-Dieter Reineke Andrew Mpeqa, MSc, MA Michael Sitte, MSc, MA
The Umbrella Concept Results of the SME and Start-up Survey 2012 Prof. Dr. R.-Dieter Reineke Andrew Mpeqa, MSc, MA Michael Sitte, MSc, MA Institut für Unternehmensführung Olten, November 2012 Agenda THEMore information
Joint Knowledge Event on Managing Natural Capital to Ensure Food, Energy, and Water Security Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar 25 March 2014
Joint Knowledge Event on Managing Natural Capital to Ensure Food, Energy, and Water Security Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar 25 March 2014 Opening remarks by Javed H. Mir, Director of Environment, Natural Resources,More information
What is Intellectual Capital?
WWW.ATTAINIX.COM What is Intellectual? Abhijit Talukdar Founder, Attainix Consulting firstname.lastname@example.com Introduction, in the business context, refers to any asset that will produce future cash flows. TheMore information
Strategies and Methods for Supplier Selections - Strategic Sourcing of Software at Ericsson Mobile Platforms
Strategies and Methods for Supplier Selections - Strategic Sourcing of Software at Ericsson Mobile Platforms Caroline Raning & Johanna Vallhagen February 2007 Department of Industrial Management and Logistics,More information
Minor Entrepreneurship Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam - Onderwijscentrum VU - Minoren - 2012-2013
Minor Entrepreneurship Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam - Onderwijscentrum VU - Minoren - 2012-2013 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam - Onderwijscentrum VU - Minoren - 2012-2013 I Inhoudsopgave Vak: EnterprisingMore information
Managing Risk and Innovation: the Challenge for Smaller Businesses
University of Warwick Risk Initiative Briefing Managing Risk and Innovation: the Challenge for Smaller Businesses Successful innovation is in large measure an issue of identifying and controlling risk.More information
Gender Diversity in Corporate Pakistan
Gender Diversity in Corporate Pakistan The participation of women in professional organisations in Pakistan and the Middle East is challenges for organisations that recognise the value companies in PakistanMore information
Giving Development a Face
Giving Development a Face [Agricultural business linkages] By bridging the gap between small-scale farmers and resources such as agricultural inputs, financing markets and expertise, this programme isMore information
Ministerie van Toerisme, Economische Zaken, Verkeer en Telecommunicatie Ministry of Tourism, Economic Affairs, Transport and Telecommunication
SME Policy Framework for St. Maarten May, 2014 Department of Economic Affairs, Transportation & P. 1 of 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. SME Developments in St. Maarten 2.1 Definition 2.2 GovernmentMore information
Economics, Law and Political Science
Corporate Performance Management - Tool for New Public Management JAN FUKA, PETRA LEŠÁKOVÁ Faculty of Economics and Administration University of Pardubice Studentská 95 CZECH REPUBLIC email@example.com,More information
CONSUMERLAB. Mobile commerce in Emerging Asia
CONSUMERLAB Mobile commerce in Emerging Asia An Ericsson Consumer Insight Summary Report August 2014 Contents METHODOLOGY 2 KEY FINDINGS 3 DIVERSE MARKETS 4 CASHONOMICS 6 DRIVING CHANGE 8 BUILDING BLOCKSMore information
Wind power in Denmark 1
June 1996 Peter Helby Wind power in Denmark 1 A sketch of history. Wind power always fascinated the Danes. The geography of the country made Denmark a sea going nation with a large merchant fleet and lotsMore information
All available Global Online MBA routes have a set of core modules required to be completed in order to achieve an MBA.
All available Global Online MBA routes have a set of core modules required to be completed in order to achieve an MBA. Those modules are: Building High Performance Organisations Management and OrganisationalMore information
DISTANCE LEARNING PROGRAMME COURSE SYLLABUS UNIVERSITY CERTIFICATE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT BY DISTANCE LEARNING 1 (30 credits usually over 1 year or less) UNIVERSITY DIPLOMA IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT BY DISTANCEMore information
Seven Simple steps. For Mobile Device Management (MDM) 1. Why MDM? Series
Series Seven Simple steps For Mobile Device Management (MDM) Mobile device management (MDM) has become a necessity across the globe due to the ever expanding and developing world of technology; TechnavioMore information
Bachelor Exchange Report Sweden Uppsala part A Pieter Jan Tavenier (s2348020)
Bachelor Exchange Report Sweden Uppsala part A Pieter Jan Tavenier (s2348020) In enjoyed my bachelor exchange in Uppsala, Sweden and I can tell you that within Europe this is definitely one of the bestMore information
BUILDING ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS IN NORTHERN IOWA 1 COMMON ROOTS, DIFFERENT APPROACHES BACKGROUND ON THE JOHN PAPPAJOHN ENTREPRENEURIAL CENTERS (JPEC) IN IOWA John Pappajohn s roots are inMore information
Direct marketing from producers to consumers: Economic aspects and key success factors
Direct marketing from producers to consumers: Economic aspects and key success factors Erwin Wauters, Koen Mondelaers, Maarten Crivits Symposium Food Safety of the Short Supply Chain 9 th November, 2012More information
A study of the causes leading to the liquidation of agricultural enterprises
Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce APSTRACT Agroinform Publishing House, Budapest SCIENTIFIC PAPERS A study of the causes leading to the liquidation of agricultural enterprises University ofMore information
2 nd Draft FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY (As of April 10, 2006)
Task Force on Changing Structures: Discussion Paper 2 nd Draft FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY (As of April 10, 2006) Vision To provide a focal point for interdisciplinary research, teaching and dialogueMore information
Just as important is the trend of growth in the number of companies that is made apparent in the Nesta research.
SUBMISSION FROM UKIE About Ukie UK Interactive Entertainment (Ukie) is the trade body that represents over 250 businesses and organisations involved in the games and interactive entertainment industryMore information
The Leader s Edge. How Best Practices Programs Can Be Used Most Effectively to Support the Growth of Women Leaders
The Leader s Edge How Best Practices Programs Can Be Used Most Effectively to Support the Growth of Women Leaders The Leaders Edge research study completed in February, 2004 demonstrates the need for companiesMore information
Employment Effects of Entrepreneurs
The Rockwool Foundation Research Unit Study Paper No. 99 Introduction to the project: Employment Effects of Entrepreneurs Johan M. Kuhn, Nikolaj Malchow-Møller and Anders Sørensen University Press of SouthernMore information
Inter-Organizational Relationships and Supply Chain Performance: Case Study of the Subsidiary Company of a Car Parts Manufacturer
Inter-Organizational Relationships and Supply Chain Performance: Case Study of the Subsidiary Company of a Car Parts Manufacturer Prune Gautier Abstract This paper presents the results of a case studyMore information
BA in modern languages and intercultural communication (Sonderburg, Denmark)
BA in modern languages and intercultural communication (Sonderburg, Denmark) Studies crossing borders Intercultural environment This BA study program literally crosses borders, since it is jointly offeredMore information
Gift Annuity Risk Analysis Options
Gift Annuity Risk Analysis Options It should come as no surprise that charitable gift annuities feature a measure of risk. Nevertheless, a charity can take steps to maximize the likelihood its gift annuityMore information
Synthesis on the local researches
In the frame of the Cityzen project, all the partners from,,, and conducted some researches on responsible consumption in their country. These researches were done on the 7 main areas of responsible consumption:More information
EBA discussion paper and call for evidence on SMEs and SME supporting factor (EBA in EBA/DP/2015/02)
POSITION PAPER Our reference: 2015/08/008 Your reference: EBA/DP/2015/02 1 (9) 30/09/2015 European Banking Association EBA discussion paper and call for evidence on SMEs and SME supporting factor (EBAMore information
