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experiences with RSTMs?
Hello together
I calculated a u-duct geometry using k-epsilon- and Launder-Gibson-Turbulence-Models. A little bit surprising was that the results for the k-epsilon model are often much closer to the experimental data than the RSTM simulation.
I thought that the RSTMs perform ways better in simulating flow variables of strong curvature than the EVMs and that therefore u-ducts are better dicribed by Reynolds-Stress-Models?
I really would be happy to hear abput your experiences concerning OpenFOAMs LaunderGibsonRSTM - what are your findings?
Thanks pretty much
Perhaps it's also just a stupid mistake in my initial and boundary conditions:
- converged k-epsilon simulation
- R generated with OpenFOAM post-processing tool 'R' and rearranged boundary field
- simpleFoam solver
- under-relaxation: p=0.2, other parameters=0.5
- standard fvSchemes like in simpleFoam tutorial cases
I have also studied the Uduct with linear and RSM models. In my case the RSM's were clearly superior to the linear models like LS-k-eps.
I should mention that I have done this study in Fluent and not OF.
My boundary conditions are a little bit different. I run a precursor channel flow with the RSM and LS model. I then specified the solution of the channel flow, which has been matched to the experimental data, data as inflow boundary conditions for the Uduct.
Thanks for the reply Markus
I began to wonder what kind of dicretication scheme should be used for a problem like this...
You using fluent - anyway it would be nice to hear how you had choosen the discretication schemes?
Thanks pretty much
1 Attachment(s)
Hello together
A couple of days later I have collected a lot of experiences but I'm still searching for the optimal settings for my u-bend calculations.
It turned out that using a 2nd order discretication scheme for the velocity brings the numerics much closer to the experimental data.
What me really surprised was the influence of the 1st cell size at the walls. A variation of it has a huge influence for the WHOLE cross section of the channel! I thought - the RSTM are running with wall-functions therefore I have to be out of the viscous sublayer and that's it... No - the setting for these 1st cell has a huge impact for the whole calculation. I ran a little study of this influence with the hope to figure out the best near wall cell size. Sadly the outcome is really ambivalent.
I simulated settings for an u-duct geometry like it is published in 'Case06' in the ERCOFTAC Classic Database.
Perhaps you have collected some experiences with this topic? I would be really glad to hear them.
Thanks - Sven
> Perhaps you have collected some experiences with this topic?
What is the objective of your exercise?
In boundary layers pretty much everything scales off the wall shear stress and so changes to it would be expected to change the main flow.
In the cell next to the wall the gradients in a number of quantities are large and unresolved. Wall functions provide models for some of these gradients as a function of the values of solution variables around the wall. Wall functions can be implemented in a number of ways which give slightly different answers.
The use of wall functions normally precludes getting grid independent solutions. One way to get a feel for your sensitivity to wall functions is to calculate a fully developed flow (i.e. 1D variation) by:
- normal grid refinement everywhere with first cell in valid range (only a few valid grid sizes but enough to see the trend)
- keeping the size of the first cell fixed and progressively refining the rest of the grid until numerical error negligible.
- changing the size of the first cell with a very fine grid everywhere else
RST models represent the convection/production term exactly and this is the dominant part of the physics for the large suppression/generation of turbulence due to curvature. The k-e model gets it wrong by rotating the modelled stress in sync with the rate of strain and so effectively ignoring the effect.
The rest of the terms in the RST models are pretty much curve fits to experimental data with only a little bit of recognisable modelled physics. In regions where these become relatively large but the flow is not similar to that used for the curve fits (in my day an example of this was impinging flows but people later reworked the form of the terms and curve fits to improve matters) then the predicted flow could become unrealizable.
Your flow is one for which an RST model would be expected to perform well so long as the coefficients and the terms were appropriate for this type of flow. I am guessing openfoam has implemented what I would have called the Gibson Launder model in which case it is effectively the simplest RST model but it will need a "wall surface integral" term in order to predict boundary layers in any semi-sensible way. (It will make the v' and w' components different to help drive your corner secondary flows). This needs a distance from the wall not only for the near wall cell but all the cells and some way of determining which is the closest wall or a way of summing the wall contributions. It may be a good place to start looking for implementation problems. However, there were later models that reworked the term using a turbulent Reynolds number to avoid this issue and so this may be a red herring. Perhaps that is why the authors have been reversed? Whatever, I do not know what has implemented in openfoam and so I guess you may have to look in the code to find out.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Tuesday, June 16, 2009
Prithviraj to scare you out of your wits
Prithviraj does not want to be typecast, so the actor is trying his luck in various roles. After his hi-tech role of a thief in Robinhood, Prithviraj is Ready for something scary. He is getting ready for a horror movie under the direction of Kukku Surendran.
Kukku Surendran the cousin of Santhosh Sivan had been with Prithviraj for Veeralaipattu which met with a poor fate at the box office. Scriptwriter S. Balachandran who has worked on the Mohanlal starrer Alexander The Great will be teaming with him for this movie as well.
Prithviraj has worked on a horror movie earlier as well under the direction of Vinayan. Vellinakshtram saw him playing the role of a father whose daughter was overpowered by the evil spirits.
Posted by Admin at Tuesday, June 16, 2009
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A cluster of ascariasis cases linked with 7 farms in Maine raises concerns about foodborne illness transmission from small-scale agricultural operations.
Ascariasis, a parasitic roundworm infection caused by Ascaris species, is the most common human intestinal worm infection globally. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that between 807 million and 1.2 billion people worldwide are infected. Cases often are asymptomatic, but symptoms can include abdominal discomfort, cough, intestinal blockage, or impaired growth in children. Infection is transmitted by the fecal-oral route.
Ascariasis Cases on Maine Farms Prompt Food Safety Concerns. JAMA. 2013;310(2):135. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.7735
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iOS 9.3.5 Official Direct Download Links Ahead of iOS 10 Update Release
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- 0Wishlist
Oriental Weavers Kaleidoscope 1333N Rug
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Kaleidoscope by Sphinx is a new machine-woven collection of textured polypropylene. Designs showcase bright, vibrant colors such as sunshine yellow, tangerine, hot pink and bright poppy while ultramarine blue, citron and chartreuse round out the assortment giving the playful colors more drama. In this collection, more is definitely more...shade upon shade and texture upon texture offer an antiqued, yet modern aesthetic
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Sao Paulo update
I am sorry to say that I have missed a few days on the blog post but hope to be able to update a little later. We are currently staying at a beach house on the Brazilian coast with Denis' family. Joel and I met Denis for the first time in Shanghai when we interviewed him for The Learning English Video Project. Denis is from Sao Paulo, and when he learned that we were coming here to film, he contacted his family and they met us for the first time yesterday morning. We are just about to set up some interviews with our 'host family' and find out about the importance of young children learning English in Sao Paulo!
The fact that we are living with the family of a gentleman we met while filming in China is a wild coincidence and further proof that the world is only as big as you make it!
All the best,
Sao Paulo day 1 (part 2)
After arriving in Leitao and getting settled in, Joel and I made our way to the first school that we will be working with. I am particularly keen on getting some information on how and why Brazilian parents are eager for their children to learn English at a young age. We are therefore collaborating with Juan Uribe at his school for young learners in Sao Paulo. Juan has over 100 students between the ages of 2 and 13 at his school and we will be interviewing his staff and some of the students parents next week to find out more about how the younger generation are learning English here.
We met some of the teachers at the school, most of whom are from Sao Paulo, and then with Juan himself. Everybody seems extremely enthusiastic about The Learning English Video Project and so we made arrangements to set up some interviews next week.
Joel and I decided to walk back to our hostel, which took us about an hour. Sao Paulo is supposedly a bigger place than Shanghai in terms of population, but it seems to be a lot more laid back. No sooner were we back at the hostel than it began to rain extremely heavily… so much so that we were stuck in our lodgings for the remainder of the evening – a great opportunity to catch up on some sleep after our journey.
Tomorrow we will visit a private school in the city centre before taking in a taste of the Brazilian bohemian culture we have been promised here in Sampa! This is certainly going to be an exciting finale to the trip – be sure to keep checking EnglishClub.com for more updates!
Best Wishes,
Sao Paulo day 1 (part 1)
We have just arrived in Sao Paulo! I have only been here for a couple of hours and I already feel at home… everything is so vibrant and full of colour – I will report back with our adventures from day one a little later. Thanks again for all your positive comments!
Does anybody have any stories from Brazil?
Best wishes,


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Scene Pictures
Watch or download the full length video at Helix Studios
Tyler Hill is surprised that such a tiny frame can pack such a gigantic cock. Meet Joey Mills. Tyler deep throats his hot twink buddy and then lets him show off his own tongue skills on his ass. With a wet hole, Tyler takes Joey's cock from behind and lets Joey ride that perfect ass. Joey then flips and takes Tyler's cock too.


