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INVESTMENT COMPANY INSTITUTE® PERSPECTIVE INVESTMENT COMPANY INSTITUTE® Vol . 3 / No. 5 December 1997 Perspective is a series of occasional papers published by the Investment Company Institute,® the national association of the American investment company industry. John Rea, executive editor; Craig Tyle, executive editor; Sue Duncan, managing editor. 1401 H Street, NW Suite 1200 Washington, DC 20005 www.ic i .org S t o c k M a r k e t s , E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t , a n d C a p i t a l C o n t r o l L i b e r a l i z a t i o n by Ross Levine Department of Economics University of Virginia SUMMARY Recent studies suggest that, over the past two decades, stock market liquidity has been a catalyst for long-run growth in developing countries.1 Without a liquid stock market, many profitable long-term investments would not be undertaken because savers would be reluctant to tie up their investments for long periods of time. In contrast, a liquid equity market allows savers to sell their shares easily, thereby permitting firms to raise equity capital on favorable terms. By facilitating longer-term, more profitable investments, a liquid market improves the allocation of capital and enhances prospects for long-term economic growth. Findings from these studies show that countries with relatively liquid stock markets in 1976 grew much faster over the next 18 years than countries with illiquid markets, even after adjusting for differences in other factors that influence growth, such as education levels, inflation rates, and openness to trade. The studies also indicate that, in promoting economic growth, a liquid stock market complements a strong banking system, suggesting that banks and stock markets provide different bundles of financial services to the economy. Finally, the studies show that lowering of inter- national investment barriers significantly enhances the liquidity of stock markets, with positive effects on economic growth. Although stock market volatility tends to rise for a few years after financial liberalization, greater openness to international capital has been associated with lower stock return volatility in the long run. Moreover, stock return volatility does not appear detrimental to long-run growth. Thus, if policymakers have the patience to weather some short-run volatility, liberalizing restrictions on international portfolio flows offers expanded opportunities for economic development. INTRODUCTION Stock markets in developing countries account for a disproportionately large share of the boom in global stock market activity. While the total value of outstanding publicly traded stocks worldwide surged from about $6 trillion in 1986 to more than $20 trillion in 1996, the proportion of worldwide stock market capitalization represented by emerging markets jumped more than threefold. Furthermore, the total value of stock transactions in emerging economies soared from about 2 percent of the world total in 1986 to 12 percent in 1996.2 1 See Ross Levine and Sara Zervos, "Stock Markets, Banks, and Economic Growth," American Economic Review, forthcoming; Raymond Atje and Boyan Jovanovic, "Stock Markets and Development," European Economic Review, April 1993, 37(2/3), pp. 632-40. 2 These figures are from the International Finance Corporation's Emerging Markets Facts Book and use its classification of emerging and developed markets. Hong Kong and Singapore are classified as developed countries. Shifting them into the emerging market category makes the disproportionate boom in emerging markets even more noticeable. The rapid emergence of markets in developing countries was accompanied by an explosion in international capital flows, especially to those markets. Net private capital flows to developing nations jumped tenfold over the past decade and exceeded $250 billion in 1996.3 Whereas equity flows represented a negligible part of capital flows to emerging markets a decade ago, equity flows now represent about 20 percent of private capital flows to developing nations. These trends raise two critical questions for policymakers in developing countries. First, do developing countries themselves benefit from the rapid development of their stock exchanges? Second, does liberalizing interna- tional portfolio flows enhance stock market development and promote long-run economic growth? STOCK MARKET LIQUIDITY ENHANCES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Stock markets contribute to economic development by enhancing the liquidity of capital investments.4 Many profitable investments require a long-term commitment of capital, but investors might not want to tie up their savings for such long periods. A liquid equity market allows savers to sell their shares easily if they so desire, thereby making shares relatively more attractive investments. As savers become comfortable with investing for the long term in equities, they are likely to rebalance their portfolios toward equities and away from shorter-term financial investments. For firms, this rebalancing lowers the cost of shifting to more profitable—that is, more productive—longer-term projects. Higher-productiv- ity capital, in turn, boosts economic growth. It also increases returns on investments in equity which may prompt individuals to save more, adding further to investment in physical capital and thus fueling economic growth. However, some economists argue that very liquid markets hurt economic development. By allowing investors to sell stocks quickly, liquid markets may reduce investor commitment and reduce incentives of stock owners to exert corporate control by moni- toring the performance of managers and firms.5 In other words, dissatisfied owners sell their shares instead of working to make the firm operate better. According to this view, greater stock market liquidity may impede economic growth by hindering corporate governance. But recent evidence suggests that well-functioning equity markets accelerate economic growth.6 This Perspect ive /pag e 2 3 The capital flow figures are from the World Bank, Private Capital Flows to Developing Countries, Oxford University Press, 1997. 4 See Ross Levine, "Stock Markets, Growth, and Tax Policy," Journal of Finance, September 1991 and Ross Levine, "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda," Journal of Economic Literature, June 1997. 5 See Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny, "A Survey of Corporate Governance," Journal of Finance, September 1997. 6 See Levine and Zervos, "Stock Markets, Banks, and Economic Growth." FIGURE 1 Economic Growth of Countries Between 1976 and 1993 by Stock Market Liquidity in 1976* Annual Percent Growth Rate of Per Capita GDP (1976-1993) * Stock market liquidity is measured as the ratio of the value of trade transactions to GDP in 1976. Thirty-eight countries are included (see footnote 8) and groups are formed by ranking the ratios from lowest to highest. The very illiquid group contains the first nine countries; the illiquid group contains the next ten countries; the liquid group contains the next ten countries; and the very liquid group, the final nine countries. Source: International Finance Corporation's Emerging Markets Database Very illiquid 1.4 Very liquid 3.4 Liquid 2.4 Illiquid 2.2 Using this value-traded ratio for 38 countries,8 Figure 1 groups the countries by the liquidity of their stock markets. The first group has the nine most illiquid markets; the second group has the next 10 most illiquid markets; the third group has the next 10; and the final group has the nine countries with the largest value-traded ratios. Those countries with rela- tively liquid stock markets in 1976 experienced GDP growth that was much faster over the subsequent 18 years than countries with illiquid markets. Moreover, countries with the most liquid stock markets in 1976 both accumulated more capital and enjoyed faster productivity growth over the next 18 years. Liquidity thus boosts both the quantity and productivity of capital investment, both of which accelerate economic growth. evidence is based upon the relationship between indicators of stock market liquidity and economic growth.7 Consider, for example, the total value of the trading volume of a country's stock exchanges expressed as a share of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). This value-traded ratio does not directly measure the costs of buying and selling securities at posted prices. Yet, averaged over a long time, the value-traded ratio is likely to vary with market liquid- ity, that is, with the ease of trading. If it is costly and risky to trade, there will tend to be less trading. Perspect ive /pag e 3 7 Data are from the International Finance Corporation's Emerging Markets Data Base (electronic version) and the International Monetary Fund's International Financial Statistics (various issues). 8 The 38 countries are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Columbia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. FIGURE 3 Economic Growth of Countries Between 1976 and 1993 by Stock Market Size in 1976* Annual Percent Growth Rate of Per Capita GDP (1976-1993) * Stock market size is measured by the market capitalization divided by GDP. Thirty-eight countries are included (see footnote 8) and groups are formed by ranking the ratios from lowest to highest. The very small group contains the first nine countries; the small group contains the next ten countries; the large group contains the next ten countries; and the very large group, the final nine countries. Source: International Finance Corporation's Emerging Markets Database Very Small 2.1 Small 2.3 Large 2.1 Very Large 3.2 FIGURE 2 Economic Growth of Countries Between 1976 and 1993 by Stock Market Volatility in 1976* Annual Percent Growth Rate of Per Capita GDP (1976-1993) * Stock market volatility is measured as a twelve-month rolling standard deviation that cleanses the stock market return series of monthly means and twelve months of autocorrelations as defined by William Schwert, "Why Does Stock Market Volatility Change Over Time?" Journal of Finance, December 1989, 49(5), pp. 1115-53. Thirty-eight countries are included (see footnote 8) and groups are formed by ranking the measure of volatility from lowest to highest. The very stable group contains the first nine countries; the stable group contains the next ten countries; the volatile group contains the next ten countries; and the very volatile group, the final nine countries. Source: Levine and Zervos, "Stock Markets, Banks, and Economic Growth." Very Stable Stable Volatile Very Volatile 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.8 Alternative measures of stock market liquidity tell the same story. For instance, the turnover ratio, which equals the total value of shares traded as a share of market capitalization, is also a good forecaster of economic growth. Liquidity also can be measured as the value-traded ratio divided by stock price volatility. More liquid markets should be able to handle high volumes of trading without large price swings. This measure of liquidity also shows that countries with more liquid stock markets tend to grow faster. Other measures of stock market development appear not to account for economic growth as well as liquidity. There is no evidence that higher stock market volatility adversely affects growth (Figure 2). Nor does there seem to be a strong link between the size of the stock market in a country, as measured by market capitalization divided by GDP, and economic growth (Figure 3).9 Liquidity—the ability to buy and sell equities easily—exhibits the strongest connection to long-run growth. The link between liquidity and economic growth is not simply the result of liquidity serving as a proxy for other sources of growth. For example, the relationship between liquidity and growth remains strong even after controlling for inflation, fiscal policy, political stability, educa- tion, the efficiency of the legal system, exchange rate policy, and openness to international trade. Thus, raising stock market liquidity may independently produce sizable growth dividends. To illustrate, statis- tical analyses imply that if Mexico's value-traded ratio in 1976 had been the average of all 38 countries (0.06 instead of 0.01), the average Mexican's income would be 8 percent greater today.10 This forecast must be viewed cautiously, however, since it does not specify how to enhance liquidity. Nevertheless, the example does illustrate the potentially large economic costs of policy, regulatory, and legal impediments to stock market development. STOCK MARKETS AND BANKS WORK TOGETHER TO FOSTER GROWTH Traditionally, development specialists have focused on banks and viewed stock markets as unimportant.11 Perspect ive /pag e 4 FIGURE 4 Economic Growth of Countries Between 1976 and 1993 by Banking Sector Development and Stock Market Liquidity in 1976* Annual Percent Growth Rate of Per Capita GDP (1976-1993) * Banking sector development is measured by bank credit divided by GDP in 1976. The thirty-eight countries (see footnote 8) are divided into four groups. The first had greater-than- median stock market liquidity (as measured in Figure 1) and greater-than-median banking development in 1976. Group two had liquid stock markets in 1976 but less-than-median banking development. Group three had less-than-median stock market liquidity in 1976 but well-developed banks. Group four had illiquid stock markets in 1976 and less-than-median banking development. Source: International Finance Corporation's Emerging Markets Database and the International Monetary Fund's International Statistics Low Bank Development, Illiquid Markets 1.5 2.1 2.2 3.7 Low Bank Development, Liquid Markets High Bank Development, Illiquid Markets High Bank Development, Liquid Markets 9 Regression results fail to show a significant statistical relationship between market volatility and economic growth. A significant positive relationship between stock market size and economic growth is found, but these results depend crucially on the inclusion of three countries; significance disappears if these countries are omitted from the sample. See Levine and Zervos, "Stock Markets, Banks, and Economic Growth." 10 See Levine and Zervos, "Stock Markets, Banks, and Economic Growth." 11 See the discussion in the World Bank's World Development Report, 1989. defined as bank credit divided by GDP. Group two had liquid stock markets in 1976 but less-than-median banking development. Group three had less-than-median stock market liquidity in 1976 but well-developed banks. Group four had illiquid stock markets in 1976 and less-than-median banking development. Countries with both liquid stock markets and well-developed banks grew faster than countries with both illiquid markets and underdeveloped banks (Figure 4). More interestingly, greater stock market liquidity implies faster growth no matter what the level of banking development. Similarly, greater banking development implies faster growth regardless of the level of stock market liquidity. Thus, it is not stock markets versus banks; it is stock markets and banks. Each of these components of the financial system is an independently strong predictor of growth. Clearly, stock markets offer something to the economy that banks do not. As suggested above, stock markets may play a prominent role in They note that much more corporate capital is raised from banks than from equity issues. This traditional view, however, fails to recognize that stock markets and banks may provide different financial services. Stock markets may positively affect economic devel- opment even though firms obtain the bulk of their capital elsewhere. Empirically, the effect of stock markets on growth can be distinguished from the effect of banking devel- opment. To demonstrate this, the 38 countries discussed above were divided into the four groups shown in Figure 4. The first group had greater-than- median stock market liquidity (as measured by the value-traded ratio) in 1976 and greater-than-median banking development, where banking development is Perspect ive /pag e 5 FIGURE 5 Changes in Stock Market Liquidity and Volatility Following Liberalization of Controls on International Portfolio Flows Country Year of Liberalization Changes in Liquidity Changes in Volatility Argentina 1989 + + Brazil 1983 + Chile 1988 + Columbia 1989–91 + + India 1990–92 + + Jordan 1987 + Korea 1981–92 + Malaysia 1986 NA Pakistan 1990 + + Philippines 1988 + Portugal 1988 + NA Thailand 1988 + + Turkey 1990 + NA Venezuela 1988 + + Note: "+" indicates significant increase; blank space indicates no significant change; NA indicates data not available. Source: Ross Levine and Sara Zervos, "Capital Control Liberalization and Stock Market Development," World Development, forthcoming. expanding opportunities for trading risk and boosting liquidity. In contrast, banks may focus more on establishing long-term relationships with firms, so that they can acquire information about managers and firm prospects. To grow, economies need both liquidity and information about firms. Thus, if stock markets provide the liquidity and banks the information, then banks and stock markets would each independently be associated with growth. But there is overlap. Like markets, banks help savers diversify risk and provide liquid deposits. Similarly, like banks, stock markets stimulate the acquisition of information about firms. Liquid markets encourage the acquisition of information about firms because investors want to make a profit by identifying undervalued stocks and exploiting this information. While overlap undoubtedly exists, the empirical findings show that stock markets provide a sufficiently distinctive bundle of financial services, such that bank and stock market development each enjoy an independently strong link with long-run economic growth. Moreover, research indicates that banks and equity markets work together. A well-functioning equity market enables entrepreneurs to make long-term, more productive investments in physical capital because they have access to longer-term sources of funds. More productive capital implies higher returns for investors; thus, lenders as well as equity investors more confidently advance funds to these entrepreneurs. Information that flows from trading of companies' shares also boosts lenders' understanding of and confidence in the prospects of these firms. Greater stock market liquidity in emerging market economies thus is associated with an increase in the amount of funds raised through bond offerings and bank loans. Indeed, most capital accumulation is financed through bond offerings and bank loans.12 As a result, corporate debt-equity ratios actually rise with greater stock market liquidity.13 Accordingly, the data strongly suggest that stock market development in emerging market economies tends to complement rather than replace bank lending. CAPITAL MARKET LIBERALIZATION OFFERS POTENTIALLY LARGE GROWTH DIVIDENDS Should developing countries reduce impediments to international capital flows?14 This might involve easing restrictions on capital inflows or reducing limitations on repatriating dividends or capital. In either case, lowering barriers to cross-border capital flows affects the functioning of emerging stock markets. Fewer impediments for foreign investors will enhance market integration with world capital markets and therefore affect the pricing of domestic securities. Domestic firms, in seeking foreign invest- ment, will often have to upgrade the information disclosed to investors. As more foreign investors enter the market, pressure will be applied to upgrade trad- ing systems and modify legal frameworks to support a greater variety of financial instruments. Yet some policymakers fear that opening up domestic stock markets to foreign investors increases the risk that share prices will become more volatile as cash fluctuates with good or bad economic news.15 Such gyrations would complicate macroeconomics and exchange rate policies, while potentially deterring local companies from making long-term investments. Perspect ive /pag e 6 12 See Colin Mayer, "New Issues in Corporate Finance," European Economic Review, June 1988. 13 See Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Vojislav Maksimovic, "Stock Market Development and Financing Choices of Firms," World Bank Economic Review, May 1996. 14 Many factors influence the functioning of stock markets, including legal, regulatory, accounting, tax, supervisory, policy, and political conditions. A full discussion of these factors is beyond the scope of this article. For an analysis of the legal determinants of securities market development, see Rafael LaPorta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, "Legal Determinants of External Finance," Journal of Finance, July 1997. 15 These fears would appear to be misplaced with respect to the behavior of foreign institutional investors with long-term investment objectives, such as U.S. mutual funds. See John Rea, "U.S. Emerging Market Funds: Hot Money or Stable Source of Investment Capital?" Investment Company Institute, Perspective, Volume 2, Number 6, December 1996. This study examined the behavior of shareholders and portfolio managers of U.S. mutual funds that invest in emerging markets. The study found that neither shareholders nor portfolio managers behaved in a way that would exacerbate a financial crisis or contribute to increased market volatility. ciated with long-run growth, while greater liquidity is strongly linked to faster growth. Thus, if policymakers have the patience to weather some short-run volatility, liberalizing restrictions on international portfolio flows offers expanded opportunities for economic development. Every country does not necessarily need its own active stock market. Conceptually, both firms and savers benefit from easy access to liquid stock markets. It is the ability to trade and issue securities easily that facilitates long-term growth, not the geographical location of the market. In other words, there is little reason to believe that California would grow faster if the New York Stock Exchange moved to Los Angeles. This emphasizes the two-sided nature of capital control liberalization: it allows firms and savers to more readily use the most helpful market, wherever it is. Thus, capital control liberalization may improve the ability of firms to raise capital, both by improving the liquidity of domestic exchanges and by providing greater access to foreign exchanges. In summary, the evidence suggests that policymakers in emerging markets should take steps to provide greater access to their equity markets because it will enhance the likelihood that their citizens will enjoy better living conditions in the future. While it is true that stock market develop- ment does not represent a financial elixir for economic growth, liquid stock markets can be an important contributor to growth, and liberalizing restric- tions on international portfolio flows is an effective way of improving access to well-functioning equity markets. The evidence suggests, however, that lowering international investment barriers encourages stock market development, with positive effects on economic growth.16 Figure 5 lists 14 countries that liberalized controls on international portfolio flows. In 12 of the 14 countries, stock market liquidity rose significantly following the liberalization of international investment restrictions. For example, in January of 1988, Chile liberalized restrictions on the repatriation of dividends and enjoyed a subsequent rise in market liquidity.17 None of the 14 countries experienced a statistically significant fall in liquidity following liberalization. Combined with the earlier finding that market liquidity boosts economic growth, these results suggest that liberalizing international capital flow restrictions can accelerate economic growth by enhancing stock market liquidity. It is also true that stock market volatility rose in 7 out of 11 cases for a few years following liberalization (Figure 5). Volatility did not fall significantly in any of the cases. Thus, while raising stock market liquidity, capital control liberalization tends to be associated with increased volatility. In the long run, however, greater openness to international capital is associated with lower stock return volatility.18 So, the jump in volatility following liberalization is a transi- tory phenomenon. In addition, volatility is not asso- Perspect ive /pag e 7 16 See Ross Levine and Sara Zervos, "Capital Control Liberalization and Stock Market Development," World Development, forthcoming. 17 While dividends now may be repatriated freely, Chile continues to restrict repatriation of capital contributions by foreign investors. 18 See Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Ross Levine, "Stock Market Development and Financial Intermediaries: Stylized Facts," World Bank Economic Review, May 1996. Copyr ight ©1997 Inve s tment Company Ins t i tute Although information or data provided by independent sources is believed to be reliable, the Investment Company Institute is not responsible for its accuracy, completeness, or timeliness. Opinions expressed by independent sources are not necessarily those of the Institute. If you have questions or comments about this material, please contact the source directly. Back issues of Perspective by Institute staff, leading scholars, and other contributors address public policy issues of importance to mutual funds and their shareholders. Contact the Institute's Public Information Department at 202/326-5945 for more information. All issues of Perspective are also available on the Institute's website; for an index of issues, see http://www.ici.org/economy/perspective.html. Richard Marcis, Sandra West, Victoria Leonard-Chambers Paul Schott Stevens, Amy Lancellotta Matthew P. Fink John Rea, Richard Marcis Dr. John B. Shoven Lawrence J. White Sen. Robert J. Kerrey, Jon S. Fossel, Matthew P. Fink John Rea Brian Reid Brian Reid Barry P. Barbash, Don Powell, Matthew P. Fink Paul Schott Stevens Vol. 1, No. 1, July 1995: "Mutual Fund Shareholder Response to Market Disruptions" Vol. 1, No. 2, November 1995: "Improving Mutual Fund Risk Disclosure" Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1996: "Mutual Fund Regulation: Forging a New Federal and State Paartnership" Vol. 2, No. 2, March 1996: "Mutual Fund Shareholder Activity During U.S. Stock Market Cycles, 1944-95" Vol. 2, No. 3, April 1996: "The Coming Crisis in Social Security" Vol. 2, No. 4, May 1996: "Investing the Assets of the Social Security Trust Funds in Equity Securities: An Analysis" Vol. 2, No. 5, June 1996: "Helping America Save for the Future" Vol. 2, No. 6, December 1996: "U.S. Emerging Market Funds: Hot Money or Stable Source of Investment Capital?" Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1997: "Mutual Fund Developments in 1996" Vol. 3, No. 2, June 1997: "Growth and Development of Bond Mutual Funds" Vol. 3, No. 3, July 1997: "Continuing a Tradition of Integrity" Vol. 3, No. 4, August 1997: "Selected Issues in International Taxation of Retirement Savings"
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Item description for Musicians Notebook: Guitar (Musician's Notebook, the) by Matthew Teacher...These notebooks are sure to inspire some beautiful music! No one knows better than Matthew Teacher how to create a successful music journal-his first, The Musician's Notebook, sold more than 200,000 copies. Now, for the first time, he has developed notebooks for the two most popular instruments: the piano and the guitar. Each one will feature inspirational quotes, words of advice, and wisdom from leading players, along with pages of sheet music just waiting to be filled and a section for note-taking. And they're both elegantly designed with rounded corners, and priced attractively for the gift-giving shopper. Musicians will especially appreciate the user-friendly, lay-flat flexi-bind format that's easy to write in and to work with during a performance.
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June 14 - 20, 2010
After witnessing a serious decline during the year 2008-09, the auto industry has shown spectacular growth during the first nine months of the current financial year.
According to the data released by the Pakistan Automotive Manufacturing Association (PAMA), total auto sales increased by about 30 per cent to 85300 units during July to March of the current fiscal if compared to some period in previous year.
It is both encouraging and surprising in view of the fact that the prices of all types of automobiles have increased on an average by about 25 per cent during the last few years.
During the year 2008-09, the sales had declined almost by 50 per cent, coming down to 82744 units from 164,650 units during the year 2007-8. In the past, robust auto sales were linked with generous auto financing. But lately the bulk of auto sale comprised of cash purchases. However, sales of 1000 CC and lower categories have not picked up so high as the higher models. It is said that increased demand for new and higher ranges cars from government institutions and corporate sector is the main cause for this jump in sales. There is new phenomenon of expansion in the fleet of car pools of law enforcement agencies leading to an increase in the sales volume.
The middle class and the general public which used to buy car of 1000 CC and below seem nowhere in the picture. It is because of this factor that a question is generally asked in the concerned circles weather the current rising trend is sustainable.
Car makers resent the perception that the prevailing prices of car are high in Pakistan reminding the government and others that despite huge Pak rupee depreciation and tremendous increase in the cost of doing business the car prices are still lower than Indian. Reacting to the reports of relaxing the conditions to import used cars they said it was an ill advised and a wrong perception that created uncertainty amongst the car makers who were withholding further investment in their ventures.
A leading member of the auto industry told this correspondent that the government should not take such an irrational step which would ruin the industry which was not only providing jobs to the millions of people but paying billions of rupees to government as taxes. He said that it was a totally wrong perception that the prices of cars and motorcycles were high in Pakistan. Car prices have not increased exceptionally in Pakistan if we take into account the increase in the rates of every thing that is being produced in the country. The rupee has depreciated by over 40 per cent against US dollars and about 60 per cent against Japanese Yen over the last 3 years. During the last 2 years there has been almost 45 per cent increase in the minimum wages from Rs4000 to Rs.7000 per month. The other input costs relating to electricity, gas and other material has increased by over 30 per cent in the past one year. How can you describe an increase of about 25 per cent in the prices of cars as exorbitant, he enquired.
Automakers are appalled by the contradictory government policy of putting pressure on them to reduce car rates while proposing duty measures that would further increase the prices. They contend that the average car price would increase by Rs50,000 if government accepted proposal of the Ministry of Industries to raise the import tariff on engines, transmissions, power steering, starters, alternators and certain other parts from the current 32.5 per cent to 50 percent.
"The problem with different governments in Pakistan is that they lure foreign investment on high promises and get guarantees from the investors for technology transfer but at the end they forget the promises they made but insist on the investors to fulfill their part of the deal," said a multinational brand car assembler. He said no government in Pakistan has tried to find out as to why its deletion policy in automobile sector has not delivered. They said no investor would shy away from technology transfer in car industry because that would help reduce the cost.
He said that the government obtained promise from the car makers that they would localise the above mentioned parts by 2010-11. At the same time the government in its automobile development programme predicted that the car market in Pakistan would increase from 2,50,000 in 2007 to 5,00,000 in 2011-12. In that lucrative scenario the carmakers had no hesitation in agreeing to the government wishes. However, he added, Pakistan's economic decline coupled with global recession resulted in massive decline in car production which tumbled to 1,84,000 in 2007-08, 1,10,000 units in 2008-09 and is expected to increase by the end of this fiscal to 1,40,000. In this scenario, he added, when investment in Pakistan has almost dried down how can government expect the automobile sector to go for further technology transfer and investment? Despite such massive decline in productivity, the automobile sector of Pakistan is still competitive, he claimed.
He said all models of Honda and Toyota produced in Pakistan are 24-68 per cent cheaper than similar models produced in India. He said that one reason for lower prices is that the volumes of these cars have not gone down as steeply as other brands.
"An interesting fact in this regard is that Suzuki Mehran that has the highest level of deletion was three years back much cheaper than the Maruti, its counterpart in India," he added. "The reason was that its volumes in 2007 were very high. Today the volumes have declined and the rates of this brand are now slightly higher than in India. This simply proves that deletion is not the panacea for higher car rates. Volumes are equally important."
Car industry, if properly facilitated, could take Pakistan out of economic crisis because the global automobile market is much bigger than the textile trade. India is now challenging the global automakers by marketing its Nano manufactured by Tata just because of stable auto policy pursued by the Indian government.
Pakistan with 13 cars per 1,000 persons has tremendous potential to expand its car market. In United States 765 person in 1,000 own a car. In south Africa, there are 146 cars per 1,000. If we achieve the South Africa's per capital ratio in 20 years we would require 22 million additional vehicles by 2030 at 1.07 million units per year. This could be achieved if government refrains from abrupt changes in its auto policy.


