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Soil physical attributes under different grazing management of winter forage crops in crop-livestock system at Southern Brazil
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1 Vol. 10(3), pp , 15 January, 2015 DOI: /AJAR Article Number: ISSN X Copyright 2015 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article African Journal of Agricultural Research Full Length Research Paper Soil physical attributes under different grazing management of winter forage crops in crop-livestock system at Southern Brazil Jeferson Tiago Piano 1, Paulo Sérgio Rabello de Oliveira 1, Poliana Ferreira da Costa 2, Loreno Egídio Taffarel 1, Jonas Francisco Egewarth 1, Edleusa Pereira Seidel 1, Deise Dalazen Castagnara 3, Augustinho Borsoi 1 * and Vanessa Aline Egewarth 1 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia (PPGA), Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE. Rua Pernambuco, 1777, Centro, CEP: , CP: Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR, Brazil. 2 Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Doutorado em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental - Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12. CEP: , CP: 364. Dourados-MS, Brazil. 3 Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Unipampa. BR Km 592, Centro, CEP: , CP: 118. Uruguaiana-RS, Brazil. Received 24 June, 2014; Accepted 9 September, 2014 The effects of different species and grazing management of winter forage crops on the physical properties of a clayey Red Latosol of the western region of Parana State under crop-livestock integration systems were investigated in the present study. Treatments consisted of three different winter crops [white oat (Avena sativa), dual-purpose wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (X Tritico secale)] and three grazing management (one and two grazing with 15 cm of residue height, and without grazing), followed by soybean cultivation, in a randomized block design. Undisturbed soil samples were collected at and m depths, after the winter crops harvest (October/2012) and soybean harvest (March/2013) and was determined the soil bulk density until 0.35 cm depth. The soil macroporosity in the and m soil layers and the total soil porosity in the m layer, after winter crops harvest, were influenced by the crops and management of winter forage. In the evaluation performed after the soybean harvest, there were changes in the soil macroporosity in the m layer and for microporosity and total soil porosity in the m soil layer. The soil bulk density was not affected by the crops and management of winter forage. The different species and grazing management of winter crops in integrated crop-livestock systems promoted changes in soil penetration resistance in the m soil layer. The cultivation of white oat during winter and management with two grazing resulted in lower soil penetration resistance levels. Key words: Physical quality, soil structure, soil penetration resistance, conservation cropping systems. INTRODUCTION Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) could provide opportunities to capture ecological interactions among different land use systems to make agricultural ecosystems more efficient at cycling nutrients, preserving natural resources and the environment, improving soil quality, and enhancing biodiversity (Lemaire et al., 2013). Moreover, diversifying agricultural production could utilize labor more efficiently at farm and/or regional scales (Hoagland et al., 2010). However, depending of management system that the soil is subjected, the ICLS
2 Piano et al. 147 Table 1. Soil chemical attributes and particle size at the beginning of the experiment. Depth (m) ph O.M. P H+Al K Ca Mg CEC V Textural Clay Silt Sand g kg 1 mg kg cmol c kg % g kg ph in CaCl M. O.M.: organic matter. P and K: Mehlich-1. H+Al: ph SMP (7,5). Ca and Mg: KCl 1 mol L -1. CEC: cation exchange capacity. V: soil base saturation. can lead to soil degradation or recovery of its structure, this because chemical, physical and biological attributes are continually interacting. In Brazil southern, there is high potential for milk and beef production in annual winter pastures (white and black oat, dual-purpose wheat and annual ryegrass) (Balbinot et al., 2009). Additionally, the appropriate animal grazing during the winter, ICLS can result in the increase in nutrients cycling particularly nitrogen and maize yield (Silva et al., 2012). However, issues surrounding the soil-plant-animal system are not yet well understood, implying for more research with different forages species and agricultural crops, and pasture systems (Balbinot et al., 2009). The presence of the animal cause amendments on sustainability and production capacity, as well as in functioning of the system, that depending on the grazing intensity is able of determine the animal production, soil conditions and the amount of straw that is transferred to the agricultural phase (Balbinot et al., 2009). The presence of animals in the appropriate amount does not affect both the production of forage biomass in winter and subsequent crop yields. However, overcrowding of animals grazing can cause changes on the physical properties, particularly in the surface soil compaction (Araújo et al., 2008) and content of soil organic matter, affecting the root growth (Souza et al., 2009) and crop yields cultivated after grazing (Albuquerque et al., 2001). The study of the changes resulting from the soil use and managements is of great importance for the adoption of management systems more compatible with the characteristics of each region and soil (Rozane et al., 2010), providing less impact on native soil characteristics. Soil attributes such as soil bulk density (Balbino et al., 2004), macroporosity, microporosity and total soil porosity (Karlen and Stott, 1994), has been frequently used as indicators of soil physical quality, mainly due to low cost and facility of obtaining measurements (Schiavo and Colodro, 2012). In addition, the soil penetration resistance of the soil has been used to identify compacted layers (Cunha et al., 2002). Considering the risk of soil compaction on ICLS and the lack of information about the recommendations for the proper management of winter pastures, was idealized this study to evaluate the effects of different species and management of winter forage crops on the physical properties of a clayey Red Latosol of the western region of Paraná State under crop-livestock integration systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was carried out in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil, on a clayey Rhodic Hapludox (Red Latosol in the Brazilian classification), in an area (24 31' 58'' S, 54 01' 10'' W, altitude of 400 m) where soybean/wheat/corn had been sown in notill rotation as of Before starting the experiment (autumnwinter 2012), the soil was sampled for chemical and physical analysis (Embrapa, 1997) up to 0.30 m (Table 1). The regional climate, according to Köppen's Cfa type mesothermal humid subtropical dry winter, with well distributed during rains and hot summers. The 30 years mean annual temperature is 21.4 C with a July minimum of 14.7 C and a January maximum of 28.6 C, and mean annual precipitation of 1,500 mm. Rainfall and temperature data gathered during the experiment are shown in Figure 1. The experimental design was a split-plot in randomized blocks with four replicates. In the A bands, were established the three winter crops (that is, white oat, dual-purpose wheat and triticale) and the different management of winter crops (started when the winter crops reached 35 cm) was established as B bands. Management regimes of winter crops investigated were: (i) one grazing with 15 cm of residue height; (ii) two grazing with 15 cm of residue height; and (iii) without grazing. The A bands were m, the B bands were m, and 10.0 x 5.0 the experimental plots. Before the establishment of the experiment, 4.2 Mg ha -1 of lime was applied on the soil surface to elevate the soil base saturation to 70%. Experimental area was desiccated with glyphosate (1.20 kg ha 1 a.i.) at a spray volume of 250 L ha -1. Thirty days after the desiccation, winter crops were sown. White oat (cv. IPR 126), dualpurpose wheat (cv. BRS Tarumã) and triticale (cv. IPR 111) were sown in April 19, 2012 in 0.17 m spaced rows at densities of 60, 90 and 50 kg seeds ha 1, respectively. The fertilization was carried out by applying 200 kg ha formulation at sowing, and 120 kg ha -1 N topdressing as urea (spitted after management of winter crops). The management of winter crops was initiated when plants had 25 to 35 cm of height. For the grazing, nine Holstein cows with mean body weight of 663±52.4 kg were used. Cows remained in *Corresponding Author. *Corresponding author. Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
