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Estimating and validating disability-adjusted life years at the global level: a methodological framework for cancer
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) link data on disease occurrence to health outcomes, and they are a useful aid in establishing country-specific agendas regarding cancer control. The variables required to compute DALYs are however multiple and not readily available in many countries. We propose a methodology that derives global DALYs and validate variables and DALYs based on data from various cancer registries.
We estimated DALYs for four countries (Norway, Bulgaria, India and Uganda) within each category of the human development index (HDI). The following sources (indicators) were used: Globocan2008 (incidence and mortality), various cancer registries (proportion cured, proportion treated and duration of disease), treatment guidelines (duration of treatment), specific burden of disease studies (sequelae and disability weights), alongside expert opinion. We obtained country-specific population estimates and identified resource levels using the HDI, DALYs are computed as the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disabilities.
Using mortality:incidence ratios to estimate country-specific survival, and by applying the human development index we derived country-specific estimates of the proportion cured and the proportion treated. The fit between the estimates and observed data from the cancer registries was relatively good. The final DALY estimates were similar to those computed using observed values in Norway, and in WHO's earlier global burden of disease study. Marked cross-country differences in the patterns of DALYs by cancer sites were observed. In Norway and Bulgaria, breast, colorectal, prostate and lung cancer were the main contributors to DALYs, representing 54% and 45%, respectively, of the totals. These cancers contributed only 27% and 18%, respectively, of total DALYs in India and Uganda.
Our approach resulted in a series of variables that can be used to estimate country-specific DALYs, enabling global estimates of DALYs and international comparisons that support priorities in cancer control.
Cancer is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality globally, with 12.7 new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths worldwide in 2008
In describing cancer patterns and trends as a means to plan and evaluate cancer control policies, incidence, mortality and survival are considered the standard set of indicators. This study provides a methodological framework for estimating an indicator that integrates the above measures with metrics related to non-fatal outcomes. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) measure loss of health as a result of illness in the population relative to the ideal scenario where everyone in the population lives into old age in full health
The paper aims to provide an overview of methodological approaches to calculate sex-specific DALYs for 27 cancer types based on the modeling of indicators derived from numerous epidemiological histories for each of the common cancer sites. Cancer-specific DALYs have been previously estimated in a global or national context
To calculate DALYs
YLLs were calculated by multiplying the number of cancer-specific deaths at a given age by the standard life expectancy for that age (or age group, Formula 2). As has been done in earlier global burden of disease project, we used the model life-table West with a life expectancy at birth of 82.5 years for women and 80 years for men
YLDs were derived as the product of the number of new cases, the average duration of the disability and disability weightings for the condition (or disease state, Formula 3). Disability weights represent a value preference that scales a condition or state from 0 (full health) to 1 (death)
The general form of the proposed natural history model for cancer is illustrated in Figure
I. Those who were treated (
II. Those who died from cancer after treatment (
III. Those who did not receive treatment (
Figure 1
a: Three-stage natural disease history for cancer. b: Two-stage disease history model
a: Three-stage natural disease history for cancer.b: Two-stage disease history model.
On the basis of this natural history model and the parameters contained within, we estimated DALYs for 27 cancers. In this paper we present and validate DALYs for four countries, one within each category of the HDI: Norway, Bulgaria, India and Uganda, in 2008. The main sources of data and the estimation methods are set out below.
Cancer incidence and mortality
The incident number of cancer cases and deaths according to sex and age were extracted from GLOBOCAN 2008
Proportion cured, proportion treated and proportion with sequelae
Proportion cured (s)
The proportion of patients statistically cured from cancer is reached when a group of patients have (almost) the same mortality as the general population
Proportion treated (p)
This measure was estimated as the percentage of patients who received either surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of two or more of the aforementioned treatments. We applied the ratio of the proportion treated (from the Cancer Registry of Norway (for solid tumors) and of Ireland (for Kaposi sarcoma and haematological malignancies)) to the reported proportion cured,
Proportion of survivors living with sequelae
Sequelae among survivors are commonly related to the cancer-specific treatment. Estimating the distribution of survivors who are living with sequelae requires systematic assessment of the available evidence on treatment types, the survival among specific treatment group, as well as the duration and severity of the disability. These data are generally not available; and where they were, were mainly from high-resource countries with highly-developed cancer registration systems. We therefore could only obtain for a number of limited cancer sites, a set of disabling sequelae (Table
Duration of different phases of disease
The median survival time of those who will die as a consequence of one of 13 cancers (oropharyngeal, oesophageal, stomach, colorectal, liver, gallbladder, pancreatic, lung, ovarian, kidney, bladder, central nervous system cancers and leukemia), as reported by Småstuen et al
Time to cure (TC)
Estimates of the time to cure were obtained by means of visual inspection of cancer-specific relative cumulative and conditional survival curves obtained from cancer survival report of the Cancer Registry of Norway in 2007
Duration of diagnosis and treatment (LD)
A general delay of 2 months, prior to treatment onset, was assumed. This includes a period of one month for cancer diagnosis, an initial period that includes diagnostic work-up and ascertainment of stage and degree of dissemination of the disease. In many countries, delivery of cancer treatment may be delayed up to a few weeks or months after diagnosis
Evidence-based guidelines for cancer treatment by site in the Netherlands were examined to determine the duration of each treatment modality
Disability weights
Disability weights reflect the social preference or value attached to different states of health. In calculating DALYs, the average population weight (or preference) was used, instead of individual values. The weights were estimated using the person trade-off method whereby participants were asked to value the severity of various conditions on a scale of 0 (full health) to 1 (a health state equivalent to death) relative to a set of pre-determined weights of several conditions
Discounting and age weighting
Controversies exist as to whether discounting should be applied when DALYs are measured
Sensitivity analyses
We examined the impact on the estimate of DALYs of several different assumptions in the calculation:
1. Estimates of the proportion cured and proportion treated by country. Estimates from Norway, based on the reported proportion cured and proportion treated from the Cancer Registry of Norway, were compared with those derived through the modeling exercises, described above. We also validated the modeled estimates of proportion treated against observed treatment data obtained from eight Cancer Registries (Bulgaria, India (Mumbai), Ireland, Jordan, Norway, Poland (Holy Cross), the Republic of Korea and Slovakia).
2. Use of a two-stage natural history model. We sought to assess the impact on the DALYs if a simpler two-stage model, in which data on treatment is no longer required, was used (Figure
3. Using the reported proportion of advanced cancer cases as a proxy for the proportion that did not receive treatment. The lack of high-quality treatment data worldwide is a concern in calculating DALYs and we assessed whether the proportion of cases with distant cancer is a better proxy for the proportion of cases who did not receive curatively-intended treatment in the three-stage natural history disease.
4. Impact of discounting and age weighting (as described above).
In the text that follows we report the results of each of these validation exercises the estimated DALYs in four countries (Norway, Bulgaria, India and Uganda), populations representative of the four quartiles of the human development index (very high, high, medium and low, respectively). The DALYs are presented in these countries, examining the relative contribution of YLL and YLD to the DALYs according to cancer site.
Estimates in four countries: Disability-adjusted live years
In the four countries considered (Norway, Bulgaria, India and Uganda) the total DALYs lost due to the 27 cancer sites included in this study were 4503, 5569, 3022, and 6491 per 100,000 population respectively (Figure
Figure 2
Years lost due to disability (YLDs, white bar), years of life lost (YLLs, black bar) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs, sum of YLLs and YLDs) per 100,0000 in 2008 for Norway (a and b), Bulgaria (c and d), India (e and f) and Uganda (g and h)
Years lost due to disability (YLDs, white bar), years of life lost (YLLs, black bar) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs, sum of YLLs and YLDs) per 100,0000 in 2008 for Norway (a and b), Bulgaria (c and d), India (e and f) and Uganda (g and h). Estimates were age standardised according to the world standard population and not discounted nor weighted (0,0).
