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Applicative Structures and Immediate Discourse in the Turkish Discourse Bank
- Beryl Summers
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1 Applicative Structures and Immediate Discourse in the Turkish Discourse Bank Işın Demirşahin, Adnan Öztürel, Cem Bozşahin, and Deniz Zeyrek Cognitive Science Department, The Informatics Institute, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Abstract Various discourse theories have argued for data structures ranging from the simplest trees to the most complex chain graphs. This paper investigates the structure represented by the explicit connectives annotated in the multiplegenre Turkish Discourse Bank (TDB). The dependencies that violate tree-constraints are analyzed. The effects of information structure in the surface form, which result in seemingly complex configurations with underlying simple dependencies, are introduced; and the structural implications are discussed. The results indicate that our current approach to local discourse structure needs to accommodate properly contained arguments and relations, and partially overlapping as well as shared arguments; deviating further from simple trees, but not as drastically as a chain graph structure would imply, since no genuine cases of structural crossing dependencies are attested in TDB. 1 Introduction A variety of structures for discourse representation has been proposed, including successive trees of varying sizes connected and occasionally intertwined at the peripheries (Hobbs, 1985), a single tree structure (Rhetorical Structure Theory, RST, Mann & Thompson, 1988), entity chains (Knott et al. 2001), tree-adjoining grammars (Discourse-Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar, D-LTAG, Webber, 2004), directed acyclic graphs (Lee et al., 2006, 2008) and chain graphs (Wolf & Gibson, 2005). The simplest of these structures is a tree, which treats discourse structure simpler than sentence-level syntax. The most complex representation, chain graphs that allow for crossing dependencies and other tree-violations, treats discourse as more complex than sentence level. We know since the work of Shieber (1985) and Joshi (1985) that sentence-level structures require more than context-free power, but not to the extent of dealing with general graphs, or with strings that grow out of constant control. It is of general interest to discover whether such complexity occurs in natural discourses, because we would like to know how far discourse structures deviate from applicative semantics. (Applicative structures are binary operations on data; for example a connective s meaning depending only on two arguments. A system is applicative if it only makes use of function application, but not e.g. graph reduction or general function composition. The concepts are distinct but related: function application can be linked to applicative structures by currying.) If more complex structures are found, we must go above applicative semantics, and we must worry about function compositions and graph reductions, which are known to require more computational power. 2 Turkish Discourse Bank Turkish Discourse Bank (TDB) is the first largescale publicly available language resource with discourse level annotations for Turkish built on a ~ 400,000-word sub-corpus of METU Turkish Corpus (MTC) (Say et al., 2002), annotated in the style of Penn Discourse Tree Bank (PDTB) (Prasad et al., 2008). The TDB Relations are annotated for explicit discourse connectives, which link two spans of text that can be interpreted as Abstract Objects (Asher, 1993). Connectives are annotated together with their modifiers and arguments,and with supplementary materials for the arguments (Zeyrek & Webber, 2008; Zeyrek
2 et al., 2010). The first release of TDB is available at As in PDTB, the connectives in TDB come from a variety of syntactic classes (Zeyrek & Webber, ibid). The coordinating and subordinating conjunctions such as ve and and için for and in order to, respectively, are considered structural connectives, meaning that they take both arguments structurally. Discourse adverbials and phrasal expressions that are built by combining a discourse-anaphoric element with a subordinating conjunction are considered to be anaphoric connectives, meaning that they only take the argument that is syntactically related, and the other argument is interpreted anaphorically. In PDTB and TDB style, the syntactically related argument is called the second argument (Arg2), and the other argument is called the first argument (Arg1), for both structural and anaphoric connectives. The syntactic class of the discourse connective will be included in the further releases of TDB along with the sense of the discourse relations, and some morphological features for the arguments of subordinating conjunctions (Demirşahin et al., 2012). 3 Discourse Relation Configurations in Turkish Lee et al. (2006) identified independent relations and fully embedded relations as conforming to the tree structure, and shared arguments, properly contained arguments, pure crossing, and partially overlapping arguments as departures from the tree structure in PDTB. Although most departures from the tree structure can be accounted for by non-structural explanations, such as anaphora and attribution, Lee et al. (2006, 2008) state that shared arguments may have to be accepted in discourse structure. Aktaş et al. (2010) identified similar structures in TDB, adding nested relations that do not violate tree structure constraints, as well as properly contained relations that introduce further deviations from trees. Following their terminology, we will reserve the word relation to discourse relations (or coherence relations), and use the term configuration to refer to relations between discourse relations. 1.1 Independent, Fully Embedded and Nested Relations The first release of TDB consists of 8,484 explicit relations. The argument spans of some discourse connectives do not overlap with those of any other connectives in the corpus. We call them independent relations. All others are called nonindependent relations. We have identified 2,548 non-independent configurations consisting of 3,474 unique relations, meaning that 5,010 relations (59.05%) are independent. Table 1 shows the distribution of 2,548 non-independent configurations. Configuration # % Full Embedding Nested Relations Total Non-violating Configurations Shared Argument Prop. Cont. Argument Prop. Cont. Relation Pure Crossing Partial Overlap Total Violating Configurations Total Table 1: Distribution of non-independent configurations Since full embedding and nested relations conform to tree structure, these configurations will not be discussed further. The following subsections discuss the suitability of explanations involving anaphora and attribution to tree-violating configurations. Those that cannot be completely explained away must be accommodated by the discourse structure. 1.2 Shared Arguments Lee et al. (2006, 2008) state that shared argument is one of the configurations that cannot be explained away, and should be accommodated by discourse structure. Similarly, Egg & Redeker (2008) admit that even in a corpus annotated within RST Framework, which enforces tree structure by annotation guidelines, there is a genre-specific structure that is similar to the shared arguments in Lee et al. (2006).
