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Representing the Appeal
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1 Sample Chapter Not for Resale Temple University Press 1 Representing the Appeal With the conviction of a purpose so noble, and an end so beneficient, I cannot notice the misrepresentations, slander and anathemas, which I must for a while endure, even from those whose approbation and good will I would gladly retain. It was no difficult task to have seen, that unless they could force emancipation, and then the perfect social and political equality of the races, human nature, human pride and passions would not allow the Americans to acknowledge the equality and inalienable rights of those who had been their slaves. Augustus Washington, 1851 I send you by the mail a daguerreotype of a child about seven years old, who only a few months ago was a slave in Virginia, but who is now happily free by means sent on from Boston.... I send this picture, thinking that you will be glad to exhibit it among the members of the Legislature, as an illustration of Slavery. Let a hardhearted Hunker look at it and be softened. Senator Charles Sumner, 1855 T he 1850s were years of profound uncertainty for many free African Americans, accompanied by a national crisis over slavery and the place of free black people in America. The images presented in this chapter reflect the varied ways in which black Americans protested against slavery and struggled to achieve and protect their freedom. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and the 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford threatened free black people s security and underscored their civic marginality throughout the country. The Fugitive Slave Law placed all free black people, especially those who had liberated themselves,
2 on dangerous ground. It effectively required the arrest of suspected and known fugitives, even those who were living in free states. White and black abolitionists decried the law, protesting that it effectively forced antislavery northerners into complicity with slavery. Harriet Jacobs, who had fled her North Carolina master in 1842 and made her way to Brooklyn, New York, wrote: What a disgrace to a city calling itself free, that inhabitants, guiltless of offence, and seeking to perform their duties conscientiously, should be condemned to live in such incessant fear, and have nowhere to turn for protection. This state of things, of course, gave rise to many impromptu vigilance committees. Every colored person, and every friend of their persecuted race, kept their eyes wide open. 1 Dred Scott was an enslaved man from Missouri whose master had taken him to live for extended periods in free territories of the United States. Scott eventually sued his master, arguing that his residency in free territories entitled him to legal freedom. In the infamous Dred Scott decision, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney denied Scott s claim, writing that free and enslaved black people were not and could never become citizens of the United States, because black people had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. 2 Photography played a key role in abolitionists framing of antislavery arguments, as well as the broader campaign for social and civic equality in which many free black men and women were active. Portraits of prominent black writers and orators, for example, had public and private value as reflections of black accomplishments, pride, and dignity. Publicly circulated images served to document abolitionists gatherings, providing hope and inspiration to supporters of the cause. Images of former slaves, similarly, revealed slavery s violence but also suggested black people s endurance and resiliency. Photographs mapped the sites of black freedom and reflected the personal and political meanings of freedom in black communities and the larger society. Black Americans viewed photography as both a sign and a tool of reform and social change. Prominent figures such as Sojourner Truth, Charlotte Forten, and Frederick Douglass embraced photography as an important means of representing themselves and participating in national political debates. Photographic portraits of these noted individuals were collected and widely circulated and thus preserved for future generations to view. Historian Michael Bieze describes the collections found in some African American homes in North Carolina in the late nineteenth century: When a sociologist from Trinity College (now Duke University) took a random sampling of the art in black homes in a black working class section of Durham, North Carolina, known as Hayti, he and his colleagues found 28 ] Envisioning Emancipation
3 a great deal of art. Found on the walls were portraits of famous Americans like Frederick Douglass, William McKinley and Booker Washington. They also found the homes filled with books, including the works of John Ruskin. But the big surprise was the number of photographs: Besides these [portraits of famous Americans] there were many crayon portraits [chalk drawings based on photographs] representing individuals of the several families occupying homes. Quite numerous photographs were seen in albums and on tables, mantels and bureaus. 3 Prior to the development of photomechanical reproduction in the latter half of the nineteenth century, consumers purchased, collected, and coveted original photographic prints as a way of showing their social, cultural, and political sophistication. Frederick Douglass s daguerreotype from about 1858 offers a sense of how he viewed himself confident, handsome, and vigorous, with an expressive gaze and stylish dress. He is immortalized in this image as a striking young man looking away from the camera and toward the future. His hair is well coiffed; his suit jacket, glossy vest, and wide black bowtie suggest his status as a highly regarded orator and prominent public intellectual. Art historian Richard J. Powell describes Douglass in terms of the persona of the black activist dandy of the antebellum period: A man of imposing height (over six feet), strong, masculine features, and wavy, mane-like black hair, Douglass often wore the most elegant suits, vests and neckties. His impressive attire, combined with his handsome features, deep, rousing voice, and dramatic delivery, converted the susceptible and startled the unassuming. 4 Prominent women, likewise, presented themselves as sophisticated, thoughtful, and insightful. Historian Martha S. Jones interprets this dynamic period for black women s activism in abolitionist and women s rights campaigns: To be a young African American woman in the 1850s was to glimpse an opening into public culture and perhaps to wonder what one might make of it. 5 Charlotte Forten, for example, came of age in this time of new and exciting opportunities to participate in the black public political culture; during the Civil War she would travel to the Sea Islands to work as a teacher in a community of newly freed people. As a young woman Forten was one of the daring few to purchase and wear bloomers, loose-fitting pants for women. In the summer of 1854, she put on her bloomers and ascended the highest cherry tree.... Obtained some fine fruit, and felt for the first time monarch of all I surveyed. 6 A small number of black and white women experimented with this new attire in the early 1850s. Their shedding of traditional women s clothing in exchange for pants, however, proved too radical and ultimately detrimental to their respectability and legitimacy as female Representing the Appeal [ 29
