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THE FARMING SYSTEMS. C e l e b r a t i n g y e a r s
- Charlene Teresa Fisher
- 2 years ago
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1 THE FARMING SYSTEMS C e l e b r a t i n g y e a r s
2 Our Mission Through organic leadership we improve the health and well-being of people and the planet. core values We empower each other to live our mission. Our farm is a destination for inspiration. Our research is a catalyst for change. We are a clear voice for informed choice.
3 THE FARMING SYSTEMS C e l e b r a t i n g y e a r s 03 Introduction 05 History 07 soil health 09 Yields 13 economics 15 energy 17 human health 19 what s the big picture? 21 references
4 introduction The hallmark of a truly sustainable system is its ability to regenerate itself. When it comes to farming, the key to sustainable agriculture is healthy soil, since this is the foundation for present and future growth. Organic farming is far superior to conventional systems when it comes to building, maintaining and replenishing the health of the soil. For soil health alone, organic agriculture is more sustainable than conventional. When one also considers yields, economic viability, energy usage, and human health, it s clear that organic farming is sustainable, while current conventional practices are not. As we face uncertain and extreme weather patterns, growing scarcity and expense of oil, lack of water, and a growing population, we will require farming systems that can adapt, withstand or even mitigate these problems while producing healthy, nourishing food. After 30 years of side-by-side research in our Farming Systems Trial (FST), Rodale Institute has demonstrated that organic farming is better equipped to feed us now and well into the ever changing future. A view of FST 03
5 FST FACTS n Organic yields match conventional yields. n Organic outperforms conventional in years of drought. n Organic farming systems build rather than deplete soil organic matter, making it a more sustainable system. n Organic farming uses 45% less energy and is more efficient. n Conventional systems produce 40% more greenhouse gases. n Organic farming systems are more profitable than conventional. Comparison of FST organic and conventional systems ,079 4,022 3,264 4, YIELDS (lbs/a/yr) ORGANIC $558 PROFIT ($/a/yr) CONVENTIONAL $190 ENERGY INPUT (MJ/a/yr) 906 1,400 GREENHOUSE GASES (lbs CO 2 /a/yr) lbs=pounds, a=acre, yr=year, MJ=megajoule Sustainable As it pertains to farming, this term does not have a standard definition. For the purposes of this paper, we will define sustainable as a system that can maintain or enhance soil fertility indefinitely. Organic Most simply, this refers to a system of farming that does not use synthetic chemicals and, instead, mimics natural systems. This may encompass different farm sizes, practices and philosophies that, at their core, reject the use of toxic, synthetic chemicals. 04
6 History The Farming Systems Trial (FST) at Rodale Institute is America s longest running, sideby-side comparison of organic and chemical agriculture. Started in 1981 to study what happens during the transition from chemical to organic agriculture, the FST surprised a food community that still scoffed at organic practices. After an initial decline in yields during the first few years of transition, the organic system soon rebounded to match or surpass the conventional system. Over time, FST became a comparison between the long term potential of the two systems. We selected corn and soybean production as our research focus because large tracts of land, particularly in our region and the Midwest, are devoted to the production of these crops. Corn and soybean acreage comprised 49% of the total cropland in the U.S. in Other grains made up 21%, forages 22% and vegetables just 1.5%. Throughout its long history, the FST has contained three core farming systems, each of which features diverse management practices: a manure-based organic system, a legume-based organic system, and a synthetic input-based conventional system. In the past three years of the trial, genetically modified (GM) crops and no-till treatments were incorporated to better represent farming in America today. Results and comparisons are noted accordingly to reflect this shift. Aerial photograph of FST field taken in 1981 prior to initial planting. 05
7 The different systems Organic Manure This system represents an organic dairy or beef operation. It features a long rotation including both annual feed grain crops and perennial forage crops. The system s fertility is provided by leguminous cover crops and periodic applications of manure or composted manure. This diverse rotation is also the primary line of defense against pests. Organic Legume This system represents an organic cash grain system. It features a mid-length rotation consisting of annual grain crops and cover crops. The system s sole source of fertility is leguminous cover crops and the rotation provides the primary line of defense against pests. Conventional Synthetic This system represents the majority of grain farms in the U.S. It relies on synthetic nitrogen for fertility, and weeds are controlled by synthetic herbicides selected by and applied at rates recommended by Penn State University Cooperative Extension. In 2008, genetically modified (GM) corn and soybeans were added to this system. No-till systems Each of the major systems was divided into two in 2008 to compare traditional tillage with no-till practices. The organic systems utilize our innovative no-till roller/crimper, and the no-till conventional system relies on current, widespread practices of herbicide applications and no-tillspecific equipment. Crop Rotations The crop rotations in the organic systems are more diverse than in the conventional systems, including up to seven crops in eight years (compared to two conventional crops in two years). While this means that conventional systems produce more corn or soybeans because they occur more often in the rotation, organic systems produce a more diverse array of food and nutrients and are better positioned to produce yields, even in adverse conditions. 06
8 SOIL HEALTH For plants to be healthy, the soil they grow in must be healthy, too. Healthy soil may be defined simply as soil that allows plants to grow to their maximum productivity without disease, fertility or pest problems limiting production, and without a need for unusual supplements or support. According to the Environmental Working Group and soil scientists at Iowa State University, America s Corn Belt is losing precious topsoil up to 12 times faster than government estimates. Over the years, the FST organic systems have exhibited a number of notable improvements the conventional system did not, including soil that regenerates rather than eroding away. Fertile soil, rich in organic matter and microbes, creates a more stable environment for plants. In times of stress, organically-managed soil has greater ability to provide for crops what the weather has not. The Farming Systems Trial has provided the following insights about soil quality: n Soil health in the organic systems has increased over time while the conventional systems remain essentially unchanged. One measure of soil health is the amount of carbon contained in the soil. Carbon performs many crucial functions such as acting as a reservoir of plant nutrients, binding soil particles together, maintaining soil temperature, providing a food source for microbes, binding heavy metals and pesticides, influencing water holding capacity and aeration, and more. More carbon is better! Organic conventional Soils in the organic and conventional plots are very different in appearance due to the increase in soil organic matter in the organically managed soils. The organically managed soil is darker and aggregates are more visible compared to the conventionally managed soil. 07