Mr Duisenberg discusses the role of capital markets and financing in the euro area Speech by Willem F Duisenberg, President of the European Central
Mr Duisenberg discusses the role of capital markets and financing in the euro area Speech by Willem F Duisenberg, President of the European Central Bank, at the Waarborgfonds Sociale Woningbouw in Utrecht,More information
Internationalization Process of Buying Houses in Bangladesh: An Evaluation
ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, July December, 2012 Internationalization Process of Buying Houses in Bangladesh: An Evaluation Mohibul Islam Masum * Abstract The article focuses on the internationalizationMore information
StepWise Wise Steps. A Model for Supply Chain Management.
StepWise Wise Steps. A Model for Supply Chain Management. Kirsten Schmidt FORCE Technology Hjortekærsvej 99 DK - 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark E-mail: email@example.com Kristian Heydenreich Brdr. Hartmann A/S KlampenborgvejMore information
FLOOD DAMAGES AND TOOLS FOR THEIR MITIGATION Lenka Camrova, Jirina Jilkova
FLOOD DAMAGES AND TOOLS FOR THEIR MITIGATION Lenka Camrova, Jirina Jilkova University of Economics, Prague, 2006, pp. 418. ISBN: 80-86684-35-0 English Summary In 1997 and 2002 the Czech Republic was heavilyMore information
Executive Summary. Stories of innovation in leadership development from IBM Ernst & Young IMC Group Lend Lease Interface HSBC
1 Building leadership capability for a rapidly changing world What every business leader now needs to know about developing themselves and their people in a changed world Executive Summary Stories of innovationMore information
Executive Summary. The core energy policy is as follows:
Executive Summary Energy management must become more sustainable and less dependent on increasingly scarce fossil fuels. Energy is a fundamental element of the economy, and the Netherlands must do moreMore information
Stage 4: Piloting Theme 4: Business Model REFINING YOUR BUSINESS MODEL Introduction As you build a track record of operation and impact, there will be an ongoing iterative refinement of your business model.More information
Complementary perspectives in the value chain on ERP system implementation
Complementary perspectives in the value chain on ERP system implementation Philip Holst, firstname.lastname@example.com, Center for Applied ICT (CAICT), CBS Janni Nielsen, email@example.com, Center for Applied ICT (CAICT),More information
Organizational development of trade unions An instrument for self diagnosis Elaborated on the basis of an experience in Latin America.
Organizational development of trade unions An instrument for self diagnosis Elaborated on the basis of an experience in Latin America FNV Mondiaal 2007 INDICE INTRODUCTION I. Concepts 1. What is organizationalMore information
Statement by Dean Baker, Co-Director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research (www.cepr.net)
Statement by Dean Baker, Co-Director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research (www.cepr.net) Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, hearing on China and the Future of Globalization.More information
ENERGY SECURITY OF BELARUS: STEREOTYPES, THREATS, TRENDS 1 ALENA RAKAVA SUMMARY The issue of energy security is on the agenda of many countries. However, the policy debate on energy security often focusesMore information
Food & Farming. Focus on Market Safety Nets. December 2015. Agriculture and Rural Development
Food & Farming Focus on Market Safety Nets December 215 Agriculture and Rural Development 1 AGRICULTURAL MARKETS AS A DRIVER FOR EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE The agricultural markets and their prices have evolvedMore information
Subsidising Biomass Electricity - Contracts for Difference and what they mean for dedicated and converted biomass power stations
January 2014 Subsidising Biomass Electricity - Contracts for Difference and what they mean for dedicated and converted biomass power stations New Government support for renewable electricity, and henceMore information
Symposium on the financing of VSEs Introductory speech by François Villeroy de Galhau, Governor of the Banque de France.
Symposium on the financing of VSEs Introductory speech by François Villeroy de Galhau, Governor of the Banque de France 15 January 2016 Ladies and gentlemen, Welcome to the Banque de France for this symposiumMore information
THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO APPLYING FOR A BUSINESS LOAN TO APPLY FOR A BUSINESS LOAN 7 TRIED-&-TESTED STEPS CONTENTS Contents 2 So you want to apply for a business loan? 3 STEP 1: Determine whether a loanMore information
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreak and Price Dynamics in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone
Vol. 1, No. 4, 9 November 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreak and Price Dynamics in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone Ebola, through its impact on prices, is reducing people s purchasing power and isMore information
DRAFT TEAM PRODUCTIVITY DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL An initial draft proposal to determine the scale, scope and requirements of a team productivity development improvement program for a potential client TeamMore information
PRINCIPLES FOR EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE PARIS, 1991 DAC Principles for Evaluation of Development Assistance Development Assistance Committee Abstract: The followingMore information
Tel. : 206 370 9722 E-mail: email@example.com To: REECAS Conference
From: Emin ALIYEV Tel. : 206 370 9722 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com To: REECAS Conference Subject: Ongoing Research Proposal Thesis Dissertation: The pertinence of Knowledge Based Azerbaijan hypothesis:More information
At Eganknight we re the essential link between business and people. EganKnight Culture
At Eganknight we re the essential link between business and people We build extraordinary partnerships, working faster, smarter and harder because when it comes to providing transforming solutions in recruitment,More information
INTRODUCTION. DONALD DUVAL Director of Research AON Consulting, United Kingdom
DONALD DUVAL Director of Research AON Consulting, United Kingdom INTRODUCTION I have a rather narrower subject matter than David and inevitably some of what I am going to say actually goes over the groundsMore information
ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS BY Cătălin Ovidiu Obuf Buhăianu
ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS BY Cătălin Ovidiu Obuf Buhăianu Thesis submitted to: NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS, Bucharest, Romania, 2011 Thesis Advisor: Prof. Dr. Adrian GageaMore information
Access to Financing Survey (AFS)
Access to Financing Survey (AFS) Methodology Index Access to Financing Survey: Methodology 1 Objectives and need for the operation...3 2 Research scopes...4 3 Statistical units...5 4 Classification variables...6More information
Entrepreneurial Marketing in Small Software Technology Firms: Use of Networks and Relationships
Entrepreneurial Marketing in Small Software Technology Firms: Use of Networks and Relationships Keywords marketing, entrepreneurship, networks, relationships, technology, SMEs. Introduction This paperMore information
Governance as Stewardship: Decentralization and Sustainable Human Development
Governance as Stewardship: Decentralization and Sustainable Human Development by Jerry VanSant Research Triangle Institute USA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)More information
Community Renewable Energy
Community Renewable Energy Generating community income and a sustainable future European Social Franchising Network Case Study 3 ESFN Case studies At the time of writing, there are just under 60 socialMore information
Good afternoon, and thanks to the Energy Dialogue for your kind invitation to speak today.
Good afternoon, and thanks to the Energy Dialogue for your kind invitation to speak today. Europe is at the forefront of a global transition to a cleaner energy economy. At the same time globally energyMore information
Framework. Australia s Aid Program to Papua New Guinea
Framework Australia s Aid Program to Papua New Guinea 21 October 2002 Our Unique Development Partnership our close bilateral ties are reflected in our aid program Enduring ties bind Papua New Guinea withMore information
