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Tissue-specific human beta-defensins (HBD)-1, HBD-2 and HBD-3 secretion profile from human amniochorionic membranes stimulated with Candida albicans in a two-compartment tissue culture system
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During intrauterine infection, amniochorionic membranes represent a mechanical and immunological barrier against dissemination of infection. Human beta defensins (HBD)-1, HBD-2, and HBD-3 are key elements of innate immunity that represent the first line of defense against different pathogen microorganisms associated with preterm labor. The aim of this work was to characterize the individual contribution of the amnion (AMN) and choriodecidua (CHD) regions to the secretion of HBD-1, HBD-2 and HBD-3, after stimulation with Candida albicans.
Full-thickness human amniochorionic membranes were obtained after delivery by elective cesarean section from women at 37-40 wk of gestation with no evidence of active labor. The membranes were cultured in a two-compartment experimental model in which the upper compartment is delimited by the amnion and the lower chamber by the choriodecidual membrane. One million of Candida albicans were added to either the AMN or the CHD face or to both and compartmentalized secretion profiles of HBD-1, HBD-2, and HBD-3 were quantified by ELISA. Tissue immunolocalization was performed to detect the presence of HBD-1, -2, -3 in tissue sections stimulated with Candida albicans.
HBD-1 secretion level by the CHD compartment increased 2.6 times (27.30 [20.9-38.25] pg/micrograms protein) when the stimulus with Candida albicans was applied only on this side of the membrane and 2.4 times (26.55 [19.4-42.5] pg/micrograms protein) when applied to both compartments simultaneously. HBD-1 in the amniotic compartment remained without significant changes. HBD-2 secretion level increased significantly in the CHD when the stimulus was applied only to this region (2.49 [1.49-2.95] pg/micrograms protein) and simultaneously to both compartments (2.14 [1.67- 2.91] pg/micrograms protein). When the stimulus was done in the amniotic compartment HBD-2 remained without significant changes in both compartments. HBD-3 remained without significant changes in both compartments regardless of the stimulation modality. Localization of immune-reactive forms of HBD-1, HBD-2, and HBD-3 was carried out by immunohistochemistry confirming the cellular origin of these peptides.
Selective stimulation of amniochorionic membranes with Candida albicans resulted in tissue-specific secretion of HBD-1 and HBD-2, mainly in the CHD, which is the first region to become infected during an ascending infection.
Natural antimicrobial peptides
Bactericidal permeability increasing protein
Colony forming unit
Dulbecco modified eagle medium
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Fetal bovine serum
Human beta defensins
Human amniotic epithelial cells
Human neutrophil peptide
Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity
Premature rupture of membranes
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor
Toll like receptors.
During normal pregnancy, the human fetus must adapt to a potentially hostile environment in which both maternal and fetal tissues develop different and very complex adaptation strategies to avoid a potentially harmful response that can induce an alloimmune reaction between the mother and the fetus [1].
A growing body of clinical and experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that intrauterine infection during gestation is the principal causal factor in 25 to 40% of cases of preterm delivery; this condition jeopardizes the immunologic privilege of the fetus in the maternal-fetal interface, inducing an uncontrolled secretion of pro-inflammatory modulators that alter the immunologic/endocrinologic equilibrium of the maternal-placental unit [2, 3].
The amniotic cavity is a space delimited by amniochorionic membranes, that represent a physical as well as a very active immunologic barrier. These capacities are required to guarantee the effective response against any immunological challenge, including an effective prevention and eventual contention of microorganisms that reach the uterine cavity through an ascending pathway from the cervical-vaginal region [4].
Amniochorionic membranes are a complex bi-laminated tissue constituted by an amniotic epithelium whose cells are in contact with the amniotic fluid and by a chorion zone rich in chorion laeve trophoblasts attached to the maternal decidual lining of the uterine wall; all these cellular populations are embedded in an extracellular matrix rich in collagen types I, III, IV, V, and VI, as well as nidogen and proteoglycans [5, 6].
The amniochorionic membranes are minimally vascularized; hence their immunologic capacities have been attributed –in part- to the innate immune system [7]. There is experimental evidence suggesting that the innate immune system plays a key role in the defense mechanisms against any immune and infectious challenge in the fetal-placental interface. Different studies support that amniochorionic membranes have intrinsic antibacterial properties [8, 9, 10].
Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are effector molecules of the innate immune system that have anti-bacterial (gram negative and gram positive bacteria), anti-viral, and anti-fungal actions; generally, they are constituted by 12-50 amino acid residues, and most of them are positively charged and have amphipathic properties [11, 12]. These properties are important for their microbial killing mechanism: the cationic character of AMPs results in electrostatic attraction to the negatively-charged phospholipids of microbial membranes and their hydrophobicity aids in integrating them into the microbial cell membrane, leading to membrane disruption [11, 13].
Defensins are an evolutionarily ancient class of AMPs present in animals, plants, and fungi [14]. Mammalian defensins can be subdivided into three main classes according to their structural differences: alpha-defensin, beta-defensin, and theta-defensin. Human beta defensins (HBD)-1,-2, -3, and -4 represent the main group of antimicrobials expressed at mucosal surfaces by epithelial cells [15].
Different natural AMPs play an active role during an infection process and the amniochorionic membranes are especially active in their production. There is clinical and experimental evidence indicating that: 1) primary amnion epithelial cells express messenger RNA for HBD-1 to 3, as well as secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and elafin. Treatment with IL-β –a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with labor in normal and pathological conditions– increases significantly HBD-2 [16]; 2). Stimulation of FL cells (ATCC CCL-62), a human amnion-derived line with LPS induces up-regulation of mRNA of HBD-3 [17]; 3) human amniotic epithelial cells (HAEC), isolated from human fetal membranes with chorioamnionitis, secrete significantly more HBD-3 after stimulation with LPS than cells isolated from normal pregnancy membranes [18]; 4) HBD-2 concentrations are increased in the amniotic fluid of women with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) [19]; 5) the concentrations of immunoreactive α-defensins, human neutrophil peptides (HNP)-1-3, bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI), and calprotectin are significantly higher in patients with MIAC, preterm parturition, and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) [20]; 6) mRNA expression of alpha-defensin-1 and calgranulin B is significantly higher in fetal membranes of patients with preterm labor and histologic chorioamnionitis than in membranes of those without chorioamnionitis [21]; 7) elafin and HBD-3 increase in chorioamnionitis, and levels of HNP1-3 increase in plasma and amniotic fluid in women affected by microbial invasion of the uterus [22].
During pregnancy, HBD-1-3 plays a key role in the mechanisms that protect the maternal and fetal tissues and there is experimental evidence that they are expressed by the amnion's epithelium, decidual, placental, and chorion trophoblasts from term pregnancies [10]. Evidence from our laboratory indicates that chorioamniotic membranes have tissue-specific capacities to synthesize and secrete HBDs. Using a two-compartment model of culture, we demonstrated that regardless of the primary site of stimulation with Streptococcus agalactiae, this bacterium induces secretion of HBD-2 and HBD-3 by both choriodecidual and amniotic regions; in contrast, HBD-1 remains without significant changes [23].
On the other hand, using the same experimental model, we demonstrated that Gardnerella vaginalis induces secretion of HBD-1 mainly in the amniotic compartment, and HBD-2 and HBD-3 were secreted by the choriodecidual region [24]. Stimulation with Eshcerichia coli elicits a similar secretion HBD-2 profile in both choriodecidual and amniotic regions, however, HBD-3 was secreted mainly by the choriodecidual region but only if the stimulus was applied on the amniotic side [25].
Candida albicans is considered a microorganism associated with bacterial vaginosis, a condition that has been identified as a previous condition for the development of intrauterine and/or intra-amniotic infections [4, 26]. Chorioamnionitis cases due to yeast colonization remain rare despite 10-20% rate of vaginal yeast colonize during pregnancy. A growing body of clinical evidence indicates, however, that C. albicans can be related with chorioamnionitis [27, 28, 29] and neonatal infections [26, 30, 31].
Epidemiological data indicate that 69-94% of neonates with a birth weight less than 1500 g die because of C. albicans-induced infections. Moreover, there are reports of fetal death during midgestation (18-21 weeks) associated to sepsis by C. albicans[31, 32].
HBDs exhibit anti-fungal activity against Candidas spp, including C. albicans[33, 34, 35], therefore, the rationale for the present study was to test the individual contribution of the amnion and the choriodecidual regions to the secretion of HBD-1, -2, and -3 after stimulation with Candida albicans. Our findings suggest that HBD-1-3 may provide protection against penetration by microorganisms into the immune-privileged amniotic cavity.
Biological samples
The Internal Review Board of the Instituto Nacional de Perinatolgía "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" (INPer IER) in Mexico City approved this study (#06151) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Ten intact/whole term fetal membranes were collected from women who underwent elective cesarean section at term (37-39 weeks). All women were from an urban area of Mexico City, 23-34 years old, previously normotensive, with no history of diabetes mellitus, thyroid, liver, or chronic renal disease. They were cared for at the obstetrics out-patient service of the INPer IER. All women had uneventful pregnancies, with no evidence of active labor, cervical dilation or loss of the mucus plug. In addition, none had any clinical or microbiological signs of chorioamnionitis or of lower genital tract infection. Multi-fetal pregnancies were excluded from this study.
