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Sugar content in the sap of birches, hornbeams and maples in southeastern Poland
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1 Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 9(4) DOI: /s Central European Journal of Biology Sugar content in the sap of birches, hornbeams and maples in southeastern Poland Research Article Łukasz Łuczaj 1 *, Maciej Bilek 2, Kinga Stawarczyk 3 Received 17 August 2013; Accepted 23 Ocotber Department of Botany and Biotechnology of Economic Plants, Institute of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Science, University of Rzeszów, Kolbuszowa, Poland 2 Laboratory for Environmental Health Analysis and Materials of Agricultural Origin, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland 3 Department of Botany and Biotechnology of Economic Plants, Institute of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Science, University of Rzeszów, Kolbuszowa, Poland Abstract: There is very little data on the sugar content of tree sap in Central Europe. In order to fill this gap we measured sugar content in the spring sap of 55 trees from 8 species (six native and two introduced). Sugar content was measured chromatographically using an HPLC Dionex Ultimate 3000 system and CAD detection. The proportion of sugar was highly genus-specific: maples contained sucrose, birches a mix of glucose, fructose and sucrose and hornbeams glucose and fructose. Acer saccharinum had the sweetest sap (4.0%), followed by A. platanoides (3.2%), A. pseudoplatanus (3.2%), A. negundo (2.9%) and A. campestre (2.8%). Birches were slightly less sweet (Betula pendula 2.5% and B. pubescens 2.6%). Carpinus betulus sap contained only 0.9% sugar. The reported values for birches are higher than those reported in other European studies and the values for maples are similar to those for sugar maples in North America. As southeastern Poland has many large populations of maples and birches, a small-scale sugar syrup industry could become an additional source of income for forest owners. Keywords: Tree sap Non-timber forest products Glucose Fructose Sucrose Sugar Versita Sp. z o.o. 1. Introduction Sugar maple sap extraction is an important part of the economy in North America and the sugar content of the American Acer saccharum L. and factors which affect it have been reported by several authors [1-4]. Fresh maple sap, which is later concentrated into syrup, contains mainly sucrose, from only 0.8% [5] to 5.5 % [4] or even 6% [2], but usually from 2.5 to 4 % (e.g. [4,6]). Birch syrup is also produced, but on a much smaller scale, mainly in Alaska [7]. However, much less is known about the chemical composition of the sap of European tree species. In Europe, it is mainly birch sap that has been extracted and used, either fresh, fermented or preserved. The sap of European maple species has been used in parts of central and northern Europe as well, usually fresh, only rarely concentrated into syrup or sugar [8]. In Poland birch sap (from Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh.) was commonly drunk fresh, and sometimes also fermented into a low alcohol drink. The drinking of fresh or, rarely, fermented Acer platanoides L. and A. pseduplatanus L. sap has also been recorded. Extremely locally, the sap of Carpinus betulus L., Tilia spp., and Prunus avium L. was also drunk [9,10]. At the end of the 19 th century, the chemical content of the sap of birch, maple and hornbeam was studied in Germany [11,12], using low-specificity classical analytical 410 *
2 Ł.Łuczaj et al. methods, which may have distorted the results [11]. Over a hundred years later Essiamah [13] in his study of sap content in a few tree species in Germany used enzymatic methods to measure the sugar content. He reported very high maximum values of up to 4.3% glucose and 1.9% fructose in Betula pendula, and 3.6% sucrose in Acer pseudoplatanus. Unfortunately mean values and total sugar contents were not reported. The sap of Quercus robur and Alnus glutinosa contained less sugar and the author failed to extract the sap from Fraxinus excelsior. The content of birch sap in Europe using modern instrumental methods (gas chromatography) was studied in the research of Kallio and colleagues from Finland [14-16]. Birch sap content was also studied in Lithuania [17]. The works from both Finland and Lithuania reported an approximately 1% sugar content in birch sap. It has also been established that birch sap, both in European and in American species of birches, contains mainly fructose and glucose, as well as some sucrose [7,14]. The aim of our study was to look at the sugar content of some native tree species, as well as their exotic counterparts commonly cultivated in Poland. Our broader knowledge of sugar contents in European conditions (both concerning native and introduced tree species) may be important for developing the non-timber forest product sector, particularly in the heavily wooded Northern and Eastern Europe. 2. Experimental Procedures 2.1 Sampling Sugar content was analyzed in the trees of six native species. i.e. silver birch Betula pendula Ehrh., downy birch B. pubescens Ehrh., European hornbeam Carpinus betulus L., Norway maple Acer platanoides L,. sycamore A. pseudoplatanus L. and field maple A. campestre L., as well as two exotic Acer species: boxelder Acer negundo L. and silver maple Acer saccharinum L. The genera of Betula, Acer and Carpinus were chosen as species from these genera have been the most common sources of tree sap in eastern Europe [8]. The sap was extracted in two regions in SE Poland, the Kolbuszowa Plateau and the Krosno region (in the Carpathian Foothills). On the Kolbuszowa Plateau, trees growing in the village of Werynia were studied, and in the Foothills trees were studied in the villages of Pietrusza Wola and Rzepnik, as well as in the town of Krosno (Figure 1). For the commonest species we sampled five trees growing in both regions, in the same location, less than 100 m from each other. For some species, fewer trees were found on the study sites (Figure 1, Table 1). Altogether we sampled 10 trees of B. pendula, A. platanoides, C. betulus, 7 of Acer negundo, and, in the Krosno region only, 5 of A. pseudoplatanus, A. campestre and 4 of B. pubescens, A. saccharinum. Trees were cut with a small axe at a 45º angle at the height of 50 cm. A copper pipe (12 cm long, 2 cm in diameter) was gently hammered into the base of the cut. Underneath each pipe, a sterile plastic tube was placed (50 ml volume). The tubes were closed instantly after collecting the sap (which usually took 5-20 min.) and instantly (within 20 min.) frozen at -20ºC to prevent conversion of carbohydrates. The samples from the more distant localities (Krosno region) were transported in a portable freezer. The samples were collected between 9 and 14 April 2013, between late morning and early afternoon (10 am 2 pm), roughly 2-4 days after the onset of intense tree sap flow. As spring appeared rapidly, with temperatures around 10 15ºC after a few week periods of frost, it was easy to establish the beginning of the sap flow (we checked it regularly) and all the trees started sap flow around the same day. We tried to collect the sap on 23 of April, but the trees were no longer producing it. For chemical analysis, the samples frozen within a week were heated to 80ºC using a water bath and instantly analyzed. 2.2 HPLC chromatography Sugar content was measured chromatographically using an HPLC Dionex Ultimate 3000 system (Dionex. Germering. Germany) consisting of: an UltiMate 3000 Solvent Rack SR-3000, a quaternary analytical pump LPG-3400SD, an autosampler WPS-3000, a column Figure 1. Study area. 411
3 Sugar content in tree sap in Poland Species L. No of trees Habitat Date Mean dbh (cm) Min. and max. girth Betula pendula W 5 self-sown in municipal area Betula pendula P 5 self-sown in secondary forest Betula pubescens K 4 planted in gardens (plants originating from NE Poland) Acer platanoides W 5 historic park, remnant of native vegetation (TC) Acer platanoides P 5 sparsely wooded secondary vegetation Acer pseuplatanus R 5 natural deciduous forest (TC) Acer campestre R 5 natural deciduous forest (TC) Acer negundo W 5 female specimens, historic park, remnant of native vegetation (TC) Acer negundo P 2 male specimens in a private garden Acer saccharinum P 4 private garden Carpinus betulus W 5 self-sown in a field margin Carpinus betulus R 5 natural deciduous forest (TC) Table 1. Characteristics of the trees studied. heater TCC-3000 RS and a charged aerosol detector Corona Ultra RS (ESA. Chelmsford. MA. USA). Data processing was carried out with Chromeleon 6.8 software (Dionex). Chromatographic analysis was carried out at 25 C with 20 μl of injection volume. Samples were separated on a Grace Prevail Carbohydrate column packed with 5 μm shell particles (250 mm x 4.6 mm) and acetonitrile water (20/80%, v/v) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.00 ml min -1. Nitrogen (99.99%) gas flow rate was regulated automatically at 35 psi and monitored by a CAD device. The total time of analysis amounted to 30 min. The qualitative analysis of sugar content in the tree saps was performed by comparing retention times of fructose, glucose and sucrose standard solutions with the retention times of the substances present in the samples. Apart from the studied sugars we found one unidentified substance (in maple samples). The linearity of the detector response was determined by the square correlation coefficients of the two calibration curves. Because of the well-known nonlinear Corona CAD response [18,19] it was necessary to make the calibration curve into two ranges ( and g L -1 respectively), generated by the injections of standard solutions of the three studied sugars: sucrose, glucose and fructose. The calibration curves were obtained by plotting concentration (in g L -1 ) against peak area. Responses obtained in the examined range were expressed by the linear equation y = ax + b. HPLC-grade acetonitrile was obtained from J.T.Baker (Malinckrodt Baker B.V. Holland). Standards of D-( )-fructose (99.9%), D-(+)-glucose (99.5%) and sucrose (99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie (Steinheim. Germany). 2.3 Method validation The system s stability was controlled using glycerol as a part of the samples (Chempur. Poland), a substance not recorded in tree saps by other authors, or during our control analysis. The repeatability of the detector s responses to known concentrations of the studied sugars were controlled by periodic injections of the kit of standards: fructose, glucose and sucrose [20]. 2.4 Sample Preparation The sample was thawed before the beginning of the chromatographic analysis to prevent the degradation of the studied sugars due to microbial activity (a separate trial showed that sugars in the sap were fully fermented only a few hours after thawing). The samples were then filtered with a teflon syringe filter (pore diameter 0.45 µm) and diluted 10 x with a water solution of glycerol (used as an internal standard). 3. Results There were marked differences in the sugar content and sugar proportions between the genera. The difference in sugar content between the three studied genera was significant (both t-student test and 412
4 Ł.Łuczaj et al. Mann-Whitney-U-test, P<0.05). Maples had the sweetest sap, containing around 3% sugars, composed mostly of sucrose (Table 2, Figure 2-4). A. saccharinum had the sweetest sap (mean - 4.1%), followed by A. platanoides (3.24%), A. pseudoplatanus (3.18%), A. negundo (2.90%) and A. campestre (2.76%). Birches were slightly less sweet (Table 2, Figure 2-4; B. pendula 2.46% and B. pubescens 2.62%). The sap contained mainly fructose and glucose however sucrose also found in sufficient amounts. Hornbeam sap was the least sweet, with only 0.87% sugar (Table 2, Figure 2, 3-4), and consisted mainly of glucose and fructose. There was a large difference between the levels of sweetness of hornbeam sap from the two studied sites (Werynia 0.51%, Rzepnik 1.23%). Figure 2. Proportions of sugars in the studied species. Figure 3. Variation in total sugar content (%) among individual samples. Glucose (%) Fructose (%) Sucrose (%) Total sugar (%) Acer campestre ± ± ± ± 0.73 Acer negundo ± ± ± ± 0.76 Acer platanoides ± ± ± ± 0.36 Acer pseudoplatanus ± ± ± ± 0.53 Acer saccharinum ± ± ± ± 0.26 Betula pendula 0.93 ± ± ± ± 1.03 Betula pubescens 0.96 ± ± ± ± 0.76 Carpinus betulus 0.49 ± ± ± ± 0.47 Table 2. Sugar content (% weight) in the studied tree sap samples. Values reported are mean ± standard deviation. 413
5 Sugar content in tree sap in Poland 4. Discussion The sucrose concentrations found both in native Polish maples (A. platanoides, A. pseduplatanus and A. campestre) and in the exotic American species cultivated in SE Poland (A. negundo, A. saccharinum) were similar to mean sucrose concentrations in sugar maples in America (usually around 3-4% [1-5,21-24]). Sugar proportions in birches were similar to those found in northern Europe (Finland, Lithuania, Russia) but the concentrations were higher; more than double [14-17,25,26]. For example, in Lithuania birch sap contained ca. 1.1% sugar [17] and in Russia ca. 1% [25,26]. In Finland, the observed concentrations of sap sugar were below 1% [14-16]. It was only Essiamah in Germany [13] who reported higher concentrations of sugar in the sap of European birches. It is not unlikely that the high sugar content in our study may have been a result of very good conditions of sap flow during sampling (sunny warm weather directly after a long period of frost), hence it may not be maintained on a yearly basis. The amount of sugars in the sap of trees depends on many parameters and we are aware that our study gives only preliminary data on the sap sugar concentrations in Polish trees. The tree sap sugar concentrations can be affected by time of day, part of flow cycle (beginning/ end of the flow), tree size, age and soil fertility, basal area of ray tissue and weather conditions in the year, or even changes in gas contents in the atmosphere [1-4,21,23,24]. A variation between individual trees is attributed to genetic factors and was also documented [4,6,22,23]. It is not unlikely that the results from a similar study in other parts of Poland, e.g. with different soils may yield different sugar concentrations. On the other hand the relatively high values for the studied genera suggest that SE Poland may be a suitable place for developing tree sugar industry. The observed proportions of glucose, fructose and sucrose seem to be genus-specific and are similar to those observed in North America (e.g. [2-4,6] for maples) and those observed in other European countries for birches [13-17]. Although the production of birch sap is common in some Eastern European countries (parst of the former Soviet Union), particularly in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, maple syrup production is non-existent. The high sugar content found in Polish maples should encourage further studies on its production in this part of the world. Although pure maple stands are rare in central Europe, maples are a common admixture in forests, and locally A. pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides and A. campestre become subdominants. Attempts to produce maple syrup were made in 19 th century Slovakia Figure 4. Representative chromatograms of sugar content for Betula pendula, Acer platanoides and Carpinus betulus. but were later abandoned [27]. In today s times, maple syrup production may offer a method of diversifying income for agritourist farms and owners of small forests. Acknowledgments The study was performed within the project Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences supported by the Operational Programme Development of Eastern Poland , NoPOPW /
6 Ł.Łuczaj et al. Authors contribution ŁŁ initiated the study, ŁŁ and KS collected the samples, MB carried out the chemical analyses (with the help of KS). The article was written together by all the authors. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References [1] Clark W.S., The circulation of sap in plants, In: Anonymous (Ed.), Twenty First Annual Report of the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, Wright & Potter, Boston, 1874 [2] Taylor F., Variation in Sugar Content of Maple Sap, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin University of Vermont and State Agricultural College Burlington, Vermont, 1956, 57, 3 39 [3] Wilmot T.R., Brett P.W., Vigor and nutrition vs. sap sugar concentration in sugar maples. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 1995, 12(4), [4] Larochelle F., Forget É., Rainville A., Bousquet J., Sources of temporal variation in sap sugar content in a mature sugar maple Acer saccharum plantation, Forest Ecol. Manag., 1998, 106(2), [5] Baker M., Bell A., Link S., McErlean K., Redgraves D., Sugar concentration in relation to the height and width of sugar maple trees, Journal of Ecological Research, 2009, 11, 5 10 [6] Marvin J.W., Morselli M.F., Laing F.M., A correlation between; sugar concentration and volume yields in sugar maple: an 18 year study, Forest Sci., 1967, 13, [7] Helfferich D., Birch: white gold in the boreal forest, Agroborealis, 2003, 35(2), 4 12 [8] Svanberg I., Sõukand R., Łuczaj Ł., Kalle R., Zyryanova O., Dénes A., et al., Uses of tree saps in northern and eastern parts of Europe, Acta Soc. Bot. Pol., 2012, 81(4), [9] Łuczaj Ł., Archival data on wild food plants used in Poland in 1948, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2008, 4, 4 [10] Łuczaj Ł., Edible wild plants used in Poland from the mid-nineteenth century to nowadays [Dziko rosnące rośliny jadalne użytkowane w Polsce od połowy XIX w. do czasów współczesnych], Etnobiologia Polska, 2011, 1, (in Polish) [11] Schröder J., Die Frühjahrsperiode der Birke (Betula alba L.) un des Ahorn (Acer platanoides L.), Doctoral Dissertation of the Philiosophy Faculty, Rostock. Breitkopf et Härtel, Leipzig, 1872 [12] Hornberger R., Beobachtungen über den Frühjahrssaft der Birke und der Hainbuche, Forstliche Blätter: Zeitschrift für Forst- und Jagdwesen 32, , 1887 [13] Essiamah S., Spring sap of trees, Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges., 1980, 93, [14] Kallio H., Ahtonen S., Seasonal variations of the sugars in birch sap, Food Chem., 1987, 25(4), [15] Kallio H., Teerinen T., Ahtonen S., Suihko M., Linko R.R., Composition and properties of birch syrup (Betula pubescens), J. Agr. Food Chem., 1989, 37(1), [16] Kallio H., Ahtonen S., Raulo J., Linko R.R., Identification of the Sugars and Acids in Birch Sap, J. Food Sci., 1985, 50(1), [17] Viškelis P., Rubinskienė M., Birch chemical composition. Lithuanian Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Center branch of the Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture work Gardening and Horticulture [ Beržų sulos cheminė sudėtis. Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro filialo sodininkystės ir daržininkystės instituto ir Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto mokslo darbai, Sodininkystė ir Daržininkystė], 2011, 30 (3 4) (in Lithuanian) [18] Grembecka M., Szefer P., Simultaneous determination of caffeine and aspartame in diet supplements and non alcoholic beverages using liquid chromatography coupled to corona CAD and UV DAD detectors, Food Analytical Methods, 2012,5, [19] Almeling S., Ilko D., Holzgrabe U., Charged aerosol detection in pharmaceutical analysis, J Pharmaceut. Biomed., 2012, 69, [20] Kościelniak P., Calibration methods - nomenclature and Calibration [Metody kalibracyjne nomenklatura i kalibracja], In: Namieślnik J., Chrzanowski W., Szpinek P. (Eds.), New horizons and challenges in environmental analytics and monitoring [Nowe horyzonty i wyzwania w analityce i monitoringu środowiskowym], Centrum Doskonałości Analityki i Monitoringu Środowiskowego], Gdańsk, 2003 (in Polish) [21] Bernier P.Y., Breda N., Granier A., Raulier F., Mathieu F., Validation of a canopy gas exchange 415
7 Sugar content in tree sap in Poland model and derivation of a soil water modifier for transpiration for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) using sap flow density measurements. Forest Ecol. Manag., 2002, 163, [22] Kriebel H.B., Genetic improvement of sugar maple for high sap sugar content. II. Relative effectiveness of maternal and biparental selection, Can. J. Forest Res. 1990, 20(6), [23] Morselli M., Marvin J.W., Laing F.M., Image analyzing computer in plant science: more and larger vascular rays in sugar maples of high sap and sugar yield, Can J. Bot., 1978, 56, [24] Watterston K.G., Leaf A.L., Engelken J.H., Effect of N, P, and K fertilization on yield and sugar content of sap of sugar maple trees, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1963, 27(2), [25] Taghiltsev Y.G., Kolesnikova R.D., Sap utilization directions of Russian Far East birch trees, In: Anonymous (Ed.), Tree sap II. Proceedings of the 2nd Intern. Symp. on Sap Utilization (ISSU) in Bifuka, Hokkaido, April 21 23, 2000, Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, 2000 [26] Zyryanova O.A., Terazawa M., Takayoshi K., Zyryanov V.I., White Birch Trees as Resource Species of Russia: Their Distribution. Ecophysiological Features. Multiple Utilizations, Eurasian Journal of Forest Research, 2010, 13(1), [27] Łuczaj Ł., Ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants of Slovakia. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol., 2012, 81(4),
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Every month, our agents receive advice from the President of Howard Hanna Real Estate Services, Helen Hanna Casey. Many of these tips she learned from her father, our Founder, Howard W. Hanna, Jr. And, they still hold relevance in best business practices today. Most recently, she shared the lesson: "Take a moment and think of just one more thing to do. Now do it." Imagine the difference 'one more thing' might do for your business when you think you are finished with your tasks for the day.
Here are a few 'things' that she shared might make the difference in the year ahead for every agent in our organization:
1.Brag about yourself. Check out the "Extraordinary You" campaign on GoHanna and customize the marketing pieces to send to your sphere of influence. Then post it on social media, and don't forget to include it for listing presentations
2.Write a thank you note. Mark Zuckerberg wrote one a day, every day, last year and my Dad has done it every day for 50 years. In our digital age, a handwritten thank you note comes across as a remarkable and thoughtful gift. Even an emailed thank you note is appreciated
3.Check your list of buyers from open houses. Call them and see if they are ready to buy
4.Check out your dashboards and follow up with everyone on the list. There are lots of levels that can be converted.
5.Check your web page: update it to assure it grabs a potential client's attention.
6. Schedule a 10-minute sit-down with your manager to review achievements and goals, and to share updates.
7.Schedule a 10-minute sit-down with your office Finance Manager to discuss how you can work together to assure success.
8.Check out HannaU for some extra tips.
Thank you, Helen and Mr. Hanna, for the wise words!


