text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 18, 2009
|Filing date
|Aug 2, 2006
|Priority date
|Aug 2, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Lev Novik, Douglas B. Terry, Irena Hudis, Jeremie E. Sartor, Shaoyu Zhou, Tomas Talius, Yunxin Wu, Jin He, Mark Scurrell
|Original Assignee
|Microsoft Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (36), Non-Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (1), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention is related to the following commonly assigned patent applications, the entirety of which are hereby incorporated by reference: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/631,591, filed Jul. 31, 2003, entitled "Systems and Methods for Replicating Data Stores," and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/692,508, filed Oct. 24, 2003, entitled "Systems and Methods for Providing Relational and Hierarchical Synchronization Services for Units of Information Manageable by a Hardware/Software Interface System."
A portion of the disclosure if this patent may contain material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The following notice shall apply to this document: Copyright� 2006, Microsoft Corp.
Storage platforms increasingly are providing an improved ability to organize, search, and share all types of data in a computer system. These storage platforms extend and broaden the data platform beyond traditional file systems and database systems, and are designed to be the store for all types of data. One example of such a storage platform is Microsoft Windows� Future Storage or Microsoft Windows� File System (WinFS). Data stored within such a storage platform is often shared, replicated, and stored in different physical and logical locations among many users, individuals and applications and thus may require a certain level of synchronization for the data to appear consistent.
WinFS Synchronization (WinFS Sync), described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/692,508, filed Oct. 24, 2003, entitled "Systems and Methods for Providing Relational and Hierarchical Synchronization Services for Units of Information Manageable by a Hardware/Software Interface System," and other synchronization solutions for hierarchical stores define synchronization scopes (the data to be synchronized) to be portions of the hierarchy (e.g. a folder tree). Many scenarios exist in which such synchronization scopes are inadequate. For example, this may be the case where moving an item into a folder in order to make it sync is too much of a burden, or where an item must be in two independent synchronization scopes. A common example is wanting to share a picture with someone, without moving this picture out of the folder it is in. However, supporting non-hierarchical sync scopes in hierarchical stores (such as WinFS or most file systems) in a multi-master environment is very difficult.
Thus, needed are processes and a system that addresses the shortcomings of the prior art.
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
In consideration of the above-identified shortcomings of the art, extending hierarchical synchronization (sync) scopes to non-hierarchical scenarios is provided. For several embodiments, a method for synchronizing differently organized data stores comprises mapping different physical organizations to similar logical organizations and utilizing an organization-based synchronization algorithm to synchronize the differently organized stores. Also, the uniqueness constraints of the organizations may be preserved as well as the parent-child ordering constraints of the organizations.
Below is a description of other advantages and features of the invention.
Extending hierarchical synchronization (sync) scopes to non-hierarchical scenarios is further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Certain specific details are set forth in the following description and figures to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. Certain well-known details often associated with computing and software technology are not set forth in the following disclosure to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the various embodiments of the invention. Further, those of ordinary skill in the relevant art will understand that they can practice other embodiments of the invention without one or more of the details described below. Finally, while various methods are described with reference to steps and sequences in the following disclosure, the description as such is for providing a clear implementation of embodiments of the invention, and the steps and sequences of steps should not be taken as required to practice this invention.
Example Computing Environment
Referring to
Aspects of the invention are operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set-top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
Aspects of the invention may be implemented in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Aspects of the invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
An exemplary system for implementing aspects of the invention includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer 241. Components of computer 241 may include, but are not limited to, a processing unit 259, a system memory 222, and a system bus 221 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 259. The system bus 221 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus, as well as its successor, the PCI-Express standard.
Computer 241 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 241 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer 241. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 222 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 223 and random access memory (RAM) 260. A basic input/output system 224 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 241, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 223. RAM 260 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 259. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 241 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
The computer 241 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 246. The remote computer 246 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 241, although only a memory storage device 247 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 241 is connected to the LAN 245 through a network interface or adapter 237. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 241 typically includes a modem 250 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 249, such as the Internet. The modem 250, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 221 via the user input interface 236, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 241, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
It should be understood that the various techniques described herein may be implemented in connection with hardware or software or, where appropriate, with a combination of both. Thus, the methods and apparatus of the invention, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other machine-readable storage medium wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. In the case of program code execution on programmable computers, the computing device generally includes a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. One or more programs that may implement or utilize the processes described in connection with the invention, e.g., through the use of an API, reusable controls, or the like. Such programs are preferably implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program(s) can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations.
Although exemplary embodiments may refer to utilizing aspects of the invention in the context of one or more stand-alone computer systems, the invention is not so limited, but rather may be implemented in connection with any computing environment, such as a network or distributed computing environment. Still further, aspects of the invention may be implemented in or across a plurality of processing chips or devices, and storage may similarly be effected across a plurality of devices. Such devices might include personal computers, network servers, handheld devices, supercomputers, or computers integrated into other systems such as automobiles and airplanes.
In light of the diverse computing environments that may be built according to the general framework provided in
Referring next to
Distributed computing provides sharing of computer resources and services by exchange between computing devices and systems. These resources and services include the exchange of information, cache storage and disk storage for files. Distributed computing takes advantage of network connectivity, allowing clients to leverage their collective power to benefit the entire enterprise. In this regard, a variety of devices may have applications, objects or resources that may implicate the processes described herein.
This network 270 may itself comprise other computing entities that provide services to the system of
It can also be appreciated that an object, such as 275, may be hosted on another computing device 276. Thus, although the physical environment depicted may show the connected devices as computers, such illustration is merely exemplary and the physical environment may alternatively be depicted or described comprising various digital devices such as PDAs, televisions, MP3 players, etc., software objects such as interfaces, COM objects and the like.
There are a variety of systems, components, and network configurations that support distributed computing environments. For example, computing systems may be connected together by wired or wireless systems, by local networks or widely distributed networks. Currently, many networks are coupled to the Internet, which provides an infrastructure for widely distributed computing and encompasses many different networks. Any such infrastructures, whether coupled to the Internet or not, may be used in conjunction with the systems and methods provided.
A network infrastructure may enable a host of network topologies such as client/server, peer-to-peer, or hybrid architectures. The "client" is a member of a class or group that uses the services of another class or group to which it is not related. In computing, a client is a process, i.e., roughly a set of instructions or tasks, that requests a service provided by another program. The client process utilizes the requested service without having to "know" any working details about the other program or the service itself. In a client/server architecture, particularly a networked system, a client is usually a computer that accesses shared network resources provided by another computer, e.g., a server. In the example of
A server is typically, though not necessarily, a remote computer system accessible over a remote or local network, such as the Internet. The client process may be active in a first computer system, and the server process may be active in a second computer system, communicating with one another over a communications medium, thus providing distributed functionality and allowing multiple clients to take advantage of the information-gathering capabilities of the server. Any software objects may be distributed across multiple computing devices or objects.