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I keep this around to put on my heels and feet after my nightly shower. Also, if you are sunburnt, it works wonders on it to calm down the redness and tightness.
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Ocala Lunch and Learn - Feburary 25th
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UK Dating
Hi Support I was on your site about a month ago and when I cancelled I did not give this site a good review Sorry... more..
Other UK Dating Group Sites
'Step outside comfort zone' when datingPosted on: November 18, 2010 10:50:03
Ladies who are looking for love during the festive season may want to consider online dating following one expert's advice.
Relationship guru Lori Pinkerton gave KJRH.com readers tips on how to change their outlook and find a new partner.
She explained that when people become stuck in a dating rut, it is important for individuals to "take action" and step outside of their comfort zone.
"Have the courage to try something new," Ms Pinkerton stated.
Signing up to a dating agency could be a good way to help "make love a priority" and encourage single women to "make a commitment" to changing their relationship status.
Other tips included having a positive attitude and showing belief in self-worth, rather than focusing on the negative qualities.
Ms Pinkerton has appeared on a number of US shows including ABC News and is the author of A Change in Direction, which provides advice on how to find lasting love.
Related Online Dating News
Hong Kong Phil boss "dreams of working with Jackie Chan"Posted on: April 17, 2014 16:26:26
The musical director of one of Asia rsquo s most well-known orchestras dreams of bringing in some unorthodox talent to perform with his musicians Speaking to the South China Morning...
(read more)
Lee Ryan and Casey Batchelor steam up the CBB housePosted on: January 6, 2014 17:25:01
They may have been shackled together when they entered the house but Lee Ryan and Casey Batchelor have done anything but drift apart since they were set free In fact...
(read more)
The online dating racePosted on: January 6, 2014 16:22:05
New research has revealed how likely single people are to get a message from an online dating site throughout According to MailOnline age matters more to men than women as...
(read more)
Sweethearts get engaged after failures on reality TVPosted on: January 3, 2014 19:02:42
When Danielle Cornwall-Nash appeared on ITV s prime time dating show Take Me Out last year she hoped that she would find a new partner and maybe even a new...
(read more)
News Index
Online Dating (1340)
Senior Dating (48)
40 Plus Dating (91)
Elite Dating (238)
Adult Dating (165)
Mobile Dating (81)
Gay Dating (20)
Christian Dating (12)
Black Dating (7)
BBW Dating (11)
Lesbian Dating (12)
Military Dating (15)
European Dating (30)
South African Dating (5)
USA Dating (154)