4 activists, and the new clothing was quickly abandoned. Jones writes that Forten represented a cross-generational history of northern free black public culture and, coming of age in the 1850s, was raised navigating the turbulent waters of women s rights, responsibility, and respectability. 7 The image of Forten included in this volume presents her as elegant and thoughtful, holding a book in her lap. Forten wrote in her journal about the experience of having a photograph taken at Samuel Broadbent s studio on Chestnut Street in Philadelphia on July 5, 1857: Mr. C. came and insisted on taking me to Broadbent s where I had an excellent likeness taken (this is not the equally fine portrait presented here). Like so many other black activists, Forten understood the place and power of photography in the antislavery movement: Miss J. was there and showed me a daguerreotype of a young slave girl who escaped in a box. My heart was full as I gazed at it; full of admiration for the heroic girl, who risked all for freedom; full of indignation that in this boasted land of liberty such a thing could occur. 8 Black women in the northern states had their pictures made and shared them with each other as gifts that provoked thought and emotion and inspired action. As we have seen, Sojourner Truth posed for pictures that she sold to earn money. Women who purchased her picture treasured the sense of connection they gained from owning her likeness. Mrs. Josephine Franklin, a young woman from Brooklyn, wrote to Truth: You asked me if I was of your race, I am proud to say I am of the same race that you are, I am colored thank God for that. She had purchased Truth s photograph for herself and the other women in her family as many copies as she could afford. 9 Photography offered Truth much more than a vehicle for crafting a public and marketable image that could help support her political activism. Just as Truth s likeness provided inspiration, she too derived comfort and a sense of connection from meaningful images. In the image included here, she is pictured wearing a polka-dot dress and leather apron. An open daguerreotype rests in her lap a picture of her grandson, James Caldwell, the son of Truth s daughter, Diana Dumont. Caldwell enlisted in the legendary Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment during the Civil War. With one hand on her hip and the other arm resting on the table next to her chair, Truth looks toward the camera with an aura of gravitas. As historian Margaret Washington writes: Gazing past the camera in earnest, straightfaced solemnity, reflecting the perilous times and enormity of her mission, she also smiled slightly in some photos, exuding warmth, sagacity, strength, and intelligence. Her face, her bearing, and her powers of communication gave this African woman a certain star quality and appeal. 10 An 1850 daguerreotype of an abolitionist convention in Cazenovia, New York, is one of the most remarkable images from this period. Made by local 30 ] Envisioning Emancipation
5 daguerreotypist Ezra Greenleaf Weld, it presents a multilayered history of black people s efforts to free themselves from slavery and organize opposition to the newly enacted Fugitive Slave Law. It is a picture that tells us about the complexity of the abolitionist movement and the relationships among the black and white women and men engaged in antislavery activism. In the summer of 1850, Frederick Douglass and his white ally Gerrit Smith organized a convention to protest against the Fugitive Slave Bill, which the Senate had just approved and which would soon be signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. They placed a notice in a Boston antislavery paper, describing the upcoming event as a meeting of the persons who have escaped from Slavery, and those who are determined to stand by them.... The object aimed at on the occasion will not be simply an exchange of congratulations and an expression of sympathy, but an earnest consideration of such subjects as are pertinent to the present condition and prospects of the Slave and Free Colored population of the country. 11 The meeting began on August 21, 1850, with Douglass presiding. He and Smith had initially planned to hold their gathering in a local church that could accommodate several hundred. When approximately two thousand people arrived for the event, it was moved to a nearby apple orchard. Gerrit Smith delivered one of the convention s featured speeches, A Letter to the American Slaves from those who have fled from American Slavery. In this speech he assumes the role of a fugitive slave and calls for direct resistance and rebellion against slaveholders and the institution of slavery. Douglass later predicted: That address will cause a howl to go up from all the bloodhounds of our land. It will be denounced as immoral, cruel and monstrous.... The escaping slave is told to escape from his bondage, and take possession of any and everything belonging to his master which he may need for his journey. Because of slavery s fundamental inhumanity, Douglas insisted that slave laws should be held in perfect contempt; that it is the duty of the slave to escape when he can; and that it is equally the duty of every freeman to help the slave in his flight to freedom when he can. For our part, We rejoice in every successful escape from slavery; not more because it leaves one less to be redeemed from bondage, and is one more added to the ranks of freedom, but because it serves to weaken the whole system of slavery, by rendering slave property insecure. 12 Representing the Appeal [ 31