In all countries most of the DALYs lost are due to early death from cancers i.e. YLLs over DALYs were 81%, 90%, 94% and 97% in Norway, Bulgaria, India and Uganda. The YLDs had more importance in cancers that are both common (high incidence) and with moderate or good survival, such as breast, colorectum, prostate and cervical cancers. Generally, the fraction of DALYs represented by YLDs was greater in the more developed countries. For example for breast cancer, the proportions of YLDs over DALYs were 38%, 26%, 15% and 11% in Norway, Bulgaria, India and Uganda respectively. The proportions of YLDs over DALYs were also substantial for testicular cancer (79% in Norway) and Hodgkin lymphoma (55% in Norway).
Sensitivity analyses
Observed versus modeled estimates of the proportion cured/proportion treated and impact on DALYs
We validated the model-based estimates of proportion cured and treated by comparing these with the observed data from Norway (Table
Figure 3
Observed proportion treated in 8 cancer registries and estimated proportion worldwide for colorectal cancer
Observed proportion treated in 8 cancer registries and estimated proportion worldwide for colorectal cancer.
Finally Table
Two- versus three-stage natural history models
The age adjusted DALYs per 100,000 for Norway, estimated by the two-stage history model, are presented in Table
Advanced cancers as a proxy for untreated proportions
Impact of discounting and age weighting
As expected, compared with the basic model the rates of DALYs after discounting and age weighing are much lower. Discounting and age weighing did not substantially change ranking of cancer sites. Generally we observed an increase in the proportion of DALYs due to YLDs after discounting and age weighting. The size and direction of the effect varied by country, but the increase in the YLDs:DALYs ratio was greatest in Uganda, and generally larger for cancers of the brain, nervous system and Hodgkin Lymphoma.
In this paper we propose a methodology for estimation of global disability-adjusted life years for cancer. Many epidemiological variables are required to compute DALYs in a single country according to the three-stage natural history model, and, given the paucity of such data (irrespective of quality) in many countries, the compilation of DALYs at the global level is particularly challenging. Variables such as the proportion cured from, or treated for different cancers, required in the calculation of the YLDs, are unavailable in most countries, particularly in low and middle income regions. The approach outlined in this paper has produced a practical set of estimates enabling cross-country comparisons of DALYs and their two components, YLL and YLD. Such indicators – over and above incidence, mortality and survival - provide valuable additional information for planning and investing in cancer services within current health systems and help establish the need for population interventions aimed at reducing the burden of the disease.
Cancer survival has been increasing over the last four decades in many more developed countries such as Norway and Bulgaria. Inequalities in survival are reflected in the larger proportion of the DALYs that are attributable to YLD in these countries, compared to the less developed countries such as India or Uganda. Advances in the treatment of several cancers - such oral cavity, leukemia, testicular cancer has resulted in increasing survival
Previous studies of the global burden of cancer were performed by WHO as part of a wider effort to map the global burden of disease in general
Figure 4
Comparison of disability-adjusted live years per 100,000 (3 % discounting and age weighting) for 13 cancers in Norway, Bulgaria, India and Uganda, as estimated in the present study (current), and in the GBD study of WHO (WHO).
Comparison of disability-adjusted live years per 100,000 (3% discounting and age weighting) for 13 cancers in Norway, Bulgaria, India and Uganda, as estimated in the present study (current), and in the GBD study of WHO (WHO)
This project has been followed by more recent assessments of the global disease burden, as well as various national initiatives
We modeled proportion cured based on the relation between the mortality to incidence ratio and the human development index. In an earlier paper we have shown a strong correlation between gross domestic product (GDP) and cancer specific survival
The simpler two-stage
As the intention of treatment (curative or palliative) tends to be recorded less well than treatment modality, we assumed that the proportion of patients receiving any cancer treatment was a reasonable proxy of proportion curatively treated. This is probably a slight overestimation of the true proportion of patients who received curative treatment, as was indicated by the sensitivity analysis. We also considered the use of advanced cases as a proxy of patients who did not receive curative treatment; this had an effect of overestimating the YLD by up to 4%. Such an observation likely resulted from a larger proportion of YLD contributed by patients who were treated but eventually died from cancer.
The limitations of this study pertain to the inputs and necessary assumptions we have made, given the lack of information available at the appropriate level of detail as input for the calculation of DALYs. Firstly incidence and mortality data were derived from the GLOBOCAN2008 which are estimates with varying accuracy depending on the availability of country-specific data
Secondly, the YLD calculations are based on rather limited country-level data, and most parameters are based on data from high-income countries. As an example country-specific proportion cured was modeled using survival:proportion cured ratio as observed in Norway. Applying this ratio to other higher income country may not cause substantial bias as treatment and follow-up practices may be comparable. Third line treatments might delay deaths from relatively advanced disease and hence after "statistical" cure, patients may still have a higher mortality relative to that observed in the general population. On the other hand, it may be hypothesised in less developed countries, treated patients who are considered cured effectively have a similar mortality experience to the general population. In such circumstances, we may underestimate the proportion cured in the lower and middle income countries.
Furthermore, we assumed a uniform period of two months between onset of symptoms and treatment (allowing for delays due to the patient and the medical care system). While the duration of delay might be reasonable for high income countries, it is probably too optimistic in low and middle income settings. While there are many population-specific studies related to specific cancers
Fourthly, in calculating DALYs, we clearly missed many long-term consequences from cancers. For example infertility after chemotherapy for haematological cancer patients is well reported
Finally, the burden of disease study in Australia has adjusted disability weight for common co-occurring diseases, which we have not undertaken in this study
In this paper we have presented a methodological approach to derive the variables needed to compute DALYs from cancer on a global scale. Such estimates should help setting global priorities in health care with a view to reducing the burden of cancer. The methodological approach suggested in this study should enable all countries worldwide to calculate DALYs from cancer with a reasonable degree of validity. Greater precision in the sets of parameters used in this study would be provided for by an enhancement of data availability and accuracy, and the reporting of the relevant statistics required.
Based on the results of this study, it highlights the important role of prevention in reducing the cancer burden given the large share of premature mortality from cancer, as estimated in the DALYs; even in a country with high-quality cancer services such as Norway. Taking a long-term perspective, a continuous global effort to increase the awareness of prevention and treatment is needed. This includes the provision of estimate of DALYs as a means to assess the need for improvements in early detection and treatment, thus reducing the existing inequalities in the availability and access to cancer diagnostics and care.
Competing interests
The authors declare that we have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
IS contributed to the data collection, study design, analysis and wrote the first draft of the paper. JT contributed to the study design, analysis and finalising the manuscript. JF contributed to the data collection and finalising the manuscript. DF contributed to finalising the manuscript. DMP and CM contributed to the study design and finalising the manuscript. FB contributed to the study design and analysis and in drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
During the project IS was partially supported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Fellowship Programme, by Rubicon from the Dutch Scientific Society and the EUR Fellowship. We acknowledge the contribution of cancer registries in the provision of treatment data and thank Eric Chokunonga, Nadia Dimitrova, Fiona Dwane, Ryszard Mężyk, Omar Nimri. No funding body had a role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008
Survival for eight major cancers and all cancers combined for European adults diagnosed in 1995–99: results of the EUROCARE-4 study
Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years
Estimating and modeling the cure fraction in population-based cancer survival analysis
Estimates of the worldwide mortality from 25 cancers in 1990
The validity of the mortality to incidence ratio as a proxy for site-specific cancer survival
Superior survival of females among 10,538 Dutch melanoma patients is independent of Breslow thickness, histologic type and tumor site
Regional trends in prostate cancer incidence, treatment with curative intent and mortality in Norway 1980–2007
Time, symptom burden, androgen deprivation, and self-assessed quality of life after radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting: the Randomized Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 4 (SPCG-4) clinical trial
Paternity following treatment for testicular cancer
Patterns of primary care and survival in 336 consecutive unselected Norwegian patients with bladder cancer
Quality of life in patients with bladder carcinoma after cystectomy: first results of a prospective study
Unacceptable variation in abdominoperineal excision rates for rectal cancer: time to intervene?