Client(s) and server(s) communicate with one another utilizing the functionality provided by protocol layer(s). For example, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a common protocol that is used in conjunction with the World Wide Web (WWW), or "the Web." Typically, a computer network address such as an Internet Protocol (IP) address or other reference such as a Universal Resource Locator (URL) can be used to identify the server or client computers to each other. The network address can be referred to as a URL address. Communication can be provided over a communications medium, e.g., client(s) and server(s) may be coupled to one another via TCP/IP connection(s) for high-capacity communication.
In light of the diverse computing environments that may be built according to the general framework provided in
Synchronization Application Programming Interface (API) Overview
Although the concepts, ideas, features and implementations described herein are described in an exemplary fashion with respect to how they are implemented in a file system called Microsoft Windows� Future Storage or Microsoft Windows� File System (WinFS) and the Microsoft Windows Vista� operating system (formerly code-named "Longhorn"), implementations in and applicability to other operating and file systems are contemplated, entirely possible and apparent to those skilled in the art based on the exemplary descriptions provided herein.
In an increasingly distributed, digital world, individuals and workgroups often store information and data in a variety of different devices and locations. This has fueled the development of data synchronization services that can keep the information in these separate, often disparate, data stores synchronized at all times, with minimal user intervention.
The synchronization platform described herein, which is part of the rich storage platform (a.k.a., "WinFS") described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/692,508, filed Oct. 24, 2003, entitled "Systems and Methods for Providing Relational and Hierarchical Synchronization Services for Units of Information Manageable by a Hardware/Software Interface System," the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference, addresses three main objectives:
Allow applications and services to efficiently synchronize data between different "WinFS" stores.
Enable developers to build rich solutions for synchronizing data between "WinFS" and non-"WinFS" stores.
Provide developers with appropriate interfaces to customize the synchronization user experience.
1. General Terminology
Herein below are some further refined definitions and key concepts relevant to later discussions herein:
Sync Replica: Most applications are only interested in tracking, enumerating and synchronizing changes for a given subset of items within the WinFS store. The set of items that take part in a synchronization operation is termed as a Synchronization Replica. A Replica is defined in terms of items contained within a given WinFS containment hierarchy (usually rooted at a Folder item). All synchronization services are carried out within the context of a given replica. WinFS Sync provides a mechanism to define, manage and cleanup replicas. Every replica has a GUID identifier that uniquely identifies it within a given WinFS store.
Sync Partner: A sync partner is defined as an entity capable of affecting changes on WinFS items, extensions and relationships. Thus, every WinFS store can be termed as a sync partner. When synchronizing with a non-WinFS store, the external data source (EDS) is also termed as a sync partner. Every partner has a GUID identifier that uniquely identifies it.
Sync Community: A synchronization community is defined as a collection of replicas that are kept in sync by means of peer-to-peer synchronization operations. These replicas may all be in the same WinFS store, different WinFS stores, or even manifest themselves as virtual replicas on non-WinFS stores. WinFS sync does not prescribe or mandate any specific topology for the community, especially if the only sync operations in the community are through the WinFS Sync service (WinFS adapter). Synchronization adapters (defined below) may introduce their own topology restrictions.
Change Tracking, Change Units and Versions: Every WinFS store tracks changes to all local WinFS Items, Extensions and Relationships. Changes are tracked at the level of change unit granularity defined in the schema. The top-level fields of any Item, Extension and Relationship type can be sub-divided by the schema designer into change units, with the smallest granularity being one top-level field. For change tracking purposes, every change unit is assigned a Version, where a version is a pair of sync partner id and a version number (the version number is a partner-specific monotonically increasing number). Versions are updated as changes happen in the store locally or as they are obtained from other replicas.
Sync Knowledge: Knowledge represents the state of a given sync replica at any time, i.e. it encapsulates meta-data about all the changes a given replica is aware of, either local or from other replicas. WinFS sync maintains and updates knowledge for sync replicas across sync operations. Important thing to note is that the Knowledge representation allows it to be interpreted with respect to the entire community and not just relative to the particular replica where the Knowledge is stored.
Sync Adapters: A synchronization adapter is a managed code application that accesses WinFS Sync services through the Sync Runtime API and enables synchronization of WinFS data to an EDS. Depending on the requirements of the scenario, it's up to the adapter developer as to which subset of WinFS data and what WinFS data types to synchronize. The adapter is responsible for communication with the EDS, transforming WinFS schemas to and from EDS supported schemas and defining and managing its own configuration and metadata.
Synchronization API Services
Synchronization services may comprise (among other services) two foundational services: change enumeration and change application.
1. Change Enumeration
Change Enumeration allows sync adapters to easily enumerate the changes that have occurred to a Replica since the last time synchronization with this partner was attempted based on the change-tracking data maintained by the synchronization service.
2. Change Application
As discussed earlier herein, change application allows Sync Adapters to apply changes received from their EDS to the local storage platform since the adapters are expected to transform the changes to the storage platform schema.
Synchronization Hierarchy
A Synchronization Replica defines the set of items that take part in a synchronization operation. Part of the Replica configuration is a WinFS containment hierarchy which is a single folder tree.
Extending Hierarchical Sync Scopes to Non-Hierarchical Scenarios
The fact that all data synchronized in the community is represented as a single folder tree presents two problems to users:
1) Items have to be physically moved if they are to be added to a sync community. This is sometimes problematic, as the user may have an interest in keeping the item path the same as before. They would like the item synchronized, but they do not want existing applications to break.
2) Since no item can be in two folders, it is difficult to share overlapping sets of items with different people. In other words, sync communities cannot overlap. They can only be fully contained in each other.
Example Scenario
One example scenario may stem from a requirement to build a one-way publication application for pictures. In this model, a user can select an arbitrary set of pictures from his WinFS and have them be published to one or more users. Those users will be able to execute a one-way receive sync against the publication periodically, thus keeping an off-line cache of all of the shared pictures. The key problems for the application are that a user may want to share the same picture with multiple other users, each user being a separate sync community; the user also cannot move the pictures from the folder where they reside to the folder used for the sync replica.
Referring next to
In the example provided in
Example Design for Extending Hierarchical Sync Scopes to Non-Hierarchical Scenarios
Extending hierarchical synchronization (sync) scopes to non-hierarchical scenarios may, for example, comprise the following features:
1) Allows items to be added to a sync community without physically moving them.
2) Allows items to be contributed to any container in the replica root.
3) Allows both generic container items and compound items to be contributed.
4) Contributed items will appear in the replica folder hierarchy on remote replicas.
5) Both one-way (Send only) and two-way (Send & Receive) sync are supported.
For configuration, API's are provided to allow items to be contributed to a replica's sync scope and un-contributed from a replica's sync scope. If there are multiple replica's then the contribution/un-contribution is made to each replica where the item is to be synced. This is a sync-specific concept. The contributed item can be a generic container or a compound item, but cannot be an embedded item. The namespace name of the contributed item is used on a remote replica. A container is specified for each contributed item which is used to determine the location of the item on a remote replica. It is possible to update the contribution container after the initial contribution. The list of contributed items for a Replica are available from each Replica object.