6 Douglass believed strongly that the fugitives from slavery who attended the convention should have a chance to speak for themselves. On the first day Douglass, himself a fugitive, delivered a rousing ninety-minute speech, but he was not the only well-known self-liberated person to speak at the event. The next day two young women, Mary and Emily Edmonson, spoke briefly about their own experiences fleeing slavery and paid tribute to William Chaplin, a white abolitionist who had helped them gain their freedom. 13 The Edmonson sisters had been born into slavery, along with their siblings and mother, in Washington, D.C. On the night of April 15, 1848, white residents of the nation s capital turned out in the streets to celebrate the news that the revolution in France had yielded a new democratic republic. Elected officials paid tribute to the revolutionaries and lauded the end of tyranny in France, untroubled by the irony of celebrating liberty while also vigorously defending their right to own slaves. Members of Washington s black community gathered on the crowd s edge and plotted to seize their own liberty. Word passed among the black men and women that a schooner called Pearl was waiting on the Potomac River, and its captain was willing to ferry black people to the North. Samuel Edmonson, Mary and Emily s older brother, persuaded five of his brothers and sisters to make their bid for freedom. Seventy-seven people boarded the Pearl that night with the intention of liberating themselves. The ship set sail at midnight, but by the following morning slaveholders had discovered the escape and organized search parties. The ship was soon overtaken. Irate slaveholders sold the fugitives to Bruin and Hill, a slavetrafficking business based in Alexandria, Virginia. The firm paid $4,500 for the six Edmonsons and refused to sell Mary to a sympathetic local white buyer for $1,000. The traders wanted to sell the Edmonson girls at the slave market in New Orleans, where buyers paid high prices for the young women they intended to use as concubines and breeders. In the autumn of 1848, Paul Edmonson, father of the Edmonson children and a free man, negotiated with Bruin and Hill and persuaded them to sell his daughters to him for $2,250 if he could raise half of the purchase price before they left for New Orleans. Friends and supporters in Washington donated money, but more was needed. With the aid of white abolitionists, he headed to New York, hoping to appeal to the well-established abolitionist community there. He met with the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, who was stunned by Edmonson s recounting of the slave traders explicit discussion of selling the girls for sex. On October 24, 1848, Beecher spoke to a full house at a fundraising event in the Broadway Tabernacle and railed against slavery, and especially the sexual violence and exploitation inflicted on enslaved women. He stirred the audience into a frenzy by appealing to their emotions, asking them to place themselves 32 ] Envisioning Emancipation
7 in the position of Paul Edmonson: How would you feel if your daughter were kidnapped and sold to a man who would rape her, sell her children for a profit, and whip her if she put up resistance? That evening the crowd contributed over six hundred dollars for the Edmonsons. 14 Donations from black and white abolitionists enabled Paul Edmonson, with the aid of William Chaplin, to purchase his daughters freedom. (Chaplin actually purchased the two young women and then relinquished his property rights to their father.) Mary and Emily Edmonson then traveled north, where Chaplin helped them locate a school that would educate black women. They soon established themselves as antislavery speakers. Beecher was not alone among abolitionists in speaking of the ways in which slavery sanctioned and indeed promoted the sexual abuse of black women, the desecration of the bonds between mother and child, and the destruction of family relationships. Indeed, by the 1850s much abolitionist rhetoric invoked images of shackled slave women pleading for sympathy and intervention. In her autobiographical account of slavery, Harriet Jacobs repeatedly alluded to the sexual violence endured by enslaved women, writing in one instance: Slavery is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women. 15 While the imagery of abused and exploited enslaved women and mothers was an especially effective means of arousing sympathy and support for the antislavery cause, black women activists, including former slaves, did not present themselves as helpless and vulnerable. Rather, activists like the Edmonson sisters and Jacobs portrayed themselves as intelligent, empowered, sensitive, and dignified women. In the picture of the Cazenovia convention, we can see how the Edmonson sisters presented themselves. They are not objects of pity or sympathy. Dressed in the style of their day, they stand in the center of the image on either side of Gerrit Smith, who may be delivering his keynote speech. Frederick Douglass sits at a table in front of them. Next to him is Theodosia Gilbert, who was engaged to William Chaplin; in this picture she is wearing bloomers. 16 The sisters share center stage with Douglass and Smith, full participants in the convention and the ongoing campaign for black freedom. Newspaper accounts of the convention noted that they spoke movingly about Chaplin, the man who had facilitated their purchase and freedom. Chaplin had been arrested in 1850 for helping slaves owned by two Georgia congressmen escape. His arrest and imprisonment were among the central topics addressed at Cazenovia, and the Edmonson sisters testified before the crowd about Chaplin s dedication to the cause. 17 A few years later Emily Edmonson would speak in Rochester to raise money to purchase her brother s freedom. 18 This picture documents enslaved women s efforts to free themselves and also helps us consider how they imagined their lives in freedom. Representing the Appeal [ 33
8 Sample Chapter Not for Resale Temple University Press P hotographers archives depict the various paths to emancipation. Perhaps more than that of any other photographer of this period, Augustus Washington s work represents the complex, shifting, and multiple meanings of freedom for black people in antebellum America. Washington s portrait of white abolitionist John Brown, coupled with his portraits of black emigrants to Liberia, points to the different avenues black people considered as viable means for pursuing freedom during the age of chattel slavery. Augustus Washington was born free in Trenton, New Jersey, around He worked as a teacher and distinguished himself as an activist, not only for the abolition of slavery but also for the recognition of free black people s rights as citizens, especially black men s right to vote. From 1842 through 1844 he attended Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, where he learned to make daguerreotypes. Later, in Hartford, Connecticut, he opened a daguerreotype studio and became well known for his artistry. Alan Trachtenberg explains that in the mid-nineteenth century people expected photographs to offer more than a straightforward likeness of the subject; they wanted the images to indicate the subject s inner self: It was in the practice of portraiture that photographers first came to think of themselves as artists, trained in perception as well as technique, equipped with intuitive as well as mechanical means. 