To confirm lack of infection, general microbiological analyses, including aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, were conducted on the placenta and fetal membranes. Immediately after delivery, a sterile swab was rolled across randomly selected areas of the fetal membrane. The swabs were rolled onto Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood, which was used as a primary isolation medium for fastidious and non-fastidious aerobic microorganisms.
Appropriate selective media were included for the detection of specific pathogens, e.g. MacConkey II agar (E. coli). Gardnerella selective agar with 5% human blood (G. vaginalis), potato dextrose agar (C. albicans), agar with 5% human blood (group B streptococci), and chocolate II agar (N. gonorrhoeae) were included.
A CDC anaerobic 5% sheep blood agar plate was streaked to isolate obligate and facultative anaerobes, as well as microaerophilic bacteria, using a Gas Pak EZ anaerobic system. All culture media were purchased from BD (Germany) and were incubated following the manufacturer's instruction. An additional swab was inoculated into Urea- Arginine LYO 2 broth (BioMérieux, Switzerland) to detect infection due to mycoplasma species.
Only membranes negative for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms were used for this study.
Amniochorionic membranes explants culture
This model has been previoously validated and published by our group [36] and reproduced by others [37, 38]. Briefly, all specimens were collected under aseptic conditions in the operating room and transported to the laboratory within 10 min of delivery in sterile Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Gibco BRL, Bethesda, MD) supplemented with 1X antibiotic-antimycotic solution (100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin) (Gibco) and rinsed in sterile saline solution (0.9% NaCl) to remove adherent blood clots.
Segments representing all zones of the membranes were manually cut into 14-18 mm diameter discs and held together with silicone rubber and placed on the upper chamber of a Transwell device, which were placed in the 12-well culture plates (Costar, New York, NY).
One milliliter of DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 1X antibiotic-antimycotic solution (100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin) (DMEM-FBS) (Gibco BRL) was added to each side of the chamber. The mounted explants were incubated in 5% CO2 at 37°C.
Explants stimulations
The first 24 hours in culture were used to stablize the membranes after manipulation. On the second day the membranes in both compartments are washed with saline solution (0.9% NaCl) to remove FBS. After washing, the explants were cultured with 1 ml of DMEM/compartment suplemented with 0.2% of lactalbumin hydrolysate. Stimulation with the bacteria started immeditely upon addition of the culture medium.
Each experiment included the following set of chambers in triplicate: BASAL, control membranes in which 100 μl of saline solution (vehicle) was added to both culture medium in both compartments of the chamber; CHORIODECIDUA (CHD), 1 × 106 CFU of Candida albicans was added only to the chorion compartment; AMNION (AMN), the yeast was added only to the amnion compartment; BOTH, the yeast stimulus was applied to both chorioamniotic and amniotic compartments simultaneously.
Co-incubation with C. albicans was done for 24 h, and the medium from both compartments of the chambers was collected and filtered (0.22 um); samples were aliquoted and stored at -70°C until assayed. All tissues were weighed and protein concentrations in all culture media were assessed with the Bradford method [39].
The inoculum size of 1 × 106 CFU has been previoulsly standarized/published by our group to induce the secretion of a pro-inflammatory reaction, as well as the secretion of prostaglandin (PG)-E2 and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 [40].
Measurement of HBD1, HBD2 and HBD3 secretion
Concentrations of HBD1, HBD2, and HBD3 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent sandwich assays (ELISA) kits (Pepro Tech, Rock Hill, NJ). Standard curves used were as follows: HBD-1, 15 to 1000 pg/ml with sensitivity of 4 pg/ml; HBD-2, 2 to 200 pg/ml with a detection limit of 1 pg/ml; and HBD-3, 10 to 2000 pg/ml with a sensitivity of 2 pg/ml.
Given that culture medium samples recovered from both compartments after stimulation did not contain fetal bovine serum and that these were filtered to remove any possible contamination with C. albicans and because HBD's are secreted to the medium, the final concentration of each HBD was expressed per microgram of the total protein concentration of each sample.
After stimulation with Candida albicans, the membranes were fixed, embedded in paraffin wax and 10-15 μm sections were processed for immunohistochemical staining using the following polyclonal antibodies; rabbit anti-hHBD-1 and anti-hHBD-3, and a goat anti-hHBD-2 (Pepro Tech). The antibodies were used at a 10ug/ml dilution. The same membranes without stimulation were used as controls.
Binding of primary antibodies was detected using the avidin-biotinylated peroxidase technique and biotinylated horse anti-rabbit IgG and horse anti-goat IgG antibodies (Vector, Burlingame, CA). Tissue sections were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin and cover-slipped for evaluation by light microscopy.
Statistical analyses
Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, standard error, median, and range) were obtained for each variable. Data distribution was tested for normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnoff and Shapiro-Wilk tests. When distribution was normal, Student's t test was used to analyze differences between treatments (i.e., control chorion vs stimulated chorion). Mann-Whitney's U test was used when data were not normally distributed. In every case, a P value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17 (IBM Corp., USA). Bars in the graphs represent median values and 25-75 interquartile range.
Stimulation at the amniotic side of the membrane did not induce significant changes of HBD-1 secretion profile (P = 0.107) in either AMN (10.36 [9.06-12.12] pg/μg of protein) or CHD (13.40 [10.82-20.07]) regions. In comparison with control conditions, CHD was the most active in the secretion of HBD-1 and the amniotic side did not respond in a significant way under any of the three infection modalities Figure 1.
In comparison with basal levels in CHD (1.35 [0.99-1.92] pg/μg protein) and AMN (0.75 [ 0.53-0.96] pg/μg protein), simultaneous stimulation induced a significant increase of HBD-2 in chorionic and amniotic compartment (2.14 [1.67-2.91]) and (1.00-[0.9-1.13]) respectively Figure 3.
The immune innate system enables human amniochorionic membranes and other tissues of the fetal-maternal interface to recognize potentially infectious threats [41] and secrete AMP's that act as the first defense line to delimit and control an infectious process [10, 15]. The key role of fetal membranes as an effective barrier against C. albicans has been demonstrated in different animal experimental models [42, 43].
Candida albicans has been identified as a microorganism isolated from the vagina, lower urinary tract, fetus-placental unit, and amniotic fluid during pregnancy and has been associated with an increased risk of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and PPROM, which are associated with an increased risk of intra-amniotic infection; these are all conditions that negatively affect perinatal morbidity and mortality of newborns [44]. Infants with a birth weight of less than 1250 g comprise the group with the highest risk of developing pulmonary candidiasis [45].
In a study addressed to know whether Candida species can penetrate intact fetal membranes under ex vivo conditions, it was possible to demonstrate that C. albicans was the only one that, once inoculated into the maternal side, penetrated and passed to the fetal side, and caused degeneration of the structure of the membrane epithelium [46].
In the present study, we addressed the question of whether the amniochorionic membranes are able to respond to Candida albicans infection with the production of HBD-1, HBD-2, HBD-3, peptides that directly combat bacterial proliferation and survival. The experimental model used in this study allowed us to reproduce the different contact points between Candida albicans, ascending from the lower genital tract, and the uterine cavity; besides, we reproduced in vivo two compartments separated by a fully functional fetal membrane and analyzed the compartmentalized secretion in the compartment delimited by the amnion and that delimited by the choriodecidua [36].
The present work demonstrates that HBD-1 was the main defensin secreted by the membranes after stimulation with C. albicans. The ELISA and immunohistochemistry results support the hypothesis that the choriodecidua is the region more active in the synthesis and secretion of this defensin.
These results are supported by previous evidence indicating that mRNA and protein of HBD-1 are present in the amnion, decidua, and chorion trophoblast layers of amniochorionic membranes, being the trophoblast region the main source of endogenous antimicrobial molecules during pregnancy [10].
Wiechula et al. [47] demonstrated that the mRNA of HBD-1 is increased in the lavage of female genital tract collected from women with candidiasis, which is in agreement with studies done with human normal vaginal epithelia co-cultured with C. albicans that induce a significant secretion of HBD-1 and HBD-2 [48].
The abundant secretion of HBD-1 in our model could be supported by a possible relationship between pregnancy tissues and the genitourinary tract, which expresses high levels of these defensins [14].
There are reports indicating that under pathological conditions, such as chorioamnionitis and/or PROM, which have been associated with uncontrolled production of harmful pro-inflammatory cytokines, the pattern of HBD-1 synthesis and secretion, as well as its immuno-localization profile, does not change [10]. However in a recent work in our laboratory, using the same experimental model of two independent compartments, we demonstrated that stimulation with G. vaginalis induces upregulation of HBD-1 [24].
In contrast, a growing body of evidence indicates that HBD-2 is up-regulated by inflammatory cytokines in cells derived from reproductive tissues, including fetal membranes [25] and in other organs, such as skin [49], human endometrial epithelial cells [50], oral epithelial cells [51, 52], respiratory epithelia [53], and different colonic epithelial cell lines [54].