3 Figure 1 - Shared Argument Of the 489 shared arguments in TDB, 331 belong to anaphoric discourse relations (i.e. relations in which at least one of the connectives involved is either a discourse adverbial or a phrasal expression) (67.69%). In the remaining 158 relations (32.31%), arguments are shared by structural connectives. (1) is an example of a shared argument. (1) &3 (a) Vazgeçmek kolaydı, ertelemek de. Ama tırmanmaya başlandı mı bitirilmeli! Çünkü her seferinde acımasız bir geriye dönüş vardı. It was easy to give up, so was to postpone. But once you start climbing you have to go all the way! Because there was a cruel comeback everytime. (b) Vazgeçmek kolaydı, ertelemek de. Ama tırmanmaya başlandı mı bitirilmeli! Çünkü her seferinde acımasız bir geriye dönüş vardı. It was easy to give up, so was to postpone. But once you start climbing you have to go all the way! Because there was a cruel comeback everytime. All examples are from TDB; the first line indicates the file name ( in (1)), and the browser index of the connectives involved in the configuration (2 & 3 in (1)). The first arguments (Arg1) of the connectives are in italic, the second arguments (Arg2) are in bold. The connectives themselves are underlined. For the sake of simplicity, the modifiers of the connectives are displayed as part of the connective, and the shared tags are omitted when they are immaterial to the configuration being discussed. In (1), the first argument of but (relation 2) annotated in (a) completely overlaps with the first argument of because (relation 3), annotated in (b) on the same text for comparison. The result is a shared argument configuration. 1.3 Properly Contained Relations and Arguments In TDB there are 1,018 properly contained relations, almost half of which (471 relations; 46.27%) are caused by anaphoric relations. Properly contained relations where anaphoric connectives are not involved can be caused by attribution, complement clauses, and relative clauses. (2) is a relation within a relative clause (a), which is part of another relation in the matrix clause (b). The result is a properly contained relation. (2) &28 (a) Sabah çok erken saatte bir önceki akşam gün batmadan hemen önce astığı çamaşırları toplamaya çıkıyordu ve doğal olarak da gün batmadan o günkü çamaşırları asmak için geliyordu. She used to go out to gather the clean laundry she had hung to dry right before the sun went down the previous evening, and naturally she came before sunset to hang the laundry of the day. (b) Sabah çok erken saatte bir önceki akşam gün batmadan hemen önce astığı çamaşırları toplamaya çıkıyordu ve doğal olarak da gün batmadan o günkü çamaşırları asmak için geliyordu. She used to go out to gather the clean laundry she had hung to dry the previous evening right before the sun went down, and naturally she came before sunset to hang the laundry of the day. a. Full Embedding b. Properly Contained Relation Figure 2 - Properly Contained Relation vs. Full Embedding
4 Sometimes a verb of attribution is the only element that causes proper containment. Lee et al. (2006) argue that since the relation between the verb of attribution and the owner of the attribution is between an abstract object and an entity, and not between two abstract objects, it is not a relation on the discourse level. Therefore, those stranded verbs of attribution should not be regarded as tree-structure violations. In (3) the properly contained relations occur in a quote, but the intervening materials are more than just verbs of attribution. Because the intervening materials in (3) are whole sentences that participate in complex discourse structures, we believe that (3) is different than the case proposed by Lee et al. (2006) and should be considered a genuine case of properly contained relation. (3) , 11&13 (a) "Evet, küçük amcamdı o, nur içinde yatsın, yetmişlik bir rakıyı devirip ipi sek sek geçmeye kalkmış; kaptan olan amcam ise kocaman bir gemiyi sulara gömdü. Aylardan kasımdı, ben çocuktum, çok iyi anımsıyorum, fırtınalı bir gecede, Karadeniz in batısında batmışlardı. Kaptandı, ama yüzme bilmezdi amcam. Bir namaz tahtasına sarılmış olarak kıyıya vurduğunda kollarını zor açmışlar, yarı yarıya donmuş. Belki de o anda Tanrı ya yakarıp yardım istiyordu, çünkü çok dindar bir adamdı. Ama artık değil; küp gibi içip meyhanelerde keman çalıyor." Sonra da Nesli nin ilgiyle çatılmış alnına bakıp gülüyor: "Çok istavritsin!" Yes, he was my younger uncle, may he rest in peace, he tried to hop on the tightrope after quaffing down a bottle of raki; my other uncle who was a captain, on the other hand, sank a whole ship. It was October, I was a child, I remember it vividly, in a stormy night, they sank by the west of the Black Sea. He was a captain, but he couldn t swim, my uncle. When he washed ashore holding onto a piece of driftwood, they pried open his arms with great difficulty, he was half frozen. Maybe at that moment he was begging God for help, because he was a very religious man. But not anymore, now he hits the bottle and plays the violin in taverns. Then he sees Nesli s interested frown and laughs: You re so gullible! (b) "Evet, [...] Ama artık değil; küp gibi içip meyhanelerde keman çalıyor." Sonra da Nesli nin ilgiyle çatılmış alnına bakıp gülüyor: "Çok istavritsin!" Yes, [...]But not anymore, now he hits the bottle and plays the violin in taverns. Then he sees Nesli s interested frown and laughs: You re so gullible! Whereas attribution can be discarded as a nondiscourse relation, a discourse model based on discourse connectives should be able to accommodate partially contained relations resulting from relations within complements of verbs and relative clauses. Figure 3 - Properly Contained Argument As in properly contained relations, properly contained arguments may arise when an abstract object that is external to a quote is in a relation with an abstract object in a quote. Likewise, a discourse relation within the complement of a verb or a relative clause can cause properly contained arguments. Anaphoric connectives account for the 129 (66.49%) of the 194 properly contained arguments in TDB. 1.4 Partial Overlap There are only 12 partial overlaps in TDB, and 3 of them involve anaphoric relations. Figure 4 - Partial Overlap In (4), the argument span of in order to partially overlaps with the argument span of to. This is a partial overlap of the arguments of two structural connectives. (4) &45 (a) Hükümetin, 1998 de kapatılan kumarhaneleri, kaynak sorununa çözüm bulmak amacıyla yeniden açmak için harekete geçmesi, tartışma yarattı. The fact that the governtment took action in order to reopen the casinos that were closed down in 1998 in order to come up with a solution to the resource problem caused arguments. (b) Hükümetin, 1998 de kapatılan kumarhaneleri, kaynak sorununa çözüm bulmak amacıyla yeniden açmak için harekete geçmesi, tartışma yarattı. The fact that the governtment took action in order to reopen the casinos that were closed down in 1998