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|Water Demon
|Biographical information
|Physical description
|Magical characteristics
|Active powers
|Inactive powers
|Character information
|Only appearance
|Portrayed By
The Water Demon was an elemental demon composed entirely of water. It killed by drowning its victims from the inside or by possessing victims and using the body to drag others underwater to drown. It roamed the lake of Camp Skylark near San Francisco, where the Halliwell family vacationed.
Late 1970sEdit
In the late 1970s, it killed several children at Camp Skylark. Patty Halliwell investigated it, as her children had attended the camp. With the help of her whitelighter Sam Wilder, she figured out a way to vanquish the demon using electricity clamps at the side of the lake. Unfortunately, as Patty was about to implement her plan, Sam tried to stop her out of fear for her safety. Whilst she was distracted by Sam, the demon shot out from the water behind her. She tried to freeze it, but it was immune to her power. It entered her body and drowned her from the inside on the dock.
In late 1999, the Charmed Ones planned to vanquish the demon after it had killed two more adults there, including the girls' old camp leader. Phoebe had a premonition of her mother trying to kill the demon and how it killed her. Thus, the girls decided to use Patty Halliwell's plan using the electricity clamps. Prue Halliwell decided to do so as Piper Halliwell would be at more risk, due to her power not working on the demon.
When the demon arose to confront Prue, it tried to trick her also by rising up behind her. However, Sam jumped in front of Prue and told it to take him instead of her. The demon did as he asked, giving Sam the opportunity he needed to kill it by attacking it with high voltage electrical cables; zapping it with this electricity, he was successful in destroying the demon, but he died in the process as he got electrocuted too.
Powers and AbilitiesEdit
- Active Powers
- Hydrokinesis: The ability to control water with one's mind. By using water from the lake, the demon could resize and reshape itself as desired.
- Possession: The ability to control others' bodies by inserting oneself into the bodies of the victims.
- Sensing: The ability to sense the location of other beings.
- Other Powers
- Liquification: The ability to transform into water. This is the demon's natural state, due to being composed of water.
- Immunity: The ability to be immune to certain spells, powers or potions. The demon was completely immune to the powers of witches.
- (Book of Shadows text:)
The Water DemonEdit
- Invisible in water
- and with no apparent
- weaknesses, The
- Water Demon
- is a powerful
- and mysterious
- creature of evil.
- possessing great
- cunning and stealth,
- This demon kills by
- surprise, drowning it's
- victims in it's watery
- body.
- Although mentioned before, the Water Demon's entry was seen for the first time on screen in "Hulkus Pocus". It was already known, however, since a scan of the page was released.
- The entry for the Water Demon was presumably created for "A Witch's Tail" and not "P3 H2O". The artist who drew the page, Dan Haberkorn, was not hired to draw the Book's pages until "Give Me a Sign". The style of the page also does not match the style of early season 2 pages.
- The entry was presumably added by the sisters after they encountered the demon.
- This page was opposite the Sea Hag before the Krycheck Demon's page was added. This can be seen in "Hulkus Pocus" when the shot focuses on Piper.
- When Paige mentioned the demon and compared it to the Sea Hag, she was fascinated by how it could kill its victims, which greatly upset Piper. She then revealed that the Water Demon was the one who killed their mother.
- The Water Demon is one of only two demons (the second being Shax) who were seen successfully killing a Warren witch in the series. Coincidentally, both are elemental demons.
- The Water Demon is the first demon to be made of a pure element with the second demon being the Shocker Demon.
The Water Demon appeared in a total of 1 episode over the course of the series.
- Season 2
|Antagonists of Season 2
|Abraxas · Jeremy Burns · Nicholas · The Woogyman · Nathaniel Pratt · Malcolm and Jane Franklin · Masselin · Jeff Carlton · Darla · Tuatha · The Collectors · Water Demon · Ms. Hellfire · Bane Jessup · Barbas · Drazi · Elias Lundy · Snake, Rabbit and the Pig · Anton · P. Russell · Litvack · Spirit Killer · Cryto · Bloody Mary · The Slasher · Demon of Illusion · Libris · Dr. Curtis Williamson · Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse · Dragon Warlock · The Infernal Council


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Michigan: Europe retained the Ryder Cup on Sunday with Colin Montgomerie sinking the decisive putt in his singles match at Oakland Hills Club. On the final day of the 35th Ryder Cup Europe needed just three points from a possible 12 to retain the trophy. With nothing to lose, however, the USA came out with all guns blazing. In the opening match, Tiger Woods found some of the form that seemed to have deserted him for much of the last two days. He eventually defeated Paul Casey 3 and 2. Second out, Europe's Sergio Garcia took on Phil Mickelson. The young Spaniard, who had never won a singles match in two previous Ryder Cups, trailed the American by two after eight holes. Magical run But a magical run of birdies from the ninth saw Garcia win three consecutive holes to turn the match on its head. And, after Mickelson found the water at 16, Garcia wrapped up a 3 and 2 victory to register Europe's first point of the day. A titanic encounter between Davis Love III and Darren Clarke - good friends off the course - went down to the last hole. Love looked to have the match secure, two up with three to play after the 15th. But it all changed on the closing holes as Clarke made two at 16 and then amazingly chipped in from off the green at 17 to level. Love could only make five at the last, but Clarke also ended with a bogey - a half perhaps the right result, considering what both players had given. Lee Westwood's match against Kenny Perry proved to be a pivotal encounter. The Englishman was two down after six holes. But Westwood managed to peg Perry back to all-square after 12 before taking the lead at the next. The pair then traded holes, but it was Westwood who held his nerve to clinch a vital victory. The win took Europe to 13 and a half points and, with Colin Montgomerie guaranteed at least a half in the next match, it ensured Europe could not be beaten. US in the red The first four matches had turned the scoreboard into a sea of red for the United States, but Montgomerie steadied the European ship. He birdied the first hole in his contest with David Toms, and didn't trail at any stage in the match. And when he had the honour of sinking the decisive putt on 18, the Scotsman kept cool to seal a one-hole victory that guaranteed Europe an outright victory. But it didn't end there for Europe, as, out on the course, Ian Poulter, Thomas Levet and Paul McGinley all added further winning points. Padraig Harrington, meanwhile, sank a superb putt at the 18th to ensure a 1 up victory over Jay Haas. The 33-year-old Irishman, who maintains his unbeaten singles record in the competition, made par at the last to give Europe an 18 and a half to nine and a half win overall. High spirits And he was then free to join in the celebrations, along with his teammates, the European entourage - and of course the fans. Spirits were certainly high as Europe completed their best ever margin of victory in the Ryder Cup. The formalities weren't quite complete, however, as a jubilant European team - and their dejected US counterparts - made their way to the official presentation ceremony. It was down to the US PGA president M G Orender to hand over the Ryder Cup trophy to the victorious European captain Bernhard Langer. And Langer was quick to offer his thanks, and respect, to his opposite number in the USA team. "Hal, long before the matches started, we prayed that the watching world would see a contest outstanding for its competitive spirit, sportsmanship, and friendship. Then, win or lose, we could tip our hat, and hold out a hand, and I'm delighted to do that now, to say: well played, and thank you," he said. With the 35th Ryder Cup complete, attention can now turn to the 36th, which will take place at the K-Club in Ireland in two years time. Britain (or Europe since 1979) have now won nine times in the history of the competition. The United States have won 24 of the meetings, while two have been tied. (AP)
Topics : Golf
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Brady revisits childhood home team, Patriots defeat San Francisco 49ers 30-17
Hannah Arroyo
November 22, 2016
Filed under Journal Pro Sports Column, Sports
The New England Patriots defeated the San Francisco 49ers 30-17 Sunday afternoon at Levi's Stadium. Patriots Quarterback, Tom Brady, grew up as a 49ers fan himself and seemed full of nostalgia as he stood on the field in his tan trench coat before the game started Sunday. Brady grew up in San M...