For WinFS-WinFS sync, changes are enumerated from the contributed item, except the container. If a generic container is contributed, all items in or under the container will be synced. The term 'the contributed item' herein refers to only the generic container (that is contributed) in this case, not the items in or under it. The contributed item is applied on a remote replica in the location specified by the contribution configuration. All changes made on a remote replica, including deletes, are synced back to the contributed item.
For sync with an external store, change enumeration will return the contributed item, including its item id and namespace name, but with the container specified by the contribution configuration. For change application, the contributed item will be required materialized and updated. No changes would be required to an adapter for this as the item id of the contributed item was returned by change enumeration. For a container id change, it is made by the adapter to the contributed item, but sync change application detects those changes and update the contribution configuration.
For conflict management, conflict detection and system resolution is performed on the contributed item, including the namespace name.
The following methods are added to the Replica class. The changes made using the new methods will not be applied until the SaveChanges method is called.
Class Replica { // New methods // Add - Must be able to instantiate the item being contributed and the target container public void AddContribution (Item rootItem, Item targetContainer); // Remove - The item may have been deleted so the key is used. public void RemoveContribution (StorageKey rootItemLocalKey); // Move - Must be able to instantiate the item being moved and the target container public void MoveContribution (Item rootItem, Item targetContainer); // Obtain all contributions for the replica public ReadOnlyCollection<ReplicaContribution> GetContributionset( ); // Obtain all contributions in a container in the replica public ReadOnlyCollection<ReplicaContribution> GetContributionSetForContainer( StorageKey targetContainerKey); }; public class ReplicaContribution { // No public constructors // Properties public StorageKey ContributionRootItemKey { get; } public StorageKey TargetContainerKey { get; } }
For the AddContribution Method:
rootItem is the root item of the contributed item. It can be a generic container (such as a folder) or an individual compound item.
targetContainer is the generic container where the contributed item will be placed on a remote replica. The target container can be under the replica root or could be under another contributed container—nested contributions.
Allowing nested contributions appears unnecessary, however they are allowed in the present design example because the situation could still occur due to moves on a remote replica. The root of one contribution could be moved under another container that was contributed.
An ancestor container of an already contributed item can be specified:
Both the existing contribution and the new contribution are valid.
The existing contribution will effectively override the WinFS container hierarchy specified by the new contribution. The existing contribution will therefore remain with the same container on a remote replica, even though it has a different container in the new contributed hierarchy.
This method will fail with InvalidOperationException with a detailed message if:
rootItem does not exist.
rootItem is an embedded item.
targetContainer is not a generic container under the replica root or under a contributed container.
This method will fail with ItemAlreadyContributed exception if:
rootItem is already in the replica—under the replica root or already contributed. Already contributed could either mean that the item had been specifically contributed or is a child item of a contributed container.
This method will fail with ContributionNamespaceNameCollision if:
An item with the namespace name of rootItem already exists in targetContainer—either a "real" item or a contributed item.
This method will fail with ArgumentNullException if:
rootItem or targetContainer were null.
The RemoveContribution method takes the local storage key of the contributed item and removes it from the contribution configuration. The storage key can be obtained from the contributed item itself (if it still exists and is accessible) or can be obtained from the ReplicaContribution object.
On the next sync this will be enumerated as a move-out. This method will fail with ArgumentException if:
rootItemLocalKey is the storage key for an entity other than an item. This method will fail with InvalidOperationException if:
The item is not a contribution root to the replica.
This Method Will Fail with ArgumentNullException if:
rootItemLocalKey is null.
Perform the Equivalent of a Local Move, but for a Contributed Item:
On the next sync this will be enumerated as a move.
This Method Will Fail with InvalidOperationException With a Detailed Message if:
rootItem does not exist.
rootItem was not contributed to the replica.
targetContainer is not a generic container under the replica root or under a contributed container.
This Method Will Fail With ContributionNamespaceNameCollision if:
An item with the namespace name of rootItem already exists in targetContainer—either a "real" item or a contributed item.
This method will fail with ArgumentNullException if:
rootItem or targetContainer were null.
Obtain the set of contributions made to this replica. A snapshot of the contributions will be taken with the set of ReplicaContribution objects being instantiated when the call is made.
If no contributions were made to the replica, then an empty collection will be returned.
Obtain the set of contributions made to this replica, but filtered to the specified container. A snapshot of the contributions will be taken with the set of ReplicaContribution objects being instantiated when the call is made.
If no contributions were made to the specified container, then an empty collection will be returned.
This method will fail with ArgumentException if:
targetContainerKey is the storage key for an entity other than an item.
Provided below is a description of the design of the operations of the Mainline Sync behavior.
AddContribution operation: All items that have been contributed since the last sync with this partner are treated as move-ins.
RemoveContribution operation: The result of the operation depends on whether or not the contribution root is under the replica root or another contribution root that is being synced (see later for cases for contributed items not being synced). If not, all the contributed items will be treated as move-outs. If yes, the operation will be handled by sync as a move of the contribution root to its current container.
MoveContribution operation: The operation is handled as a move of the contribution root by sync.
Target Container Operations: Deletions, move-outs and un-contributions of target containers may have side effects. Local deletions of target containers of any contributions will result in those contributions being removed. This will be done in a sync session automatically. Remote deletions of target containers will not result in un-contributions until the container deletion is change enumerated during a sync to a third replica. Contributed items under any contribution root whose target container has been moved out will be handled as move-outs. The contribution (i.e. their configurations) will remain but the contributed items will no longer be synced. A special kind of target container "moveout" may happen when the target container is moved under one of its contributed items (that is a generic container). Contributed items under any contribution roots whose target containers have been un-contributed will be handled as move-outs. The contributions (i.e. their configurations) will remain but they will no longer be synced.
The sync behaviors regarding to deletions is inconsistent with that of move-outs and un-contribution as described above.
Contribution Root Deletion: Deletion of contribution root will be synced as a regular deletion. It will not result in un-contribution. However, when the resurrection of the item by conflict handling in sync will result in un-contribution.
Move Operations: Moves of items that are not contribution roots across contribution roots and the replica root will result in regular move at remote replicas, unless the move results in the target container of a contribution to be under the contribution root, in which case, the contributed items will be treated as move-outs. Move of a contribution root will be synced as a no-op move, i.e., an item moved to somewhere and then moved back (to the target container).
Change enumeration (including preprocessing): When changes are enumerated (whether for purposes of WinFS-to-WinFS Synchronization or by an adapter), the following occurs:
The contribution root item will be enumerated, with its Container being replaced by that specified in the contribution configuration.
A link from the contributed item will dangle if the target item is not in the replica scope (folder hierarchy or contributed).
A link from an item in the sync scope to a contributed item (or any of its children) will be enumerated.
A local item could be created (created, copied, existing item renamed, etc.) that collides with the namespace name of a contributed item. WinFS will not detect this condition. Change enumeration will also not detect this condition—it will be left to change application to handle the name collision that WinFS will detect on the remote replica.