The Missing Piece of Marketing Automation: Your Phone. What matters most is the strategy and skill with which you use it.
The Missing Piece of Marketing Automation: Your Phone What matters most is the strategy and skill with which you use it. It s an ambition for businesses all over the globe: discover a way to market yourMore information
INTERNATIONAL GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MBA IS AN MBA RIGHT FOR YOU? THE MBA THAT S S AHEAD OF OF THE THE REST REST Is an MBA right for me? Over the years we ve helped thousands answer this question.More information
Health services management education in South Australia
Health services management education in South Australia CHRIS SELBY SMITH Chris Selby Smith is Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Business and Economics at Monash University. ABSTRACTMore information
6.3 PROFIT AND LOSS AND BALANCE SHEETS. Simple Financial Calculations. Analysing Performance - The Balance Sheet. Analysing Performance
63 COSTS AND COSTING 6 PROFIT AND LOSS AND BALANCE SHEETS Simple Financial Calculations Analysing Performance - The Balance Sheet Analysing Performance Analysing Financial Performance Profit And Loss ForecastMore information
Preface. A Plea for Cultural Histories of Migration as Seen from a So-called Euro-region
Preface A Plea for Cultural Histories of Migration as Seen from a So-called Euro-region The Centre for the History of Intercultural Relations (CHIR), which organised the conference of which this book isMore information
The real value of corporate governance
Volume 9 No. 1 The real value of corporate governance (c) Copyright 2007, The University of Auckland. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom useMore information
Declaration on the 20th Anniversary of the Barents Euro-Arctic Cooperation. (Kirkenes, Norway, 3 4 June 2013)
1 Declaration on the 20th Anniversary of the Barents Euro-Arctic Cooperation (Kirkenes, Norway, 3 4 June 2013) Prime Ministers and other high-level representatives of the members of the Barents Euro- ArcticMore information
How credit analysts view and use the financial statements
How credit analysts view and use the financial statements Introduction Traditionally it is viewed that equity investment is high risk and bond investment low risk. Bondholders look at companies for creditworthiness,More information
UNIVERSITY-LEVEL ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN POLAND. Prof. Jerzy Cieslik, Leon Kozminski Academy of Entrepreneurship and Management, Warsaw, Poland
UNIVERSITY-LEVEL ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN POLAND Prof. Jerzy Cieslik, Leon Kozminski Academy of Entrepreneurship and Management, Warsaw, Poland ABSTRACT This paper outlines Polish experiences in fosteringMore information
Guidelines for Doctoral Programs in Business and Management
Guidelines for Doctoral Programs in Business and Management Version EIASM EDAMBA, September 15 th, 2015 Background to this document The EIASM and EDAMBA have long standing traditions and experiences withMore information
Executive Summary. Process or Communicate? Agency or Direct? Efficiency or Effectiveness?
01-01 02-02 03-03 04-04 05-07 08-10 11-15 16-17 18-18 Introduction Background Methodology Executive Summary Demographics Process or Communicate? Agency or Direct? Efficiency or Effectiveness? Summary CANDIDATEMore information
The cavalry has arrived EU external representation in The Hague and at the OPCW
This policy brief analyses the EU s positioning at the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). The EU does not have a delegation to international organisations in The Hague, but inMore information
Chinese aid to Laos a mixed blessing
Chinese aid to Laos a mixed blessing Phanthanousone (Pepe) Khennavong (PhD) National Technical Advisor Round Table Process in Lao PDR (Aid Coordination & Development Effectiveness) Department of InternationalMore information
The Nordic Electricity Exchange and The Nordic Model for a Liberalized Electricity Market
The Nordic Electricity Exchange and The Nordic Model for a Liberalized Electricity Market 1 The market When the electricity market is liberalized, electricity becomes a commodity like, for instance, grainMore information
A better way to calculate equipment ROI
page 1 A better way to calculate equipment ROI a West Monroe Partners white paper by Aaron Lininger Copyright 2012 by CSCMP s Supply Chain Quarterly (www.supplychainquarterly.com), a division of SupplyMore information
Photo Credit: Arthur Getz Escudero. CITY REGION FOOD SYSTEMS Sustainable Food Systems and Urbanization AN OVERVIEW
Photo Credit: Arthur Getz Escudero CITY REGION FOOD SYSTEMS Sustainable Food Systems and Urbanization AN OVERVIEW Draft September 2014 CITY REGION FOOD SYSTEMS Sustainable Food Systems and UrbanizationMore information
Strategy for 2012 to 2015. An active player from rural areas to the metropolis
Strategy for 2012 to 2015 ELY Centre for An active player from rural areas to the metropolis Well-being and impact through cooperation network The operating environment of the Centre for Economic Development,More information
Why a Floating Exchange Rate Regime Makes Sense for Canada
Remarks by Gordon Thiessen Governor of the Bank of Canada to the Chambre de commerce du Montréal métropolitain Montreal, Quebec 4 December 2000 Why a Floating Exchange Rate Regime Makes Sense for CanadaMore information
Full Time Master of Science in Management program. Core concepts and disciplinary foundations of the courses. Marketing Management Specialization
Full Time Master of Science in program Core concepts and disciplinary foundations of the courses Specialization Courses during the adaptation phase (Pre-Master) Deep Dive Business Strategy Managerial EconomicsMore information
The population in the Nordic Region is growing
2 NORDREGIO REPORT 216 Chapter 3 MIGRATION: An important source of population increase Authors: Timothy Heleniak, Julien Grunfelder, Lisbeth Greve Harbo Maps and data: Julien Grunfelder, Timothy HeleniakMore information
BSR INTERREG III B project Promoting Spatial Development by Creating COMmon MINdscapes COMMIN. Denmark. English language version
Project part-financed by the European Union BSR INTERREG III B project Promoting Spatial Development by Creating COMmon MINdscapes COMMIN Denmark English language version II. Planning System IntroductionMore information
Ministry of Trade and Industry Republic of Trinidad and Tobago SMALL STATES IN TRANSITION FROM VULNERABILITY TO COMPETITIVENESS ST LUCIA
Ministry of Trade and Industry Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Commonwealth Secretariat SMALL STATES IN TRANSITION FROM VULNERABILITY TO COMPETITIVENESS ST LUCIA STRATEGIC APPROACH TO TOURISM AS AN EXPORTMore information
Chapter 7. Internet. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Overview. 1.2 Scope of this chapter
Chapter 7 Internet 1. Introduction 1.1 Overview Most businesses of any size will now have a presence on the internet, either in the form of their own website or as an entry on the website of a collectiveMore information
Vision for the future: Are you ready for Industry 4.0?
Expense Reduction Analyst Survey on SMEs Vision for the future: Are you ready for Industry 4.0? Finding sources of funding and securing new business opportunities Content 02 Content and imprint 0 ForewordMore information
THE CULTURE OF INNOVATION AND THE BUILDING OF KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES. - Issue Paper -
THE CULTURE OF INNOVATION AND THE BUILDING OF KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES - Issue Paper - UNESCO, Bureau of Strategic Planning September 2003 1 I. The past and present scope of innovation During the last two decades,More information
AIC Farm Bill Brief #1
University of California July 2007 Agricultural Issues Center AIC Farm Bill Brief #1 The Farm Bill and California Food and Agriculture* Daniel A. Sumner** Every five years or so the United States reconsidersMore information
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY FINANCIAL SERVICES FORUM LUNCH DISCUSSION BRUSSELS 14 SEPTEMBER 2005 MORTGAGES IN EUROPE : A PRACTICAL APPROACH OF CROSS-BORDER BUSINESS A. Gourio BNP PARIBAS Its is actually theMore information
1 514.5 511.6 509.2 505.9 507.2 508.4 511.2 513.5 517.3 521.5 523.8 528.8 529.6 525.3 528.8 535.3 539.9 540.4 538.5 538.4 539.8 67.3 67.1 66.7 69.7 69.6 70.0 70.5 71.2 70.5 71.3 11.1 11.4 11.5 72.8 73.4More information