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Floor mounted bar stools can be custom-made to match just about any restaurant and bar decor. Bar stools can come with foot rests and their seats can have logos on them. Some bar stools are built with swivel seats that spin for ease of use. Floor mounted bar stools tend to be installed at a diner or cafe front counter. They always face forward and they do not spin once they are installed. Floor mounted bar stools are anchored in concrete floors.
Things You'll Need
- 1-inch star drill bit for concrete
- Drill
- Measuring tape
- Vacuum
- Water
- Stiff bristle brush
- Paper towel
- Quick-drying, non-shrink grout anchor cement
- Cement mixing bucket
- Stirring sticks
- 4-inch bolts and washers
- Counter stool wrench (usually included with bar stool)
Mark on your cement floor where the bar stools are going to be mounted and where all of the bolts have to be anchored.
Drill a hole at each of these marks with the star drill bit for concrete. The holes should be 4 inches deep. Clean out the holes by vacuuming up the drilling debris. Pour water into the holes and scrub the sides with a stiff bristle brush. Use paper towels to soak up the excess water but leave the holes damp.
Mix the quick-drying anchor cement according to the packaging instructions. Once the cement is of pourable consistency, place a bolt with a washer resting against the head in the hole, head down. Pour the cement into the hole and around the bolt. Let it sit and set for 45 minutes.
Place bar stool over bolts and secure into place by tightening the bolt to the base of the bar stool with a counter stool wrench. Slide the bell cover down to hide the bolts.
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- Photo Credit bar image by Dron from Fotolia.com
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The Politics of Results and Evidence in International Development: important new book
The results/value for money steamroller grinds on, with aid donors demanding more attention to measurement of impact. At first sight that's a good thing – who could be against achieving results and knowing whether you've achieved them, right? Step forward Ros Eyben, Chris Roche, Irene Guijt and Cathy Shutt, who take a more sceptical look in a new book, The Politics of Results and Evidence in International Development, with a rather Delphic subtitle – 'playing the game to change the rules?'
The book develops the themes of the 'Big Push Forward' conference in April 2014, and the topics covered in one of the best debates ever on this blog – Ros and Chris in the sceptics corner took on two gung-ho DFID bigwigs, Chris Whitty and Stefan Dercon.
The critics' view is suggested by an opening poem, Counting Guts, by P Lalitha Kumari after she attended a meeting about results in Bangalore, which includes the line 'We need to break free of the python grip of mechanical measures.'
The book has chapters from assorted aid workers about the many negative practical and political consequences of implementing the results agenda, including one particularly harrowing account from a Palestinian Disabled People's Organization that 'became a stranger in our own project' due to the demands of donors (the author's skype presentation was the highlight of the conference).
But what's interesting is how the authors, and the book, have moved on from initial rejection to positive engagement. Maybe a snappier title would have been 'Dancing with Pythons'. Irene Guijt's concluding chapter sets out their thinking on "how those seeking to create or maintain space for transformational development can use the results and evidence agenda to better advantage, while minimising problematic consequences". Here's how she summarizes the state of the debate:
"No one disputes the need to seek evidence and understand results. Everyone wants to see clear signs of less poverty, less inequity, less conflict and more sustainability, to understand what has made this possible. Development organizations increasingly seek to understand better what works for who and why – or why not. However, disputes arise around the power dynamics that determine who decides what gets measured, how and and why. The cases in this book bear witness to the experiences of development practitioners who have felt frustrated by the results and evidence protocols and practices that have constrained their ability to pursue transformational development. Such development seeks to change power relations and structures that create and reproduce inequality, injustice and the non-fulfillment of human rights.