If a contributed item (container or compound item) is moved under the replica root then the contribution configuration will still be enumerated instead of the WinFS hierarchy. Referring next to
If I1 901 is moved to F3 909 (with a WinFS move, not a contribution move) then on the next sync there is no change enumerated—there is still valid contribution configuration of I1 901 to F4 905 and that will take precedence in change enumeration over the fact that I1 901 is now contained by F3 909 in the WinFS namespace. This means that contribution could be used to change the layout on remote replicas, but this is not expected to be a common scenario.
The main principle is that if the contribution configuration is valid (valid contributed item and valid contribution container) then the contribution will always be respected by sync change enumeration.
Change Application:
When Changes are Applied, the Following Occurs:
All changes to the contributed item will be applied to the contributed item, except for moves.
Moves will lead to the contribution configuration being updated.
At the contributing replica, a remote deletion of a contributed item will result in deletion of the contribution item (and any children in the case of a generic container) and un-contribution.
Specific Name Collision Scenarios: There are a couple of scenarios very specific to item contribution that will be described and the behavior defined.
Local Name Collision: An item in the contribution container is created or an existing item renamed so it has the same name as a contributed item. The local operation that causes the "collision" would be allowed as the contribution is not known by the WinFS data model; WinFS Sync has to deal with this scenario.
The collision will be detected during change application on a remote replica. The WinFS Update API will throw an exception due to the name collision. This will be handled by the sync runtime by renaming one of the items. The rename will be a local change and synced back, just as a conflict resolution.
An alternative is to treat this as a new kind of conflict and allow system or deferred rename. This would be a completely different kind of conflict as both the changes came one source. Adding a new type of conflict would be confusing for the user and have a large impact. However, this scenario should also be rare. The chances of this happening are reduced by the fact that a name collision check is performed when items are contributed.
Remote Rename Name Collision: In this case a remote rename made to an item that was contributed. The rename is synced back to the replica with the contribution, but the rename collides with another item in the container of the contributed item. There is therefore a name collision with an item outside of the sync scope.
The collision will be detected during change application by the sync runtime and an automatic rename of the contributed item (item in the sync scope) performed. This should be a rare scenario and therefore an acceptable solution.
Conflict Management:
In general conflict detection and resolution involving contributed items is the same as with items in the replica tree. All change units will be taken from the contributed item except the container id of the contribution.
Conflicts involving moves are supported as with a non-contributed item, but special handling will probably be required to deal with the fact that the container for a contributed item is not stored with the contributed item. The following provides a description of how conflicts may be handled in certain situations.
Update-Update Conflicts: An interesting case is a move conflict. The target container is updated on the replica with the contribution and the contributed item is moved on a remote replica.
Name Uniqueness Conflicts: A name uniqueness conflict for a contributed item will be treated the same as for a non-contributed item, except for the scenarios described previously.
Update-Delete conflict handling: In the main, there will be no differences in the handling of these conflicts between contributed and non-contributed items, including move updates. Exceptions to this are as follows:
A contributed item is deleted locally and updated remotely with the conflict policy set so that remote wins. The contributed item root will be resurrected, but as a non-contributed item in the container specified by the remote replica (probably the contribution container).
An item has been contributed locally, but the contribution folder has been deleted remotely. The conflict will be raised and handled normally as local new child and remote parent deletion.
Conflict Enumeration: The conflict enumeration API will allow the locally conflicting contributed item to be returned. The container id will be set to that specified by the contribution configuration.
Adapter Services. A fundamental principal is that an adapter writer should not have to explicitly cater for both regular and contributed items so, in the main, adapter code can be written with no knowledge of item contribution.
Change Enumeration: Change enumeration will basically return the contributed item. For a contributed item, the contribution container is returned instead of the container indicated by the contributed item. For a contribution root item, the ContainerLocalKey property from the ItemChange class will be set to the key from the contribution configuration rather than the contribution root item.
Change Application: The adapter will use the id mapping service or its own mapping to fetch the item id of the contributed item. It can then instantiate that item and set the properties—it does not need to be aware that the item was contributed. The adapter could set the container id (a move) and the sync runtime change applier will need to update the contribution configuration. Once the changes are saved for the contributed item, the item will be refreshed so that the container id represents the value truly associated with the item and not that for the contribution configuration. This could be "odd" behavior because the value just set for the container will be replaced after the item changes were saved. It does mean the item is valid and consistent in case further changes are made.
Referring next to
Computer A 1001, Replica X Operations →
Results of Send Sync to Computer B 1003
Contribution Configuration
Contribution of I1 "A" 1005 to replica RX
Creation of I1 1005 with namespace name "A"
in container specified by contribution
configuration (F4 1011)
Remove contribution of I1 1005 from replica
Deletion of I1 1005
Update of contribution container
Move of I1 1005
Update of item (except container), extensions,
I1 1005 updated
sourced links
Move - still outside of sync scope
No change
Move - to inside sync scope (no un-
No change - contribution is still respected in
preference to the WinFS namespace.
Move - to inside the sync scope then back out
No change - contribution is still respected in
(could be a sync in-between)
preference to the WinFS namespace.
Delete (un-contribution of I1 1005)
Delete of I1 1005
Link to I1 1005 from sync scope
Link created to I1 1005
I5 1009 renamed to "A"
I5 1009 set to "A", but with either I5 1009 or
I1 1005 made unique automatically.
Deletion of F4 1011 & I5 1009 (un-
Deletion of F4 1011, I1 1005 and I5 1009
contribution of I1 1005)
Computer A, Replica Y Operations →
Results of Send Sync to Computer B
Sync of RY 1013 without contribution of I1
No change - I1 1005 not synced
Results of Send Sync to Computer A
← Computer B, Replica X Operations
I1 1005 is updated.
Update item entity
Extension added to I1 1005
Addition of extension
Link added to I1 1005 with target set to
Addition of link from I1 1005 to target item in
specified item in sync scope (could be beneath
the replica scope
F3 1015 or a contributed item)
Link added to I1 1005 with target dangling
Addition of link to item outside the replica
I1 1005 deleted (un-contribution of I1 1005)
Item deletion
Container id updated in contribution
Move within replica scope
As item deletion (I1 1005 deleted and un-
Move out of replica scope
I1 1005 renamed to "B", but made unique so it
Item I1 1005 renamed to "B"
does not collide with I2
Sync initiation: Initiating synchronization against a Replica that contains contributions is done in the same way as described above, except the item domain of the connection must be high enough to include all contribution roots. In other words, connecting to the root of the replica will result in an error.
Filtered Sync Interaction: Item id's for any of the contributed items can be specified (e.g., for root items or any child items).
Ghosted Sync Interaction: Ghosted sync will work for contributed items. A ghosted item can be contributed. No special behavior or checks are performed. It may seem desirable to not allow this as it is a cross-community case and the synced ghosted item may not be possible to un-ghost. However, one can not protect against this, as a complete item that was contributed could be ghosted at a later time.