text:
If Twilight has been one of your biggest obsessions, you can take your obsession one step further and throw a Twilight themed costume party this Halloween or you could dress up as your favourite Twilight character and strut around proudly, looking and feeling fabulous.
The Twilight characters are an easy bunch to emulate. However, there is a possibility that you might go wrong with the look if you don't pay attention to the minor details that makes each character unique. So read ahead and dig up some ideas to help you spook the people at the party.
1) Bella Swan
There are 3 different looks you can emulate when it comes to Bella Swan. The vampire girl has three most memorable looks in this movie.
- The Girl Next Door
You can dress up in blue jeans and a tee, adorned with a hoodie to imitate Bella as the girl next door. The out-of-bed casual hairdo and converse shoes complete this look. Add a few false canines and paint blood dripping from your lips and your neck.
- The Vampire Bride
If you simple loved Bella Swan's wedding dress, go ahead and be a vampire bride. You can dazzle in a pretty white dress, white shoes with a veil on your head. Get some pretty flowers to carry to the party and don't forget to stain your dress with some red paint.
- The New Born Vampire
Did the last scene of Breaking Dawn scare and thrill you at the same time? If Bella's classy vampire look worked for you, then go ahead and emulate her. Wear a sleeveless blue dress with heeled shoes, straight flowing brown hair and don't forget the red contact lenses. Make your skin look pale, yet radiant white, with ample of make-up. You will have yourself a beautiful vampire!
2) Edward Cullen
The handsome hunk Edward Cullen makes ladies droll over him and men want to be like him. Mr. Cullen sure does don a number of looks in the movie.
- The trick to look like him is to wear a lot of make-up on your face to gain a pale complexion.
- Edward's eyes in the movie are either hazel yellow or blood red so ensure that you do wear contact lenses.
- Apply hair gel to keep your hair pointing upwards and add false canines to complete the Edward Cullen look.
3) Jacob Black
Jacob Black, Bella's best friend and werewolf in the movie, has three looks for your costume party.
- Long haired Black
Before transforming into a werewolf, Jacob Black sported a tee, jeans, hoodie and long black hair. So guys, if you already have long black hair, this is a good option for you and if you don't, you can always use a wig.
- Shirtless Black
Jacob Black is a treat to every girl's eye as he is seen strutting about without a shirt in Eclipse and Breaking Dawn. You will need some fab-abs to pull off this look and also a pair of shorts.
- The Scary Werewolf
If you do not want people to recognize you, a full body werewolf suit will be the perfect choice for you. Growl your way through the party and scare the guests away as you transform from Jacob Black into the scary werewolf.
So here goes your list!
Who are you going to be then, the vampire girl, the charming vampire or the hunky werewolf?
No matter who you choose to be, you will surely dazzle everyone with your look.