5 in order to come up with a solution to the resource problem caused arguments. The first argument of relation 44 (a) properly contains the first argument of 45 (b), whereas the second argument of (b) properly contains the second argument of (a). This double containment results in a complicated structure that will be analyzed in detail in 3.5. In (5) the second argument of but (relation 42 (a)) contains only one of the two conjoined clauses, whereas the first argument of after (relation 43 (b)) contains both of them. The most probable cause for this difference in annotations is the combination of blind annotation with the minimality principle. This principle guides the participants to annotate the minimum text span required to interpret the relation. Since the annotators cannot see previous annotations, they have to assess the minimum span of an argument again when they annotate the second relation. Sometimes the minimal span for one relation is annotated differently than the minimal span required for the other, resulting in partial overlaps. (5) &43 (a) Yine istediği kişiyi bir türlü görememişti, ama aylarca sabrettikten sonra gözetlediği bir kadın soluğunu daralttı, tüyleri diken diken oldu. Once again he couldn t see the person he wanted to see, but after waiting patiently for months, a woman he peeped at took his breath away, gave him goose bumps. (b) Yine istediği kişiyi bir türlü görememişti, ama aylarca sabrettikten sonra gözetlediği bir kadın soluğunu daralttı, tüyleri diken diken oldu. Once again he couldn t see the person he wanted to see, but after waiting patiently for months, a woman he peeped at took his breath away, gave him goose bumps. 1.5 Pure Crossing There are only 2 pure crossing examples in the current release of TDB, a number so small that it is tempting to treat them as negligible. However, the inclusion of pure crossing would result in the most dramatic change in capturing the discourse structure, raising the complexity level to chain graph and making discourse structure markedly more complex than sentence level grammar. Therefore, we would like to discuss both examples in detail. (6) &55 (a) Sonra ansızın sesler gelir. Ayak sesleri. Birilerinin ya işi vardır, aceleyle yürürler, ya koşarlar. O zaman kız katılaşır ansızın. Oğlan da katılaşır ve her koşunun gizli bir isteği var. And then suddenly there is a sound. Foot steps. Someone has an errand to run, they walk hurriedly or run. Then the girl stiffens suddenly. The boy stiffens, too; and every run has a hidden wish. (b) Sonra ansızın sesler gelir. Ayak sesleri. Birilerinin ya işi vardır, aceleyle yürürler, ya koşarlar. O zaman kız katılaşır ansızın. Oğlan da katılaşır ve her koşunun gizli bir isteği var. And then suddenly there is a sound. Foot steps. Someone has an errand to run, they walk hurriedly or run. Then the girl stiffens suddenly. The boy stiffens, too; and every run has a hidden wish. In (6), the discourse relation encoded by then is not only anaphoric -and therefore not determinant in terms of discourse structure- but also the crossing annotation does not necessarily arise from the coherence relation of the connective s arguments. It is more likely imposed by lexical cohesive elements (Halliday & Hasan, 1976), as the annotators apparently made use of the repetitions of ansızın suddenly and koş run in the text when they could not interpret the intended meaning. Figure 5 - Pure Crossing The other example, given in (7), is not anaphoric. It is more interesting as it points to a peculiar structure similar to (4) in 3.4, a surface crossing which is frequent in the subordinating conjunctions of Turkish. (7) ,32&34 (a) Ceza, Telekom un iki farklı internet alt yapısı pazarında tekel konumunu kötüye kullandığı için ve uydu istasyonu işletmeciliği pazarında artık tekel hakkı kalmadığı halde rakiplerinin faaliyetlerini zorlaştırdığı için verildi. The penalty was given because Telekom abused its monopoly status in the two different internet infrastructure markets and because it caused difficulties with its rivals activities although it did not have a monopoly status in the satellite management market anymore.
6 (b) Ceza, Telekom un iki farklı internet alt yapısı pazarında tekel konumunu kötüye kullandığı için ve uydu istasyonu işletmeciliği pazarında artık tekel hakkı kalmadığı halde rakiplerinin faaliyetlerini zorlaştırdığı için verildi. The penalty was given because Telekom abused its monopoly status in the two different internet infrastructure markets and because it caused difficulties with its rivals activities although it did not have a monopoly status in the satellite management market anymore. (c) Ceza, Telekom un iki farklı internet alt yapısı pazarında tekel konumunu kötüye kullandığı için ve uydu istasyonu işletmeciliği pazarında artık tekel hakkı kalmadığı halde rakiplerinin faaliyetlerini zorlaştırdığı için verildi. The penalty was given because Telekom abused its monopoly status in the two different internet infrastructure markets and because it caused difficulties with its rivals activities although it did not have a monopoly status in the satellite management market anymore. A closer inspection reveals that the pure crossings in (7) are caused by two distinct reasons. The first reason is the repetition of the subordinator için because. Had there been only the rightmost subordinator, the relation would be a simple case of Full Embedding, where ve and in (b) connects the two reasons for the penalty, while the rightmost subordinator connects the combined reasons to the matrix clause (see Figure 6). However, since both subordinators were present, they were annotated separately. They share their first arguments, and take different spans as their second arguments, which are also connected by ve and, resulting in an apparent pure crossing. Our alternative analysis is that ve and actually takes the subordinators için because in its scope, and it should be analyzed similar to an assumed single-subordinator case. This kind of annotation was not available in TDB because the annotation guidelines state that the discourse connectives at the peripheries of the arguments should be left out. Machine Learning can help us spot these instances. The second reason for crossing is the wrapping of the first arguments of (a) and (c) around the subordinate clause. This crossing is in fact not a configuration-level dependency, but a relationlevel surface phenomenon confined within the relation anchored by için because, without underlying complex discourse semantics. Example (8) is a simpler case where the surface crossing within the relation can be observed. a. Double-subordinator (as-is) b. Single-subordinator (hypothetical) Figure 6 - Configuration for (7) as is, and the hypothetical single-subordinator version
7 (8) de İstanbul Ticaret Odası, bir zahire ve ticaret borsası kurulması için girişimde bulunuyor ama sonuç alamıyor. In 1882, İstanbul Chamber of Commerce makes an attempt for founding a Provisions and Commodity Exchange Market but cannot obtain a result. Subordinators in Turkish form adverbial clauses (Kornfilt, 1997), so they can occupy any position that is legitimate for a sentential adverb. Wrapping in discourse seems to be motivated information-structurally. In the unmarked position, the subordinate clause comes before the matrix clause and introduces a theme. However, the discourse constituents can occupy different positions or carry non-neutral prosodic features to express different information structures (Demirşahin, 2008). In (7), wrapping takes ceza penalty away from the rheme and makes it part of the theme, at the same time bringing the causal discourse relation into the rheme. As is clear from the gloss in (7) and its stringset, this is function application, where ceza verildi penalty was given wraps in the first argument as a whole. Double occurrence of the connective within the wrapped-in argument is causing the apparent crossing, but there is in fact one discourse relation. Figure 7 - Wrapping Wrapping in discourse is almost exclusive to subordinating conjunctions, possibly due to their adverbial freedom in sentence-level syntax. The subordinators make up 468 of the total of 479 wrapping cases identified in TDB. However, there are also four cases of coordinating conjunctions with wrapping. Two of them result in surface crossing as in (9), and the other two build a nested-like structure, as in (10) and (11). The latter two are both parentheticals. (9) Bezirci nin sonradan elimize geçen ve 1985 lerde yaptığı antoloji hazırlığında, [ ] In the preparation for an anthology which Bezirci made during 1985 s and which came into our possession later[ ] In (9) ve and links two relative clauses, one of which seems to be embedded in the other. It should be noted that the first part of Arg1 (Bezirci-nin) has an ambiguous suffix. The suffix could be the agreement marker of the relative clause, as reflected in the annotation, or it could be the genitive marked complement of the genitive-possessive construction Bezirci nin antoloji hazırlığı Bezirci s anthology preparation. The latter analysis does not cause wrapping. (10) Biz yasalar karşısında evli sayılacak, ama gerçekte evli iki