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Supplying Change
Consumer demand for fresh products is altering supply chain dynamics in the c-store industry
Few convenience store retailers have the size, resources and expertise to handle distribution of product directly from the manufacturer to their stores.
Chains such as Sheetz Inc., Kwik Trip Inc. and CST Brands Inc. control their own supply chains and reap numerous benefits. They either buy directly from manufacturers or make, bake and process their own fresh goods and act as their own distributor, shipping the products ? in some cases, on their own trucks ? from their own warehouse to their stores.
However, most convenience store chains, large and small, rely on broadline wholesale distributors for the majority of their goods (see our list of the top 30 wholesalers on page 52), supplemented by several direct-store-delivery (DSD) distributors for such products as dairy, salty and sweet packaged snacks, soft drinks and beer.
Recent years have seen more complexity added to the c-store industry distribution supply chain as consumer demand for fresh products has driven many c-store retailers to rely on commissaries, specialty distributors and, in some rare cases, restaurant industry distributors to grow their foodservice and fresh-food business.
In an ideal world, every convenience store operator would be able to compete on even footing with big-box retailers and have their own warehouse and distribution network. But c-store retailers live in the real world.
Matt Paduano, vice president of category management for Nice N Easy Grocery Shoppes Inc., admits he would prefer that the Canastota, N.Y.-based retailer have its own warehouse, but it doesn?t make sense considering the retailer?s size.
Nice N Easy (soon to be acquired by Corner Store parent CST Brands) is a chain of 77 stores across central New York State. The company operates 33 of those stores, he explained, adding that ?a small group like us having our own warehouse is not feasible.?
Instead, the retailer relies on Gardiner, Maine-based Pine Street Trading Co. for traditional c-store products like tobacco and candy, plus four or five specialty wholesalers for its foodservice and grocery offerings. For example, it receives deliveries from Olean Wholesale, a grocery co-op based in Olean, N.Y., and River Valley Foods based in Syracuse, N.Y.
Nice N Easy needs multiple wholesalers because its expanded foodservice program offers items traditional c-store wholesalers cannot accommodate. In addition, some of its locations are more like smaller grocery stores than convenience stores, Paduano explained.
?With our expanded grocery items, the traditional c-store guys can?t handle what we need,? he said. ?You need to go where the experts are and most c-store wholesalers are not experts in foodservice.?
Multiple wholesalers, however, mean multiple deliveries and that adds up to challenges at the store level. During the average week, a Nice N Easy store receives 50 to 60 deliveries, which equal roughly eight trucks coming in and out of the parking lot each day, Paduano said. The number of daily deliveries not only takes up valuable space in the parking lot, but also takes personnel off the sales floor as they pack out items.
Nice N Easy found a partial solution to the problem by switching its Pine State deliveries to off-peak hours, between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. The retailer made the switch four years ago.
?It makes it easier for them. There is less traffic; they are able to get in and out and they don?t have to fight [for space] with other vendors,? Paduano said. ?Now, we schedule accordingly. If we know they are coming at 2 a.m., we schedule labor so as soon as the delivery is made, the items are put away.?
Nice N Easy has tried to get its other wholesalers to make the switch, but they either aren?t equipped to deliver off-peak or they don?t have the infrastructure.
Industry talk about consolidating distribution is great in theory, Paduano said, but high-volume stores cannot get by on one or two deliveries a week. ?You almost need four or five a week.?
The nation?s largest c-store chain has been testing consolidated deliveries from multiple vendors, and it?s questionable whether even 7-Eleven Inc. has the size and clout to pull it off.
Christy Clinger, vice president of logistics and demand chain at Dallas-based 7-Eleven, told the website Supply Chain News last year that the majority of product gets to its stores via wholesale distributors, while the rest comes from direct-store deliveries from some vendors, such as soft drink and beer suppliers; deliveries from 7-Eleven?s own trucks for the chain?s growing assortment of fresh food items that are delivered daily; and center-store items that are delivered as often as twice a week.
As a result, individual stores could get as many as 50 deliveries per week, with each delivery disrupting operations at the store level. In an effort to reduce that disruption and save on delivery costs at the same time, Clinger told Supply Chain News the retailer has been using a different model on the West Coast over the past couple of years. In this model, 7-Eleven moves some former DSD products into its distribution centers (DCs) and then delivers all DSD, fresh food and center-store products on a single truck three times per week. This has cut weekly deliveries to some stores by more than half, to just 17 or 18 per week, according to Clinger.
Executing this strategy on a national scale has its obstacles, though. For example, laws in some states guarantee the rights of local soda and beer bottlers to deliver products to retailers within their territories. Attempts to get bottlers to deliver product to the chain?s DCs proved too challenging, Clinger said, so instead it began buying Coke and Pepsi products from the wholesale club Costco by the truckload, bringing them into its West Coast DCs and then picking those products for store delivery along with other items ordered by the stores, according to the Supply Chain News report.
?As retailers get bigger, there is definitely a threat to traditional wholesalers that these retailers will take over their own product distribution,? Edward Davidson, a former, longtime 7-Eleven executive, told Convenience Store News.
Davidson feels ?it isn?t right? that Walmart ? a direct competitor to c-stores ? can sell motor fuel for less than the cost to a c-store retailer. C-store retailers have to make difficult decisions about what products, or even product categories, they should sell if they can?t be price-competitive, he noted.
Tom Joyce, vice president, global customer and industry affairs at The Hershey Co., describes the perception that customers must pay slightly higher prices in exchange for the luxury of convenience as just that ? a perception, not reality.
?Traditionally, convenience stores have had higher prices on products than a traditional grocery store,? he told CSNews. ?But in today?s world, the convenience store retailer has very competitive prices with the other retailers like grocery stores and dollar stores.?
One reason for this is that convenience is no longer the only major benefit the channel can offer, according to Joyce. As c-stores have expanded the variety and quality of the products they offer, as well as their quality of service, customers are more likely to seek out their favorite locations. ?It?s almost a destination for some customers.?
Hershey utilizes wholesale distributors for the vast majority of its c-store customers. Certain chains, such as Sheetz, buy directly from Hershey, but in these cases, the c-store chain acts as its own distributor, shipping the products out from its own warehouse to its stores.
The use of wholesale distributors instead of direct store delivery has been a key part of Hershey?s development into a candy category leader, according to Joyce.
?Distributors started selling cigars and tobacco to corner stores and shoppes over 100 years ago. Some salesman convinced them to put candy bars on their cart. I don?t know who it was, but they should build a monument to him,? he said. ?When he went in to deliver his tobacco, he asked the owner if he wanted some candy. ? He took in the box of candy and put it by the cash register. That certainly helped establish our company because it increased our distribution to many locations.?
Since then, and in the years since Joyce joined Hershey nearly 40 years ago, the world of wholesale distributors has seen increased consolidation, but there are still a ?tremendous? number of distributors in operation, he said. Those that remain have had to adapt to a changing marketplace.
?Not only have the distributors become more sophisticated; the distributors have done a good job trying to figure out how to increase their growth with less tobacco sales because tobacco is declining,? Joyce said.
Keeping up with advances in technology is also crucial for all parts of the industry, he said. ?Everybody has to grow with technology in order to be efficient and to survive.?
Still, the biggest impact on wholesale distribution during the past five years has been the need to keep up with consumers? changing tastes, according to Christopher Hobson, senior vice president for Core-Mark Holding Co. Inc. Today?s consumer seeks products that are either freshly prepared on-site or ones with limited shelf lives.
?This new consumer demand has expanded the amount of refrigerated product a retailer must carry and a distributor must deliver,? said Hobson. ?The expansion of refrigerated products has placed many challenges on the distributors servicing the small-format stores. Today?s broadline distributor must possess the ability to handle multi-temperature platforms in the warehouse as well as on the delivery vehicle. In addition, a broadline distributor must ensure the integrity of the products moving through each stage of the supply chain.?
The investment needed in cold-chain assets is very costly, into the millions of dollars, Hobson added. ?It is essential a retailer partners with a distributor who is or has been willing to invest in the cold chain,? he said. ?Today?s c-store supply chain has come a long way over the past decade. But with that said, it is still highly inefficient compared with other retail formats a c-store must compete with for shopper spending.?
Steve Montgomery, president of b2b Solutions LLC, a consultancy that specializes in working with retailers and suppliers in the convenience retail and petroleum marketing industry, also sees the demand for fresh products as one of the biggest challenges facing distributors today.