9 n Carbon increase was highest in the organic manure system, followed by the organic legume system. The conventional system has shown a loss in carbon in more recent years. n Organic fields increased groundwater recharge and reduced runoff. Water volumes percolating through soil were 15-20% higher in the organic systems than the conventional Organic conventional system. Rather than running off the surface and taking soil with it, rainwater recharges our groundwater reserves in the organic systems, leaving soil in the fields where it belongs. n Soils of the organic systems are better equipped to store and use water efficiently. This means that plants have what they need in storage and can better access those stores. When nutrients are applied in synthetic forms, they leach or pass through the soil more quickly than nutrients derived from manures, composts, or cover crops, ending up in water sources both above and below ground. In this case, important nutrients are lost from the soil when rain falls, or snow melts, resulting in negative impacts on succeeding crops. One reason the application of synthetic forms of nutrients (ie: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) is problematic is because the nutrients do not remain available to the plants. In short, organic soil hangs onto more of its good stuff for a longer period of time, while chemical systems can lose the good stuff more quickly. 08
10 YIELDS For a system to be sustainable, it needs to be able to feed our global population not just now, or ten years from now, but one hundred years from now and longer. Following the three years when the FST fields were being transitioned to organic production, the organic corn fields produced just as much as the conventional fields. And while conventional growers are now battling newly herbicide-resistant superweeds with more powerful chemicals, the FST organic crops hold their own against weeds, producing the same as the conventional fields without the assistance of herbicides. Another long-term research project out of Iowa mirrors Rodale Institute s work. A 12-year study of organic versus conventional methods found that after the transition period, organic corn and soybeans produced, on average, nearly identically amounts of food as the conventionally-managed plants. n Over the 30 years of the trial, organic corn and soybean yields were equivalent to conventional yields in the tilled systems. n Wheat yields were the same for organic and conventional systems. (Wheat was only added to the conventional system in 2004). Organic conventional Corn in the legumebased (left) and conventional (right) plots six weeks after planting during the 1995 drought. The conventional corn is showing signs of water stress. 09
11 n Organic corn yields were 31% higher than conventional in years of drought. These drought yields are remarkable when compared to genetically engineered drought tolerant varieties which saw increases of only 6.7% to 13.3% over conventional (non-drought resistant) varieties. FST corn yields in years with moderate drought bu/a=yield goal for Rodale soils 90 n Corn and soybean crops in the organic systems tolerated much higher levels of weed 60 competition than their conventional counterparts, while producing equivalent 30 yields. This is especially significant given the rise of 0 herbicide-resistant weeds in ORGANIC conventional systems, and speaks bu/a=bushels/acre to the increased health and productivity of the organic soil (supporting both weeds and crop yields). Corn yields CONVENTIONAL 10
12 genetically modified crops According to the Department of Agriculture, 94% of all soybeans and 72% of all corn currently grown in the United States are genetically modified to be herbicide-tolerant or express pesticides within the crop. So, in 2008, genetically modified (GM) corn and soybeans were introduced to FST to better represent agriculture in America. GM varieties were incorporated into all the conventional plots. We incorporated the GM crops to reflect current American agriculture, rather than to specifically study their performance. Our data only encompasses three years, but the research being done in the community at large highlights some of the clear weaknesses of GM crops: n Farmers who cultivated GM varieties earned less money over a 14-year period than those who continued to grow non- GM crops according to a study from the University of Minnesota. n Traditional plant breeding and farming methods have increased yields of major grain crops three to four times more than GM varieties despite huge investments of public and private dollars in biotech research. n There are 197 species of herbicideresistant weeds, many of which can be linked directly back to GM crops, and the list keeps growing. Pesticides commonly used in agriculture have been found in drinking water, sometimes at levels above regulatory thresholds. n GM crops have led to an explosion in herbicide-use as resistant crops continue to emerge. In particular, the EPA approved a 20-fold increase in how much glyphosate (Roundup ) residue is allowed in our food in response to escalating concentrations. 11
13 Feeding the world Agribusinesses have long clung to the rallying cry of needing to increase yields in order to feed the world. However, feeding the world is not simply a matter of yields. The global food security community is shifting swiftly in support of an organic approach. n Organic agriculture has the potential to secure a global food supply, just as conventional agriculture is today, but with reduced environmental impact. This is according to a report that came out of the Food and Agricultural Organizations of the United Nations (FAO) International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Food Security. n Agroecological farming methods could double global food production in just 10 years, according to a report from the United Nations. Agroecological practices, like organic practices, attempt to mimic natural processes and rely on the biology of the soil and environment rather than synthetic sprays and other inputs. n Switching to organic methods in communities where people struggle to feed themselves and their families can lead to a harvest 180% larger than that produced by conventional methods. Numerous independent studies have shown that small scale, organic farming is the best option for feeding the world now and in the future. Not only does it produce competitive yields in a healthy and sustainable way as FST has shown, it also supports local communities and cultures. Therefore, our goal for the future is to continue to support the transition of conventional farms to organic farming systems. 12