3 148 Afr. J. Agric. Res. subplots for four hours daily (two in the morning and two in the afternoon period) or until desired height of cm, not to damage the apical meristem. Soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill), cv. BMX Potência RR] was cropped in the summer (November through March) in all the plots under crop residues of winter crops. Soybean was sown in rows spaced 0.45 m with 14 seeds m 1, fertilized with 350 kg ha formulation, applied in the seed furrows. After the winter crops harvest (October 2012) and soybean harvest (March 2013), undisturbed soil samples were collected at and m depths from each experimental unit, using a 90.5 cm 3 cylindrical sampler, to determine soil bulk density (BD), macroporosity (Ma) and microporosity (Mi) by the tension table method (Embrapa, 1997), and total soil porosity (TSP) by summing the values for macro- and microporosity. Soil penetration resistance (PR) down to the 0.35 m depth was established in three points per experimental unit using an impact penetrometer (model STOLF; base diameter 13.0 mm, angle 60 ). The calculations were made in line with Stolf (1991), and the results presented in MPa. Original data were submitted to analysis of variance and the results of different winter crops and management of grazing were compared using the Tukey test (p < 0.05). All analyses were performed using Sisvar 5.1 software for Windows (Statistical Analysis Software, UFLA, Lavras, MG, BRA). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Total soil porosity (TSP), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi) and soil bulk density (BD) After harvest of winter crops, the results for soil porosity in the 0.00 to 0.20 m soil layer under the different management of winter crops (Table 2) showed that for the Ma, there was significant interaction between the factors studied. For the TSP, in the m soil layer there was significant difference in grazing management of winter crops (Table 2). Different species and management of winter forage crops did not affect the Mi, BD and TPS in the m layer (Table 2). In the evaluation performed after the soybean harvest data showed that there was significant interaction between the winter crops and grazing management for the Ma in the m layer, and for Mi and TSP in the 0.10 to 0.20 m soil layer (Table 3). Soil physical attributes were not affected by the isolated effect of the experimental treatments (Table 3). In general, the results observed for the physical attributes (Tables 2 and 3) soil layers studied are consistent with results reported by other authors as Flores et al. (2007) who studied the changes introduced by animal trampling on soil physical properties and the changes resulting from this trampling influence on the establishment and yield of soybean, already Spera et al. (2009) studied the effect of grain production and grazing winter annual and perennial pasture systems under notillage system, after ten years of cultivation on soil physical properties and confirm the small magnitude of the changes caused by adequate animal trampling. These small changes, when present, does not reach critical levels for the root growth of crops grown in succession, since the pressure applied by the animal paws is not greater than the soil resistance to plastic deformation (Conte et al., 2011). It was expected that in the management with two grazing of winter crops there were changes on soil physical attributes. In ICLS, changes in physical properties can occur in the surface layer, more or less intensely, due to animal trampling that depends upon the intensity and frequency of pasture (Flores et al., 2007). The great magnitude of these changes is connected to the management that is applied to areas under pasture grazing, which may vary according to texture, organic matter content, soil water content, species of plants, pasture intensity and pasture grazing time and also animal species and category (Flores et al., 2007; Lanzanova et al., 2007; Defossez and Richard, 2002). In part, the absence of changes on the soil physical properties was due to the grass species used in this study. According to Albuquerque et al. (2001), in ICLS, the presence of forage grass roots improve soil structure, mitigating the impact of animal trampling, as a result of vigorous root systems and soil descompaction of forage plants (Castagnara et al., 2012). After the harvest of winter crops, the highest Ma values were found for white oat and dual-purpose wheat, in the m soil layer, when these crops were subjected to the one and two grazing, respectively (Table 2). In the 0.10 to 0.20 m soil layer, the highest Ma values were verified for white oat and dual-purpose wheat subjected to the grazing, and for triticale, when this crop was not grazed (Table 2). In the evaluation after soybean harvest, the cultivation of triticale during the winter without grazing provided the highest amount of macropores in the 0.00 to 0.10 m soil layer compared to the wheat crop (Table 3), while the cultivation of white oats provided intermediate Ma. Growing plants with vigorous root system is important in developing a net of biopores in the soil profile (Williams and Weil, 2004), and this feature can affect the amount of soil macropores. Calonego and Rosolem (2010) verified that soybean root growth in the soil profile was increased under rotation with triticale due to the presence of biopores and a decrease in soil penetration resistance. The Ma values ranged from 0.06 to 0.10 m 3 m 3, and are situated in the range considered optimal for the proper development of plants which varies from 0.07 to 0.17 m 3 m 3 (Drewry et al., 2008). Macroporosity is a of soil properties more susceptible to changes imposed by soil management (Spera et al., 2012). In general, the absence of soil disturbance can induce to soil compaction and reductionof Ma. However, the low soil moisture during grazing (Figure 1), combined with the ability to soil restructure in over time, may have contributed to this result. Flores et al. (2007) investigating changes in the soil physical properties promoted by animal treading, verified that the soil density and compressibility were higher and the porosity lower in the grazed areas, compared to non-grazed. The increase of macropores on
4 Piano et al. 149 Table 2. Soil physical attributes at and m depths under different management of winter crops. Measurements were taken after harvest of winter crops (October, 2012). Crop Management of winter crops One grazing Two grazing No grazing Mean One grazing Two grazing No grazing Mean Macroporosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Macroporosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Oat 0.09 aa 0.07 ba 0.08 aa aa 0.07 aa 0.05 bb 0.07 Wheat 0.06 ba 0.10 aa 0.08 aa aa 0.07 ab 0.05 bb 0.07 Triticale 0.06 ba 0.07 ba 0.08 aa ba 0.05 ba 0.07 aa 0.06 Mean Microporosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Microporosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Oat Wheat Triticale Mean Total soil porosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Total soil porosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Oat Wheat Triticale Mean A 0.51B 0.51B Soil bulk density (Mg m 3 ) ( m) Soil bulk density (Mg m 3 ) ( m) Oat Wheat Triticale Mean Values represented by the different lower case letters in the column and upper case letters in the lines, show significant differences (Tukey test, p <0.05). the ICLS is important for the conservation of soil and water, because it is directly related to improve of aeration and water infiltration into the soil (Schiavo and Colodro, 2012). Regarding Mi, the cultivation of triticale during winter provided the highest values in the m soil layer, after soybean harvest, when this crop was subjected to the two grazing (Table 3). Investigating different ICLS, Spera et al. (2009) found that animal trampling increased soil Mi and decreased Ma and TSP, however, without reaching levels capable of causing soil degradation. Soil compaction resulting from animal trampling during grazing can increase the BD and Mi and decrease Ma and TSP (Spera et al., 2004). The Mi values ranged from 0.44 to 0.50 m 3 m 3, and are above the value considered optimal for the proper development of plants, which is, 0.33 m 3 m 3 (KiehL, 1979). These results were expected, because according to Viana et al. (2011), the Mi is inversely proportional to the soil Ma. The management of winter crops with one grazing resulted