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I think ST forfeited from the competition but I feel like making a prediction anyways
Since I didn't see no one do a rematch on BB vs Magellan I'll attempt it
After defeating Bon Kurei Magellan is seen walking back into level 5, still bugged by the fact he failed to complete his duty as warden, his footsteps are slow and melancholic his rage can be seen through his expression
Magellan: How could I allow this to happen, my position as warden is compromised.
In front of his very eyes he notices a familiar figure, someone he saw earlier but did not escape in the masss breakout, this figure is none other then Marshall D. Teach
Magellan: *he speaks in a loud annoyed tone* Teach.
Teach: Zehahahahahaha. Magellan, the poison from earlier was annoying, I want to pay it back at you!
Magellan: I don't have time to talk to you, I have a job unfinished.
Just like in the first match the hydra heads appear from behind Magellan and rush towards Teach, but this time they do not make contact but instead are sucked up by Black Beard's yami yami no mi
Teach: What made you think I'd fall for the same trick? Zehahahaha you have no way of beating me.
Magellan ignore Teach's words completely and releases another 3 heads: 2 try to attack from opposite sides but teach opens his arms wide and manages to suck these 2 up like the others before but the other head using this opening strikes Black Beard directly
Teach: GAAAAAAAAHHHH!!!! *he shouts in agony of the poison that just struck him, but the poison dosen't stay long as Teach releases his darkness on himself sucking the poison out of him
Magellan: Why is the outcome of this fight different from earlier?
Teach: Zehahahahaha. Earlier you only managed to stop me, this time it's different I'll show you how fierce I truly fierce my darkness is.
Teach holds both his hands forward and they start to turn black
Magellan gets pulled straight into Teach, not expecting this Magellan is unable to react in time and gets punched into the ground by teach
Teach: Zehahahahaha! What I told you!?
Magellan punches the ground hard and releases huge amounts of Tear Gas making Teach cry cause of it and lose focus on where Magellan was
Green highly acidic poison appears from Magellan's palms in the shape of 2 normal snake heads that constrict Black Beard and burn his skin heavily making him shout in agony
Magellan: This should be enough. *He stands up and starts walking by the rest of the crew who point their weapons at him
Van Augur: Our captain is not done with you.
Magellans looks back at Teach and notices he's making a huge pillar of his darkness behind him touching the ceiling and spreading all around
Teach: Zehahahahahahahaha! Magellan! Prepare to be defeated now!
Magellan annoyed by Teach's refusal to go down starts releasing his most powerfull red poison around him
Magellan: This as gone long enough.
Both sides now posses one huge pillar of their respective element behind them towering over the burning floor 5, Magellan poison starts taking the shape of a huge skeletal demon while Teach's pillar resembles a gate of somesorts
Venom Demon: Jigoku no Shinpan
Gates of Hell...
Magellan's figure rushes into the gate that has a huge red rift crossing it from top to bottom, incapable of doing harm to it the Skeletal demon merely gets sucked in by the darkness as the rift widens and the red glow glows brighter
Magellan: This can't be!
The rift finally allows the content of the pocket dimension that the yami yami no mi posses escape and molten lava gushes out of it directly into Magellan
Magellan who posses no way to counter the molten rock completely gets defeated by the intense heat despite covering himself in poison to protect himself, the lava manages to burn trough one side of his face and leaves him with a deep scare
Teach walks away victorious leaving Magellan in the ground defeated by the intense attack