insan gibi değil de (evlilikler sıradanlaşıyordu çünkü, tekdüze ve sıkıcıydı; biz farklı olacaktık), aynı evi paylaşan iki öğrenci gibi yaşayacaktık. We would be married under the law, but in reality we would live like two students sharing the same house rather than two married people (because marriages were getting ordinary, (they were) monotonous and boring; we would be different). (11) Masa ya da duvar saatleri bulunmayan, ezan seslerini her zaman duyamayıp zamanı öğrenmek için erkeklerin (evde oldukları zaman, tabii) cep saatiyle doğanın ışık saatine ve kendi içgüdüleriyle tahminlerine bel bağlayan birçok aile, yaşamlarını bu top sesine göre ayarlarlardı. Lots of families who didn t have a table clock or a wall clock and couldn t always hear the prayer calls, who relied upon the men s pocket watch (when they were home, of course) and their instincts and guesses to learn the time adjusted their lives according to this cannon shot. Both (10) and (11) are parentheticals, resulting in a double-wrapping-like construction (Figure 8). However, parentheticals move freely in the clause and occupy various positions, so we believe that this construction should be taken as a peculiarity of the parenthetical, rather than the structural connectives involved in the relation. Figure 8 - Double-wrap-like Parenthetical Construction for (10)
8 4 Conclusion In this paper we presented possible deviations from the tree structure in the first release of TDB. Following Lee et al. (2006, 2008) and Aktaş et al. (2010). We have scanned the corpus for shared arguments, properly contained relations and arguments, partial overlaps, and pure crossings. Overall, about half of these configurations can be accounted for by anaphoric relations, i.e. they are not applicative structures (see Table 2). Note that if one of the relations in a configuration is anaphoric, we treat the configuration as anaphoric. Structuraphoric Ana- Configuration Total Shared Argument % 67.69% % Prop. Cont. Arg % 66.49% % Prop. Cont. Rel % 46.27% % Pure Crossing % 50.00% % Partial Overlap % 25.00% % Total % 54.52% % Table 2: Distribution of anaphoric relations among tree-violating configurations In addition to the shared arguments that were accepted in discourse structure by Lee et al., we have also come up with partially contained relations arising from verbal complements and relative clauses. These structures can be treated differently in other frameworks; for instance in RST, they are treated as discourse constituents taking part in coherence relations. However, for the connective-based approach adopted in this study, they need to be accommodated as deviations from tree structure. The few partial overlaps we have encountered could mostly be explained away by wrapping and by different interpretations of annotation guidelines by the annotators, especially the minimality principle. Recall that wrap has applicative semantics. Of the two pure crossing examples we have found, one was also anaphoric, whereas the other could be explained in terms of informationstructurally motivated relation-level surface crossing, rather than configuration-level crossing dependency. In other words, if we leave the processing of information structure to other processes, the need for more elaborate annotation disappears. In Joshi s (2011) terminology, immediate discourse in the TDB appears to be an applicative structure, which, unlike syntax, seems to be in no need of currying. As a result, we can state that pure crossing (i.e. crossing of the arguments of structural connectives) is not genuinely attested in the current release of TDB. The annotation scheme need not be enriched to allow more complex algorithms to deal with unlimited use of crossing. There seems to be a reason in every contested case to go back to the annotation, and revise it in ways to keep the applicative semantics, without losing much of the connective s meaning. In summary, our preliminary analysis shows that discourse structure may have to accommodate partial containment and wrap in addition to shared arguments. TDB has an applicative structure. Taking into account that independent relations, fully embedded relations and nested relations are frequent in discourse structure, and that the discourse structure should accommodate shared arguments and partial containments; we are currently inclined to think of discourse structure as Hobbs (1985) does: local trees of various sizes connected and occasionally intertwined at the edges. Further complications within trees are an open field for further studies. References Berfin Aktaş, Cem Bozşahin, Deniz Zeyrek Discourse Relation Configurations in Turkish and an Annotation Environment. Proc. LAW IV - The Fourth Linguistic Annotation Workshop. Nicholas Asher Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Işın Demirşahin Connective Position, Argument Order and Information Structure of Discourse Connectives in Written Turkish Texts. Unpublished MS Thesis, Cognitive Science Program, Middle East Technical University. Işın Demirşahin, Ayışığı Sevdik-Çallı, Hale Ögel Balaban, Ruket Çakıcı and Deniz Zeyrek Turkish Discourse Bank: Ongoing Developments. Proc. LREC The First Turkic Languages Workshop.
9 Markus Egg, Gisela Redeker How Complex is Discourse Structure? Proc. 7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2010) pp Michael A. K. Halliday, Ruqaiya Hasan Cohesion in English. London: Longman Jerry R. Hobbs On the Coherence and Structure of Discourse. Report CSLI-85-37, Center for Study of Language and Information. Aravind K. Joshi How Much Contextsensitivity is Necessary for Characterizing Structural Descriptions: Tree Adjoining Grammars. In Natural Language Parsing, David Dowty and Lauri Karttunen and Arnold Zwicky (eds.), Cambridge University Press. Aravind K. Joshi Some Aspects of Transition from Sentence to Discourse. Keynote address, Informatics Science Festival, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, June 9. Alan Lee, Rashmi Prasad, Aravind K. Joshi, Nikhil Dinesh, Bonnie Webber Complexity of dependencies in discourse: are dependencies in discourse more complex than in syntax? Proc. 5th Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theory (TLT 06 ). Alan Lee, Rashmi Prasad, Aravind K. Joshi, Bonnie Webber Departures from tree structures in discourse. Proc. Workshop on Constraints in Discourse III. William C. Mann, Sandra A. Thompson Rhetorical structure theory: Toward a functional theory of text organization. Text, 8(3), Alistair Knott, Jon Oberlander, Michael O Donnel, Chris Mellish Beyond elaboration: The interaction of relations and focus in coherent text. In T. Sanders, J. Schilperoord & W. Spooren (Eds.), Text Representation: Linguistic and psycholinguistic aspects ( ): John Benjamins Publishing. Jacqueline Kornfilt Turkish. New York: Routledge. Rashmi Prasad, Nikhil Dinesh, Alan Lee, Eleni Miltsakaki, Livio Robaldo, Aravind K. Joshi, Bonnie Webber The Penn Discourse Treebank 2.0. Proc. LREC 08 - The sixth international conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. Bilge Say, Deniz Zeyrek, Kemal Oflazer, and Umut Özge Development of a Corpus and a Treebank for Present-day Written Turkish. Proc. Eleventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics (ICTL 2002). Shieber, Stuart Evidence against the Context- Freeness of Natural Language. Linguistics and Philosophy: 8: Bonnie Webber D-LTAG: Extending Lexicalized TAG to Discourse. Cognitive Science, 28(5), Florian Wolf, Edward Gibson Representing discourse coherence: a corpus-based study. Computational Linguistics 31: Deniz Zeyrek, and Bonnie Webber A Discourse Resource for Turkish: Annotating Discourse Connectives in the METU Turkish Corpus. Proc. 6 th Workshop on Asian Language Resources, The Third International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJNLP). Deniz Zeyrek, Işın Demirşahin, Ayışığı Sevdik- Çallı, Hale Ögel Balaban, İhsan Yalçınkaya, Ümit Deniz Turan The annotation scheme of Turkish discourse bank and an evaluation of inconsistent annotations. Proc. 4th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW IV).
