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School of Economics and Management
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1 School of Economics and Management TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF LISBON Department of Economics Carlos Pestana Barros & Nicolas Peypoch Horácio Faustino, Maria João Kaiseler and Rafael Marques A Comparative Analysis of Productivity Change in Italian and Why Do People Portuguese Buy Lottery Airports Products? WP 01/2009/DE/SOCIUS WP 006/2007/DE WORKING PAPERS ISSN Nº
2 Why Do People Buy Lottery Products? Horácio C. Faustino ISEG, Technical University of Lisbon, and SOCIUS - Research Centre in Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Organizations, Portugal Maria João Kaizeler Piaget Institute, ISEIT Higher Institute of Intercultural and Transdisciplinary Studies, Almada, Portugal and SOCIUS Rafael J. Marques ISEG, Technical University of Lisbon, and SOCIUS Abstract. This paper examines the lottery sales of 99 countries by type of product in order to analyze the socioeconomic and demographic features that help to explain gambling consumption around the world. With a panel data analysis covering 13 years, this study explains the variation of a country s per-capita lottery sales in general and by type of game: lotto, numbers, keno, toto, draw and instant. This paper found that the richer countries spend more than the poorer countries and the income elasticity of the demand for lottery products is greater than one. So, we may assert that there is an implicit progressivity tax in games when we consider countries rather than households. Several studies have also revealed an inverse relationship between education and the consumption of lottery products. This paper confirms this hypothesis for lotteries in general, but not for the specific lottery products. Key words: Gambling. Lotteries. Religiosity. Education. Culture. Age. Panel Data. Addresses: Horácio C. Faustino ISEG-Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. Rua Miguel Lúpi, Lisboa, PortugalT: (+351) ; Fax; Maria João Kaizeler Rua Quinta do Paizinho, Lisboa, PortugalT: (+351) ; Rafael J. Marques ISEG Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão. Rua Miguel Lúpi, Lisboa, Portugal T: (+351) ; Fax: (00351) ; 1
3 I. Introduction It is fair to state that humanity has an age-old fascination and passion for gambling. Due to the negative social consequences that might arise from gambling, various countries have, at some time in their history, forbidden this activity. Such a measure, however, invariably led to the increase of illegal gambling and crime. The only way that countries found to counteract these tendencies was to legalize gaming, together with the application of strong regulation. Nowadays, gambling is deemed acceptable in most countries, on condition that it is adequately and appropriately regulated. In 2006, at least 200 countries and states around the world organized lotteries, including those countries that run several lotteries. (see La Fleurs web site). Since World War II, there has been a growing consumption of government-sponsored lotteries and in 2006, global lottery sales reached almost US$202.6 billion. The world s largest Lottery in 2006 was the Italian Lottomatica, which achieved sales of US$14.2 billion. In an era of globalization, populations remain distinguished from each other by characteristics such as culture, education and history, which bring about different behavior concerning individuals expectations, ambitions, needs and the consumption of products. However, the study of the behavior of lottery-players can teach us about our common aspirations, beliefs and emotions and give us some insights into ways to perfect the products and services offered to different consumers throughout the world. The main purpose of this study is to analyze, historically, the determinants of the expenditure on the diverse types of lottery products for consumers of different nationalities. We identify the factors influencing people s enthusiasm for gambling across countries. The wealth status of the country, age and gender distribution and religion are some of the relevant factors examined. With a panel data analysis covering 13 years, this study uses macroeconomic data to explain the variation of a country s per-capita lottery sales, by type of product. 2
4 The paper is organized as follows. The second section presents the theoretical approach and a review of the literature. The third section presents the econometric model and describes the empirical estimation. The fourth section explains the empirical findings. The final section considers the study s implications and presents our concluding remarks. II.Theoretical Approaches and Literature Review Investigating the reasons why people gamble in general, or play lotteries in particular, has elicited many different explanations, ranging from rational and irrational arguments to psychological needs or social inclusion models. A socio-economic analysis of lottery playing should seek to answer some of the more common questions in relation to lottery-consumption behavior. Does income alter participation levels? Do men play more than women? Are Catholics more likely to play than Protestants? Do Blacks and Hispanics play more than Whites? Do middle-aged adults play more than youngsters and the elderly? Is unemployment correlated with more expenditure on lotteries? Is it a fact that lottery playing decreases with more educational attainment? Do less educated people play more because they are not aware of the odds against winning? Are lotteries regressive, i.e. that lower-income households spend a higher percentage of their income on lotteries? Do people buy lottery tickets for fun, or do they simply lack access to relevant information? In this section, we will attempt to address some of the more common theoretical expressions dealing with this subject. The question posed in the title to this paper presupposes a kind of perplexity. If we question the motives leading people to gamble, it is because gambling does not seem to be a particularly wise activity for informed and rational individuals. If one is well aware of the odds involved in lottery playing, he/she may be expected to simply maintain a distance from such activities and find a more rewarding way to dispose of the funds. In every single lottery 3
5 played around the world, the costs of playing exceed the rewards derived from the prizes on offer. So, one of the first explanations we come across that justify lottery involvement is the irrationality of gamblers, either because they are unable to calculate the probabilities of winning or because their irrationality is rooted in mechanisms that diminish the possibility of a wise move or an intelligent choice. Many informed actors play because they are trapped in several types of gambling fallacies, like underestimating the costs, or overestimating the probability of winning, or more commonly, thinking that maintaining a rigid strategy of repeating a set of chosen numbers on every ticket will increase the odds in favor of their winning. Irrationality can also manifest itself in the adherence to superstitious routines. Many participants believe that they have a system that can positively influence the odds, giving them a decisive advantage over the others. Hope, superstitions and belief in signs and omens are common across different cultures, as Ariyabuddhiphongs & Chanchalermporn (2007) have demonstrated. A second set of explanations advance cognitive reasons for playing that complement the irrationality hypothesis. Gambling activities are a fertile ground for the exercise of counterfactual behavior or imagination, i.e., imagining the possible outcomes of striking it rich. The exercise of this type of imagination leads people to believe that the desirable and the possible might converge in one fortuitous moment. People fantasize over what they will do with the money and fantasies become so vivid that they will justify playing. This type of explanation emphasizes cognitive biases and some form of invulnerability illusion I am different from all the others and, in some mysterious way, I defy statistical distributions. Garrett and Sobel (1999) state that results are more important to gamblers than chances. Gamblers may be risk-averse, but they are also attracted to the positive skewedness of returns offered by low probabilities and high-variance bets. As is well known, the knowledge of a 4
6 theory is not directly linked to acting upon that same theory, or to taking the necessary steps to put into action the logical consequences of the knowledge itself. If irrationality and cognitive biases present an image of mistaken, ill informed or simply foolish players, a third group of causes advances a completely different way of explaining lottery consumption. Sociology attempts to reconcile the pattern of lottery consumption with a particular form of social logic far from being irrational, lottery playing makes sense in particular social settings and in some specific moments. These arguments stress that gambling is seldom the product of an individual choice or rational enterprise. Playing is very much a social initiative and patterns of playing can be observed in cultural units, regardless of economic wealth. The quest for excitement and the sense of community experienced in the collective involvement in buying lottery tickets reflect the communal dimension of gambling. Stressing the dimension of enjoyment in lottery playing would lead us to believe that people take part because of the fun and entertainment involved, especially for those who cannot participate in more expensive activities. Blalock (2007) goes even further, claiming that for the poor, the desperation hypothesis lotteries seen as the only way to legally escape poverty is more likely to explain participation than the entertainment hypothesis or the quest for excitement. Lottery sales, indeed, rise with increases in the poverty rate. Addiction is one of the major causes for gambling. Some of the strongest opponents of lotteries do not hesitate to underline that there is a possibility of fomenting addiction by playing lotteries. Those who are addicted to playing have often proceeded along a causal chain of events that starts with mild and apparently innocuous games and leads to more perverse, dangerous activities. What may well have started as entertainment can culminate in a habit laden with harmful effects.in these terms, lotteries can be seen as a form of initiation ceremony that will draw the neophyte gambler into a universe of addiction, potentially destructive to him/her and all the other members of his/her social circle. Those who are 5
7 oppose lotteries claim that they send out the wrong message, in the apparent promise of acquiring plenty in return for no effort, thus promoting idleness. The virtues of work would no longer be paramount. Considering that the poor are the most likely to buy lottery tickets, governments could be obliged to raise taxes further to create new welfare measures to support those who lose too much money by playing these games. This clearly means that gambling can be equated with drugs and alcohol, in terms of its potential for causing serious damage to the fabric and wellbeing of families and communities. However, when it comes to assessing the relationship between gambling and illegal activities, since lotteries can be seen as a legal form of gambling they probably promote a shift from illegal to legal practices, contributing to the reduction of the crime rate inside society. Nevertheless, the fact remains that illegal gambling is never totally eliminated by having access to legal and sometimes state-sponsored lotteries. The functionalist tradition in sociology also offers some suggestions for the reasons behind people s gambling habits. Frey (1984) gives us an account that creates a hermeneutical circle between causes and consequences of gambling. In every society we can find more gamblers than non-gamblers, which leads to the consideration that the act is normal in itself, like every social practice that exists, persists across the ages and becomes institutionalized. Considering this triple dimension, gambling might very well be seen as functional to a society. Even if anomie and alienation lie at the roots of the gambling habit, gambling gives thrills and emotions that animate society and assures social stability, fulfilling needs and helping to release pressure and stress. Gaming can be considered a shock absorber, acting as a social safety valve. Lotteries are recreational but can also be addictive and compulsive. Social frustration may lead to gambling in a search for control and thrilling experiences. Among the social reasons for gambling, religion is one of the more commonly proposed, both in lay assemblies and theoretical domains. The widespread presence of lotteries around the 6