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There is nothing ordinary about The Athens Band.
Their name says it all. This band embodies everything we all love about Athens. It is over flowing with talent, creativity, ambition, and most notably...character, spirit, and heart.
The Athens Band is reviving a genre of rock music that has lie dormant for many years. They often cover songs by some of the most influential names in music history, Such as Led Zeppelin, Van Halen, AC/DC, and Ozzy Osbourne. In addition to their worthy renditions of these songs, the band also has quite a few originals on their set list.
Sharing the spotlight and the stage are 16 year old Justin Granados on bass and lead vocals, 16 year old Chase Brown on guitar and vocals, 13 year old Beau Anderson on lead guitar, and 17 year old Zak Smith on drums. Over a period of three years, The Athens Band has played approximately one hundred shows per year. This is in addition to studio recording, making videos, and getting an education.
More often than not, The Athens Band is headlining the show, however, they were recently asked to open for the well known Ozzy Osbourne tribute band, Blizzard of Ozzy. This wasn't just any Blizzard of Ozzy show, this was their final farewell. Not only did The Athens Band open the show with a bang, lead guitarist Beau Anderson was asked to join the Ozzy tribute band on stage as part of their finale. Needless to say, those in attendance, went for the ride of their lives, on the... "Crazy Train".
The Athens Band has seen some success and I can only imagine that they will see a lot more of it in the future, but it hasn't come easy. They have earned it.
Unfortunately The Athens Band and their parents are sometimes the subject of small minded opinions. I find it unsettling that there is fault to be found in supporting your child, or fault to be found in appreciating your parents support.
As parents, isn't it our job to give our children the tools they need in order to become people of substance? That is exactly what the parents of these young musicians have done and are continuing to do. As a mother myself, I would like to give these parents a pat on the back for a job well done. They have children who are aware of who they are and where they want to go. They have children who were blessed with a gift and the good sense to use it.
Given the age of these band members and the strong support system that they have in place, It is sometimes assumed that the band is a product of parental effort.
Well, you know what they say about assumptions...
Though they are fortunate to have parents who believe in them, that does not account for all of their success and it does not lessen the amount of passion and hard work that this band puts in to their music. Their success is a direct result of hard work and dedication.
Their parents may be the foundation, but Chase, Beau, Zak, and Justin are the builders.
The birth date of these band mates may reveal that they are just boys...
Their age is not their identity.
Beneath their adorably sweet smiles and their rockin' attire, you will find...Old souls.
Lives that have seen more than their fair share of grief and tragedy.
Minds that are mighty and strong willed.
You will find a taste for the music that began movements, music that most people their age aren't equipped with the sophistication to appreciate.
You will find an understanding of hard work and determination.
You will uncover a hunger for success and the will to achieve it.
You will find hearts that are pure and noble.
If your minds and ears are open, you might just discover what "Athens" is all about.
We can all say that we have had to tread through muddy water, but unfortunately we cannot all say that we didn't sink. These four young men have not only overcome past obstacles, they are steadily moving up hill, determined to follow their dreams. It just so happens that while I was looking for the road that would lead me to my dream, the path that I was on, led me to The Athens Band. How lucky am I?
In listening to the stories of how these young men came to be the band that they are now, one thing is quite clear, The Athens Band was destined to be born, to be built, and to succeed.
It doesn't matter if you are 5 or 55, a fan of jazz music, rap music, or rock and roll, The Athens Band is captivating. They are welcoming and wildly gifted. The proof is in their stage presence.
So, when I am asked what to expect from The Athens Band's live performance?
I say, "Expect it to be extraordinary.".
Page Allen-White / OnlineAthens
To learn more about The Athens Band, listen to their music, or check out the next show please visit the following links:
You can listen to The Athens Band on bandcamp.com and cdbaby.com and their songs are expected to be available on itunes, spotify, and 60 other digital media stores in the next few weeks.