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text:
Caymus Special Selection Cabernet Sauvignon 2006
Winemaker Notes
We are proud to offer limited amounts of the new release of Caymus Special Selection – dark and intense with deep, rich flavors of black currant, cherry, mocha and spice. A collectible masterpiece!
Only shipping discounts can be applied to this product, other promotional discounts do not apply.
Critical Acclaim
Complex, riveting aromas of spice, cola and sassafras join wild berry, spice, black cherry and sage notes in this full-bodied, intensely flavored, tightly focused and very persistent display of fruit that's long and lingering.
Fabulous aromas of sweet tobacco, dark fruits, and dark chocolate. Full bodied and soft, with lovely velvety tannins and a long fruity finish. Nice subtlety. This is ready to go today. Why wait? Find the wine.
Both of the Caymus Cabernets reviewed in this issue embrace unabashed ripeness as a defining trait, but, in this instance, the wine's rush to ripeness is balanced by a wealth of very sweet oak and well-extracted fruit. Plush and full-bodied and shot through with cassis and cocoa, the wine more than makes up in richness for what it may lack in finesse, and its slight edge of last-minute heat is easy enough to forgive. Fans of unabashedly expressive Cabernets will find lots to like here.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I've leading a healthy life style for 2 years, mostly doing home workout DVD's.
Looking for workout buddies, tips, advice from more experienced peeps, and have fun in this never ending journey.
Currently I am working my core which is my weakness. Been battling with it since forever, most of my body fat stays stuck there, so no matter how much I tone in upper body, the core makes me look awful.
Doing a program called Rev Abs, hoping it finally gets my core where I want it to be.
Let's rock!


text:
This Is What Former 'Dawson's Creek' Star Kerr Smith Looks Like Today
Smith, now 41, has aged considerably since Dawson's Creek went off the air 10 years ago, to the point where he kind of looks like he's auditioning for an unwarranted sequel to The Chronicles of Narnia. Yet somehow, the whole silver fox thing kind of works.
… More »


text:
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Title:Kansas City Attorney | Bankruptcy Criminal DWI DUI and Immigration Law
Description:Attorney in Kansas City and Blue Springs Missouri dedicated to Bankruptcy, Chapter 7 and Chapter 13, the defense of criminal, driving while intoxicated, traffic tickets, and immigration violations.
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Kansas City Attorney | Bankruptcy Criminal DWI DUI and Immigration Law Kansas City Missouri Attorney (816) 559-7775 | firstname.lastname@example.com Ison Law Office Practiceareas we can help Criminal Law Defense Immigration and Deportation Law DWI / DUI Defense Traffic Ticket Law Business Formation and Litigation General Law Practice Aboutmeet our firm Scott Ison Scott Ison #8211; Experience Our Advantages ConsultationFree Consultation Bloginfo #038; ideas Clientstalk to us Client Message Center Make A Payment Contactget in touch If you have been arrested or are under investigation for a crime #8230; If you have been accused, arrested or are under investigation for a crime, don #8217;t hesitate in contacting an attorney.Т A good criminal defense attorney can start helping you even before the prosecutor charges you. Even minor crimes can adversely impact your career, family, and reputation. Contact us for your free case review We practice law differently at the Ison Law Office #8230; We believe that your choice of an attorney can be one of the most important decisions you make, that is why we offer a free consultation on all legal matters. We also know that you do not want a surprise when you receive your bill.Т That is why we do not bill by the hour.Т We take on all our cases on a flat fee basis and provide you with a written estimate of that flat fee before you hire us. If you have been arrested or charged with DUI or DWI #8230; Don #8217;t delay in contacting an experienced DUI lawyer.Т You only have a few weeks from the time you are arrested to fight you license revocation. The Ison Law Office has years of experience representing individuals accused of DUI or DWI in the Kansas City Area. 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I will write a promo review of your techno track on bassmusic502(1)
About This Gig
I will write a review on bassmusic502, we will also promote the review in our social media channels and targeted groups.
Hello, I am Miguel Mayen (MnCve) a dj and producer from Ciudad De Guatemala. Now
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"Centurion" by Robert Babicz on his label BabiczStyle. His tracks can be
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CASC 2015-2016 Benchmark Report
We had a total of 33 full members participate in our benchmark survey. We will be releasing individual sections of the report as seen below. CASC Membership can access the reports at no cost by logging in to our members only section. Non-members of CASC can purchase each report for $25.00 CAD. Please contact us.
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I decided that my goal while in Africa would be to unplug from the world and to plug completely into the Kingdom. In escaping the landscape of America and all of its distractions, I wanted to live in complete trust and dependence on God away from my "normal" and out of my comfort zone. In my journal entry that day I challenged myself to rest, be un-rushed, stay calm, and to see the needs around me.
In the airport I felt completely blanketed in prayers, love & support and whenever I started to feel the tinge bit of nervousness a tender but stern voice would say "Fear not, for I am with you Amanda."