Variation in 'standard care' for breast cancer across Europe: a EUROCARE-3 high resolution study
Trends in survival of patients diagnosed with cancers of the brain and nervous system, thyroid, eye, bone, and soft tissues in the Nordic countries 1964–2003 followed up until the end of 2006
Trends in survival of patients diagnosed with male genital cancers in the Nordic countries 1964–2003 followed up until the end of 2006
Trends in the survival of patients diagnosed with kidney or urinary bladder cancer in the Nordic countries 1964–2003 followed up to the end of 2006
Trends in the survival of patients diagnosed with cancers in the respiratory system in the Nordic countries 1964–2003 followed up to the end of 2006
Trends in the survival of patients diagnosed with cancers of the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx in the Nordic countries 1964–2003 followed up to the end of 2006
Comparison of elapsed times from breast cancer detection to first adjuvant therapy in Nova Scotia in 1999/2000 and 2003/04
Was there shortening of the interval between diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer in southern Netherlands between 2005 and 2008?
Disability-adjusted life years: a critical review
Research on cancer prevention, detection and management in low- and medium-income countries
Expansion of cancer care and control in countries of low and middle income: a call to action
Lung cancer mortality trends in 36 European countries: secular trends and birth cohort patterns by sex and region 1970–2007
Burden of disease due to cancer in Spain
The burden of disease and injury in the United States 1996
The burden of disease and injury in Serbia
Disability adjusted life years for cancer patients in India
Singapore's burden of disease and injury 2004
Global cancer statistics
Delay for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in Bogota, Colombia
Cancer care challenges in developing countries
Delays in the diagnosis and treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer
Surviving childhood and reproductive-age malignancy: effects on fertility and future parenthood
Impact of melanoma on patients' lives among 562 survivors: a dutch population-based study
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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We made a reservation through Tri-color car rentals, i have used them before, however now they are asking for a $1250 deposit on top of the insurance and rates. Seems very very fishy, we didnt have to pay it last time. Any other car rental locations recommended?!?! Just sorta seems like a scam or something.
Results 1 to 10 of 19
Dec 28, 2009, 08:23 PM #1Senior Member
- Join Date
- Oct 2008
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- 285
Car rental in costa rica! Please help!!!
Going into San Jose? The Thrifty at the airport is cheap and reputable.
Whatever you do, do not use Economy. I just rented a car from them in San Jose. They required a $900 deposit. I got two flats on my way to the Guanacaste and learned the hard way that the tires were as bald as my head, with 56,000 miles on them. One of the tires was destroyed and now they are trying to get $200 out of me. I have rented from National before with no problems and will use them exclusively from now on.
I did score Huge at Boca Barranca on a big south swell. 8' walls with 300-400 yard rides! If you go there stay with Diego and Katia at the Hotel Boca Barranca. It's not the nicest place,but the food is great and they treat you like family.
Mar 14, 2012, 08:48 PM #4
tell them to pack sand and go to budget. I had a great experience with them in CR. They even drove a replacement key from san jose to the west coast in the middle of the night for $50 when our stuff got stolen. Can't beat it!
Mar 14, 2012, 09:56 PM #5
Car rental - meet you at the airport with no airport fees - their quote is firm
I used these guys last time I went..
They were great. No hidden costs or surprises. Also, their vehicles are not brand new so they blend in well. They are well maintained though. Note: they do ask for deposit like tri color but it is not really charged to your card unless there is a problem.
Mar 14, 2012, 10:01 PM #6Junior Member
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- Mar 2012
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- 8
that seems way over the top expensive all the way around. fyi. if you have a credit/debit card, check with your bank or the issuer to see if they offer car rental insurance. also can check with your current car insurance to see if they will cover you. my credit card covers me for insurance on rented vehicles so as long as i pay for it with that, the rental place will waive the insurance costs. definitely a tidbit that can save you some serious cash.
Mar 14, 2012, 10:03 PM #7Junior Member
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- Mar 2012
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o yeah. take the sticker off the back.
Mar 14, 2012, 10:20 PM #8
A lot of this info would have done the guy solid back in 2009...
I've been pulled over for driving while gringo in CR so many times that I take taxis everywhere I go. Got tired of paying for tickets and bribing cops. Anyone else feel me?
Mar 14, 2012, 11:44 PM #10Member
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- Jan 2011
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I feel ya. Was pulling out of a market while putting seatbelt on and got pulled. 30 dollars american and we were on the road again. They definately look for non locals.

subset: commoncrawl


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I have blown my budget and so I am looking for a free firewall, that will enable me to specify Country level block/access by IP addresses. I already have a spare dual NIC pc ready to use.
I want to block specified country IP addresses, such as China, Russia, etc. - in fact I would prefer to block ALL except countries I specify as allowed. I would like to do this without having to pay an annual fee for this feature, so that means a free firewall type s/w, and I would like to be able to specify the countries by name rather than having to spend hours googling all the different country's IP address ranges.
Possible candidates that spring to mind, include:
- Untangle
- Smoothwall
- Clark Connect
Any recommendations, comments would be most appreciated.
Jul 28, 2011 at 8:04 UTC
I use pfSense and the Country Block extension for this. It's as easy as ticking boxes of countries that you wish to block. I'm not sure how accurate it is, but it has worked well for me.http:/
21 Replies
Jul 28, 2011 at 7:12 UTC
Vyatta, untangle, pfsense, or roll your own with linux and iptables. Doesn't matter. Any firewall can block IP's. Just put in what IP's and ranges you want to block.
Jul 28, 2011 at 7:18 UTC
Please note in my original post:
Jul 28, 2011 at 7:28 UTC
I think you will need a firewall that uses geo-location by IP [GeoIP] to create the rules. GeoIP can tell where an IP address is from, but the rules would need to be dynamic. That sounds like an interesting project.
[Edit] are you interested in blocking inbound or outbound traffic to these banned countries? [/Edit]
Jul 28, 2011 at 7:31 UTC
You never said that in your original post. You just said you wanted to block countries.
To my knowledge no firewall offers this feature.
A quick google search and I found several excellent resources:
Just add the lists you want to have access to, block the rest.
You can also look into blocking certain country domain names as another option.
Jul 28, 2011 at 7:35 UTC
I only want to block countries both way.
I want to host a mail server, and a web server and want to minimize hacking. As I only deal with in-country (Australia), US and UK people, I want to be able to make these the only sites that work.
Jul 28, 2011 at 7:43 UTC
It looks like someone has already worked on a project to link a GeoIP database with IPTables.
Jul 28, 2011 at 7:57 UTC
Iptables is awesome.
Jul 28, 2011 at 7:59 UTC
I don't believe that you will get this from a free product. I have yet to find a free product that does geo-location blocking. With that said some newer firewalls will block geo-location via a firewall rule. You can specify a single location or create a group of locations. I'm currently doing this now (see attachment). Rivitir: FYI, most new hardware firewall product have this feature include via the latest firmware update. I'm using a Fortigate currently and I believe sonicwall has this feature as well. I know that you what a free product but if you buy the hardware less than $500.00 you don't have to have the subscription for this feature to work. You will miss out on any updates and/or changes.
The other option is to build your own database. Will take a lot of work but most free products require a lot of work. Here is a website with an .csv database that you can download into excel and then run a script to upload to your free firewall product. I don't know how reliable this database is so you may see false positives. The site states that it was updated in Dec of 2010.