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Pac and Clyde's first professional ghost case together involves a dead stoner who can't remember his unfinished business.
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Dancing With The Stars 2011
March 1, 2011 by Post Team
Dancing With The Stars 2011, "Dancing with the Stars" season 12 will be preparing a big diva showdown, with a cast of celebrities Kirstie Alley to Kendra Wilkinson. Petra Nemcova is not only a model; she has survived, having suffered fractures in the 2004 tsunami in Thailand. Next step, she'll take the 'Dancing.
Television Group manages all of the entertainment Wal Diseny Corporation and properties of new television and this includes ABC TV Network and the Disney channels. It is therefore not surprising that a young player from Disney is part of the season 12 "Dancing with the Stars" casts. Last year it was Kyle Massey. This year, Chelsea Kane (Staub).
The actress, 22, was born Chelsea Staub Kane and until last year by Chelsea Staub. His first was that the main antagonist of 2007 film "Bratz: The Movie" If you're not familiar with this movie product placement high, there is a live-action feature film based on cartoon characters and dolls. Staub played Meredith Baxter vaguely and had two songs on the soundtrack ("Fabulous" and "It's All About Me").
In 2008, Kane was in the sci-fi Disney Channel original movie "Minutemen," which was about three best friends who moved away after a few embarrassing incidents in high school. When a time machine is built, one of them tries to go back and "fix" the past but the future is proving to be worse in this alternate universe. Staub played Stephanie Jameson.
Kane was also in the 2010 film of Disney Channel original "Starstruck" as the girlfriend of the protagonist stuckup, Christopher Wilde (Sterling Knight), a teen idol that realizes that true love is not to be with someone who just likes your fame and money.
Kane was also in the Disney Channel TV series JONAS "Jonas LA" as the best friend and stylist for the band, JONAS (. The show was canceled last year in November. For those who do not know, JONAS includes Brothers Nick, Joe and Kevin and the series, Frankie Jonas was the brother who wants to join the band.
Currently, Kane is one of the voice actors in the new animated television series on fish teenagers who go to school 'hooks. "His co-stars Kyle Massey and Justin Roland.
"Jonas L.A." "Fish Hooks" and "Starstruck" were all filmed in Los Angeles where "Dancing with the Stars" is filmed.
As to the question, can Chelsea Kane (Staub) dance? She was a member of Team Disney on Disney cruises. Watch the video. Visit our blog for more videos of Chelsea Kane dance.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