19 Black Americans interest in photography and black photographers command of the technical and artistic aspects of their work support our contention that black Americans embraced photography not simply for its novelty or aesthetic value but for its recognized potential to present powerful social and political arguments. For many white Americans, the belief that the physical body could be scrutinized and inspected for evidence of supposedly natural traits was associated with racist myths and ideologies. Black photographers like Washington also participated in the national and transnational debates over slavery and black freedom through their work and the images they produced. He made his portrait of militant abolitionist John Brown in Connecticut in 1846 or 1847, around the time Brown first met Frederick Douglass. Though Brown would not enter the national stage for another decade, Washington s portrait depicts his sitter s unwavering commitment. With his right hand raised, Brown appears to be making an oath or pledge. In his left hand he holds what is believed to be the flag of the Subterranean Pass Way, his militant version of the Underground Railroad.20 Washington s image of Brown suggests their shared work in the abolitionist movement and endures as a prescient vision of what Douglass and so many others regarded as Brown s martyrdom for the righteous cause of black freedom ] Envisioning Emancipation
9 Washington s work offers a unique window onto the transnational scope of black Americans thinking about slavery and freedom during the antebellum period. His portraits of men and women who emigrated from the United States to Liberia offer compelling visual evidence of the history of African colonization. These portraits remind us that black Americans had differing, changing, and conflicting ideas and attitudes about where they could live and thrive individually and collectively. In December 1816 a small group of prominent white men founded the American Colonization Society (ACS) in the belief that racism in the United States was an insurmountable obstacle to black freedom and citizenship. As an alternative to having a population of free black Americans who were not recognized as citizens and whose social and economic conditions were severely constrained by racist attitudes and laws, colonizationists proposed deporting free black people and creating a free black colony in West Africa. They expected their plan to encourage slaveholders to manumit their slaves over time and send them to Africa. The ACS established the colony of Liberia, which became an independent nation in 1847, with the goal of supporting manumission and relocation. Free black people bristled at the notion that they should be removed from the country of their birth; nor did they like the idea that their antislavery work should be cut short by deportation. From 1820 through the end of the Civil War, only approximately twelve thousand free black people and manumitted slaves emigrated to Liberia. Washington was among the critics of colonization until Congress enacted the Fugitive Slave Law in In an 1851 letter to ACS leaders, he wrote that he had changed his stance because he was now convinced that the black man could not enjoy those inalienable rights to which he, with other oppressed nations, is entitled. Acknowledging black opponents charge that the plan actually supported and encouraged racism, he still could not see any other viable option: Seven years ago, while a student, I advocated the plan of a separate State for colored Americans not as a choice, but as a necessity, believing it would be better for our manhood and intellect to be freemen by ourselves, than political slaves with our oppressors. 22 Washington emigrated to Liberia with his wife and their two young children in 1853, bringing with him $500 worth of daguerrean materials. He worked as a teacher in Monrovia, the capital, and also as a daguerreotypist; he ran a store as well, but it was not very profitable. Eventually Washington gave up the photography business and established himself as a farmer and merchant. He was elected to the Liberian National Legislature in the 1850s and was appointed a judge. 23 Washington s portraits thus offer us an opportunity to contemplate the lives of those black Americans for whom freedom and exile were coeval. The images Representing the Appeal [ 35
10 Sample Chapter Not for Resale Temple University Press depict well-dressed, refined men and women and suggest their social, political, and economic accomplishments. They can be seen as strong endorsements of colonization, while leaving open the possibility that one might also view them as reminders of the dire conditions, including enslavement, that drove some black Americans from their country.24 The story of the McGill family allows us to consider some of the factors that informed the decision to leave the United States for Liberia. George McGill was born into slavery in Maryland in He eventually gained his freedom by purchasing himself, and he also bought the freedom of his father and siblings. A teacher and businessman in Baltimore, McGill was dismayed by the political, social, and economic constraints imposed on free black people. The Haitian Revolution sparked his interest in leaving the United States; one of his sons later recalled his father s pride in the final triumph of the blacks in Haiti.25 McGill emigrated to Liberia in 1827, where he worked as a teacher and Methodist preacher; his wife and four children joined him there in His sons became prosperous businessmen in Liberia; Urias (whose picture we include in this book) also captained a trans-atlantic ship. McGill s only daughter, Sarah, married John B. Russwurm, who was co-founder in 1827 of Freedom s Journal, the first black-owned and -operated newspaper in the United States. Russwurm, like Augustus Washington, had initially opposed colonization but later shifted his views; he eventually served fifteen years as governor in Liberia. In his biography of Russwurm, historian Winston James asserts that the unidentified woman in the 1854 photograph included here is almost certainly Sarah McGill Russwurm. 26 In this portrait we see a young woman in fashionable attire. The seaming on the bodice of her dress is embellished, and she wears a delicate lace collar, adornments consistent with 1850s women s fashion. Black lace gloves and large earrings convey sophistication and suggest financial comfort, if not wealth.27 She holds a closed daguerreotype case in her hand, another marker of her engagement with the contemporary culture of sentiment associated with photography. Photographed two years after her husband s death, she seems to look past the camera, with perhaps an air of resignation or quiet dignity. C ivil War era images of freed slaves, like the ones discussed above, were intended by abolitionists to arouse the viewer s sympathy and support for the antislavery cause while pointing toward black people s future in freedom. Images of newly freed children, especially, created narratives in which well-educated young people moved easily from slavery to freedom, assuring northern viewers that the abolition of slavery would be tranquil and would not result in social and economic upheaval. 36 ] Envisioning Emancipation