Overall, extending hierarchical sync scopes to non-hierarchical scenarios provides the ability to tie non-hierarchical pieces of data to a hierarchical scope in a way that supports the scenarios, but does not break the multi-master nature of replication. It accomplishes this by allowing the physical (hierarchical) representations of data on different replicas to be distinct (customized for the needs of that node) and synchronizing the logical views of the data, which are computed from the physical representation and are kept in sync. These logical views are hierarchical, thus allowing the full force of hierarchical sync algorithms to be brought to bear on supporting non-hierarchical sync scopes in hierarchical stores.
The various systems, methods, and techniques described herein may be implemented with hardware or software or, where appropriate, with a combination of both. Thus, the methods and apparatus of the present invention, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other machine-readable storage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. In the case of program code execution on programmable computers, the computer will generally include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. One or more programs are preferably implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program(s) can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations.
The methods and apparatus of the present invention may also be embodied in the form of program code that is transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via any other form of transmission, wherein, when the program code is received and loaded into and executed by a machine, such as an EPROM, a gate array, a programmable logic device (PLD), a client computer, a video recorder or the like, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose processor, the program code combines with the processor to provide a unique apparatus that operates to perform the indexing functionality of the present invention.
While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiment for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating there from. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that a variety of computer platforms, including handheld device operating systems and other application-specific hardware/software interface systems, are herein contemplated, especially as the number of wireless networked devices continues to proliferate. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims.
Finally, the disclosed embodiments described herein may be adapted for use in other processor architectures, computer-based systems, or system virtualizations, and such embodiments are expressly anticipated by the disclosures made herein and, thus, the present invention should not be limited to specific embodiments described herein but instead construed most broadly.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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|Sep 13, 2006
Owner name: MICROSOFT CORPORATION, WASHINGTON
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subset: commoncrawl


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Look at other dictionaries:
periastron — periastral, adj. /per ee as treuhn, tron/, n., pl. periastra / treuh/. Astron. the point at which the stars of a binary system are closest (opposed to apastron). [1850 55; < PERI + Gk ástron star; modeled on perihelion] * * * … Universalium


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
Criminal drug case, reduced to misdemeanors, attended six-week drug class, first and only offense. My atty told me my records were sealed, did not have to answer yes to being arrested. Years later found out records were not sealed. I hired an atty to accomplish this and he strung me along, took my money, accomplished nothing. I ended up having to take him to the local and state bar. I would like to know if this is something I can accomplish myself by calling the court. Thank you. Attended court in Westminster, Ca. Believe in 1986-7
There is no statutory procedure in California for sealing an adult criminal record in which there was a plea or conviction. You do not qualify for a court order finding of factual innocence on the matter summarized here, and that is the sole process by which adult criminal history records gets "sealed" in California.
Perhaps you obtained an order of post-conviction dismissal pursuant to Penal Code section 1203.4. Those orders are often confused with "sealing." A post-conviction dismissal order does not delete or erase the criminal history record. Instead, it adds an entry in supplement re the post-conviction dismissal. Attorneys all too often refer to such orders as "expungement," but they are not true expungement. California law does not offer genuine expungement.
Assuming that there is any statutory remedy available to you at this point, you most likely need an attorney to review your record and provide you with specific advice and assistance.
No legal advice here. READ THIS BEFORE you contact me! My responses to questions on Avvo are never intended as legal advice and must not be relied upon as if they were legal advice. I give legal advice ONLY in the course of a formal attorney-client relationship. Exchange of information through Avvo's Questions forum does not establish an attorney-client relationship with me. That relationship is established only by joint execution of a written agreement for legal services. My law firm does not provide free consultations. Please do not call or write to me with a "few questions" that require me to analyze the specific facts of your history and your license application and prescribe for you how to get a State license. Send me an email to schedule a paid Consultation for that kind of information, direction, and assistance. My law firm presently accepts cases involving State and federal licenses and permits; discipline against State and federal licenses; and disciplinary and academic challenges to universities, colleges, boarding schools, and private schools. We take cases of wrongful termination or employment discrimination only if the claims involve peace officers, universities or colleges.Ask a similar question
Adult records cannot be "sealed". If you were placed on probation, you can seek relief under Penal Code section 1203.4 (commonly referred to as an 'expungement'), but that won't take it off your record - it only adds a notation that the case was subsequently dismissed.
If you got a drug diversion under Penal Code 1000, there is certain specific relief you get after successfully completing it. Again, it won't take it off your record, but under Penal Code 1000.4 says:
1000.4. (a) Any record filed with the Department of Justice shall
indicate the disposition in those cases deferred pursuant to this
chapter. Upon successful completion of a deferred entry of judgment
program, the arrest upon which the judgment was deferred shall be
deemed to have never occurred. The defendant may indicate in response
to any question concerning his or her prior criminal record that he
or she was not arrested or granted deferred entry of judgment for the
offense, except as specified in subdivision (b). A record pertaining
to an arrest resulting in successful completion of a deferred entry
of judgment program shall not, without the defendant's consent, be
used in any way that could result in the denial of any employment,
benefit, license, or certificate.
There are some exceptions in 1000.4(b), but that code section does say you can legally say "no" you were not arrested. (That's assuming you were given diversion under Penal Code 1000 and not some other program or deal worked out in court.)
And - as a side note.... employers cannot ask if you have been arrested. They can ask about convictions and pending cases, but not just arrests. (California Labor Code 432.7)
The above answer is for general information only and is based on the information you posted. Every case is fact dependent, so to get a thorough analysis of your situation, you will need to consult face to face with an attorney licensed to practice in the jurisdiction where the incident took place. Do not conclusively rely on any information posted online when deciding what to do about your case.Ask a similar question
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text:
One Thing Chip Kelly Simply Can Not Do!
DON"T PULL A STEVE SPURRIER!!!! In other words don't go out and fill the Eagles roster with a bunch of Oregon Ducks and assume that will work in the NFL. Spurrier tried to pull that nonsense in the NFL. He filled his roster with a bunch of Florida Gators, snatching up a bunch of his old quarterbacks and wide receivers and boy did he fail miserably! Chip Kelly should not go out his way to pick up a Dennis Dixon and assume he will become a viable starter in the NFL running his old college system. This seems to be the suggestion of many, thinking it would be best for Kelly to go down such a path. It would be to his own demise. Kelly needs to do what he said he was going to do. Work his offense through the players on his roster. That is what smart coaches do. That is the simple common sense that has eluded Andy Reid for years, and it's why he lost almost every time he played a half decent coach outside of his division. Only Andy Reid would shelf one of the top 5 backs in the game to throw the ball with one of the leagues most turnover prone quarterbacks 30-40 times a game. Kelly shouldn't go chasing after old Ducks who are marginal players in the league. It wont be a winning formula. If he does go down this path then he will find himself out of the league just like Spurrier did.
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New Student Web Registration
Tips for preparing for online registration
Take a look at the three videos linked below. They were prepared to help new first-year students prepare for web registration.