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Tags: China, classified, House, Huawei, Intelligence, investigation, malicious, military, National, security, telecommunications, Threat, US, ZTE.
Posted 10/08/2012 at 11:45 AM
Posted 5 years ago
China's two leading technology firms pose a threat to US national security, and American businesses should avoid doing business with them, according to a House Intelligence committee report.
In an article by BBC Business news, the report that is to be released later today suggests that, both Huawei and ZTE had failed to allay fears of their association with the Chinese government and military.
"China has the means, opportunity and motive to use telecommunications companies for malicious purposes," says the report. "Based on available classified and unclassified information, Huawei and ZTE cannot be trusted to be free of foreign state influence and thus pose a security threat to the United States and to our systems."
Of course, such allegations have been denied by the two companies, who each maintain they have cooperated fully with the investigation.
"ZTE should not be a focus of this investigation to the exclusion of the much larger Western vendors," said China's second largest technology firm in a letter to the committee, reported by Reuters.
Huawei has also had their say on the matter in The Wall Street Journal, with company spokesman William Plummer saying:
"Purporting that Huawei is somehow uniquely vulnerable to cyber-mischief ignores technical and commercial realities, recklessly threatens American jobs and innovation, does nothing to protect national security."
Both Huawei and ZTE rank amongst the largest telecommunications companies in the world. Huawei is the world's second largest manufacturer of routers behind Ericsson and ranks sixth in the global mobile phone market, two places behind ZTE.
According to Reuters, Huawei generates around 4 per cent of its group sales figures from the US, while ZTE's revenues from the States make up around 2-3 per cent of the overall figure.
Thanks to their provision of well-priced Android phones, China's top to smartphone providers have had decent success in the US market, and with handsets from both available with carriers such as Verizon, Sprint and T-Mobile, the western market has become very fruitful.
"The investigation concludes that the risks associated with Huawei's and ZTE's provision of equipment to US critical infrastructure could undermine core US national-security interests," says the report, but it is not yet clear whether it is referring solely to telecoms equipment, or handsets. If smartphones are mentioned as part of the report, the fallout could well be disastrous to both companies, and to their ambitions in the US.
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Re: How to add new contacts
Expand Messages
- I find that shutting down and then re-opening Yahoo Mail usually solves this problem. Likewise when, trying to compose a new message or reply to one, you find that you have no cursor and are unable to enter any text: A shotdown/reopening usually clears it up temporarily.
- The reason a shutdown/re log in of your yahoo. account may work is it may be a timing issue or a synchronization issue. I wouldn't be surprised if I can not use a contact I have just added until some time elapses or I log out and back in to the service and rebuild my contacts data.
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