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Iman is a photographer who, through her unique process of coaching and photography, can show a woman what other people see when they look at her. She is passionate about teaching other photographers how to live and be a professional and making change in the world. She dreams of changing the way women look at their bodies and how the world defines beauty. She also thinks being an instructor on CreativeLIVE would be incredible. Iman battles Lyme disease and shares her unique view of dreaming while fighting for her health. Her post day is Wednesday. [email protected] Iman Woods If you aren't sure how to comment on this story, click here.
Latest posts by Iman Woods (see all)
Earlier this month I posted a video of Just Enough Photoshop. In my dream to heal with photography I've come across countless women who didn't realize the extent of retouching that was done on the images they saw daily.
This week I'm editing a photo far beyond what I would consider appropriate:


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16 Jan 2014
Since I'm a persistent son of a gun, due to the unpopularity of my last novel, the sex comedy, THE GENERAL STORE, I've decided to foist another ebook upon my massive fan base. This time it's YA fiction. The book is called THE AGITATION OF RENNY SNEED.
All my books come to me in a flash. THE AGITATION OF RENNY SNEED was no exception. I was sitting in a high school auditorium, listening to a concert, thinking about the Sandy Hook tragedy, when this book hit me, including its title. In the following days, I wrote THE AGITATION OF RENNY SNEED. I then shelved it because I wasn't sure it was fit for publication. I was concerned about offending victims of school violence, especially since THE AGITATION OF RENNY SNEED was written for a young adult audience. But, after reading it a couple times, I think the book's message outweighs its story. Ultimately, I'll leave it to others to be the judge. I'd allow my teenagers to read it, but I never said I was a great parent…The good news is I'm fairly certain THE AGITATION OF RENNY SNEED is less offensive than my 5-star religious satire, BILLY GRIST, but what isn't?
This all being said, at this exact moment, I feel my prior publication concerns are misplaced. For in the end, I figure, THE AGITATION OF RENNY SNEED is just a book. Thus, like any book, it can be put down like a rabid dog. No read. No foul.
Hopefully, all this false angst has piqued your interest. If so, read on, for below is the blurb for THE AGITATION OF RENNY SNEED, which has been written to inspire related commerce at Amazon.com. Please note when purchasing THE AGITATION OF RENNY SNEED, all income will go directly to me, an independent author seeking to fulfill his life-long dream of generating enough royalty income to purchase an AM/FM clock radio, and a cranberry leisure suit.
Renny Sneed is trying to survive ninth grade, but the odds are against him. He's tiny, and he lacks social skills. Plus, he has a squeaky voice, crooked teeth, acne, and a brother who ignores him. Even worse, the Snarp twins, mindless jocks, are bullying Renny, and nobody seems to care. The situation appears to be hopeless, but then the noble son of an Iraq war veteran arrives at school, a Texan named Johnny Goldin. Johnny befriends Renny, and Renny experiences happiness for the first time in his life. But, the good times are cut short by a tragedy.
Alone and scared, Renny turns to the adults in his life, but they don't sense his desperation. Among the clueless is Renny's stepdad, Dewey Grint. Dewey is a doomsday prepper who is too worried about the upcoming global apocalypse to help his lost stepson. Depressed, Renny turns to his long-time imaginary friend, and X-box avatar, Sergeant Bark, for help. Ever ready and ultra-confident, the good sergeant assures Renny all his problems can be easily resolved via the liberal application of automatic weaponry. And soon thereafter, the battle begins. After watching SpongeBob, and eating a good breakfast, of course…
From the author of BILLY GRIST, THE AGITATION OF RENNY SNEED is a young adult novella. It contains 25,000 words, slightly less than THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA. It is rated PG-13.