The flights from Providence, RI to Detroit, MI to Amsterdam to Nairobi went safely and seamlessly. (Loved flying on that 747!) Once in Nairobi my team and I spent the night in a very quaint and gracious hotel before starting our 6-8 hour car journey to Migori, Kenya, Brittney's Home of Grace the next morning.
|Flight Information!
|Kenya Visa & Yellow Fever, Typhoid, Meningitis & Hep A proof of vaccination
|Isaiah 6:8
|The Team!!! 2 surgeons, 1 medical assistant, 1 ancillary staff, 1 OB RN, 1 PACU RN, 3 CRNA's, 1 General Care MD, 1 SRNA!
Thank you Lord for bringing us together and sending us together.


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The San Jose Earthquakes have been busy this week and their flurry of activity carried over into Friday's 2005 MLS SuperDraft. The Quakes consummated three trades and, along with the Chicago Fire, made a league-high seven selections in the draft.
The blockbuster trade of the afternoon was one that sent midfielders Richard Mulrooney and Arturo Alvarez, along with the sixth and 29th picks in the draft, to Dallas in exchange for midfielder Brad Davis, an allocation and the fourth overall pick in the draft.
Former MetroStars midfielder Ricardo Clark is also on his way to the Bay Area, having been traded to the Quakes for a portion of the allocation from Landon Donovan's departure in addition to a youth international spot. Near the end of the day, the Quakes sent the final pick in the draft to D.C. United and got a player to be named later in return.
Friday's moves come after a midweek trade that brought forward Alejandro Moreno and defender Chris Aloisi to the Quakes from the Galaxy in exchange for defender Todd Dunivant and goalkeeper Steve Cronin.
"We knew coming in here that we were going to be busy," Earthquakes head coach Dominic Kinnear said. "With the departures and the roster spots open, we had to do something.
"[We] needed to make a few moves and try to straighten ourselves in other areas. I felt we did that."
There may even be more work in store for Kinnear and Quakes general manager Alexi Lalas, but for the moment, Kinnear said it's time to take a break.
"I've got to go hop on a plane and close my eyes for a while," the coach said.
BEST FRIENDS FOREVER: Let the trash talking begin between best friends and former Indiana University players Danny O'Rourke and Drew Moor. The two have become very close in the past two years and look forward to growing into their new roles as professional soccer players together.
O'Rourke was selected by the San Jose Earthquakes with the fourth pick in Friday's draft, and Moor was taken just two picks later by FC Dallas, his hometown team.
"We trash-talked when we were on the same team, so now that we're on different teams, it's going to come in full force," Moor joked. "And our dads, also. They'll start bickering at each other pretty soon as well."
Moor said he and O'Rourke have fed off of each other since Moor came to Indiana in 2003. The two talk all the time, and Moor said O'Rourke is more than a teammate; he's also a role model.
"It was he and I, always, at school," Moor said. "He's someone I look up to on the field and off the field. To be drafted right next to each other tells a lot about each other and how we drive each other to succeed."
O'Rourke returned the compliment.
"Drew's my best friend, so I couldn't be prouder of him, especially for him to go back home to Dallas," he said. "Of course, we'll be in the same region, so we'll be able to play each other a bunch."
This season, O'Rourke and Moor teamed up to help Indiana win its second consecutive NCAA Division I title, and after the title match, the two posed back-to-back for photos with the championship trophy. O'Rourke said today is the pinnacle of his time with the Hoosiers.
"To cap it off by being drafted in the first round, it's a great closing to an awesome year," he said.
SURPRISE GUEST: One of the biggest surprises of the day might have been new MetroStars midfielder Chris Corcoran. The surprise wasn't that the St. John's University product was selected, but that he was in attendance Friday.
Corcoran's father two days ago convinced him to attend, saying it would be a memorable moment for him to be at the draft for his selection. Corcoran had doubted that he would get selected due to a series of foot injuries this season and didn't want to come to Baltimore if he wasn't going to be taken.
When the Metros picked him with the 25th overall selection, Corcoran was sitting in the audience without the all access pass the rest of the players in attendance were given. So, after his name was called, Corcoran stayed in his seat. It wasn't until the MetroStars called Corcoran to tell him he had been selected that it became clear Corcoran was in the building. The tip-off: all of the noise in the background.
"To get picked up by the MetroStars is a dream come true," Corcoran said.
Corcoran said he initially broke his left foot over the summer, and after that healed, he broke his right foot and then broke his left foot again. At Friday's draft, he wore a walking cast on his left leg.
"Because of my injury I only played in eight games. I was probably fit for one of them," he said. "I wasn't sure if that was enough to get drafted."
TOGETHER AGAIN: There will be a reunion of sorts in Salt Lake City this spring, as former U.S. under-17 national team coach and current Real Salt Lake head coach John Ellinger selected two of his former players in Friday's SuperDraft. Ellinger chose 16-year-old Nikolas Besagno with the top pick and followed that up by taking forward Jamie Watson with the 13th overall selection.
Both players are delighted to be joining their former coach and mentor with the league's newest team. Besagno joined the U-17 residency program in April 2004 at Ellinger's request. In 20 matches with the U-17s this year, Besagno notched one goal and two assists from his defensive midfield position and wore the captain's armband at times.
"I know him, I know how he coaches. He knows me, my skills, what I'm good at," Besagno said. "I think it's awesome that I get to play with him."
Watson played for the U-17s from 2002-2004, scoring 14 goals at that level. He was a starter alongside Freddy Adu at the 2003 FIFA Under-17 World Championship, a tournament in which he tallied a goal and an assist.
"This is the route I wanted to go. I wanted to be under a coach like Coach Ellinger," Watson said. "I think he's going to put a winning attitude in the back of everybody's mind.
"I evolved into the player I am now under him. I can't wait."
Ellinger has been a guide for Watson since the 18-year-old started with the U-17s. Ellinger helped Watson decide where to go to school -- University of North Carolina -- and the coach also helped him decide to leave school after his sophomore year and join the league's Generation adidas youth development program.
"He was somebody I trusted a lot," Watson said. "He's been involved in all of the important decisions."
WIZARDS ON THE ATTACK: The Kansas City Wizards came into Friday's SuperDraft with the intention of acquiring attacking players, and in the eyes of Wizards head coach Bob Gansler, they've succeeded.
The Wizards not only got two all-out attackers in forwards Scott Sealy (No. 11) and Ryan Pore (No. 16), but they also obtained midfielder Sasha Victorine from the Los Angeles Galaxy in exchange for the 15th overall selection. Gansler said Victorine, a proven player who can operate in nearly every part of the field, could help drive the Wizards' attack from the midfield.