11 The widely circulated carte-de-visite of the self-emancipated Gordon presented a different narrative. The original photograph of the runaway Gordon was taken by McPherson & Oliver of New Orleans, possibly in that city. Private Gordon is seated sideways on a wooden chair, with his hand placed delicately on his hip. His shirtless body shows the evidence of beatings and whippings in the form of keloid scars. Having escaped from his Mississippi master by rubbing himself with onions to throw off the bloodhounds, Gordon found refuge with the Union army at Baton Rouge. In 1863 Harper s Weekly published three engraved portraits showing him as he underwent the surgical examination previous to being mustered into the service his back furrowed and scarred with the traces of a whipping administered on Christmas Day last. 28 The back of the carte-de-visite includes the comments of S. K. Towle, the surgeon with the Thirtieth Regiment of the Massachusetts Volunteers, who examined Gordon s scarred body: Few sensation writers ever depicted worse punishments than this man must have received, though nothing in his appearance indicates any unusual viciousness but on the contrary, he seems intelligent and well behaved. To the abolitionists who sold the Gordon image, the horrific scars on his body served as evidence of the cruelties of slavery. Indeed, the modern viewer, too, is struck by the spectacle of violence imprinted on the tortured body. Another text printed on the verso of each carte reads: The nett proceeds from the sale of these Photographs will be devoted to the education of colored people in the department of the Gulf now under the command of Maj. Gen. Banks. Private Gordon s image was also titled The Scourged Back and was circulated by medical doctors as well as abolitionists. The photograph offered two opposing interpretations of Private Gordon. Nicholas Mirzoeff suggests that, to abolitionists, it was intended to highlight the evils of enforced labor and human bondage, made visible as the scars of whipping(s) inflicted by a cruel slave-owner. In the plantation world-view, The Scourged Back was simply evidence of a crime committed and properly punished. A contemporary newspaper, the New York Independent, commented: This Card Photograph should be multiplied by 100,000 and scattered over the states. It tells the story in a way that even Mrs. Stowe can not approach, because it tells the story to the eye. 29 Representing the Appeal [ 37
12 Sample Chapter Not for Resale Temple University Press Double portrait of African American man and woman with child Photographer unknown carte-de-visite (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ , LC-USZ ) These portraits are mounted in a hinged, leather-bound dual display case. 46 ]
13 Sample Chapter Not for Resale Temple University Press Slave market, Whitehall Street, Atlanta, Georgia Photographer: George Barnard 1864 photograph (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-B DLC) A man whose race cannot be determined sits below a sign reading Auction & Negro Sales. 48 ]
14 Sample Chapter Not for Resale Temple University Press Emancipated Slaves White and Colored: Wilson Chinn, Charles Taylor, Augusta Boujey, Mary Johnson, Isaac White, Rebecca Huger, Robert Whitehead, Rosina Downs Photographer: Myron H. Kimball 1863 albumen print (Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection, Temple University Libraries) The children are from schools established in New Orleans by order of Major General Nathaniel Banks. In December 1863 Colonel George Hanks of the Eighteenth Infantry, Corps d Afrique (a Union corps composed entirely of African Americans), accompanied eight emancipated slaves from New Orleans to New York and Philadelphia expressly to visit photographic studios. A publicity campaign promoted by Banks and by the Freedman s Relief Association of New York, its sole purpose was to raise money to educate former slaves in Louisiana, a state still partially held by the Confederacy. The photographer retouched the negative before printing to enhance the brand on Chinn s forehead and make the initials VBM more visible. A woodcut of the image appeared in Harper s Weekly (January 30, 1864, unpaginated). [ 49
15 Sample Chapter Not for Resale Temple University Press
16 White and black slaves from New Orleans Photographer: M. H. Kimball c carte-de-visite (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-11244) A group portrait: Isaac White and Augusta Boujey with a woman, possibly the freed slave Mary Johnson. Isaac White is a black boy of eight years; but none the less intelligent than his whiter companions. He has been in school about seven months, and I venture to say that not one boy in fifty would have made as much improvement in that space of time. Augusta Boujey is nine years old. Her mother, who is almost white, was owned by her half-brother, named Solamon, who still retains two of her children. Mary Johnson was cook in her master s family in New Orleans. On her left arm are scars of three cuts given to her by her mistress with a rawhide. On her back are scars of more than fifty cuts given by her master. The occasion was that one morning she was half an hour behind time in bringing up his five o clock cup of coffee. As the Union army approached she ran away from her master, and has since been employed by Colonel Hanks as cook (Harper s Weekly, January 30, 1864, unpaginated). [ 51
17 Sample Chapter Not for Resale Temple University Press Isaac and Rosa, slave children from New Orleans Photographer: M. H. Kimball c carte-de-visite (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-11092) Learning is wealth: Wilson, Charley, Rebecca, and Rosa, slaves from New Orleans Photographer: Charles Paxson c carte-de-visite (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-11128) Wilson Chinn, Charles Taylor, Rebecca Huger, and Rosina Downs.