In the present work, we confirmed that HBD-2 is present at basal level in the membranes, which agrees with previous evidence reported by King et al. [10]. On the other hand, stimulation with C. albicans induced the increase of secreted levels and immunoreactive forms of HBD-2 in both amniotic and choriodecidual compartments.
During pregnancy, HBD-2 is part of the immune machinery associated with the antimicrobial properties of the amniotic fluid; however, under pathological conditions such as MIAC, HBD-2 is up-regulated in the amniotic fluid regardless of the fetal membrane status (intact membranes or PROM) [19]. These results concur with evidence of our lab indicating that the infection of fetal membranes with E. coli –a microorganism associated with chorioamnionitis– elicited high secretion of HBD-2 by both amnion and choriodecidua regions [25].
Additional evidence indicates that transcription of the HBD-2 gene is induced by IL-1β [54, 55], a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by the choriodecidual region of human fetal membranes in response to a selective stimulation with C. albicans[40].
Additional experimental evidence indicate that HBD-2 elicits in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans, which is killed by a dose of 25 μg/ml of HBD-2 that is lethal for 90% of strains tested (LD90) [54, 56] and in an energy-dependent and salt-sensitive manner without causing membrane disruption [57].
HBD-3 is a 4-kDa antimicrobial peptide originally isolated from human psoriatic lesion scales [12] whose strong expression has been demonstrated in keratinocytes and in tonsil tissue, whereas low HBD-3 expression was found in epithelia of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts [58].
In the present study, we found that, independently from whether the yeast was added only to the amnion or to the choriodecidua or to both, stimulation with C. albicans did not induce any significant change in the HBD-3 secretion pattern, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.
It has been reported that HBD3 is up regulated by TNFα [59], however, previous evidence from our laboratory indicates that the stimulation of chorioamniotic membranes with C. albicans does not up-regulate the synthesis and secretion of TNFα [40].
Additionally, esophageal cell line OE21 stimulated with supernatants or directly co-cultured with C. albicans induces up-regulation of HBD-2 and HBD-3 expression, and the infection process involves divergent signaling events that differentially govern HBD-2 and HBD-3 [59]; these findings support our results indicating that the stimulation with C. albicans differentially up-regulates HBD-2 but not HBD-3, both defensins have been previously reported with strain-specific activity against Candida sp. including C. albicans[59, 60].
Amniotic and choriodecidual regions are constituted by completely different cellular populations, which can explain –in part– the existence of tissue-specific HBD-1, HBD-2, and HBD-3 secretion patterns as part of the response to Candida albicans, this includes the basal protection of the three defensins and the up-regulation of HBD-1 and HBD-2 after stimulation with the yeast.
The present work and previous experimental evidence [23, 24, 25] support the concept that the human chorioamniotic membranes have immune capacities that include innate immune factors, such as HBDs, that are secreted in a tissue specific pattern as part of a complex mechanism of defense/protection against different pathogen microorganisms associated to preterm labor complicated with chorioamnionitis. The action of these molecules may limit the spread of pathogens between maternal and fetal compartments preventing the infection of the amniotic cavity.
Innate immune capacities in pregnancy tissues are key in the recognition, delimitation, and eventual destruction of pathogens that can damage the immunologic equilibrium at the maternal-placental interface. Differential capacities to recognize the pathogen are directly associated with receptors of the innate immune system, Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that respond to the presence of pathogen-derived products and are responsible in part for the control of antimicrobial expression [61, 62].
There is evidence supporting the active role of the innate immune system, TLR-4 and TLR-2 are two key receptors in the recognition of linear structure of O-linked mannosyl residues [63] and β-(1,3)-mannosides, which are present in the acid-stable and acid-labile component of mannoproteins and phospholipomannans (PLM) [64] on the Candida albicans cell wall, respectively. Additionally fungal DNA is poorly methylated in contrast to mammalian DNA, and experimental evidence indicates that TLR-9 is involved in the recognition of C. albicans[62, 65].
At the maternal-placental interface, TLRs play a key role as sentinels to detect different pathogens, these receptors are expressed not only in the immune cells but also in non-immune cells, including amniotic epithelium, villous and extra-villous trophoblasts, and decidual cells, and their expression pattern can vary according to the stage of pregnancy [61, 62].
The expression and activity of TLR-2 and TLR-4 have been associated with spontaneous labor at term, as well as with preterm delivery with histological chorioamnionitis, indicating that these receptors play a key role in the innate immune mechanisms required to respond effectively against an immunologic-infectious process [61].
Our results demonstrate that amniochorionic membranes respond differentially to Candida albicans infection. Amnion and choriodecidua secrete HBD-1 and HBD-2 as part of the innate immune defenses of this tissue.
The choriodecidua is the most responsive region to the infection, as it is the first tissue to be colonized by the microbial pathogen during an ascending intrauterine infection and it is the main barrier to progression of the infection into the amniotic cavity and eventually the fetus.
Tissue-specific capacities of these membranes to secret HBD-1 and HBD-2 represent the first line of defense in amniochorionic membranes and represent part of a very complex mechanism of antimicrobial protection that ensures an initial protection at times when infection may jeopardize the continuity of pregnancy.
These studies were supported by Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", project # 06151 to VZC. We thank Ingrid Mascher for editorial assistance and Dr. Daudi Langat and David Wheaton for language corrections.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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An Extraordinary Minister of Holy Communion (EMHC), often incorrectly called a Eucharistic Minister, is a term used in the Roman Catholic Church for members of the laity who have been authorized to distribute the Eucharist to members of the congregation during Mass. Typically, extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion can also distribute Holy Communion to those in prisons, hospitals, and nursing homes, or are otherwise sick and unable to attend Mass.
In general
In the Catholic Mass, the ordinary ministers of the Eucharist are the bishop, priest, and deacon. In the absence of enough ordinary ministers, laypeople may be delegated to assist in the distribution of Communion and are referred to accurately as Extraordinary Ministers of Holy Communion. [1] As stated in the Vatican document, Redemptionis Sacramentum, in paragraphs 154-156, the term "Extraordinary Minister of Holy Communion" is the proper title and should be the only one used. Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and a few Protestant denominations believe that the Eucharistic elements (or "species", that is the consecrated bread and wine) are not symbols, but instead contain the presence of Christ, though the degree to which each denomination interprets this varies. They are also sometimes referred to as "Extraordinary Ministers of the Eucharist", or EME. Pope John Paul II discouraged the usage of the acronym, "EME", fearing that it might removing the original intended piety of the term.
Specific training and instruction are generally prerequisite to becoming an Extraordinary Minister of Holy Communion, whereby special consideration is given to such candidates who are first reviewed and deemed qualified to undertake such responsibility. Unlike priests and bishops, extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion are neither permitted nor able to consecrate bread as is done in the Eucharistic Prayer by a priest or bishop. Their only permitted role is to distribute Holy Communion after it has been consecrated.
|This section may stray from the topic of the article. Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page.
| This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009)
At the direction of Pope Benedict XVI, extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion (EMHC's) in the United States were no longer permitted to assist in the purification of the sacred vessels at Masses. In an Oct. 23 letter, Bishop William S. Skylstad, then-president (2004-2007) of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), asked his fellow bishops to inform all pastors of the change, which was prompted by a letter from Cardinal Francis Arinze, prefect of the Vatican Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. The U.S. bishops asked the Vatican to extend an indult — or church permission — which had been in effect since 2002, allowing EMHC's to help purify the Communion cups and ciboria when there were not enough priests or deacons to do so. That indult had been granted for a period of three years and was an exception to the worldwide directive given in 2002 in the third edition of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM).
When, after the three-year period expired, the U.S. bishops asked the Vatican to extend the indult or make it permanent, the request was declined.
Bishop Skylstad, who heads the Diocese of Spokane, Wash., said Cardinal Arinze asked Pope Benedict about the matter during the June 9 audience "and received a response in the negative."
Noting that the GIRM "directs that the sacred vessels are to be purified by the priest, the deacon or an instituted acolyte," the cardinal said in his Oct. 12 letter that "it does not seem feasible, therefore, for the congregation to grant the requested indult from this directive in the general law of the Latin Church."[1] A controversy ensued over the ability of EMHC's to purify the chalice and other sacred vessels after a question of piety was raised. One church coined the catch phrase, It's not "doing the dishes". Because Catholics believe in the "Real Presence" of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist, the Catholic Church requires that a priest or deacon perform the purification rites of the sacred vessels.