?In order to deliver ?fresh? items, a distributor has to be at the store at least twice per week,? Montgomery told CSNews. ?This raises the cost as the per-stop invoice declines. We are already noted to be a high-cost-of-delivery industry.?
Pointing out that retailers with one to three stores comprise a large portion of the industry, he said another challenge is finding a profitable way to service the independent retailers who tend to buy their goods at warehouse clubs or cash-and-carries.
?This results in [retailers] often having too high an inventory per item, wear and tear on their vehicles, time out of their stores, etc.,? Montgomery explained.
Bill Scott, a convenience store consultant and president of StoreReport LLC, agrees that c-stores carry too much inventory. Through his studies and data analysis dating back to 2009, he said c-stores have twice as much inventory in their store than they need to meet customer demand.
?Inventory specialists at the distribution centers were used to putting inventory in grocery stores so they just adopted the same kind of method of supplying convenience stores. A culture evolved,? Scott said. ?First thing we need to do is reduce the amount of inventory in the stores and get suppliers to cooperate. If we can do that, we are on the way to real success in the stores.?
To achieve this, Montgomery believes there are big challenges on the distributor side, specifically the vast amount of items they must carry in order to meet the needs of their customers.
?I have seen studies done that indicate the sales breakdown goes far, far beyond the 80/20 rule, even excluding cigarettes,? said Montgomery. ?On the other side, we have seen retailers who carry items that have minimal movement. Working together, distributors and retailers do a far more effective job of SKU rationalization.?
David Bishop, managing director of the c-store consultancy Balvor LLC, agrees with both Hobson and Montgomery about the impact of changing consumer needs. The same market factors influencing retailer strategy are impacting how wholesalers go to market.
The decline in cigarette volume and margins has spurred retailers to shift to fresh-food sales for the revenue growth, higher margins and ability to differentiate, according to Bishop.
?Fresh food has been challenging for wholesalers,? he said. ?An increasing number of chains are investing in their own distribution. Some have their own infrastructure, like Kwik Trip and Sheetz, while others own their own distribution center but outsource management to a third party.?
CST Brands, the 1,000-plus convenience store operator based in San Antonio, is a hybrid of sorts when it comes to distribution. CST owns its own distribution center in Texas, but it contracts the operation of the warehouse to a more experienced wholesaler ? Core-Mark.
?We don?t have any dreams that we could have done this on our own,? said Hal Adams, chief marketing officer of the fast-growing retail chain. Adams said the retailer?s initial reason for going the self-distribution route was the opportunity to accelerate the consolidation of vendors and eliminate as many separate truck deliveries to its stores as possible.
?We had delivery trucks for bread, milk, pastries, two different soft drink companies, newspapers ? every day or several times a week from each of them,? Adams told CSNews. All these deliveries represented real and hidden costs to process invoices, stop and count the product upon delivery, large trucks taking up customer parking spaces, etc. ?By consolidating those deliveries onto fewer trucks, we could reduce back-office and unseen costs.?
The retailer also saw benefits from more regular deliveries of fresh and perishable food to its stores, supporting its strategic push into foodservice. And, by being so intimately involved in its own supply chain, CST learned to do a better job of controlling the amount of inventory it holds at the store level. ?We?ve brought down inventory levels, the stores look cleaner and we have better turns on shelf-stable, non-perishable products as a result,? Adams said.
Owning its own DC ?enables us to get into the P&L [profit and loss statement] more deeply,? he added. ?Maybe what you?re seeing is that retailers who self-distribute think more globally about logistics and understand logistics better. They think differently.?
The pros of self-distribution are easy to understand as retailers can control their own supply chain, noted Hobson of Core-Mark. They can carry the products they want and make as many deliveries as they desire to their stores.
But he stressed that self-distribution comes with one major negative: cost.
?The broadline distributor has the ability to spread the fixed costs associated with being a distributor over all of the customers it services. ? In addition to cost, broadline distributors have developed systems, technology, processes and a talented pool of individuals to ensure their operations are as efficient and economical as possible. A retailer who chooses to self-distribute will normally not have these resources in-house and will have to outsource these needs.?
Being transparent and agreeing on proper returns on the assets deployed for each party are the best ways the convenience store industry can work together to improve supply chain efficiencies in the channel, said Hobson. This would take price off the table and allow the focus to shift to strategic components of the supply chain.
?We could then build the most efficient consumer-built distribution platform,? Hobson continued. ?It would serve all our needs, but more importantly, it would be focused on consumer demands, desires and wants, which would be the secret sauce. The supply chain we have today was built without strategy or well-thought-out plans and that is why it does not serve its constituents terribly well. It basically gets by in an ?adequate? mode.?
Size does matter when it comes to direct store delivery. ?DSD can be an expensive route to market, but we have the scale to make it a powerful advantage for our convenience retail customers,? said Jay Ard, vice president, convenience retail channel for The Coca-Cola Co.
Speed is the key difference and advantage of DSD distribution. After an account manager visits a store to discuss business-building opportunities, checks the in-outlet presentation of products and writes an order for product replenishment, the order is processed and delivered within 48 hours.
Coca-Cola also works with customers that have the ability to send electronic purchase orders. ?This process typically happens once a week, but it can be more or less depending upon consumer demand at the outlet,? Ard said.
As a major supplier, Coca-Cola has the resources to provide a professional team with the experience and expertise that many smaller format retailers lack. The DSD model is used for most Coca-Cola products, but some of its chilled juice products use the warehouse route to market due to the need for a temperature-controlled supply chain, Ard noted.
In his view, the greatest impediment to a smooth supplier-retailer-DSD relationship is a lack of quality data regarding c-store sales. When store operators are able to provide accurate data on a daily basis, their needs and the needs of their customers are much easier to meet.
?The biggest thing retailers can do to help improve service levels and supply chain efficiency is to provide DSD suppliers with their point-of-sale scan data,? said Martha Buffington, vice president, customer solutions, Coca-Cola Refreshments. ?Coca-Cola is using this real-time data to become more demand-driven, meaning that orders and deliveries are based on actual consumer pull rather than on forecasts.?
Predicting demand allows the company to flex delivery frequency, thus improving in-stock rates while optimizing inventory for its customers.
So, how will c-store distribution continue to change?
Ard of Coca-Cola predicts that greater use of data, along with developments in technology, will make DSD a more demand-driven system. ?Sophisticated retailers will be able to provide suppliers with data on real-time sales, on-hand inventory and expected demand,? he said.
Hobson of Core-Mark thinks it will be critical for retailers to consolidate their vendors into a broadline wholesaler. This will enable retailers to purchase the products their customers want on a multiple-times-per-week basis, including fresh foods. Additional retailer benefits would be greatly reduced out-of-stocks, increased inventory turns and better capital utilization.
Montgomery of b2b Solutions anticipates more consolidation within the industry. He foresees larger distributors purchasing local warehouses to extend their reach and/or increasing their volume through their existing facilities.
Balvor?s Bishop noted that some retailers might look more closely at self-distribution, but he feels it is more likely that through advanced technology, retailers will help develop and execute more efficient supply chain practices, and that as they invest in this technology, the cost savings will be shared across the supply chain.
Finally, Adams at CST Brands acknowledges that self-distribution ?is not for everyone,? but he does put the responsibility for lowering supply chain costs on the retailer. ?Instead of looking for distributors to fix our problems, we need to look at what costs or practices we could change to make it easier to serve us. Do we have restrictions on delivery times? Do we allow electronic invoicing or XML processing of invoices? Do we force suppliers to go through a lengthy check-in process when they deliver to our stores??
Adams noted that if retailers could work more closely with their wholesalers and suppliers, they could bring down the cost of goods.
Retailers should be thinking about: ?What can I do to make it less expensive for that guy to do business with me?? Adams concluded.
?Instead of warehouse and DSD competing for space, both sides need to step back and ask: ?Is there a better way?? It will mean breaking down the existing systems.?
? Kit Dietz, Dietz Consulting LLC
?Not only have the distributors become more sophisticated; the distributors have done a good job trying to figure out how to increase their growth with less tobacco sales because tobacco is declining.?
? Tom Joyce, The Hershey Co.
?Instead of looking for distributors to fix our problems, we need to look at what costs or practices we could change to make it easier to serve us.?
? Hal Adams, CST Brands Inc.
?Working together, distributors and retailers do a far more effective job of SKU rationalization.?
? Steve Montgomery, b2b Solutions LLC


