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Calculations of relative intensities of fragment ions in the MSMS spectra of a doubly charged penta-peptide
Ninth Annual MCBIOS Conference. Dealing with the Omics Data Deluge
Proceedings of the Ninth Annual MCBIOS Conference. Dealing with the Omics Data Deluge
Currently, the tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) of peptides is a dominant technique used to identify peptides and consequently proteins. The peptide fragmentation inside the mass analyzer typically offers a spectrum containing several different groups of ions. The mass to charge (
MSMS spectra of the doubly charged GAVLK peptide were collected on electrospray ion trap mass spectrometers using low energy modes of fragmentation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on the population of ion precursors to determine the fragment ion intensities corresponding to a Boltzmann distribution of the protonation of nitrogens in the peptide backbone amide bonds.
We were able to a) predict the
These results suggest that the GAVLK peptide fragmentation process in the ion trap mass spectrometer is predominantly driven by the thermodynamic stability of the precursor ions formed upon ionization of the sample. The computational approach presented in this manuscript successfully calculated ion intensities in the mass spectra of this doubly charged tryptic peptide, based solely on its amino acid sequence. As such, this work indicates a potential of incorporating quantum mechanical calculations into mass spectrometry based algorithms for molecular identification.
Compared to empirical observation and statistical evaluation, the fundamental scrutiny and understanding of chemical processes pertinent to bio-systems represent qualitatively higher levels of knowledge. Seeking such knowledge, the experimental and theoretical approaches of chemistry must be applied in synergy to what have historically been considered typical biology problems. In recent years the methods of mass spectrometry have enabled a complex molecular analysis of organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In general, molecule identification is based on observing
Generally, in proteome studies the proteins are first separated and then digested with trypsin or another amino acid sequence-specific protease, and the resulting mixture of peptides is subjected to further analysis. Currently, tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) of peptides is the dominant technique used to identify peptides and consequently proteins
Well-established algorithms (Mascot
While the qualitative information in the MSMS spectra (ions'
An apparent theoretical approach to ion intensity prediction is the work of Zhang
When reviewing the literature, one should also be aware that the word "computational" is liberally used to indicate not only terminus-technicus computational chemistry calculations but also the utilization of computers (for statistical analysis, search algorithms, calculating relative protein abundance, etc...) in general as well.
Using theoretical chemistry computational methods to elucidate peptide fragmentation has been pioneered by a few research groups. Historically, studies of singly charged peptides of limited length [2-5 amino acids (aa)] led the way
The work presented in this article represents an initial step towards developing a theory-based computational tool allowing for the two-dimensional prediction of mass spectral data for peptides. Here, we present an algorithm for the prediction of fragment ion intensities in the spectrum of a doubly charged peptide based
The synthetic penta-peptide GAVLK (GenScript) was dissolved in 5% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid for a final concentration of 5 pmol.μl-1. MSMS spectra of doubly charged GAVLK were collected on nano-electrospray ion trap mass spectrometers (LCQ Deca XP Plus and LTQ-Orbitrap Velos; THERMO), by direct sample injection (flow 500 nl.min-1), using low energy modes of fragmentation (CID-Collision Induced Decay, PQD-Pulsed-Q Dissociation). A combination of these mass detectors was used for the measurements: ion trap, linear ion trap, and orbitrap. Spectra were accumulated for five minutes via selected reaction monitoring (
Two quantum chemistry program packages, Spartan'10 (Wavefunction, Inc.) and Q-Chem 3.2
Experimental data
The synthetic penta-peptide GAVLK was chosen as a model system due to its small number of amino acids and its overall low count of atoms. At the same time, it represents a realistic peptide that could be found in a tryptic digest of a protein sample. MSMS spectra of doubly charged GAVLK (Figure
Figure 1
GAVLK spectrum
GAVLK spectrum. An example of an annotated MSMS spectrum of the GAVLK doubly charged peptide collected by an LCQ Deca XP Plus (THERMO) ion trap mass spectrometer, using the CID fragmentation method.
Additional file 1
Supplementary materials.
Click here for file
Figure 2
Y-ions intensities
Y-ions intensities. Relative intensities of the
The algorithm for the theoretical calculations
To determine the fragment ions' intensities theoretically, we followed our hypothesis that, since the fragmentation is charge driven
Figure 3
GAVLK_C-OH_2 isomer
GAVLK_C-OH_2 isomer. An example of a GAVLK penta-peptide isomer designated as GAVLK_C-OH_2. It is protonated at the amide oxygen in position 2 and at the amine group of the C-terminal lysine. Arrows point to the moving and sequestered protons.
Figure 4
GAVLK_NH_3 isomer
GAVLK_NH_3 isomer. An example of a GAVLK penta-peptide isomer designated as GAVLK_NH_3. It is protonated at the amide nitrogen in position 3 and at the amine group of the C-terminal lysine. Arrows point to the moving and sequestered protons.
To calculate isomer energies and consequently their Boltzmann distribution, the following algorithm was developed. For the first steps we used the SPARTAN'10 (Wavefunction, Inc) software and the molecular mechanics MMFF force field to generate as many conformers as possible for each protonation site. As the peptides have rotatable bonds along the backbone and on each side chain, the number of possible conformers for even a short peptide chain is quite large. SPARTAN includes the ability to automatically generate and calculate these conformers. The approach the program uses is to randomly choose a bond to rotate and an amount to rotate it. From this starting point the geometry is optimized to find a local minimum structure close to the starting randomly-generated structure. This procedure is then repeated until either a predefined number of structures have been generated or until all possible structures have been examined. In the calculation 100,000 conformers were examined, and the 1,000 lowest energy conformers were kept. Next, an RM1 semi-empirical geometry optimization was performed on each of the conformers. RM1 was chosen over AM1 as the preferred semi-empirical method for this problem based on preliminary trials (see SM Table one in additional file
The DFT calculations were divided into two steps - structure optimization and calculations of harmonic vibrational frequencies. The first step was performed by SPARTAN using the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G** basis set. The optimized geometries were used to create input files for vibrational analysis by Q-Chem 3.2
Theoretical calculations vs. Experimental data
Ion intensities based on Boltzmann distributions derived from the amide oxygen isomers provided initial results that were off by 5-7 orders of magnitude compared to experimental ion intensities (see SM Table one in additional file
Table 1
Experimental and predicted ion intensities in the MSMS spectra of the doubly charged GAVLK peptide.
Protonated isomers
Experimental intensity order
Predicted order*
Averaged experimental relative intensity
CID and PQD
Predicted relative intensity DFT EHC
Predicted relative intensity DFT E
Predicted relative intensity DFT GE
Predicted relative intensity DFT GEEC
Sum of logErr:
Boltzmann distributions were based on the free energies of all the low energy (within 20 kJ.mol-1 of the lowest) conformers calculated as follows: EHC - DFT energy with enthalpic corrections; E - DFT energy; GE- Gibbs free energy; except for GEEC, when the Gibbs free energy of a single equilibrium conformer for each isomer was used. The calculations for GAVLK_NH_1 isomers energies were not considered, because that particular protonation does not lead to fragmentation and as such is inconsequential. ND - not detected; logErr - decadic logarithm of relative error.
* The predicted order for the GEEC calculations is given in parenthesis in the pertinent column.
Figure 5
Error plot
Error plot. The accuracy of predictions of relative intensities of
Initially, the same principal calculations (MMFF-RM1-DFT-Boltzmann distribution) were performed for one equilibrium conformer for each protonated isomer. But as shown above, that proved to be not sufficient. A significant improvement in the agreement with experiment occurs when the conformational space for each isomer was examined via the sum of DFT conformer weights. Clearly, careful conformational sampling and summation matters (notice the logarithmic scale in Figure
For all calculations we adhered to a unifying presumption - one of the protons moved along the protonation sites of the peptide backbone, while the other proton was sequestered on the C-terminal lysine (K) residue. This is a well-accepted consensus
The surprising outcome of this study is that the amide oxygen protonated isomers did not yield accurate predictions, whereas the protonated amide nitrogen populations gave very good agreement with measured intensities. Despite the amide oxygen protonation being energetically favoured
The most accurate prediction of ion intensities was obtained by utilizing DFT energies with enthalpic corrections but not entropic corrections included. Even the DFT energies by themselves provided results in good agreement with the experimental results. However, the free energies (including also the entropic corrections) led to less accurate predictions, especially for the intensity of the
Improving upon the accuracy of these predictions, including studying potentially better entropy predictions, will be the subject of further studies. In addition, we will investigate use of other DFT functionals, such asM06-2X and ωB97X-D. The selection of the B3LYP functional in this study was based on its combined performance in geometries and thermochemistry calculations
We realize that our algorithm and hypothesis need to be validated on more than one peptide. This study is a "proof of concept" and is limited to just the doubly charged GAVLK peptide. With that, a concern may arise that the theoretical prediction might agree with the experimental observation by chance alone. The odds of randomly picking the correct intensity order for the four
The presented and planned calculations are, however, extremely costly. Currently, it takes approximately 100 processor hours to complete the calculations for one conformer (hundreds of "DFT" conformers were examined in this study), and so the calculations necessary for this manuscript required tens of thousands of CPU hours. On the other hand, despite the considerable effort necessary to generate these preliminary results, we do find them to be unique and promising.
Using tools of computational chemistry, we were able to predict ion intensities in the MSMS spectra of the doubly charged GAVLK penta-peptide. The results suggest that the peptide fragmentation process in the ion trap mass spectrometer is predominantly driven by the thermodynamic stability of the N-protonated precursor ions formed upon ionization of the sample. A combination of precursor conformational sampling, along with accurate energy calculations of the conformers and their Boltzmann distribution, is necessary to achieve agreement between experiment and prediction. In addition to the intrinsic intellectual value, the presented findings are worthy of further pursuit, because they represent first steps on the so far unexplored avenue of integrating statistical approaches with fundamental quantum mechanical calculations for more confident molecular identification. Currently, such computational approach is too time-consuming to be performed on thousands of potential peptide matches for spectra in high through-put experiments. However, it is reasonable to expect that exponential growth in computing power will continue and quantum calculations will potentially become practical, at least for targeted molecular analysis.
List of abbreviations used
MSMS: tandem mass spectrometry;
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
TP conceived of study, collected and analyzed mass spectrometry data, performed the computations, and was the primary manuscript writer. SRG designed the original computational algorithm used and helped interpret the results. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported by funding from NSF- EPSCoR award numbers EPS 0903787 and EPS 1006883.
This article has been published as part of
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Tried to play an mpg file with AC3 audio in it and no sound and jerky playback while non ac3 encoded file played fine.
The VLC played these just fine. Would appreciate some feedback on this.
One more request. WPF Native
Is there any chance that you can make this native a WPF control?
I can bring it in as a non native window but then can not have any WPF semi transparent
panels overlay.
WPF needs a shot in the arm anyway and bringing powerful lib would really help
so from a political perspective you might get someone from Microsoft to help.
I ask because you can easily design and create very cool players/and transcoding interfaces in WPF
much much faster than you can in C# and C++.
So for modern interface design with overlays and controls WPF is way cooler.
Those are my requests and report.