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The varying narratives of climate change
A lot depends on the story you tell, not just for you but also for the environment around you.
Climate change has fostered abuse narratives. We abused the environment for this long, and now we must go into recovery mode. Our dark narratives are about the theme of abuse; our hopeful narratives are about recovery. Recovery alone is way too small a destination for this time -- we need a more muscular story.


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Punkin' party
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RSVP to bigwildonion@... by October 19th.
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Maxim Magazine's Halloween Masquerade @ Club Play
2011 Party Of The Year
Let's face it. The club scene can get pretty monotonous at times. But what makes a great party legendary? I'll tell you what makes it legendary. Its the quality of women at the party. And when you have a worldwide brand like Maxim Magazine co-sponsoring your party and on the number one day of the year where the freaks come out…..Halloween. All I can say is that it was full of tons of Latina women between the ages of 21-25 and the ratio was like 12:1. And all the girls had skimpy costumes and a nice booty-shaking costume contest to be the icing on the cake. If you went to this party and didn't get at least one number…#killyoself. So yeah, best party ever.
Maxim Magazine's Halloween Masquerade @ Club Play


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Overview Edit
The License on Transfer (LOT) network is a cooperative patent-licensing agreement among Asana, Canon, Dropbox, Google, Newegg and SAP that will cut down on patent troll litigation and the growing practice of patent privateering.
The LOT agreement is a new kind of royalty-free cross-license meant to address significant patent litigation issues. Member companies receive a license when the patents are transferred out of the LOT group. That means that companies retain their right to enforce a patent so long as they retain ownership of it. However, as soon as it is sold, a license to the other members becomes effective, protecting them from attacks by the troll to which the patent was sold.
The agreement includes several other provisions that preserve a patent portfolio's value, including carve-outs for certain M&A transactions and change of control.


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Lovely lovely room and even more fantastic staff, excellent food and high quality in every detail. This is a blessed place and I am so happy to have visited - the breakfast is amazing and their own beach spot is fantastic. However it is not...More
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Coroner: Man, woman found dead in home were shot
A northeastern Indiana coroner has determined that a man and a woman found dead Thursday inside their home had both been fatally shot.
The bodies of 39-year-old David T. Wehrle and 49-year-old Linette A. Pass were found Thursday inside a bedroom of their Huntertown home after Wehrle failed to show up at work for several days.
The Allen County coroner ruled Wehrle's death a homicide Friday due to at least one gunshot wound. Pass also died from at least one gunshot wound, but her manner of death remains under investigation by police, the coroner's office and prosecutors.
The Journal Gazette reports Allen County police have told residents in the neighborhood where the killings took place to remain calm and that they have nothing to fear.
Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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You can purchase an Instant Access PDF & MP3 Add-on Pack for this product!
This means that you can download your read-only PDF version of the title and MP3 music files instantly!
ONLY available online and with an Instant Performance Licence.
Scroll down to listen to song clips.
A hugely successful nativity play from leading children's writer, Niki Davies. This time we meet a lovable shepherd who just can't keep awake. Will he miss out on the big adventure?
Seven catchy songs with the simplest of scripts tell the familiar Christmas story, in the form of a nativity musical. Guaranteed fun! A superb Christmas play for 3-6 year olds.
|What's Included
Teachers Book with:
Audio CD with:
|Running Time
|20 minutes approx
|Sample Script
|View sample script
|Cast List
|View cast list
|Instant Access PDFs & MP3s
UK Primary Schools and LEA Nurseries can still pay on invoice - just select the Purchase Order payment option at the checkout.
Your Instant Access PDF & MP3 Add-on Pack includes:
Please note that after placing your order online you will receive a confirmation email which provides you with a link to access your Instant Access digital download. Alternatively log in to your Out of the Ark online website account and go to your My Instant Access PDFs & MP3s section to download your files.
You will have 3 attempts to download the files - you must SAVE first before opening the zip-file containing your download.
For full information on Instant Access PDFs & MP3s click here.
|Licence Information
|Performance Licence Information
A performance licence is required to perform this copyrighted musical to an audience (other than exclusively to pupils and staff).
In addition, with so many of our musicals and nativities purchased in digital format, teachers need a legal way to install or distribute copies for use around the school. Your Standard or Instant Performance Licence will also cover you for the following digital usages:


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The Autumn Hillside 300-Piece puzzle features scintillating artwork by Lowell Herrero depicting a herd of cows resting underneath a bright orange autumn tree. Piece together this vibrant painting as a fun, relaxing activity at home. Use the included art print to help you connect all the linen embossed jigsaw pieces to form this magnificent artwork!
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Available ebook formats: epub mobi pdf rtf lrf pdb txt html
I love hearing from readers so feel free to mail me at email@example.com with comments or questions. You'll find a mix of my work, along with fun trivia about books, at www.jeangill.com If you read one of my books, I'd really appreciate you taking the time to leave a review - thank you.
I'm a Welsh writer and photographer living in the south of France with a very big white dog, a Nikon D700 and a man. I taught English in Wales for many years and my claim to fame is that I was the first woman to be a secondary headteacher in Carmarthenshire. I'm mother or stepmother to five children so life has been pretty hectic.
I've published all kinds of books, both with conventional publishers and self-published. You'll find everything under my name from prize-winning poetry and novels, military history, translated books on dog training, to a cookery book on goat cheese. My work with top dog-trainer Michel Hasbrouck has taken me deep into the world of dogs with problems, and inspired one of my novels. With Scottish parents, an English birthplace and French residence, I can usually support the winning team on most sporting occasions.
My photo portfolio is at www.istockphoto.com/jeangill and I blog at www.jeangill.blogspot.com I sometimes accept guest bloggers so get in touch.
Review by:
jon muir
on Sep. 28, 2011 :
This Book was of great interest to me as I have relations who lived in Malta throughout the WAR, and some of the recipes they invented just to survive are still eaten today, I might add with great gusto. My only thoughts are that being such a small island, the Authour really does not fully explain the Hardships. I have photos of Malta taken during the War, and perhaps tha Author tried to minimise the destruction and chaos to avoid bringing back dreadful memories to the Maltese people, still all in all a very worthwhile book
(reviewed 25 days after purchase)


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About my reviews[edit]
I think the Good Article project is one of the best initiatives on Wikipedia, so regardless of the outcome of a review, know that I think you're awesome just for working to bring an article to this point.
In reviews, I try to stick strictly to the criteria and treat the essay What the Good Article Criteria Are Not as a Bible. If I have additional suggestions, I'll try to make clear they're not needed for GA status. I pass about 75% of the articles I review. Out of those that I don't list, the most common reason is that the nominator doesn't return within a week to address the issues involved. I almost always do some minor copyediting for a review, but if I find myself correcting a number of misspellings and grammatical errors, I'll usually send the article back for more work before renomination or put it on hold for a week to see if another copyeditor can be found. If you ever have a question and want me to get back involved on an article I've reviewed, feel free to ping me.
Good Article reviews[edit]
In progress[edit]
To start
Quickfail log[edit]
In addition to my full reviews, in late 2013 I began patrolling new nominations for obvious quickfails (outstanding cleanup tags, driveby nominations of unprepared work, etc.). I list these separately to avoid distorting my review total and pass-fail rate.


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text: A GOP Candidate in N.H.?: Have Republicans finally found a candidate for the seat being vacated by Sen. Judd Gregg (R)? Maybe. The Fix hears that Fred Tausch, who is sponsoring television ads in the Granite State touting a group he founded to restore fiscal discipline in Washington, is leaning heavily toward running, according to sources in the state. Tausch, an investor based in Nashua, has already signed on two former staffers to Sen. John Sununu (R) -- Will Wrobleski and Jeff Grappone -- to help guide his bid. Democrats have unified behind Rep. Paul Hodes as their candidate. New Hampshire Attorney General Kelly Ayotte (R) is also purportedly considering a candidacy.


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Isabella (Johnston) Graves, 1845-1918.
Daughter of Robert "Red Robin" Johnston and Mary "Mae" Frances (McQueen) Johnston.
Original image captured by "M.A. Rees, Photographer, No. 60 Cor. Saginaw And Kearsly Sts., Flint, Michigan, Opp. Fenton Hall" in 1869.
Belle married John Graves. Together they moved to Flint, Michigan, U.S.A., in 1866. Theirs was not an easy marriage as John had been in the American Civil War and suffered from the ill effects of several battles, probably with what we now know as "post traumatic stress disorder". He became increasingly mean and violent. Eventually John and Belle divorced, and he entered an old soldiers' home in Dayton, Ohio. In 1925 he left the old soldiers' home and went to Spring Arbor, Michigan to be closer to one of his children during his last days. He died the same year.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Ralf S. Engelschall" <...@engelschall.com>
|Re: [PATCH] APACI: --permute-module=foo:bar
|Fri, 23 Oct 1998 06:21:37 GMT
In article <firstname.lastname@example.com> you wrote: > Ralf S. Engelschall wrote: >> i>[...] >> For the good old edit-src/Configuration-manually approach of configuring this >> is trivial: Permute the AddModule lines in the editor. But APACI (especially >> --add-module) didn't provide this functionality in batch because when I wrote >> APACI initially I though this functionality cannot be done in a portable way >> with /bin/sh, awk and sed. Recently people mailed me again that they would >> appreciate this functionality, so I thought about the implementation again and >> discovered that it can be done in a portable way. Not really an easy way and >> short (oneliner!) way, but at least in a portable way (which is more important >> for us than a few code lines more). > I'd've thought this would be a relatively straightforward application of > tsort. > Another advantage of using tsort would be that it could diagnose > misordering of modules for us. I intentionally avoided any tsort, perl or whatever hacks for portability reasons. One reason why our configuration scripts work on really all Unix flavors is that we force us to use only /bin/sh, awk, sed, grep and a few more standard commands. "tsort" is not of this type, even one could reduce the implementation dramatically with it. One can also use some sed-based hacks, but again only with very advanced (= non-portable) sed commands. So I finally decided that an awk-based solution is the only really portable way. Because I used only awk-features we _already_ use in configure and src/Configure. So, please understand that the more complicated awk-approach seems to be the best for our solution, IMO. BTW, Ben H. already mentioned to me that the ^:foo and foo:$ syntax should be replaced by an easier to read variant. Sounds reasonable. I'll use BEGIN:foo and foo:END or similar syntax in take 2 of the patch. Ralf S. Engelschall email@example.com www.engelschall.com
|View raw message


text:
Keith Urban my love shield: Nicole Kidman
Los Angeles: Actress Nicole Kidman says her husband Keith Urban has become her "love shield".
The 45-year-old insists the country singer, with whom she has two daughters - Sunday Rose, 4, and Faith Margaret, 2, has given her "strong love".
"He`s given me a home. He`s given me really strong love - he`s given me a love shield. I have my girls and my husband and I have a very, very strong real life to counterbalance my fantasy life now," contactmusic.com quoted Kidman as saying.