text:
Your email:email@example.com have: 1 message
Would you be interested in reaching ERP Users for your Marketing Initiatives like Email Marketing, Tele Marketing and Direct mailings?
We are unique from other vendors within the industry as we provide direct dial phone numbers which will reduce the sales process and help your sales people get in touch with the prospects directly.
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Other Technology Users: CRM Users, Oracle Users, Sales Force Users, Microsoft Dynamics Users, Cisco Users, Citrix Users, PeopleSoft, SaaS, JD Edwards, SAP, and many more…
We can also provide you with a sample list to check the fields available.
Look forward to hearing from you.
Best Regards,
Irma Morris
Email Marketing Specialist
Our Service Include: Lead Generation, Email Marketing, Social Media Marketing, SEO, services Newsletter Campaign, Data Management, Data Appending & cleansing Business, Data Acquisition, Email Verification, Business Mailing Lists, Consumer Mailing List
If you do not wish to hear from us again, please respond back with "Unsubscribe" and we will honor your request.
Disclaimer: If you have received this electronic mail by error or if you're not the right person to speak with in this regard, I'd appreciate if -you would be so kind as to forward this email to the right person or the person in charge
You can use as many email accounts as you need.
Letters have come to the mailbox publicly available. And at any time you can remove any messages.
Messages are stored on the server until someone deletes them.
You do not need to register new mailboxes. Mailbox is created automatically when on it comes a letter.
When you want to get a letter just invent your own address and check it on our website (the list of available domain names can be seen from above).
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We're All Winners When It Comes to the Trinty River Corridor Project Photo Contest
The Dallas City Council doesn't have the most exciting agenda today -- though if you're interested in the state of sales tax revenue from '02 to '09, I've got just the PowerPoint for you. But to the more interesting business: First thing this morning, Dave Neumman, chairman of the Trinity River Corridor Project Commttee, presented the winners of the second annual Trinity River Corridor Project Photo Contest -- and, said the Oak Cliff council member, it wasn't easy pickin' a winner this year.
Said Neumann, there were more than twice the number of entries this year -- 850 photos were submitted, all told, not including whatever Schutze tried to sneak by. "It was a fantastic response," he said before screening for the council the video you see above. Says Jesse Hornbuckle, one of the five judges, "I'm able to see Dallas in a completely different way." (The other judges included our pal Allison V. Smith, News photo editor Michael Hamtil, Reginald Loftin and Matt Nager.) Said Mayor Tom Leppert, before introducing the winners in the three categories (youth, amateur and pro), the contest has "taken on a life of its own."
Neumann then rattled off, rather hastily, the list of winners, who posed for photos with the council member and mayor -- and that, right there, that's a prize you can't put price tag on.
The Grand Prize Winner was taken by Sean Fitzgerald, whose website features a whole series of photos taken at the Trinity River Audubon Center during the February snowstorm -- including the winner, which also appears in the video. So happens Fitzgerald also won the Pro Architecture/Structures and Pro Forest categories in last year's contest. Photos to come shortly.
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Posted by anonymous
The best thing anybody can say about a lawyer it that they are fair. Mr. Kraus is very honest, fair, and ethical. His phone calls are fast, to the point, and therefore inexpensive. Anybody who has worked with legal representation knows the sound of the cash register ringing when you have long phone calls with your lawyer. Many lawyers drag out these calls longer than need be, and when you get the detailed invoice there are all types of "surprises." Not so with Ed. He lets you know the status of the case, what is going on, and waste no money getting the case wrapped up. He has been described to me by other lawyers as a "pit bull" and I can see why. He can be as friendly and as tough as he needs to be. His knowledge of the law is amazing, and his honesty is very nice to see in the legal business. I can not rave enough about Ed and his firm, and I hope I never need to have a lawyer again, but if I must, I know whom I will be calling.


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DCS is a Combat System used in Toxia for their roleplay
From the DCS Notecard
Directions for using DCS.
Look for DCS in your inventory and wear it... Once you have it on, it will ask you to select a race. Once you've selected a race, you can add your armor (Directions in a separate notecard). If you want to change races, you must ask a GM to reset your DCS.
System Commands:
General System Commands:
/9heal /9regen (restricted) /9search (used for searching for quest items (Enhanced Config Only) /9title <desired title> (sets personal title of choice) /9title (Clears Title) /9color <colorchoice> (Allowed color list in Release Notes)
To heal yourself, simply type /9heal, to heal someone else type /9heal and a space and then the person's first name... Or the first few letters.
Titles are limited to 30 characters... To change your title type /9title and then a space and then the text that you want in your title.
To change the color of your DCS, type /9color.
Racial Commands
/9frenzy - Enables a 15 point melee bonus... You must have Rage points to use this power, which you gain by being injured.
/9smite - AOE damage spell( Must have 50% power and 1 prayer, effects anything unholy... Not other Angels and Human) /9buff <name> (25% armor buff, duration of five minutes)
/9shock - (targeted AOE damage spell, requires mana, which you gain by meditating) /9med - (Regains mana)
/9tard (Summons a Robotic Sentry Droid, if you get hit it will go attack the person who damaged you. Also when it runs out of Batteries it will explode so watch out for that)
/9malice (catches everyone on fire doing massive damage to them, takes 5 souls and 100% stamina. You gain souls by going to The Pit)
They Do not have any /9 command powers but they do have 9 lives which allow them to come back from death 9 times at 25% health. They regen 1 life every 5 minutes. They also have more agity which makes attacks miss more.
/9feed (this will attack the closest person in line of sight) /9revive (uses a blood point, which you gain by feeding on people, to come back to life in combat)
You have a natural Shield that will null any damage till your shield runs out. It recharges in time.
Dark Elf:
You have a harm touch it will kill or do 50% damage. Its on a 10 min timer, and you have to be at full stamina and 5 hate.. Which you gain by meditating.
/9ht <name> (this will harm touch... Get close.. Example: /9ht dim)
Staff List
Poblano Beauchamp Vincent Giotto Maverick Garfield Niamh Suisei Skitzo Rolls Vladimere Hextell Osoth Vandeverre Nhile Fuller Cinderalla Mangala Omega Althouse Leighton Spire Cruia Morenz Jenny Carlos Luna Vielle