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Matthew Perry
Biographical Information
Matthew Perry (naval officer) (1794-1858), American naval officer. Matthew Perry (actor) (born 1969), television (Friends) and film actor. Matt Perry (rugby player) (born 1977), English rugby union footballer
The Rooster is a Yang,
and is the Tenth sign of the Chinese horoscope.
CockinessBoastfulnessBlind FaithPedantryBossinessDissipation
Birthday: August 19, 1969
A struggle or conflict, yet strong potential for triumph over adversity.
Birthday: August 19, 2016
A time for soul searching and meditation; a need for patience and solitude.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dear Residents
A backend system upgrade of the Sentosa Cove Residents' Portal has been scheduled on 8 March 2017, 2am to 6am. Portal users will receive a link to reset their passwords prior to their next log in.
During this time, access to the Portal, as well as the application for discounted guest entry would not be available.
Should you face any technical issues, please write to firstname.lastname@example.com.
We apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Thank you.
Sentosa Cove Resort Management Pte Ltd


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SINGAPORE: The medical technology (medtech) sector is expected to grow from US$88 billion (S$120 billion) in 2015 to US$133 billion in 2020 in Asia Pacific, and Singapore is "well-positioned" to act as a gateway to tap the market in the region, said Minister for Trade and Industry (Industry) S Iswaran at a medtech showcase on Wednesday (Aug 31).
To overcome challenges Medtech companies faced, Singapore Government is also providing assistance through grants and schemes.
One company which has tapped such support is Neurostyle. Together with A*STAR's Institute of Infocomm Research, it has come up with a system to rehabilitate stroke patients. A clinical trial, which is underway at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, gets stroke patients to imagine moving their limbs.
Dr Johnson Lu, director of Neurostyle, explained: "The system understands the brain's imagination, the status of the affected patient's brain imagination status, and integrates with the physical rehabilitation means. When these two combine together, we exercise the brain and the limb together. After a few rounds, after one and a half months, we see a very good progress in the recovery of the stroke patients.