8 world in countries with different creeds and religious beliefs does not add much to support the importance of faith in the determination of gambling behavior. However, we should perhaps concentrate not on the doctrinal aspects of religion, but rather on its social dimension. Taking this into account, religious attendance (or being part of a community of believers) should be considered more important than faith itself (Lam, 2006). Another question, seldom explored, is the importance of being a part of a minority or a majority denomination. The behavior of a Catholic in the USA is possibly different from the actions taken by a Catholic in Spain or Italy. Studies suggest that Catholics are more positive and tolerant towards the legalization of gambling than Protestants (Brown et al., 2003) but, at the same time, high attendancy rates correlate with more suspicion on gambling. Diaz (2000) corroborates the idea that Catholics are more prone to gambling, thus proving that, in their case, attitudes favorable to gambling are matched by a consonant set of actions. Religiosity may also play an indirect role, since it is commonly associated with risk aversion (Lesieur, 1994). Even if the direct correlation between religious involvement and gambling is far from conclusive, it is undeniable that church groups have been, especially in the USA, the strongholds against lotteries. At this level, the moral issue of condemning material enrichment obtained through mere good fortune without effort overpowers the morality of promoting lotteries to forge good by means of collecting funds on behalf of charitable institutions. The fact that social support activities in Catholic countries have been associated for many years with lotteries makes it easier to understand the population s acceptance and even enthusiasm for them. The association between socio-demographic variables and lottery playing has been extensively made during the last two decades, offering some insightful results: older people buy more lottery tickets than the young (Aasved, 2003; Herring & Bledsoe, 1994); lottery purchases are negatively correlated with income (Abbott & Cramer, 1993; Herring & Bledsoe, 1994) and negatively correlated with education (Browne, Kaldenberg, & Browne, 7
9 1992; Herring & Bledsoe, 1994). Some studies have also departed from the traditional idea that lotteries have exactly the same dynamics as other types of games. At this level, it is important to mention Freund & Morris (2006), who argue that the lottery, contrary to other types of gambling, is associated with increasing social inequality, opening new avenues of socio-economic research. Most studies have examined a single means of measuring lotteries: focusing on only one type of product or in the total sales of a county, state or country. Few studies have focused on the analysis and comparison of the different lottery games, using econometric models. Jackson (1994) used cross-sectional OLS regressions to calculate and compare the 1983 and 1990 sales per-capita for each product of the Massachusetts Lottery. He used several explanatory variables, including education, income, race, ethnicity and age. In Germany, Albers and Hubl (1997) used a probit technique to estimate the individual pattern of legal gambling in that country. With a sample of 1,586 adults, they estimated separate functions of participation for all forms of commercial gambling. They developed a survey in order to have a set of explanatory variables that covered the following socioeconomic characteristics: age, gender, education, income, family status, employment status, home ownership, occupation and importance of maximum prize in lotto for the gambler to explain the participation and/or non-participation in the different types of gambling lotto, draw lotteries, TV-lotteries, soccer toto pools, horse-race betting, gaming machines and casinos. Their results point out that income, in Germany, has a positive and significant influence on the participation in most commercial games, suggesting that gambling is a widespread (superior) consumption good; the exceptions are Soccer Toto, which declines with income, and Lotto, for which income was found to have no impact. Price and Novak (1999) used a regression analysis to study three separate lottery games in Texas: Lotto, Pick 3, and Instant. They found all games highly regressive and concluded that 8
10 the instant game should be classified as an inferior good. Their results also indicate that the more regressive games are purchased by Black and Hispanic minorities, by people with lower education levels and by older people. Worthington, et al. (2003) used a regression modeling in order to predict gambling patterns in Australia. They gathered data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Household Expenditure Survey of 6,892 households. Eight categories of gambling expenditure, from lottery tickets to casino gambles, were examined and the determining factors analyzed included income, family composition, gender, age, race, ethnicity and geographic location. They concluded that participation in lotteries in Australia is strongly influenced by age, ethnicity and household composition. Ghent and Grant (2007), with a regression analysis, studied separately the factors that influence the purchases of three types of lottery products offered by the South Carolina Education Lottery: instant scratch-cards, fixed-odds online games and Lotto and examined their distributional effects across income and demographic factors. Their results show that when analyzing different types of game, different conclusions are retrieved. The conclusions show that the estimated effects of the various demographic variables differ on sales among products. This indicates the need to analyze separately the determinants of demand for products offered by lotteries. III. Empirical Model and Data Source In order to compare lottery sales on a national basis around the world, we gathered information from La Fleur s World Lottery Almanacs on the lottery sales in 99 countries (see Appendix 1) during 13 years (from 1994 until 2006). These almanacs provide information of lottery sales by game and by continent for Africa, Asia and the Middle East, Europe, Central 9
11 America, South America and the Caribbean and North America. The explanatory variables were obtained for the same range of years from some highly recognized world data bases. These include: World Bank data, which provided information on GDP; the UN Human Development Report, which provided information concerning the educational levels of the countries considered; the US Census Bureau International Data Base, which yielded information on the age and gender distribution of a country s population; and the CIA World Fact Book, which supplied information on religions in each country. III.1. Regression Model For each of the lottery games, a regression model was estimated using the natural logarithm of per-capita sales as the dependent variable and per-capita GDP, education index, age, gender and religion as explanatory variables. The general equation is given below: Y it = β 0 + β 1 X it + ε it Where Y it stands for sales per-capita of Total (total games), Lotto (lotto games) Numbers (number games), Keno (keno games), Toto (toto games), Draw (draw games) and Instant (instant games) in country i and in year t, X it is a vector of economic and demographic characteristics in country i and in year t and ε it is a random disturbance assumed to be normal, independent and identically distributed (IID) with E (ε it ) = 0 and Var (ε it ) = σ 2 > 0. It is assumed that the explanatory variables are exogenous. We do not include the unobserved time-invariant country-specific effects, since this would remove some relevant variables that do not vary along time and that are important to the robustness of the results. We control for time effects by including a time dummy variable (year). The Dependent Variables 10
12 Data for each game was obtained from the La Fleur s World Lottery Almanacs from 1994 to The lottery games sales were then divided by mid-year population, with age over 15, obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base, for each year and country. Total is the logarithm of total per-capita sales, age over 15 (PCS). Lotto, Numbers, Keno, Toto, Draw and Instant are the logarithm of the respective per-capita sales, age over 15. The Explanatory Variables Country characteristics included in X it consist of income, education, age, gender and religion. Several authors have argued that lotteries are a regressive form of taxation (Clotfelter & Cook, 1987; Price & Novak, 1999; Ghent & Grant, 2007). Price & Novak (1999) considered that Income elasticity coefficients can be used as a measure of tax regressivity because tax revenue from lottery sales is a constant proportion of the lottery ticket price. Thus, we use as an explanatory variable the natural logarithm of per-capita gross domestic product, in purchasing power parity terms in US dollars (PCGDP), from the World Bank. Since the sales and income variables are measured in logarithms, the estimated regression coefficients are income elasticity coefficients. A positive correlation between PCGDP and PCS is expected. A positive, greater than one coefficient signifies an implicit progressive tax between countries. Most studies conducted on lotteries have revealed the existence of an inverse relation between education and the consumption of lottery products (Clotfelter & Cook, 1987, 1990; Kitchen & Powells, 1991; Croups, Haddock, & Webley, 1998). The level of education in a country is measured by the Education Index, which is one of the three indices on which the Human Development index is constructed. It is based on the adult literacy rate and the combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education levels and was obtained from the Human Development Reports. By including the variable, Education (EI), an attempt 11
13 is made to infer the influence of education in the demand for lottery products. We expect this variable coefficient to present a negative sign. According to Clotfelter & Cook (1989), people aged between 25 and 64 are more likely to consume lottery products. Jackson (1994), in his study of the Massachusetts State Lottery, found that in 1983, the proportion of the population in the over-65 age group was inversely related to per-capita lottery sales, but by 1990, this relationship had become inverted. Therefore, according to the literature, those who play the least are the young and therefore, a country with a high percentage of young people will have smaller lottery sales. In order to determine if this is correct internationally, 4 intervals of age were considered: AGE1- [15-29]; AGE2 - [30-44]; AGE3 - [45-64]; AGE4 - [65+]. The population with ages in the intervals established as a percentage of total population was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base. We expect a smaller coefficient for variables AGE1 and AGE4 than for variables AGE2 and AGE4. Lottery studies have revealed that men play more than women (Clotfelter & Cook, 1989). In the study of Price & Novak (1999), this result is confirmed when analyzing loto games but is contradicted for instant and numbers games. The variable GenderRatio total male population aged over 15 divided by total female population aged over 15, obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base, is used in order to examine this finding. We expect men to play more in most lottery games and therefore, a positive coefficient is expected for the GenderRatio variable in the Total, Lotto, Keno, Toto and Draw regressions and a negative sign in the Numbers and Instant regressions. Several studies have pointed out the existence of a relationship between gambling and religion. There are some contradictions in the various studies made by the authors considering this subject. For instance, while Rubenstein & Scafidi (2002) considered in their analysis that the individuals who consistently attend church are more averse to gambling activities, 12
14 Giacopassi, Nichols, & Stitt (2006) contradicted this finding and Ghent & Grant (2007) asserted the non-existence of any relation between religion and lottery sales. Christian is the percentage of Christian followers in a country s population. This was obtained by considering it to be the sum of the percentage of Catholics, Protestants and Orthodox Christians in each country obtained from the 2007 CIA World Factbook. We expect a positive relation between the percentage of a country s Christian followers and the general consumption of lottery products. IV.Regression Results Table 1 displays the panel estimation results. We specified seven models. In the first model (regression 1), we were particularly interested in analyzing the determinants of demand for lotteries in general. In the other six models, the paper analyses the specific determinants of demand by type of product. TABLE 1: Lottery Demand Estimates. (Dependent Variable: Natural Logarithm of Per Capita Sales 15 years and above by type of game) Total Lotto Numbers Keno Toto Draw Instant Constant ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) PCGDP ( ) *** ( ) *** ( ) (4.0429) *** ( ) ( ) ( ) *** EI ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) AGE ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ** ( ) ( ) ** ( ) ** AGE ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) *** ( ) ** ( ) ( ) ** AGE ( ) ** ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) *** ( ) AGE ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) * ( ) GenderRatio ( ) ** ( ) ** ( ) ** (1.7404) * ( ) ** ( ) *** ( ) ** Christian ( ) ** ( ) *** ( ) (1.8633) * ( ) ( ) ( ) N Adjusted R t-statistics (heterokedasticity corrected) are in parenthesis. * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%. PCGDP is in the Natural Logarithm form. 13