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The Fred Finkelstein Papers consist of materials relating to his project on McCarthyism at Northwestern, a final copy of which is located in the first folder of this series. Materials include correspondence exchanged in 1979, original correspondence forwarded to Finkelstein by his correspondents, copies of documents from the University Archives or elsewhere, and Finkelstein's research notecards.
The 1979 correspondence comprises the hindsight testimony of former Northwestern University administrators, faculty, and graduate students concerning Northwestern's political and intellectual climate during the McCarthy era. Correspondents include Malcolm Dole, formerly a Northwestern chemistry professor and researcher for the Manhattan Project; Frank Scott and Frank Fetter, once chapter presidents of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP); Harry Ernst, former editor of the student newspaper the Daily Northwestern and the newsletter of the liberal group Students for Democratic Action (SDA); and former political science professor Charles Hyneman, who in the early 1950s advocated University inquiries into the political affiliations of Northwestern faculty.
Finkelman initiated this correspondence in early 1979, posing questions to his correspondents regarding their perceptions of academic freedom at Northwestern, the role of the press in guiding government investigations, the attitudes of students toward McCarthyism, and tensions within the Northwestern faculty between 1945 and 1955. Finkelstein specifically sought recollections of liberal professors Curtis MacDougall and Paul Schlipp, conservative professors William McGovern and Kenneth Colegrove, Dean of Faculty Payson Wild, and University presidents Roscoe Miller and Franklin Bliss Snyder. Samples of Finkelstein's initial questions appear in Malcolm Dole's reply of January 20, 1979.
One folder contains correspondence initiated after the completion of the paper, from persons to whom Finkelstein had sent copies.
Finkelstein's research materials comprise copies of selected personal papers and organizational records dating from 1939 to 1979 and held by the Northwestern University Archives. The folders include some original correspondence (often onion-skin carbons), documents, and newspaper clippings. These original items were obtained by Finkelstein during the course of his research from correspondents Curtis MacDougall, Henry Ernst, and Frank Fetter. Span dates indicate the dates of copied or original materials, not the dates spanned by the entire series cited. Most materials have Finkelstein's handwritten notation on the reverse with the location of the individual document.
Finkelstein's handwritten notes from the Daily Northwestern are also included in this series. The research notecards (1979) profile members of the faculty and administration of Northwestern and Washington universities 1945-1955.
The 1979 correspondence is filed alphabetically by sender.
Finkelstein's research materials are organized by series title (including series number) and arranged chronologically.
Finkelstein's handwritten notes retain his original order.
The Fred Finkelstein Papers were donated to the University Archives by Fred Finkelstein on July 13, 1999, as Accession # 99-106.
Rae Sikula and Janet Olson; Fall-Winter 1999.


text:
Usher & His Adorable Son Have Bonding Time in the Big Apple (PHOTOS)
Usher and his adorable son Usher Raymond V were seen out and about in NYC Monday afternoon. It looks like the two were having some father/son bonding time as little Usher carried a basketball around while his dad held his hand.
These two are absolutely adorable, but we have to admit that their cuteness is neck and neck with another musical family duo.
Earlier on Monday, Gwen Stefani was seen giving her son Zuma a lift in London. We have to admit, the pics make us melt a little bit!
Which kids' cuteness reigns supreme in your eyes? Sound off on our Twitter and Facebook!


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Anne Adams Mail Order 4978; ca. 1940s; Unprinted Pattern. Short- or 3/4-Sleeve Dress or Jumper with or without Contrast
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Man United to spend huge sum to ship out unwanted star in January
Manchester United are willing to splash a huge amount of cash just to get Bastian Schweinsteiger off their books, according to reports.
The Sun reports that Old Trafford chiefs are prepared to pay an eye-watering £10m to make sure that the German World Cup winner is sent packing in the upcoming transfer window.
The 32-year-old still has two years left on his £180k a week deal but it is clear that Jose Mourinho has no use for the former Bayern Munich star.
Schweinsteiger was brought back into first team training this week but Mourinho only made that decision in a bid to raise the player's fitness levels in preparation for selling him.
The paper suggests a move to the US or China could be on the cards, with United ready to hand him a £10m payoff to ensure he leaves in January.
Some fans still question whether the midfielder deserves another shot to make the team, who continue to struggle.
Last night the Red Devils lost 2-1 to Fenerbahce in the Europa League in a performance that was blasted by Mourinho.


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Re: More on Alpha Females
Expand Messages
- Try NOW.org always a good source of venom
-- In howardpubliced@y..., "joan_pontius" <joan_pontius@y...> wrote:
> when is someone going to write a mean book
> about the mean people who are writing mean book
> reviews about the mean books about the mean girls
> who are mean to people in jr. highschool.
> -- In howardpubliced@y..., "bobrosebrough21045"
> <bobrosebrough21045@y...> wrote:
> > Suzanne Fields
> > Mean girls in the mean streets of middle school
> >
> > http://www.NewsAndOpinion.com -- MEAN girls, maybe meaner than
> > are in. The Feminine Mystique was a revolutionary guide book forlives.
> > would-be feminists about how to rebel against their mothers'
> > Mean girls have boomer moms. A mean girl just wants to be her ownguile.
> > man.
> >
> > A mean girl doesn't need testosterone. She's got bile without
> > She takes no prisoners in her pursuit of popularity. She'll staba
> > girl in the back, stick pins in a doll made up in her bestfriend's
> > image, and roar like a lioness. She's not satisfied to meow likea
> > pussycat.a
> >
> > Mean girls, as described in the New York Times, are more little
> > witches than bitc-es, and you find them stirring the cauldron of
> > double trouble in, of all places, middle school. These girls have
> > Darwinian drive with unlimited energy for social climbing on theicy
> > path to popularity.in
> >
> > A grown woman can be enraged by the guy who turns his back to her
> > bed, but his is a gentleman's gesture compared to the 11-year-oldcalled
> > girl who turns her back on her closest girlfriend, giving her the
> > silent treatment as she walks down the hall at school. Mean girls
> > make the battle between the sexes sound like a march for peace.
> Their
> > wars end at Waterloo (or Hiroshima).
> >
> > The girls, known as Queen Bees, Alphas and RMG's (Really Mean
> Girls),
> > are writing the primer for succeeding socially in the mean streets
> of
> > middle school, and naturally "help'' is on the way. There's a new
> > enterprise in helping a mean girl to give up her wicked, wicked
> ways.
> > Rosalind Wiseman, for example, runs a nonprofit organization
> > the Empower Program, with classes in 60 schools. She teaches atthe
> > National Cathedral School, a private school in Washington foris
> > daughters of the rich, the powerful and the political. One class
> > devoted to learning how to apologize. (A few daddies and mommieswith
> > could take -- or teach -- that one.)
> >
> > The idea is to get the popular girls to become more aware of
> > their "relational aggression'' and say "I'm sorry,'' even if they
> > really aren't. (''I shouldn't have called you a fat, ugly slut
> anew
> > red splotchy complexion. You're merely plump and flirty with
> acne.'')
> > What we have here is the creation of just what we need, a whole
> > class of victims, the object of the popular girl's viciousness.Boyfriends
> >
> > The title of Rosalind Wiseman's forthcoming book, "Queen Bees and
> > Wannabees: Helping Your Daughter Survive Cliques, Gossip,
> > and Other Realities of Adolescence,'' gives you the flavor of herlearned
> > themes. The approach sounds like a touchy-feely movement for
> > preadolescents, based on what their parents and grandparents
> > and unlearned in Esalen hot tubs. Next up, no doubt, will begirls
> > the "Greening of 'Tweens.''
> >
> > Many schools hire outside "experts'' to teach topics such as
> > vs. girls, girls as foes, girls can be boys. We're coming fullteaches
> > circle, teaching mean girls to give up their nails and snails and
> > puppy-dog tails for sugar, spice and everything nice.
> > Treating the vixen has become an industry, the latest thing
> > in "social problems.'' "We are currently looking at relational
> > aggression like domestic violence 20 years ago,'' says Holly
> > Nishimura, assistant director of the Ophelia Project, which
> > girls to stop hurting each other. "Though it's not on the samenice
> scale,
> > we believe that with relational aggression, the trajectory of
> > awareness, knowledge and demand for change will follow the same
> > track.''
> >
> > What's this? Girl disses girlfriend equals man beats wife? Can a
> > government program be far behind?
> >
> > We've just recently found out that the "self-esteem movement''
> covers
> > up a multitude of slothful habits parading as confidence and
> damaging
> > a young person's abilities to achieve, and now here's the nicey-
> > movement to move bad behavior to a safe place behind theteacher's
> > back.Has
> > The New York Times juxtaposed its mean girls with a display of
> famous
> > femmes fatales, past and present, under the headline: "Goodness
> > Nothing to Do With It.'' Rose McGowan of WB's "Charmed,'' isknown
> > for playing bad girls on and off the screen. (She dated Marilyndon't
> > Manson.) "What I like about bad girls she says,'' is that they
> > know they're bad.'' Her role models are Lana Turner in "ThePostman
> > Always Rings Twice,'' the woman who persuades her lover to murderin
> her
> > husband, and Ava Gardner in "Mogambo,'' photographed with a lion
> avs.
> > movie where "the bad girl gets the man!''
> >
> > What the mean girl learns is what women have always known, girls
> > girls is how women learn to fight other women to get the man. The
> > more things change the more they stay the same. Meow.
- --- In howardpubliced@y..., "bobrosebrough21045"
<bobrosebrough21045@y...> wrote:
> Try NOW.org always a good source of venomTrue! Plus I can see how claims that women are
mean because they want to act like men or because
they want to get a man into bed would ruffle their furr.
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text:
Stefan Jacoby would give instant credibility to Zhejiang Geely Group Holding Co. Ltd. if the China-based auto maker lures him away from Volkswagen of America Inc., analysts say. Jacoby, 52, is in contract talks with VW as he contemplates a departure to head up Sweden-based Volvo Car Corp., which Geely is acquiring from Ford Motor Co. for $1.8 billion. But critics of the deal suggest Geely is ill-prepared to run a global auto maker. ŌĆ£Experienced and recognizable executives in the ...
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text:
Well, it was fun while it lasted. NBC has canceled Community after four amazing seasons and one other season, cutting short the series' "Six Seasons and a Movie!" prophecy by about 13 episodes, or maybe one six-episode goodbye, plus that film. The news comes as part of the bloodbath of renewals and cancellations that is the week before Upfronts, which in previous years resulted miracle surprise renewals for the Dan Harmon comedy.
And that's the part we should really focus on. Because honestly, Community never should've made it this far once you factor in the business of television. Bogged down with crummy ratings for five seasons, it's a frickin' wonder that the show lasted as long as it did. Yes, you can be sad, but don't forget to look at the big picture. And for that I'm going to do something I never thought I'd do: Thank you, NBC. Kind of.
Elsewhere at NBC, Revolution has been powered down for good after two seasons and not one single request for a movie. The Eric Kripke drama was an out-of-the-blocks gangbuster thanks largely to its post-The Voice time slot in Season 1, but its ratings eroded as the season wore on. It was moved to Wednesdays at 8pm for Season 2, where it began to crater despite an initial jumpstart in creativity, and by the second half of the season I had no idea what the hell was going on. Aaron really should have continued setting people on fire with his mind.
I leave you with this .GIF of Charlie's "candy" ass.
UPDATE: NBC has also canceled Growing Up Fisher, which was a comedy that NBC was airing, apparently. It was a midseason entry along with About a Boy, which was renewed for a second season.
UPDATE #2: NBC has also killed the Alfonso Cuarón supernatural series Believe, and the Dermot Mulroney and Gillian Anderson hostage drama Crisis. Both shows debuted as part of NBC's late-midseason schedule, and neither has finished airing its first (and now last) season. Both shows were pulled from the network's schedule last week, and there's no word on when or if remaining episodes might air; I'd expect some sort of summer burn-off.
UPDATE #3: NBC has staked Dracula after only one season.
Alright everyone, voice your complaints, anger, and/or jubilation in the comments!
Check the Status of Your Favorite Shows:
What's Renewed, What's Canceled, and What's Still In Between?