14 ECONOMics Organic farmers have the potential to make more money with less land than conventional farmers. And the organic market is still growing. Organic food and beverage sales have grown from $1 billion in 1990 to $26.7 billion in And sales for organic fruits and vegetables in 2010 increased 11.8% over 2009, despite the slow economy. Organic farming is also enriching communities and creating jobs. Research clearly shows the long-term economic viability of established organic systems for both farmers and the nation. in the community Rural American communities are in dire conditions because of the conventional agricultural trend of replacing labor with chemicals and machinery. Organic agriculture has the potential to turn that trend around: n Organic agriculture promotes job creation, providing for more than 30% more jobs per hectare than non-organic farms, according to a report from the United Nations. The addition of on-farm processing and direct marketing, two practices fostered in organic systems, further increases the opportunities for job creation. n More of the money invested in an organic farm operation goes to paying people. on the farm When farmers talk yield, the understanding is that yield is directly correlated to profit more bushels of product equals more money in the bank. The race to grow more crops on more acres is a result of this reality in the conventional agriculture industry. But this is certainly not the case across the board. n Organic farms are significantly more profitable. According to the Organic Trade Association, organic farmers have an operating profit of $45,697 compared to $25,448 for conventional farmers. 13
15 n Organic grain and soybean systems returned higher profits with organic premiums a review of six Midwestern land-grant university studies found. Even without the premiums, half of the organic systems were still more profitable. The other half quickly made up the difference and surpassed the conventional systems when the price premiums were added. From FST, we have found that: n The organic systems were nearly three times more profitable than the conventional systems. The average net return for the organic systems was $558/ acre/year versus just $190/acre/year for the conventional systems. n Even without a price premium, the organic systems are competitive with the conventional systems. Marginally lower input costs make the organic systems economically competitive with the conventional system, even at conventional pricing. n The most profitable grain crop was the organically grown wheat netting $835/acre/year. n No-till conventional corn was the least profitable crop netting just $27/acre/year. $ per acre per year income, expenses & returns in fst organic and conventional systems $835 ORGANIC $495 $277 INCOME EXPENSES RETURNS CONVENTIONAL $305 $558 $190 The economic analysis covers only the time period to reflect data collected for the most recent cropping system comparisons. 14
16 ENERGY As the world s energy crisis continues, smart and efficient use of resources will become increasingly essential. Currently, conventional agriculture uses an enormous amount of oil to manufacture, transport and apply fertilizers and pesticides. All these processes release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Figures from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) say that agricultural land use contributes 12% of global greenhouse gas emissions. INPUTS Our data from FST shows that the organic systems use less energy and are more efficient than conventional systems: n The organic systems used 45% less energy than the conventional systems. n Diesel fuel was the single greatest energy input in the organic systems. n Nitrogen fertilizer was the single greatest energy input in the conventional systems representing 41% of the total energy. n Production efficiency was 28% higher in the organic systems than in the conventional systems, with the conventional no-till system being the least efficient in terms of energy usage. ENERGY INPUTS Megajoule/hectare/year ORGANIC Labor Diesel fuel Equipment Transportation of inputs Herbicide Seed Lime Compost production Mineral fertilizer production CONVENTIONAL The energy analysis covers only the time period to reflect data collected for the most recent cropping system comparisons. 15
17 EMISSIONS When it comes to greenhouse gas emissions, the FST data shows conventional systems contribute much more to the atmosphere: n The conventional systems emit nearly 40% more greenhouse gases (GHG) per pound of crop produced than the organic systems. n The biggest GHG emissions from direct inputs in the conventional system came from fertilizer production and on-farm fuel use. n The biggest GHG emissions from direct inputs in the organic system came from fuel use and seeds. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 2000 KilogramCO 2 /hectare/year Emissions from soil processes N 2 O emissions from soil Diesel fuel Equipment Transportation of inputs 500 Emissions from direct inputs Herbicide Seed Lime Compost production 0 ORGANIC CONVENTIONAL Mineral fertilizer production (Note: In both organic and conventional systems, the highest overall GHG emissions were caused by soil processes fueled by nitrogen in mineral fertilizer, compost and crop residues). 16
18 human health Conventional systems rely heavily on pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.) many of which are toxic to humans and animals. They are by name, definition, and purpose, designed to kill. Numerous studies have begun to capture the true extent of how our low-level exposure to pesticides could be quietly causing serious health problems in our population. The toxins are nearly inescapable in the water we drink, the food we eat and the air we breathe. n Atrazine 1 exposure at time of conception has been linked to lower math and reading skills in children. n Researchers measured organophosphates 2 in the urine of children and discovered levels of chemical indicators up to 14 parts per billion. (All of which disappeared when they were put on an organic diet.) n Glyphosate 3 -based herbicides, currently legal in our food at low levels, have been shown to cause DNA damage, infertility, low sperm count, and prostrate or testicular cancer in rats. n Pesticides (including ones that have been banned for years) have been found in breast milk and umbilical cord blood. n Inactive ingredients in herbicide and pesticide brands have been found to be just as toxic, if not more so, than the active ingredients, and these ingredients aren t tested for human health impacts before being released. 1 Atrazine is an active ingredient in herbicides. 2 Organophosphates are the basis of many insecticides and herbicides, and are widely used as solvents and plasticizers. 3 Glyphosate is the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup 17
19 n Some research has found certain agricultural chemicals can alter our DNA, meaning the effects can be passed on through the generations. n More than 17,000 pesticide products for agricultural and non-agricultural use are currently on the market. Exposure to these chemicals has been linked to brain/ central nervous system disruption, breast, colon, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, kidney, testicular, and stomach and other cancers. n The EPA has required testing of less than 1% of the chemicals currently in commerce. When we ve sampled for herbicide and nutrient leaching into groundwater in the FST, we ve found: n Water leaching from the conventional system more frequently exceeded the legal limit of 10 parts per million for nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in drinking water compared to the organic systems. n Atrazine leaching in the conventional system sometimes exceeded the maximum contaminate level set by the EPA for drinking water. And concentrations in all conventional samples exceeded 0.1 parts per billion, a concentration that has been shown to produce deformities in frogs. Intact soil core lysimeters are used to collect water from soil below the rooting zone of crops. A lysimeter resembles a large, underground, steel flowerpot with a hole in the bottom for collecting water called leachate that has drained away from the crop planted above it. 18