15 REGRESSION 1. (i) The first regression reveals that the global income elasticity of demand for lottery products is Any percentage change in income is met with a greater percentage change in lottery expenditure. So, there is an implicit progressive tax when we model income for different countries. Ghent & Grant (2007) also concluded that the lottery may not be as regressive as the body of literature suggests it once was, and indicates that when estimating lottery sales with regression, it may be better to model the distribution of income rather than its level. Thus, the regressivity of the games within the same country is also an open question. (ii) The results obtained for the Education index (EI), considering the logarithmic of total per-capita lottery sales, show that the increase of 1% in this index leads to a decrease of 3.09% in a country s per-capita sales. The variable EI is significant at 10%. (iii) As was expected, younger people consume fewer lottery products. An increase of 1% in the percentage of population aged between 15 and 29 will imply a decrease of about 21% in a country s per-capita total lottery sales. On the other hand, and contrary to the prior expectation, those in the interval of 65 and over consume more lottery products. The increase of 1% in the percentage of population aged over 65 will imply an increase of nearly 11% in a country s per-capita total lottery sales. Variables Age1 and Age4 presented significance at 1% in this regression. Variable Age3 is significant at the 5% level while the variable Age2 is not statistically significant. (iv) The variation of gender ratio by 1% implies an increase of about 0.11% of a country s per-capita total sales. This result is consistent with what was expected. In this regression, the variable is significant at 5%. We can conclude that the country s percentage of males relative to females is clearly an important factor to take into account in explaining lottery sales in that country. (v) The sign of the coefficient on the Christian population is positive and significant at 5% in this regression. This leads us to infer that an 14
16 increase of 1% in the percentage of a country s Christians implies an increase of 0.89% in per-capita total lottery sales. REGRESSION 2. (i) The analysis of the determinants of demand for Lotto games reveals that the income elasticity of demand for this type of product is This variable is significant at 1%. (ii) The variable EI is not significant in this regression. (iii) In this regression, all the variables related with age are statistically insignificant. (iv) Similarly to what occurred in the first regression, the variation of gender ratio by 1% implies an increase of about 0.14% of a country s per-capita lotto sales. The variable maintains the significance at 5%. (v) Comparing with the first regression, the sign of the coefficient on the Christian population is still positive, but more significant (at 1%) in this regression. This means that an increase of 1% in the percentage of a country s Christians implies an increase of 1.79% in a country s per-capita Lotto sales. REGRESSION 3. When considering the sales of numbers games, most variables lose their significance. The only significant variable in this regression is the one related with gender. The variation of gender ratio by 1% implies an increase of about 0.23% in a country s percapita numbers sales. This result is consistent with what was expected. In this regression, the variable is significant at 5%. REGRESSION 4. (i) The income elasticity of demand for Keno is Any percentage change in income is followed by a greater percentage change in Keno expenditure. This variable is significant at 1%. (ii) The education index (EI) is not significant. (iii) In this regression, the coefficients of the variables related with age all present a negative value and only AGE3 (percentage of people aged between 45 and 64) is not statistically significant. 15
17 Countries with a higher percentage of people aged between 30 and 44 are those that sell the fewest Keno games. An increase of 1% in the percentage of population aged between 30 and 44 will imply a decrease of nearly 60% in a country s per-capita Keno sales. This variable (AGE2) is significant at the 1% level.(iv)similarly to what was found in the other regressions, the variation of gender ratio implies an increase in a country s per-capita Keno sales. In this regression, the variable is only significant at 10%. (v) Comparing with the first two regressions, the sign of the coefficient on the Christian population is still positive, but only statistically significant at the 10% level. An increase of 1% in the percentage of a country s Christians implies an increase of 1.13% in a country s per-capita Keno sales. REGRESSION 5. In this regression, for Toto, most of the explanatory variables are not significant. The only significant variables are AGE2 and GenderRatio. (i) When considering the variables related with age, the only one that is significant in this regression is AGE2 (significant at 5%). A 1% increase in a country s population aged between 30 and 44 leads to a decrease of 27.87% in a country s Toto sales. (ii) The variation of gender ratio by 1% implies an increase of about 0.24% in a country s per-capita Toto sales. This result is consistent with what was expected. In this regression, the variable is significant at 5%. REGRESSION 6. (i) The variables PCGDP, EI, AGE2 and Christian are not statistically significant. (ii) Countries with a higher percentage of young people consume less Draw games. An increase of 1% in the percentage of population aged between 15 and 29 (AGE1) will imply a decrease of nearly 53% in a country s per-capita Draw sales. The coefficient of variable AGE1 is significant at 5%. It would thus seem to be a bad strategy for countries with a high percentage of young people to invest in this type of product (for instance, African countries). The variable AGE3 is very significant in this regression (1% level). An increase of 16
18 1% in the percentage of population aged between 45 and 64 leads to a decrease of 8.86% in a country s per-capita Draw sales. The coefficient on variable AGE4 presents significance at the 10% level and has the highest coefficient. This seems to be the game preferred by the elderly. An increase of 1% in a country s population aged over 65 leads to an increase of nearly 32% in a country s Draw sales. Therefore, this should be the product to be developed and marketed by countries with older populations (for example, by European countries). (iv) The variable GenderRatio is significant at the 1% level. Consistent with our expectation, males consume more Draw games than females. A 1% increase in a country s gender ratio leads to an increase of 0.36% in that country s Draw sales. REGRESSION 7. (i) Price & Novak (1999) concluded in their study that the Instant game was the most regressive game in Texas and that it should even be classified as an inferior good. In our cross-country study, the variable concerning income presents a positive and very significant value in Instant games. The income elasticity of demand for such games is (ii) Countries with a higher percentage of young people consume fewer Instant games. An increase of 1% in the percentage of population aged between 15 and 29 will imply a decrease of nearly 24.37% in a country s per-capita Instant sales. The coefficient of variable AGE1 is significant at 5%. The variable AGE2 is negative and significant at 5% in this regression. An increase of 1% in the percentage of population aged between 30 and 44 leads to a decrease of about 20% in a country s per-capita Instant sales. (iii) In this regression, the variable GenderRatio is significant at 5%. Consistent with our expectation, males consume more Instant games than females. A 1% increase in a country s gender ratio leads to an increase of 0.10% in that country s Instant sales. 17
19 V.Conclusions This paper has studied the pattern of lottery-product buying behavior around the world. We believe that the findings are useful, since they provide insights into a little researched area of consumer behavior, i.e., worldwide lottery participation. Most of the studies that analyze lottery determinants in a specific country find that on average, lotteries are regressive. This means that the lottery is implicitly taxed, since the cost of all lottery products is higher than its expected value. If lotteries are mainly consumed by the poor, then this tax is regressive, because lower-income households spend more, on percentage, than higher-income households. The results of this paper suggest that the games are not regressive between countries, because richer countries consume more lottery products than poorer countries. Several studies have revealed the existence of an inverse relation between education and the consumption of lottery products. The results of this paper only confirm this hypothesis for the total games (regression 1). According to equation 1, an increase of 1% of a country s education index leads to a decrease of about 3% of total lottery sales. The studies that inquire into the distribution of lottery-product consumption by age are contradictory. Our results suggest that when considering total sales, people in the age interval of 65 and older are the greatest consumers of lottery products, while the young [15-29] consume the least. Analyzing by age, it appears that the game most preferred by young people is Instant and the games that they dislike are Keno and Draw. For the second age range, the favorite game is Toto. For the third age range, we are unable to make conclusions, because this variable is only significant in the Draw equation. Finally, older people consume more Draw games and dislike Keno. Lottery studies have revealed that men play more than women and are more likely to be problem gamblers than females when compared to the general population. This result is confirmed when analyzing all games. All the coefficients related to the GenderRatio variable 18
20 showed positive signs. Furthermore, this variable is significant, at some level, in all regressions. Another interesting result is that men prefer Draw games. Several studies have revealed the existence of a relationship between gambling and religion. There are some contradictions in the results of the studies investigating this subject. We found the existence of a positive relation between religion and gambling, Christians having, on average, a positive effect on per-capita lottery sales. The game in which this tendency is most marked is Lotto. Our findings are of interest because they confirm a link between certain socio-economic and demographic characteristics and consumer behavior and may thus be of some value to future consumer research. References Aasved, M. (2003). The sociology of gambling. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Abbott, D. A., & Cramer, S. L. (1993). Gambling attitudes and participation: A midwestern survey. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9(3), Albers, N. & Hubl, L. (1997). Gambling market and individual patterns of gambling in Germany. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13(2), Ariyabuddhiphongs, V. & Chanchalermporn, N. (2007). A test of social cognitive theory reciprocal and sequential effects: hope, superstitious belief and environment factors among lottery gamblers in Thailand. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, Blalock, G. (2007). Hitting the jackpot or hitting the skids: entertainment, poverty, and the demand for state lotteries. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 66(3),
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text:
AMHERST – The 30th anniversary of the Fundy Hockey School undergo a little transition with the appointment of a new director.
Former Amherst Ramblers coach and general manager Corey Crocker has been appointed the new director of the longtime hockey school. He replaces Jeff Lewis, who has accepted a position as head coach of the men's hockey team and director of hockey operations at Rothesay-Netherwood prep school near Saint John.
"I'm really looking forward to the school. The people that have come before me have done a really good job building a successful hockey school that has been a big fundraiser for minor hockey over the years," said Crocker, who has worked as an instructor with the school for several years and also works with the Daniel Cleary hockey school in Newfoundland and Labrador.
This year's edition of the camp begins on Sept. 3 with groups B (nine and 10 years), C (11 and 12) and D (13 to 15), while Group A (for ages six to eight) runs from Sept. 25 to Oct. 5.
Cost of the school is $175 per player and $100 for goalies.
Registration forms are available at Dayle's Department Store, Ken's Rite Stop, the Amherst Stadium and on the Cumberland County Minor Hockey Association website (ccmha.goalline.ca).
Crocker said the hockey school has been successful over the years because of its instructors with a number of veteran coaches working with the players. As well, he said, a number of people who came through the system in recent years have come back to work as instructors.
"When Jeff took the position in RNS he asked me if I was interested in taking over and I jumped at it because it's very important fundraiser for minor hockey and this year being the 30th anniversary makes it that much more special," Crocker said.
For further information on the school contact the registrar at firstname.lastname@example.com or Crocker at email@example.com.
The school is sponsored by the Wandlyn Inn and Fort Equipment with financial assistance from CIBC Wood Gundy.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
2017 General and Student Open Call – Deadline: May 15
Read the Guidelines and Submit Online
Read the Guidelines and Submit Online
Click to Download:
Nuit Blanche Winnipeg 2016 Program Guide
Nuit Blanche Winnipeg 2016 Program Guide
Who are we?
Nuit Blanche Winnipeg is a free all-night exploration and celebration of contemporary art that takes place on the Saturday of the Culture Days weekend from dusk to dawn. Held annually since 2010, the events and exhibits attract thousands of people to the three zones of activity: St. Boniface, Downtown and the Exchange District. NBW 2017 will take place on Saturday Sept 30.
We are ecstatic to announce that beginning in 2016 the Winnipeg Arts Council will be our producing partner.