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Events for June 16, 2014
Day Navigation
KXCI Online Auction to June 17th- New Items Added
Click here for the auction site Your bids on 140 great items support Your Community Radio - thank you!Find out more »
YAYBIG Southwest Print Collection
YAYBIG Southwest a show case for prints and printmakers from across the southwest comes home to Tucson.Over 150 prints from dozens of printmakers from Tucson, Phoenix, Santa Fe, El Paso,and Albuquerque. There will be woodcuts, etchings, screen printing and more. There is also a Print Sale on Saturday, June 14th 5pm - 9pm. for gallery... Read more »Find out more »
7:00 am
Adenium Exhibit
Adeniums, commonly known Desert Rose or Karoo Rose are thick-stemmed succulent plants that take interesting shapes and bloom extravagantly in bright colors. The Gardens will display a temporary exhibit of Adeniums from June 16th to August 31st. Don't miss these special plants while they are flowering! Free with Gardens Admission.Find out more »


text: phil - Unregistered January 08, 2009 5:59 PM I hope BMW manage to find that extra speed they need to keep up with the Diesel Leon''s. A big portion of BMW''s title fight was lost in the first two races. Andy''s a true motorsport legend and I hope he performs just as well in his BTCC guest appearances - would love to see him take a BTCC title though. 1 agree 1 disagree


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|"Stu Hood" <stuart.h...@rackspace.com>
|RE: [VOTE] 0.4.0 Final
|Fri, 18 Sep 2009 19:15:59 GMT
+1 -----Original Message----- From: "Eric Evans" <email@example.com> Sent: Friday, September 18, 2009 1:15pm To: "firstname.lastname@example.com" <email@example.com> Subject: [VOTE] 0.4.0 Final It's been a little over a week since we voted on RC2 here (http://firstname.lastname@example.com/msg00887.html), and no show stoppers have cropped up. I propose we release as final what is currently in the cassandra-0.4 branch (r816701). The differences between rc2 are quite minimal and include the fix for CASSANDRA-440, some changes under contrib/, and an updated README.txt and CHANGES.txt. What say you? SVN Tag: https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator/cassandra/tags/cassandra-0.4.0-final/ 0.4.0 artifacts: http://people.apache.org/~eevans/ -- Eric Evans firstname.lastname@example.com
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Below is our collection of tidbits, odds 'n ends for Northwood Hills.
This page contains two sections:
We spend a lot of time looking through Gazetteers that were published in the late 1800's and early 1900's. Many of the Gazetteers include the distance from a community such as Northwood Hills to various places of note, such as the White House.
With a nod to our favorite Gazetteers, the straight-line distance<1> beginning in Northwood Hills to:
We have found 5 communities that share the name Northwood Hills.
While the name Northwood Hills is unique within Alabama, we know of another 5 communities with the same name in the United States.
Communities Outside of Alabama
Hamilton County
Our profile page for Northwood Hills, Hamilton County [Map]Distance: About 363 miles [584.2 km] to the North Northeast
Harrison County
Our profile page for Northwood Hills, Harrison CountyWe found mention of this community, but have little information.<7>Although located in Harrison County, we don't know the location of this community within the county.
Oktibbeha County
Our profile page for Northwood Hills, Oktibbeha County [Map]Distance: About 115 miles [185.1 km] to the Southwest
South Carolina
Greenville County
Our profile page for Northwood Hills, Greenville County [Map]Distance: About 298 miles [479.6 km] to the East
- Return to top
Frederick County
Our profile page for Northwood Hills, Frederick County [Map]Distance: About 600 miles [965.6 km] to the East Northeast
Index of Cities, Towns and Villages for Alabama
About Lauderdale County
About Alabama
Unfortunately, we don't know of a website for Northwood Hills. If you can help, please contact us through our Feedback Page.
The official website for State of Alabama: www.alabama.gov/
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For additional information, please visit our Glossary for Northwood Hills.
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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
My form does not show up in my SquareSpace webpage.Asked by bellissimamodel on March 28, 2014 at 02:03 PM
I am designing a website that needs "Upload" options (which your forms allow) and I have tried ALL of your embed options from the code to the frame. On squarespace I have tried putting into into a code block or just straight up embedded it, however, a message appears in the block the form is supposed to pop up in saying "Embedded Code: This block contains embedded code and will only be rendered on the front of your site". I am quite confused. Maybe you can clear that up for me
Also, how do I connect my e-mail to the form so that whenever somone submits it is directed to me?
Is the result you are getting similar to the one in this screenshot?
If so, that happens because the code of your form is non-secure. SquareSpace will only rendered your form if it is in secure mode.
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Regarding to setting your form to send you notifications everytime a person sends your form, please follow this guide to set up Notifiers that will notifiy when a submission is made: Setting up email notifications
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Computer Hardware and Networking Services
Being a leading service providing organization and supplier, we offer a comprehensive range of IT solutions to our client's at most affordable prices. We successfully use our administration abilities and very much weaved system assets to offer best answers for our customers inside the stipulated time span and according to their budgetary imperatives. We endeavor to render authentic and cost competitive solutions to our clients to ensure maximum reimbursement of benefits to the clients for the value they pay to avail these services.
Our company offers extremely cost effective computer networking solutions for desktop & server to the clients. We are engaged in designing, installing and supporting complete network solutions for various small to mid level organizations. Through our expert PC systems administration administrations we give discussion and examination and also inventive systems administration arrangements at moderate cost. System security arrangement administrations offered by our organization are eminent broadly in view of our validity and profound seeing about this space. Our computer networking solution comprise of solutions relating to internet connection, establishing internet site, emailing, etc.
We are counted among the prominent computer hardware solution providers in the country. Computer hardware maintenance services provided by our company mainly includes all type of computer hardware solutions comprising of installation & assembling of computers, repairing of printers and other components of computer, installation of server, etc. We have qualified specialists who have inside and out information about different sorts of PC equipment. Through our incorporated PC equipment arrangement administrations we will make you mindful about the most recent improvements occurred in PC equipment industry and will likewise direct you about their advantages after establishment.
We have contracts with various organizations for annual maintenance of their computer systems and till now our Annual Maintenance Contract Services has been satisfactory. We keep on exploring new hardware's available in the market and configure system as per your requirements. We ensure to increase the life of your computer system with our beneficial services. Our loyal client base spread across Mumbai has complete faith in our abilities, which makes them come back to us in the time of need.
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Hands on Python web application training with Turbo Gears 2!
Saturday, May 15, 2010 from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM (EDT)
Event Details
This hands-on training aims to bring students up to speed with TurboGears 2, its administration interface, and common deployment scenarios. Students will also get to customize auto generated forms and tables. Students can to bring a database of their own and build a TurboGears application on top of it.
Course Outline
Part I: A First TurboGears2 Application
Part II: The TurboGears2 Admin Interface
Advanced Topics
Target Audience
About the Instructor
Chris Perkins is an open source developer, mentor, entrepreneur, and consultant. Chris works closely with the TurboGears development team, combining best of breed technologies with his own intuition and sensitivity for developer and customer needs. Currently Chris is employed by the National Renewable Energy laboratory, where he enables scientists to access their data, and promotes Python when he can. He also works for various other firms as an independent consultant.
When & Where
Radio Free Asia
2025 M Street
Saturday, May 15, 2010 from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM (EDT)
Add to my calendar
The Zope/Python Users Group of DC is non-profit incorporated in the state of Maryland that aims to support the developer community of Python and its related technologies in DC and surrounding areas. We organize the monthly Python meetup in DC and the occasional bootcamp, training, sprint, and conference.