Jul 28, 2011 at 8:04 UTC
I use pfSense and the Country Block extension for this. It's as easy as ticking boxes of countries that you wish to block. I'm not sure how accurate it is, but it has worked well for me.http:/
Jul 28, 2011 at 8:10 UTC
What version of pfSense are you using? I have not found any info that shows they support this feature. Of course if you are doing it then they do... I will download it tonight and test it out.
Jul 28, 2011 at 8:12 UTC
Didn't see your link... Duh. Checking it out now.
Jul 28, 2011 at 8:13 UTC
Doublea: Does pfsense work with a dedicated firewall, or on the desktop?
Eric0295: which free firewall can use the CSV import list? Untangle??
Jul 28, 2011 at 8:17 UTC
Most firewalls (not sure on Untangled) will allow for a script upload for firewall rules so you will need to format the csv to a script that the firewall will read.
Jul 28, 2011 at 8:24 UTC
Doublea: Does pfSense country block option block all protocols? It seems to be tailored to email traffic to protect against spammers. If it does block all protocols do you know how to create rules for just some ports and not all. Looks like a all on or all off feature.
Jul 28, 2011 at 8:29 UTC
Eric: The link wasn't there at first, it was an afterthought.
Paul: It is a dedicated firewall, but works on a variety of hardware. It runs on FreeBSD.
Jul 28, 2011 at 8:43 UTC
Eric, as best I can recall (at home on my cell phone), it's an all or nothing solution. It suggests spam heavy countries, but blocks all protocols. I don't know of exempting certain protocols or ports, but you can whitelist netblocks.
Jul 29, 2011 at 8:14 UTC
Would using a DNSBL from countries.nerd.dk in whatever firewall you already have work?
It would be a little cumbersome to add all countries to begin with, I started monitoring the spams and added each country as they showed up.
Aug 2, 2011 at 8:53 UTC
I agree with the GeoIP/netfilter suggestion, and potentially with pfSense, though I have no beastie experience inside this decade.
As for the IP.vs.name thing, what would you suppose the checkboxes are doing? :)
Also, as a word of caution, you'll probably only want to drop new inbound connections from those countries. You might be surprised how many things break when you can't hit them outbound. We were.
Feb 18, 2015 at 3:29 UTC
Diamond Fire Inc. is an IT service provider.
PFsense does country block as linked to above with a plugin. I don't believe untangle does this natively. What I would like is IP blocking by ip upon failed connections. FAIL 2 BAN
Example 3 failed attempts to connect RDP bans the IP permanently or for x hours.
However this would require a client side app that can read the windows event logs and Linux log file. then forward the offending ip to the router to be band.
I don't like the idea of just blocking countries. Plus it's not uncommon for the hacking to come from inside the US.
Jun 26, 2015 at 2:45 UTC
I suggest going with PFSense and installing the package PFblockerNG. Besides being able to block countries based on the name it looks like you can also manually configure ports. The option is at the bottom of the page under each continent section called Advanced Inbound Firewall Rule Settings. I have never used the advanced feature but it is worth a look. In my opinion this is the best free firewall option that provides easy country blocking.
Sep 2, 2015 at 3:29 UTC
+1 for PFSense w/PFblockerNG.
Been using PFSense for ~8 years now and can't say enough for it. It'll even run on absolute garbage hardware and perform amazingly well. An old P3 was sufficient to handle an entire high school.
I also run SNORT on ours as well. Snort essentially acts like Fail2Ban in this setting, blocking suspicious activity/IPs for a certain period of time. Fail2Ban is meant for servers, and I do run it on our *nix servers and PBXs, and it does a beautiful job. Even locks me out occasionally when I'm messing around :)
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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Data from: The impact of translocations on neutral and functional genetic diversity within and among populations of the Seychelles warbler
Date Published: March 17, 2014
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.596k1
Content in the Dryad Digital Repository is offered "as is." By downloading files, you agree to the Dryad Terms of Service. To the extent possible under law, the authors have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this data.
|Wright et al_DRYADdata_110314
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|An excel file containing two sheets. One sheet of microsatellite genotypes and one sheet of major histocompatibility (MHC) genotypes of Seychelles warblers, along with a unique individual identifier, the island and year of sampling.
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Sitter in Tyler
Hello! I am a 33 year old mother of a five year old boy. I have been unhappy in my past jobs but love children and feel being a nanny would be a great fit. I also love animals so if you have pets rest asured they will also be well taken care of, and loved. Most of my work back grownd has been in retail management. I co owner a successful lawn and landscape business but my partner was unhappy and we decided to close it down. I have been trianed as a medical assistant and spent one year as a elementary school nurse. My sister has five children and I spent alot of time caring for them as well. I would love the opportunity to meet you and your family. Thank you, Lisa
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|Finest Vinyl
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Black, Coloured, Picture disc
We're dealing directly with Europe's leading pressing plants to ensure best pricing and quality for your release. You want a special vinyl color? Splatter or marble multi-color even? Gatefold, triplefold, box set? A downloadcard? We got you. We have optional additional marketing/ promotional services available We provide personal contact in Melbourne - and we can give you a hand with all your questions regarding technicalities. Weekly shipments from Europe to our Melbourne Warehouse ensure lower shipping costs and faster handling - hot off the press onto your turn- and merchtables! Just ask for our rates and specifications!
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Dear all at Finest Vinyl, I am a production coordinator from London who has recently secured her working tourist visa for Aus. I have worked for the busy Sound Performance in London now for 4 years, having started in the sales and estimating team, and progressed to the production department where I advise our labels on packaging types and creative ideas, and ensure all details and deadlines are met once they're ready to head into production. I have a vast knowledge of print and packaging for CD, vinyl and box set projects and recently dealt with the large UK band the 1975's 10,000 unit vinyl box set and Royal Blood's never ending orders of vinyl! I am looking to make the move over to Australia and would love to stay within the same industry and hopefully aid another manufacturing broker with their clients. I'm unsure for you are hiring, but if you were in the near future it would be fantastic to hear from you. I will be ready from May to move to Australia. Thanks for taking the time to read through my email and I hope to speak very soon. All the best, Kat Coogan
Kat Coogan


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Monday 11 April 1955
It was Monday, under the sign of Aries. The US president was Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican).
Famous people born on this day include Michele Scarabelli and Piers J Sellers.
In that special week of April people in US were listening to The Ballad Of Davy Crockett by Bill Hayes.
In UK Give Me Your Word by Tennessee Ernie Ford was in the top 5 hits.
Marty, directed by Delbert Mann, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1955
while The View From Pompey'S Head by Hamilton Basso was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching Damon Runyon Theater.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1955 or at April 11 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 11 April 1955 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last months ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 11 April 1955!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 11 April 1955 ?
- Saint Stanislas
- Juan Santamarfa Day, anniversary of his death in the Battle of Rivas (State holiday in Costa Rica).
- Saint Godeberta
- Saint Gemma of Lucca
- The Feast Day of Martyr Antipas in the Greek Orthodox Church.
- Saint Danidl of Grimbergen
Famous Birthdays:
- Michele Scarabelli: Actress (Jo Santini-Airwolf, Alienation, Dallas).
- Piers J Sellers: Sussex, England -- PhD / Astronaut.
- Micheal Ray Richardson: American basketball player.
- Kevin Brady: American lawyer and politician.
- Michael Callen: American singer-songwriter and activist (The Flirtations) (d. 1993).
- Micheal Richardson: American basketball player and coach
- Neville Staple: Jamaican-English singer-songwriter (The Specials Fun Boy Three and Special Beat)
- The Air India Kashmir Princess is bombed and crashes in a failed assassination attempt on Zhou Enlai by the Kuomintang.