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We provide high quality, comfortable dental service at an affordable price. Dr. DeMille is very experienced in family, general, and cosmetic dentistry, creating beautiful smiles for his patients. We take the time to assure that your treatment will be the most modern treatment available, and meet your expectations and budget.
Below is a partial list of the services we provide:
I would like to thank Dr. DeMille for the years of "gentle care" I have received while having my teeth worked on. I didn't realize until he moved away to Utah, that it wasn't just gentle care I was appreciating but the "quality" of work he does also. After going to someone for 2 years, and having terrible problems with the work done, I talked with my husband and we decided to go up to Utah and have Dr. DeMille do our teeth again. It took awhile to get the teeth the other dentist had done, fixed, but it was worth the travel and time to have my teeth in good shape again. His calm demeanor, the extra time he spends to make sure your mouth is numb, explains what he is doing in steps, asks frequently how everything is going, really makes the dental experience a good one. He was also successful at finally getting my husband to floss, and that takes someone with real talent! Thank you again Dr. DeMille.
Dr. DeMille has been practicing dentistry at his current location in Hurricane since 2005. He loves being a dentist and creating beautiful smiles. Read More


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Didint "shit" get real like the last time some one used that phase? apparently shits been "real" now sense like the 40s. For some of us shits always been real.
classic shit
We do it for the people.
"In the abundance of water, the fool is thirsty"
Dave knooows all
soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/wes-tru-runev...-gunsoil-drugs
datpiff GOD link: http://www.datpiff.com/mixtapes-detail.php?id=556738
"it was Mooney"


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User can view .pdf from the list.
User can share .pdf file.
User can email .pdf file.
It has very easy methods explanation
It is very easy to use
PDF Generator: Images To PDF is the best app in Google play.
Download it, comment it, share it.
Unbelievable app. Thanks for giving such a satisfactory options of saving images...
Before download this app, I had another app similar to this, but this app is more comfortable as well as easy to generate PDF....
Great one
Good efforts. Its really useful app.
Very light weighted app as compare to other apps.
Thx to making this app..its very usefull..keep it up boss
Got what was actually needed. Thanks ! ☺
Unbelievable app. Thanks for giving such a satisfactory options of saving images...
Useful for day to day Printing and also use full to store images inside PDF.. I like its interface and Easy to access..
Nice 1
Good app
Easy to use