text:
Harry - WhiteRegular price $188.00
- Made in the USA
- 100% Cotton
- 6.5" inseam
- Machine wash cold, line dry
- Size down 1 waist size
- Model is 6'1" and 165lbs, wearing size 32
Please Contact us for full sizing information.
Lay garment flat with top of front and back waistband aligned and centered.
Measure along curve at top of waistband. Goal is to measure total waistband measurement.
From crotch area (where the leg inseams meet) to the top of waistband, measured along the fly.
Lay pants on the side with center front and center back flat on table. Side seams should be aligned and centered on top of each other.
Lift up top pant leg. Measure across bottom leg 1" down from crotch (where leg seams meet)–straight across.
NOTE: Make sure pant thigh is fully flat (as if you are ironing a front crease). We have found this to be the most accurate and consistent way to measure this point.
Lay pants flat with front facing up. Measure across leg 14" down from crotch (where leg seams meet).
Leg Opening
Lay pants flat and measure across hem.


text:
Product Spotlight
Featured Research
Quick Stats
You are here
Stop & Shop Helps Prevent Allergic Reactions to Food
The banner's activities included removing bulk bins for tree nuts and peanuts from stores, as well as providing alternatives for shoppers suffering from celiac disease.
In observation of National Food Safety Education Month in September, Stop & Shop stepped up its efforts to prevent allergic reactions to food among its shoppers.
This year's theme, "Take Action to Prevent an Allergic Reaction," focused on the importance of reducing the incidence of food allergy reactions.
"We are working diligently to help our customers with allergies," noted consumer advisor Andrea Astrachan. "For example, due to high incidence of peanut allergies among children, we removed the bulk bins for tree nuts and peanuts and now sell them pre-packaged. We did this in response to parents of children with nut allergies and others who wrote to us with safety concerns, as severe allergic reactions can occur from peanut and tree nut dust."
The Ahold USA banner is also helping customers who are unable to digest gluten, by offering a larger selection of such products. "New great-tasting gluten-free pastas, baking mixes, and snacks can help people with celiac disease eat a more varied diet, so we are expanding our selection of these convenient products," said Astrachan. "And we want to make it easy for customers to find them in our stores, so many of our stores have been refitted with separate gluten-free sections within the natural and organic department. Gluten-free signs also assist customers in finding the products they need to maintain their diet and live gluten-free."
As an additional resource, consumers can visit http://www.stopandshop.com and click on Healthy Ideas to find more information about celiac disease and a list of gluten-free Stop & Shop brand foods.
Additionally, Stop & Shop joined forces with the National Foundation for Celiac Awareness (NFCA), sponsoring its Boston Gluten-Free Cooking Spree, part of a nationwide series of cook-offs with Boston chefs and doctors at the Back Bay Events Center. In partnership with the NFCA, Stop & Shop pharmacy hosted a "Gluten in Medications" event for hospital, community, and its own pharmacists to educate pharmacists about celiac disease, the issues of gluten in medication, and how celiac disease may affect normal absorption of both prescription and nonprescription medications.
Quincy, Mass.-based Stop & Shop employs over 59,000 associates and operates stores throughout Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and New Jersey.


text:
Tips & Trends
An overwhelming 74 percent of recipients unsubscribe from marketing messages because of irrelevance, according to Forrester Research. That means consumer marketers must send information about golf only to golfers and messages about music equipment only to musicians. The same concept applies in B2B. You must know your audience and what its members seek and need.


text:
Working with drupal panels in drupal 7 (Creating Panels page)
Drupal panels are used for creating custom layout of pages, nodes or blocks. With panels, you can display various types of content from your website. Panels also can also be very interesting for creating layouts which can help reduce the workload of having to write a lot of html . Panels also work with other modules such as views and CCK. This video tutorial will show a basic example of working with drupal panels page.
Your tutorials are really
Your tutorials are really nice, Is there any descriptive tutorial on Panels, explaining why to use panels and a real life use case.
good tutos ty
good tutos ty
funny and strange prononciation ... xD
Very nicely structured
Very nicely structured tutorial.
Thanks for sharing This is
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text:
Albuquerque Events
Things to Do Around Town
Events every day of the year!
Discover the plethora of events taking place here, including concerts, festivals & more!
Albuquerque is getting rave reviews. Maybe it's the endless skies. Could be the over 310 days of sunshine we get each year. Then again, there's our world-class dining and shopping. It could even be because Forbes.com ranks Albuquerque among its 5 Remarkably Affordable Travel Destinations for 2013.
Honestly, there are a million reasons to fall in love with Albuquerque. What'll yours be? Start planning your visit today.
Sorry, there are no special offers at this time.