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Replacing your steering bearings
Information and questions on GL1500 Goldwings (1988-2000)
- Sponsored Links
Post Reply
4 posts • Page 1 of 1
- WingAdmin
- Site Admin
- Posts: 17875
- Joined: Fri Oct 03, 2008 4:16 pm
- Location: Strongsville, OH
- Motorcycle: 2000 GL1500 SE
1982 GL1100A Aspencade (sold)
1989 PC800 (wife's!)
1998 XV250 Virago (sold)
2007 Aspen Sentry Trailer
Replacing your steering bearings
This is a procedure that I performed and photographed quite some time ago, I just discovered the other day that I had never actually written it up. I sat down tonight and did so, so there is now a new How To online: How to replace your steering head bearings
- Posts: 31
- Joined: Mon Feb 17, 2014 12:53 am
- Location: Houston, Texas
- Motorcycle: 1994 GL1500SE with Champion sidecar
Renovated and sold 1982 Goldwing
Re: Replacing your steering bearings
Thanks for posting that. feel prepared for when that task is needed.
- minimac
- Posts: 410
- Joined: Mon Aug 06, 2012 9:25 am
- Location: Oswego, NY
- Motorcycle: 1993 GL1500 Aspencade
2006 Burgman Executive
2007 Yamaha Majesty
2006 Yamaha Morphous
Re: Replacing your steering bearings
Very timely post! That is next on my list of maintenance items.
- Posts: 1
- Joined: Wed Apr 07, 2010 8:59 pm
- Location: Sarnia, Ontario
- Motorcycle: 78, 83, 84 and Other Goldwings, Plus a Couple of other Bikes. (H-D Touring etc.)
Re: Replacing your steering bearings
minimac wrote:Very timely post! That is next on my list of maintenance items.
Yep, I Agree! Going to do it to an '06 Trike this coming week. Going to look that over in a few minutes myself.
THANKS in advance for the Post/Write up!
Post Reply
4 posts • Page 1 of 1
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Uttarakhand Board Class 12th Result 2016 or UBSE Class 12th Result 2016 on for Arts, Science, and Commerce stream declared on uaresults.nic.in information has been provided here. You can get all details about Uttrakhand Board 12th Science Result 2016, Uttarakhand Class 12th Arts Result 2016, UK Board 12th Commerce Result, Uttarakhand 12th Class Result 2016 Name wise, Roll no wise, school wise, Topper List, district wise, Top Ten from here. Uttarakhand Board of School Education, UBSE has conducts Class 10th, and Class 12th examination every year for the students of Uttarakhand state.
Uttarakhand Board UBSE 12th Class exam 2016 was conducted on month of March 2016, there were large number of students attended in this 12th class examination in different centers of Uttarakhand state. Uttarakhand Board will be publishing the results of Class XII for Commerce, Arts and Science stream exams 2016 as soon as they are officially announced by the UBSE. We expected Uttarakhand Board Class XII 2016 results for all stream will declared on month of May or June 2016. All students of Uttarakhand Board and their parents have much exited for their Uttarakhand Board Class XII results 2016. They can check results on Uttarakhand Board official website http://uaresults.nic.in/, http://www.schooleducation.uk.gov.in/ and http://ubse.uk.gov.in/
Also Read: Uttarakhand Board UBSE 10th Result 2016
How to check and Download UBSE 12th Class Result 2016
1. Visit Uttarakhand Board official web portal http://ubse.uk.gov.in/
2. Click on Result Tab or directly open http://uaresults.nic.in/.
3. Click on "Class 12th Result 2016" link.
4. Enter your Roll number and click on Submit button.
5. Result will be displayed on screen.
6. You just easily Print or download your Uttarakhand Board 12th Results.
About Uttarakhand Board of School Education, UBSE
The Uttarakhand Board of School Education headquarters is situated in Ramnagar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Uttarakhand Board of education has a basic education, secondary education, State council of education research and training. Uttarakhand board of school education and exams are working under the umbrella of Directorate of School Education.
List of districts in Uttarakhand
Here is the list of districts in Uttarakhand where students appeared in the Class XII or Higher Secondary 2016 exam. Nainital, Pauri Garhwal, Almora, Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Bageshwar, and Tehri Garhwal.
Pithoragarh, Haridwar, Dehradun, Udham Singh Nagar, Champawat, and Rudraprayag.
We hope that details on Uttarakhand Board Class 12th Result 2016 Declared on uaresults.nic.in will be useful to all. If you have liked this article then do not hesitate to share it with your friends on FB, Twitter and Google+. For further notifications or Updates about Uttarakhand Board results, stay connected with us.


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Traffic / DOT Safety Labels and Signs Datasheets
from Checkers Safety Group
For compliance with chocking regulations. 10" x 14", and available in either 20 gauge steel (MS1606-1), or pressure sensitive vinyl (MC1601-2) [See More]
- Safety / Warning Type: Traffic / DOT
- Width: 14
- Materials of Construction: Plastic / Film; Vinyl
- Height: 0.8333
from New Pig Corporation
Self-sticking signs indicate potential hazards from a fresh perspective. Vinyl top layer withstands heavy foot traffic and protects printed message. Textured surface adds traction to help prevent slips and falls. Adheres to any smooth, clean dry surface. Bright colors and easy-to-read legends help... [See More]
- Safety / Warning Type: Traffic / DOT
- Width: 17
- Materials of Construction: Plastic / Film
from Rutke Signs & Safety
Moving vehicles pose one of the most prevalent safety hazards today. Managing vehicle and pedestrian traffic requires a wide array of signs and mounting accessories. ADA rules stipulate the number, type and identification of handicapped accessible parking spaces. National Marker offers a complete... [See More]
- Safety / Warning Type: Traffic / DOT
- Width: 24
- Materials of Construction: Metal
- Height: 2


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
How to Copy and Paste with the Same Formatting?Asked by mkaye on November 29, 2015 at 06:52 AM
JotForm Support
Would you mind expounding this, please?
If you are asking how to copy the design from one form to another, you can add it as a theme and apply this theme into the other form. Here's our guide for using our themes:
Please let us know so we can assist you properly.
hi. i am creating a form using a radio button, a text box.. i shrink them all to be in one line... i want to copy that one line (w/ radio button and text box) below. i tried to duplicate it but it was scattered. the arrangement on the first line was not maintained. thank you!
JotForm Developer
You can try to "Manage Multiple Fields" option to select multiple and duplicate them. Please, follow the steps from the below:
If you need more information or stuck in the process, please don't hesitate to contact us.
i tried to duplicate it but it appeared like this. i just want it to be arranged when duplicating because i need to do it on hundreds. thank you so much
JotForm Developer
I also tried it on your form and the feature that I mentioned earlier duplicated the fields without any problem.
To demonstrate,
As it is seen, the new duplicated ones have the same arrangement with the original ones; but if you referring this issue for a different form, please share the form URL with us. So, we can get healthier results.


text:
For its Spring Gala on April 21, the center has enlisted Dionne Warwick, the soulful songbird who brought "Alfie," "Do You Know the Way to San Jose?" and "Say a Little Prayer for You" into the musical archives.
And, as a surprise to his fans who don't know all about his musical passions, Kevin Costner is bringing his Modern West country rock band on April 5.
"We wanted to augment the programming with some different areas," said Shelley Brown, the vice president of programming and artistic director for the center. Brown saw the Costner band at a booking fair. "The band is awesome. Costner is outfront all the set. And it took a year to book them," Brown said.
Brown is extremely pleased to present an evening April 22 with Billy Collins, the former U.S. Poet Laureate and Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Mary Oliver. "This is a nonmusical presentation of readings and humor. They'll talk about their lives and writing. And Mary Oliver doesn't appear publicly very often," Brown explained.
Strathmore, as well as other established venues, are seeing increased competition with the opening of the Fillmore in Silver Spring and other places. "It is going to be a more competitive environment. We are trying to attract different kinds of music and stay ahead."
For the 2011/2012 season Strathmore will have 54 performances in the main hall and 100 dates over its whole campus near White Flint.
Other acts that have been added to the schedule are: Allen Toussaint and the Aaron Neville Quintet on Nov. 30; Dave Koz and Friends on Dec. 5; Jim Brickman on Dec. 7 and Bryan Adams on January 23. Also booked are Ramsey Lewis on Dec. 9 and Yasmin Levy on Feb. 14.


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Pansexual OrgyFavorites [+]
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Running Time: 107 minutes
Released: 03/2007
Studio Name: Mayhem North Production
Series: Pansexual Orgy
Director: Todd Klinck Mandy Goodhandy
Categories: Bisexual
Description: All parties in this scene are having fun, exploring each other's bodies, trying new things. It starts with Cody fucking his girlfriend Vicky. Then it involves Cody sucking Chanel's cock. And Vicky is sucking it too. And Cody and Chanel kiss and suck In-tice's cock together at the same time. And Vicky, Mandy, and Chanel all work on getting a dildo up Cody's ass. And Cody cums on Chanel's and Vicky's asses.
3 Scenes from Pansexual Orgy
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Sex Acts: Deep Throating, Masturbation, Handjob, Vaginal Sex, Oral Sex, Orgy, Toy Play - Anal, Fetish, Fingercuffing - Vaginal, Anal Sex, Blowjob
Positions: Crouching/Squatting, Missionary, Doggy Style, Kneeling, Sitting, Side Saddle, Laying, Standing
Settings: Dungeon
Pansexual Orgy: Scene 2 Free Preview
Sex Acts: Masturbation, Spanking/Paddling, Fetish, Showering/Bathing
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Sex Acts: Rim Job, Oral Sex, Masturbation, Fetish, Anal Sex
Settings: Dungeon
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Cute Crocheted Plants vs Zombies Pea Pod Toy
Like the game Plants vs Zombies? This cool crocheted Plants vs Zombies pea pod will surely be a nice decoration for the desktop for fans of the game.
Just like the in the game, the pea pod appears right outside its mouth. However, the toy pea pod has no means of spitting peas so it won't start shooting them off in case there happens to be zombies wandering around the vicinity. Instead, the pea itself and the mouth portion of the crocheted pea pod are magnetic so the toy can be seen with or without the pea attachment according to one's taste.
The handmade cute crocheted Plants vs Zombies pea pod toy by ArtyChickStudios goes for $25 each on Etsy.


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T.G.I. Friday's
761 Seventh Ave. (50th St.) Send to Phone
212-767-8349 | Make Restaurant Reservations | Menu
OpenLunch & Dinner daily
Open late
- Dress code: Casual
- Full bar
- Kid-friendly
* Click here for rating key
T.G.I. Friday's Restaurant Review: Got a case of the Monday blues? It's always Friday at T.G.I.F. Check it out for an ice cold Bud, after-work bar action and all-American bar food---from burgers to seafood to pasta dishes, and even salads. Everything here is big, big, big, so you're guaranteed not to leave hungry.
Find out which restaurants and chefs top the list of GAYOT's 2016 Annual Restaurant Awards.