text:
Sat December 17, 2016 - 11:00 PM
New York, NY, 2016
Hotel Beacon NYC
2130 Broadway at 75th Street
New York, NY
After the final concert, the party's NEXT DOOR! Come celebrate at #THELAMBOVERNYC: After Concert Christmas Partywith DJ Suss One at the Hotel Beacon NYC right next to the Beacon Theatre. It's being dubbed the year's...See More


text:
Few realtors can provide the following valuable services. As a combination realtor-appraiser, I will:
- Appraise your property before you put it on the market
- Provide an accurate estimate of the bank's appraisal amount before you make an offer on a property or list one for sale.
- Challenge the bank's appraisal if I observe mistakes that affect your property's value
I will also:
- Recommend improvements that will pay off.
- Arrange for staging to maximize interest in your property.
- Research and reveal a property's highest and lowest current market values.
- Market your property through all avenues of exposure including online, print, and through networking and open houses.
- Represent you with authority and Aloha.
When you work with me, you will
- Enjoy a more level playing field for negotiations.
- Feel informed and confident throughout the process.
- Receive incredible value in market knowledge.
- Have a positive experience.
- Get the best price possible in the current market.
- Get accurate pricing and valuations for your property.
- Work with a kama'aina who was born and raised in Hawaii and who understands the intricacies and nuances of Hawaii's real estate market.