subset: commoncrawl


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An apple a day keeps the doctor away and your horse friends close at hand. Discover the apple's many uses with this Groupon
Choose Between Two Options
- $14 for a tasting of four hard ciders for two with one filled take-home growler (a $28 value)
- $20 for a tasting of four hard ciders for four with one filled take-home growler (a $40 value)
At the Jaden James Brewery (located inside Cascade Winery), tasters take sips of four flavors of hard cider, which currently include regular, peach, raspberry, and balaton cherry.
Cascade Winery & Jaden James Brewery
Jaden James Brewery isn't the Bonga family's first foray into the world of sippable fermentation. In the same space where they now create specialty beers, they've spent years crafting wines from the fruits of Michigan's bountiful vineyards and orchards since 2003.
"So many people come for the wine, but we often get one half of a couple who says, 'I like beer,'" says Bob Bonga. The brewery's current selection includes a cream ale to be savored between bites of pretzels, a Russian Imperial Stout, and an oatmeal porter that Bob characterizes as "wonderfully dark, with roasted tones of chocolate and coffee." The juice of apples harvested in northwest Grand Rapids goes into hard ciders. The winery boasts a complete collection of wines including red, white, blush, and dessert wines and also features a milieu of delicious fruit wines, made with fruits harvested from local orchards and farms, including pear, strawberry, and apple.
The family also prepares a short list of snacks for visitors. During their visit, guests can pick up a few recipes, browse the extensive collection of wine related gift items, and even create their own customized bottle labels. In the future, the Bongas may grow their menu further by distilling their own liquors.


text:
Condition: Standard
All Product Details
At the hotel where she supposedly worked, no one has ever heard of her. Even her closest friends seem to be at a loss. As he retraces Sydney's steps, Tim discovers that the suburban Connecticut town he always thought of as idyllic is anything but. What he doesn't know is that his every move is being watched. There are others who want to find Sydney as much as Tim does. And the closer Tim comes to the truth, the closer he comes to every parent's worst nightmare—and the kind of evil only a parent's love has a chance in hell of stopping.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
The judge awarded custody of my son to his father and I have custody of my daughter. During the final orders hearing I tried to explain that their father had a contempt hearing for failure to pay child support and that he may being going to jail. The judge did not seem to care! Today I found out that their dad did not attend the hearing and there was a warrant issued for his arrest. If father does go to jail he will not be able to care for my son. Is it possible to file a motion to modify even though the final orders hearing was on Monday? I'm very concerned!
Typically you have to have a change of circumstances which usually takes more than a couple days. Here however you may be able to get an ex parte custody order but do this, get an attorney this time. This assumes he goes to jail though. Talk to an attorney regardless. Maybe you have grounds for an appeal but there are time limitations for filing one.Ask a similar question
Motion for new trial may be better. I would be very careful, because good chance you would pay the other sides attorney fees.Ask a similar question
I agree with Mr. Busby that you way want to consider post-judgment remedies like a motion for new trial since your last order is so recent.Ask a similar question
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text:
Adelson adds (ditto this) that if we don't come together to support Trump, we're giving Barack Obama a 3rd term in Hillary Clinton
Megadonor and casino magnate Sheldon Adelson has formally announced his endorsement of presumptive Republican nominee Donald Trump, conceding that while he does not agree with the real-estate mogul on every issue, he would be a much more suitable president than Hillary Clinton.
"While the primary cycle still has some important elections ahead, it is clear that Donald Trump will be the Republican nominee for president," Adelson wrote in a Washington Post op-ed published early Friday morning. "I am endorsing Trump's bid for president and strongly encourage my fellow Republicans — especially our Republican elected officials, party loyalists and operatives, and those who provide important financial backing — to do the same."
If Republicans do not come together in support of Trump, [President Barack] Obama will essentially be granted something the Constitution does not allow — a third term in the name of Hillary Clinton


text:
Nic Mac wants to
Boycott Fortnum and M/Harrods FOREVER for selling foie gras!
BOYCOTT Fortnum Mason AND Harrods FOREVER!
BOYCOTT Fortnum Mason AND Harrods FOREVER!
Animal welfare laws of Canadian provinces and territories must be changed to protect pets left in extreme temperatures.
"If you kill a Dolphin you kill one of us". We ask to stop the horrible Dolphins slaughters in Taiji bay - Japan.
geting stronger laws . reguarding sex crimes and kidnaping We are a small group of people who are about pushing for
To: JinSun and the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission. We respectfully state that we will BOYCOTT the
As many as 200 million females are missing because of gendercide. Stand up for girls and women everywhere.