20 what s the big picture? Today we produce food within a system that is broken. Within roughly seventy years, our current chemical-based agricultural system is already showing its weaknesses depleted soil, poisoned water, negative impacts on human and environmental health, and dysfunctional rural communities. We should be directing our valuable time and resources working towards a truly sustainable food production system based on sound biological principles. To repair our food system, we must focus on the basics soil health and water quality and how we can improve upon these natural resources so that we return as much as we take, thus ensuring our future. By building and improving soil health, utilizing organic practices to fix nutrients in the soil, encouraging biodiversity, and greatly minimizing synthetic inputs, organic producers are ensuring the sustainability of the system indefinitely. Not just feeding the world s growing population today, or tomorrow, but far into the foreseeable future. After thirty years of a rigorous side-by-side comparison, the Rodale Institute confidently concludes organic methods are improving the quality of our food, improving the health of our soils and water, and improving our nation s rural areas. Organic agriculture is creating more jobs, providing a livable income for farmers, and restoring America s confidence in our farming community and food system. Since Rodale Institute first turned the soil in the Farming Systems Trial, we have inspired other long-term trials on organic agriculture in this country and beyond, from land-grant universities to international non-profits to research farms. The groundwork established in the FST is now being replicated and validated in the wider academic and agricultural community. What do the next 30 years hold? We will continue to study the nuances of organic agriculture as they compare to those of the current chemical-reliant system. And we will continue to evaluate yield, economic viability, energy usage along the way as all these are indicators of a healthy, diverse and truly sustainable system. However, a change may be on the horizon. One which may see us exploring different crops or reaching beyond matters of yield and economics to consider nutrition and human health in more depth. We have shown that organic can feed the world. Now it is time to take on the matter of feeding the world well. 19
21 20 Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial by Anthony Rodale
22 references Badgley, C., Moghtader, J., Quintero, E., Zakem, E., Chappell, M., Avilés-Vázquez, K., Samulon, A., and I. Perfecto Organic agriculture and the global food supply. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 22(2): Cox, C., Hug, A., and N. Bruzelius Losing Ground. Environmental Working Group. Web (www. ewg.org/losingground/report). August 17, De Schutter, O Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter. United Nations, General Assembly. Human Rights Council, Sixteenth session, Agenda item 3: Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. Web (www2. ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/a-hrc pdf). August 17, Delate, K., Duffy, M., Chase, C., Holste, A., Friedrich, H., and N. Wantat An economic comparison of organic and conventional grain crops in a long-term agroecological research (LTAR) site in Iowa. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, Vol. 18 (2): El-Hage Scialabba, N Organic Agriculture and Food Safety. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Web (ftp://ftp.fao.org/paia/organicag/ ofs/ofs pdf). August 17, Fernandez-Cornejo, J Agricultural Biotechnology: Adoption of Biotechnology and its Production Impacts. USDA Economic Research Service. Web (www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/ biotechnology/chapter1.htm). August 17, Finger, R., El-Benni, N., Kaphengst, T., Evans, C., Herbert, S., Lehmann, B., Morse, S., and N. Stupak A meta analysis on farm-level costs and benefits of GM crops. Sustainability, 3(5): Gasniera, C., Dumontb, C., Benachoura, N., Clair, E., Chagnonb, M., and G.E. Séralini Glyphosatebased herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines. Toxicology, 262: Gurian-Sherman, D Failure to Yield: Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops. Union of Concerned Scientists. Web (www.ucsusa. org/assets/documents/food_and_agriculture/failureto-yield.pdf). August 17, Heap, I. The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. Web (www.weedscience.org). August 17, Liebhardt, W., Andrews, R., Culik, M., Harwood, R., Janke, R., Radke, J., and S. Rieger-Schwartz Crop Production During Conversion from Conventional to Low-Input Methods. Agronomy Journal, 81(2): Lotter, D., Seidel, R., and W. Liebhardt The performance of organic and conventional cropping systems in an extreme climate year. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 18(3): Lu C., Toepel, K., Irish, R., Fenske, R.A., Barr, D.B., and R. Bravo Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children s Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114: Mankame, T., Hokanson, R., Fudge, R., Chowdhary, R., and D. Busbee Alteration of gene expression in human cells treated with the agricultural chemical diazinon: possible interaction in fetal development. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 25(5): Pesticide Action Network, North America. Pesticides 101: A Primer. Web (www.panna.org/issues/ pesticides-101-primer). August 17, Pimentel, D., Hepperly P., Hanson, J, Douds, D., and R. Seidel Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems. Bioscience, 55(7): Reuben, S., Milliken, E.L., and L.J. Paradis America s Demographic and Cultural Transformation: Implications for Cancer. National Cancer Institute, The President s Cancer Panel, Annual Report. Richard, S., Moslemi, S., Sipahutar, H., Benachour, N., and G.E. Seralini Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cells and Aromatase. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113: Ryan, M., Smith, R., Mortensen, D., Teasdale, J., Curran, W., Seidel, R., and D. Shumway Weed-Crop Competition Relationships Differ between Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems. Weed Research 49, Welsh, R The Economics of Organic Grain and Soybean Production in the Midwestern United States. Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. Winchester, P. D., Huskins, J. and J. Ying Agrichemicals in surface water and birth defects in the United States. Acta Paediatrica, 98: Census of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA Organic Industry Survey, Organic Trade Association. 21
23 Healthy Soil, Healthy Food, Healthy People, Healthy Planet 2011 RODALE INSTITUTE (20589)
24 Rodale Institute is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit dedicated to pioneering organic farming through research and outreach. Their landmark Farming Systems Trial is the longest- running side-by-side comparison of organic and conventional agriculture. For over sixty years, the Institute has been researching the best practices of organic farming and sharing findings with farmers and scientists throughout the world, advocating for policies that support farmers, and educating consumers about how going organic is the healthiest option for people and the planet. 611 Siegfriedale Road, Kutztown, PA tel RODALE INSTITUTE (20589) Printed by
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Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© Rhelena ~ CrochetN'Crafts
© Rhelena ~ CrochetN'Crafts
Fashion Doll Criss Cross Shrug
This pattern is available for $1.00 USD
buy it now or visit pattern website
buy it now or visit pattern website
Your little girls will thank you for this adorable little shrug for their doll. The shrug is worked in a super fine material, which helps to give the shrug a nice elegant drape.