- The Taiwanese Kuomintang put a time-bomb on the airplane ''Kashmir Princess'', killing 16 but failing to assassinate the People's Republic of China leader, Zhou Enlai.
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of April 1955 ?
Top #5 songs in the USA
- Al Hibbler - Unchained Melody
- The Breeze And I (Andalucia) - Caterina Valente
- Bill Hayes - The Ballad Of Davy Crockett
- Four Aces - Melody Of Love
- Fess Parker - Ballad Of Davy Crockett
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
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...and if 11 April 1955 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in April 1955?
- Life: Grace Kelly
- Time: Maryknoll's Mother Mary Columba
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.7404
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


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Stephen Hawking's zero g flight
Those of you who know me know how passionate I am about opening the space frontier. So when I had the chance to give the world's expert in gravity the experience of zero gravity, it was incredible. And I want to tell you that story. I first met him through the Archon X PRIZE for Genomics. It's a competition we're holding, the second X PRIZE, for the first team to sequence 100 human genomes in 10 days. We have something called the Genome 100 — 100 individuals we're sequencing as part of that. Craig Venter chairs that event.
And I met Professor Hawking, and he said his dream was to travel into space. And I said, "I can't take you there, but I can take you into weightlessness into zero-g. And he said, on the spot, "Absolutely, yes." Well, the only way to experience zero-g on Earth is actually with parabolic flight, weightless flight. You take an airplane, you fly over the top, you're weightless for 25 seconds. Come back down, you weigh twice as much. You do it again and again. You can get eight, 10 minutes of weightlessness — how NASA's trained their astronauts for so long. We set out to do this. It took us 11 years to become operational. And we announced that we were going to fly Stephen Hawking. We had one government agency and one company aircraft operator say, you're crazy, don't do that, you're going kill the guy.
And he wanted to go. We worked hard to get all the permissions. And six months later, we sat down at Kennedy Space Center. We had a press conference, we announced our intent to do one zero-g parabola, give him 25 seconds of zero-g. And if it went really well, we might do three parabolas. Well, we asked him why he wanted to go up and do this. And what he said, for me, was very moving. He said, "Life on Earth is at an ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by disaster ... I think the human race doesn't have a future if it doesn't go into space. I therefore want to encourage public interest in space." We took him out to the Kennedy Space Center, up inside the NASA vehicle, into the back of the zero-g airplane.
We had about 20 people who made donations — we raised $150,000 in donations for children's charities — who flew with us. A few TEDsters here. We set up a whole ER. We had four emergency room doctors and two nurses on board the airplane. We were monitoring his PO2 of his blood, his heart rate, his blood pressure. We had everything all set in case of an emergency; God knows, you don't want to hurt this world-renowned expert. We took off from the shuttle landing facility, where the shuttle takes off and lands.
And my partner Byron Lichtenberg and I carefully suspended him into zero-g. Once he was there, [we] let him go to experience what weightlessness was truly like. And after that first parabola, you know, the doc said everything is great. He was smiling, and we said go. So we did a second parabola.
And a third.
We actually floated an apple in homage to Sir Isaac Newton because Professor Hawking holds the same chair at Cambridge that Isaac Newton did. And we did a fourth, and a fifth and a sixth.
And a seventh and an eighth. And this man does not look like a 65-year-old wheelchair-bound man.
He was so happy. We are living on a precious jewel, and it's during our lifetime that we're moving off this planet. Please join us in this epic adventure. Thank you so much.
X Prize founder Peter Diamandis talks about how he helped Stephen Hawking fulfill his dream of going to space — by flying together into the upper atmosphere and experiencing weightlessness at zero g.
Peter Diamandis runs the X Prize Foundation, which offers large cash incentive prizes to inventors who can solve grand challenges like space flight, low-cost mobile medical diagnostics and oil spill cleanup. He is the chair of Singularity University, which teaches executives and grad students about exponentially growing technologies.
Peter Diamandis runs the X Prize Foundation, which offers large cash incentive prizes to inventors who can solve grand challenges like space flight, low-cost mobile medical diagnostics and oil spill cleanup. He is the chair of Singularity University, which teaches executives and grad students about exponentially growing technologies.


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Abra boat rides across the creek


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Hello all, and welcome to another new fic by Lulala! I usually write in the Final Fantasy X-2 section, but after beating KH2, I simply COULD NOT RESIST writing this story XD Roxas and Namine are just so darn cute XD
Somebodies, By Lulala
Rating: T, for safety. That's always a good safe rating XD
Summary: Whenever Sora and Kairi are together, Roxas and Namine are. When Sora and Kairi get in a fight and stop talking to each other, Roxas and Namine are the ones that pay for it. What will they do to get Sora and Kairi back together? (R x N, S x K)
Disclaimer: Mhmm yeah think I'd die if I owned Sora and Riku... and since I'm still alive, I obviously don't own KH XD
"You are SO slow!" Kairi called over her shoulder in Riku's general direction. "Hurry up!"
Riku rolled his eyes. "It's not like he's going anywhere, he's grounded."
Kairi gave him a look. "We told him we'd be there ten minutes ago!"
Riku shrugged. "No need to wait for me."
Kairi continued to power walk. "Sure I do! Sora wants to see us both, I'm sure!"
Riku considered this. "I spose… since he hasn't seen the outside world since we got back."
"Yeah," Kairi nodded. Riku sped up.
"How have you been feeling?" he asked her carefully.
"Riku, honestly. I'm completely fine. I'm more worried about you…"
He sighed. "We've been over this before—"
"I still think you should go see Aerith, she could work wonders on that injury—"
"Kairi," Riku said warningly. "Don't start."
"Fine," she said, fixing her eyes on the ground. "I just worry."
"Don't," he advised.
They walked the rest of the way to Sora's house in silence. They sneaked around to the back of the house, where Sora's window was located. Riku chucked pebbles at it until Sora at last realized what the clicking noise was and came to investigate.
"You guys are so late, I thought you for sure weren't gonna come!" Sora called down to them.
"Get your butt down here!" Kairi said, retrieving a long rope ladder from a rather large hole in a nearby tree. She handed it to Riku, and he tossed it up to Sora.
Once Sora had scaled down the rope ladder, all three began to walk towards one place they knew nobody would look for them—the tree house.
"How have you been, Sora?" Kairi asked, smiling. "Glad to see you out and about, by the way!"
Sora grinned back. "I know. I'm okay. Riku, you feeling—"
"Fine," Riku interrupted shortly.
"Okay, okay," Sora relented. "Maybe, sometime soon, I'll be able to believe you."
When he and his friends arrived at the tree house they had built so long ago, Riku and Sora began sharing the stories of their previous journeys with Kairi. Sora realized immediately that no matter how much fun he had had wielding the keyblade and saving others, he would never feel more comfortable and at home than he did at that very moment.
After several hours of talking, Kairi finally asked the question that had been burning in Sora's brain for quite some time. "You guys… what about Roxas and Naminé?"
"Don't you remember? They said, just before they disappeared… that whenever we were together, they would be together," Sora reminded her.
"Oh, right…" Kairi thought in silence for a moment before saying, "Sora, do you think they're happy now?"
"Of course!" Sora replied. "We're together, aren't we?"
"Yes, we are," Naminé answered quietly. "Roxas?"
"Roxas, it's Naminé!"
His eyes shot open. "No way. I can actually talk to you?"
She giggled. "Yes, Roxas. As long as Sora and Kairi are together, we are connected, and can talk as much as we want."
"Okay, that is just about the best thing ever," Roxas said, grinning. "How have you been since… you know… you became part of a somebody again?"
"It's interesting," Naminé said thoughtfully. "I know everything that Kairi thinks about… and I watch her life go by, while still being me."
"Yeah, at least you got someone who goes places," Roxas said. "Sora is grounded, and doesn't ever leave his room. You can imagine how interesting that is to watch."