in the higher TSP value in the m soil layer, in evaluation performed after the winter crops harvest (Table 2). After soybean harvest, the highest TSP values, in the 0.10 to 0.20 m soil layer, were found for triticale and white oat, when these crops were subjected to the two grazing and without grazing, respectively (Table 3). According to Bertol et al. (2004), the soil porosity is influenced by soil management based on changes in soil bulk density. Changes in soil porosity limit nutrient uptake, water infiltration and redistribution, gas exchange and root growth. However, soil attributes present high spatial variability, due to environmental conditions, types and sizes of machines and equipment and systems used crops. The different species and grazing management of winter crops did not affect the BD (Tables 2 and 3). The BD is a property considered in the evaluation of soil physical quality (Klein and Camara, 2007) because, in ICLS under no-till the increasing BD, when this system is used without technical criteria for pasture management, can cause negative impacts on soil structure and reduce productivity (Costa et al., 2009). The soil compaction caused by animal trampling has been identified as a major cause of degradation of cultivated areas in ICLS (Albuquerque et al., 2001). The BD values ranged from 1.13 to 1.36 Mg m 3 (Tables 2 and 3). In an experiment
5 150 Afr. J. Agric. Res. Table 3. Soil physical attributes at and m depths under different management of winter crops. Measurements were taken after soybean harvest (March 2013). Crop Management of winter crops One grazing Two grazing No grazing Mean One grazing Two grazing No grazing Mean Macroporosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Macroporosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Oat 0.06 aa 0.07 aa 0.07 aba Wheat 0.06 aa 0.07 aa 0.05 ba Triticale 0.07 aa 0.07 aa 0.09 aa Mean Microporosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Microporosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Oat aab 0.44 bb 0.48 aa 0.46 Wheat aa 0.45 ba 0.47 aa 0.46 Triticale aa 0.49 aa 0.46 aa 0.47 Mean Total soil porosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Total soil porosity (m 3 m 3 ) ( m) Oat aab 0.50 bb 0.55 aa 0.52 Wheat aa 0.52 aba 0.53 aa 0.52 Triticale aa 0.55 aa 0.52 aa 0.53 Mean Soil bulk density (Mg m 3 ) ( m) Soil bulk density (Mg m 3 ) ( m) Oat Wheat Triticale Mean Values represented by the different lower case letters in the column and upper case letters in the lines, show significant differences (Tukey test, p <0.05). Figure 1. Total monthly rainfall (mm) and monthly average temperature ( C) during the experiment. WCS: winter crops sowing; 1 st and 2 nd G: first and second grazing; WCH: winter crops harvest; SS: soybean sowing; SH: soybean harvest.
6 Piano et al. 151 Figure 2. Soil penetration resistance (PR) in soil profile after soybean harvest, as affected by winter crops (A) and grazing management of winter crops (B). Different letters at each depth, show significant differences (Tukey test, p <0.05). with crop rotation in a Red Nitosol with 590 g kg 1 clay, Calonego and Rosolem (2011) found similar BD values from 1.22 to 1.39 Mg m 3 to a depth of 0.60 m. In this study, these same authors also determined the critical soil bulk density. During the three years of experiment, the values of the critical bulk density ranged from 1.22 to 1.37 Mg m 3, in the m soil layer. For Klein and Camara (2007), the value considered limiting to the growth of plant roots in clayey Latosols is around 1.40 Mg m 3. Considering these values of critical soil bulk density can be inferred in this study there was no limitation to the plant root growth. Penetration resistance (PR) The different species and grazing management of winter crops affect the PR in the 0.20 to 0.25 m and 0.25 to 0.30 m soil layers of profundity (Figure 2). The lower PR values were found for the cultivation of white oat and the highest values for triticale (Figure 2A). For grazing managements, the lowest PR values were found when the winter crops were subjected to two grazing and the highest values when there was no grazing (Figure 2B). In ICLS under no-till, the grazing intensities influence the stability of large aggregates (> 2 mm), which represent more than 50% of the soil mass (Souza et al., 2010). These large aggregates or stable aggregates are crucial for a good soil structure, providing pore space for root and fauna growth and development and water and air circulation (Salton et al., 2008). Thus, it is found that the greater number of grazing provided less PR, which can improve the development of the culture grown in succession. The compaction level caused by animal trampling is influenced by several factors; especially the height of pasture management and the amount of plant residue deposited on the soil surface (Braida et al., 2006) and soil moisture. Thus, should emphasize the importance of continuous use of winter forage crops in ICLS under notill, and the monitoring of the physical conditions of the soil over time, essential for the evaluation of management systems (Costa et al., 2011). Most of the obtained PR values are above 2.0 MPa (Figure 2), value cited by the United States Department of Agriculture (1993) as limiting to the root growth of most cultivated annual crops. Lipiec and Hatano (2003) argue that the PR values ranging from 1.0 to 1.7 MPa begin restricting the plant root growth, and that values between 3.0 and 4.0 MPa paralyze root growth. However, according to Canarache (1990), only PR values above 2.5 MPa impair plant growth, or from 2.0 to 3.0 MPa limited to soybean yield (Beutler et al., 2006). The importance of determining PR is the correlation with the effect of animal trampling in the ICLS, affecting root growth and the soil physical properties, and is a way of rapidly obtaining results. However, PR is influenced by a number of soil properties such as density, moisture content, water potential, texture, aggregation, cementation, organic matter content and mineralogy. Soil moisture content and bulk density are considered the most significant of these properties (Tavares-Filho et al., 2012). The PR indicates that evaluations of BD determined in the 0.00 to 0.10 m are suitable for characterizing the effect of animal trampling on soil compaction, since this
7 152 Afr. J. Agric. Res. effect usually restricted to this layer. However, its magnitude is not reflected in the subsequent crop yield to grazing, in this case, soybean crop, which is evaluated annually (Conte et al., 2011). Moreover, the intensity of the damage caused by compaction is directly influenced by the soil water availability and the plant development stage; because the occurrence of low water availability in stages of greater plant growth can cause drastic reductions in plant yields grown in compacted soils (Castagnara et al., 2012). However, as in this study there was no influence of grazing down to the 0.20 m depth, one can use the ICLS without causing negative impacts on soil physical quality for subsequent culture. Conclusions Soil porosity in the 0.00 to 0.20 m soil layer in integrated crop-livestock systems under no-till was influenced by the crops and grazing management of winter forage. The different species and grazing management of winter crops in integrated crop-livestock systems did not affect the soil bulk density. The annual winter cereals, managed in no-till with different numbers of grazing, promoted changes in resistance to penetration in the layer 20 to 25 cm and 25 to 30 cm depth. Conflict of Interest The authors have not declared any conflict of interest. REFERENCES Albuquerque JA, Sangoi L, Ender M (2001). Efeitos da integração lavoura-pecuária nas propriedades físicas do solo e características da cultura do milho. R. Bras. C. Solo 25: Araújo FS, Salviano AAC, Leite LFC, Leite LFC, Souza ZM, Sousa ACM (2010). Physical quality of a yellow Latossol under integrated crop-livestock system. R. Bras. C. Solo 34: Balbino LC, Bruand A, Cousin I, Brossard M, Quétin P, Grimaldi M (2004). Change in the hydraulic properties of a Brazilian clay Ferralsol on clearing for pasture. Geoderma 120: Balbinot Jr AA, Moraes A, Veiga M, Pelissari A, Dieckow J (2009). 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Aggregation and organic matter content in different tillage systems for sugarcane
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trudging through the muck
playing for keeps
sleeping whenever I can
doing things by the book
avoiding the shift key
having my own style
obeying the law
How would I know what the first thing anyone would notice about me is? I don't like attracting attention to myself.