The pattern also includes a stitch multiple so you can easily make adjustments to the size if needed.
The written pattern is available in American Terminology.
The pattern is available in a 1-Page PDF.
You may sell anything you make using the pattern, but the pattern itself may not be sold or distributed.
For more information, see: http://crochetncrafts.com/criss-cross-shrug-fashion-...

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Health benefits of Surya namaskar
Sponsored Links
Surya namaskar or sun salutation is a holistic yoga that profoundly influences your body and mind. Being a form of moving meditation technique, surya namaskar sustains your concentration and physical energy.
Let's explore what health benefits you receive from doing surya namaskar everyday.
Offer complete flexibility to your body
Every muscle of your body is stretched when you perform Surya Namaskar. It's the best workout for the entire body in one go. Your legs, hands, back, spine and abdominal muscles are flexed with this exercise
Detoxifies your system
Your trainer must have taught you the correct breathing technique while performing sun salutations. Well, the inhaling and exhaling process detoxifies your body by eliminating germs and toxic gases from your system
Gives you lot of functional strength
Apart from flexibility, you gain immense functional strength. This happens because 90% of your body is worked upon in a single cycle which further brings about enhanced muscular coordination, strength, balance and motion.
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Wonderful stress buster
Surya namaskar is an excellent stress buster. Perform the moves slowly and do not rush...Your body revs up energy and your mind is freshened. Breathe in and breathe out and stretch yourself to get rid of stress
It improves concentration and awareness
While performing the salutation, try to focus on an object infront of you. This will help you to improve concentration. It improves your capacity of mindfulness and awareness. With increased energy and confidence, your physical and mental cues also function better.
Sculpts your body
Since the exercise moves and stretches your abdomen, thighs, hands and back; regular practise tones your body to a large extent. Therefore, surya namaskar is essentially a natural body sculpting technique.
Strengthens back and spine
The back raising part of surya namaskar is the most effective workout for your spine. You can perform this exercise to soothe back pain, fortify the spine, tone muscles and improve your overall physical posture.
Improves digestive health
Those who complain of indigestion, bloating, flatulence and constipation must practice surya namaskar. Stretching of abdominal muscles has positive impact on your gut and stomach, which subsequently alleviates those digestion problems. It improves peristalsis, through which your bowels get regularized
Brings radiance in your skin
Since your system is detoxified and blood circulation is improved, these two factors produce a visible glow and radiance in your skin. Your facial muscles also get toned. Try the exercises early morning in open air to receive the best skin benefits.
Regulates menstrual cycles
If you are having irregular menstrual cycles, then try surya namaskar. It helps to get over menstrual irregularities and manages other problems like cramping and most essentially PMS symptoms.
Helps to lose weight quickly
Surya namaskar is an aerobic exercise. You sweat a lot when you stretch your body and breathe simultaneously. This helps to burn more calories than normal exercise. You gain better control over your energy levels and hence, can decide how many cycles you need to lose weight.
Inculcates spiritual awareness
Surya namaskar is one of those spiritual awareness yoga techniques. It boosts your spiritual energy, harmonizes you physical being with the surroundings and nature, motivates you and helps you to overcome negative vibes.
Written by: healthplus24.com team
Date last updated: February 28, 2014


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Freestyle Academy proudly presents
Outside: A Senior Black + White High Dynamic Range Diptych by Maximillian Raschke (2016)
Click to read Artist Statement
This piece was based on my personal essay. My essay was about how I want to create video games to inspire our young people to use their imaginations. I felt a sadness that kids were not going outside to play any more. I felt like mindless content on the internet is not letting children explore their own ideas. Our assignment was to create a diptych using black and white HDR photography. HDR stands for high-dynamic-range. This is a technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. To create an HDR photo you need to take the same photo multiple times at different exposures. In my case I took the same photo five times increasing the exposure with each shot. Then I combined the photos in Photoshop.
The first photo represents the basic idea of playing outside, with a PS4 sitting out in the grass. I played around with many different locations of the PS4. One of the more interesting compositions I took was where I had the PS4 and controllers suspended in a thorny rose bush. I liked the composition but it didn't really represent the message I was trying to convey. So I chose this photo. The second photo was meant to represent repairing one's imagination. With the surgical tools meant to repair the light bulb. I played around with the lighting for a long time with this one. I really wanted to get good shadows in one of my photo's and I have to say the shadows in this photo are pretty awesome. My message is kind of corny, playing outside repairs the imagination, but I feel like my message gets conveyed pretty well.