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what coaching vacancies are there in D3 at the moment? Are we considering the St. A's job D3 anymore?
4 kids
4 grandsons (BCA 7/09, CJA 5/14, JDL 8/14, JFL 6/16)
Any society that would give up a little liberty to gain a little security will deserve neither and lose both.
- Benjamin Franklin
Banned from the St. Lawrence University Facebook page - March 2016 (But I got better).
I want to live forever. So far, so good.
Former Geneseo head coach Jason Lammers was named head coach at D1 Niagara. Lammers is also a Geneseo alum and former captain. He previously was associate coach at Ohio State and UMass Lowell, as well as a US Junior head coach.
Not a change, but Bill Kangas is taking the year off.
@EphSports: Williams Mens Ice Hockey Coach Bill Kangas Taking a Sabbatical During the 2017-18 Academic Year http://bit.ly/2pA4L94 https://twitter.com/EphSports/status...266369/photo/1
Torts to St. As.
Jim, not John.
@MikeMcMahonCHN: Niagara announced the hiring of Andy Boschetto as an assistant under Jason Lammers. Had been head coach at Salve Regina.
Vacancy in CCC
St. Norbert associate head coach AJ Aitken is leaving to join family business full time
(though the link to the full description wasn't correct)
St. Norbert College Green Knights
NCHA regular season champs: 97-99, 02-08, 10-12, 14, 16
NCHA playoff champs: 98-99, 03-05, 07-08, 10-14, 2017
NCAA Champions: 2008, 2011, 2012, 2014
SNC women: 2013 O'Brien Cup Champions
SNHU announced this morning their new HC: Sean Walsh - class of '06.
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Ernst Kantorowicz
Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – September 9, 1963) was a German-American historian of medieval political and intellectual history and art, known for his 1927 book Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite on Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and The King's Two Bodies (1957) on medieval and early modern ideologies of monarchy and the state.[1]
Kantorowicz was born in Posen (then part of Prussia) to a wealthy, assimilated German-Jewish family and as a young man was groomed to take over his family's prosperous liquor distillery business. He served as an officer in the German Army for four years in World War I. He decided not to return to the business world, but went instead to study philosophy at the University of Berlin, at one point also joining a right-wing militia that fought against Polish forces in the Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919) and helped put down the Spartacist uprising in Berlin.[2] The following year, he moved to the prestigious University of Heidelberg to study history with Karl Hampe and Friedrich Baethgen, two noted medievalists. While in Heidelberg, Kantorowicz became involved with the so-called Georgekreis, a group of artists and intellectuals devoted to the German poet and aesthete Stefan George who shared an interest in art, literature, and Romantic mysticism.
His association with the elitist and culturally conservative Georgekreis inspired Kantorowicz's unorthodox biography of the great Holy Roman emperor Frederick II published in German in 1927 and English in 1931.[3] Instead of offering a more typical treatment of laws, institutions, and important political achievements, the book struck a decidedly panegyrical tone, portraying Frederick as a tragic hero and the idealized embodiment of the German nation. The work elicited a combination of bewilderment and criticism from the mainstream historical academy. Reviewers complained that it was literary mythmaking and not a work of serious historical scholarship. As a result, Kantorowicz published a hefty companion volume (Ergänzungsband) in 1931 which contained detailed historical documentation for the biography.
Despite the furor over the Frederick book, Kantorowicz received an appointment to an academic chair at the University of Frankfurt. In 1933, Kantorowicz had to give up his professorship due to Nazi racial policies, but was nonetheless granted an early retirement in 1935. He remained in Germany until 1938, when it became clear that the situation for even assimilated Jews such as himself was no longer tenable. He accepted a teaching position for a short time at Oxford before moving to the University of Chicago in 1939. In 1950, Kantorowicz famously resigned from Chicago in protest when the Chicago Regents demanded that all continuing faculty sign a loyalty oath disavowing affiliation with any politically subversive movements. Kantorowicz insisted he was no leftist and pointed to his role in an anti-communist militia as a young university student, but nonetheless objected on principle to an instrument which he viewed as a blatant infringement on academic freedom and freedom of conscience more generally.[4] He moved to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, where he remained for the rest of his career. In 1957, Kantorowicz published his masterpiece, The King's Two Bodies, which explored, in the words of the volume's subtitle, "medieval political theology." The book traced the ways in which theologians, historians and canonists in the Middle Ages and early modern period understood the office and person of the king, as well as the idea of the kingdom, in corporeal and organological terms. The figure of the European monarch was a unique product of religious and legal traditions that eventually produced the notion of a "king" as simultaneously a person and an embodiment of the community of the realm. The book remains a classic in the field.
Kantorowicz was the subject of a controversial biographical sketch in the book Inventing the Middle Ages (1991) by the medievalist, Norman F. Cantor. Cantor, who knew Kantorowicz at Princeton, suggested that, but for his Jewish heritage, Kantorowicz (at least as a young scholar in the 1920s and 1930s) could be considered a Nazi in terms of his intellectual temperament and cultural values. Cantor compared Kantorowicz with another contemporary German medievalist, Percy Ernst Schramm, who worked on similar topics and was a member of the Nazi Party. Kantorowicz's defenders (particularly his student Robert L. Benson)[5] responded that although as a younger man Kantorowicz embraced the Romantic ultranationalism of the George-Kreis, he had only disdain for Nazism and was a vocal critic of Hitler's regime.[6]
- Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite, Georg Bondi, 1927.
- Das Geheime Deutschland, Vorlesung, 1933.
Works in English translation[edit]
- Frederick II.: 1194-1250 (1931)
- "A Norman Finale of the Exultet and the Rite of Sarum," The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 34(2), 1941.
- "Plato in the Middle Ages," The Philosophical Review, Vol. 51(3), 1942.
- Laudes Regiae: A Study in Liturgical Acclamations and Mediaeval Ruler Worship, University of California Press, 1946.
- "The Quinity of Winchester," Art Bulletin, Vol. XXIV, 1947.
- The Fundamental Issue: Documents and Marginal Notes on the University of California Loyalty Oath, Parker Print. Co., 1950.
- "Dante's 'Two Suns'," in Semitic and Oriental Studies, 1951.
- "Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought," The American Historical Review, Vol. 56(3), 1951.
- "Inalienability: A Note on Canonical Practice and the English Coronation Oath in the Thirteenth Century," Speculum, Vol. XXIX, 1954.
- "Mysteries of State: An Absolutist Concept and its Late Medieval Origins," Harvard Theological Review, Vol. XLVIII, 1955.
- The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology, Princeton University Press, 1957.
- Frederick the Second, 1194–1250, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1957.
- "The Prologue to Fleta and the School of Petrus de Vinea," Speculum, Vol. XXXII, 1957.
- "On the Golden Marriage Belt and the Marriage Rings of the Dumbarton Oaks Collection," Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. XIV, 1960.
- "The Archer in the Ruthwell Cross," The Art Bulletin, Vol. 42(1), 1960.
- Gods in Uniform, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. CV, 1961.
- "Puer Exoriens: On the Hypapante in the Mosaics of S. Maria Maggiore," Perennitas, 1963.
- Selected Studies, J.J. Augustin, 1965.
See also[edit]
- Harold F. Cherniss, historian of ancient philosophy, friend and colleague of Kantorowicz, helped him secure a position at the Institute at Advanced Study after the 'loyalty oath' affair at Berkeley
- ^ Norman F. Cantor, Inventing the Middle Ages, (1991) pp 79-117
- ^ Saul Friedländer, Den Holocaust beschreiben (2007)
- ^ Kantorowicz, Ernst. Frederick the Second, 1194–1250, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1957.
- ^ http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/loyaltyoath/symposium/kantorowicz.html
- ^ "Defending Kantorowicz," Letter to the New York Review of Books, by Robert L. Benson, Ralph E. Giesey and Margaret Sevcenko, Aug. 13, 1992.
- ^ Lipkin, Michael (15 June 2016). "When Emperors Are No More". The Paris Review. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
Further reading[edit]
- Abulafia, David. "Kantorowicz and Frederick II." History 62#205 (1977): 193-210.
- Boureau, Alain. Kantorowicz: Stories of a Historian, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
- Cantor, Norman F. Inventing the Middle Ages, 1991. pp 79–117. negative view of Kantorowicz
- Free, John B. Ernst Kantorowicz. An Accounting, Central European History, Vol. 32(2), 1999.
- Landauer, Carl. "Ernst Kantorowicz and the Sacralization of the Past," Central European History, Vol. 27(1), 1994.
- Lerner, Robert. Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life. Princeton University Press, 2016.
- Medieval Scholarship Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline: History, Vol. I, ed. Helen Damico & Joseph B Zavadil, 1995; biographical essays for "Ernst H. Kantorowicz" by Robert E. Lerner and "Percy Ernst Schramm" by Janos Bak, both of whom respond to allegations in Cantor's book.
- Peters, Edward. "More Trouble With Henry: The Historiography of Medieval Germany in the Angloliterate World, 1888–1995." Central European History 28#1 (1995): 47-72.
- Rust, Jennifer R. "Political Theologies of the Corpus Mysticum: Schmitt, Kantorowicz, and de Lubac" (on The King's Two Bodies) in Political Theology and Early Modernity (University of Chicago Press, 2012): 102–123.
External links[edit]
- 1895 births
- 1963 deaths
- People from Poznań
- People from the Province of Posen
- German Jews
- 20th-century American historians
- 20th-century Freikorps personnel
- German historians
- German conservatives in the German Resistance
- Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
- German Jewish military personnel of World War I
- Jewish historians
- German medievalists
- Institute for Advanced Study faculty
- Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
- Heidelberg University alumni
- Heidelberg University faculty
- Goethe University Frankfurt faculty
- University of California, Berkeley faculty
- American medievalists
- German art historians
- German male writers