18 Sample Chapter Not for Resale Temple University Press Rebecca, a slave girl from New Orleans: Oh how I love the old flag Photographer: Charles Paxson c carte-de-visite (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-11238) Rebecca, an emancipated slave from New Orleans. Rebecca Huger is eleven years old, and was a slave in her father s house, the special attendant of a girl a little older than herself. To all appearance she is perfectly white. Her complexion, hair, and features show not the slightest trace of negro blood. In the few months during which she has been at school she has learned to read well, and writes as neatly as most children of her age. Her mother and grandmother live in New Orleans, where they support themselves comfortably by their own labor. The grandmother, an intelligent mulatto, told Mr. Bacon that she had raised a large family of children, but these are all that are left to her (Harper s Weekly, January 30, 1864, unpaginated). [ 53
19 Wilson Chinn, a branded slave from Louisiana also exhibiting instruments of torture used to punish slaves Photographer: M. H. Kimball c carte-de-visite (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ ) 56 ]
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text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Emmanuel Lecharny" <elecha...@gmail.com>
|Re: [Integration tests] How to speed up the tests
|Fri, 23 Mar 2007 18:23:32 GMT
> > (2) is a junit TestSetup IIRC? I might not remember the name but there's > an easy way to have setUp and tearDown methods called once per class or if > you code a Suite once per suite. I think this is what you're looking for > here. The setUp and tearDown methods in the regular test class still get > called once per test. > I gonna test this guy, seems pretty cool ! Thanks ! -- Cordialement, Emmanuel Lécharny www.iktek.com
|View raw message

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Let me label the way my dwelling looked a few weeks ago. My younger brood (six offspring from 6-18) were on wintertime break and by cardinal o'clock at hours of darkness and the family were Tired. You know what thatability means: whatever were fighting, few were ignoring the others, and few were but unpleasant.
If thisability sounds resembling something thatability could happen in your relations consequently comprehend to a extreme therapy.
I departed the dwelling to run an trip (I have an tendency to self a somebody) but my mate stayed down (I don't cognize if she is braver than I am or thatability she is only just more than trustworthy) and ransomed the situation; she had four or 5 of the kids sit set on the flooring and brought out Monopoly! Once I came back, theyability were all, from the first tyke to the youngest child, kindly musical performance the hobby and enjoyingability respectively other's firm. It was pleasing to form at.Post ads:
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What are whichever of the benefits of the utmost fashionable piece of wood spectator sport in ancient times (over 250,000,000 sets have been oversubscribed in 27 languagesability reported to the prescribed Marketplace website!)?
*There are weather of both destiny (the cipher rolled on the mince determinesability what goods she can buy and how much let out she has to pay) and cunning (which geographical region to buy, once in the halt to buy it, and how oodles houses or hotels to habitus on them). This makes it thatability all ages delight in it. The childish offspring approaching it because theyability have a accident to thump their old siblings (and parents) and the elderly brood (and parents) don't find it tiresome because of the scheme up to your neck.
*As opposing to visual communication games it is a unemotional and mellow unfit.Post ads:
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*Although it is a agonistic game, the greatest way to acquire a monopoly is by commercialism next to another players so it is advantageous to be pleasant and on genial language with the different players (siblings) so thatability theyability will export beside her.
*Another quality is thatability it takes give or take a few an hr and a partially (although the long game reported is 1,680 hours long!) so it is very good discounted way to "kill" an unit of time and a half during the break.
So the adjacent clip it gets to be agitated in the habitat remember to lug out the old Marketplace to become quiet descending and join the undamaged household. And by the way, don't cognisance bad if you misplace to your offspring. You could be losing whatever evaluation legitimate material possession but you are acquirement a closely knit family, and here is no a cut above reappear on your land than thisability.


text: GigOptix, Inc. (NYSE MKT: GIG), a leading fabless supplier of semiconductor and optical components that enable high speed information streaming, today announced that it has signed Altima Corporation, a subsidiary of Macnica Group, to be their Japanese distributor of optical and RF/MMIC products. Under the terms of the agreement, Altima will distribute GigOptix's optical and RF/MMIC products throughout Japan. These products are particularly well suited for the Telecom, Datacom and consumer markets and align very well with Altima's current line card offerings. "Altima is a superb addition to the GigOptix distributor network. They have excellent technical expertise and deep customer relationships with Japanese and Global customers," stated Dr. Avi Katz, Chairman and CEO for GigOptix. "Altima's reputation for providing dedicated customer service and superior technical support to their Japanese electronics and IT customers will greatly enhance the penetration of GigOptix's revolutionary solutions into and for the Japanese market." "We are very pleased to represent GigOptix," said Akinobu Miyoshi, President of Altima. "This partnership will enable us to provide our customers with an enhanced and cost-effective portfolio of optical and RF solutions for their varied applications. Altima has a long history of offering innovative and quality solutions to major Japanese customers and we believe that GigOptix's technology and market focus closely aligns with Altima's expertise and that this partnership will be mutually beneficial for the Japanese market." About Altima Corporation Altima was founded in 1991 as a 100% subsidiary of Macnica, Inc. to become "the Unparalleled #1 Value-Added Distributor" in the Japanese electronics and IT industries. Altima has specialized in providing high-value-added ICs, electronic components, subsystems, systems and software to the wide range of customers in Japanese electronics, information and communications industries with in-depth technical support. Presently, Altima handles in excess of 30 lines, including subsystems and systems, and moreover, supports other Asia Pacific territories through Macnica Group worldwide.