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text: assumed Jack-lizards. Jack-lizards are small animals native to Ryushi. Machicko Naguchi once spooked a group of these creatures while riding her bike in the plains. AppearancesEdit Aliens vs. Predator: Prey Aliens vs. Predator (comic series) Retrieved from "http://aliens.wikia.com/wiki/Jack-lizard?oldid=87412" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Ryushi Wildlife Non-Sapient Species AVP Universe Wildlife AVP Wildlife Add category Cancel Save


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Archer is a comedy animated show about a really terrible (or brilliant) secret agent who kills a lot of people, mostly on purpose.
The show has just finished its seventh season on FX (but you've probably come across it on Netflix) and hasn't yet been picked up for an another go 'round but the powers that be are always happy to talk about a big screen adaptation.
There are no real plans yet but it could emerge as either an animated flick or a live action version, and exec producer Matt Thompson knows exactly who they want to play Archer if it does happen.
"It's Jon Hamm. If Archer goes live-action, I do believe it will be Jon Hamm. Maybe you could do it with Jon Benjamin's voice coming out of him? I don't know. Adam is always like, 'I don't know if I want the movie to be live-action because I want it to be Jon Benjamin!' But if it is live-action—and if it is not Jon Benjamin—it is our greatest hope that it would be Jon Hamm. I can say that with confidence."
H. Jon Benjamin is the current voice artist for Archer and he's perfect in the role. However, let's just say that he doesn't exactly look like the super suave secret agent...
Hamm looks a bit more like the character certainly (though he's probably already a little old for the part) but without that voice it just seems like it wouldn't really be Archer. We're voting for an animated take, if it ever happens.


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Gerard Yosca Crystal Link Necklace: Love It or Hate It?
This is some heavy-duty costume jewelry. Literally: between the heavy chain and progressively larger sapphire and purple crystals, this Gerard Yosca Crystal Link Necklace, $265, could way a girl down, if not paired with a simple, streamlined ensemble. I do like the jewel tone colors of the crystals, though, and if rocked right, this necklace could be quite stunning. What do you think?
To post your selections go to the Love It or Hate It? group. And if you want to learn how to do a blog post click here.


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OAO GAZ, Russia's second largest vehicle maker, is considering exporting cars and light commercial vehicles to Panama. The company was approached by a delegation of Grupo Melo S.A., a Panama-based consortium of companies, during its visit to the Nizhniy Novogord region. The delegation, headed by Grupo Melo President Arturo Melo, visited the GAZ plant. Grupo Melo already has some involvement in the auto industry. One of its member companies distributes Isuzu Motors Ltd. SUVs and ...
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SAG Awards 2016 Nominees: 'Game of Thrones', 'Homeland' Triumph, Cookie Gets Snubbed
Did your favorites make the cut?
… More »
Did your favorites make the cut?
… More »
We've seen the trailer for Diana, now here's the first look at Grace of Monaco, starring Nicole Kidman as Princess Grace Kelly. … More »
Ah, the princess life.
Fans of Nicole Kidman and Grace Kelly were treated to new stills from the biopic Grace of Monaco this week. The images come just days after The Weinstein Company wrapped a deal to acquire the film over Oscar weekend, according to Deadline.
The picture will tell the… More »
Make way for Grace Kelly!
On Sunday, Nicole Kidman was spotted putting on her best Kelly face on the set of the new biopic, Grace of Monaco.
The Australian actress spent the day filming scenes in front of a Cartier store in Paris, France, opposite her co-star Milo Ventimiglia, who plays… More »
Nicole Kidman may be all about The Paperboy this weekend, but soon all eyes and ears will be on the actress' stunning makeover as Grace Kelly.
On Thursday, movie buffs around the world got a first look at Kidman as the princess in the upcoming film Grace of Monaco.
The dreamy… More »


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Childhood Development Services, Inc. Head Start/Early Head Start will hold Open House Aug. 21 from 1-3 p.m. at All Head Start/Early Head Start classrooms
Staff will be there to assist you and answer any questions you may have. Come and meet your child's teachers.
The Levy County Fair Association has a new permanent home, Jim Smith told Williston Chamber of Commerce members last Thursday.
Smith, the executive director of the fair association, announced that on Aug. 2, the group will be headquartered at 40 NW 1st St., Williston, directly across from the post office. The office will be open Monday through Friday from 10 a.m. until 5 p.m., he said.
The Levy County Fair will be held April 8-11, 2010, Smith said.
Williston High School will hold its open house on Thursday, Aug. 20 beginning at 6:30 p.m.
Student schedules will be distributed at this time, along with a general supply list for all classes. Additional supply lists will be provided to students by teachers in each course during the first week of school.
To register your child for classes, please see Ms. Tindale at WHS to pick up an enrollment package as soon as possible. The school is currently open Monday through Thursday from 7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., and you may call at 528-3542.
Levy County Education Association President Cindy Roach says a recent change to school board policy, designed to save the district money, could end up costing more than it saves.
In Tuesday's meeting of the Levy County School Board, the board held a public hearing on three proposed changes to board policy. The first, pertaining to a plan to return to weighted GPAs in order to more fairly determine valedictorians and salutatorians, passed with minimal comment.
The U.S. Postal Service will begin delivering TRIM — Truth in Millage — notices to Levy County property owners next week.
And the news in those 48,776 notices might not be what some folks expect, Oz Barker, Levy County Property Appraiser said.
But before picking up the telephone or heading to Barker's office in a lather, he would like you to sit down with the tax bill, read a letter he has written explaining the property tax notice and any changes.
The Florida Cabinet has given its blessing to locating a two-unit nuclear power plant in Levy County about two miles from the town of Inglis.