text: The Eastern Fidget Posse - Vanadis (Original Mix) by Crazy Ant Records published on 2011-03-01T13:51:23Z This Track will be Crazy Ant's first ever release. The Eastern Fidget Posse have done an awesome job with this big house number. Amazingly they have been confused with the likes of the Swedish House Mafia and this track was played by Steve Angello himself live in Mexico! cRaZy! Genre Progressive House Comment by DIRTY DUTCH Very nice, Keep up the good work! Please check my new account ->> http://soundcloud.com/chrisloversofficial <<- if you have time and tell me what you think, thanks! peace 2012/05/11 20:59:06 +0000 Comment by Effective Stereo Records awesome sounding .. 2012/01/07 14:18:10 +0000 Comment by M A J I S T A Great vibez and tracks respect to your musik! What do you think about my tracks? Give me also feedback ! 2011/11/30 01:15:38 +0000 Comment by Pete Beat this is a nice one! good work. thanks- Pete Beat 2011/10/28 20:22:15 +0000 Comment by DJ Zaken D nice !!! http://soundcloud.com/darraji/cedric-vian-joss-h-djlp-bring 2011/10/16 15:56:39 +0000 Comment by Venancio Nice track 2011/09/13 02:52:26 +0000 Comment by CloneTrack nice 2011/05/27 22:31:26 +0000 Comment by SoundOlymp nice track ! check out "chord minutes" if you have time : ) 2011/05/21 11:24:47 +0000 Comment by ELIT3 Music Network nice! check out some of my stuff when you get the chance :) http://facebook.com/djelit3 http://soundcloud.com/elit3 2011/05/10 19:28:25 +0000 Comment by ELIT3 Music Network it's cool to come across you on here. i'm looking for new underground DJ's/artists/producers to guest mix for my online radio show on PLURLIFE.COM. I really vibe your music so drop me a message or a comment and let's talk! Be sure to add me on my Facebook and Soundcloud when you get the chance! http://facebook.com/djelit3 http://soundcloud.com/elit3 peace... -DJ ELIT3 2011/04/25 07:21:34 +0000 Comment by Paggos Ascend remix was good. 2011/04/17 02:50:24 +0000 Comment by Dusan Janjusevic nice 2011/04/14 21:13:20 +0000 Comment by Codkane coolll 2011/04/14 14:47:47 +0000 Comment by The LatinBeatZ Downloads nice 2011/04/14 14:12:19 +0000 Comment by DjeMBeY niceeeeeeeee , like it a lot :)))) 2011/04/12 23:12:48 +0000 Comment by Crazy Ant Records @grams-productions: Thankyou GRAMS. Big support for your group keep it up. 2011/04/08 15:20:49 +0000 Comment by FelipeMagalhaes nice 2011/04/05 15:11:16 +0000 Comment by Crazy Ant Records @grams-productions: Thanks alot guys 2011/04/04 22:17:21 +0000 Comment by Elkay - (DJ / Producer) m liking your stuff, please when your free check out my tracks and maybe leave some feedback? ;) ..keep up the good work. will follow :) 2011/03/25 00:27:07 +0000 Comment by Steven Lorenz [Techno] Interesting natural sounding 2011/03/24 17:09:18 +0000 Comment by j lousat nice break! 2011/03/21 08:25:50 +0000 Comment by neologic great track 2011/03/16 11:51:13 +0000 Comment by Mattias K Nice track m8! check out my progressive! 2011/03/15 16:12:15 +0000 Comment by GUZ MARIÑO Awesome Melody! please take a listen of my new track!!,THANKS! 2011/03/14 19:07:07 +0000 Comment by Disco Mike Really a brilliant song. Just getting started on the remix now and I'm really excited to build on this idea. 2011/03/11 01:50:15 +0000 Comment by OfficialAscend I would like to join this contest please :) also sent a message on soundcloud 2011/03/06 23:49:00 +0000 Comment by Lucas Michelini beautiful track 2011/03/03 01:32:53 +0000 Comment by Lucas Michelini nice break 2011/03/03 01:32:42 +0000 Comment by Lucas Michelini great 2011/03/03 01:32:24 +0000 Comment by P.I.M.P COMMUNITY RADIO Thanks for the group share please take the time to listen and comment on others work within the group and if you are interested in playing your work live please the join the following forums thanks for your time :D http://pimp-portal.forumsmotions.com/ Or join the facebook page or radio group http://www.facebook.com/home.php?sk=group_175392879163821&id=182934248409684¬if_t=like http://pimp-portal.forumsmotions.com/ Or join the facebook radio group http://www.facebook.com/home.php?sk=group_175392879163821&id=182934248409684¬if_t=like 2011/03/02 14:43:09 +0000