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Praise for Quantum Jitters
Patricia Carlin combines an adventurous sense of form with an unmistakably personal voice of sharp wit and subtle intelligence. She draws on everything from fairy tales, to the techniques of Oulipo, to transformations of the work of others such as Virginia Woolf . The poems can be playful; but there is also a disquieting beauty to these lyrics.
-- Elaine Equi
Patricia Carlin's poems are a pulse-taking scan of experimental forms metabolically torqued to breaking point. Quantum Jitters comes with needful phrases, "negations," mini-arguments that expand on contact, where the smallest wisp of a word turns out to be a good straw to grasp. Readers will find here a homeopathic remedy for our disaster-prone quantum universe. -- Elizabeth Macklin
Praise for Original Green
"Original Green is a pure and original pleasure. Patricia Carlin is quick in catching sight of the rich, populous, difficult world we live in. She shows it as the locus, close up, of all we dream or dread. Her language takes hold of us, as authentic for inner as for outer landscapes. Because the images are beautiful in their discernment, I at once trust the rightness of her music, her perceptions, and her discoveries."—Marie Ponsot
" Her poetry is driven, yet knowing, savvy, yet communicable; and her voice is among those changing the face of poetry as we will come to know it in the 21st century."—Molly Peacock
" Patricia Carlin's poems are marked by clarity of expression, great wit, uncompromising intelligence, multiple perspectives, and the embrace of a spectrum of voices and registers. Her work is original, provocative, and metaphysically compelling. She has the courage to pursue an insight or emotion through a labyrinth of images, allusions, and ideas. The poems are experimental in the truest sense of the word. Joy and skepticism suffuse her work like a balance of darkness and light. Doors keep opening, even in the most unlikely spaces, and the rooms they lead to alter our entire conception of the place we thought we had entered."–Phillis Levin
can live for up to a hundred years.
Unless the water dries up or the land is cleared
he will spend that hundred years
in the same square-mile patch of woodland.
The voice of the turtle is never heard.
There's no sound to cloud his slow lurching waddle
inch by rickety inch over the yellowing leaves
as he searches for water.
Plated, boxed: splayed legs; sharp tail;
head red-eyed and beaked on a thick short neck.
It's hard not to think of him as inside his shell
although in fact he is his shell as much as he's not.
He can never see his own design.
Intricate tessellated bone-house spotted with profligate red,
and the soft self, thrusting out and withdrawing.
And there's no metaphor in this. No poetry.
So many girls
to choose from, so many destinies: waves
on a distant shore. Nothing
remains. Do we come again wearing white -
virgin white, shroud white -
girls who have done nothing,
for whom nothing waits? A girl
can be broken
on her father's altar, to make the waves
roll on to Troy. A girl can be a wave,
a white
wave breaking
on a distant shore. A girl
can be nothing.
Nothing returns as itself.
leave their white
They are broken into mothers,
mothers are broken into nothing,
into wave after wave
of white
rising like moonlight.
This girl
is destined to break hearts.
Her white hands do nothing
good. That girl makes love
to her own words.
They will lie down, wavering
between shadows.


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For the Boston parents out there who do not yet own a copy of Boston Baby, this week (high of 96 degrees today!) might be the week to pick up a copy! Author Kim Foley MacKinnon dedicates an entire chapter of the book, "It's Hot, Hot, Hot," to summer activities that'll keep the whole family cool (plus the museums, classes, and getaways in the rest of the book will also keep you busy). From beaches, spray decks, sailing, and parks, to children's Indie bookstores and libraries, there's no reason to feel overwhelmed by the heat. Here are a few options to get you through this week:
Artesani Park and Wading Pool, 1255 Soldiers Field Road, Brighton. Kim lists this as one of the best spray parks in the city. Located on the Charles River you'll get a great view and (hopefully) slight breeze, while the kids can splash around, enjoy the playgrounds, break for a picnic, and even feed the ducks nearby. Plus, there are lifeguards on duty, changing rooms, showers, and free parking (with an ice cream truck that hangs around too!)–you'll be all set for the day.
Courageous Sailing at Jamaica Pond, 617-268-7243, www.courageoussailing.org. Can't swim in Jamaica Pond but sailing away on the water will keep the kids cool. Paddle around, feed the ducks, and get the little ones fishing.
Castle Island and Fort Independence, Day Boulevard, South Boston, 617-727-5290. Hang out by the water, explore Fort Independence, and enjoy a snack at local landmark Sullivan's, all at the tip of Pleasant Bay. Plus, your future pilots can watch the planes as they land and take off from Logan.
Curious George & Friends, 1 JFK Street, Cambridge, 617-498-0062, www.curiousg.com. If you'd rather have the kids out of the sun, head on over to Harvard Square to explore the two floors of books and toys in this local Indie that was founded with the help of Curious George writer Margret Rey. Perhaps an afternoon (iced) tea is in order too? Upstairs on the Square has an array of treats for the fam.
Museum of Science, Science Park, Boston, 617-723-2500, www.mos.org. With exciting exhibits, live presentations, and the omni films, the museum offers plenty for a daytrip–or multiple daytrips. Stop by the Butterfly Garden for a tour or catch one of the 3D films to learn all about our planet. Your future scientist is certain to be intrigued by the creatures and interactive activities; and for any kids below the age of 8, the Discovery Center should be your first stop upon arrival.
Hope these tips help get the family out and about despite the heat. And send us (or tweet us @unionparkpress) some favorite hot spots in your area too–the cooler the better!


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Reigning NASCAR Nextel Cup Series Champion Kurt Busch has been relieved of his driving duties for the remainder of the 2005 season. Busch was detained by the Maricopa Country Sheriffs Department Friday night on suspicion of drunk driving. Busch...
Reigning NASCAR Nextel Cup Series Champion Kurt Busch has been relieved of his driving duties for the remainder of the 2005 season. Busch was detained by the Maricopa Country Sheriffs Department Friday night on suspicion of drunk driving. Busch was stopped Friday night after running a stop sign and going 60 mph in a 45 mph zone near the Phoenix International Raceway.
Busch was taken into custody after becoming belligerent with a local deputy when he refused to take the first required sobriety test at the scene. The deputy informed his superiors that he smelled alcohol. Busch finally did submit to a field breathalyzer test which did denote the presence of alcohol; however, a second test at the PIR station malfunctioned.
"As a result of the roadside investigation, the deputy did take Mr. Busch into custody for suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol," said Paul Chagolla, the Maricopa County Sheriff's spokesman.
Busch was cited for reckless driving and released. Jack Roush, owner of the No. 97 Ford stated on Saturday that he would not take any action against Busch.
"I don't plan to take any action myself," said Roush. "I'm not looking down the road with Kurt, based on the fact that he has his release and he'll be doing something else next season. He'll be under new management and new oversight next year and I'll just stand aside and watch and see how that works out for him."
Busch is set to leave Roush Racing at the end of the season to drive the No. 2 Miller Lite Dodge at Penske Racing.
Roush changed his mind on race day morning due to pressure from sponsors. "I got information back as the reaction the public was having and an impression back from the sponsors - not one of the sponsors but all of the sponsors - that they felt I was in breach of my contract by allowing that notoriety and that embarrassment to be out there without taking action," explained Roush.
"The only action I felt that would be appropriate and the one that was agreed upon was to go on and suspend him for the balance of the season," continued Roush. "What I'm saying is that they felt the embarrassment. I realized they were being embarrassed to an extent that I didn't realize when I spoke yesterday. The language was made clear to me on what my obligation was for these remaining two races, which wasn't clear in my mind as I made my comments off-the-cuff yesterday."
The suspicion of alcohol charge apparently will not be a problem for Busch's new 2006 sponsor. Don Miller from Penske Racing stated that this incident would not affect Busch's future with that organization. Representatives from Miller Brewing Company were not immediately available for comment.
Reports that NASCAR brought Busch into the hauler to talk over the incident with Mike Helton have been noted, but NASCAR's official position on Saturday was 'that it was just a traffic ticket'.
Kenny Wallace will pilot the No. 97 Ford this weekend at Phoenix and Todd Kleuver has been named to drive in the season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway.
"First of all, I'm shocked," said Wallace. "I was doing the Speed Channel show and everybody knows that I run the NASCAR Busch Series. I ran 14th yesterday and I've got over 300 Cup starts.
"Jack Roush has always been a friend of mine throughout my whole career and he just called me up and said, 'Hey, can you drive the 97 car?' Once I got my composure I was like, 'Yeah, no problem.' But I feel bad for everybody in this whole situation. I'm a professional and we're just gonna go out there and race. There's nothing like starting a race cold turkey, but we've done it a lot and we'll be OK."