text:
1 Min Read
TORONTO, June 10 (Reuters) - Toronto's main stock index closed sharply higher on Thursday, led by the heavyweight resource and financial sectors, after European Central Bank moves and data showing a surge in China's exports sparked upbeat sentiment.
The Toronto Stock Exchange's S&P/TSX composite index .GSPTSE unofficially closed up 187.19 points, or 1.63 percent, at 11,637.83. (Reporting by Claire Sibonney; Editing by Peter Galloway)


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Supported housing programs for persons with serious mental illness in rural northern communities: A mixed method evaluation
During the past two decades, consumers, providers and policy makers have recognized the role of supported housing intervention for persons diagnosed with serious mental illness (SMI) to be able to live independently in the community. Much of supported housing research to date, however, has been conducted in large urban centers rather than northern and rural communities. Northern conditional and contextual issues such as rural poverty, lack of accessible mental health services, small or non-existing housing markets, lack of a continuum of support or housing services, and in some communities, a poor quality of housing challenge the viability of effective supported housing services. The current research proposal aims to describe and evaluate the processes and outcomes of supported housing programs for persons living with SMI in northern and rural communities from the perspective of clients, their families, and community providers.
This research will use a mixed method design guided by participatory action research. The study will be conducted over two years, in four stages. Stage I will involve setting up the research in each of the four northern sites. In Stage II a descriptive cross-sectional survey will be used to obtain information about the three client outcomes: housing history, quality of life and housing preference. In Stage III two participatory action strategies, focus groups and photo-voice, will be used to explore perceptions of supported housing services. In the last stage findings from the study will be re-presented to the participants, as well as other key community individuals in order to translate them into policy.
Supported housing intervention is a core feature of mental health care, and it requires evaluation. The lack of research in northern and rural SMI populations heightens the relevance of research findings for health service planning. The inclusion of multiple stakeholder groups, using a variety of data collection approaches, contributes to a comprehensive, systems-level examination of supported housing in smaller communities. It is anticipated that the study's findings will not only have utility across Ontario, but also Canada.
Homelessness is a major health-related problem in Canada
An intervention to prevent homelessness for people living with SMI is the supported housing approach
To date, supported housing research has been conducted primarily in urban settings, focusing on indicators such as service utilization, housing stability, and other financial measures
Researchers have also examined mitigating variables such as consumers' preferences for housing and support
Although limited, available evidence suggests housing with supports has positive effects on the clients' quality of life. Matching consumers' needs to specific services is the most cost-effective approach
The success of the supported housing intervention is influenced by the characteristics, circumstances and resources of each community. As Lamb and Bachrach
Implementation of housing with supports in northern and rural communities is further confronted by factors such as small or non-existent housing markets, "aging" demographic trends, rural poverty, quality of housing, lack of mental health care services, lack of a continuum of housing services and economic and labor force changes
Objective and aims
The authors of this study contend that evaluation research fosters insight not only on how inquiry constructs knowledge but on how we create "formative narratives" for change. Despite the available evidence about the effects of supported housing, it is still unclear what elements within a particular supported housing approach and environmental context (rural setting) facilitate effective service provision for persons with SMI. Researchers
The overall objective of this research is to describe and evaluate the processes and outcomes of supported housing programs for persons living with a serious mental illness (SMI) in northeastern Ontario from the perspective of clients, their families and community workers. The research questions guiding this inquiry are as follows:
1. What are clients' quality of life, housing stability, and housing preferences?
2. For clients residing in four Northeastern communities, what differences occur in their quality of life, housing stability, and housing preference?
3. What are the differences between Northeastern clients' quality of life, housing stability, and housing preferences and a Southwestern comparison group drawn from a Community University Research Alliance (CURA) sample from London, Ontario?
4. What are clients'/families'/providers' perceptions of the elements of effective supported housing programs?
5. What supported housing services need to be changed in order to make the most difference in the day-to-day lives of clients?
This study will also generate hypotheses for future research.
Theoretical Framework
This research will be guided by Forchuk, Ward-Griffin and Turner
Figure 1
The overlapping phases within the "tornado" of mental illness (Forchuk et al, 2006)
The overlapping phases within the "tornado" of mental illness (Forchuk et al, 2006).
The study will use a mixed-methods design involving quantitative and qualitative methods that will be informed by participatory action research (PAR) (Figure
Figure 2
Sequential design procedure
Sequential design procedure.
Figure 3
Project time-line
Project time-line.
The setting for this research is northeastern Ontario, a geographical area covering over 276,000 square kilometers. In each of the four districts, there is a variety of non-profit service or sets of services offering supported housing. Housing, scattered though each of the four communities, is not dependent on accepting support services, and the range of housing types varies across the four communities. Variation in supported housing implementation across the four communities is attributed to funding, availability and qualifications of service providers; knowledge uptake barriers; culture; and geography. Combined, over 500 persons with SMI are either receiving housing with supports or waiting to access such services. A shared program goal of all services is to assist persons with a SMI to integrate into the community by maintaining or improving a person's psychiatric functioning, independent living skills, and housing stability. This goal is consistent with both the elements and notions of preventing the "tornado" of mental illness
Stage I
This stage is particularly crucial as formal research has not been conducted in two of the four sites. Members of the research team, in consultation with the Executive Director and an identified research partner at each site, will collaborate concerning strategies to introduce the research to the supported housing service(s). Other activities include hiring a project coordinator and site data collectors; training research staff for data collection, data entry into software programs (SPSS and NVivo); meeting with NHIN; and securing ethical approval at each site (Figure
Stage II
Stage II will address the first three research questions related to clients' quality of life, housing stability, and housing preference. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design and quota sampling will be used. To be eligible for inclusion in this study, participants must using or waiting for supported housing services, understand English, and be willing to provide informed consent. To be eligible for CMHA housing services, a client must have a SMI as defined by diagnosis, duration and disability
Data will be collected using four self-report survey tools: Demographic Profile; Lehman's Quality of Life Interview-Brief Version (LQOLI-BV)
The study will be introduced to prospective client participants by familiar community mental health workers. Interested participants will be approached by a trained research member situated in each of the four sites. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants. During the consent process, participants will be informed that they may be contacted by the site's research member about participating in Stage III of the research study. Signed consent forms will be returned to the study's Project Coordinator for storage in a locked cabinet. Incentives for clients to participate will include strategies such as: transportation, forwarding of reminder letters for those with shared phone lines or no phones, and offering a $20.00 (Canadian) reimbursement.
Descriptive statistics will be used to describe the sample's characteristics and their quality of life, housing stability and housing preference. Results of the analysis will serve as the basis for discussion in the project's subsequent stages. A correlation matrix will examine the relationship between all major variables and selected demographic characteristics. Inferential statistics will be used to examine the differences and association among the four northern sites. The northern data will be matched to a comparison group drawn from a Community University Research Alliance (CURA) sample from London, Ontario.
Stage III
A participatory action method will explore research question four concerning clients', families', and providers' perceptions of supported housing in each community. Data will be collected through photo-voice and focus groups.
Photo-voice, a visual method, involves the use of cameras by participants. According to
Data will be entered into a software program. A narrative/story analysis process will be used to analyze the participants' interviews
Focus groups
The size of each of the three focus groups will be eight to 10 participants. Each focus group will meet face-to-face once and the session will be facilitated by an experienced member of the research team. Another research member will take detailed notes and manage the process' mechanics, such as audio taping the session. It is anticipated that the focus group will run for approximately 1 1/2 to 2 hours. Food will be served at the focus group. Each focus group will be audio taped and transcribed into text for analysis purposes. The method of focus group data analysis will be the same process as used in photo-voice, narrative/story analysis.
Stage IV
Stage IV will address the remaining research question: What supported housing services need to be changed in order to make the most difference in the day-to-day lives of clients? In a one day forum involving clients, families, community workers, community mental health groups, mental health decision makers and politicians, focus group methodology will be used to translate the findings into meaningful policy. In preparation for the forum, the researchers, using a sequential explanatory strategy created by
This project is relevant at a local and provincial level. There has been no evaluation of the supported housing programs for persons with SMI in the four Northeast Ontario communities participating in this project. At a provincial level, the lack of similar studies in rural SMI populations speaks to its originality. Involving the NHIN committee from the inception of this initiative resulted in a systems-level evaluation and an inclusion of a variety of data collection strategies. The project is also novel in that it will address a significant knowledge gap in the delivery of supported housing services in non-urban settings. It focus on the long-term needs of persons with SMI will contribute to understanding effective strategies within the boarder supported housing intervention.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors were involved in the writing and approving of the final manuscript.
This work is supported by the Ontario Mental Health Foundation. The authors acknowledge the ongoing support of NHIN and the community mental health clinical agencies involved in this project.
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Review of best practices in mental health reform
Supported housing: A consumer evaluation study
Outcomes of homeless adults with mental illness in a housing program and in case management only
Some perspectives on deinstitutionalization
Policy document: Respecting housing and support
Housing needs of low-income people living in rural areas
Research highlights: Housing needs of low-income people living in rural areas: Literature review
The invisibility, visible homelessness in a rural BC community
Multifaced perspectives on program evaluation for psychiatric rehabilitation services
Making it better: Building evaluation capacity in community mental health
Toward a definition of mixed methods research
The knowledge base for evidence-based nursing: A role for mixed methods research?
Homelessness and rurality: 'Out-of-place' in purified space?
The hidden and emerging spaces of rural homelessness
Designing a mixed methods study in primary care
Making it happen: Operational framework for the delivery of mental health services and supports
Quality of life interview for the chronically mentally ill
Partnerships in capacity building: Housing, community economic development, and psychiatric survivors
Who knows the streets as well as the homeless? Promoting personal and community action through photovoice
Photovoice: Concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment
Creativity with quality research on families: New ideas for old method
Death stories: Acute exacerbations of COPD
Storytelling and the interpretation of meaning in qualitative research
The narrative construction of reality
Using mixed methods: Sequential explanatory design: From theory to practice
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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Pirache Village Eco Nature Resort, Morjim
Pirache Village Eco Nature Resort Morjim Beach, Morjim, Goa
Pirache Village Eco Nature Resort Details
Pirache Village is an upcoming Eco Resort in Goa that is situated in the laps of nature just overlooking the bay. Pirache Village Eco Resort Goa is an authentic incarnation of an antique Indian Village. Situated on the serene Turtle Beach of Morjim, The soft silver sands, the fluffy crests of waves lapping the shores, the relaxing whispers of palm leaves, mingling of the ocean and the Shapora river, breathtaking view of Chapora fort, all form the natural surroundings of this one of its kind Nature Resort in Goa.
Staying at Pirache village is more like staying in a village. Honey moon couples, old age people, families or people who are interested in yoga or Ayurveda who want to stay away from noise and disturbance for them Pirache village is the ideal place. If one want to relax their mind, then Pirache village is the perfect choice. The Turtle Bay, that is very famous as an Olive Ridley Turtle Nesting Area is a stone's throw away from the Eco Resort.