Note: Spring 2017 First-Year Students will need an Alternate PIN to access registration. You will receive your Alternate PIN when you meet with your advisor on campus during orientation.
1) How to Use the Searchable Catalog and My Schedule Planner
2) Most Important Tips for Registration
3) BannerWeb Registration Tutorial for First-Year Students
Take advantage of the prerequisite checking round in BannerWeb: available Wednesday, January 18, 2017 through 11:00 am on Friday, February 10, 2017.
Beginning January 18, you can access BannerWeb registration to assess your courses to determine if you need to request overrides for any of the stated prerequisites or other restrictions.
- Select "Register or Add/Drop Classes" from the Registration menu in BannerWeb.
- Select the "Spring 2017 Round 1-Chck PreReqs" term from the dropdown list.
- On the Add/Drop classes worksheet, enter the Course Reference Numbers (CRNs) of the courses you are interested in taking. The CRNs are listed on the Course Schedule: http://go.middlebury.edu/courses?spring
- Note that your First-Year Seminar is already listed here and cannot be changed.
Important Information about Prerequisites
Please be sure to check the prerequisites for the courses in your proposed schedule; prerequisites are shown in the course description in the online catalog. (click on Middlebury College). If you are meeting a prerequisite through AP, be sure your score has been recorded by checking your record in BannerWeb. If it is not there, you will need to receive an override from the department prior to registration. If you are meeting a prerequisite with other high school work, transfer credit, or through IB or A-Levels, you will need to receive an override in order to register online.
Registering for Labs, Drills, and Screenings
Some courses have required labs, drills, or screenings which you must register for when you add the course.
The list of courses requiring labs, discussions, and drills can be found here:
S17 Courses with linked sections.pdf
Quick Overview of Web Registration. Registration for First Years begins at 1:15 pm on Friday, February 10:
- Log in to BannerWeb
- Click Student Records & Registration
- Click Registration
- Click Register or Add/Drop Classes
- Select Registration Term (Spring 2017)
- Enter your 4-digit Alternate PIN given to you by your advisor
- Enter CRNs (5-digit Course Reference Numbers) for courses you plan to take
- Click Submit Changes
- If you see **Registered** - you are in the class!


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The City is an American television soap opera that aired on ABC from November 13, 1995 to March 28, 1997. The series was a continuation of the serial Loving, which ran from 1983 until 1995, and featured the surviving central characters of its final major story arc, which saw most of the show's characters fall victim to a serial killer. The characters that survived moved from Corinth, Pennsylvania to New York City and settled in the Manhattan neighborhood of SoHo.
The show was co-created by Agnes Nixon, the creator of Loving, and the show's last pair of headwriters, Barbara Esensten and James Harmon Brown. The show won two Daytime Emmy Awards in 1996.[1]
While it was started by Loving creator Agnes Nixon, The City was different from other soaps of its day, as the city wasn't the main setting of the series: the loft and its surroundings took precedence, and the city was secondary. Also, the show was shot on videotape using the FilmLook process for its entire run (one of two soap operas ever to do so, All My Children also used the FilmLook processing from 2006 to 2010).
One of the most daring storylines was one involving a transsexual. Photographer Bernardo had a one night stand with model Azure C. He went to the corner to get some orange juice when he saw a picture of Azure C. before the sex change operation. The modeling agency which they both worked had to do a lot of damage control. The storyline began to take off but was soon dropped, in part due to the subject matter and in part due to lackluster reaction to Chang's performance. Azure and Bernardo reconciled and left town.
Despite featuring several well-known actors, such as Morgan Fairchild and Debbi Morgan, the series failed to catch on. In an attempt to remind viewers of the well-received "Loving Murders" storyline from Loving, in mid-1996 the show had most of the characters stalked (and some murdered by) a killer known as The Masquerader who left notes saying "Happy Now". The killer was revealed to be Danny's girlfriend Molly Malone, whose sweet, perky behavior belied her true nature.
Several months later, Lorraine, who had dazzled critics and fans in the final months of Loving, joined the show. She had left her long-lost love Charles (Angie's ex-husband) and took up with fellow middle-aged alcoholic Nick Rivers. Rivers shared a past with Sydney Chase and there were plans to team the two up (they had palpable chemistry a decade earlier in ABC's short-lived prime time soap Paper Dolls) but the plans never materialized.
The end
Morgan Fairchild had only signed a one-year contract and left when that contract expired in late 1996. ABC replaced her with Jane Elliot, who was very popular as the witchy Tracy Quartermaine on General Hospital (Elliot had previously helped produce Loving from 1994-1995). Four months prior to her arrival, Elliot reprised her role on General Hospital for the summer in order to cross over on The City in the fall. However, despite Elliot's addition to the show, ratings continued to be the lowest of any daytime soap opera and ABC pulled the plug.
Two months after the show's finale, after airing classic episodes of ABC's other soaps (All My Children, One Life to Live, and General Hospital) in The CityTemplate:'s time slot, ABC would replace the show with Port Charles, which remained until October 2003. The show did provide happy endings for most of its characters but when they failed to get Morgan Fairchild to appear again as Sydney Chase, the show killed her off by the "Happy Now" killer. Daytime talk show The View used Sydney Chase's loft set from The City until its fifth season.
The original characters of the show included the survivors of the murder storyline on Loving, including Ally Alden (played by Laura Wright), Steffi Brewster (Amelia Heinle), Alex Masters (Randolph Mantooth), Angie Hubbard (Debbi Morgan), Tess Wilder (Catherine Hickland), Buck Huston (Philip Brown), Danny Roberts (Ted King), Jocelyn Roberts (Lisa Lo Cicero), Jacob Foster (Darnell Williams), Frankie Hubbard (Alimi Ballard), Richard Wilkins (Corey Page), and Tony Soleito (George Palermo). Among the original characters there were Zoey (Joni Allen), Nick Rivers (Roscoe Born), Joey Soleito (James Sioutis), Bernard Castro (Philip Anthony-Rodriguez), Sydney Chase (Morgan Fairchild), Azure C (Carlotta Chang), and Molly Malone (Melissa Dye).
Angie Hubbard and her son Frankie were characters that originated in the early 1980s on All My Children, and were transplated to Loving in 1993. Thus, with the premiere of The City in 1995, Angie and Frankie became the first two individuals who have been regular characters on three ABC soap operas.[2][3] Likewise, Angie's portrayer Debbi Morgan became the first actor to portray the same character as a regular on three different soap operas.[4]
Characters Cooper Alden (Michael Weatherly) and Deborah Alden (Nancy Addison) made brief appearances at the start of the series. By 1996, several original cast members had already left the series, including Anthony-Rodriguez, Ballard, Chang, Dye, Fairchild, and Heinle. To refresh the cast, and substitute Fairchild's departure, the show welcomed Tracy Quartermaine (a General Hospital character, played by Jane Elliot) to the show. Other new characters included Dillon Quartermaine (also from GH, played by P.J. Aliseo), Jared Chase (Joel Fabiani), Carla Soleito (Amy Van Horne), Gino Soleito (Al Martino, Joseph Sirola) and Lorraine Hawkins (Maggie Rush).