movies-coen bros, quentin, broken lizard, I like to watch really bad movies too and make fun of them. Cyborg Cop is classic.
music-hippie stoner jam bands, ween, roots rock reggae, ska, david bowie, rolling stones, oingo boingo, talking heads, prince, pink floyd... you get the gist, I am too old to appreciate any new bands from this century.
food-I'll eat anything! seriously. I love cheerios! mac and cheese, tacos, pasta, why is this important? everybody eats food. am I supposed to impress someone with some extra upscale hoity toity foodie qualifications here?
intoxicants and/or sex...
the female form-I adore curvy and full figured women
I am wearing absolutely nothing below the waist in my profile picture.
and especially if I send you a friendly comment first! If I say something nice to you, it doesn't necessarily mean that I want to date you, I just like to say friendly things.


text:
- Last login Nov 12, 14 @ 6:25 am
WDYWT: 2011 (Chat Edition)
^^ Brian, info on denim in second fit pic plox?2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
Pick Ups: 2011
Where to cawp All Courts?2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
[Mister (Mr.)] - 2011 Official Discussion Thread
Damn, cant wait for the new stuff to drop online! That aside, anyone know what frames dude has in that pic? Been looking for some similar to those.2 Weeks ago in Brands
Scariest Movies You've Seen !
Good call on The Others. It was creepy but there was one scene that really fucked me up. Some of my favorite scary films include: The Orphanage The Descent The Ring Exorcist The Shining Halloween Alien The Omen (Original)2 Weeks ago in Entertainment
I havent been to Denny's in a minute, but I used to get that Meat-lover's skillet with mad hot sauce2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
X-Men: First Class
Nah, I stayed and there was nothing after the credits. You guys are right, this film was incredible...I would be happy if they just rebooted the whole franchise starting with this one.2 Weeks ago in Entertainment
The Official Naked & Famous Denim Thread
Been thinking about getting some skinny guys rather than weird guys for my first n&f denim. I wear 33 in Imps that fit pretty well if not a bit large. Do you guys recommend getting tts in skinny guys? I was thinking about buying 32. Any feedback is appreciated. Oh and any hb fam got any good KL codes?2 Weeks ago in Denim
[Diamond Supply Co.] - 2011 Official Discussion Thread
[Quote] Good lookin out2 Weeks ago in Brands
[Diamond Supply Co.] - 2011 Official Discussion Thread
Thanks bruh. I'm actually looking for the tees in M, if anyone knows any online shops...help a brotha out.2 Weeks ago in Brands
[Diamond Supply Co.] - 2011 Official Discussion Thread
Im looking for any online shops that still carry the smoke ring tees in black or red. Thanks2 Weeks ago in Brands
WDYWT: 2011 (Chat Edition)
Drew, can u put up a link to the bleeker wash? I'm lookin at their site but the only match I see looks way off to yours.2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
WDYWT: 2011 (Chat Edition)
^^ Yeah, I vaguely remember a link before where the gap jawns came in a different wash...can anyone confirm or is the link on this page the correct cut/model?2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
Official Tumblr Thread
Just made one as well, its addictive as hell. Follow me and I'll follow back! [URL]2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
That awkward moment when...
That awkward moment when the light turns green and the car in front of you does not go and you dont know how long you should wait before you honk your horn. That awkward moment when your in a public place and its really quiet and a parent is yelling at their kid really loud. That awkward moment when a car is driving mad slow on the freeway, so you get really pissed and pull up beside them to glare and its an old person. That awkward moment when you really have to take a shit during class and a cute girl is talking to you...you want to keep all your focus on the girl but your guts are exploding inside.2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
WDYWT: 2010 (Chat Edition) (Flaming fit is fine. Flame person = Infraction)
[Quote] Info on shades?2 Weeks ago in Off Topic


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|Online booking available!
Walking Holiday on the Channel Islands
a self-guided "around island" walking holiday on the 44 mile coastal
around the Island of Guernsey in the Channel Islands in the UK, with day trips to Herm and Sark.
This hiking tour offers an amazing variety of terrain, from heath-covered cliffs with views across the sea to the other Channel Islands, sandy bays, and rocky coves.
|This wonderful coastal path around Guernsey, the 2nd largest of the Channel Islands, can be walked over 4 days at about 11 miles per day. Explore the islands of Herm and Sark to make this holiday into 6 days of great walking. You stay in St Peter Port for the entire holiday and we include daily transfers back to your accommodation.
1: Arrive Poole or St Malo or
fly to Guernsey
To start your Channel Islands walking holiday you make your own way to Poole in Dorset or St Malo in France to get the fast catamaran ferry to St Peter Port, Guernsey. We can assist with air, coach or train transfers if required. You could use this as an opportunity to explore the Jurassic Coast, or combine this holiday with a walking holiday on the South West Coast Path. Car parking is available for the duration of your self-guided walking holiday on Guernsey.
2: St Peter Port to Petit Bôt Bay 9
miles moderate
After exploring St Peter Port, you walk along by the harbour past the Underground Military Museum and the Aquarium. Enjoy very pleasant walking along the wooded cliff path to Fermain Bay, then around Jerbourg Point to Moulin Huet Bay. There are more stunning views as you walk around Saints Bay and Icart Point to Petit Bôt Bay.
3: Petit Bôt Bay to Portelet Harbour 8
miles moderate
Today's walk continues along the rugged cliff path of the stunning south coast of Guernsey from Petit Bôt Bay via Le Gouffre and Havre de Bon Repos. Visit the watch tower at La Prevôté, originally built to protect the island from the French, and later added to during the German occupation. The path continues around the Pleinmont peninsula at the extreme southwestern end of Guernsey to Portelet Harbour.
4: Portelet Harbour to Le Grand Havre 15
miles easy
A very pleasant walk today from Portelet Harbour to Le Grand Havre alongside 12 beaches. Visit Fort Grey, a Martello tower housing a shipwreck museum, and if the tide is out, you can walk around Lihou Island.