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My husband of 41 years had been sick with cancer for 3 months and just kept getting worse day by day. When he finally passed in March it was a relief from watching him get worse and being in pain. Still I felt like everything changed when I couldn't be with him anymore. I didn't know what to do with myself. The kids went back to their lives and I feel like mine is over. All the dreams of retirement and plans for our future ended and now what do I do? I feel lost and afraid of a future without him and am struggling to pay the medical bills and mortgage and just can't seem to get past the grief. I start crying at the strangest times, especially when people ask "How are you?" Sometimes I feel like it was all a bad dream and we didn't have time to say goodbye as he was so sick and in pain most of the time. Today I have tried to figure out the income taxes, as this was his job, and I don't know what to do. I am so tired most of the time and don't want to do anything that I used to enjoy. Will I ever feel joy again?
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First FITA of the Year
YCB hosted its first outdoor FITA tournament of the year on June 1. An excellent assortment of new and very accomplished archers were present. Despite the unpredictability of winds at times, some high scores were posted.
Many thanks to Joan McDonald, Gary Gillies and Mark Cote for officiating, and Andrew Fagan, Pascal Payne, Mike Peer, Omar Rodrigues and Elizabeth Horlock for assisting in the set up of the FITA range and getting our facilities ready for the shoot.
A limited number of spaces are still available for the June 22nd FITA 720/900 shoot - pre-register online to assure your spot.


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Name: Water Turtle
Size: 4m Diameter
Size: 13ft Diameter
Start your water voyage on this giant sea turtle. Water turtle can lead you to a fun bouncy voyage. All is for fun there. While don't forget the safety protection. Put on your life jack if you are not good at swimming. As you may bounce down to the water. Enjoy the free water bounce with the quality inflatable water trampoline and safety protection.