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3rd Battle (Clan Wolf)
Sarna News
|3rd Battle
|Unit Profile (as of 3057)
|Silver Devils
|Parent Formation
|Beta Galaxy
The Third Battle Cluster was heavily involved in the Trial of Refusal against Operation Revival. The Trial caused casualties so severe that SaKhan Garth Radick barred the unit from participation in the initial Invasion of the Inner Sphere.[1] However the Third Battle's Supernova Command, Trinary Striker and Binary Fighter units were available for the conquest of Lovinac in May 3050.[2] They were also brought in as reinforcements to finish up the conquest of Planting later in July.[3] When the Fifth Wave of the invasion started, the Third Battle conquered the planet Rastaban in January 3052, destroying the 2nd Knights of St. Cameron.[4]
In 3054 the unit was assigned to garrison Diosd in the Clan Wolf Occupation Zone.[5] It did not survive the fighting of the Refusal War in 3057.
As of 3052 the commanding officer was Star Colonel Darren Fetladral.
This section is a stub. You can help BattleTechWiki by expanding it.
Composition History[edit]
- Supernova Command - The Devil's Wolves (Star Colonel Darren Fetladral)
- Alpha Command Nova: Gargoyle, Dire Wolf, Gargoyle, Ice Ferret, Gargoyle D, 25 Elementals
- Bravo Command Nova: Ice Ferret, Gargoyle D, Gargoyle D, Adder, Adder, 25 Elementals
- Trinary Assault - The Grim Reapers (Star Captain Richard Kerensky)
- Alpha Assault Star: Gargoyle, Executioner, Mad Dog, Ice Ferret, Gargoyle
- Bravo Assault Star: Ice Ferret, Mad Dog, Gargoyle, Timber Wolf C, Timber Wolf B
- Charlie Assault Star: Gargoyle, Ice Ferret, Phantom C, Gargoyle A, Gargoyle
- Trinary Battle - The Demon Executioners (Star Captain Ancil Radick)
- Alpha Battle Star: Gargoyle, Ice Ferret, Ice Ferret A, Ice Ferret B, Timber Wolf
- Bravo Battle Star: Ice Ferret, Adder C, Phantom B, Timber Wolf A, Timber Wolf
- Charlie Battle Star: Adder, Ice Ferret C, Ice Ferret, Gargoyle, Ice Ferret D
- Trinary Striker - The Medusi (Star Captain Dale Carns)
- Alpha Striker Star: Adder, Adder C, Adder B, Ice Ferret, Adder A
- Bravo Striker Star: Adder A, Mist Lynx, Adder, Ice Ferret, Timber Wolf C
- Charlie Striker Star: Ice Ferret B, Ice Ferret, Ice Ferret, Adder A, Adder
- Binary Fighter - The Tiamat Flyers (Star Captain Sumner Johns)
- Support Vessels:
- ↑ Wolf Clan Sourcebook, p. 89
- ↑ Wolf Clan Sourcebook, p. 59
- ↑ Wolf Clan Sourcebook, p. 60
- ↑ Wolf Clan Sourcebook, p. 68
- ↑ Objective Raids, p. 32
- ↑ Wolf Clan Sourcebook, p. 88-89


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by Staff Writers
San Francisco (AFP) Aug 18, 2014
Google confirmed Monday it has bought the startup behind a Jetpac mobile application that creates insightful travel guides by analyzing pictures from social networks such as Instagram.
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The preliminaries are over; tomorrow senators begin their questioning of Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor.
Republicans made clear they will press the nominee on her comments about diversity on the bench; Democrats will stress her background and 17 years of judicial experience.
Meanwhile, our readers are also starting to weigh in. Among our comments:
IsidoroRDL wrote: "As a federal trial/appellate private practitioner for more than three decades, I support Sotomayor appointment based on her holding that government employees, including judges, are not above the law." - Isidoro Rodriguez, Esq., Member in Good Standing of the Bar of the United States Supreme Court
Mrshoe wrote: "Ya, a person who discriminated against white fire fighters, now that's a person we want sitting on the Supreme Court!!"
Machias wrote: Police Chief, Sheriffs, Prosecutors, ABA all recommend her.
Legal experts say her opinions are slightly more conservative than Souter's.
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What's not to like?
Manolo wrote: "I am a Hispanic first-generation naturalized U.S. citizen. I am also a member of the Republican party. I do not support Judge Sotomayor's appointment to the Supreme Court because she has demonstrated through her rulings that she is incapable of rendering decisions without racial predjudice. Her legacy of rulings shows that she is an activist judge who has been overturned enough times by the Supreme Court to conclusively prove that she does not sufficiently understand the Contitution of the United States to be deemed qualified to rule upon matters that are crucial to the preservation of the republic."
TOCB wrote: "Conservatives have used the "original intent" argument to attempt to maintain the status quo, a white male dominated soceity. They are losing that battle, as they should. I totally agree with Judge Sotomayor that her rich experiences make her judgement "better" than that of most white males. Why? The reason is very simple. The experiences of most white males are ones where they have had preferential treatment whereas the experiences of a latino women are those where she has had to compromise and concede. In order to better serve the masses compromise and concession is probably "better"
(Posted by David Jackson; photo by Kevin Lamarque, Reuters)
David's journalism career spans three decades, including coverage of five presidential elections, the Oklahoma City bombing, the 2000 Florida presidential recount and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. He has covered the White House for USA TODAY since 2005. His interests include history, politics, books, movies and college football -- not necessarily in that order. More about David
Follow the Oval on Twitter: @The Oval, @djusatoday.
Also contributing to the Oval: Richard Wolf @richardjwolf; Aamer Madhani @AamerISmad


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Tags: app, Phone, Smartphone, syncing, windows 8.
Posted 11/06/2012 at 10:01 AM
Posted 5 years ago
With just hours to go before Microsoft's big launch event for Windows Phone 8, the company has released a companion app to the Windows Store that will allow syncing between the new WP8 operating system, Windows 8 and Windows RT.
Tech site The Verge has reported that details of the app were leaked to them almost two months ago, and have confirmed that it will not be possible to sync with any handsets running Windows Phone 7. Of course, with Windows Phone 8 not yet available, the app at the moment will be pretty useless.
Once you've got your hands on one of the new phones though, The Next Web has provided details of what you will be able to do with the new app:
Get your music, photos, and videos from your computer to your phone (and vice versa).
Quickly share things from your phone with Windows 8 apps (like Photos, or Search). You don't even have to open the Windows Phone app to move things around.
Automatically save photos and videos you take with your phone to your PC.
See at a glance how much space you're using for each type of content, so it's easy to make sure you never run out of room on your phone.
Get to WindowsPhone.com to download apps, learn more about your phone, or find it if it's lost.
The launch in California is set to focus on new developments with Facebook and Skype as well as the much-anticipated Internet Explorer. TNW have also reported that Taiwanese manufacturer HTC will be a partner at the event, with their recently unveiled HTC 8X and 8S handsets likely to be on show.
Microsoft has also been handed a slice of fortune with the cancelling of Google's event (also scheduled for today) in New York due to the impending Hurricane Sandy. The Android event was rumored to be seeing the launch of a host of new Nexus products, including a 10-inch Samsung tablet, the new LG Nexus 4, and upgraded Nexus 7 tablets. With Google's event postponed for the time being, the eyes of the tech world will be focused solely on Windows Phone 8 – for which Microsoft are sure to be secretly thankful.
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Sun December 4, 2016 - 6:00 PM
Hamburg (Altstadt), Germany, 2016
Hamburg (Altstadt), Germany
Headbangers Ball - a name that bears pure heavy metal nostalgia - will come to life again! By the end of this year, MTVs classic 80s show shall return as a series of events. MTV Headbangers Ball, hosted by Continental Concerts...See More


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Florentine Globe Bar
Classy and unexpected
You can pick your friends and you can pick your nose, but you can't pick your friend's nose... Except in the case of these cups. Give your friend the perfect nose or one completely unbecoming with these cups.
What a fabulous booze decanter!
aluminum cube has a different size measuring well on each side - the six most commonly used drink measures. just measure and then pour from the corner. Six Jiggers in one!Tags: home, gifts, kitchen, cooking, utensils, storage, entertaining, containers, aluminumAdded 9 Years Ago from Unica Home
It's a bar that folds up into a handy briefcase!Added 9 Years Ago from Thegreenhead
It's a brown bag for your 40's! It looks like a brown bag but it's designed to keep your beer chilled right down to the last drop.