5: Le Grand Havre to St Peter Port 12
miles easy
Today you are walking around the northwest peninsula of Guernsey via Fort Pembroke and Fort La Marchant. As you come around the point the islands of Alderney, Herm and Sark can be clearly seen.
6: Herm 4
Take a day-trip from St Peter Port to the island of Herm, only half a square mile, but 4 miles of coastal footpaths. Herm is a paradise of dramatic cliffs, wild flowers, hills, valleys, golden beaches and no cars.
7: Sark mileage
to suit, max 15 miles
Take a day-trip from St Peter Port to the island of Sark, only 2 square miles, but 15 miles of coastal footpaths. Sark is entirely cliff-bound, and even the main harbours are at the foot of the cliff and access from them to the village is through tunnels and up a steep track. Little Sark is linked with the rest of the island by the knife-edge pass of Le Coupée.
|Optional Days: spend some extra days exploring further, or just relaxing.
8: Depart after breakfast
You take the fast ferry back to Poole or St Malo. Or if traveling by plane, we transfer you back to the airport. This walking holiday can be combined with our Jersey Coastal Footpath holiday to make a 15 day holiday.
What's included
|Guernsey, Herm
and Sark are steeped in history with relics dating back to Neolithic times,
as well as reminders of the Channel Islands more recent past, including
Martello Towers of the Napoleonic Wars and extensive German fortifications
from the Second World War.
The coast paths of these islands offer relaxing walking and a great way to unwind and recuperate.
Online booking available. A deposit of £55 per person is required to secure the booking, with the balance due 6 weeks before departure.
This walking holiday can be combined with our Jersey Coastal Footpath holiday to make a 15 day holiday.
Optional Extras
What our customers say:
"Very pleased with preplanning carried out by Let's Go Walking. The accommodation was very friendly, excellent food, beautiful garden and welcoming atmosphere. Very comfortable." Mrs Hesketh 2011
"Thanks for organizing a great holiday once again! We all thoroughly enjoyed it and will probably be back again next year!" Hayes party 2011
"The information pack exceeded our expectations and was really good". Pealing family 2010
|"The holiday
met expectations. Transportation facilities excellent. The driver was on
time and polite. The booking and enquiry process comprehensive and very
helpful. The guide book and support were good."
Susan and Brenda 2017 Longstanding clients
|"Would like to thank you so much for a really wonderful holiday. Everything from the booking-in at Weymouth, all the way through the holiday was excellent, from the transportation facilities to the hotel. Good food (and wine)! The people were so friendly and helpful. Could not fault a thing. Thanks again for all your planning. A truly remarkable company. We will definitely use you again and recommend you to our friends and family". Mr and Mrs Jenkinson 2011
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The Prep School's Enrichment Programme is open to scholarship holders, as well as gifted and talented pupils.
Those who participate attend a weekly session of challenging, multi-disciplinary activities based around a theme that changes each term. Recent topics have included art history, science and industry, Shakespeare's Macbeth, migration and preparation for a mock trial. We aim to encourage scholarliness, reflective independent learning, fascination for diverse subjects and a cross-curricular approach.
The Enrichment Programme proves consistently popular with those who attend and ensures that our most able pupils achieve their potential whilst having a great deal of fun.
The Scholar's Programme is a year-round programme which brings outstanding academics and fascinating speakers to Culford School. This year's theme is 'Language and ...' and includes Dr Arik Kershenbaum, Prof Simon Horobin and Head of English Alexia Glasswell.
To find out more click here to visit the Scholars' Programme page. Alternatively, you can contact to Admissions Team on Bury St Edmunds 01284 385308 or email email@example.com.


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Sublimation House in Cape Town
At Sublimation House we supply to the retail, corporate and international markets. We specialize in the design and printing of sportswear clothing which include rugby, cycling, soccer, running vests and cricket outfits, as well as banners, flags, estate agent boards, caps and school utilities. When dealing with the leading printing corporation within the Southern hemisphere you can be assured of quality products, on time service and an excellent time record with professional service.
Sublimation House


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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
As each tradesman expresses interest in quoting on your job, we'll send you their profile and ratings to help you choose the right one for you.
After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
Gas / Heating engineer
Added 26/04/2017
Hot water - heating I don't have hot water from my taps. Radiators are not heating up. Make...
Heating Engineer
Added 29/04/2016
I have a Remeha Avanta plus boiler that is been fitted few years a go and it is in excellent...
Heating Engineer
Added 07/03/2016
I require two radiators to be removed. they are either side of the same dividing wall - living...
Heating Engineer
Added 29/07/2013
i need a gas cooker disconnecting as i am moving house Customer owns and lives at this pr...
Heating Engineer
Added 03/08/2012
new gloworm combi boiler fitted twi years ago. Problems with central heating controls so no...
Heating Engineer
Added 13/06/2012
Slimline classic se15 ff- no heating or hot water
Simon was friendly, efficient and knowledgeable, and charged exactly the minimum he had quoted us. We were very satisfied - and he likes dogs, too!
Excellent worker. Certainly knows his trade. Answered any questions I had straight away. Very cheerful man. Clean, very efficient worker who had my comfort and my wife's in mind at all times. I would give him 10/10 and certainly recommend him to anybody.
Managing your job is easier with the Rated People Homes App, download it today.


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Vogue Special Design S-4906; ca. 1948; Suit. Fitted jacket buttons below notched collar, two large patch pockets with separate flaps. Long fitted two-piece sleeves. Center back vent. Two-piece skirt with side seams ending in pleats.
Links to reviews/blog postsEdit
Add a photo to the gallery by clicking the "modify" button below.
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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You need to know precisely what your property is worth on the open market. You can obtain some information about the prospective value of your existing home by entering details about your property from the Nationwide House Price Index.
Use this helpful Calculator: -
Value your place from different sources and don't necessarily go with the highest estimate. If you ask something utterly unrealistic it will never shift. Remember that £129,000 is much more appealing to a buyer than £130,000.
Obviously some home sales are forced by circumstances that need immediate action for example a change of job or a divorce. But if you can choose when you go on the market then start the selling process when the largest number of people are looking. Spring-summer is the favourite time to move, but there is usually a spurt after Christmas. If you have a hunch that interest rates are going through the roof or you have inside knowledge that Gordon Brown is about to raise stamp duty yet again then try to get in before these events occur.
You can choose between hiring a solicitor, a licensed conveyancer or conducting the legal work yourself. (A general reduction in conveyancing costs has meant the DIY option - which can be very tricky - is less popular these days.) Charges vary considerably but low, fixed prices i.e. "£300 plus all disbursements" can mean low levels of personal attention. If you're the sort of nervy, high maintenance seller who requires plenty of TLC, don't go to a budget-priced conveyancer who will quickly lose patience with you. Conversely, don't talk for longer than necessary as solicitors' meters clock up cash significantly faster than those of a black cab.