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Acrylonitrile US prices, markets & analysis
For clear insight into regional Acrylonitrile markets, you need in-depth price reports direct from those regions.
That's why ICIS maintains a network of locally based reporters, providing not just price assessments but market commentary and analysis.
Use ICIS information to:
- Follow fluctuations and understand factors driving them
- Input into your own internal analytical models
- Clarify settlements and contracts
- Inform negotiations
Our products
Acrylonitrile news and market information products from ICIS
We offer the following regional Acrylonitrile coverage to keep you informed of factors and developments affecting prices in the US Acrylonitrile marketplace.
Price reporting
Price Reporting – More information about the price reports we publish on Acrylonitrile
Independent price assessments and market coverage
Price history
Price History – More information about the historical price data we publish on Gas
Track historical price data
News & analysis
News & Analysis - News & market analysis specifically relating to Acrylonitrile
Breaking news of latest developments affecting the markets.
Insight and analysis of factors driving prices.
Regional overview
Regional overview
Updated to Q1 2017
US acrylonitrile (ACN) prices rose throughout the first quarter, supported by tight global supply and rapidly rising feedstock propylene costs.
The supply shortage partially reflected a carryover of production issues within the US last year, largely related to the force majeure at INEOS Nitriles's Green Lake, Texas facility. While the facility officially lifted the force majeure in February, supply remained tight throughout the quarter, as US producers turned their attention to building inventories ahead of a heavy turnaround season scheduled for the second quarter. Supply tightness was also compounded by several planned and unplanned outages in the global market.
Sources indicated that the limited availability of product caused ACN spot prices to surge by several hundred dollars throughout the quarter. In addition, feedstock propylene saw significant increases during the period, which in turn offered support for higher domestic and spot ACN prices.
Domestic demand for ACN remained strong, driven by supply-side constraints and growth in downstream sectors.
Price reporting
Price reporting
ICIS provides pricing information, news and analysis for all major petrochemical and chemical markets, including Acrylonitrile.
We offer unbiased and independent price reporting, with our price assessments being widely quoted as benchmarks in contracts.
Our information is collected from market participants by our global network of reporters, delivering unrivalled coverage of established and emerging markets, including China and Asia.
ICIS price assessments are based on information gathered from a wide cross section of the market, comprising consumers, producers, traders and distributors. Confirmed deals, verified by both buyer and seller, provide the foundation of our price assessments, giving you a robust reference for your negotiations.
Price history
Price history
ICIS collects pricing data on a wide range of chemical, energy and fertilizer products, including Acrylonitrile. Our extensive experience in price reporting means we can offer you access to historical data dating back more than 20 years for certain commodities.
Our time series of pricing data enables you to build and model trends, to get a view of where markets might be heading. The data service includes charting functionality, allowing you to chart and download multiple data series for manipulation in your own internal models. You can also export data to Excel via the ICIS dashboard service.
ICIS price assessments are based on information gathered from a wide cross-section of the market, comprising consumers, producers, traders and distributors from more than 250 reporters world-wide. Confirmed deals, verified by both buyer and seller, provide the foundation of our price assessments.
Our in-depth market knowledge drives our specialist focus, as we recognise the importance of individual market dynamics and not a one-size-fits-all approach.
Over 25 years of reporting on key chemicals markets, including Acrylonitrile, has brought global recognition of our methodology as being unbiased, authoritative and rigorous in preserving our editorial integrity. Our global network of reporters in Houston, London, Singapore, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Mumbai, Perth and Moscow ensures unrivalled coverage of established and emerging markets.


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26' Boston Whaler 26 Outrage Center Console 2001 Yacht for Sale
Yacht Broker Name:
Roger Cole CPYB
Broker Phone Number:
Boston Whaler 26 Outrage Information:
- 26 Boston Whaler 2001 26 Outrage
- Vessel Name:
- Vessel Length: 26 feet
- Vessel Builder: Boston Whaler
- Vessel Model: 26 Outrage
- Vessel Year: 2001
- Vessel Type: Center Console
- Vessel Price: $ Contact for Price
- Vessel Location: St. Petersburg, FL
- For additional details please scroll down
Get More Info:
26 Boston Whaler 26 Outrage 2001 Details:
A very low hour, well equipped example of this versatile and high quality center console. Featuring low hour, fuel efficient, Mercury Opti-Max outboards, recent Garmin electronics, a great stereo system and a windlass. Boat has always been dry stored, never bottom painted, and adult owned.
Owner has purchased a new boat and has priced this one to sell.
Other interesting yachts for sale


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|Fan Written Fighting Fantasy Gamebooks
|Publication Details
|Philip Sadler
|Cover illustrator:
|First published:
|May 16 2004
|Previous Adventure:
|Next Adventure:
|Last in series
Riders of the Storm is a fan written Fighting Fantasy adventure by Philip Sadler, first published online in 2004 at Fighting fantasy gamebooks[1].
" You struck your final blow and the Trinitour fell. The Night Demon then revealed its presence and consigned you to oblivion until the end of time. As you felt the endless void take you, you took a final desperate oath of defiance. But all you heard as you disappeared from the earthly plane was a mocking laughter...[2] "
The adventure in general follows the original rules set down in The Warlock of Firetop Mountain (see Game System).
Unique RulesEdit
- The player uses Healing Potions which restore stamina points determined by a 1d6 roll. At the beginning of the book the player determines how many Healing Potions they have by a 2d6 plus 6 roll.
- On occasion the player will be asked to Test your Stamina. This is a 4d6 roll, with the rolled amount equalling or being less than the player's current stamina score marking a successful roll.
- Instant Death: rolling a double 6 when determining the player's Attack Strength will instantly kill an enemy.
Equipment ListEdit
- Sword
- Chainmail Armour
- Backpack
- Healing Potions
- Choice of one of three Potions (each has two doses):
- The player also begins with 1 of 6 Special Items, determined by a 1d6 die roll:
- (1) Spell of Endurance
- (2) Extra Health Potions
- (3) Super Health Potions
- (4) Holy Blessing
- (5) Spell of Fortune
- (6) Magical Double-Headed Coin
- Help Ring
- The player can also call on the help of the Trinitour 4 times during the game.
Main CharactersEdit
YOU: Hero of Hellfire
- Louis Fur - Hell Demon
- Messenger of Death
- Night Demon
- Sabre-Claw - "Rider of the Storm"
- Shadow Stealer - "Rider of the Storm"
- Slayer - "Rider of the Storm"
- Sleepwalker - "Rider of the Storm"
- Soul Master - "Rider of the Storm"
- Stalker - "Rider of the Storm"
- The Trinitour - Demon
- Basalisk
- Blood Zombie
- Chaos Battlelord - Regular/Wounded
- Dai-Oni
- Demonspawn
- Demon Twin
- Fiend from the Pit
- Fire Sprite
- Giant Spider
- Giant Tarantula
- God-Headed Hydra/Hydra Heads
- Hell Demon
- Ice Demon
- Living Corpse
- Luck Devil
- Man Orc
- Minitour Champion
- Mutant
- Nameless Horror
- Night Demon
- Night Horror
- Sabre-Claw
- Shadow Stealer
- Shapechanger
- Slayer
- Sleepwalker
- Soul Master
- Stone Warrior
- The Creature
- The Trinitour
- Vampire-ist
- Watcher
- Wild Thing
- Wood Demon
- Zombie
Further NotesEdit
See AlsoEdit
External LinksEdit
- Riders of the Storm at Fighting Fantasy Project - Retrieved 2014-11-01
- ↑ Post #758 at Fighting fantasy gamebooks - Retrieved 2014-11-01
- ↑ Fighting Fantasy Project - Retrieved 2014-11-01