Ratings history
The City fared poorly from the beginning, ranking last out of 11 soaps and averaging a 2.2 rating for the majority of the 1995-96 television season (Loving had left the air averaging a 2.5 rating between the months of September and November 1995). The ratings dropped to 2.0 for the 1996-97 television season, and producers tried to gain viewers by crossing over Jane Elliot's popular General Hospital character Tracy Quartermaine, who first appeared in October 1996.[5] The City ranked last out of 11 soap operas on the air as late as the final week of February 1997,[5] even below newcomer Sunset Beach, but a stronger than expected finale month in March 1997, coupled with a slight ratings slide for newcomer Sunset Beach, saved The City from last place in the ratings for both of its two seasons on the air. Port Charles, which would debut in The City's timeslot in June 1997, would post a 2.6 rating for 1996-97, and would not fall below The City's lowest yearly rating until 2000-2001.
Daytime Emmy Award wins
- 1996 "Outstanding Art Direction/Set Direction/Scenic Design for a Drama Series"
- 1996 "Outstanding Multiple Camera Editing for a Drama Series"
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- amuse
- verb
(amused; amusing)
Etymology: Middle French amuser, from Old French, from a- (from Latin ad-) + muser to muse
Date: 15th century
transitive verb
a. archaic to divert the attention of so as to deceive
b. obsolete to occupy the attention of ; absorb
c. obsolete distract, bewilder
a. to entertain or occupy in a light, playful, or pleasant manner <amuse the child with a story> b. to appeal to the sense of humor of <the joke doesn't amuse me> intransitive verb obsolete muse • amusedly adverb • amuser noun Synonyms: amuse, divert, entertain mean to pass or cause to pass the time pleasantly. amuse suggests that one's attention is engaged lightly or frivolously <amuse yourselves while I prepare dinner>. divert implies the distracting of the attention from worry or routine occupation especially by something funny <a light comedy to divert the tired businessman>. entertain suggests supplying amusement or diversion by specially prepared or contrived methods <a magician entertaining children at a party>.
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.


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With Britain suffering its first cold snap of the season and more freezing temperatures predicted, health experts fear a repeat of last winter, when the number of deaths linked to cold weather rose by almost a third.
The coldest winter for 50 years saw 31,000 "excess" deaths, most of them in people aged 75 or over, according to the Office for National Statistics. Data on specific causes is not yet available for 2012/2013, but about 40 per cent of such deaths are ascribed to heart attacks or strokes, and a third from respiratory disease.
So why is the cold so lethal, particularly to elderly people? Dr Angie Bone, from Public Health England (PHE), says few people literally "die of the cold"; hypothermia, a dangerous lowering of core body temperature, is uncommon here. However, colder temperatures, both outside and inside the home, have a direct impact on physiology. "Blood vessels constrict, resulting in high blood pressure. As blood is diverted away from the skin to keep vital organs going, fluid is lost from the circulation and blood becomes thicker and more at risk of clotting."
Cold also affects already weakened immune systems, compromising the upper airways' ability to filter out viruses, says Dr Bone. "One theory is that airways become more fragile in the cold, so pathogens can move through them more easily."
Flu, which enjoyed an abnormally prolonged season last winter, is the big killer among the elderly; spread more easily as people spend more time indoors, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
More surprisingly, there are nearly 30 per cent more deaths of dementia sufferers during the winter. "Dementia often causes disturbance of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates body temperature," explains Dr Louise Allan from the Institute for Ageing and Health at Newcastle University. "People with dementia may be less aware of changes in their body temperature, or less able to ask for help in adding extra clothes."
But doesn't exposure to the cold simply bring forward a fatality that was going to happen soon anyway? Not necessarily, says Prof Paul Wilkinson, environmental epidemiologist at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. "The risk from cold is not just among people with recognised disease. As we get old, many of us have subclinical disease that puts us at risk, such as furred-up arteries." He notes, too, that mortality begins to rise at the relatively mild outdoor temperature of 8C: "The ONS reports on the months December to March, but people die from the cold in October, November and April."
Cold affects health indirectly, too: there are more accidents such as falls on icy pavements, and more deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning, as people use potentially dangerous heating appliances. Cold, damp homes are associated with increased depression, anxiety and social isolation.
Indeed, the PHE argues that warmer housing and improved insulation could prevent many deaths in England, which has higher excess winter mortality than colder countries such as Germany and Finland.
Long-term policies aside, elderly people are advised to get a flu jab (free to those aged 65 and over), keep indoor heating to 18-21C, have regular hot meals and drinks, layer clothing and wear shoes with a good grip when going outside. Those younger and fitter are being asked to check on elderly neighbours who live alone, especially as the days get colder.


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Razorback Red Seersucker
$ 17.99
CottonSnaps Sunglass Straps- Inspired by the colors of The University of Arkansas. This state series seersucker snap will go perfect at any tailgating or sporting event supporting your Arkansas Razorbacks.
- Cotton Seersucker construction
- 11.5 inches in length - (Each strap)
- Latex free tubing holds your sunglass frames in place
- Custom 11mm Arkansas State Series riveting
- Epoxy coated magnetic attachment for ease of use & water resistance
- Made for large frame sunglasses


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5 ONLINE SAFETY TIPS by Carson Cahoy
1.Never talk to strangers, They might not be who they tell you they are!
2.Never YELL!!!
You don't want to start a fight.
3.Be how you are.
Don't change for anyone.
4.Don't meet up with anyone you don't know!
They might want to take you away!
5.Change your account names.
If you have the same account names creeps will never be gone!


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Swimmers Versus Seals
"For over a decade, it's been the pinnipeds vs. the people in a fight for control, with activists on both sides using everything from heckling and restraining orders to lawsuits and a stun gun to draw and redraw their respective lines in the sand."
"Seals have been gathering here since the 1990s, gradually making Children's Pool – created as a place for families and children – a seal rookery, a place for the animals to have babies, rest, and relieve themselves. These days, given the water's bacteria levels, it's no longer considered safe for humans to swim."
"Until very recently, the city was asking visitors to stay behind a rope barrier that protected seals lounging at the water's edge. But in 2005, a California Superior Court ordered the city to take down the rope, remove the seals, and clean up the pool. Animal-rights activists appealed the decision, but last month, a US Appeals Court refused to hear their case. The California Supreme Court has also declined to hear it. The city has already begun the permitting process to clear the way for dredging, says Stacey LoMedico, San Diego's Parks and Recreation director. But that process will probably take years, and in the meantime, the battle rages on."


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No. 2 US nuke commander suspended amid probe
No. 2 US nuke commander suspended amid probe
WASHINGTON (AP) — The No. 2 officer at the military command in charge of all U.S. nuclear war-fighting forces has been suspended and is under investigation by the Naval Criminal Investigative Service for issues related to gambling, officials said Saturday.