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Trattoria is a restaurant where Peter and Chris go to plan their post-wedding Sunday breakfast in Vermont after Peter asks Chris to marry him in "Fresh Heir" so that he can still have access to the Pewterschmidt family fortune after Carter makes him his sole heir.
As the host goes over the arrangements, Peter verifies that there will be a table for the couple that barely got through the weekend without breaking up and the host checks to see if he can place them near the table with the couple that just hooked up and now are uncomfortable facing each other. Peter is also concerned about a vastly-underdressed cousin that thinks the world revolves around him and the host also confirms there will be a frail uncle that Peter has walk a maze of chair legs. Peter is also concerned that a newly-met single black couple he invited be prominently placed so that everyone knows they are tolerant and wonderful.
At a Trattoria in Quahog, the Griffins eat out to celebrate Stewie's first royalty check from his peanut butter commercial in "The Peanut Butter Kid".


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The University of Chicago Cancer Research Foundation (UCCRF) is a private, not-for-profit organization that seeks funds to underwrite basic and clinical research programs on the causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer at The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center. It was founded by philanthropist Maurice Goldblatt and since its creation has raised over $80 million for cancer research.
At the core of the Foundation's efforts is the Women's Board, founded by the late Mrs. Walter B. Wolfe in 1947. Since its creation, the Women's Board has allocated over $16 million in funding. For the Board's allocation history please click here.
The hallmark of the Women's Board is that we fund the most innovative experimentation, enabling UChicago scientists to pursue promising avenues of investigation that would otherwise remain unexplored. The Board has been instrumental in launching some of the Center's most successful and innovative programs, partnering with UChicago when they:
The Women's Board raises funds through three main efforts:
The Grand Auction, one of Chicago's premier social events, is a black tie dinner dance attended by nearly 500 guests who come to bid on a fabulous array of merchandise. This year, the gala took place on November 12, 2016 at the Four Seasons Hotel Chicago. Over the last 6 years, the Auction has netted over $3.25 million, including last year's event which raised net proceeds of over $1,000,000. For more information about the auction, please click here.
The Annual Appeal, initiated in 1997, has netted over $1 million. To make a donation to the appeal, please click here.
The Chicago Hunter Derby partnered with the UCCRF Women's Board for the first time in the fall of 2012. The Hunter Derby raised over $100,000 for the UCCRF. This event also raises funds for the Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital and the United States Hunter Jumper Association. The beautiful afternoon in the country on Sunday, September 8th featured traditional horse events and elegant family fun. For more information about this event, please click here.


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Penalties for Failure to Notify: Calculating the penalty: Penalty reductions for quality of disclosure: Quality of disclosure
The maximum penalty percentage is reduced by an amount that represents the quality of disclosure.
The more a person tells, helps or gives access to us, the more the penalty will be reduced.
The term 'reduction for disclosure' replaces the terms 'abatement' and 'mitigation' used in previous penalty regimes.
To calculate the reduction for disclosure you need to consider the three elements of disclosure,
- telling us about it, see CH73300
- giving us reasonable help, see CH73320
- allowing us access to records, see CH73340.
As a guide you may weight the elements of disclosure as follows:
|Element of disclosure
|Giving access
Where a person has taken a significant period to correct their non-compliance, or, they would previously have been able to make their disclosure through one of HMRC's offshore facilities they can no longer expect HMRC to agree full reduction for disclosure. In such cases it is unlikely that HMRC would reduce the penalty more than 10 percentage points above the minimum of the statutory range. For this purpose we would normally consider a 'significant period' to be over three years or less where the overall disclosure covers a longer period.
For guidance on how to determine the quality of disclosure, see CH73240.
For examples, see CH73260.


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In a recent syndicated column, Rich Lowry pronounced Keynesian economics dead, killed by the debt deal. I agree that Keynesian economics has been defeated. But the problems Keynesian economics was meant to address will remain unsolved.
Keynes sought to explain how unemployment arises in modern capitalist societies and what can be done about it. His basic prescription is for governments to bolster consumer demand, especially for poor people in economic downturns. This would maintain the capitalist system in a form that would work better for everyone.
In the current downturn, for example, many elderly people would be much worse off without Social Security and if they had to rely on investment income instead. According to Keynes's theory, everyone would be worse off without Social Security. The downturn would have been deeper without Social Security absorbing some of the shock to consumers. Nearly half of all elderly people depend on Social Security for most of their income, according to Census Bureau data.
Good ideas often are defeated in politics. In order to deal with the problem of climate change, first carbon taxes and then carbon emissions trading were proposed. Both were tested ideas supported by many economists. Both were defeated politically. But we still must deal with climate change.
Denial is one way to deal with climate change. Not a good way. But is it possible to deny the existence of poverty and unemployment? Unfortunately denial is possible, by saying that unemployed people are shirkers, poor people are whiners and charity is available. But that does not really solve the problem.
Similarly, the plan proposed by U.S. Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis., to convert Medicare into a voucher program would only shift future health-care costs off the federal budget. But it would leave unsolved the problem of how we can efficiently provide medical care to those who need it. This is a problem for which other countries have produced a variety of possible solutions.
When ideological barriers close off possible solutions to social problems, this does not solve them.
Aaron Lercher
Baton Rouge


text: Moss Landing is on scenic Highway 1 midway between Santa Cruz and Monterey. Bird watching, hiking, and wildlife viewing are popular at Elkhorn Slough, one of California's largest wetlands. Take a safari via pontoon boat or rent a kayak to spot sea otters and harbor seals. Sportfishers and whale watchers set sail from Moss Landing's many boat charters.Hide