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10 countries demanded a complete suspension of Russia from the Olympics
Western media reported that the anti-doping organization of 10 countries, including USA, Germany, Switzerland, etc., want to require from the head of the IOC Thomas Bach to fully suspend the Russian team from participation in the Olympic games of 2016, which will be held in August in Rio de Janeiro. The media also argue that this appeal may join 20 groups of athletes from different countries.
The New York Times has gained access to emails anti-doping officials from different countries, how did the conclusion of the upcoming unprecedented request to the international Olympic Committee about the suspension of Russian athletes from the 2016 Olympics.
It is expected that the anti-doping organization of the USA, Germany, Spain, Japan, Switzerland and Canada will appeal to the IOC on Monday, less than three weeks before the opening ceremony of the Games in Rio. Now officials of these organizations waiting for the promised report on the investigation of the world anti-doping Agency (WADA) about the existence in Russia of the state system of support of doping. If the report will contain these findings, there is evidence that it will be so, the demand to remove the Russian Olympic Committee, and thus all Russian athletes from the Olympics-2016 will be based on these charges.
The report WADA will be published on Monday 18 July. The independent Commission that investigated doping at the winter Olympics-2014 in Sochi, headed by canadian lawyer Richard McLaren.
However, as transfers TASS, the IOC has already sent a letter to the heads of the anti-Doping Agency of the USA (USADA) and the Canadian centre for ethics in sport, Travis Tygert and Sex Neem. The letter States that this yet unpublished report of McLaren, will contain the conclusions about the presence in Russia of a system of state support of doping. Therefore, from Bach's demand to disqualify Russian athletes. An exception may be made for those Russians who trains abroad but the head of USADA demands that they were under a neutral flag. The President of the European Olympic committees (EOC) Patrick Hickey in this regard already stated that a similar letter has compromised the independence and confidentiality of the investigation by WADA.
Recall that a wide investigation was launched after the statements went to the United States the former head of the Russian anti-doping laboratory of Gregory Rodchenkov. He said that we fulfill the state order and covered the widespread use of doping by dozens of Russian Olympians in Sochi. According to him, at least 15 of them won medals.
The Ministry of sports of Russia has recognized the problems with doping in recent months, but denies any involvement in these cases, States, the newspaper notes.Related posts:


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This nonfiction looks at the wigs and hairpieces which Movie industry has unbroken gentleness nearly.
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On eyeshade coat styles have to manifestation as untaught as practical. We have all seen tremendously fêted stars and we cognise how theyability wear their hair as a general control. Later we see them playing a individual part and reason what has happened because their tresses looks utterly opposing and yet it still looks intuitive. It is intensely hard-fought to get wigs wherever the down looks as in spite of this it is escalating essentially from a person's leader. Capably the concealed is out. Near is a way of making and wearying wigs thatability gives thisability unprocessed appearance and Hollywood has unbroken untroubled about it for years, the quality quill lacing wig.Post ads:
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What is a Lacing Wig?
A cord wig is a fore wig wherever the fuzz is connected to a basic made from European nation or French lacing. The wig has lace at the line which is determinate next to epoxy resin or icky strip. Past the lace is connected to your hairline, it gives the mark thatability the fuzz is escalating from the tegument.Post ads:
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The privileged brand of pelt for thisability aim is glorious as stratum pelt because the epidermis is nigh whole. Such of the quill used in wig fashioning is minimal of the cuticle, resultant in insolvent quality wig down thatability does not holder the trial of time and is a lot easier to enmesh and wounded. Lace wigs are mitt made and spine is contorted to the platform and after faded to seem more earthy. Cord facade wigs have superfluous cord thatability is planned to be clipped earlier impairment. This leaves a colloquial line and body covering thatability looks as nevertheless it is connected to your tegument. No longer is thisability fantastically unconscious aspect a covert of the stars, it is reachable to you now.


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Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell's game plan for victory in November isn't that complicated: Remind Kentuckians that he'll be the most powerful Republican in Washington if the GOP retakes the Senate, and tell everyone who will listen just how closely Alison Lundergan Grimes, his Democratic opponent, is linked to President Obama.
To which Grimes suddenly has a rebuttal: I am at war with Barack Obama.
It's a bit more nuanced than that, of course. (Don't act surprised.) But this week's announcement from the EPA that it proposes to cut emissions from fossil fuel power plants provides Grimes with a perfect opportunity to try and argue that she's independent from the unpopular administration.
When she won her primary last month, Grimes did her best to continuing digging out a wide trench between herself and the president, saying that she didn't "agree with the president's war on coal," which she declared to be "bad for Kentucky." Her rationale for criticizing the president is clear. A NBC News/Marist poll from last month found that "55% of Kentucky residents disapprove of how President Obama is doing in office." In April, 58 percent of people in the state considered Kentucky's economy to be either "fairly bad" or "very bad," according to a poll from the Kaiser Family Foundation and The New York Times. The "war on coal" Grimes mentioned has been blamed for the faltering economy; in 2013, the eastern part of the state lost 23 percent of its coal jobs. And the "war on coal," in the estimation of Kentuckians, belongs solely to the president.
This week, the war on coal became much more real. The proposed EPA regulation would mandate that states cut their greenhouse gas emissions at varying levels by 2030. That means changes in how states produce electricity, which almost certainly means less coal use — which is bad for coal companies and their employees, many of whom live in Kentucky.
So here's a radio ad Grimes put out on Wednesday.
Says Grimes: "Mr. President, Kentucky has lost one-third of our coal jobs in just the last three years. Now your EPA is targeting Kentucky coal with pie-in-the-sky regulations that are impossible to achieve. It's clear you have no idea how this affects Kentucky."
Then she notes how many coal jobs have been lost since McConnell was elected to the Senate, and ends by saying: "I approve this message — and Mr. President? You'll be hearing it a lot more when I'm in the Senate."
That's a nifty move: Pick a fight with Obama, but also turn your party affiliation into a positive. Grimes will fight Obama on coal from the inside, she's suggesting.
(This is also a little more nuanced than the strategy West Virginia Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin used to win his seat in 2010, which involved a similar conflict of party and environmental policy. In one ad, Manchin famously pulled out a rifle and shot a climate change bill.)
McConnell has moved to block the EPA proposal, introducing a bill on Tuesday that would prevent the proposal from going into effect. He'll use the issue to keep hammering Grimes; earlier this week, his spokesperson told the Lexington Herald-Leader that "Alison Lundergan Grimes' campaign is fueled by unapologetically anti-Kentucky forces, and they're gathering into a perfect storm this week." Grimes' team responded to the McConnell proposal saying his bill "does not go far enough."
It's not ideal for Grimes that an unpopular president shares her political party and has proposed a measure that voters in her state likely perceive as overwhelmingly bad. If Grimes wants to establish her independence from Obama, she needs to pick a fight. And he just gave her a way to do just that.


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Just bought a 29 Fleetwood Terry Trailer use one owner, and the seller also gave me the Prodigy brake controller, had it installed in my Ford Expedition, but I would like the owners manual for better understanding of functions.
asked by: Phillip E
Expert Reply:
I am sending a link to the installation and operation manual for the Tekonsha Prodigy Brake Controller, # 90185. You will need to adjust the brake controller to fit your Ford Expedition application. The adjustments on the brake controller are for power and boost.
The Prodigy brake controller will automatically level the sensor when it is installed. You will want to adjust the power to the trailer brakes before setting the boost. Also, it is best to warm the trailer brakes before setting the power.
To adjust the power, connect trailer to the tow vehicle and with the engine running hold the manual knob full left and set power knob to 6.0. Then, drive the tow vehicle and trailer on a dry,level surface at 25 mph and fully apply the manual knob. If the trailer brakes lock up, turn the power down. If the braking was not sufficient, turn the power up. Repeat the step above until the power has been set to just below wheel lock up.
The power will need to be adjusted for different load weights and road conditions.
The boost settings on the brake controller are used for when you will want the trailer braking to lead the tow vehicles braking. Also, when towing a trailer that will weigh the same or more than the tow vehicle. The more the trailer weighs than the tow vehicle, the more boost is needed. Each level in boost will start out with a higher power setting and will increase with deceleration. So the heavier the trailer you are towing the higher the boost level.
In reverse the brake controller will brake proportionally. It will apply the appropriate braking based on deceleration.
I am also sending you a video link of the Prodigy brake controller being installed on a 2007 Ford Expedition. This link may help you if you run into any problems with the installation.
Tekonsha Prodigy Trailer Brake Controller - 1 to 4 Axles - Proportional
Code: 90185
Our Price: $151.34