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Samuel Vision Photographer
JacquelineMoniqueCorcosModel Female Woodland Hills, California, US
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/jmoniquecorcos
Mayhem # 2315256
About MeHi! I am Jacqueline Monique Corcos. I love to act and model! I very much enjoy being in front of the camera. I love fashion and I like to shop when ever I can. I want to use this site as a way of getting out there and meeting people in the Modeling/Fashion industry and to create an amazing book! Also to get represented for modeling. I love working with amazing photographers!
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|Cristo Rey New York High School
|New York, New York
|United States
|General Information
|Secondary school
|Joseph P. Parkes, S.J.
|William P. Ford, III
|Address & Contact Information
|112 E. 106th St.
|New York
|New York
|Postal code:
|United States
Cristo Rey New York High School is a Jesuit high school located in the United States of America in New York City. It was founded in 2004. A few interesting facts about Cristo Rey New York High School: All students who reach 12th grade will graduate. All graduating students will be admitted to several colleges. Also, it is a requirement that students take four years of Spanish and four years of English literature.
Cristo Rey High School seeks to provide a quality education for economically disadvantaged high school students of all faiths through its core curriculum, dual language instruction and corporate work-study program. This school ministry is endorsed by the American Province of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, the Long Island New England Province of the Brothers of the Christian Schools and the New York Province of the Society of Jesus. Cristo Rey, in a spirit of collaboration with these groups, strives to foster the human and intellectual potential, as well as the cultural heritage, of all members of the school community.
Our final measurement will be not only "what has the student learned?" but also, "how, where and for whose sake has she or he chosen to invest that learning?" If we succeed, our graduates will become leaders in service, working alongside others to transform our city into a place where all can live with dignity and peace.
In January 2008, Loyola Press will release a book titled More than A Dream: How One School's Vision is Changing the World. The book, authored by G.R. Kearney, a writer and former volunteer teacher at Cristo Rey Jesuit High School in Chicago, documents the unlikely development of the Cristo Rey model and its remarkable success throughout the United States.
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Cristo Rey New York High School. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.
Contact Information
112 E. 106th St.; New York, NY 10029, United States.


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Question: Repeat parts b e of Exercise 11 5 for samples of size
Repeat parts (b)–(e) of Exercise 11.5 for samples of size 4. (There are five possible samples.)
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Answer to relevant QuestionsConsider a hypothesis test for two population proportions with the null hypothesis H0: p1 = p2. What parameter is being estimated by the a. Sample proportion pˆ1? b. Sample proportion pˆ2? c. Pooled sample proportion ...x1 = 15, n1 = 20, x2 = 18, n2 = 30; right-tailed test, α = 0.05; 90% confidence interval a. Determine the sample proportions. b. Decide whether using the two-proportions z-procedures is appropriate. If so, also do parts ...Response Insurance collects data on seatbelt use among U.S. drivers. Of 1000 drivers 25–34 years old, 27% said that they buckle up, whereas 330 of 1100 drivers 45–64 years old said that they did. At the 10% significance ...Refer to Exercise 11.93. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight. According to the document Dietary Guidelines for Americans, published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. ...In the New York Times article "A Common Police Vest Fails the Bulletproof Test," E. Lichtblau reported on a U.S. Department of Justice study of 103 bulletproof vests containing a fiber known as Zylon. In ballistics ...
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text: The bill has reignited the fight with conservationists, but this time Republicans have a larger majority in the Senate, making passage appear inevitable.The finance committee's four Democrats ripped the bill Monday as a "sweetheart deal" for Gogebic Taconite. They tried to attach a half-dozen amendments to the bill Monday, including imposing a tax on ore a mining company extracts, removing a $2 million cap on permit application fees, allowing contested cases before the final decision and removing the presumption wetland damage is necessary and ensuring the DNR can't issue a permit unless the agency is certain the mine won't hurt the public. "We seem hell-bent to move forward on a flawed bill," Rep. Cory Mason, D-Racine, said. Darling told the Democrats she was getting tired of them misrepresenting the bill. She insisted the bill balances the environment with jobs. Rep. John Nygren, R-Marinette, the committee's co-chairman, argued people in northwestern Wisconsin are desperate for jobs. Republicans killed every Democratic amendment on a party-line vote. The debate lasted only a little more than two hours. "Wisconsin is one step closer to thousands of good-paying jobs in our state," Assembly Speaker Robin Vos, R-Burlington, said in a statement afterward. "This bill provides business a level of certainty that they need in order to invest in Wisconsin and our workforce."


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TAFE SA can provide customised training to specifically meet the varying needs and objectives of business, industry and employers. A customised approach ensures that the training is tailored to benefit business by focusing on the skills and knowledge needed in the workplace. It also means that employees can study at a time and place that is convenient, with minimal or no effect on business-as-usual.
TAFE SA has extensive and proven experience in customised training. The services available include:
If you want to undertake study to help you do your job better, encourage your employer to find out more about the training options offered by TAFE SA.
If you're an employer and would like more information on tailoring a training course to suit your business, contact TAFE SA on 1800 882 661 or enquire online.
Freecall 1800 882 661