"Our first two picks we wanted to get someone who could help us in attacking out of the back and midfield, and then also someone who can help us up top," Gansler said. "With Pore and Sealy, we got the up top part. With Sasha Victorine, I feel that we got someone who can help us come through the midfield. "We didn't quite come up with the attacking wingback or central defender that can get us forward in a more efficient manner, but you can't have everything. And also there's discovery picks yet."
Gansler was especially happy that the possibility of acquiring Victorine arose. When Victorine came out of college prior to the 2000 season, Gansler considered acquiring him, but former Galaxy head coach Sigi Schmid beat him to the punch.
"[Sasha Victorine] was certainly on our minds," he said. "When he became available with our discussions with L.A., I said, 'OK. We've got to do that.' "
FEARSOME FOURSOME: Indiana University may be the back-to-back defending NCAA Division I champions, but they've got nothing on Wake Forest on SuperDraft day. The Demon Deacons had four players selected on Friday, the most of any school, and they had two players selected in the first round.
Defender Michael Parkhurst went first, having been selected by the New England Revolution with the ninth overall pick. Sealy went next to the Kansas City Wizards at No. 11, defender James Riley went to the Revolution with the 21st pick and midfielder Amir Lowery was taken by the Colorado Rapids with the 45th selection.
"To go [to New England] with Michael Parkhurst, a Wake Forest buddy, is unbelievable," Riley said. "We're going to try to make an impact right away, just play ball how we can."
BETTER LATE THAN NEVER: Bradley University midfielder Luke Kreamalmayer was the MVP of the adidas MLS Player Combine earlier in the week, and though he had to wait until the start of the fourth round to be selected by Real Salt Lake, he's elated nonetheless. He hadn't even planned on attending the SuperDraft until his impressive performance at the Combine.
"I was very thankful and relieved to get picked," he said. "As the later rounds came, I wasn't sure if I was going to get picked or not, but I'm very happy now."
RSL head coach John Ellinger had mentioned Kreamalmayer as one of the players on his wish list on Wednesday. By adding Kreamalmayer, one of the most-talked about players at the Combine, top pick Besagno and U.S. youth national team player Watson, Ellinger seems to have gotten exactly what he wanted.
Jason Halpin is a contributor to MLSnet.com. Charles Boehm contributed to this report. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Soccer or its clubs.


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Author | exchange4media News Service | Wednesday, Jun 17,2015 2:46 PM
After a stint of 14 years at Tata Group, Amitabh Tapadar has joined the Bajaj Group as Head Marketing of the Kitchen Appliances BU within Bajaj Electricals. Tapadar confirmed the news to exchange4media.
He has a work experience of over 15 years covering many top Indian brands like HCL Infosystems, Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, Voltas, Tata Housing Development Company, and Tata AIA Life Insurance Company.
In his previous assignment at Tata AIA Life Insurance, he served as Vice President - Chief Marketing Officer for two years. He headed the branding function which included the corporate brand, different product brands, and other activity specific brand properties. He was responsible for driving an exhaustive brand re-positioning drive and also integrating the different product brands under the corporate brand umbrella.
He was voted amongst '50 most talented CMOs of India' in 2013 by the CMO Council, he won the 'Tata Business Leadership Award' 2 times consecutively as Team Leader (2008 & 2010), he is also a veteran external assessor of businesses using 'Tata Business Excellence Model'.
Tapadar has an academic background spanning a Degree in Chemical Engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata and a fulltime PGDM program from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.


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September, 2010 Archives
Mustard seeds and the Harvard Business Review
posted in Jim's Blog by Jim Denison
If you're part of my 16%, may your tribe increase. A good friend just sent me this statistic from the Harvard Business Review: "In online social spaces such as blogs, review sites, discussion forums, and social-networking sites including Facebook, just 16% of users generate 80% of the messages posted about products and services." Here we have the old 20-80 rule once again. 20% of the people give 80% of the money in a typical church. 20% do 80% of the work on committees, Sunday school, and ministry programs. 20% volunteer to coach their kids' teams or help in their classrooms or work in their school's PTA. And so on.
It would be understandable if the 20% rotated from project to project, but it doesn't seem to work that way. Those who take initiative and choose to engage seem to do so wherever they are. Spectators seem to spectate, whatever the venue. Jesus fed 5,000 men and their families (Mark 6:44), but only 500 followed him after his resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:6).
The good news is that it doesn't take many people to change the world. Faith the size of a mustard seed can move a mountain (Matthew 17:20); seed on good soil produces a hundred-fold crop (Matthew 13:8). Our job is to scatter the seed–God's job is to grow the Kingdom.
There's no predicting who will be in the 20% who make the difference. So I'll try to be faithful to my Master's call, speaking biblical truth to contemporary issues and leaving the results with him. For each of us, whatever our Kingdom assignment, he measures success by obedience.
Is Armageddon drawing near?
posted in Daily Devotional by Jim Denison
Is the Eiffel Tower in danger? Today's CNN website reports that French police have closed the world-famous landmark for the second time this month due to bomb threats. Tourists were standing around the tower Tuesday night when police began running crime-scene tape around its base. They were allowed to return two hours later. The earlier bomb threat on September 14 forced the evacuation of 2,000 people from nearby businesses and homes.
Read the rest of this entry »
Podcast: Play in new window | Download (Duration: 2:50 — 1.3MB)
Subway and a theology of prayer
posted in Jim's Blog by Jim Denison
I remember when gas stations sold gasoline, grocery stores sold groceries, and restaurants sold food. Those days are gone. On my return to Dallas this afternoon, we pulled over in Waco for fuel and a bottle of water. We found a gas station with the inevitable small grocery store attached, and a Subway attached to that. If they were to put a Wal-Mart on the other side of the Subway and a mall on the other side of the Wal-Mart, they'd have the entire American shopping experience in one place.
We want convenience at all costs. Microwave popcorn manufacturers are trying to find a way to respond to customer complaints that their product takes too long to cook. Anybody remember when Jiffy-Pop seemed to be named appropriately? In writing essays for the Internet over the last 10 years, I had to learn the maxim: you have six seconds to catch them and 60 seconds to keep them. If you don't find something soon in this blog which seems relevant to your life, you'll be gone.
The good news is that the only omniscient Being in the universe is even more available to you than the next blog you read. Your next prayer doesn't inform him about your need, for he knows what you need before you ask him (Matthew 6:8). It doesn't persuade him to do what is right, for he is love (1 John 4:8). It doesn't change his mind or character, for he is the same yesterday, today and forever (Hebrews 13:8).
Rather, prayer positions you to receive what God's grace intends to give. I had to go into the Subway if I wanted a sweet-onion chicken teriyaki sandwich (my favorite). We need to "approach the throne of grace with confidence, so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help us in our time of need" (Hebrews 4:16). Otherwise, "you do not have, because you do not ask" (James 4:2).