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Need Food Allergy Testing in Palm Coast, FL? Simply order online 24/7 and get fast, affordable Food Allergy Testing at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
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Food Allergy Testing is useful for people in Palm Coast, FL who suffer from symptoms such as unexplained rashes, bloating, itching or runny noses that may be caused by exposure to foods.
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Our Food Allergy Testing prices include the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Palm Coast, FL, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, please CLICK HERE.
We are pleased to offer Food Allergy Testing in Palm Coast, FL.
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Today, my daughter turned 11. Since she LOVES Harry Potter, I decided to write her an acceptance letter to Hogwarts. When she saw the letter, she screamed and showed me. When she found out I wrote it, she told me she hated me, started crying, and stepped on my foot. FML
Consolation prizeYour FML was denied. We had to at least give you a badge to cheer you up a bit.100%
MobilityYou are connected to FML via the mobile site or an app. How modern.600%
The thumb strikes backYou have left your thumbprint on 2500 comments.0%
The return of the thumbYou have thumbed 5000 comments.0%
Keen reader – Level: student ninjaYou have voted for 15% of the entire collection of FMLs to date.0%
Keen reader – Level: master ninjaYou have voted for 50% of the entire collection of FMLs to date.0%
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One more and it's business timeYou've received 68 Hugs on your profile. Kinky.0%
Today, I was getting picked up by my dad after I had been swimming. I saw his car, so I walked over to it, got in and started talking about how I'd seen my brother. It wasn't until after I had put my seat belt on that I realized I was talking to a complete stranger. FML
Today, we were in the car with my puppy, who favours my sister. She had been sat on her lap for a while, when she stood up and climbed onto my lap. I was really pleased until she peed on me and then went straight back to my sister. FML
Today, I told my 3 year old daughter to behave or I'd spank her. She looked right at me and said "Bring it." FML
Today, I took my brother and nieces to the zoo. Two of the lions at the exhibit were mating, so I said, "They're playing leap-frog." My 4-year-old niece said, "Looks like they're fucking to me." FML


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Being a commercial photographer is truly an underestimated profession. An astonishing number of people assume as a commercial photographer you show up take photos, and that is the scope of your work. In reality it has many complexities and nuances. After having good hard laugh when someone makes this assumption, the question of 'what goes into a commercial shoot?' is posed. Without the assumptions I still find I am asked this question a fair bit, particularly by those who are just starting out. Continue Reading
Tag: Advertisement Campaign
If you want to make god laugh, tell him about your life's plans.
Once upon a time in a land far far away, I was arriving on set for what was to be a fashion campaign for Hazelton Lanes a.k.a Yorkville Village. I's were dotted and T's were crossed, everything was falling into place as planned. Little did I know that a sinister force called the weather was about to cast an evil spell on my production, and throw me one of the hardest curveballs I've ever been met with.Continue Reading


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An analysis of multiemployer pension plans
About 1 in 4 workers currently covered by a traditional pension plan is in a multiemployer plan, established by a labor union and an industry or trade group to cover workers from two or more related employers. Through collective bargaining, employers agree to fund these plans with contributions to a pension trust fund based on employee hours worked. Multiemployer pension plans were created under the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, known as the Taft-Hartley Act, and are often established in industries where workers move from job to job, such as construction or trucking.1 According to U.S. Department of Labor data, there were 1,442 multiemployer defined-benefit plans in 2011, covering 4.2 million active employees.2
Traditional pension plans, known as defined-benefit plans, provide periodic (often monthly) payments for life that are determined based on a fixed formula. These plans have been offered less often in recent years; replaced in many cases by defined-contribution plans, such as 401(k) plans, which identify employer and employee contributions but do not guarantee future benefits. This analysis focuses on defined-benefit plans.
In private industry, retirement plans are generally single employer or multiemployer, with single-employer plans established by one employer specifically for their employees as opposed to multi-employer arrangements. Single-employer plans can be established through collective bargaining and can cover union workers, but they are limited to one employer. Although the number of single-employer plans and participants far outnumber multiemployer plans and participants, the shift from defined-benefit to defined-contribution plans is much more prevalent among single employers. Today, defined-contributions plans are predominant among single employers. The picture for multiemployers is more mixed, with similar numbers of defined-benefit and defined-contribution plans.
The U.S. Department of Labor has two programs that track information about retirement benefits. The Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA) tabulates data from the Form 5500 series, an annual mandatory reporting of certain retirement plan details. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) explores the features of retirement plans through its annual National Compensation Survey (NCS), a voluntary survey of employers yielding information on the coverage, cost, and provisions of various components of compensation, such as wages, health insurance, and retirement plans.3 This issue of Beyond the Numbers uses data from both sources to look at trends in multiemployer defined-benefit plan coverage. This article also focuses on certain plan features, including some of the unique characteristics of defined-benefit plans designed to support employees who have multiple jobs throughout their career.
There are many ways to count retirement plans, and to analyze change to those plans over time. Data from the Form 5500 series contain the number of plans, the total number of participants (including active participants, annuitants, those vested but not yet receiving benefits, and those receiving survivor benefits), and, separately, the number of active participants.4
In 2011, there were nearly 44,000 single-employer defined-benefit plans, less than half the total in 1975, when data were first available. In contrast, the number of multiemployer defined-benefit plans dropped by about one-third over the same time period, from 2,132 to 1,442. As evidence of the shift away from defined-benefit plans, such plans represented about 33 percent of all single-employer plans in 1975 but only 6 percent of all plans in 2011. Defined benefit plans dominated the multiemployer landscape in 1975, making up 87 percent of all multiemployer retirement plans. Since 2002, the number of multiemployer defined-benefit and defined-contribution plans has been roughly evenly split. (See chart 1.)
Data on the number of plan participants tell a different story. Table 1 shows the number of total and active participants and the percentage of total who are active participants. For both single and multi-employer plans, the share of defined-benefit plan participants who are actively accruing benefits has dropped from about 80 percent to 40 percent. This trend may be due to the general movement away from defined-benefit plans, especially among single employers, meaning that new entrants are not replacing retirees.
|Plan type
|Single employer plans
|Total participants (1)
|Active participants
|Active participants as percent of total
|Multiemployer plans
|Total participants (1)
|Active participants
|Active participants as percent of total
(1) Total participants include active participants (those currently working and accruing benefits) as well as annuitants, those vested but not yet receiving benefits, and those receiving survivor benefits.
Source: Form 5500 filings with the U.S. Department of Labor
In addition, the distribution of defined-benefit plan participants by sponsor in 2011 is similar to what it was in the mid-1970s. In 2011, about 1 in 4 defined-benefit participants were in multiemployer plans and about 1 in 4 active defined-benefit participants were in multiemployer plans. Although these shares were lower during the 1990s, they are similar to those identified in 1975, the first year in which data were available. (See chart 2.)
This Beyond the Numbers article was prepared by William J. Wiatrowski, economist in the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, telephone: (202) 691-6300.
Information in this article will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200. Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339. This article is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission
Suggested citation:
William J. Wiatrowski, "An analysis of multiemployer pension plans," Beyond the Numbers: Pay & Benefits, vol. 3, no. 22 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2014), https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/an-analysis-of-multiemployer-pension-plans.htm
Publish Date: Wednesday, October 15, 2014