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Doctor insights on:
Symptoms Of Passive Aggressive Personality Disorder
Please tell me all symptoms of anti social personality disorder?
Antisocial PD: Antisocial personality disorder is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others. This behavior is often criminal, and though not diagnosed until after age 18, it starts with conduct disorder symptoms before age 15. For a complete symptom list and more info, see: http://www.Mentalhealth.Com/dis/p20-pe04.Html. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Personality Disorder (Definition)
According to the dsm IV tr, a personality disorder is: an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads ...Read more
How do I find out what is the symptoms of a personality disorder?
There are several : Personality disorders (narcissistic, borderline, obsessive compulsive, sociopathic) with different sets of symptoms. The common denominator is that people with personality disorders are comfortable with their symptoms and do not think there is anything wrong with them. Therefore it is very hard to treat them. They have no desire to change. ...Read more
I show symptoms of antisocial personality disorder.
Sociopath: Engaging in antisocial behaviors with no regards to safety of others, such as truancy, theft, criminal behaviors. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
What are the symtops of multiple personality disorder?
2 or more identities: Aka dissociative identity disorder, multiple personality disorder is characterized by 2 or more distinct identities or personality states "taking control" of a person's behavior and by an inability to recall important personal information that isn't explained by forgetfulness. Each personality has its own pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
What are the symptoms of multiple personality disorder?
Lapse in time/attn: Dissociative identity disorder is extraordinarily rare and typically associated with severe trauma in early childhood which results in a fractioning of the personality. Symptoms would include drastically different personality types (observed by others) and lost periods of time while one personality is functioning typically the other(s) are dormant, lapses in attention and focus. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
What are the symptoms of Avoidant personality disorder?
The symptoms of Avoidant personality disorder include:: Reacts poorly to criticism, Avoidance behaviors. ...Read more
What are the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder?
No consideration for: The rights of others which may manifest in situations that may be on the wrong side of the law. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Can you tell me symptoms of borderline personality disorder?
Borderline PD: To the person who has it, the world is very frightening. People cannot be trusted; abandonment feels imminent. There are huge swings of emotion in relationships -- extreme idealization or extreme devaluation ; rage. When the important other disappoints, borderline pd can't remember there was ever anything good about him/her; abandonment depression results.There's intense self-loathing ; pain. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
What are typical symptoms of antisocial personality disorder?
No Regard for Others: People with antisocial personality disorder typically have http://www.Medicinenet.Com/antisocial_personality_disorder/article.Htmfor right and wrong, often violate the law and the rights of others, landing in frequent trouble or conflict.; may lie, behave violently, and have drug and alcohol problems, may not be able to fulfill responsibilities to family, work or school: http://www.Medicinenet.Com. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
What are the typical symptoms of borderline personality disorder?
Borderline PD: Is characterized by unstable relationships. This often leads to other problems such as anxiety, depression and self harming behaviors. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
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Garlic-Grilled Pork Chops
READY IN: 45mins
Recipe by teresas
This has been a favorite of the family for years. I use this for both pork chops and pork tenderloin. It is really tender and flavorful.
Top Review by Bayhill
Delicious! We really loved the garlicky flavor of these tender, juicy pork chops. Cooking them on the grill gave them a smoky flavor that complimented the marinade very well. Thank you for sharing this yummy recipe. It is definitely a keeper!
See Discussion:10 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 6 pork chops (1 inch thick)
- 1⁄2 cup vegetable oil
- 4 tablespoons red wine vinegar
- 4 garlic cloves, minced
- 2 teaspoons sage leaves, crumbled
- 2 teaspoons salt
- 1⁄2 teaspoon ground pepper
Directions See How It's Made
- Combine all ingredients in a large bowl.
- Marinate 4 to 6 hours in refrigerator.
- Grill 5 inches from heat, basting with marinade several times.


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Religious groups can't sue city for condemning anti-gay ads
By The Associated Press
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SAN FRANCISCO A federal appeals court panel has rejected the claims from three religious groups that the city of San Francisco violated their First Amendment rights by publicly denouncing a nationwide anti-gay ad campaign.
The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals yesterday affirmed a district court's dismissal of a lawsuit brought against the city and county of San Francisco in 1998 by American Family Association Inc., Newport News, Va.-based Kerusso Ministries and Washington, D.C.-based Family Research Council.
The three-judge panel found that San Francisco, although it had urged television stations not to air the ads, had not threatened to impose any sanctions if the groups continued to urge homosexuals to convert to a heterosexual lifestyle, and therefore did not violate the groups' rights.
The plaintiffs were three of several groups that sponsored the "Truth in Love" ad campaign that appeared in newspapers and television commercials nationwide in 1998. The ads proclaimed that "God abhors any form of sexual sin," including homosexuality, premarital sex and adultery.
The San Francisco Board of Supervisors condemned the ad after it ran full-page in a San Francisco newspaper and sent an open letter to the groups, denouncing the campaign's tone as the type of "hateful rhetoric" that incites hate crimes.
"What happened to Matthew Shepard is in part due to the message being espoused by your groups that gays and lesbians are not worthy of the most basic equal rights and treatment," the letter read in part. Shepard was a 21-year-old homosexual University of Wyoming student who died in 1998 after being beaten into a coma and tied to a fence.
The supervisors then passed a resolution, condemning the murder of Billy Jack Gaither, an Alabama man killed after reportedly making an unwanted sexual advance on another man. The final paragraph of the resolution "calls for the Religious Right to take accountability for the impact of their long-standing rhetoric denouncing gays and lesbians," and alleged that such language could lead to crimes such as those committed against Gaither.
The groups had sought from the courts a declaration that the open letter and resolution by San Francisco officials was a violation of the groups' First Amendment rights. The groups also sought an injunction to prevent the city from making any future official pronouncements about individuals and organizations that perceive homosexuality as a sin.
But the appeals court rejected the claim, saying in the opinion that the city did not threaten to impose a sanction against anyone running the ads. The appeals court also agreed with the lower court that the letter and resolution, taken as a whole, were not primarily hostile toward religions.
In the opinion, Judge Michael Daly Hawkins wrote that "although the letter and resolutions may appear to contain attacks on the Plaintiff's religious views, in particular that homosexuality is sinful, there is also a plausible secular purpose in Defendant's actions protecting gays and lesbians from violence..."
Brian Fahling, the lawyer for Tupelo, Miss.-based American Family Association, said he was shocked by the ruling and would petition the appeals court for a rehearing.
"If that's not hostility toward religion, then it hasn't been invented yet," Fahling said.
Tom Ammiano, president of the board of supervisors, did not immediately return calls seeking comment.
Judge John T. Noonan dissented, noting that he disagreed as to the primary effect of the city's letter.
"To assert that a group's religious message and religious categorization of conduct are responsible for murder is to attack the group's religion," Noonan wrote.
"The city used a means that officially stigmatized a religious belief as productive of murderous consequences."
The case is American Family Association v. City and County of San Francisco.