The highly unusual action against a high-ranking officer at U.S. Strategic Command was made more than three weeks ago but not publicly announced.
Air Force Gen. Robert Kehler, who heads Strategic Command, suspended the deputy commander, Navy Vice Adm. Tim Giardina, from his duties on Sept. 3, according to the command's top spokeswoman, Navy Capt. Pamela Kunze. Giardina is still assigned to the command but is prohibited from performing duties related to nuclear weapons and other issues requiring a security clearance, she said.
Kehler has recommended to Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel that Giardina be reassigned, Kunze said. Giardina has been the deputy commander of Strategic Command since December 2011. He is a career submarine officer and prior to starting his assignment there was the deputy commander and chief of staff at U.S. Pacific Fleet.
Two senior U.S. officials familiar with the investigation said it is related to gambling issues. The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because the probe in incomplete.
Strategic Command oversees the military's nuclear fighter units, including the Navy's nuclear-armed submarines and the Air Force's nuclear bombers and nuclear land-based missiles. It is located near Omaha, Neb.
Kunze said Strategic Command did not announce the Sept. 3 suspension because Giardina remains under investigation and action on Kehler's recommendation that Giardina be reassigned is pending. The suspension was first reported by the Omaha World-Herald.
The spokeswoman said a law enforcement agency, which she would not identify, began an investigation of Giardina on June 16. Kehler became aware of this on July 16, and the following day he asked the Naval Criminal Investigative Service to begin a probe.
The suspension is yet another blow to the military's nuclear establishment. Last spring the nuclear missile unit at Minot Air Force Base, N.D., pulled 17 launch control officers off duty after a problematic inspection and later relieved of duty the officer in charge of training and proficiency. In August a nuclear missile unit at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Mont., failed a nuclear safety and security inspection; nine days later an officer in charge of the unit's security forces was relieved of duty.
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Tiny pup Beyonce's mission to save the lives of other homeless dogs and cats was put into action when her rescue group, The Grace Foundation of Northern California, received a call from a family friend of Dr Phil.
Dr. Phil had received information about a Jindo (Korean breed of dog) with eight puppies that were slated to be euthanized at Carson Animal Control in Southern California. The Jindo breed is near and dear to Dr Phil's heart as it is the same breed as his own beloved rescue dog. Like thousands of dogs in the country that wind up at animal control agencies pregnant or having just birthed, this liter was slated to be put to sleep simply because they were too young to be taken away from their mom and animal control did not have the space or staffing to hold onto them until they were old enough to be adopted out.
At Dr. Phil's request The Grace Foundation was contacted. Dr. Phil offered to pay for the mom and pups if Grace would be willing to rescue them. The Grace Foundation immediately contacted Carson animal control who agreed to stop the euthanasia that was schedule for the same day and allow Grace to pull the dogs. The very next morning a member of Dr. Phil's immediate family and a family friend went down to Carson animal control and paid the nearly $1,000 in fees required to have the dogs released and then paid a transport company to deliver the mom and her tiny pups 350 miles to the Grace Foundation ranch.
Today the puppies and mom are healthy and doing great in the care of a Grace foster family.
"We hope that people can be made aware of Dr. Phil's heroic effort to save the lives of these innocent and voiceless animals. So many people feel that they are too busy or do not believe that they can make a difference, when in fact we all have the ability to create miracles," said Beth DeCaprio executive director and founder of The Grace Foundation. "I cannot imagine the busy schedule of Dr. Phil and all that he is responsible for in a day, but in the midst of his busy life he found the time to save the lives of 9 animals, each and every one of us can learn from this selfless act."
A couple of days after the rescue Dr. Phil ended his show by bringing his own Jindo dog on stage. With a backdrop photo of the mom and puppies Dr. Phil shared the story of the rescue. On his facebook page twice as many people commented on the puppies as they did on Cuba Gooding Jr., who was the guest on the show the same day.
"Typically stories about shelter animals are shown in the media with the images of homeless animals in cages that tear at the heart of even the toughest of people. Tiny Beyonce story has helped to show the happy side of rescue pets" said DeCaprio.
Since Beyonce's mission began six weeks ago more than 100 dogs, moms and pups have been saved from death. This adds to the more than 10,000 animals The Grace Foundation has rescued and rehabilitated since it was founded in 2004.
The Jindo mom puppies will be up adoption when the pups reach eight weeks of age and have been spayed and neutered. The Grace Foundation is currently accepting applications for these puppies and the dozens of other animals.


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Online registration for LPHS opens on Saturday, July 22.
Free summer meals are part of the Summer Food Service Program funded through the U.S. Department of Agriculture and administered by the Illinois State Board of Education.
Asbestos abatement activities are currently scheduled to commence on June 22, 2017 with an anticipated completion date no later than July 26, 2017.
We are excited to announce our high scholarship and honor roll students for the previous semester.
We officially kicked off the start of work on the district's voter-approved $38 million facility renovation project.
For summer school information, check out the Counseling website under the Announcements.
Have a great summer everyone!!
Exam Schedule:
Monday, May 22, 2017
1st period – 7:45 – 9:00
2nd period – 9:05 – 10:20
3rd period – 10:25 – 11:40
Tuesday, May 23, 2017
4th period – 7:45 – 9:00
5th period – 9:05 – 10:20
6th period – 10:25 – 11:40
Make-up exams are from 12:45 – 2:40 on Monday and Tuesday
Happy birthday to the following who have birthdays today through May 23rd:
Annika Draper, Mitchell Andersen, Miguel Castaneda, Alexander Innis, Nicholas Krolak, Jessica Nambo, Rebecca Schmidt, Haevin Britt, Mathew Smith, Ryan Vinyard, Courtney Baxter, Robert Malerk, Jacey Mertel, Ronald Moriarity, Michael Moriarty, Jarrett Reed, Cherish Sabotta, Seth Opsal, Quenton Zeman, Mr. Makeever, and Mrs. Monahan.
If you are interested in playing soccer this summer, there will be a meeting after school on Monday, May 22nd in the new cafeteria – after finals.
For Friday, May 19:
1st - 5th periods - classes will meet as normal
6th period - class will meet 12:55 - 1:20
7th period exam - 1:25 - 2:40


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This research programme focuses on critical analyses of higher-education transformation that study inclusion and exclusion in relation to: 1. The social structure of the academy.2. The power relations embedded within the organisation of knowledge, its disciplines, and disciples. 3. The construction of professional and student identities. 4. The regulation of student life and voice, staff and student access and success. 5. The mechanics of authority within knowledge-generation processes, research subjects, objects, topics, and trends. 6. Pedagogical typologies. 7. The interplay between pedagogy, research, and institutional culture.8.The connextionist dynamics between higher education and the state, private sector, interest groups, pressure formations, and broader society.
For further information, please contact Prof A Keet (firstname.lastname@example.com); JC van der Merwe (email@example.com); or Annelie de Man (firstname.lastname@example.com).