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Learn More
The Lonely Chimney Apartments
Barcelona, Spain
Located less than 5 minutes´ walk from Metro Station, these air-conditioned apartments feature modern decor. You can enjoy city views.
Learn More
Village Beach Resort
Phi Phi Don, Thailand
Relaxing beach stays await at Phi Phi Island Village Beach Resort, which features a private beach and infinity pool equipped with a pool bar.
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Hotel Grande Bretagne
Athens, Greece
The Grande Bretagne boasts luxurious rooms and stunning city views from its magnificent rooftop terrace.
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Residenza Di Ripetta
Rome, Italy
Set in a historical building in the Roman Ghetto area, HT6 Hotel Roma offers stylish rooms with parquet floors and free WiFi.
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The St Regis Bora Bora Resort
Motu Tape, French Polynesia
Located on the tropical island of Bora Bora, the beachfront St Regis Resort offers 2 swimming pools, 2 bars, 4 restaurants and a luxurious day spa.
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Palace Bonvecchiati
Venice, Italy
Located just 250 m from Venice's Saint Mark's Square, Palace Bonvecchiati offers contemporary rooms with elegant furniture and air conditioning.


text:
This article is about the Real World
Box SummaryEdit
Clayton is the quintessential gear. He's everything his brothers Anthony and Benjamin aspired to become- strong, confident, and ready to do what it takes to ensure that every locust in front of him is dead before he walks away.
- The figure includes the Mk 2 Lancer Assault Rifle.
- The armor detail is amped up for this figure, including tattoos, armor paint, and helmet scratches.


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I love food --- I am blessed with the gene that allows me to eat whatever-the-hell I want while staying below 300 pounds. I love cooking --- I am gifted with a palette that's afforded me to savor the most foul-smelling cheese while others run for the hills. I love to drink one glass of wine --- I am cursed with a low alcohol tolerance that spurs me to a spontaneous dance on the second glass. I love foreign languages, if you speak one, let's talk. And French especially, I am a total Francophile so If you speak French, let's practiiseee, je vous en prie!
I am Drink, Eat, Dance and language nerd!
Movies: Foreign films, lots and lots of French films. The English Patient is my all time favorite, I must have watched it about 20 times.
Music: Jazz, Blues, and some Jay Z
Food: Italian food is my favorite. Frutti di mare with some good
bread and olive oil and I am set.
2. A good ACME baguette.
3. A good cup of tea.
4. Good music.
5. Laptop.
6. My trusty fountain pen.


text:
Whether you need advice, knowhow, training or mentoring, our legal experts have tailored sector experience. Focusing on reducing the risk to your business, we recognise that different sectors bring with them a variety of challenging organisational needs.
We have a practical understanding of working with HR teams and directors in your industry and work hard to communicate in an approachable, authentic, decisive way.
Our employment law specialists operate across the UK on a full range of strategic and operational people issues including contracts, TUPE, restrictive covenants, people change projects, discrimination, equality and diversity, absence and performance management, disciplinary matters, settlement agreements, terminations, IT and data security, recruitment, retirement or being taken to an employment tribunal.
Whether you need wise counsel, training or mentoring we manage your risk and are focused on achieving your commercial objectives. We work as part of your extended HR and legal teams and communicate in an approachable, authentic and decisive way.
View our employment law related articles and updates »
View our interview with Business Talk TV about zero hours contracts »
In addition we have started to observe new risks emerging in the handling of employment law issues in relation to the Senior Insurance Managers Regime. These risks have implications for the forthcoming extension of the Senior managers & Certification Regime to insurance intermediaries.
Please download our information sheet for further information about these risks and how they can be managed >
Recent quotes from our clients via Chambers & Partners and Legal 500 include:
"The speed of response in itself shows that the apparatus is strong. The team works all hours to meet our deadline, but it is not just the speed, but the issues that they deliver on. I never had questions about the quality."
"The speed of response and partner involvement was crucial. The well-balanced team was willing to reach a mutual agreement and understood the needs of the business early on."
We recently held a webinar taking people through the latest employment law developments. Our practical and commercial update covered the key issues facing businesses and provided an insight into future developments.
Click here to receive a copy of the webinar and sign up for updates »


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Aranyam River Retreat, Rishikesh
Aranyam River Retreat Details
Located at Mohanchatti, about 25 km from Rishikesh is the delightful riverside camp, Aranyam River Retreat. This could be the perfect vacation spot for both adventure lovers, nature enthusiasts and vacationers. This camp is on the banks of River Huel and offers great views of nature.
At Aranyam Retreat one can also experience utmost rejuvenation, while they also enjoy themselves in the adventurous activities offered here. The accommodation facility at this Retreat Camp is comfortable and luxurious, while the facilities and services offered here are remarkable.


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Military Academy Sports to Continue Through October, Despite Shutdown
October 11, 2013
Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel said Thursday that sports at the military service academies will continue through the end of October despite the government shutdown, the Associated Press reported. The Pentagon had allowed for last weekend's games to be played but it was unclear whether they would continue. Most funding for the competitions is coming from outside sources, not Congress.
Opinions on Inside Higher Ed
Inside Higher Ed's Blog U
What Others Are Reading
- Viewed
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Aubade Idylle Parisienne Balconette Bra
Experience luxury in this exquisite colorful balconette bra Bold floral and arabesque patterns make up this stunning style Seamed, sheer lace underwire cups promote lift and shape Customize your fit with back adjustable stretch straps Plush, 3 column, 2 row hook and eye back closure Columns and rows increase with size Luxurious semi-sheer tulle and Leavers lace Chic, bra storage bag included Content: Cup Lace: 81% Polyamide, 19% Elastane. Side Lace: 84% Polyamide, 16% Elastane. Lining: 100% Polyamide. Knit: 74% Polyamide, 26% Elastane. Country of Origin: Imported
Aubade Folies Frivoles Demi Bra
Look stunning in this gorgeous tulle underwire bra Seamed demi cups with padded inner slings for support Beautiful floral embroidery and pinstripe pattern Rigid double front straps, back adjustable stretch straps 3 column, 2 row hook and eye back closure Columns and rows increase with size High quality stretch tulle Designed in France Content: Body: 100% Polyester. Country of Origin: Imported
Aubade A L'Amour Half Cup Balconette Bra
Feel like a queen in this stunning lace and tulle underwire bra Gorgeous layers of tulle and lace make up this incredible piece Sheer, lightly lined seamed cups encourage subtle lift Elastic lining along upper cup edge for a custom fit feel Ornate appliqués secure tulle outer slings offering light support Decorative front rigid straps with adjustable stretch back straps Silky, smooth 3 column, 2 row hook and eye back closure Luxurious stretch mesh, tulle and stitched lace Content: Lace Front Cup: 92% Polyamide, 8% Elastane. Lining: 100% Polyester. Tulle Front: 80% Polyamide, 20% Elastane. Back Tulle: 92% Polyamide, 8% Elastane. Country of Origin: Imported


text:
new one-of-a-kind product called "Wacky Vac" now makes it easier than ever to clean computer keyboards as well as other office equipment. The unusual looking vacuum attachment features 25 super suction pipes with soft filament brushes. This unique attachment makes cleaning hard to get at places a breeze. The soft bristle brushes loosen the dust and the flexible pipes vacuum it up. It works great! The "Wacky Vac" can prevent damage to computer keyboards as well as other office equipment by keeping them dust free. Includes:
1 Wacky Vac Unit