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Energy Transfer Partners L.PDividend Yield: 7.30% Energy Transfer Partners L.P (NYSE: ETP) shares currently have a dividend yield of 7.30%. Energy Transfer Partners, L.P. engages in the natural gas midstream, and intrastate transportation and storage businesses in the United States. The company has a P/E ratio of 74.52. The average volume for Energy Transfer Partners L.P has been 1,725,900 shares per day over the past 30 days. Energy Transfer Partners L.P has a market cap of $18.2 billion and is part of the energy industry. Shares are up 15% year to date as of the close of trading on Friday. TheStreet Ratings rates Energy Transfer Partners L.P as a buy. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its robust revenue growth, reasonable valuation levels, good cash flow from operations and increase in stock price during the past year. We feel these strengths outweigh the fact that the company has had sub par growth in net income. Highlights from the ratings report include:
- ETP's very impressive revenue growth greatly exceeded the industry average of 10.6%. Since the same quarter one year prior, revenues leaped by 720.4%. This growth in revenue does not appear to have trickled down to the company's bottom line, displayed by a decline in earnings per share.
- Net operating cash flow has increased to $353.00 million or 38.43% when compared to the same quarter last year. In addition, ENERGY TRANSFER PARTNERS -LP has also vastly surpassed the industry average cash flow growth rate of -25.53%.
- Compared to where it was 12 months ago, the stock is up, but it has so far lagged the appreciation in the S&P 500. Turning our attention to the future direction of the stock, it goes without saying that even the best stocks can fall in an overall down market. However, in any other environment, this stock still has good upside potential despite the fact that it has already risen in the past year.
- ENERGY TRANSFER PARTNERS -LP has exprienced a steep decline in earnings per share in the most recent quarter in comparison to its performance from the same quarter a year ago. This company has reported somewhat volatile earnings recently. We feel it is likely to report a decline in earnings in the coming year. During the past fiscal year, ENERGY TRANSFER PARTNERS -LP increased its bottom line by earning $6.69 versus $2.17 in the prior year. For the next year, the market is expecting a contraction of 67.1% in earnings ($2.20 versus $6.69).
- You can view the full Energy Transfer Partners L.P Ratings Report.


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Shirley Eason- Chair
Shirley is an artist, member, and is one of the founders of the Grand Blanc Arts Council. She has been instrumental in chairing a number of Benefit Auctions, Hometown Christmas, Music in the Park, and the Art Fair. She has a history of supporting and has been on the boards of Genesee County Hairdresser Association and Grand Blanc Chamber of Commerce.
Shirley owns Studio 10 Hair and Nails Salon, and is on the Women2Women MICHIGAN magazine team, promoting events and selling advertising.
Genie Plucer
ACSW MSW MAC Psychotherapist
Genie has a private practice as psychotherapist/substance abuse therapist. She is the producer and director of her own TV show; "Mind Body Soul". She is also a Radio personality, hosting "Psych 101" - call-in- Flint's answer to Dr. Laura.
She presently volunteers at FIM, FIA, Adopt a Pet and Congregation Beth Israel.
Kathy Weiner
* GBAC: Past President
* Chair of: Student Scholarship and Art Show, Genesys Art Exhibits, School Masterpiece Program
* Docent at Flint Institute of Arts for adult tours and school groups
* Chair of "Gold Room" at Congregation Beth Israel summer rummage sale
* Teaching background in Elementary Education and ESL
Peggy Newell -Treasurer
Michael Vedder
Beverly Gillie
Janet Goldstein
Deby Kaluch
Bev Vondra
Support the Arts in Grand Blanc!
Attention Local Businesses: For the first time, The Grand Blanc Arts Council is providing an opportunity for local businesses to support the arts in Grand Blanc through an annual sponsorship program.
Each participating business will receive recognition and exposure throughout the year online and at our three most attended events. Most importantly, sponsorship dollars are used to fund cultural events that are important to every family in our community.
Student Art Scholarship Program & Exhibit: April 2014
The Grand Blanc Art Fair: August 2014
The Messiah Performance: November 2013


text:
We stayed at loasis for 4 days and we loved the place! Its was a perfect mix of relax and adventure. So nice that you could snorkling just outside the hotel in the clear water, and after escape the sand and relax beside the pool instead of lie on some beach and get sand all over you :-) We really enjoyed our days att Kizimkazi!!! And I have to remeber to say, If you go there, you have to try the king fish curry, yummy!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Peaceful location, no salesmen, no loud music, clean and secure less-touristic part of Zanzibar. Large rooms, beds in Zanzibar style. Verandas with perfect sea view. Two swimming pools with natural salted water. Lots of fresh water in showers (not always on Zanzibar). Beautiful garden. Many excursions can be arranged from the hotel. Best place for dolphin tours, if lucky you can even see some while sitting outside your room. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with TripOnline SA so you can book your L'Oasis Beach Hotel Kizimkazi reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- L'Oasis Beach Hotel Kizimkazi Zanzibar Island


text:
A developer of business management software.Speak with a Versys provider
Versys Corporation is the developer of the Legal Insight law office automation system for which it provides turnkey installation services and ongoing product enhancements. An experienced, knowledgeable support staff offers both on-site and remote technical support. The Company is headquartered in San Francisco, with key personnel in New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Virginia and Colorado.
Legal Insight is a mature, comprehensive product installed in a large number of law firms throughout the United States and Canada. The Windows Client/Server system runs under either the Microsoft NT or Unix operating system and utilizes a SQL compliant relational database system. All the modules in Legal Insight are fully integrated.
Legal Insight has a wide variety of billing features to accommodate virtually any special client requirement. These include task-based billing, split billing, group billing, retainer billing and the creation of electronic invoices for audit company requirements. An important new feature is the Invoice Designer, which allows client creation of firm standard or custom invoices in an office-publishing format.
Versys Corporation is an active participant at major industry conferences, such as the Association of Legal Administrators (both national and regional) and is a member of the Association of Records Managers and Administrators. The Company maintains a relationship with key consulting firms in the field of law office automation.
Product Lines
Legal Insight
A full ERP system designed by Versys for accounting/legal/professional companies.
Market Focus
Evaluations of Versys products by market segment:
Get Software Recommendations
For over 15 years, independent software experts have helped more than 200,000 businesses find the right software for their needs. We'd love to help you, too.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Can I Upload a Scanned Document into My Submissions?Asked by HBWT on February 16, 2016 at 01:06 AM
JotForm Developer
If you are mentioning about adding a scanned document to your existent submission, it is possible with hidden "Upload" field. By doing this, users don't see that field, so you can edit their submissions after they submitted.
To make the "Upload" field hidden,
After you set the field and the user submitted, you can edit those submissions by following steps from the below:
For further assistance, please do let us know.


text:
Faith Can Move Mountains Christian T-Shirt ™
Matthew 17:20 says, "He replied, Because you have so little faith. Truly I tell you, if you have faith as small as a mustard seed, you can say to this mountain, 'Move from here to there,' and it will move. Nothing will be impossible for you."
This Christian shirt is the perfect conversation starter. You can be confident, that each and every time you wear this shirt, you will have the opportunity to tell others that there is hope. You can let them know that they can experience a new life through a relationship with Christ. By simply wearing this t-shirt you can offer them hope.