text: 6/10/13 5/29/12 POPSUGAR Fashion CFDA CFDA 2012 Award Nominees and Honorees Complete List The 2012 CFDA Award Nominees & Honorees May 29, 2012 by Christina Pérez 0 Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. View on One Page Photo 5 of 13 Start Slideshow ADVERTISEMENT () Share This Link Copy What's Your Reaction? Thanks for your reaction Don't forget to share this with your friends! ← Use Arrows Keys → 5 2012 CFDA Nominee Announcement Event Phillip Lim Previous Next CFDA Awards 2012CFDA Awards 2012 NomineesSteven KolbCFDAPhillip LimParty DressesDiane Von FurstenbergJohnny Depp


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Why Call Blast Groups under Phone Groups is missing?
Hi, i did a Factory Reset to my UC520 System and using the CCA 2.2 then i try to configure the Call Blast Groups under Phone Groups but this option is not showed up. Do you know why? The reason for the factory reset was that originally i configured the UC520 as PBX system but we have the need to incoming calls ring at the same time in all users extensions and in some documentation i read that is only possible if i configure like KEY System. Thanks for any guidence to solve this issue. I have the following versions:


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WHAT'S DOING IN; Los Angeles
By ROBERT REINHOLD;
Published: November 28, 1993
No major American city in recent times has suffered quite the body blow to its tourism industry that Los Angeles did after last year's devastating riots. Those events changed the world perception of Los Angeles from one of a dreamy land of towering palms, movie stars and sunny escape to one of urban apocalypse, with violent street gangs and drive-by shootings. If both notions were exaggerated, the result was that visitors avoided Southern California, and especially its intimidating core, Los Angeles.
The latest blow was the wildfires, and then mudslides, that afflicted the region in October and November. Despite the horrific television images, though, few visitors will notice the damage except in parts of Malibu, Laguna Beach and suburbs remote from most tourist attractions. Indeed, a year and a half after the riots, visitors are returning. With the peaceful reaction to verdicts in both the retrial of four white police officers who beat a black man and the trial of two young black men accused of brutalizing a white truck driver, Los Angeles has regained a measure of self-confidence.
In fact, with the recent reopening of the Central Library, the start of subway service and the Nov. 17 opening of a vastly expanded convention center, Los Angeles is experiencing something of a renaissance.
The visitor need not fear it any more than any other major American city. You might even consider visiting the riot-scarred South-Central area, for it offers glimpses into the vital African-American and Hispanic cultures that have flowered in Los Angeles. The city today is above all a place of diversity, where one can sample scores of cultures from every continent, all in uneasy coexistence. Events
A metaphor for the city's rebirth is the reopening of the landmark 1926 Egyptian-style Central Library, gutted by two arson fires in 1986. The library, at 630 West Fifth Street, (213) 228-7000, has been celebrating with many events, including "Shades of L.A.," an exhibition of the city's ethnic diversity, with 5,000 photographs.
The Los Angeles Philharmonic is marking its 75th anniversary, with a variety of guest conductors in December. Among them is Bobby McFerrin, the jazz vocalist, who will conduct his amusing concerts on Dec. 17 and 18 at 8 P.M. At the Music Center, 135 North Grand Avenue, (213) 850-2000; tickets $6 to $50.
Appropriately enough, Andrew Lloyd Webber's Broadway-bound new musical, "Sunset Boulevard," is to have its American premiere in Los Angeles on Dec. 9, starring Glenn Close. It's now in previews at the Shubert Theater, 2020 Avenue of the Stars, (800) 447-7400 or (310) 201-1555. Tickets are $20 to $65.
The Santa Monica Heritage Museum, 2612 Main Street, Santa Monica, (310) 392-8537, is presenting a surfing exhibition until Feb. 27 called "Cowabunga! The Santa Monica Bay Surfing Experience." Admission $2, children under 12 free.
Los Angeles's enormous Mexican community holds its annual Christmas festival, Las Posadas, with music, food, pinatas and a candlelight procession re-enacting the story of Mary and Joseph seeking shelter. At Olvera Street downtown, Dec. 16 to 24, starting 7 P.M. Free; (213) 628-4349.
After the Rose Parade, the floats are on display on Sierra Madre Boulevard between Paloma Street and Sierra Madre Villa Avenue in Pasadena from 1:30 to 4 P.M. on Jan. 1 and from 9 A.M. to 4 P.M. on Jan. 2. Admission is $1; (818) 449-7673.
The Huntington Library, 1151 Oxford Road in San Marino, (818) 405-2141, has opened "The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America," a collection of Lincoln documents, photographs and possessions. Open till Aug. 30, Tuesday to Friday, 1 to 4:30 P.M., Saturday and Sunday, 10:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. Free admission, but $5 donation is suggested ($3 for children).
Excavations of three 1,700-year-old burial chambers in Peru have produced gold, silver and other artifacts of the pre-Incan Moche civilization. "The Royal Tombs of Sipan" exhibit is at the Fowler Museum of Cultural History, the University of California at Los Angeles, north campus, to Jan. 2. Open daily noon to 5 P.M., Monday and Thursday to 8. Admission $5, free Monday evening; children under 5 free; (310) 206-9161. What to See
As Reyner Banham, the British author, observed of the city two decades ago, "mobility outweighs monumentality." To see this fantastic mix of freeways and buildings, take a helicopter over the basin with Heli U.S.A. Day and night tours start at $119 a passenger; a deluxe tour lands on a downtown skyscraper for dinner in a rooftop restaurant, for $299 with the meal; (310) 553-4354.
For a less expensive view, climb the Hollywood Hills. One good walk is up Runyon Canyon in Hollywood. Park at the end of North Fuller Avenue and follow the fire road around to the left to the bench at the top for a spectacular view from the Pacific to downtown. Below is the estate of the late Errol Flynn, which burned in a wildfire years ago.
This year marks the city's re-entry into mass transit. A modern five-station subway, decorated with art such as murals by Joyce Kozloff, a New York artist, crosses downtown. For a pleasant car-free outing, board at the Spanish-mission style Union Station and change at Metro Center for the Blue Line, a surface light rail line to Long Beach 30 miles away. Fare is 25 cents for the subway and $1.10 for the Blue Line each way.


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With the new ad at Giant come some really great deals as usual. You can grab MONEYMAKER Skippy Peanut Butter after Gas Rewards and you can also grab Lysol Toilet Bowl Cleaners for only $.07 each!
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will fez mk3 rs turbo bucket seats fit my mk5 fez???
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Learn more about FRECREST PROPERTIES LIMITED. Check the company's details for free and view the Companies House information, company documents and list of directors.
Know about every new company document that is added!
Take advantage of our watch this company feature free of charge and have notifications sent directly to your inbox. Whenever a new document appears on this website, or if their particulars change, you will be immediately informed about such changes. To monitor these changes, all you need to do is click on watch this company.
|Fixed Assets
|£ 557,506
|Tangible Fixed Assets
|£ 22,805
|Current Assets
|£ 98,243
|£ 36,968
|Shareholder Funds
|£ 557,562
|Profit Loss Account Reserve
|£ 557,462
|Called Up Share Capital
|£ 100
|Total Assets Less Current Liabilities
|£ 557,562
|Net Current Assets Liabilities
|£ 56
|Creditors Due Within One Year
|£ 98,187
|Cash Bank In Hand
|£ 61,275
|Share Capital Allotted Called Up Paid
|£ 100
|Number Shares Allotted
|£ 100
|Tangible Fixed Assets Cost Or Valuation
|£ 22,805
|Investments Fixed Assets
|£ 534,701
Information about the Private Limited Company FRECREST PROPERTIES LIMITED has been prepared for information purposes only. It is not intended to be nor does it constitute legal advice. This is public information provided by the official company register.


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Paradox'd is a game by Bomb Productions Games. Since it is a Bomb Production, please do not edit except for spelling errors. It may be made with Game Maker.
To start the game off, you go back in time about 21-odd years. You are being born. "What's his name?" asks your dad. You are then asked to type in your name. Then, you are taken to six years later in the future. You are six years old and it is your sixth Birthday party. All of your kindergarten friends are there and so are your loving parents. You are having your party at a park, complete with a playground and everything. You stray from your friends, who are playing on a swingset, and stumble upon a balloon salesman. Funny thing is that this man doesn't look much like a balloon salesman, but more like a tired, 20 year-old man with a 5-O'-Clock shadow and ripped clothes. He glances down at you, then gives you a strange look. "Sir..." you say in your puny little voice, "May I please have a..." Suddenly, the man grabs you by the collar of your shirt and stuffs you in a large leather bag. You scream, but he stuffs a sock in your mouth and runs away with you in the sack. A few minutes later, one kid notices you're gone and says "Where'd (insert name here) go?" Then, your parents start to look for you, becoming very frantic and worried. Meanwhile, the man takes you down an alley. You're practically bawling your eyes out in the sack, but no one else can hear you. Then, the man hears you crying and reassures you that this is all a dream, but you know it can't be. The man tosses your sack in a huge recycling bin. You expect to hit the bottom or a pile of trash or something, but you don't. It just feels like your floating. You hear the man mutter something, curse, then slam the lid.
More to come...