Naminé laughed. "He sneaked out today, though… did you have anything to do with that, Roxas?"
"Nope," he replied. "I've tried yelling at the guy, but he doesn't seem to hear me."
"Kairi and I think very alike… so I haven't really tried to say anything to her yet," Naminé explained. "I should… I wonder if she would hear."
"All Sora ever does is wonder whether she likes him," Roxas told Naminé. "Does she? Maybe I could get that through to him, and he'd sneak out more often!"
Naminé giggled. "I'm not going to tell you that!"
"But you know?" Roxas asked hopefully.
"Yes, I do," Naminé replied, laughing softly. "But you never will. Boys!" She giggled again.
"Naminé!" Roxas pleaded. "He thinks she likes Riku, it's so sad… just tell me!"
Naminé shook her head, even though Roxas couldn't see it. "Nope. Sorry, Roxas!"
"Fine," he snuffed.
Naminé didn't like the silence. "Roxas… do you think we'll ever see each other again?"
"I… it's not possible. I'm a nobody… we're both nobodies," Roxas replied slowly. "Right?"
Naminé closed her eyes, and pictured Roxas's face. To me, Roxas, you're somebody. "I suppose you're right," Naminé sighed.
"I suppose," Kairi agreed with Sora. "Let's spend lots of time together! That way, Roxas and Naminé can be together, too!"
Riku cast her a glance. "Sora, it's getting late."
He sighed. "I know, I know… I'd better be getting home before mom notices I'm not there."
Kairi looked slightly downcast. "Guess we'll see you later, Sora."
He cracked a big, cheesy smile. "Yup!" He climbed down the ladder out of the tree house, and disappeared from sight. Kairi watched him go, a look of disappointment behind her bright blue eyes.
Riku hesitated. Asking Kairi to do something might be awkward, since she was obviously completely in love with Sora, but… she and Riku were just friends. She was his baby sister. It wasn't like that at all—but he didn't want Sora to get the wrong idea.
"Kairi? Do you want to go fishing?"
For example—the last time he had gotten the wrong idea about Sora, it had nearly cost him his life. And that was certainly not something he wanted to risk again.
Hurrah for best friends! Will Roxas and Namine ever see each other again? Will Namine ever tell Roxas the truth about Kairi's feelings for Sora? (I'm guessing no XD) Keep reading to find out!
Thank you,


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Sounds Fishy
To the Editor,
The Weekly just can't seem to make up its collective mind. Either it criticizes local television media for being vapid entertainment barons with whipped topping for gray matter (pick up any issue) or, most recently, it criticizes that same media for adopting a more community-based and ethically responsible approach to journalism (The Skinny, "Without An Audience, And Without A Clue," May 6).
Who made your fishwrap the ultimate arbiter of what constitutes proper journalistic practices? (And, by the way, quoting UA law and journalism profs doesn't get you as far as you think.) Don't fool yourself. Your overreaction to KGUN 9's "Viewer Bill of Rights" belies the fact that your journalism is more about scapegoating and whining than "unbiased" or informative reporting.
--Trishia Campie
History Lessons
To the Editor,
Regarding Jeff Smith's "Pistol Grip" (May 6): Couple the general isolation experienced in modern industrial culture with the American mythology of "individualism," and the reasons behind our acceptance of otherwise illogical reasoning become clear. It also helps explain why a writer of Jeff Smith's talent would come to the conclusion that an unorganized, disparate group of marginalized rural poor, neo-facist paramilitarists and the NRA would somehow be able to protect the American people from a well-organized modern army which has the capability, and, perhaps if seriously threatened, the will to destroy the earth's biotic environment a dozen times over.
And before romanticizing the history of guns, a couple of counterpoints should be considered. First of all, the American Revolution was not a people's revolution; it was a revolt of the gentry class against the British-imposed Stamp Act of 1768. It was an opportunistic revolt that succeeded, not as Smith would have it, through good marksmanship, but rather through the colonial ruling classes' ability to organize and finance an army--as well as the fact that the British were preoccupied in the war with the French.
Secondly, the Americas were not "settled" by Europeans, they were invaded by them. This invasion was successful in part due to brute force, and yes, guns did play a role. However, disease was probably a more important factor in the less-than-noble goal of decimating the native peoples. In general, the European invasion had little, if anything, to do with ideology. Rather it was a result of over-population, technological expansion and the concentration of capital in the burgeoning European upper class.
Whatever historic implications one might attribute to firearms, their contemporary role is clear: to make money. This is achieved, according to the theory set forth in the Nixon-Kissinger Doctrine, by arming Third and Fourth World dictatorships and pitting one against another so they have reason to buy arms and hence sell their resources. This cynical policy, which benefits the U.S. transglobal economy abroad, finds its parallels in the domestic market where the war-profiteers also provide weapons for our own culture's inter-tribal class conflict; serving to spread paranoia and ensure that the classes never organize and challenge the ruling hegemony.
While I enjoy Smith's column, his arguments often seem to degenerate to the level of convoluted folkisms. His shoot-from-the-hip writing style, as any marksmen will confirm, has a low probability of ever hitting the mark.
--J.L. Dildine
To the Editor,
Regarding "Pistol Grip," (May 6): Jeff Smith's ending words, "Think about it. And I mean really think about it," should have been heeded by his holier-than-thouness. What illogical drivel, to claim that the root problem of our school shootings is too many children. And, "If [gun control] had prevailed two centuries ago we'd still be subjects rather than citizens"! Wake up, Jeff. It's not two centuries ago, and Richard Nixon did not attempt to overthrow the government, nor would he have if our citizenry had been disarmed. The very pillow you ride on, a free press, would prohibit all your dire forecasts from coming to fruit, and if your guns were taken away, your free-press privileges wouldn't follow shortly thereafter. Your ilk has no confidence in American society, and wants the imagined protection your personal weapons provide. At any cost, apparently.
That column showed me Jeff Smith in a new, sallow light. Not a pretty picture!
--Bob Beck
Santa Barbara
To the Editor,
The recent Skinny article about my efforts to organize a community-wide School Safety Summit ("Failing The Summit," May 20) hit a new low in nastiness. However, I am reminded of the eight "Golden Rules" found on a sign on the wall of Mother Teresa's children's home in Calcutta. I keep them posted on my refrigerator to help me keep my perspective when folks like you lose yours. They came in handy after reading the last Skinny column.
1. People are unreasonable, illogical and self-centered. Love them anyway.
2. If you do good, people will accuse you of selfish motives. Do good anyway.
3. If you are successful, you win false friends and true enemies. Succeed anyway.
4. The good you do will be forgotten tomorrow. Do good anyway.
5. Honesty and frankness make you vulnerable. Be honest and frank anyway.
6. What you spent years building may be destroyed overnight. Build anyway.
7. People often need help, but may attack you when you help them. Help people anyway.
8. Give the world the best you have, and you may still get kicked in the teeth. Give the world the best you have anyway.
I will continue to give the citizens of Pima County the very best I have--no matter what. All I want to do is to make a difference in the community that I grew up in and love so very much. That's why I ran for Pima County Attorney in the first place. It certainly wasn't to get trashed and beat up in the press for trying to do something worthwhile.
--Barbara LaWall
Pima County Attorney
Bone of Contention
To the Editor,
I do not think that Tim Vanderpool's negative portrayal about running drug dogs through schools was fair ("Going To The Dogs," May 20). The headline ("...districts hound students...") mocks important programs run by school districts.
I think it is a positive note that the dogs turned up little in this particular search. As a middle-school teacher, I strongly support school districts that run drug dogs through their campuses. It is vital that we take the necessary steps to keep our schools free of drugs.