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Polycore Polypropylene Honeycomb core:
Type: PP8-80 SI Units English
Colours: N/A
Cellcore Diameter: 8mm (5/16")
Density: (ISO 845) 80Kg cubic mt 4.8 lbs per cubic ft
Compression Strength: (ISO 844) 2.2 Mpa 319 psi
Compressive Modulus: (ISO 844) 92 Mpa 13,343 psi
Shear Strength: (ISO 1922) 0.8 Mpa 109 psi
Shear Modulus: (ISO 1922) 19 Mpa 2756 psi
Normal Dimension: 1200mm x 2400mm made to your dimensions are available.
Please be aware Polycore Composites can supply other Polypropylene honeycomb cores, flexible, super flexible, other tissue weights and core sizes, core only (no tissue no film) for custom sheet sizes please contact us re your needs.
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At this point, not all of the details are known about how these BP settlements will be implemented. Read more
The settlements pay about $338 million to a claims class, including businesses that previously filed economic loss from the BP oil spill. Read more
The processing of medical claims in the BP settlement has also picked up considerably since the Medical Claims Facility began accepting claims. Read more
BP estimates the total value of the private economic settlement to reach $12.9 billion. Read more
We are highly pleased to see these BP seafood claims finally coming to a close. Read more
BP says that any class member who wants to opt out has to provide certain information, such as identifying any American depositary share transactions during the class period. Read more
BP has agreed to pay $175 million to settle claims by U.S. investors that its managers lied about the size of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Read more
Just off the coast of Louisiana on the night of April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig was completing drilling operations when a number of catastrophic explosions ripped through the d... Read more
Judge Carl Barbier has granted BP's request to dismiss claims brought against the company by Gulf drillers who claimed the oil giant was liable for losses they sustained during a government-... Read more
Unless and until a [National Environmental Policy Act]-compliant rule is in place, project proponents will have to monetize the risk of additional requirements during the project's lifespan. Read more
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73 Acres and 3 Bedroom home near Milan, MO.
This 73 m/l acre property located just east of Milan, Missouri has 25 m/l open acres, a nice 3 bedroom 2 bath home, two ponds, and excellent hunting. The 25 m/l open acres have been farmed in the past and could easily be put into production again. The open acreage is surrounded by mature timber and borders the Sullivan County Country Club golf course and lake making this property a haven for whitetail deer, turkey, and other wildlife. This property has had several nice size deer captured on game cameras and harvested by hunters. The properties two ponds are both very nice sized, clean, and stocked with channel cat, bluegill, bass, and crappie. One of the ponds is a swimming pond with a lighted, two tiered dock with electrical outlets and a built-in bar. This property is a recreational dream; dont miss out on your chance to own it!
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Pete Miller
P & R Properties
119 N. Market St.
Milan, MO 63556
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NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.


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FM Radio Coverage on 97.2FM
Gravity FM is a community radio station licensed by Ofcom to broadcast on 97.2FM from our transmitter in Grantham, Lincolnshire, UK. We are often asked how large our FM radio coverage is or where can we receive your station on the radio. The question unfortunately has no simple answer as the signal strength can be affected by many different factors including the weather. It can also make a difference to the FM radio coverage what type of radio equipment you are using to listen to us.
The best way to answer though is to use FM radio coverage maps. The first, provided courtesy of Ofcom, forms part of our license and is the area they consider should definitely be covered. In practice, this is a very conservative estimate and the signal travels much much further than indicted.


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There have been a number of rumours circulating around Microsoft's Windows Mobile operating system of late. The first is that the release version of Windows Mobile 7 will be delayed. At one point that looked like being later in the year but now, according to the Bright Side Of News website, that now looks likely to be 2011.
In the meantime and for the first time, a brand new version of Windows Mobile has appeared on the rumour mill. Said to appear at the next MWC 2010 (Mobile World Congress) show in Barcelona during 15th-18th February, the new Windows Mobile 6.6, also known as Maldives, has caught the attention. This new entry is said to include full support for capacitive touch displays to help this version be more competitive with both iPhone and Android, according to the DigiTimes website.
Click to read the Digitimes story
Click to read the Bright Side Of News story


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Early 1970's Gibson ES-175, Sunburst finish, two pickups, one machine head is bent, and there is
some finish wear on the back of the headstock.
good sounding pickups and action. This instrument comes with the original hard shell case. Very good condition.
*Vintage Instruments are shown by appointment, so please call ahead so we can have ones you are interested in ready for you to check out.
|Very Good
|Original Hard
We accept payments in Cash, Wire Transfer, or Cashiers Checks. International orders (wire transfer only)
We generally ship UPS or FedEx and have accounts with both. We can ship with your prefered carrier.
All of our guitars come with a 48 hour approval period which begins when the shipment is delivered. If you would like to return an instrument, please call to obtain an authorization. When an item is returned, shipping both ways is the responsibility of the customer. Once we have received the returned item in the same condition that it was shipped, and inspected it, a prompt refund (minus shipping costs) will be issued. NO RETURNS WILL BE ALLOWED AFTER THE 48 HOUR APPROVAL PERIOD.