subset: commoncrawl


text: DIY Home Decor Home De-cluttering: 6 Essential Tips February 11, 2017 Clutter is the bane of all homeowners – not only does it destroy all of your hard work decorating, but it also causes stress and even contributes detrimentally to your health. Luckily CoContesters, we're here to help! Is your home looking a little worse for wear? Do your rooms resemble a state of organised chaos? If either of these… Continue Reading 0 Comments Share:


text:
At Olson's Irrigation & Landscaping, Inc., we understand that you want a unique retaining wall to enhance your property. We specialize in hardscaping design and construction, and we can create a beautiful setup that enhances your floral landscape. Big, small, simple or complex, Olson's Irrigation & Landscaping, Inc. will help you design your new retaining wall and then build it to your precise specifications.
We do work all over St. Paul and Minneapolis and surrounding areas!
Call us today for a free estimate!
Other services we provide include:
Irrigation Installation and Service
Paver Patios
Concrete Service
Pool Fill In
Snow removal


text:
Hoxton Box
Regular price
Looking for a statement evening box clutch with free delivery to make your LBD stand out? The gorgeous Hoxton multi textured clutch bag in black and silver has to be it. With a combo of 3 contrasting but complimentary textures - black faux suede, grey snake and silver sparkle, this great sized hard cased clutch bag will glam up any outfit and is the perfect accessory on a party night out. This lovely Amilu box clutch evening bag features:
Optional shoulder chain when you want to go hands free;
Side gussets and inner side pocket for easier visibilty and organisation;
Chunky click clasp closure for extra security;
Rigid stand alone shape.
Approx. Dimensions
W: 20.3cm (7.9")
H: 14.3cm (5.6")
D: 3.5 cm (1.3")
Chainstrap L: 122cm (48.03")
For more information about delivery, international delivery rates and estimated delivery timescales, please click here.
Sold Out