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June 11, 2015 , Wall Street Journal
March 15, 2017, American Enterprise Institute
Roger Zakheim participated at an American Enterprise Institute event discussing the future of the Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) account and the role that this emergency war spending will play as the Trump Administration and Congress seek to increase defense spending. According to Zakheim, the major factor that…has really altered the way OCO is looked at ...
March 15, 2017, Defense News
Roger Zakheim is quoted in a Defense News article regarding the release of the highly anticipated 2018 budget blueprint by the Trump Administration. According to Zakheim, the Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) will "for sure" end up playing a part in the budget discussions, despite Mick Mulvaney's previous attempts to restrict the use of the funding ...
Prospects Dim For 'Ryan-Murray II' Budget-Relief Deal
January 3, 2015, Defense News
Covington's Roger Zakheim is quoted regarding the federal budget: "That late-2013 deal was passed by both chambers and signed by President Barack Obama, in part, because of the political gravitas of its authors. Ryan was the GOP's 2012 vice presidential nominee and Murray was a widely respected member of her party's leadership team." "Both now will be focused ...


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A good night for the North Queensland Toyota Cowboys in Townsville, outlasting the Vodafone Warriors...
17 hours ago
Melbourne is hoping to unearth a TV angle that will allow star fullback Billy Slater to escape a third suspension this year.
Slater was hit with a grade one striking charge from Saturday's 46-4 thumping of the Wests Tigers after he dropped his forearm into the head of opposing fullback Shannon McDonnell. As Slater has already served two suspensions this season, he will be sidelined for two matches whether he takes an early guilty plea or is unsuccessful in challenging the charge at the judiciary.
Storm football manager Dean Lance has contacted an NRL judiciary official in the hope of obtaining additional TV footage of the incident that could help exonerate Slater.


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Rear Interceptions 3Favorites [+]
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Running Time: 117 minutes
Released: 08/2013
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Question about Radio Communications
I have 2 boys that want cb' in there rooms. Can I hook both cb's to 1 antena ? or will it feedback into one when the other is keyed-up?
How can I solve this problem and keep them both happy???
Thank You,
Posted by msg1096 on
You cannot use one antenna on 2 units, the output power will hurt the other radio - not to mention greatly affect your standing wave radiation, greatly decreasing your range. You will have to run 2 antennas, but make sure to keep them as high as possible and at least 6 feet apart.
Posted on Jan 14, 2009
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Indiana Casegoods Collection
The Amish Manitoba High Buffet is an exciting addition to the Indiana Casegoods Collection. This gorgeous buffet comes with a variety of customizable options so you can craft a perfect buffet to fit the needs of your dining area. With the solid wood construction and detailed craftsmanship, this Manitoba buffet will become the centerpiece of any room it occupies!
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text: RT Unpublished Material DB /z-wcorg/ DS http://worldcat.org ID 71015366 LA Materials in English. T1 Oliver Clement Sheean collection, A1 Sheean, Oliver Clement,, Simmons, Will,, Maine Historical Society., YR 1984 AB Eight bookplates designed for Sheean by Will Simmons and others; thirty-four letters (including tls (1932) from Laura E. Richards and 11 tls (1950-1955) from R.G.W. Vail, director of New York Historical Society), receipts, 4 photographs of Sheean with 6 exhibit photographs (New York Historical Society), and 2 issues of The Print Collectors' Chronicle, with lists of bookplates, compiled by Sheean.


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A weekly playlist for the listener with a one-track mind...
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Rappers and indie rockers play nice on this psych-pop-goes-gangsta makeover of the girl-girl duo Hot as Sun's 2010 track.
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14 Creepy Pics That Will Freak You Out For All The Right Reasons
Oct 21, 2016
There are certain things you understand well only when you give them a closer look for example- some snaps. Now, I am not saying that all the aforementioned things are pleasant, some pictures can scare the shit out of you. For the better or for worse, such pics do exist and they exist in the below listicle. If you don't want nightmares then scrolling down can turn out to be the worst mistake of your life.
1. Oh look, you have company.
Source: blamnews.com
2. This little sneaker.
Source: acidcow.com


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Nest of 3 Mid-Century Oak Side Tables
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Materials Used: Oak Wood
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Width: 60 cm
Height: 45 cm
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Product information
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For as long as I can remember I have always heard noises in my neck area. I am not talking about a cracking or bones but a sound of fluid. Does any one else have this? Makes me think that the whole venous theory, CCSVI, could have some validity to it. I'm curious if any one else experiences this.READ MORE
Do you Hear Noises In Your Neck?
Hi Denna,
This is an interesting question. I have heard the crackling sound before which comes from the bones or ligaments I think. I hear ringing in my ears all the time.
The only time I hear fluid or whoosing sounds is when I'm dehydrated or lightheaded. This sound obviously cooresponds with my heart beat.
I'm not sure I've ever hear the fluid sound you describe. However, I am curious to watch and see where the venous theory (CCSVI) goes over time. It's very interesting.
hey I thought it odd when I started to hear noises coming from my neck but I found it freaky when they started to come from my brain. I feel that settling feeling in my brain but being we have this disease we also have muscle spasms and the brain is the biggest muscle we have. Perhaps some lite exercises with your neck will lossen the tighteness we have. This is just one of those things that come with the disease. don't fret too much over it unless the neck starts to freeze up on you then go to your docs. bye for now email@example.com MORE
I can't believe you are asking this question because I experience the same thing. This is how I can only describe mine. To me it "sounds" like the "fizziness" of the old water years ago. When you go to restaurants or older homes, the water is "fizzy" while you're drinking it. That is what I feel and hear in my neck going up into my head. Recently, it sounds/feels like it is also at the back of my throat. I don't know how I would explain it to a Dr. other than what I just said. Perhaps, the sound of 7-up or even those pop-rocks candy that kids eat. What does yours sound like? I don't know about this venous theory--guess I'll have to look it up. I also have tingling that radiates from my neck and goes up to my head. Somestimes that is accompanied by dizziness. Anyway, the "fizziness" in my neck mainly happens first thing in the morning after I awake, but can happen at other times too. It annoys me!!READ MORE
I do not have a MS dx as of yet. I have however been told it cannot be ruled out.
I have the swishing fluid sound in the back of my neck. I knew exactly what you meant when I read this. It's been noted in my medical records, but I was never told that it was anything. This started a few years ago....that's why it's so noticeable to me.READ MOREYou should know Answers to your question are meant to provide general health information but should not replace medical advice you receive from a doctor. No answers should be viewed as a diagnosis or recommended treatment for a condition. Content posted by community members does not necessarily reflect the views of Remedy Health Media, which also reserves the right to remove material deemed inappropriate.DISPLAY TEXTLINK URL
Most PopularAdaptive ToolsHow to Manage MS FatigueMobility Issues7 Stretches and Exercises to Improve Balance with MSLiving With7 Best Food Choices for MS


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No Warning 2Favorites [+]
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Running Time: 176 minutes
Released: 06/2006
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