Nogales Superintendent Raul Bejarano is correct when he states that these actions send the message that kids who bring drugs to school will be caught. I am sure we all want kids who bring drugs to school to be caught. It is for the safety of all students. Although, it is always nice to know that the friendly neighborhood ACLU is there to protect the rights of kids who bring drugs to school. We would not want to step on anyone's toes.
Kris Bosworth is incorrect when she says it is an issue of trust. It is not that schools do not trust kids, but that schools care enough for their well-being that we are willing to look for those students who bring drugs to school. It is the same reason that the IRS audits taxpayers and the police have radar guns. When there are laws, we all need to be checked on from time to time.
--Steve Poling
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Hareshaw Bridge 2 by newcastlemaleWatch
©2008-2017 newcastlemale
Hareshaw Linn Bridge in Northumberland
I like the color of this--the gold cast to the whole scene and the elegant, curving architecture of the bridge remind me of Lothlorien in the Lord of the Rings, the very natural, refined, Elvish design.
An extraordinary bridge and a beautiful capture
this is on my bucket list for sure
is awesome there
Such a cool bridge. Amazing photo! You make the place look magical
Magic picture of a magic place! Very nice shot!
Is this just outside Newcastle? because i woud realy like too go there once.
this is near the town of bellingham near Newcastle
wow, that's absolutely beautiful!
So much better in color!
freakin' fairy tale picture
That bridge is amazing. Lots of work has been placed on building this.
Beautiful structure and wonderful colours!
i actually prefer this version...
This is so unique!
What a beautiful structre! Do you know how old it is??
such beautiful colours and a lovely setting. that bridge is awesome
Ive been there!
I took an almost identicle photo. Only it was cloudy and Hiddeos when i went...
I took an almost identicle photo. Only it was cloudy and Hiddeos when i went...
lovely lighting!


text:
Prices, specials, features and availability subject to change.
Welcome to Aspenridge! From the minute you arrive, you'll immediately feel the warmth and charm of our community. Combining professionally landscaped courtyards and convenient apartment living, you'll see why our community is a great place to call home. We offer a friendly, neighborhood feel by being part of Cascade Park's community and yet keep you close to shopping, dining and so many other options just a moment away.
Lease Terms:6, 9 and 12 months. Security Deposits $375-500.
Pet Policy: Cats and Dogs allowed. 2 pets maximum, $300 pet deposit, adult animals only. Restricted breeds include Pit Bull, Rottweiler, Doberman, German Shepherd.
Pets Accepted. Breed Restriction. Cats Allowed. Dogs Allowed. Call for service animal policy.
240 units
Check Availabilityor call
Loved the staff...ground crew was great. If I ever had a problem it was quickly fixed.
January 15, 2014
Monday-Friday: 9:00am-5:00pm
Saturday: 10:00am-5:00pm
Sunday: Closed
Hall Equities Group
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dbx 2031 Single Channel 31-Band Graphic Equalizer/Limiter w/Type III
dbx 2031is a single-channel, 31-band, 1/3-octave equalizer. The PeakPlus limiter's threshold ranges from 0dBu to +20dBu and can transparently tame the wildest hits or subtlest nuances of any signal. The 4 segment LED bar graph for both gain reduction and output level offers the most comprehensive visual feedback available. The 2031 also includes status LEDs for all settings on the front panel. XLR, barrier strip, and 1/4" connectors; 45mm nylon sliders; and 12dB input gain stage provide pro flexibility and performance.
Revolutionary instant encode/decode Type III Noise Reduction in-circuit at the push of a button. Increases S/N ratio by up to 20dB
Patent-pending PeakPlus Limiter threshold range from 0dBu to +24dBu (off) can transparently tame the wildest hits or the subtlest nuances of any signal
An extremely high quality EQ, patent-pending TYPE III Noise Reduction, and the elegant new PeakPlus Limiter all in one great sounding box
Four segment LED bargraph for BOTH Gain Reduction AND Output Level offers the most comprehensive visual feedback available
Status LEDs offer visual feedback for all settings on the front panel
Input Connectors: 1/4" TRS, female XLR (pin 2 hot), and barrier terminal strip
Input Type: Electronically balanced/unbalanced, RF filtered
Input Impedance: Balanced 40 kOhm, unbalanced 20 kOhm
Max Input: >+21dBu balanced or unbalanced
CMRR: >40dB, typically >55dB at 1kHz
Output Connectors: 1/4" TRS, male XLR (pin 2 hot), and barrier terminal strip
Output Type: Impedance-balanced/unbalanced, RF filtered
Output Impedance: Balanced 200 ohm, unbalanced 100 ohm
Max Output: >+21dBu balanced/unbalanced into 2 kOhm or greater; >+18dBm balanced/unbalanced (into 600 ohm)
Bandwidth :20Hz to 20kHz, +0.5/-1dB
Frequency Response: <10Hz to >50kHz, +0.5/-3dB
Signal-to-Noise (NR In: +/-6 and +/-15dB ranges): >102dB, unweighted, ref: +4dBu, 22kHz measurement bandwidth
Dynamic Range (NR In: +/-6dB and +/-15dB ranges): >120dB, unweighted
Signal-to-Noise (NR Out: +/-6dB range) :>94dB, unweighted, ref: +4dBu, 22kHz measurment bandwidth
Dynamic Range (NR Out: +/-6dB range): >112dB, unweighted
Signal-to-Noise (NR Out: +/-15dB range): >90dB, unweighted, ref: +4dBu, 22kHz measurement bandwidth
Dynamic Range (NR Out: +/-15dB range): >108dB, unweighted
THD+Noise: <0.04%, 0.02% typical at +4dBu, 1kHz
Noise Reduction: Up to 20dB of dynamic broadband noise reduction
NR Switch: Activates dbx Type III Noise Reduction
Bypass Switch: Bypasses the graphic equalizer section in the signal path
Low cut Switch: (recessed) Activates the 40Hz 18dB/octave Bessel high-pass filter
Range Switch :(recessed) Selects either +/- 6dB or +/- 15dB slider boost/cut range
I/O Meter: 4-LED bar graph (Green, Green, Yellow, Red) at -10, 0, +10, and +18dBu
Gain Reduction Meter: 4-LED bar graph (all Red) at 0, 3, 6, and 10dB
Indicators: NR Active (Yellow); EQ Bypass (Red); Clip (Red); Low Cut (Red); +/-6dB (Yellow); +/-15dB (Red)
Operating Voltage: 100VAC 50/60Hz; 120VAC 60Hz; 230VAC 50/60Hz
Power Consumption: 15W
Power Connector: IEC receptacle
Dimensions: 19 x 3.5 x 7.9" (48.3 x 8.9 x 20.1cm)
Unit Weight: 8.5 lbs. (3.9 kg)
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Interested NGOs can obtain "Call of Expression of Interest" for the following sector from the attached documents, UNHCR Partner portal at https://partner.unhcr.org and UNAMI website at http://www.uniraq.org
Project title and Identification: Technical support for case management of children at risk.
Reference : No. 6 IRQ_KRI_CEI_2017/8
Submission deadline : April 10th 2017
Please make sure to use the "Concept Note" format attached and available at https://partner.unhcr.org and UNAMI website at http://www.uniraq.org. New Partners should complete Partner Declaration form (attached) and which is also available at the links referred above or by just registering on UNHCR Partner Portal.


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The Goa Police department is an law enforcement agency who works for safety and regulations in the state of Goa. Goa Police comes under direct control of Department of Home Affairs, Government of Goa. Goa police department is headed by Director General of Police(DGP). The Goa police department was established in 1966 after the transfer of authority over Goa from the Indian Military administration to the civil administration. Goa police department have special agency to manage all the crimes and activities in the state. Goa police have Special unit, Security Battalion and the last one is Commando force. They control all the crime related activities in the state. They conduct recruitment in there department by transfers, promotions and internal examinations. They have a right to promote and demote any employee in there department. They constantly works on to improve public relations and make sure each and every individuals in the state of Goa should not have any fear. The current director general of Goa police is Mr. Kishan Kumar.