Gov. Charlie Crist, Attorney General Bill McCollum and Chief Financial Officer Alex Sink, serving as the Siting Board, unanimously approved Progress Energy Florida's request for construction of a nuclear facility on a 3,105-acre location. The Levy Nuclear Plant is the first nuclear facility approved in Florida since 1976.
The Annual Meeting for the Suwannee River Fair & Livestock Association will be held on Monday, Aug.24 at 7 p.m. at the Fairgrounds in Fanning Springs.
Williston Middle School will hold Open House Thursday, Aug. 20 from 6-7:30 p.m. Students may pick up their schedules and parent information will be provided.
Guided walk-through for new and returning students will be Friday, Aug. 218:30 a.m. – noon.
Copyright © 2017
The Williston Pioneer is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Levy County and Williston, Fl, and the surrounding area.


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Booth 2, 06/11/2013 (16:00-17:30)
This session will analyze the state-of-art of Cloud Computing, through a preview of an ambitious cloud research project which was recently selected for implementation by the European Commission - CloudWave.
The analysis will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of contemporary cloud technologies, as well as best practices, user pain points, requirements and opportunities for clouds. These insights will be used to articulate the necessary research and development that is needed in order to introduce the next generation of Cloud Computing.
Based on those insights, CloudWave will revolutionise modern cloud infrastructures and tools by enabling agile development and delivery of adaptive cloud services which dynamically adjust to changes in their environment so as to optimise service quality and resource utilization. In doing so, CloudWave will advance the competitiveness of the EU economy by providing a powerful foundation, based on open standards, for creating innovative cloud services, realising the full promise of cloud computing.
06/11 16:00 - 16:30 Informal presentation of CloudWave
06/11 16:30 - 17:30 Informal discussions on future cloud research
Organised by: Yaron WOLFSTHAL (IBM Haifa Research Laboratory, Systems, Technologies and Services, Israel)
Topic: Computing, Systems and Infrastructure
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By David Jones, Florida Today
GAINESVILLE - Gainesville state attorney Bill Cervone said Thursday he has elected not to pursue charges against Florida football player Dominique Easley or former Alabama football player Reginald Myles.
The two were involved in an incident following the Gators' 38-10 loss to the Crimson Tide on Oct. 1. Myles claimed that Easley attacked him without being provoked. The Florida campus police had been seeking charges against both.
Cervone said there was "contradictory information in some regard and some of those persons were apparently impaired from drinking to the point where their memory is not reliable in any event. The only exception to this is Easley, and that may be only because he exercised his constitutional right to remain silent and has said nothing.''
Cervone added that "everyone involved has behaved badly in some way, including Easley, Myles and several of the witnesses, none of whom can be characterized as neutral or impartial."
Easley, a sophomore starting defensive tackle, is sixth on the team with 25 total tackles. He did not miss any playing time because of the incident. The Gators host Vanderbilt at 12:21 p.m. Saturday.
Cervone said none of those involved had "clean hands'' to seek charges against the other.
"There is also no harm done, despite protestations to the contrary, that outweighs these factors," Cervone said. "Any harm to either party is in essence canceled out by the harm to the other party. To use an appropriate analogy, I am therefore calling off setting penalties and declining to file any criminal charges against either Easley, Myles, or anyone else.''
First-place votes in parentheses.
Football coaches' poll
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Need assistance with Woocommerce Subscriptions
I have three main issues/questions that are vital to our business model and need some assistance. We will be offering a physical subscription plan, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months in which we will be sending out physical media each month.
1. For this multiple billing period subscription, I believe variable pricing is best, however, I cannot link a button from another page directly to each variable product. Do I need to use grouped products instead?
2. I need to gather custom information pertaining to just this product. We will also be selling individual items when 1.5 is released but do not require the additional info. So, I do not want to include the fields in the cart at checkout. Such information will be a date picker (birthday) and name fields.
3. As for being a physical subscription, for 3 Month – 6 Month Subscribers I need to be able to see their active subscriptions under the orders page each month. Simply putting a sign-up fee and $0 recurring payment, as stated in the documentation, is horrible and the text "Free! every 6 months and a $3.00 sign-up fee" confuses people. The reason I need it in the orders page, is because we will be using the shipping tracking extension as well and need to send that information out to subscribers each month. On a side note, we will be using Stripe as the payment gateway.
- The topic 'Need assistance with Woocommerce Subscriptions' is closed to new replies.


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Wednesdays, January to April, 2017 | 12 to 1 pm
Connect with art, culture, and your community! On the first Wednesday of each month, the Kelowna Art Gallery will host a variety of speakers that will discuss their artistic practice and current work being exhibited. These illustrated talks are FREE and open to the public.
Wednesday, January 4 | Speaker: Sage Sidley
Local artist Sage Sidley will be discussing the main themes in her work, which focuses on site-specificity and portraiture.
Wednesday, February 1 | Speaker: Carl Hare
Join local writer and poet Carl Hare to hear him compare painting and the poetic imagery in his epic poem "On the River of Time."
Wednesday, March 1 | Speaker: Angelika Jaeger
Okanagan–based artist, Angelika Jaeger will be speaking about her work, Wanderlust, at the Gallery's satellite space at the Kelowna International Airport, as well as other aspects of her work.
Wednesday, April 5 | Speaker: Jane Everett
Local artist Jane Everett will discuss her work in the context of art in western Canada.
Lunchbox Speaker Series with Wanda Lock and Rena Warren, November 2016.


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All Android applications categories
If you are resident evil friend, then you like this live wallpaper.
Enjoy 3D animated resident evil 6 live wallpaper. All image in HD. Give yr phone extra look.
Resident Evil 6 (バイオハザード6?, Japanese title: Biohazard 6) is a third-person shooter video game in the Resident Evil series, developed and published by Capcom. Capcom defines the game's genre as "dramatic horror", however there is disagreement among reviewers whether this installment belongs in survival horror genre. It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 2, 2012. The Windows version is currently in development.