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5:00 pm
At Central, a 5k always invites participants to complete the course as best they can – whether at a run, jog or walk. However, a 5k that invites its attendees to face fearsome zombies is a whole new adventure. University Recreation, Winegars and the CWU Law & Justice Club will host the Zombie 5k, Saturday, Nov. 2. Come out to the SURC East Patio at 5 p.m. to register for this one of a kind race. Human participants take off at 6 p.m. and should be prepared not only for a fun 5k, but the apocalypse, as zombies will be lurking around the course.
Participants will receive a drawstring bag and registration is only $15 at the Recreation Center or online at www.cwu.edu/tickets. Proceeds will be donated to the Behind the Badge Foundation, an organization dedicated to aiding the families of fallen police officers. The first 25 to register will receive a free Behind the Badge t-shirt.
This event features mature themes, and participants are asked to please not bring pets – zombies gobble dogs like breakfast cereal.
Don't miss the chance to make a contribution and show off your ability to outrun even the fiercest of zombies.
For more information, please contact Eric Scott at 509-963-3511 or email@example.com.


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Whether you're a skier, snowboarder or snowmobiler – there's no better way to be backcountry ready than by taking an Avalanche Safety Course with Crested Butte Mountain Guides! Crested Butte Mountain Guides offers professional Level I and Level II courses as well as our popular Refresher Course, throughout the entire winter. Our instructors helped to developed the standard avalanche course curriculum used across Colorado and the country known as AIARE (Avalanche Institute for Avalanche Research and Education). ALL our instructors are AIARE trained and certified.
Avalanche Refresher Course
Already taken a Level 1 Avalanche Course, but feeling a bit rusty on your skills? Our 1-day Refresher Course is perfect for brushing up on those skills before re-entering the backcountry. We'll spend the entire day out in the field, focusing on terrain recognition, travel techniques, decision-making, and a mock rescue scenario. This course is also a great a way to stay up-to-date on the latest industry news, equipment, tests and techniques. Instructor to student ratio is 6:1.
Avalanche Safety Course Level I
This course is a 3-day, 24-hour introduction to avalanche hazard management. You will be presented with the basics of how to recognize these hazards, how to manage them, how to minimize them, and finally how to respond in case of an emergency. During this course, we'll analyze an avalanche forecast, identify avalanche terrain and avalanche types, learn basic rescue techniques, gain an understanding of basic snow pack properties, learn the basics of route selection/terrain features, and more. Six town-based sessions will be offered. Instructor to student ratio is 6:1. Each session is open to a maximum of 12 students.
Avalanche Safety Course Level II
With a solid foundation of avalanche safety, we'll dive deeper into the principles and techniques in Level I, but with a strong focus on the science behind it. This 4-day course is great for anyone looking to become a backcountry guide or for the advanced backcountry enthusiast. We'll explore the snow metamorphism process and how it relates to backcountry snow stability, weak layer formation in the snow pack, temperature gradient and its effects on snow, standardized observations and recordings for weather, avalanche activity, and snowpack, practice advanced rescue techniques, and more. Instructor to student ratio is 6:1. Each session is open to a maximum of 12 students.
Hut-Based Level I
With our Level I Hut Course you'll have the opportunity to put your newfound knowledge into practice immediately. The curriculum mirrors that of the Level I course, but takes place in the environment of a backcountry ski hut. You'll be able to completely immerse yourself in the course curriculum by taking your Level I course at the Maroon Hut in the former mining town of Gothic (just outside the town of Crested Butte). Breakfast and dinner are provided during the 3-day course. Six hut-course sessions offered. Instructor to student ratio is 6:1. Each session is open to a maximum of 6 students.


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PHOENIX (AP) The mother of Phoenix Suns star Amare Stoudemire was ordered Tuesday to remain under house arrest while awaiting trial on felony aggravated DUI charges.
Carrie Mae Stoudemire, 50, could face up to 4½ years in jail if convicted for two counts of aggravated DUI during a trial that could begin June 26 in Maricopa County Superior Court.
A Superior Court commissioner Tuesday rejected Stoudemire's requests to be free to leave home to work for her son and attend church services while under house arrest in suburban Ahwatukee.
She was arrested Oct. 21 after crashing into a barricade on Interstate 10.
Stoudemire was charged with two counts of aggravated DUI, in addition to giving the officer a fake driver's license which she obtained while on probation for two previous counts of aggravated DUI from an incident in Phoenix in 2003.
Stoudemire also was arrested at Scottsdale Fashion Square and charged in July 2004 with shoplifting more than $1,100 in clothes from an upscale store.
She pleaded innocent last month to the DUI charges and will remain in an electronic monitoring program while under house arrest, authorities said.
Copyright 2006 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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We have of course talked about hot Rugby dudes before but this time we are going to talk about some hot rugby hunks taking it all off for their calendars. Yes, it's nude calendar time!
Now, I know all of you already know the most famous of Rugby Calendars, I could only be talking about the French rugby players with their "Dieux Du Stade" calendar that have been going on for more than 10 years! Their calendars are amazing and of course very, very sexy.
But I wanted to take a look at the fellas from the SHU Rugby Club that have been making their version of the naked calendar since 2006 and they are real, raw and ridiculously HOT! Of course they do the calendar but they also have a behind the scenes DVD that shows the friskier side of the boys when they are in front of the camera and of course there is a whole lotta grabbing, slapping and beefy asses galore! I think it's all good but what really gets me going is their accent! I LOVE it! Seriously, that alone is enough to make me jizz! (Okay... way too much information!)
The great thing about these hunks is that they are totally aware that most of the people that buy their calendars and DVD's are gay and they love their fan base. This is quite a refreshing thing considering that most think that Rugby is a totally homophobic sport. These lads are out to prove that things are changing and are they ever!


text:
According to WFAN Sports Radio 660 and MetsBlog, the Mets and free-agent RHP Jose Lima have agreed to a minor-league deal. Rickey Henderson and Lima Time, who wouldn't buy tickets to that show
Pitching for the Kansas City Royals last season, Lima was astounding 5–16 with a 6.99 ERA. In 2005, however, he tossed 170 innings for the Los Angeles Dodgers going 13–5 with 4.07 ERA
<stats> Player=Jose Lima Type=Pitching Years=2004,2005 </stats>
Lima, 33, is a streaky pitcher. He can get on a roll and make you smile, such as his final six starts with the Dodgers in 2005, when he posted a 2.95 ERA. He can also fall apart rather quickly, such as last season when he allowed 33 runs in May.
This is the quintessential lottery-pick signing. Good luck, lima…