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Armed Man President Home
January 26, 2012 by staff
Armed Man President Home, The Secret Service detained, questioned and released a man who had a firearm in his vehicle as he pulled up outside the north Dallas home of former President George W. Bush.
Secret Service spokesman Ed Donovan says the unidentified man showed up "uninvited" about 4:30 p.m. Tuesday, saying he wanted to see Bush. While agents and Dallas police questioned him, the man revealed that he had a gun in his nearby vehicle.
Donovan says the man had a permit for the gun and his answers checked out, so he was released and left.
A Bush spokesman says the Bushes weren't home at the time. The street leading to the house is blocked by a gate.
Donovan declined to comment on how the man made it past the gate.
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Pence reappoints members of State Education Board
Gov. Mike Pence has reappointed four members to the State Board of Education.
Pence announced Thursday that Indiana developer Gordon Hendry, Lake County attorney Tony Walker, Evansville teacher B.J. Watts and Huntington teacher Cari Whicker would serve new four-year terms.
Hendry, Walker and Watts are Democrats. Whicker is a Republican, and daughter of Pence adviser Jeff Espich. State law prohibits more than six members being from the same party.
Democratic Schools Superintendent Glenda Ritz sued the other members of the board last year after they sought to speed up development of a new school-grading system. A Marion County judge ultimately tossed the case, but it is one of many showdowns that have continued between Ritz and the governor-appointed board members.
(Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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Oprah New York Apartment
February 28, 2012 by staff
Oprah New York Apartment, Oprah Winfrey has put her New York City apartment up for sale. The media mogul is asking $7.9 million for the pent***se – which is located on the 36th floor of Manhattan apartment block, Place 57 – four years after purchasing the residence for $7.1 million.
The flat features a 768 square foot terrace and a triangular living room with a modern kitchen, as well as two bedrooms and a separate dining area. Oprah's master suite comes with three walk-in closets and a shower, plus a jetted bath tub.
Her decision to sell the property comes after the 58-year-old star – who was named Hollywood's highest earning woman last year after earning $290 million between May 2010 and May 2011 – put her Chicago apartment up for rent in November.
The former chat show host offered to let the $5.6 million luxury apartment – which she purchased in 2006 and attempted to sell for $6 million in 2008 – to tenants for $180,000 per year.
Views of Lake Michigan are available from the library, living room and master bedroom, which has 10 foot ceilings, and the 4,607 square foot residence includes a grand foyer, inner foyer, living room, formal dining room, butler's pantry, three bedrooms and four bathrooms.
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3 Ball Gift Set 2.75@130g White/Black - Millet Fill
Regular price $43.50 USD
This item ships right away.. If ordering other ballz, make a separate order.
If out of stock here, Check Amazon.com
Additional shipping will be required if you order this set with other items.
Gballz 3 Ball Set Elite 8 Series 2.75 Inch@130g Millet Filled Manufactured by The Gballz Factory USA. Gballz® are professional quality juggling balls, made of Ultraleather® fabrics. Filled with white millet, Gballz are machine sewn, using the strongest Gütermann® thread. Gballz keep the same great feel for a very long time.


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When a close friend or family member is expecting her second (or third, or fourth) baby, the issue often arises of how to celebrate the pending arrival, and repeat mama, in an appropriate way. Since throwing multiple traditional baby showers for the same person within a couple years of each other can seem repetitive, we've come up with five fun ways to celebrate the very special expectant family, without her friends saying, "Didn't we do this already?!"
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Dj Khaled Grateful
Here is the track list for "Dj Khaled Grateful" we may collect and you can listen to and download. Buy a cassete and/or CD/DVDs if you like the song you choose from the list. If one of the songs on the list are the copyright belongs to you, please send a DMCA removal request by e-mail to: [email protected].
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Your Commissary – It's Worth the Trip!
Patrons will see 'Freedom's Choice™,' 'HomeBase™' products
FORT LEE, Va. (Feb. 1, 2017) – The Defense Commissary Agency has chosen the names "Freedom's Choice™" and "HomeBase™" for its private label product assortment. That announcement came from DeCA Director and CEO Joseph H. Jeu.
Private label, also known as store brands, will be appearing on commissary shelves in May.
"Commissary patrons have been telling us for quite some time that they want to take advantage of the value offered by store brands, but commissaries have not had their own brand until now," Jeu said. "We are proud of our new brands, and I believe our customers are going to be very pleased with the quality and low prices that Freedom's Choice and HomeBase bring to our shelves."
Freedom's Choice will be the commissary brand name for food items and HomeBase for nonfood items such as paper products and other household items. With the initial rollout targeted for May, patrons in commissaries worldwide can expect to see a number of DeCA's Freedom's Choice and HomeBase products.
It takes time to develop and allow for a store brand to reach maturity, so the number of Freedom's Choice and HomeBase products will continue to grow much larger over the next four to five years.
"Freedom's Choice and HomeBase will give our patrons another chance to save money without sacrificing quality on brands priced significantly lower than national brands," Jeu said. "Our private label products will also be equal or lower in price to commercial grocery store brands. These products will give our patrons the quality they expect and the savings they deserve."
Private label products are offered by retailers under their own, in-house brand or under a brand developed by their suppliers. DeCA conducted extensive research into developing the commissary brands, surveying hundreds of military members and their families to obtain their input for names and logos.
"We talked to our customers about a number of package titles and showed them potential artwork for our commissary brands," said Chris Burns, DeCA's executive director for business transformation. "The Freedom's Choice and HomeBase names and logos proved to be overwhelmingly popular."
Plans to start promoting Freedom's Choice and HomeBase have already begun and commissary customers will be noticing these names and logos very soon.
In December, DeCA announced its partnership with SpartanNash to begin developing the commissary brands. SpartanNash, through its military division MDV, is the leading distributor of grocery products to military commissaries in the United States.
About DeCA: The Defense Commissary Agency operates a worldwide chain of commissaries providing groceries to military personnel, retirees and their families in a safe and secure shopping environment. Commissaries provide a military benefit and make no profit on the sale of merchandise. Authorized patrons save thousands of dollars annually on their purchases compared to commercial prices when shopping regularly at a commissary. The discounted prices include a 5-percent surcharge, which covers the costs of building new commissaries and modernizing existing ones. A core military family support element, and a valued part of military pay and benefits, commissaries contribute to family readiness, enhance the quality of life for America's military and their families, and help recruit and retain the best and brightest men and women to serve their country.
Media Contact:
Kevin L. Robinson
(804) 734-8000, Ext. 4-8773