text:
First USA spot on 10m WSPR today was at 1312z by WG2Z (5600km). Last spot (as of 1736z) was by KE6BID (5295km) at 1720z but there could yet be later spots from the USA.
UPDATE 2020z: KE6BID did turn out to be the last USA spot.
UPDATE 2035z: Went QRT on 10m WSPR at 2030z. Still on 6m WSPR TX 20% and RX 80%.
31 Dec 2014
10m WSPR spots from the USA
No comments:
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Metal: 18k White Gold Marked/Tested: 18k Gemstones/Diamonds: Blue Topaz Diamonds - Approx. 0.44ctw Clarity: Vs/Si Color: H Measurements: Earrings - 20mm X 20mm (Inch = 25mm) Weight: 17.2g
Please enter your question below.
Sign up to get the latest news and promotions!
Please select which emails you would like to receive


text:
Hello penguins,
Billybob made a new post on Club Penguin's Community Blog! The post is a Reviewed by you by Kirschli at Summer Party. Check out what they say:
Hello Penguins!
Last week we asked to hear about a time when you'd been exploring. Kirschli told us:
My buddies and I once went exploring during a summer party to find the free items and hidden rooms, and we went all over the island, and even went to a red vs. blue snowball match in someones igloo in the middle of summer! We found so many decorations, and a purple octopus as well! It was so much fun for the five of us, and I don't think we will ever forget it!
We've been seeing lots of you around the island with the Green Hard Hat and other new stuff from the Gift Shop. The team thinks it's cool to see you working together and we'd love to know what else you and your buddies are up to.
Write your Reviewed By You answer as a comment. We'll post one (50 - 75 words please) in next week's Reviewed By You. And if your comment is chosen as the feature comment on next week's blog, we'll add 10,000 coins to your penguin account. Don't forget to use your penguin name so we can add coins!
Is this review good for you? Comment!


text:
Little League International has assembled an online resource page dedicated to baseball bat information. Please reference this page from ... Read More
Latest News
Registration is Now Open for the Spring 2017 Season
By atleeleague
Online registration for the Spring 2017 season will remain open through Tuesday, February 21. Atlee Little League will host walk in registrations ... Read More
2017 Manager Coach Registration
By atleeleague
How do I volunteer to be a coach or manager at Atlee Little League? 1. All Returning,New Managers or Coaches must fill out the 2017 Volunteer ... Read More
2017 Baseball Age Determination Chart
By atleeleague
Over the past couple of years, there has been a lot of discussion about the Little League Baseball® Age Determination Date. This is an important topic ... Read More


text:
the cheeky song lyrics download free id:Gnm6 full version
== Search results for the cheeky song lyrics ==
Searched file: the cheeky song lyrics
*Filename: the cheeky song lyrics.zip
*Year: 2015
*Total Downloads: 153451
*Uploaded: 03/04/2015 15:12:32
*Type: WinZip
*Supported OS: All
== Searches related to the cheeky song lyrics: ==
03/04/2015 15:12:32
Lyrics to 'The Cheeky Song (Touch my bum)' by Cheeky Girls. Cheeky girls / Ooh, boys cheeky girls / Ooh, girls cheeky boys / Ooh, boys cheeky girls / Ooh, girls12/14/2012 · any useless and shitty comments will be removed... either grow up or use your brains.... i don't comment or listen to songs i don't even like...." Cheeky Song (Touch My Bum) " is a 2002 single by Popstars: The Rivals contestants The Cheeky Girls. The song was released on 9 December 2002, while the show was ...8/27/2012 · Do you remember the CD single? Do you remember the enhanced CD single? Well, I do! This channel is dedicated to providing fans with the videos that were ...Children's songs and lyrics. Nursery rhymes and lullabies, as well as free printable Song Sheets and Sheet Music.Hot potato, hot potato Hot potato, hot potato Hot potato, hot potato, Potato, potato, potato, potato, Cold spaghetti, cold spaghetti, Cold spaghetti, cold spaghetti,Lyrics to 'Fluorescent Adolescent' by Arctic Monkeys. You used to get it in your fishnets / Now you only get it in your night dress / Discarded all the naughtyC21 Lyrics All C21 Lyrics . Cabin Crew Lyrics Cabin Crew - Star To Fall Lyrics . Cage The Elephant Lyrics Cage The Elephant - Ain't No Rest For The Wicked LyricsTo learn english with your favorite artists songs is really funny and for free. Learn phrases, expressions and words with the song 'You'll see' of Madonna.The biggest and best cheeky girls site with all the latest news, revues, pictures and videos.
the cheeky song lyrics
== Related Links: ==
summary on harry potter booksweb of shadows ds torrenttorrent metal gear 2 pcvicks manualsmartparts model sp11p how to usetravolta songshow to play buzkashiest une ordurelas vegas vacations gamemonmouth medical scholars programsong of the sip sam sehsong smile jeremy jacksonuninvited songbooks by dr stephen taylorpro vs joesmp3 downloads theresa brewerThe game s05e01daniel boon booksericsson p910i downloadsavira professional 10 downloadtexas drivers license renewal on lineboardwalk empire HDTV x264-KILLERS -720 -mp4 -1080veronica avluv dirtyholden statesman service manualgigabyte ga g31m es20 lan driver


text:
Split Back Button Down
Split Back Button Down
Description Bella Dahl's best selling split back button down in a beautiful lavender. Made from soft tencel, this top will easily become your favorite go-to. Rolled tab sleeves and front pockets keep it classic, while the split back adds just the right amount of stylee and flare. Brand: Bella Dahl Color: Plum Shadow Fabric: 100% tencel Care: machine wash cold Made in USA
Sunday Supply Co.
Behind a heavy, historic door in Old Town Fort Collins, Colorado, two friends have created a new destination for the scenic state. Kelli Kroneberger and Amanda Hersh want you to stay awhile at their lifestyle boutique Sunday Supply Co. Driven by a love for authentic, well-crafted clothing and home goods, their selection ranges from designers such as Lacausa, Bridge + Burn, Paige Denim, James Jeans, and a whole lot more.
Do you have questions about this product? We're here to help!