Think through the process and identify when you are really able to move out and let the new owner in as this will be one of the deciding factors any prospective buyer will want to know. Be decisive but wherever possible be flexible.
It is expensive and unnecessary to redecorate the whole place before putting it on the market. (The majority of buyers will just change the interior to their taste anyway.) But basic stuff such as grimy work surfaces, red wine lakes on the carpet, food stains on the ceiling, dripping taps and leaking guttering should be attended to
Try to keep to appointment times. Don't forget that you're trying to offload something worth potentially hundreds of thousands of pounds. As far as appearance is concerned: - keep clutter down to the minimum especially if your place is small; tidy up the garden and mow the lawn; and try to keep kids and animals locked up/out of the house during viewings. Show off your place's good points but don't be too pushy. Let potential buyers wander around at will, answer questions as truthfully as possible and slip in the odd positive.
Find out as much as you can about the person who is making the offer. Do they still have to sell or are they cash buyers? Are they presently living in a one bedroom flat do they have a large family. It is all-important to establish the relative strengths of your negotiating position. Don't go into any negotiation without already knowing what your bottom line is but don't be rigidly unreasonable in establishing it. It's a cliché that the best deals are those where both parties walk away happy but it's true. Always make absolutely sure which fixtures and fittings are included in the price and which are negotiable extras. This will avoid ugly disputes later.
Once your solicitor is happy that all the legal side is in order - contracts, boundaries, local authority searches etc - the signed contracts are exchanged between the vendor and purchaser and a deposit is paid. This is the stage at which you need to feel all your potential questions have been answered. Once you've exchanged you are committed to buy and complete - there is no turning back. Your existing mortgage lender will also need warning that you are bringing your loan to an end however your Solicitor should handle this as part of the process.
Getting on for a month before completion you need to organise the process of getting out. Inform the utilities providers that you're going so can close or transfer accounts and arrange for final meter readings etc If you use a removal firm get several estimates and don't be dishonest about the size of the job. If you do some of the packing yourself you can keep the cost down. Also if you're moving from a big city to a smaller town try the small town removers, as they may be cheaper. The sole reason for doing the removal yourself is cost. A DIY exercise - as anyone who has ever attempted it will tell you - can be anything but fun. The last thing you want to be lumbered with during the first month in your new home is a slipped disc after you and your mate came unstuck trying to get the baby grand piano down the stairs. If you go it alone make sure you're covered for breakage's/loss by your insurers.
No money - no keys. A day to keep in very close touch with your solicitor. When the payments are made - normally by electronic bank transfer - the keys can be handed over to the other side. You'll probably have to pay up for your solicitor on this day as well.
Please therefore just contact us either by phone on ~ 0845 642 0644 (Local Rate), use the quick Mortgage Finder ~ CALL BACK FORM or use the brief Mortgage Finder ~ ENQUIRY FORM, and then simply allow us to assist you with further information without any obligation whatsoever.
If you require further assistance, please complete the following details and MORTGAGE FINDER will respond to your enquiry.
* Please complete all of these fields in order that your request can be submitted.
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Whatever your mortgage requirements Mortgage Finder can help provide information and assistance with different mortgages for different mortgage needs nationwide throughout the UK
© Copyright Mortgage Finder 2000 ~ 2014. All rights reserved
Read more information, click the link below


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Monday, February 26, 2007
This was always a needless, immoral war
"We know that Blair committed the country to war long before he ever has admitted, or can admit. We know that parliament and people were deceived by the prime minister and his cabal, wilfully but not accidentally, since it would have been politically impossible for this country to have participated in the war if the full truth had been told. We know that claims about 'WMD' were not some unhappy accident, but a necessity forced upon Blair after he had persuaded himself that he must at all costs support George Bush, right or wrong. We know that the case for war was not made in good faith.
"The only people who appear not to know this are our rulers. They cannot acknowledge it, and are obliged to stick to a false account of events. It's anyone's guess how long it will be before Iraq recovers from the last four years. Another question is how long it will be before political life in this country recovers from the damage inflicted on it." —Geoffrey Wheatcroft
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'Captain American 2' Recruits 'Revenge' star Emily VanCamp
Marvel lovers: meet your newest addition to the Captain American 2: The Winter Soldier team! From a double-crossing Hamptonite to a big-screen leading lady, actress Emily VanCamp is definitely one to watch.
According to Deadline, VanCamp — star of ABC's hit drama Revenge — is in talks with the Marvel Studios to join the newest superhero sequel. Once the deal has closed, VanCamp will star opposite super-hunk Chris Evans. The buzz around the blogosphere is that the Revenge actress is set to join the blockbuster as Sharon Carter, a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and potential love interest for Captain America (Evans). Carter is the niece of the original film's Peggy Carter (Hayley Atwell).
RELATED: 'Captain America 2' Scores 'Arrested Development' Director
Although many of the movie's details are being kept hush-hush, it appears that unlike the first flick, which took place during World War II, the sequel will be set in the modern world. Captain America 2 does not have a set start date just yet, but the film is scheduled to hit theaters April 14, 2014.
Do you think VanCamp will be a good addition to the team? Share your thoughts in the comments below!
Follow Leanne on Twitter @LeanneAguilera
[Photo Credit: ABC]
You Might Also Like:
Biden? Ford? Surprisingly Hot Young Pics of Politicians


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An abbreviation that is widely used in texting and chat, and on Facebook and elsewhere on the internet, but what does LBVS mean in slang?
Most Common LBVS Meaning
LBVS stands for Laughing But Very Serious.
Using LBVS
LBVS is used to indicate that you find something inappropriately funny.
Did you see the guy who landed on his head at the skateboard park and knocked himself out? LBVS.
Alternative LBVS Meanings
None found.
What Does LBVS Mean?
Laughing But Very Serious.
Related Slang Terms
LBS – Laughing But Serious.
555 – Hahaha.
BOL – Bark Out Loud or Barking Out Loud.
CTFU – Cracking The F**k Up.
DWL – Dead Wid Laugh, meaning Dying With Laughter.
FSE – Funniest Sh*t Ever.
Kek – LOL, which stands for Laugh Out Loud or Laughing Out Loud.
KML – Killing Myself Laughing.
KMSL – Killing Myself Laughing.
Lawl – LOL, which stands for Laugh Out Loud or Laughing Out Loud.
LEL – LOL, which stands for Laugh Out Loud or Laughing Out Loud.
LHH – Laughing Hella Hard.
LLAB – Laughing Like A Bitch.
LLF – Laugh Like F**k or Laughing Like F**k.
LLS – Laughing Like Sh*t.
LMAO – Laughing My Ass Off.
LMFAO – Laughing My F**king Ass Off.
LMHO – Laughing My Head Off.
LOL – Laugh Out Loud or Laughing Out Loud.
ROFL – Rolling On Floor Laughing.
ROTFL – Rolling On The Floor Laughing.
ROTFLMAO – Rolling On The Floor Laughing My Ass Off.