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I have done light peels and microdermabrasion many times. I have been unsuccessful getting rid of my melasma, so 5 days ago I went for the Jessner peel. I was told leave it on for 2 days, don't wash my face and then within a few days the peel will start. All I have now is a bunch of breakouts and darker spots!! So far it's caused me more anxiety over the horrible appearance of additional problems. I'm not happy about this at all. Don't bother!!
Jessner Peel Review - New Jersey, NJ
I have done light peels and microdermabrasion many...
Normally I do like where I get my treatments, so this is not a review on my aesthetician, but I'm definitely going to talk to her tomorrow and see what she's going to do to fix this mess!
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"I am proud of being a Negro. Nor have I ever tried to beg tolerance from anyone. Superiority is not proved by color, but by the brain, by education, by willpower, by moral courage." - José Celso Barbosa José Celso Barbosa + Sign up to receive our quote of the day via e-mail
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 30, 1988
|Filing date
|Feb 9, 1987
|Priority date
|Feb 9, 1987
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Colin G. Hodge
|Original Assignee
|The Boc Group, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (24), Classifications (7), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a device for the withdrawal of fluids from patient cavities. More specifically, the present invention comprises a device that can be utilized adjacent to or directly upon a catheter used for the withdrawal of such fluids and which operates at predetermined intervals to return, under a positive pressure, a minute quantity of that withdrawn fluid back into the catheter to clear the withdrawal passageways.
Intermittent suction devices are used regularly to remove fluids from patients cavities, such as the stomach, and typically are utilized post-operatively. Such devices can operate from a main source of vacuum that is available in hospital recovery rooms by means of central piping systems.
In non-intermittent suction units, the hospital vacuum system withdraws the fluids continuously into some receiver and discontinues the withdrawing cycle only when the collection container is full or hospital personnel disconnect the system.
With intermittent suction, the continuous withdrawing of fluids is intermittently discontinued at timed intervals. In some units, the vacuum applied by the tubing withdrawing the fluids is cycled to atmospheric pressure so that the portion of the fluid moves backwardly toward the patient in order to clear obstructions in the line or to move the catheter away from the wall of the stomach. One difficulty with such systems is that the back flush is carried out to some extent by gravitational forces and therefore the collection container needed to be located at an elevation higher than the patient. Often such devices are incorporated into the timing apparatus itself on the hospital wall at the height of the receptacle providing the vacuum. In addition, gravity force often was not effective in that the tubing carrying fluid from the patient seldom contained a solid line of liquid but more often carried pockets of gas. A typical device of the type that returned the line withdrawing fluids to atmospheric pressure is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,659,605 of Ulrich Sielaff.
In an effort to correct some of the problems, positive pulse devices have been proposed and which send a positive quantity of fluid backwards toward the patient to flush the passageways. One of such devices is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,506 to Kayser, et al.
One of the difficulties with the Kayser, et al. device is, however, that it features an expandable reflux chamber actually in the suction line to the patient. That reflux chamber comprises a piston that is withdrawn to expand the reflux chamber and, at the predetermined time interval, the piston moves to collapse the reflux chamber, forcing the contents therein back towards the patient to clear the passageways of obstructions.
By use of a single piston and expandable chamber, however, most of the stroke of the Kayser, et al. piston occurs with the patient line open but the line from the vacuum source closed. Thus, the expanding reflux chamber actually draws a further vacuum on the patient cavity being drained. It is therefore possible to increase the amount of vacuum applied to the patient to an amount in excess of the regulated vacuum established by a doctor as suitable for that patient.
The possibility of the Kayser, et al. device itself actually drawing an excessive vacuum on the patient prevented application of the Kayser, et al. device at or on the catheter to the patient. Such catheters are relatively inflexible and thus the drawing of such vacuum at or near the actual catheter opening would have the most severe effect on that vacuum reaching the patient cavity. Thus, the practical location of the Kayser, et al. device was contemplated to be at the end of the tubing connecting the catheter to other equipment such as the collection bottle. Generally, that tubing was in the order of six (6) feet in length and for convenience, typical tubing for withdrawing fluids is relatively flexible and thus also distensible.
Accordingly, the use of the Kayser, et al. device remote from the actual patient catheter created a reservoir effect in the flexible tubing. The amount of fluid returned to the patient line to clear obstructions therefore had to be relatively large since its effect was dissipated in the reservoir created by the long length of distensible tubing and it was necessary that the returned volume have an effect at the end of the catheter within the patient to clear that catheter from becoming attached to inner walls of the cavity being drained.
Thus the Kayser, et al. device required a relatively large volume, structure and could only be used remote from the patient catheter.
The present invention overcomes the difficulties of the aforedescribed systems by providing a dual chamber positive pulse device that prevents vacuum to the patient from exceeding, to any great extent, that set by the doctor. In addition, since the positive pulse device of the present invention, protects against excessive vacuum reaching the patient, it can be made much smaller than the Kayser, et al. device and used adjacent or attached to the catheter that enters the patient.
Thus, a system of utilizing a positive pulse can utilized that allows the regulator, collection jar and operating means to be located at some distance remote from the patient, but the positive pulse device that actually delivers the pulse to the patient can be mounted directly on the catheter or very near to the catheter, that is, so that any passages thereafter to the patient cavity are relatively inflexible. Due to its diminished size, the entire positive pulse device can be produced fairly inexpensively, yet efficiently and reliable provide a positive pulse to the patient.
The catheter pulse device is adapted to operate from two sources of vacuum signals, one regulated source is used to reach the patient cavity and is set by an authorized person while the other signal need not be regulated and is used only to control the positive pulse device to expand its reflux chamber. In the preferred embodiment, the latter signal is time delayed such that it will switch to atmospheric pressure a predetermined time period after the regulated vacuum has switched to atmospheric pressure. By utilizing a plurality of chambers in the device itself, the unregulated vacuum signal is isolated in a signal chamber within the positive pulse device and does not reach any passageways connecting to the patient. The positive pulse device contains a valve that controls the regulated vacuum to the patient and which opens a significant amount at or near the point that its expanding reflux chamber draws a vacuum on the patient line approximately equal to the set point of the regulated vacuum. The reflux chamber can therefore continue to expand but without drawing any vacuum on the patient cavity in excess of the regulated vacuum that is intended for that patient.
The positive pulse device is illustrated in the accompany drawings which show the preferred embodiment of the invention incorporating the features and advantages described.
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram showing the positive pulse device of the present invention installed in an intermittent suction circuit and attached to a catheter;
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of an intermittent suction mechanism used with the present invention;
FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of a pause valve used with the intermittent suction mechanism of FIG. 2;
FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of the pause valve of FIG. 3A in its alternate position; mode;
FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of the positive pulse device of the present invention show in the VACUUM OFF mode;
FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of the positive pulse device of the present invention in the VACUUM APPLIED
FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view of the positive pulse device of the present invention in the VACUUM ON mode; and
FIG. 4D is a cross-sectional view of the positive pulse device of the present invention in the REFLUX mode.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a flow diagram of a positive pulse suction system and having as a component; the new positive pulse device for removal of fluids from a patient.
A vacuum source 10 provides a regulated vacuum for operation of the suction system. Vacuum sources are relatively common in hospitals and provide a source of vacuum in certain individual hospital rooms from a central vacuum pumping system. The vacuum of such hospital systems typically may range within 300-600 mm Hg.
An intermittent suction control unit or ISU 12 is connected to the vacuum source 10 by suitable connection means such as piping 14. The ISU 12 is typical of the device shown in of U.S. Pat. No. 3,659,605 of Ulrich Sielaff, however, certain modifications to the Sielaff device are made to accommodate the ISU 12 to the particular type of positive pulse device to be later described. The particular ISU 12 used in the present invention has a regulated vacuum line 16 that leads to a collection container 18 that receives the fluids drained from the patient and has a second vacuum signal line 20 that goes directly into the positive pulse device 22 as will be explained.
Also connecting into the positive pulse device 22 is the regulated vacuum line 24. A catheter 26 which is normally relatively inflexible or not distensible also is attached to the positive pulse device 22 and which is placed in the patient such that the open catheter end 28 reaches the fluids desired to be withdrawn. As will be later seen, one of the features of the particular positive pulse device 22 made in accordance with this invention allows it to be positioned at or near the catheter end remote from open catheter end 28 so that only relatively inflexible passageways are between the positive pulse device 22 and open catheter end 28. The further passageway for fluid, regulated vacuum line 24 as well as the vacuum signal line 20 and regulated vacuum line 16 may be standard relatively flexible medical tubing.
Turning now to FIG. 2, there is shown a flow diagram of an ISU 12 that can be used in the present invention. The overall purpose of ISU 12 is to provide a regulated vacuum signal for ultimate use with the patient and a second source that need not be regulated and which acts as a vacuum signal for operating the positive pulse device. The present ISU 12 is pneumatically operated, however, the signals could be achieved by electronic switching or other means.
One of the important distinctions between ISU 12 and the intermittent suction unit of the aforementioned Sielaff patent is that ISU 12 includes two (2) vacuum output signals. In its operation, ISU 12 simultaneously supplies vacuum to two (2) outputs, one regulated and one that need not be regulated. During suction at the patient ISU 12 simultaneously supplies vacuum at both outputs and after the duration of the suction cycle, ISU 12 returns the regulated vacuum line, to the patient, to atmospheric pressure. After a predetermined short time interval the other vacuum output is returned to atmospheric pressure.