Choose wisely.
The pig-out buffet
posted in Culture & Faith by Jim Denison
original story from: USA Today
Grazing is no longer just for cows. Seven Las Vegas buffets now offer the "Buffet of Buffets." For $45.99 you can eat at any or all of them, as many times as you like in 24 hours.
This sounds like a great deal, but we might want to reconsider Vegas's offer. Solomon would warn us: "Do not join those who drink too much wine or gorge themselves on meat, for drunkards and gluttons become poor, and drowsiness clothes them in rags" (Proverbs 23:20-21). Erasmus, the great Reformation theologian, suggested that we turn temptations into prayers. When tempted by gluttony, thank God for his provisions and ask for the strength to resist. Self-sufficiency is spiritual suicide, and bad dietary practice as well.
Mr. Obama's faith
posted in Culture & Faith by Jim Denison
original story from: The New York Times
President Obama was asked recently by a school teacher why he was a Christian. He responded by stating that he did not grow up in church but became a Christian later in life because "the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life I would want to lead. Being my brothers and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me, and I think also understanding that Jesus Christ dying for my sins spoke to the humility we all have to have as human beings, that we're sinful and we're flawed and we make mistakes and we achieve salvation through the grace of God." A recent poll showed that 18% of Americans believe the president is a Muslim, so the opportunity to set the record straight was a welcome one for Mr. Obama. He concluded his response by stating that while he greatly values his personal faith and strives to live up to its precepts every day, he also believes deeply that our country is built upon the freedom to practice many faiths or no faith.
Skeptics will choose whether or not to believe Mr. Obama's faith declaration. No one can know with absolute certainty about any other person's relationship with God. St. Augustine observed, "the Church has some that God hasn't, and God has some the Church hasn't." The only safe approach to the issue of your neighbor's faith is to be sure that he or she knows the gospel, and sees its truth in you.
Do nonbelievers know more about faith than believers?
posted in Daily Devotional by Jim Denison
Do atheists and agnostics know more about Christianity than Christians? That's what you would think if you scanned the headlines being generated by a new Pew Forum test on religious knowledge. The Los Angeles Times: "If you want to know about God, you might want to talk to an atheist." NPR: "Atheists and agnostics know more about Bible than religious." USA Today: "Unbelievers aced out the faithful when it comes to religious knowledge." CNN: "It's not evangelicals or Catholics who did best—it's atheists and agnostics."
Is it really true that nonbelievers know more about faith than believers? Read the rest of this entry »
Podcast: Play in new window | Download (Duration: 3:02 — 1.4MB)
Stinkbugs have arrived
posted in Culture & Faith by Jim Denison
original story from: The New York Times
You've heard about the bedbug epidemic—now stinkbugs have joined the parade of pests. Green stinkbugs have been around for a while, but a new species from Asia is without any known natural predator and is terrorizing farms, orchards and homes in 15 states. They don't bite us as bedbugs do, but they are decimating crops. And they release a terrible odor when killed or scared. Researchers are seeking an effective means of stopping them, but speculate that a solution is several years away.
Life can be that way. One problem leads to another which leads to another. But when we face our greatest trials, it is then that we can experience God's greatest strength. Paul told the Corinthians that he pleaded three times with God to remove his "thorn in the flesh." God did even more—he taught him to trust his Father's power and provision. He told his servant, "My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness" (2 Corinthians 12:9). Paul concluded, "When I am weak, then I am strong" (v. 10). Our Father redeems all he allows.
Raising boys who read
posted in Culture & Faith by Jim Denison
original story from: The Wall Street Journal
There is a growing gap between the test scores of boys and girls on reading skills. Girls are scoring much better on such tests, leading parents and school teachers alike to search for a variety of answers on how to get young boys reading again. Some have turned to "gross out books" which highlight bodily functions and other things that are fascinating to young males, but perhaps the problem lies deeper. Video games and television are often more enticing to boys than a book. One solution is to limit his options with regard to video games and other electronics, but this may be difficult to enforce. It's a growing a problem without an easy answer.
Our Father knows the frustration parents feel. It's easy for us to focus on our circumstances more than our Creator. Even Jesus needed to get up a long while before day so he could find solitude with God (Mark 1:35). What will you do to hear his still, small voice today?
How to turn around a school
posted in Culture & Faith by Jim Denison
original story from: The New York Times
Brockton High School in Massachusetts was one of the worst schools in the country with regard to academic testing. But a dedicated group of teachers and administration have worked tirelessly to turn the school's trajectory around. They met on their own time, a few hours each Saturday, to develop a new system of instruction. Their approach places an emphasis on reading and writing skills in every class, from freshman English to gym. The results have been astounding—they have moved into the top 10% in their state in a few years. They prove that large schools can succeed, despite conventional wisdom.
Excellence is non-negotiable, both in education and in Christianity. Jesus called us to love him "with all your mind" (Matthew 22:37). God invites us to "reason together" (Isaiah 1:18). With hard work and strategic initiative, we can each develop our gifts to their fullest capacity. The God who gave his best Gift for us deserves no less.
The Esther moment
posted in Jim's Blog by Jim Denison
It's one of the most famous verses in the Bible. Haman is plotting to kill all the Jews in Persia; Mordecai beseeches his cousin, Queen Esther, to intervene. She is skeptical, as she has not been summoned by the king in a month. To which Mordecai responds, "Who knows whether you have come to the kingdom for such a time as this?" (Esther 4:14; NKJV).
I'm speaking today at a pastor's conference, meeting at a retreat center (pictured below) sponsored by Buckner International. Buckner makes life better for orphans, at-risk children and families; theirs is one of the most effective ministries of its kind in the world. They have been a partner with our ministry since our inception. Their president, Dr. Albert Reyes, is one of the most brilliant leaders I have ever known and a dear friend.
After my talk this morning, Dr. Reyes spoke to our group about the vision of their organization and asked us to "look for the Esther moment." Why has God put you here? What do you do well? What part of your service does God seem to use most fully?
I thought immediately of a statement by the eminent psychologist, Abraham Maslow: "An artist must paint, a poet must write, a musician must make music if he is to be fully at peace with himself." Winston Churchill testified to the House of Commons in June of 1941, "I have but one purpose, the destruction of Hitler, and my life is much simplified thereby." William Barclay, the great Bible commentator, believed that "a man will never become outstandingly good at anything unless that thing is his ruling passion. There must be something of which he can say, 'For me to live is this.'"
Dr. Reyes is right–we must each find our Esther moment. What is yours?