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E-Learning with Moodle
Group Work
Group editing functions can also be useful if all of your students contribute regularly. Trainers can divide the students into groups and assign the groups work on various activity types. Also, it is possible to create different group assignments that allow students to work in larger teams for some assignments and smaller teams for others. For many activity types, you can specify whether students should do the work in groups or individually.
Tests and Evaluations
If you give final grades for a course, you can grade all of the activities and even use different grading systems (e.g., percentages from 0 to 100 or legacy school grades with plus and minus scales). The Administration | Grades menu shows an overview of completed activities and average grades of your students. Students only see their own grades. When you are grading activities, you can optionally provide feedback, which Moodle will mail to your students.
Simple tests include multiple choice questions, and in a language course, for example, you could test vocabulary. Moodle even does a little math, so you can create problems in which numbers vary automatically and Moodle calculates the correct answers according to a formula you supply. When you create test questions, you can group them in a pool from which individual tasks are selected for a test. Moodle automatically grades simple tests, but for more complex tests, you assign grades manually. Teachers can grade collaborative work as well, such as a glossary or other team activities.
Moodle is a highly complex e-learning system – understanding its features and using them meaningfully takes some practice. Having said this, it is quite easy to make a start. If you already have a traditional website with simple content collections, you can transfer them easily into the Moodle system and add interactive elements as needed. If you intend to put Moodle to serious use, the Moodle website has numerous tips [5].
- Moodle: http://www.moodle.org/
- Activities: http://docs.moodle.org/en/Activities
- Moodle wiki: http://docs.moodle.org/en/Main_Page
- Google AdSense plugin: http://www.gennarovarriale.it/2007/03/20/google-adsense-for-moodle/
- Teacher documentation: http://docs.moodle.org/en/Teacher_documentation
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Kolab Now Integrates Collaborate Online
Kolab Now subscribers now have access to Collabora Online.
Endless OS, a Distribution Without Internet
A new version of Endless OS has been released.
GitHub Announces Open Source Friday Program
They encourage people to take time out and work on open source projects on Friday.
System76 Announces Their Own Distro, Pop!_OS
Pop!_OS is based on Ubuntu and uses the Gnome stack.
Linus Torvalds Talks About His Motivation
He never tires of working on the Linux kernel.
Debian 9 Stretches Its Wings
The new release of Debian has a very strong focus on security.
Trojan Turns Raspberry Pi into a Cryptocurrency Mining Device
Two trojans in the wild are targeting Linux machines.
Fedora 26 Beta Comes with New Features
The workstation comes with the latest Gnome desktop environment and support for many application build systems.
Raspberry Pi Foundation Merges with CoderDojo Foundation
The two foundations join forces to expand their efforts to reach young people.
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Millions of devices that use Samba Server are vulnerable to attacks.


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Mann Suzanne B Phd is located at the address 23545 Crenshaw Blvd in Torrance, California 90505. They can be contacted via phone at (310) 320-9307 for pricing, hours and directions. Mann Suzanne B Phd specializes in Malpractice, Probate, Wills & Estates, Stress Management.
Mann Suzanne B Phd has an annual sales volume of 0 - 500K. . For more information contact Suzanne Mann,
Mann Suzanne B Phd...
Mann Suzanne B PhD is a Psychologist office located in Torrance, CA. A psychologist focuses on the evaluation, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral health issues. A clinical psychologist uses psychotherapy and other counseling skills to improve emotional and mental health.
Please call Mann Suzanne B PhD at (310) 320-9307 to schedule an appointment in...
Be the first YellowBot user to add photos or videos of Mann Suzanne B PHD
Mann Suzanne B PHD can be found at Crenshaw Blvd 23545. The following is offered: Mental Health Clinics. The entry is present with us since Sep 9, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Torrance there are 51 other Mental Health Clinics. An overview can be found here.
Mann Suzanne B PhD is a Psychologist facility at 23545 Crenshaw Boulevard in Torrance, CA.
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text:
4174 E Agave Road Phoenix, AZ 85044
Hi, David Tucker, ABR, GRI, CDPE.
My name is
and I have a question about 4174 E Agave Road Phoenix
You can respond by either emailing me at
or call during
My Question Is:
Estimated Monthly Payment$5,051
Directions West on Ray Road, Right on Ranch Circle North, Left on 41st, to Agave, Incredible sharp home located next to very private common area. Freshly painted interior, very open light and bright. Granite counter tops in kitchen & stainless steel appliances that remain with the home. Newer bathroom vanities in both bathrooms. Upgraded light laminate flooring in the great room, tile in the bathrooms &laundry room. Over sized zen backyard with two patio areas, fountain and lush trees. Mountain Park Ranch amenities cover 3 community pool, one heated, tennis courts, basket ball courts, sand volley ball area & tot lots. Monthly Townes HOA covers outside landscaping, two pools, insurance for complex, trash, painting exterior (completed in 2013)& roof maintenance & repairs. All roofs were replaced in 2008 with a 10 year warranty. No neighbors behind you or to one side
Interior Features Include:
Kitchen Disposal, Granite Countertops, Built-in Microwave, Range/Oven Elec, Pantry, Refrigerator, Dishwasher
Heating: Electric Heat
Floor Type: Laminate, Tile
Exterior Features Include:
Fence Block
Acreage: 0.0700 Acres
Landscape Desert Back, Auto Timer H2O Back, Auto Timer H2O Front, Desert Front
Square Feet 2979
Roof: All Tile
Foundation Frame - Wood
Parking Electric Door Opener
Garage Capacity: 2
Other Features Include:
Subdivision: The Townes at Mountain Park RAnch
Water: City Water
Sewer: Sewer - Public
Re/max Fine Properties
Cell: (602) 762-7653
Fax: (480) 355-1714
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Information provided by the Arizona Regional Multiple Listing Service, and is deemed reliable but not guaranteed accurate. Copyright 2009 Arizona Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. All rights reserved. Indicates a property listed by a real estate brokerage other than the owner of this site.


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The moment you suggest that you throw your friend a surprise party, panic sets in. But don't worry, there are quite a few restaurants where you can rent out a dining room for special events. Bet you feel better already!
- No picture yet
MYAD1via A. Vespucci, 14 89123 Regcal
Average price €25.00
- Mediterranean
- Can be privatized
- Other restaurants near Regcal match your search
- No picture yet
Le ColonneVia Vincenzo Niutta I-89041 Caulonia
Average price €25.00
- Calabrese
- Can be privatized
Nearby cities
- Soverato Marina 17.44km
- Catanzaro 42.32km
Filter by
Your search
- Services : Can be privatized


text:
With First Tutors: Music you can find a Lauder euphonium teacher. Euphonium tuition are the perfect way to begin an entertaining new hobby, acquire a new skill and gain confidence with euphonium. Try our service to search for Lauder euphonium tutors and select which best suits your needs so you can begin your euphonium tuition in Lauder immediately!
This is the only place to contact Lauder euphonium tutors in the UK, helping you find Lauder euphonium lessons close to you and Lauder teachers to help with any instrument like piano, violin or guitar. We can help you find Lauder euphonium lessons or a one-to-one Lauder euphonium teacher to prepare for euphonium grades and improve your euphonium skills! Our search will order Lauder euphonium tutors near you according to their hourly prices and distance from you.
If you are a euphonium tutor wishing to offer your euphonium lessons in Lauder or anywhere else across the UK, please register with First Tutors: Music or find out more about us here. Becoming a Lauder euphonium teacher is a fantastic way to re-affirm your own skills by providing euphonium lessons while assisting someone else, all in the Lauder area!