The story is told from the perspectives of Chris Redfield, a former member and founder of the BSAA traumatized by a failed operation, Leon S. Kennedy, a Raccoon City survivor and agent for the government, Jake Muller, illegitimate son of Albert Wesker and associate of Sherry Birkin, and Ada Wong, a freelance agent framed for the bio-terrorist attacks by Neo-Umbrella. They must all confront the force behind a massive bio-terrorist attack with the newly developed C-virus in cities across the world.
Note:- Its not apps. Its live wallpaper, so u want to set after install.
How to set:-
1.Press n hold home screen
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3.Choose Live wallpapers
4. Resident Evil 6 Live wallpaper. Done and enjoy.
This free app is ad supported and may contain ads in the notification tray and/or home screen.
Tags:- Resident Evil 4, Hiroyuki Kobayashi, Leon S. Kennedy, Chris Redfield, Troy Baker as Jake Muller, Matthew Mercer, Roger Craig Smith, Games,
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This page introduces has useful links to economic development activities produced by the Porirua City Council.
External Link:
The Together "Grow Porirua…" Economic Bulletin is a quarterly bulletin produced to promote economic development in Porirua and to keep local business community inform about the economic climate in Porirua City (discontinued in March 2016).
If you have any queries about economic development in Porirua City, please call our Contact Centre on phone (04) 237 5089.


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I'm wondering how other single parents have dealt with this or are planning to deal with this. My kids are aware that many other kids have dads, living with them or not. They know that people who love each other may choose to live together and in some cases get married. They don't know anything about s*x yet. We have talked about bodily autonomy, and discussed that people should not touch certain parts of the body or ask kids to touch their bodies.
I feel it would be good to introduce these topics gently, for their own safety now and also to make sure s*x does not turn into some huge taboo. I'd welcome your thoughts or experiences.
With my ds, who is currently 9 years old, he initially started asking about how a baby got in a woman's belly, etc. Slowly, with his growing development, influence of friends and insatiable curiosity, the questions became more about sex. Around 6-7 years, he became a bit obsessed about naked bodies and sex. It was around this time that I introduced him to the book, It's So Amazing!. It's Not The Stork is a great start for the younger ones, ages 4+. He still reads his It's So Amazing book and ask me questions for clarification or when he wonders about something.
I am of the belief that children only ask questions they are ready to know the answers to. The key is to answer ONLY the question they ask... never more, and make sure your answer is developmentally appropriate and understandable to them. As adults, we tend to give them too much information too soon. If anything, it is better to answer less, because they will always come back with more questions or for further clarification. Their questions will help to guide you in what they are ready to know.
Dr. Berman also has a good, *free* little handbook you can download that can guide you on what is developmentally appropriate for each age group. How to Talk to Kids about Sex Handbook
Thanks for your replies. I actually came across Berman's PDF yesterday, and it was very helpful.
I feel I should clarify. Once we start talking about conception and sex, it is possible that this will open a pandora's box of questions about fathers - a concept my kids are not intimately familiar with. Once they know about the sperm, my kids may want to know everything about the man who provided it. This is slightly complicated in our situation.
At the same time, I think this is the time to bring these topics up. Leaving it too long will probably do damage. I know now is the right time to discuss the basics of conception (with or without talking about actual intercourse), but I am wondering how to handle that, and all the questions about their "dad" that will follow.
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INTRODUCTION OF THE TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION AND NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 2004 -- (Extensions of Remarks - May 19, 2004)
Mr. UDALL of Colorado. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to introduce the Technology Administration and National Institute of Standards and Technology Act of 2004.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a lynchpin to commercial activities of the private sector and the health and safety of all Americans-from its small-scale measurement activities that support the development of nanotechnology energy to its investigation of the collapse of the World Trade Center.
Lynchpins are noted for their reliability and criticality, and as such they are frequently overlooked until they break. That is the situation NIST finds itself in today. FY04 budget cuts are causing drastic cutbacks in NIST programs and causing NIST to lay off its employees. These reductions in NIST's budget and in its workforce threaten future U.S. competitiveness and the health and safety of Americans.
The bill I'm introducing today is an attempt to reverse this downward spiral. This bill would put NIST back on a positive growth track. It authorizes funding for NIST's standards support activities based on the FY05 budget request, and also includes funding for NIST's role in the implementation of the Help America Vote Act. The bill then provides a 5% increase for these support activities in FY06, FY07 and FY08. The bill also provides full funding for NIST to renovate its existing laboratory infrastructure. Many of NIST's labs are over fifty years old and are not suitable to house NIST's high-quality research equipment. This is especially true at NIST's Boulder, Colorado facility. This bill also provides full funding for the Advanced Technology Program (ATP) and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program.
The Science Committee has repeatedly heard from industry about the importance of funding for NIST's laboratory
activities and for the ATP and the MEP programs. My bill is based on these recommendations.
Less than three weeks ago, the Science Committee held a hearing on NIST. Panelists included representatives from a chemical industry company, an information technology association, a biometric company, a nanotechnology company, and a fire safety association. They were all unanimous in their support for NIST and the need to increase its funding.
As one witness succinctly stated when asked about what other countries were doing in the standards area and what it meant to U.S. competitiveness: "So the question becomes where do we want to place ourselves as a nation. Do we want to be the lead dog on the sled or do we want to be somewhere else in the line? And my perspective is that our nation's interest is served better and our future is served better and our people are served better if we are the lead dog on the sled."
I urge my colleagues on the Science Committee and my colleagues in the House to support this legislation to help the U.S. remain the lead dog on the sled.


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