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The Great Rotation May Finally Be at Hand
This article by Sid Varma for Bloomberg may be of interest to subscribers. Here is a section:
Eoin Treacy's view -
George Pearce's, a macro strategist with Bespoke Investment Group LLC, said: "Higher risk-adjusted returns for stocks should draw inflows, and we know from our work that Americans are relatively unexposed to the market."
Companies have been the main buyer of U.S. equities since the post-crisis low, while households and institutions have divested, according to Credit Suisse. The outperformance of bonds since the financial crisis, risk aversion and regulations unfriendly to equities have helped create a preference for fixed income.
Global bond funds -- which include government and high-yield obligations -- have seen $1.3 trillion of net inflows since 2009, while stocks have taken in less than half of that at $600 billion, according to Jefferies Group LLC, citing EPFR Global data, which reflect holdings among mutual and exchange-traded funds.
In the first half of the year, bond funds took in $204 billion while stocks saw $167 billion of inflows. A $107 billion injection into fixed-income in the second quarter was the highest on record going back to 2002, Jefferies said. This happened despite fears of higher global yields.
The size of the bond market is multiples the size of the equity market. Bonds are held in pension funds because they are supposed to offer stability, yield and some diversification from the perception of higher risk attached to stocks. Right now, the US 10-year Treasury yield is around 1.23% and the S&P500 yields 1.98% which is not a very wide spread.
This section continues in the Subscriber's Area. Back to top


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Forty Winks Sleep Shop is a mattress specialty retailer based in Sedalia, MO. Forty Winks Sleep Shop offers a general assortment of mattresses, including models from Sealy. Forty Winks Sleep Shop has a mattress store in Missouri.
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This is the first year my daughter truly "gets" Halloween. Last year, when she was one, she teetered up to houses and looked super cute scoring "things" to put in her bag. She didn't understand what she was getting was candy or that candy was something you ate. This year it's a whole different ball game.
It's not even Halloween yet and we've been to four Halloween events. Now my daughter understands that what she is collecting is candy, and that it is delicious. What she hasn't quite mastered is that you don't stop to eat each piece as you get it. (Sigh.)
Luckily, these pre-Halloween events were more about dressing up and painting pumpkins than candy collection. What I'm dreading is the real trick-or-treating. I'm gearing up for some terrible two-like epic meltdowns as I keep explaining that we are just collecting candy, not eating it.
Yes, she'll get to have some, and I've already called dibs on any Twix bars, but that leaves the question of what to do with the rest of the loot.
A former coworker of mine shared an ingenious idea of what she does in her family. Each year she creates a chart explaining what each piece of candy can be traded for. For example:
Cindy Hutter is the Associate Director of Marketing and Communications at NICHQ.
Source: http://www.fitness.gov/resource-center/facts-and-statistics/
Policies for using NICHQ's website and any content contained within.
A listing of all the main pages and sections on this website.


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Amar Moner Ei Mayur Mohole..........Kishore Kumar MP3
Uploaded for listening pleasure. No intention to infringe copyright.
amar moner (Kishore Kumar) MP3
Song - Amar Moner (Kishore Kumar_Bengali Song) Video Mixing - Sanghamitra Mohanta.
Aamar Moner Ei Mayur Mahale Kishore Kumar MP3
Aamar Moner Ei Mayur Mahale Kishore Kumar.
Zee Bangla Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2007 Champion SOURAV SARKAR 'Amar moner ei Moyur Mohole' MP3
Its The First Sa Re Ga Ma Pa in Zee Bangla in 2007..
AAMAR MONER EI MAYUR MAHALE.wmv MP3
It's my first KK video so please 4gv me if any thing is wrong and just gv sm comments about the song,need it badly.......
amar moner ei mayur mahale By Avijit Saha MP3
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For full karaoke tracks of any old & new songs please contact Gaurav:- 08982567818 or mail us your requests at our email id :- [email protected]
My favourite Bangla song. Sorry, but I do not know the meaning of the lyrics. It is my favourite because of its melodious composition and great singing by ...
Amar Moner Ei Mayur Mohole (আমার মনের এই ময়ূর মহলে) MP3
bimal saha 3.MP4 'amar moner ei' MP3
Amar moner ei mayur mahole. 'kishor kumar' by bimal saha.
Amar Moner Ei Moyur Karaoke Kishore Kumar MP3
Amar Moner Ei Moyur Moholey By Abhijit Mazumdar Setarist MP3
Abhijit Mazumdar has an enriched and trained voice by the grace of his Guruji Late Biswanath Banerjee (A disciple of Pandit Ramlal Mishra in the lineage of ...
amar moner ei moyur mohole MP3
Amar Moner Ei MP3
bhalo laage.....tai sobar jonno chesta.....sobar bhalo lagle bhison bhison khusi hobo...


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Speed Stacks StackMat Timer and Mat w/ 12 Red Cups and Bag
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Toys, Dolls, Games & Puzzles
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: May 09, 2013
- Channel: Auction House Sell similar item on eBay
You are bidding on this Speed Stacks StackMat Timer and Mat w/ 12 Red Cups and Bag This mat, timer and cups set is in very good used condition. Timer works perfectly. Your item will be shipped safely and securely, check my feedback. Thanks for looking and feel free to ask any questions, and sorry but I only ship to US addresses only. _gsrx_vers_486 (GS 6.5.1 (486))


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Fisherbrand PTFE Stirring Rods
Pure PTFE rods are available either solid or with a milled steel core
Specifications Description & Specifications
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