In FIG. 2, the vacuum source 10 provides the vacuum to ISU 12 as described previously with respect to FIG. 1. That source of vacuum is initially controlled by an "on-off" switch 30 which merely shuts off the vacuum from vacuum source 10 when the unit is not in use. A intermittent device 32 thereafter is controlled by the vacuum and may be of the same design as shown in the aforemention Sielaff U.S. Pat. No. 3,659,605. Intermittent device 32 includes an atmospheric vent 34 by which the further lines withdrawing fluids from the patient are intermittently vented to atmospheric pressure.
Tracing now, the source of vacuum that ultimately reaches the patient, the intermittent vacuum/atmospheric pressure signal from intermittent device 32 proceeds via passages 36 and 38 to a vacuum regulator 40 where the doctor, or other qualified personnel, actually sets the maximum level of vacuum that the patient can experience. The vacuum regulator 40 is conventional and thereafter the regulated vacuum proceeds by passage 42 to connect with regulated vacuum line 16 to collection container 18 (FIG. 1). A vacuum gauge 44 is in the passage 42 so that the doctor can verify and continually monitor that the regulated vacuum from ISU 12 is at the desired set point.
Returning to the intermittent device 32, the same intermittent vacuum/atmospheric pressure signal proceeds via passages 36 and 46 to a pause valve 48 where a predetermined time delay is created between the time that the signal from intermittent device 32 goes from vacuum to atmospheric pressure and the time that signal from the output of pause valve 48 to passage 50 goes from vacuum to atmospheric pressure, as will be latter explained. The passage 50 connects to vacuum signal line 20 of FIG. 1 and is used to control the positive pulse device 22. A liquid safety trap 51 is provided in passage 50 in order to prevent liquid from returning and entering pause valve 48.
Of the components of ISU 12, the pause valve 48 is not conventional and therefore will be described in further detail.
Turning now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, there is shown cross-sectional views of the pause valve 48 which may be used with the present invention. Pause valve 48 comprises a housing 52, preferably of a plastic material having an inlet 54 which connects to passage 46 of FIG. 2 which is the intermittent vacuum/atmospheric pressure signal from the intermittent device (FIG. 2) and an outlet 56 which, in turn, connects to passage 50 of FIG. 2 and thereafter to the positive pulse device 22 (FIG. 1) and provides the vacuum signal therefore. Within housing 52 of pause valve 48 is a moveable valve member 58 and a valve seat 60. The moveable valve member 58 is retained within housing 52 by three diaphragms 62, 64 and 66 and which form various chambers in order that various levels of vacuum and/or atmospheric pressure influence the movement and position of moveable valve member 58. The diaphragms 62, 64 and 66 specifically divide the interior of the pause valve 48 into pilot chambers 68, 70 and main chambers 72 and 74.
Moveable valve member 58 additionally has a resilient pad 75 that seals against valve seat 60 when in the valve closed position of FIG. 3B. As shown in FIG. 3A, the moveable valve member 58 is in the valve open position and resilient pad 75 is not seated against valve seat 60.
Various passages are formed in housing 52, passage 76 communicates directly between inlet 54 and pilot chamber 70 while passage 78 is a longer passage than passage 76 and provides communication between inlet 54 and main chamber 74, the purpose of passage 78 being longer or having more resistance than passage 76 will become clear.
The pilot chambers 68 and 70 also are in communication between each other through a fixed orifice 80 which extends between pilot chamber 70 and reservoir 82 and by passage 84 between reservoir 82 and the other pilot chamber 68, otherwise pilot chambers 68 and 70 are isolated from each other by diaphragm 64. A spring 86 biases the moveable valve member 58 toward its valve open position as shown in FIG. 3A.
Taking now the operation of the pause valve 48, it should be reminded that the purpose thereof is to introduce a short delay between the time that the vacuum signal at its inlet 54 goes to atmospheric pressure and the time that the vacuum signal at its outlet 56 goes to atmospheric pressure. As seen in FIG. 2, the delay occurs such that when the vacuum in passage 36 switches from vacuum to atmospheric pressure by the intermittent device 32, the regulated vacuum in passage 42 leading to the patient immediately also switches from vacuum to atmospheric pressure while the signal in passage 50 is delayed slightly before it switches from vacuum to atmospheric pressure. Both signals, that in passage 36 and 42 are, however, controlled by intermittent device 32.
Returning to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the cycle can be commenced with all chambers, that is pilot chambers 68, 70 and main chambers 72 and 74 at atmospheric pressure and the valve is in the valve open position of FIG. 3A. As vacuum is applied to inlet 54 when the intermittent device 32 commences its vacuum or suction cycle, the vacuum immediately reaches pilot chamber 70, thereby reinforcing the bias of spring 86 and retaining the moveable valve member 58 in the position shown in FIG. 3A. The vacuum also communicates through passage 78 to draw a vacuum in main chambers 74 and 72. At this point, therefore, vacuum is drawn at outlet 56 and pilot chamber 70 as well as main chambers 74 and 72 so that all chambers except pilot chamber 68 are at the high vacuum seen at the inlet 54. As time passes, the reservoir 82 is slowly evacuated through fixed orifice 80 such that over a predetermined time period, pilot chamber 68 also reaches high vacuum. At this point, all of the chambers 68, 70, 72 and 74 are at high vacuum.
As the intermittent device 32 switches to its atmospheric pressure mode, the pressure at inlet 54 immediately goes to atmospheric pressure and atmospheric pressure is simultaneously communicated to pilot chamber 70 through passage 76. The main chambers 72 and 74 are balanced in surface area and high vacuum pressures, the pilot chambers 68 and 70 are unbalanced; high vacuum in pilot chamber 68 and atmospheric pressure in pilot chamber 70. This overcomes the force of spring 86 and moves the pause valve 48 to its position shown in FIG. 3B causing resilient pad 75 to close against valve seat 60. Since the passage 78 is relatively long and restricted, the valve seat 60 is closed by resilient pad 75 before atmospheric pressure can travel through passage 78 to reach main chamber 74. Thus, at this point in time, only the pilot chamber 70 and passages 76 and 78 are at atmospheric pressure while main chambers 72, 74 and the reservoir 82 and pilot chamber 68 are still at high vacuum.
Reservoir 82, however, slowly returns to atmospheric pressure by dissipation of its vacuum through atmospheric pressure entering through fixed orifice 80. As reservoir 82 returns to atmospheric pressure, so does pilot chamber 68. When pilot chamber 68 reaches atmospheric pressure, the pressure related forces on moveable valve member 58 become equal since both pilot chambers are at atmospheric pressure and the areas through which that atmospheric pressure acts upon moveable valve member 58 are equal. The main chamber 72 and 74 are both still at high vacuum and the respective areas acting upon moveable valve member 58 are also equal, thus the only additional force acting upon moveable valve member 58 is the bias of spring 86 which is the resultant force and which moves the moveable valve member 58 back to its valve position position shown in FIG. 3A.
As the moveable valve member 58 moves to the FIG. 3A position, the passage through valve seat 60 also opens such that main chambers 72 and 74 are returned to atmospheric pressure and therefore the outlet 56 returns to atmospheric pressure. Thus a time delay is introduced between the time the inlet 54 is vented to atmospheric pressure and the time that atmospheric pressure appears as a signal at outlet 56.
Obviously, the actual pause time is a matter of design and depends upon the characteristics of spring 86, the volume of reservoir 82, the vacuum levels applied and the size of orifice 80.
Turning now to FIGS. 4A-4D, there is shown a positive pulse device 22 made in accordance with the present invention and in its four (4) basic positions respectively, the VACUUM OFF, the VACUUM APPLIED mode, the VACUUM ON mode, and the REFLUX mode.
Taking FIG. 4A first, the positive pulse device 22 comprising a housing 88 which is conveniently made up of lower housing 90 and upper housing 92 which are joined together as will be explained. Housing 88 has an inlet 94 which is connected to the collection chamber 18 (see FIG. 1) and therefore is connected to the source of regulated vacuum. An outlet 96 is also formed in housing 88 and is adapted to be connected directly or adjacent to a patient catheter. A valve means is interposed between inlet 94 and outlet 96 and is formed by valve seat 98 and moveable valve member 100 that moves into engagement with valve seat 98 or away therefrom to control the flow between inlet 94 and outlet 96. Moveable valve member 100 has a truncated conical shape surface 102 that mates with valve seat 98 and which also forms an annular ridge 104 facing upwardly away from valve seat 98.
Moveable valve member 100 includes a valve extension 106 that depends upwardly and which is sonic welded to the lower part of moveable valve member. A spring bias is provided by a small spring 108 and which acts to bias the moveable valve member 100 toward its closed position against valve seat 98. This spring bias is very small, however, and is created by the preload effected by installing small spring 108 with lower end of small spring 108 seating on inner ledge 110 formed in the valve extension 106 and its upper end held by the lower end of moveable cap 112. Moveable cap 112, in turn, is biased toward valve extension 106 by medium spring 114 which acts against a flange 114 of moveable cap 112 having its other end seated against the top of housing 88. The moveable cap 112 is contained within a keeper 116 which retains the moveable cap 112 in position and limits its downward movement by an inner ledge 117. As noted in FIG. 4A, in the VACUUM OFF mode, the moveable cap 112 at its lowermost position does not-directly touch the upper end of valve extension 106 in its lowermost position. Instead a gap 118 of about 0.040 inches is retained between the bottom of moveable cap 112 when it is in its lowermost position and the top of valve extension 106 when it is in its lowermost position. As will become clear, the spring constant or bias exerted by medium spring 114 is higher than that of small spring 108.
Surrounding moveable valve member 100 is an annular piston 120 that moves independent of moveable valve member 100, however, in the position of FIG. 4A, annular piston 120 directly engages the annular ridge 104 of moveable valve member 100 and urges the moveable valve member 100 toward its closed position by the bias of large spring 122 which is precompressed and has its lower end held within annular groove 124 in annular piston 120 and its other end abuts against the top of housing 88 and held in position by spring keeper 126. Thus, in the VACUUM OFF mode of FIG. 4A, the large spring 122 acts as an additional force in retaining the moveable valve member 100 in its closed position against valve seat 98.
A diaphragm 128 creates a control chamber 130 in the upper housing 92 and which control chamber 130 is sealed except for control port 132 which is adapted to be connected to vacuum signal line 20 (shown in FIG. 1). Diaphragm 128 has its outer peripheral edge secured in housing 88 by being sandwiched between lower housing 90 and upper housing 92 which may be sonic welded together. Diaphragm 128 has its inner edge sealed to moveable valve member 100 by the connection of the valve extension 106 to the lower part thereof, again which may be a sonic welded connection. Intermediate its outer periphery and its inner edge, diaphragm 128 is also sealed to annular piston 120, which seal may be effected by compressing the diaphragm 128 against annular piston 120 by means of annular cap 134 which also may be sonic welded to annular piston 120.