text:
Posted by anonymous
I have found that Cathy Weithman seems to encourage her clients to disobey or delay court orders whenever possible. This greatly concerns me as she is currently attempting to become the prosecutor in Champaign County. This blatant disobedience of the law is not consistent with a person who is qualified to hold the position of prosecutor.


text:
- adversary
I. noun
(plural -saries)
Date: 14th century
one that contends with, opposes, or resists ; enemy
• adversariness noun
II. adjective
Date: 14th century
1. of, relating to, or involving an adversary
2. having or involving antagonistic parties or opposing interests <divorce can be an adversary proceeding>
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.


text:
Major raids at Romanian customs. Suspects brought to Bucharest by helicopters. Minister questions trade union leaders
A series of major raids took place at five customs points in Romania starting Tuesday Morning. The points have been monitored for several months as investigators tried to collect enough evidence to prove a series of crimes. Customs checks were halted on both sides of the border.
?The raids took place at Moravita, Cruceni, Severin, Deta and Naidas.
The Stamora Moravita point was reopened two hours after it was closed as checks in offices continued. An hour later the Naidas point was also opened. According to Realitatea TV news channel, the suspects in Naidas and Moravita were carried to Bucharest by helicopter. Inquiries were due to start in the afternoon.
Some 1,200 officers took part in the raids among customs officers and border police suspect of taking bribes and allowing cigarette trafficking from Serbia.
The operation against corruption at Romania's customs points was launched with phone interceptions some six months ago.
Raids also took place in customs offices in Bucharest and the counties of Arges, Galati, Olt, Ilfov, Maramures, Suceava, Dolg, Giurgiu, Timis and Dambovita. Some 150 people are targeted, including about 100 border police officers, about 30 customs officers as well as traffickers.
Romanian Interior minister Traian igas said on Tuesday that it appeared that some trade union leaders might be connected to what was happening at Romania's border points. "We want to know whether union leaders are with us in fighting tax dodgers or with those involved in crimes", he said the day when the General Anti-corruption Department launched the rides.
Source: http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-8283177-major-raids-romanian-customs-suspects-brought-bucharest-helicopters-minister-questions-trade-union-leaders.htm
Useful links:
- Market Entry to Romania : news


text:
The folks over at Carphone Warehouse in the UK pushed a button a little bit early, making their pages for the Google Pixel and Pixel XL live. That means a whole mess of specs are now known, presumably they're the final details of the upcoming phones.
Naturally the page has now been taken down but just as naturally it was all captured first by Android Police. They nabbed a bunch of screenshots which show off the marquee features of Google's new handsets. We're also going to go ahead and assume they'll be available at Carphone Warhouse.
It seems that there are some changes in store for these handsets, including a suite of products like Allo and Duo and the presence of the new Google Assistant- which is more than just a rebranded Google Now. There's also word that you'll be able to avail of unlimited full size photo backups with Google Photos once you invest in one of their handsets.
It's looking like a major relaunch for Google's smartphone brand but it has to be said that the phones themselves, in 5 inch and 5.5 inchs screen varieties, are a bit dull. They've got rounded edges and a rear mounted fingerprint scanner but otherwise look like pretty much everything else on the market.
As far back as the Nexus 4 and the more recent 6P, there has been an attempt to stand out a little from the crowd- mostly in terms of high specs but also design elements. The word is that there's not much on the inside to get excited about either - both phones have a Snapdragon 821 process with 4 gigs of RAM and 32 or 128 gigs of storage. The 5 inch model is at 1080p, the 5.5 inch XL at 1440p. They have decent sized batteries, offer fast charging and have 12MP and 8MP cameras. So much ho and hum.
All we can do is hope that Google has something else to show off, or a fancy hidden feature, at its event on the 4th of October, 2016.


text:
5.8 cu. ft. Flex Duo Freestanding Gas Range with Dual Door and WiFi Connectivity
Always an innovative leader in technology, Samsung has combined two ovens into one single oven. The oven door has two hinges, and it can fold in the middle. By using Samsung's Smart Divider, the oven can be split in two, and it can function at two different temperatures. Have a casserole cooking in the lower compartment while quickly baking chocolate chip cookies in the upper oven so you can have dessert ready to go after dinner! Whether the oven is split in two or if it's working as one large oven, both modes feature convection cooking, ensuring that heat is evenly and consistently circulated throughout the oven cavity. When all is done, the oven has a self-cleaning mode, and it includes steam cleaning.
The 5-burner gas cooktop features a double stacked front-right burner with 18,000 BTUs of high-powered cooking capability. The center oval burner was designed for long pans, but also to work under the included griddle accessory Sear fish filets, or make a plate of pancakes on a lazy Sunday morning.
Receive up to a $300 rebate with purchase of a qualifying Samsung Appliance Package valued $1500 to $3000 and up.
Receive up to a $550 Visa Reward Card with purchase of 4 or more qualifying Samsung Kitchen Appliance Packages
$250.00 In Rebate
Earn model allowances as shown below for individual category purchases. Envelope must be postmarked by 3/31/2017.
(See Rebate Form For More Details)