XD – An emoticon for a laughing face.


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Sitter in New York City
A bit about me.. I have a mini black Pomeranian that I spoil to pieces and has many followers on my instagram account. I love animals and have always had dogs in my home since I was a little kid! I work in Hospitalilty and am currently working on an app which affords me an unconventional schedule. I love to be outside and moving around and it's great to have a little furry friend along for company ;)
Sitter Details
|Email Address
|Phone Number
|Provider Type
Pet Care
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text:
License Plate Dog Mug
Absolutely LOVE the dog bone handles on this mug, perfect for the doggy lover to better grip their coffee with!
"It's My Cats World - I'm Just Here To Open Cans" makes a very funny coffee mug, complete with paw prints on the inside of the coffee mug. A fun gift for kitty lovers.Added 10 Years Ago from BrightandBold


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Cisco Catalyst 2960X-24PSQ-L - Switch - managed - 24 x 10/100/1000 (8 PoE+) + 2 x Gigabit SFP + 2 x 10/100/1000 - desktop, rack-mountable - PoE+ (110 W) - refurbishedItem#: 13833414 | Model#: WS-C2960X24PSQL-RF |
- Price:
- $954.99
$6.99 Shipping
- Shipping:
- Temporarily out of stock. Order today and we'll deliver when available. (Details)
Additional Resources
Cisco Catalyst 2960X-24PSQ-L - switch - 24 ports Product Details
Device Type: Switch - 24 ports - managed
Enclosure Type: Desktop, rack-mountable 1U
Subtype: Gigabit Ethernet
Ports: 24 x 10/100/1000 (8 PoE+) + 2 x Gigabit SFP + 2 x 10/100/1000
Power Over Ethernet (PoE): PoE+
PoE Budget: 110 W
Performance: Switching capacity: 216 Gbps ¦ Forwarding performance (64-byte packet size): 71.4 Mpps
Capacity: Active VLANs: 1023
Jumbo Frame Support: 9216 bytes
Remote Management Protocol: SNMP 1, RMON 1, RMON 2, RMON 3, RMON 9, Telnet, SNMP 3, SNMP 2c, HTTP, CLI
Authentication Method: Kerberos, Secure Shell (SSH), RADIUS, TACACS+
Features: Full duplex capability, auto-negotiation, BOOTP support, ARP support, VLAN support, auto-uplink (auto MDI/MDI-X), IGMP snooping, Syslog support, DiffServ support, Broadcast Storm Control, IPv6 support, Multicast Storm Control, Unicast Storm Control, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) support, Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) support, Multiple Spanning
Compliant Standards: IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.3u, IEEE 802.3z, IEEE 802.1D, IEEE 802.1Q, IEEE 802.3ab, IEEE 802.1p, IEEE 802.3af, IEEE 802.3x, IEEE 802.3ad (LACP), IEEE 802.1w, IEEE 802.1x, IEEE 802.3ae, IEEE 802.1s, IEEE 802.3ah, IEEE 802.1ab (LLDP), IEEE 802.3at, IEEE 802.3az, IEEE 802.1AX
Processor: : 600 MHz
Flash Memory: 128 MB
Status Indicators: Port status, port transmission speed, port duplex mode, system, RPS (Redundant Power Supply), PoE, link/activity
Expansion / Connectivity
Interfaces: 8 x 1000Base-T - RJ-45 - 3 ports (PoE+) / 7 ports (PoE) - 30 W ¦ 16 x 1000Base-T - RJ-45 ¦ 2 x 1000Base-T - RJ-45 - uplink ¦ 2 x - SFP - uplink ¦ 1 x 100Base-TX - RJ-45 - management ¦ 1 x console - RJ-45 ¦ 2 x USB - Type A ¦ 1 x mini-USB - Type B - management
Power Device: Internal power supply
Power Redundancy: Optional
Voltage Required: AC 120/230 V (50/60 Hz)
Features: Redundant Power System (RPS) connector
MTBF: 462,680 hours
Compliant Standards: CISPR 22 Class A, BSMI CNS 13438 Class A, CISPR 24, EN 61000-3-2, EN 61000-3-3, EN55024, EN55022 Class A, AS/NZS 60950-1, ICES-003 Class A, RoHS, FCC CFR47 Part 15, UL 60950-1 Second Edition, CSA C22.2 No. 60950-1 Second Edition, EN 60950-1 Second Edition, IEC 60950-1 Second Edition, VCCI Class A, KN24, KN22 Class A, EN 300386, RoHS 2011/65/EU
Pricing Type: Refurbished
Software / System Requirements
Software Included: Cisco IOS LAN Base
Dimensions & Weight
Width: 17.5 in
Depth: 11 in
Height: 1.8 in
Weight: 12.79 lbs
Manufacturer Warranty
Service & Support: Limited warranty - advance parts replacement - lifetime - response time: next business day ¦ Technical support - consulting - 90 days
Environmental Parameters
Min Operating Temperature: 23 °F
Max Operating Temperature: 113 °F
Humidity Range Operating: 10 - 95% (non-condensing)
Min Storage Temperature: -13 °F
Max Storage Temperature: 158 °F
Humidity Range Storage: 10 - 95% (non-condensing)
The terms refurbished and recertified are used interchangeable to describe products that manufacturers refurbished, inspected, brought back to original manufacturers specification then tested and repackaged for sale. Some manufacturers refurbish products themselves and others use a qualified third party refurbisher. Refurbished products represent a great value and we offer them with confidence knowing that every refurbished product was tested at least twice, once when it was first manufactured and again during the refurbishing process. Refurbished products are warranted by either the original manufacturer or the manufacturers third party refurbisher. Warranty terms applicable to refurbished products may vary; see below for specific warranty information and consider purchasing an extended service plan if you desire even more coverage.
Additional Resources: Product Manuals
Recommended ItemsPrevious
Related ItemsPrevious
Manufactured by: Cisco
Warranty provided by: Cisco
UPC No:
Mfg Part No: WS-C2960X24PSQL-RF
Box Size:
( Length:0, Width:0, Depth:0)
Shipping Weight: 11.9000 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information
- Cisco logos are registered trademarks of Cisco. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


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Written on: 19/05/2013
Nothing nice to say so I won't say anything
Written on: 20/05/2013
Hi there. We are sorry you are unhappy with our service. Could you please get in contact with us on firstname.lastname@example.com so we can look into this with regards to your delivery (possibly Royal Mail delivery delay?).
I notice you mention ordering a watch strap - all our watch straps are priced under £10 and most are discounted. We feel this is excellent value for money.
We respond to all enquiries by an actual person, never automated service. We feel this offers excellent customer service.
Please do get in contact with your order details so we can resolve the order issue for you. Many thanks
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Everything has been very easy and customer support was great " Read More
" Amazing support & servixe " Read More
" Problem re bike " Read More
" Great service " Read More
" Tredz are awful " Read More


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Regent to rule Thailand before new king
In a televised speech late Saturday evening, Chan-ocha said Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn, who has been the heir apparent to the throne since 1972, had met with the junta leader and the late king's confidante, Prem Tinsulanonda, to discuss matters.