As shown, the diaphragm 128 is a single piece of flexible material, however, it may readily be made up of two (2) separate diaphragms while still carrying out the purpose of forming a pair of rolling seals, that is, an outer rolling seal at 136 and an inner rolling seal at 138. Each of the rolling seals 136 and 138 allow independent movement of moveable valve member 100 and annular piston 120 with respect to each other and yet retain the integrity of the control chamber 130.
Referring now to FIG. 1 as well as FIGS. 4A-4D, the operation of the positive pulse device 22 can be readily understood. Initially, at start-up, the positive pulse device 22 is in the position as shown in FIG. 4A. At this point in the cycle, the inlet 94, outlet 96 and the control part 32 are all at atmospheric pressure. The valve means is closed since moveable valve member 100 is in its lowermost position sealed against valve seat 98, so there is no communication between the inlet 94 and outlet 96. The moveable valve member 100 is retained in that position, being held there by the annular piston 120 acting against annular ridge 104 and biased by large spring 122 and by the bias of the small spring 108. Both large spring 122 and small spring 108 are, of course, preloaded. The catheter 26, and therefore outlet 96 may, at times, be slightly above atmospheric pressure due to positive tissue pressure in the stomach, however any drainage that might occur due to gravity or differential pressure forces is prevented by the closed valve means.
Taking, now, the VACUUM APPLIED mode of FIG. 4B, the FIG. 4B depicts the positive pulse device 22 slightly after the ISU 12 has switched from atmospheric pressure to vacuum mode and two (2) levels of vacuum are being applied to the positive pulse device 22. Regulated vacuum is being applied to the inlet 94 and vacuum that need not be regulated, the pipeline vacuum level of the particular hospital system, is being applied to control part 132 by means of vacuum signal line 20.
Initially, as those vacuum levels are applied, the unregulated vacuum in the control chamber 130 creates a negative resultant force on the annular piston 120 since the lower surface of annular piston 120 is at or near atmospheric pressure since outlet 96 of the positive pulse device 22 is at atmospheric pressure. The moveable valve member 100 is still closed and therefore the regulated vacuum at inlet 94 does not affect that resultant force since it cannot reach outlet 96.
Accordingly, the negative resultant force on annular piston 120 causes it to move upward away from the valve seat 98 and lifts off of its contact with annular ridge 104 of moveable valve member 100. The spring bias exerted against moveable valve member 100 by large spring 122 is therefore eliminated and the moveable valve member 100 is retained in its closed position against valve seat 98 by whatever differential pressure forces exist and by means of the rather small bias exerted by small spring 108. As the annular piston 120 continues to move upward, collapsing the control chamber 130, it draws a vacuum at the outlet 96 and thus on the patient through catheter 26. A reflux chamber 140 beneath the diaphragm 128, is created and expands, separated, of course from the unregulated vacuum in the control chamber 130. Eventually, the annular piston 120 creates a sufficient vacuum at outlet 96 to approximately equal the regulated vacuum already applied to the inlet 94, and at this point, the forces acting upon the moveable valve member 100; that is, the unregulated vacuum in control chamber 130, regulated vacuum in the inlet 94, at or near regulated vacuum in outlet 96 and the small bias of small spring 108 cause the moveable valve member 100 to withdrawn from the contact with valve seat 98 and cracks that valve means between inlet 94 and outlet 96 allowing the regulated vacuum from regulated vacuum line 24 to reach the catheter 26. Thus the regulated vacuum prescribed for that particular patient is applied to the patient cavity to be drained and no higher vacuum reaches the patient despite further travel of the annular piston 120 or moveable valve member 100.
It should be noted that the position of the positive pulse device 22 shown in FIG. 4B is such that the moveable valve member 100 has merely overcome the relatively small bias of small spring 108 and thus movement of moveable valve member 100 away from valve seat 98 closes the gap 118. The moveable valve member 100 has moved approximately 0.040 inches, away from valve seat 98 sufficient to crack the valve means. Further movement away from valve seal 98 by moveable valve member 100 is thereafter resisted by the larger bias of medium spring 114.
Although the regulated vacuum is at this time being applied to the patient through catheter 26, both the moveable valve member 100 and annular piston 120 continue to retract away from valve seat 98, however both move at approximately the some rate since both are acted upon by about the same forces. On the annular piston 120, a differential force is created by the difference between the unregulated vacuum in control chamber 130 acting on the annular area of annular piston 120 and the regulated vacuum in inlet and outlets 94 and 98 acting on the annular area of annular piston 120 in addition to the force of large spring 122. On the moveable valve member 100, a differential force is created by the difference between the unregulated vacuum in control chamber 130 acting on the upper area of moveable valve member 100 and the force of both the medium spring 114 and the small spring 108 and the regulated vacuum in the inlet and outlet 94 and 96 acting against the lower area of moveable valve member 100. Eventually, both the moveable valve member 100 and annular piston 120 reach their fully retracted positions shown in FIG. 4C and the valve means is fully open applying regulated vacuum to the patient to carry out the drainage.
FIG. 4C shows the VACUUM ON mode where unregulated or full line vacuum is applied to control part 132 retaining the now collapsed control chamber 130 at full line vacuum to hold annular piston 120 and moveable valve member 100 in their fully retracted positions compressing large spring 122, medium spring 114 and small spring 108. Regulated vacuum is continuously applied to the patient from inlet 94 to outlet 96 and thus to catheter 26 and gases and other fluids can be withdrawn through the fully open valve means to be collected in collection container 18.
The positive pulse device continues in its position of FIG. 4C until the ISU 12 switches to release the vacuum signal in passage 36 of FIG. 2 to atmospheric pressure. As previously described, initially only the regulated vacuum in regulated vacuum lines 16 and 24 are vented to atmospheric pressure and thus the inlet 94, outlet 96 and patient via catheter 26 are immediately vented to atmospheric pressure. After a few seconds delay, the vacuum signal line 20 applied to control part 132 and therefore control chamber 130 is also vented to atmospheric pressure. The control chamber 130 returns to atmospheric pressure as does the reflux chamber 140 and the inlet 94 and outlet 96; thus the combined forces on the moveable valve member 100 and annular piston 120 by means of the large spring 122, medium spring 114 and small spring 108 cause the moveable valve member 100 and annular piston 120 to move toward valve seat 98. As can be noted on FIG. 4C, the length of travel of the moveable valve member 100 is relatively short compared with the stroke of annular piston 120 and thus the moveable valve member 100 quite rapidly seats against the valve seat 98 closing the valve means and thus shutting off flow between outlet 96 and inlet 94 and isolating reflux chamber 140 from inlet 94.
As shown in FIG. 4D, the valve means is closed, yet the annular piston 120 still has remaining stroke and as it continues to move toward the valve seat 98 the reflux chamber 140 is collapsed and the fluid within reflux chamber 140 is forced backwardly out of the outlet 96 toward the catheter 26 and the patient. Since the moveable valve member 100 is closed, all of the fluid remaining in reflux chamber 140 is thus forced out the outlet to clear the passageways in the catheter. As the reflux chamber 140 is completely collapsed, the annular piston 120 again seats on the annular ridge 104 of the moveable valve member 100 so that the bias of large spring 122 again acts to retain the valve means closed and the cycle is completed, to be continuously repeated as the ISU 12 continues on to further cycles.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 3, 1930
|Aug 30, 1932
|Howard Hook Charles
|Combination pressure regulating and shut-off valve
|Mar 29, 1952
|May 22, 1956
|Penn Controls
|Pressure regulator and shut-off valve
|Aug 2, 1971
|Jun 26, 1973
|Dresser Ind
|Fluid compensator valve
|Dec 9, 1980
|Jul 5, 1983
|Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Fluid pressure responsive valve device
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 19, 1991
|Oct 19, 1993
|Xomed-Treace Inc.
|Aspiration system with positive pressure
|Dec 22, 1992
|Nov 30, 1993
|Boc Health Care, Inc.
|Magneto-pneumatic intermittent suction device
|Dec 22, 1992
|Nov 30, 1993
|Boc Health Care, Inc.
|Magneto-pneumatic timing device
|Aug 11, 1997
|May 11, 1999
|Medo; Elena M.
|Breast pump system using wall vacuum source
|Apr 20, 1998
|Mar 19, 2002
|Med-Logics, Inc.
|Automatic corneal shaper with two separate drive mechanisms
|Nov 29, 2000
|Jul 30, 2002
|Med-Logics, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for facilitating removal of a corneal graft
|Feb 1, 2000
|Aug 6, 2002
|Enlighten Technologies, Inc.
|Pulsed vacuum cataract removal system
|Jun 2, 2000
|Dec 16, 2003
|Med-Logics, Inc.
|Cutting blade assembly for a microkeratome
|Feb 9, 2001
|Mar 2, 2004
|Scieran Technologies, Inc.
|Eye endoplant for the reattachment of a retina
|Oct 15, 2002
|Mar 9, 2004
|Med Logics, Inc.
|Medical device for cutting a cornea that has a vacuum ring with a slitted vacuum opening
|Nov 29, 2000
|Dec 25, 2007
|Med-Logics, Inc.
|LASIK laminar flow system
|Dec 22, 2006
|Feb 24, 2015
|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Retractable separating systems and methods
|Dec 22, 2006
|May 12, 2015
|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Tissue separating systems and methods
|Mar 13, 2013
|Mar 15, 2016
|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Device and method of ablative cutting with helical tip
|Jan 5, 2015
|Mar 22, 2016
|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Retractable separating systems and methods
|Mar 13, 2013
|Mar 22, 2016
|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Alarm for lead insulation abnormality
|Jan 7, 2010
|Jun 21, 2016
|Med-Logics, Inc.
|Tissue removal devices, systems and methods
|Mar 14, 2013
|Aug 9, 2016
|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Tissue slitting methods and systems
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|Oct 4, 2016
|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Laser ablation catheter
|Feb 20, 2015
|Mar 28, 2017
|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Medical device for removing an implanted object
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|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Retractable blade for lead removal device
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|Enlighten Technologies, Inc.
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|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Medical device handle
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|The Spectranetics Corporation
|Medical device handle
|U.S. Classification
|604/35, 604/120, 137/495
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 9, 1987
Owner name: BOC GROUP, INC., THE, 85 CHESTNUT RIDGE RD., MONTV
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:HODGE, COLIN G.;REEL/FRAME:004668/0864
Effective date: 19870209
Owner name: BOC GROUP, INC., THE, A CORP. OF DE.,NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HODGE, COLIN G.;REEL/FRAME:004668/0864
Effective date: 19870209
|Aug 29, 1989
|Certificate of correction
|Dec 13, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 27, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 25, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Jul 5, 2005
Owner name: GUGGENHEIM CORPORATE FUNDING, LLC, NEW YORK
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:OHIO MEDICAL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:016216/0475
Effective date: 20050630