text:
- 14 total posts
- 1 review
- 3 discussions
- 10 comments
Reviews & Stories
Makeover Travel Bolivia, BO
My mom sister and I came from the us to have cosmetic surgery with a company called makeover travel bolivia we are currently here now my surgery was only a few days ago but so far so good I myself received a tummy tuck, brest lift with implants, lipo in the mid section and a brizilian butt lift! They did the surgery at 2 separate time for safty reasons my brests first them 3 days later the... READ MORE
Discussions started by knott1989
Need some in sight on other who have used makeover travel in brazil
My sister and I a debating on using makeover travel in Brazil for cosmetic surgery but whole like to talk to others who have used them and see how there experience was and is... READ MORE
Has anyone had a breast lift in Bolivia?
Would love to hear for anyone who has used makeover travel in Bolivia my sister and I are looking to have cosmetic surgery done but would love to hear other experiences before... READ MORE
Recent comments from knott1989
Would also love to talk to someone who has been there to give us the in and outs! Also some tips and recommendations:) Thanks guys READ COMMENT
Yes Facebook if perfect my name is ************ we are really thinking about making a blog about our whole experience;) to help others READ COMMENT
I'ma located II'm md:) we all are going to use dr lijeron but I have read wonderful reviews about a fewddoctors there:) Monica is wonderful we skype with her:) READ COMMENT
We did just book our trip for this July:) we have read wonderful reviews, and I have read hundreds I only found one bad from juiubean ! We skyped with Monica yesterday and she answered all our questions! They are very professional!... READ COMMENT
Would love to hear how Ur experience goes my sister and i are really debating on going to bolivia? ?? READ COMMENT


text:
In a recent investor conference, Regions Financial Corp. (NYSE:RF) said that the company expects its charge-offs to peak in the upcoming quarter. The company expects charge-offs near the midpoint of a range of $3.4 billion to $5.9 billion over two years. However, Regions expects no reserve build in the second half of 2010.
Regions also expects net interest margin to climb to 3.00% by year-end 2010. The actions that Regions has been taking on loan and deposit pricing should produce an improving margin throughout 2010.
The first quarter marked the third consecutive period of stabilized net interest margin, which came in at 2.77%. An improving deposit mix fueled by a strong low-cost deposit growth continues to be a significant contributor to the margin stabilization.
Regions' first quarter loss came in at 21 cents per share, better than the Zacks Consensus Estimate of a loss of 27 cents. Results for the quarter improved due primarily to lower-than-expected provisions for loan losses. Last year, the company reported a profit of 4 cents.
Along with the financial services industry, Regions still faces some near-term credit and economic challenges. The company has a substantial exposure to residential homebuilder portfolio. Though the growth of nonperforming assets has been slowing for the past two quarters, it still remains at an elevated level. While we see an improvement in Regions' credit quality metrics, we remain wary in our forecast regarding the pace of improvement.
Looking forward into 2010, we expect the margin to gradually improve throughout the year. Organic momentum in the form of deposit repricing and continuous loan spread improvement will be the main drivers.


text:
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers paid out $353,500 in signing bonuses to Greg Peterson, Adam Hayward and Chris Denman, three of their most recent rookie signings, in information obtained by BucsBlitz.com through Scout.com and Foxsports.com NFL expert Adam Caplan.
Each recently signed a four-year contract, the standard length deal for a second-day selection.
Peterson, a fifth-round pick out of North Carolina Central got the highest bonus. The defensive end/tackle received a $192,000 signing bonus.
Adam Hayward, a linebacker and sixth-round pick from Portland State, obtained a $101,000 signing bonus.
Chris Denman, a seventh-round pick and tackle out of Fresno State, received a $60,500 signing bonus.
Most NFL clubs pro-rate signing bonuses over the life of the contract to lessen the impact on the salary cap. It is not clear if the Buccaneers will do that with these contracts.
All three players will make the same base salaries the next four years — $285,000 in 2007, $370,000 in 2008, $460,000 in 2009 and $550,000 in 2010.
Those are minimum base salaries set by a player's service time, according to the NFL Players' Association.
As of Sunday at 10:15 a.m., four Buccaneers draft choices remain unsigned — defensive end Gaines Adams, guard Arron Sears, safety Sabby Piscitelli and linebacker Quincy Black. The Buccaneers have not had a first-round holdout since 1999.
Matthew Postins covers the Buccaneers for BucsBlitz.com and the Charlotte Sun-Herald in Port Charlotte, Fla. He is a member of the Pro Football Writers Association. Included among his more than two dozen writing and editing awards are national awards from the PFWA, the National Newspaper Association and the Associated Press Sports Editors, and state awards from the Florida Press Club and the Florida Sports Writers Association, for his coverage of the Buccaneers since 2004.


text:
- sort by:
1 property in Bodmin (Cornwall)Did you mean?
Page 1 of 1
Sorry we didn't find any results in bodmin-cornwall
- Check you have entered the location correctly.
- Alternatively enter another alternative location or adjust your search criteria.
- If 'no results' continues to show, we may not have any properties for sale in your desired location.
3 Bedroom Semi Detached House For Sale
Borough View, PL31
The Brancaster is a 3 bed detached house with single garage.Borough View - A fantastic new development of 2,3 and 4 bedroom homes by Wainhomes.Ideally located on the eastern edge of Bodmin offering easy access to Wadebridge and the North Cornwall coast, each property...
- sort by:
- Single Property
- Multiple Properties