text:
Clever. Good offering
|Welcome to Australia's leading independent Frequent Flyer and Travel Resource!
(Click HERE for a welcome message from our founder.)
Our site contains tons of information that is guaranteed to improve your travel experience. Be it tips on how to fly in First/Business at a reduced cost, smart ways to earn more points, the best way to use your points, cheap deals, hand-picked hotel recommendations, detailed trip reports. A good place to start exploring our site is HERE.
We hope you find the information useful and decide to join our online community. Joining AFF is fast, simple and ABSOLUTELY FREE - so why not join now by clicking on the REGISTER link, and take immediate advantage of these great BENEFITS.
If you experience any problems, please Contact Us.
Once registered, this box will disappear freeing up more space on your screen! And you will see fewer advertisements :)
Hi Everyone
I was in the UK last month and came across this company giffgaff.com
For as little as 10 pounds charge up gets you unlimited data, 250 minutes worth of calls and unlimited texts (valid for 30 days)
For me having unlimited data was the biggest selling point - I could pair my iphone to my ipad and be constantly connected etc
The only downside was I needed to be in the UK to order the SIM, so I couldnt be connected as soon as I landed
Giffgaff are growing quickly mainly through sending out free sims (as long as in UK)
I have had my friend send me a bunch of sims to me to give away on AFF, that way you can activate and be connected as soon as you land
Full disclosure my friend will get 5 pounds credit for each sim actually activated (Im not getting anything)
So if you would like one of these SIM's send me a PM and if you need a micro or regular sized SIM or both
Hopefully some other AFF members will find them as useful as me
Last edited by jdlover23; 10th November 2011 at 12:03 PM.
Clever. Good offering
I'm in! PM sent.
A great offer thanks jdlover23
"The best things in life are free. The second best are very expensive"
Gabrielle 'Coco' Chanel
Do they expire?
Expiry date would be great so we don't waste them. Thanks.
They aren't activated so no they won't be activated until you put money on them - hence won't expire
Still have some - so if you have a trip to UK in the foreseeable future, feel free to ask for one
Looks I'm out, not enough posts for PMs still some time before head to UK so should be able to arrange before then.
OJM i have sent you a PM - with my details
What is the deal with roaming within europe. I can look it up later, but if someone has already checked, i'm thinking about Russia, UK, France and possibly Spain.
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)
The Australian Frequent Flyer is a public forum. All posts reflect the personal opinion of the poster. These opinions are not necessarily shared by the Australian Frequent Flyer.


text:
Pair of Arizona Brown Chairs
The sophisticated Arizona Chair is an excellent example of contemporary design and one that will perfectly complement any dining table.
Crafted from solid oak, the curved back with distinctive cut out design and protective lacquer exudes style. The Arizona Chair is furnished by a comfortable bycast brown leather seat. Some assembly required.
• Collection Name: Arizona
• Material: Oak
• Dimensions:
Height(cm): 108
Width(cm): 45
Length(cm): 49
• Item: Pair of Arizona Brown Chairs only
• Some self assembly required


text:
We are in process of building the inventory of good professionals in this categoryGot it!
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Bijwasan, Delhi
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text:
MATLAB Newsgroup
I wrote a script to collect data from a data acquisition card. I need to wrap a gui around this code and the problem I am running into is the ability to stop the code when the user wants. The non-gui code runs for a finite amount of time and same for the gui now. Anyway, my gui consists of two plot axes and two buttons. One button is to begin collection and the other is to stop collection. Inside the Run button callback, my code enters a while loop to perform the data capture and display. I would like to stop capture when the stop button is pressed, therefore execting its callback. I can stop the actual data collection object but since the while loop is still running in the other callback, I get errors because data is trying to be grabbed from a stopped data acquisiiton object. Both interruptible properties are set to on. Also, I have put statements in the while loop to check
the value of the stop button and while this is value is being polled, it never detects a change when the button is pressed.
How can I enable the action of the stop button to break the while loop exectuion?
Thank you,
Don't use while loops - use timers instead.
Can you expand on your comment a little? I am a little unsure how to implement them especially in my case.
I want to capture data continually until the stop button is pressed. Since I am capturing data at a high sample rate (around 50kS/s), I am only plotting every few thousand points.
(Matt Fig)
To make the stop button check work you need to issue a drawnow or pause(.00001) statement. This forces the graphics queue to flush.
Thanks for the tip, unfortunately I already have drawnow statements after the plot statements. Do I need them elsewhere? Is there a way to post the code up here?
Here is the a piece of the structure. The run button callback calls a datacapture function; Listed below. Both plot statements have drawnows listed after them.
function handles=dataCapture(handles)
while ai.SamplesAcquired < ai.SamplesPerTrigger
if stopButtonState==1
stop(ai);delete(ai);display('Stopping device');
if (ai.SamplesAcquired==0)
stop(ai);delete(ai);display('Not acquiring data, stopping device');
while ai.SamplesAcquired < preview*i;
if stopButtonState==1
stop(ai);delete(ai);display('Stopping device in while loop');
% display('yes')
if (ai.SamplesAcquired==0)
stop(ai);delete(ai);clear ai;display('Not acquiring data, stopping device');
data= peekdata(ai,preview);handles.data=data;
% assignin('base','data',data);
set(handles.figure1,'CurrentAxes',handles.RawDataAxes);hold off;cla(handles.RawDataAxes);
hold on;plot(handles.RawDataAxes,1:preview/2,data(1:preview/2,:));drawnow;legend(handles.RawDataAxes,'Q1','Q2','Q3','Q4');
% Performing and plotting FFT
I assumed you were using a toggle button, not a pushbutton. The pushbutton value is only 1 while the mouse is holding it down. If you want to use a pushbutton, you could set some value in the handles structure (say handles.stop = 1) in the pushbutton callback, then check this value immediately after a pause(.0001). Then on cleanup reset the handles.stop to zero.
Thank you for pointing me to the toggle button. I have implemented the toggle and it appears to be working. I had tried previously setting a value based on the pushbutton state but I never checked it after a pause.
thank you.
could you help me out with this? i want to use the toggle button to stop the video acquisition once started.i keep getting a MULTIPLE VIDEOINPUT error when i press the stop toggle. how do i correct it?
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text:
Kasper was a 19th century French cat-burglar who was also an agent of the Shadow Directory.
While investigating Brother Tomas' death with Chris Cwej and Anton Jarre, they discovered a secret passage to an underground laboratory. During their descent, a psychic trap was triggered that transformed Kasper into a monster who attacked the others. Jarre killed him by firing a gun at him which disrupted psychic power. (PROSE: The Death of Art)


text: This, I'm sure, is as designed, and I know that typically people don't sign up with or request changes to really long usernames, but there are some that do, and that causes problems. You can see the issue here: Spoiler: Long Username Notice how the time stamp is cut off. A good resolution I can think of is to add overflow: hidden to the username, similar to what Brogan did for his Featured Threads resource (example). This is also an issue only on the forum list. In other areas, like forums and threads, long usernames will wrap. Edit: I noticed overflow: hidden is used on the account dropdown menu, where this could also be an issue, but can it be done on usernames on the forum list?


text: The doctor is in and the doctor says he is not sure whether to take The Predicktor seriously or not. Apparently it is a calculator app that attempts to predict penis length by cross-referencing things like shoe size and finger length with trends from scientific studies. What? I know! Well, take a look and you'll soon see what I mean. There are small articles here and I don't mean dicks, but short write-ups that seek to answer some of the age old questions surrounding the penis. Things such as: Does race predict penis size? Does height predict penis size? And reading some of these short articles you get the impression that there is some truth behind what is being written. Exploring further, you discover that this blog is actually part of 'The Doctor Says' set-up, where all kinds of medical apps are developed for your iPhones. So this is a site that's about myth-busting penis lore and an app that can predict the size of a penis? There's a video on the site that runs like an advert. I watched it and I'm still not sure.