text: Tutorial: Sew a zakka pincushion for your wrist March 11, by Anne Weaver. Leave a Comment Keep your sewig pins right at hand with this pincushion that you wear on your wrist. Find out how to make one from The Storque. Get the tute. [tags]sewing, tutorial, pincushion, wrist[/tags] Next Pattern:Tutorial: Easy detachable wrist band pincushionTutorial: Strawberry pincushion for your wrist


text:
English Premiere
After the arrival of an impossibly perfect blond-haired blue-eyed German exchange student, the Van End family can no longer imagine how they ever managed to live with their imperfect selves. Mother Etty is stressed out, Father Evert can't cope, and two grown-up children are equally dysfunctional.
Trapped in the middle is the youngest, 15-year-old Eva, struggling for attention, and it is through her thick-rim bespectacled eyes that this absurdly funny drama unfurls.
Veit's arrival is sudden, as are his infiltration into the family, his rise in popularity at school, and the changes in those around him. Not least former wallflower Eva, in whom he sparks a dramatic transformation. What Veit represents is perfection, and in the end, the Van End family learns that perfection is not what brings happiness.
The Deflowering of Eva Van End is the perfect blend of satire and sincerity – biting in its portrayal of bourgeois life, but genuine in its depiction of family life in chaos. An absurd comedy with more than a touch of Wes Anderson, and perfectly slick in its execution. This comic tale is apparently inspired by events in the first- time director's life. Michiel ten Horn has been cited as one of Variety's 10 European Directors to Watch 2013.
"That bourgeois families aren't all that happy behind their white picket fences isn't exactly a surprise, but "Deflowering" goes beyond that simple statement to show how, to paraphrase Tolstoy, each family member is unhappy in her or his own way."
– Boyd van Hoeij, Variety
Director's Profile:
Michiel ten Horn, born 1983 in Amsterdam, graduated from the HKU in 2007, specialising in animation. In 2009, ten Horn directed the shorts Arie and Alex in Amsterdam, written by Anne Barnhoorn. With his debut feature film The Deflowering of Eva Van End, Michiel again teamed up with screenwriter Anne Barnhoorn and they are currently working with on a new feature.
Showing with
The Offshore Account
World Premiere
Daniel Major I UK I 2012 I 4min
A day in the surreal life of a solitary coastal worker. Number 326 is confronted with the true nature of his tedious corporate role when asked to perform an unfamiliar task. The Offshore Account is a smart, Orwellian tale, shot in Northumberland's Druridge Bay.