The prince "asked the people not to be confused or worry about the country's administration or even about the succession," said the PM.
The prince said "at this time everyone is sad, he is still sad, so every side should wait until we pass this sad time" before cremation, the premier said.
"Once merit-making and the cremation has passed… then it should be the right time to proceed" to coronation, the prince said, as quoted by the premier.
Meanwhile, no date has been set for the cremation. However, some officials have suggested it would be at least a year before it happens.
In the meantime, the body of late King Adulyadej will be kept at the Grand Palace complex in Bangkok's historic center in an ornate hall for the royal family members to pay their respects. The hall will be opened to the public on October 28.
For now, the 96-year-old Prem Tinsulanonda has been officially named as the regent pro tempore, managing the ceremonial duties of the monarch in the absence of a king.
He is a former prime minister and heads the country's influential Privy Council.
However, real power in the country lies in the hands of the military, which has been running the government since a 2014 coup.
The late monarch, who became king 70 years ago in 1946, was the world's longest-reigning monarch by the time of his death at the age of 88.
The majority of the country's 68-million-strong population viewed the monarch as a pillar of stability during rapidly-changing times.
The late king, during his long-lasting reign, witnessed 10 military coups, the most recent one being in May 2014 led by now-Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha.
Many say the crown prince lacks the popularity of his father and a lengthy interim period will give the Thai people enough time to get used to the idea of a new monarch.


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Outdoors at night, dominant Rocco Siffredi and pretty blonde Vanda Lust make out passionately. He brings the gap-toothed, natural-bodied cutie in for a surprise: stylish brunette Nataly Gold is bound to a St. Andrew's cross in a fishnet bodysuit, leather harnesses and a mask. Both girls prove to be perfect slaves... Rocco roughly manipulates Nataly's puffy pussy and fucks her mouth before spanking her shapely rear hard in a standing, doggie-style hammering. Four fingers and then one giant cock sodomize Nataly, and Vanda tongues her gaping bunghole. He nails Vanda's shaved slit, standing, and reams her ass. Nataly rims Vanda's asshole as Rocco fucks Nataly. Rocco carries Vanda in a standing 69! After fun foot sucking in every direction, Vanda licks the jism flooding Nataly's face.
Official Release Date: Jul 18, 2015
Actors: Nataly Gold, Vanda Lust, Rocco Siffredi
Studio: RoccoSiffredi
Categories: HD porn, Anal, BlowJob, Cumshot, Blonde, Brunette, Natural Tits, DoggyStyle, Shaved Pussy, Threesome, Girl-Girl-Boy
General info: Size: 1701 Mb, Duration: 00: 48: 09, Streams: 2, Full bitrate: 4938 kb/s
Video: H264 (avc1), 1280x720, 29.97 fps
Audio: AAC, STEREO, 44.1 kHz, 151 kb/s


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House Sitter in The Villages
We are a retired couple looking to house sit during the winter months. We would love to house sit your home January, February and March. We are non smokers and we love animals especially dogs or cats. You can feel reassured to walk away from your home and know that you will found it the way you left it. We are an older couple. Wife 65 years old and husband 80 yrs old.
House Sitter Details
|Email Address
|Phone Number
Collect Mail
Feed Pets
Care For Plants
Take Out Trash/Recycling
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Fiorentina vs Inter Milan Live Stream
Watch the match online with our match preview and free Fiorentina Inter live streaming links
Live Streaming
Listed here are an updated list of sources to watch a Fiorentina Inter Milan stream on your PC. All of the official broadcasters for the game will be posted on this page within 30 minutes of kickoff of the live match. Have fun watching the coverage from the Stadio Artemio Franchi and check out our full streaming page for additional games and of course check out our comprehensive highlights coverage after the coverage is finished, for all the goals and match highlights. Live streaming sites may require free registration and sometimes placing a bet to access games. All popular internet browsers are supported on Mac/PC and often iPhone, Android and other mobile browsers. Other platforms for the match may include Sopcast, Veetle, TVAnts etc. Please reload to see updated sources. Watch the Viola lock horns with the Nerazzurri live online with these Fiorentina-Inter Milan live stream links.
Match Preview & Form guide
Serie A high-flyers Fiorentina welcome contenders Inter Milan to Stadio Artemio Franchi on Sunday. Fiorentina and Inter Milan are evenly matched, there's little separating them in points or current form. The Viola have only picked up five points out of a possible fifteen and sit in 8th place in Serie A, while The Nerazzurri have shown inconsistency recently, losing three and winning two of their last five games and lie in 7th position in the table.
Related Videos
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Inter Milan Fiorentina Starting Lineups
*Previous Inter Milan starting line-up - the team for this match will show here when announced
*Previous Fiorentina starting line-up - the team for this match will show here when announced
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Reflector reviews are your chance to see what others are saying about Reflector, Apple TV and other AirPlay receivers on the market. We've listed independent reviews and ratings below, and we've compiled a list of Reflector video reviews and tutorials on YouTube.
"As an early adopter of integrating mobile phones into instruction, Reflector 2 is a tool I desperately wish I would have discovered while I was still in the classroom."
– TechTipsforTeachers
"If Reflector had been available in the classroom back in my days, school would've been a lot easier."
– iOS etc
"Reflector 2 is an awesome application for your computer that allows you to mirror your iPad in the classroom. It offers some amazing features that make it stand out in my opinion as the best mirroring solution."
– Wired Educator
"Reflector 2 is a great alternative to having an AppleTV in the classroom, many would actually consider it to be better."
– Teacher's Toolbox
iOS etc
GEI - Global Educator Institute
Learn Lead Grow
Whats on iPhone
Teacher's Toolbox
Wired Educator
Cult of Mac
EdTech Speed Dating
Touch Arcade


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Cold Wind to Valhalla(2013)
(The third book in the Abby Fouchet Mysteries series)
A novel by Flo Fitzpatrick
Actress Colette Currie mutters "history repeats, cold wind, cinnamon and ken-see" then dies in the arms of Abby Fouchet. Aided by her fiance, Johnny Gerard, Abby pursues clues in theatres, cemeteries and abandoned movie studios and calls upon her own gifts in second-sight to solve an eighty-year-old mystery and find a killer.
Used availability for Flo Fitzpatrick's Cold Wind to Valhalla
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
June 2013 : USA Paperback
|Title: Cold Wind to Valhalla: Volume 3 (Abby Fouchet Mysteries)
Author(s): Flo Fitzpatrick
ISBN: 1-4849-1434-1 / 978-1-4849-1434-2 (USA edition)
Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
Availability: Amazon UK Amazon CA
Kindle Editions
June 2013 : USA, Canada, UK Kindle edition
|Title: Cold Wind to Valhalla (Abby Fouchet Mysteries Book 3)
Author(s): Flo Fitzpatrick
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Genre Pages