text:
i feel like flying in the sky , i feel like swimming in the ocean
i feel like flying in the sky , i feel like swimming in the ocean
i feel like i'm on the highest mountains ,i feel like i'm on cloud nine
when we talk
you look at me in the eyes but you can't see that my heart is pounding so fast
you speak to me with those delicious lips but you don't notice that i'm biting mine
your sweet smile drives me insane,my love
your voice calling my name is the sweetest music i have ever heard
you keep giving me mixed signals all the time
why won't you come and wrap me in your arms?
you leave me wondering,why won't you come and tell me you like me?
maybe because you don't ?! oh no,it's because you're with her!
do you even like her?! do you laugh with her like you do with me?!
do you talk to her like you talk to me?!
because it seems like you spend more time with me than you do with her
no one made me smile like you did for a while now
I have felt this way before and i know what it means
but i'm afraid i might lose you too
i want to get closer with all my heart but i can't
i wish i never met you but i'm glad i did
my life isn't as boring as it was before because of you
but i don't want to get hurt instead
just tell me,do you now have feelings for me?!
and you start to think again about her
do you think we should be together like i do but you're scared
i wish but i'm only dreaming
questions ticking on my mind but answers might make it explode
i want things to go to the better but i'm afraid it might go to the worse


text:
IBM: A Value Stock Or A Sinking Ship
- IBM is currently in the midst of a major organizational impasse, though not in a situation as critical as in 1993.
- IBM has engaged in cost controls and huge share repurchase programs, which has led to profit margin expansion and earnings growth even though the topline has been more or less stagnant.
- The scale of the share repurchase program could be hindering IBM's research and development spend, which is so critical in today's ever changing world of technology.
IBM (IBM) is currently in the throes of a major organizational impasse. This is nothing compared to what it faced in 1993 when Louis Gerstner was able to turnaround the company and save it from near bankruptcy. However, the steps taken in the coming quarters would decide the future trajectory for the company. IBM has showed 10 consecutive quarters of falling sales, before currency adjustments are made. A part of it can be explained by the divestures of its legacy businesses which were not reaping a significant margin. However a major part is also due to a lack of growth in the Global Technology Services (GTS) and Global Business Services (GBS) businesses which bring around 60% of the group's revenue.
When reviewing a technological company it is important to look at the strategic direction the company has been taking for at least a decade instead of looking at the recent quarterly results. One of the major decisions taken by the management under the previous CEO, Sam Palmisano, was to bring greater efficiencies within the entire system. They were able to increase the gross margin from 37% to over 52% during his tenure.
Figure 1: Quarterly Gross profit margin of IBM rise during the tenure of Sam Palmisano.
This increased margin helped it show 11 consecutive years of increasing bottom line even when the revenues were generally flat.
Figure 2: Comparison of Net Income and Annual Revenue since 1999.
However the management also took a major financial decision which is being followed even now. This was about returning value to shareholders through buyback of shares. In the past decade IBM has been buying shares at an average rate of $10 billion every year. By expunging more shares the company has fewer outstanding shares which in turn increase the Earnings per share (EPS), which in turn helps increase the share price by reducing P/E. Ten years back they had over 1.7 billion shares outstanding. Currently this number is down to less than a billion shares. This option is generally favored over the option of giving dividends as it does not entail extra tax burden on the shareholders.
However a major flaw in this approach is the level to which it is followed. When there is no additional use of cash by the company, it is better to return the profits to the investors. However a behemoth like IBM which needs to find newer vistas of business growth can deploy this cash for R&D expense or making acquisitions which will provide future growth. Even if a small fraction of this is diverted to R&D and acquisitions it can lead to positive learning for the organization and provide it with a better product pipeline in the tumultuous and constantly evolving technological world.
Currently IBM is aggressively pursuing an entry into the cloud computing arena. However it has the disadvantage of a late entrant. There are already well established players like Amazon, Microsoft, Google and Oracle. Amazon is facing competitive pressures in spite of being one of the first movers in this space. Also this contributes a minuscule 2-3% of its gross revenue. For a technology firm to have sustainable growth it needs to have a target business, where, due to its market share it can have an overall high profit margin and huge cash flows, which can then be invested in newer areas.
Google has its search engine, Microsoft has its operating system and office suite, Apple has its lead in consumer electronics and Oracle has its enterprise software products and database management system. However IBM does not have a clear lead in any particular business segment. Within the application development segment it is in competition with other firms like Cognizant, Accenture and TCS. It is hemorrhaging money in its hardware business and is slowly divesting out of this segment. The newer areas like cloud computing is already crowded with major price reductions in the offing.
The path ahead
The management would need to take a hard look at its current strategy. With increasing automation and competition within the software services arena there would be a steady decline of margins. The company earned $16.48 billion in 2013 whilst performing a share buyback of $12.78 billion and paying $4.06 billion in dividend. This program of buyback would need to be curtailed massively if the company is to conserve capital and invest in newer products. The buybacks have also increased relative to the buybacks taking place a couple of years back.
To be fair to the company it is not the only firm using the buyback to increase the EPS. Since 2008 over $1 trillion have been used by the top 100 companies in S&P for share buybacks. If this capital was invested in building capacity it would have led to better returns for the companies and the economy as a whole. We need to only view the example of HP which spent tens of billions of dollars between 2003 and 2011 for share buybacks and is now struggling for relevance. Within the next couple of years IBM will need to answer a simple question: Whether they are playing to win? Or are they playing not to lose?
Figure 3: Annual Share buyback done since 2000.
Currently the software services offerings are a cash cow for IBM. However they must utilize the profits in this area to research and develop new streams of revenue where they can maintain their advantage over other software majors. Currently the research budget is around $6 billion. They can easily increase it to double digit for the next five years.
As we move to a cashless economy, security would be a major requirement within applications. IBM has already moved in this direction with a partnership with Apple where both the companies will develop apps and software for corporate users. Instead of focusing on the Fortune 100 clients the IT juggernaut should also look at revenue from small and medium businesses. This would require the organization to be more nimble and agile in its functioning.
After the disappointing results of third quarter the company's stock fell more than 9% and the company had to discard its EPS target of $20 by 2015. However the biggest mistake by the firm was to set this target in the first place. Having a long term target is appreciable however the entire management team was more focused on meeting the quarterly targets every year rather than focus on expanding the core business.
Every decade brings with itself a major technological change in which few firms are able to come out unscathed. First there was the mainframe revolution, then we had the start of PC era, the 90s saw the rise of internet giants, the last decade was about mobility and finally we are looking at the unfolding of a social media and cloud computing decade. Even infallible giants like Microsoft have had to modify their approach with changing headwinds.
One option for the firm is to look for another Iacocca. A person who is from the research sector can bring forth new ideas and new approach to solve the current conundrum. There can be a division of power at the top where sales and strategy is under one wing and research and acquisitions is under another.
After the current hammering of the stock it is selling at price earnings ratio of 10.26. The company has not seen such low levels since the financial crisis of 2008-09. Few believe it is a value stock and some view it as a sinking ship. The reality might be somewhere in between. IBM has shown time and again that it has the wherewithal to rise from the ashes like a phoenix. However it could be a while before the firm finds its footing and brings out a product which can provide it enough propulsion to deliver consistent higher earnings. Till that time we might see a slowly declining profit margin and market value. Wait and watch would be an ideal approach for interested investors in the present state.


text: Arcanist AlecLevel: 80Dalaran Arcanist Alec is a gnome located at Krasus' Landing in Dalaran. He can provide directions to various locations in Dalaran. External links Edit Wowhead Thottbot WoWDB Retrieved from "http://wowwiki.wikia.com/wiki/Arcanist_Alec?oldid=2597254" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Level 80 NPCs Dalaran NPCs Kirin Tor NPCs Gnomes Arcanists Add category Cancel Save


text:
Join us on Salt Spring Friday, October 14th to Sunday, October 16th, 2016 for this Celebration of the Harvest on Salt Spring Island!
All weekend long, several of Salt Spring restaurants will showcase Harvest Dinners with local food and drink from the Gulf Islands and the Vancouver Island region.
Explore the Fall Harvest at the famous Salt Spring Saturday Market. Sample local, fresh food and drinks while on a Salt Spring Island Culinary Tour. Savour local ingredients with special menus offered our many excellent restaurants throughout the weekend including Harvest Themed dinners hosted in unique settings.
Friday through Sunday, special Harvest Dinners will be on offer at Salt Spring Inn featuring local fish, meat and greens along with local food producers special items. Pair this with Salt Spring's own excellent beverage producers and you have got a meal to remember. Also on offer is Moby's Pub Seafood Harvest Dinner and live music to keep the party going!
After visiting the Saturday Market, on offer from 12 noon to 5 pm is the Salt Spring Vineyard's Harvest Grape Stomp where you can join your friends and test your skills as you crush grapes in a team competition. Please note that the weather forecast is calling for rain and wind so dress accordingly!
On Sunday, join local farm expert and author Michael Ableman at Foxglove Farm for the launch of his new book "Street Farm". This wonderful event will feature a tour of Foxglove Farm along with a meal and book signing. RSVP by visiting: email@example.com
Also on Sunday, October 16th, several of Salt Spring restaurants will showcase Harvest Menus with local food and drink from the Gulf Islands and the Vancouver Island region.
Fall is a great time for a Foodie's Experience on Salt Spring Island! Included is: Annual Apple Festival on October 2nd, Thanksgiving Weekend October 8th and 9th, the Salt Spring Harvest Food & Drink Festival from the 14th to 16th and the Harvest Grape Stomp on October 15thth.
Eat and Drink Local! Salt Spring Harvest Festival is sponsored by Mouat's Trading, an iconic Salt Spring merchant since 1907. The event is supported by Thrifty Foods, Shaw Communications, Country Grocer, Imagine That Graphic Design, Gulf Islands Driftwood, Fishbowl Magazine and members of the Salt Spring Island Chamber of Commerce. For event information visit www.sipandsavoursaltspring.com. For information on places to stay, visit saltspringtourism.com


text:
|Polymorphic Software
|Tech stats
|Short quote
|The first massive neural nets
|Discover 2
| Industrial Base
Information Networks
|Leads to
| Advanced Subatomic Theory
Optical Computers
Adaptive Doctrine
|Base Facilities
|Secret Projects
|Unit Advances
|Heavy Artillery
Technological advance is an inherently iterative process. One does not simply take sand from the beach and produce a Dataprobe. We use crude tools to fashion better tools, and then our better tools to fashion more precise tools, and so on. Each minor refinement is a step in the process, and all of the steps must be taken.
-- Chairman Sheng-ji Yang ,"Looking God in the Eye"
Miscellaneous effects
Improves Probe Team success rate.


text:
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Mrs Smith, who suffered a heart attack in 2009, has successfully received compensation with the help of Margaret Ryan from the Clinical Negligence team in Leeds as a result of a delay in diagnosing and treating her heart attack.
When arriving at the Bradford Royal Infirmary with chest pains, Mrs Smith was left waiting in Accident and Emergency for over 2 hours. When an ECG was eventually carried out it was identified that she had had a heart attack and was sent for urgent emergency treatment.
The trust admitted liability in the case and acknowledged that their failure to act quickly enough had caused her additional harm. An award of £7,500 was made to compensate her for the pain, suffering and distress that she suffered, to cover the care that had to be provided in the aftermath and in relation to the physical damage caused to her heart because of the delay in receiving treatment. She is pleased with the settlement and has since made a good recovery.
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text:
Kari & Klara – Ravishing Readers
Released: June 9, 2013
Kari (darker hair) and Klara are relaxing on the bed with a book when one thing leads to another. The girls start kissing, and then Kari removes Klara's top and sucks her nipples. Then Klara pulls down Kari's bra and sucks her nipples too. The girls slowly undress and Kari starts eating Klara's pussy. Kari licks and fingers Klara until she comes. The the girls kiss again, and the Kari lies back and Klara goes down on her, fingering and licking her pussy until she comes. Then the girls kiss and cuddle.


text:
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