Candidates now a days are more willing to work in such environment where they can achieve greater heights and success in there career . They want good salary, good reputation and secure future. So if they want all of these and want a job which is more secure than any other job. Goa police department is India's most organized police department. They produce good candidates who serve there state and country with pride and honor. They have best training centers for candidates. They gave candidates a good salary and other employees benefits such as pensions and medical benefits. Candidates must join the department to ensure they have a good future ahead of them.
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:Candidates applying for the post of constable and head constable must have completed there matriculation from recognize board. Candidates who are applying for the higher post such as sub-inspector and inspector must have completed there graduation from recognize university/board. Candidates should have Konkani as there subject in there matriculation and in there graduation.
For constable: Candidates who are applying for this post must be more than the age of 25 years
For Inspector and sub-inspector: Candidates who are applying for the post must not be more than the age of 40 .
Candidates will be selected on the basis of the performance in the following test:
- Written test
- Proficiency test
- Personal interview test
In written test candidates have to give a written examination which is of 200 marks and it is divided into three parts. In proficiency test candidates will be tested on how capable they are to perform in every situation given to them. They have undergo a physical test which consist of running and other things. They have to clear this exam in order to get merit for personal interview test. And lastly in personal interview test those candidates who got selected will be questioned personally by team of experts.
Goa police salary structure are as follows:
- Sub-Inspector: Pay band-2 Rs 9300-34,800+ grade pay Rs-4200.
- Sub-Inspector(Driver): Pay band-2 Rs 9300-34,800+ grade pay Rs-4200.
- Assistant sub-inspector: Pay band-1 Rs 5200-20200+grade pay Rs 2400
- Police-constable: Pay band-1 Rs 5200-20200+ grade pay of 1900.
Candidates who have passed there matriculation can apply for the post of constable and head constable. Those candidates who have completed there graduation from recognized university/board can apply for the post of Inspector and sub-inspector. Candidates who are applying have to send their application form in the prescribed format given in the official website. They have to download the form and post it to the address given below:
The Office of the Superintendent of Police,
police headquarters,
The official website of Goa police department is http://www.goapolice.org/. Candidates can search previous year sample papers from this website. They can apply for the latest recruitment which are comping up in the department. They can also download there admit cards from the website. Candidates can even search for the answer key which are easily available in the official website.
Candidates who are applying for various post in Goa police have to work real hard to get the job in there hands. Candidates have to go through some important topics such as maths,reasoning,general awareness and regional language for the exam. They have to prepare themselves physically for the exam. For that they have to practice running and other physical activities in order to clear the the physical test. They have to make there communication skills strong by taking group discussion class and personal interview classes for the interview.
Candidates who have applied for Goa police recruitment must be searching for good study material for the exam. They can get study material from various sources available in the internet. They can get previous year sample papers from the official website. They can also download PDF from Goa police website. They can also get some good books from super market nearby.
Candidates can download the admit 15 days before the exams. Admit card are really very important for all the candidates as without the admit card candidates will not be allowed to sit in the examination hall. Here are some important steps to download the admit card:
- Candidates should visit the official website
- Search for admit card link
- Then click on that link
- Enter your roll no and password
- Then download the admit card
- Take a print out of admit card for future use
Candidates can check the latest results in the official website. Latest results are published after all the exams have conducted by the authority. Then can check there results by just entering there roll no and password. They can take printout of the results for future use. They can access there performance by taking a look at there results.
In this year's Goa Police exams large number of candidates have appeared to give the exam. Only few candidates have selected for the final interview. This year's exam was really tough for the candidates as they have a tough time handling questions from the section of maths and general awareness. Some questions from D.I section from maths was really tough for the candidates to solve.
Candidates who are preparing for police exams must be searching for some good books and guide so that they can have that extra edge while giving the exams. Guides are really helpful for the candidates as it saves the precious time of candidates and guide are precise and easy to learn. Here are some books books and guide which are helpful for the candidates
|Name Of Books
|Master the Police Officer Exam
|Police Officer Exam for Dummies
|Raymond Foster, Tracey Biscontini
|John Douglas's Guide to the Police Officer Exams
|John Douglas
|Police Officer Exam
|Editors of LearingExpress LLC
|Police Officer Examination Preparation Guide: The Path of the Warrior (Cliffs Test Prep)
|Larry F. Jetmore
|State Trooper Exam
|Learning Express
|Master the Civil Service Exam
|Cliffs Notes Police Officer Exam Cram Plan
|Wiley publishing
|Snagging a badge; the real guide to becoming a Police Officer
|Shawn Hughes
|Master the Civil Service Exam, 3rd Edition
|Shannon R Turlington, Acro
|Norman Hall's Police Exam Preparation Book
|Norman Hall
|Norman Hall's Firefighter Exam Preparation Book
|Norman Hall
|UP Police Constable & Constable Provincial Armed Constabulary Combined Exam Guide
|RPH Editorial Board
|Training of IPS: Indian Police Service
|Kaneez Zehra
|ITBP-Constable/Head Constable Exam Guide
|RPH Editorial Board
|Understanding the Police in India
|Verma A
|DSSSB: T.G.T Prelinminary Examination
|Lal Jain
|Manipur Police Examinations
|Mohd. Rafi Kamol
|SSC Delhi Police S.I.
|Student Aid Publications
Candidates can download the answer key after 4-5 days of completion of the exams. Answer keys are really very helpful for accessing there results in prospect of the exam. They can judge there results by taking a look at these answer keys. Here are some steps to download the answer key:
- Go to the official website
- Search for the link of answer key
- Click on that link
- Enter your roll no and password
- Download the answer key matching with your set code
Thanks for visiting our webpage. Do book mark our page for future recruitment notification. If any doubts occur in candidates mind they can ask by commenting on the comment box below. All there doubts will be cleared by our team of experts.


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Adjusting your diet could help you avoid gout pain and medication. Gout attacks occur when uric acid in your blood crystallizes in your joints. This happens when the uric acid level in your blood gets too high either because your body can't get rid of it through the urine or you are consuming foods too high in purines, which generally are foods high in protein. Your diet can help adjust the purines so that less uric acid forms in your system.
Make It Low Purine
Select low-purine foods to eat as much as possible. For instance, limit meat, fish and poultry and instead draw more of your protein from low-purine foods such as eggs, tofu and low-fat dairy products. Other high-purine foods include beer, alcoholic beverages, anchovies, herring, yeast, organ meat, legumes, gravies, mushrooms, spinach, asparagus and cauliflower.
Drink More Fluids
Limit your alcohol consumption, particularly beer. However, you should increase your overall fluid intake as much as you can. The more you drink, the more you will urinate and the more uric acid you will eliminate, even if it is only a little bit each time.
Vegetables and Fruits
As with any healthy diet, fruits and vegetables play a role. Green leafy vegetables (lettuce, cabbage, broccoli) are recommended for gout sufferers. Other vegetables that can help hold off gout attacks include carrots, beets, cucumbers and string beans. Apples, bananas and grapes are fruits that will help you keep your uric acid levels low.
Strawberries and Cherries
Strawberries and cherries will help you avoid getting a gout attack. Strawberries neutralize uric acid and cherries help lower uric acid levels. The fruits also provide valuable vitamins and minerals to help you maintain good health.
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Here's a nice freebie! Right now you can fill out a form for a chance to get a FREE full-size box of Back to Nature Cookies or Crackers. Tell them why you'd like to try their product and they will be selecting folks who do for free product coupons.
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Never miss another hot coupon, deal or freebie again! "Like" Couponaholic .NET on Facebook, Follow us on Pinterest, Follow us on Twitter, Follow us on Instagram or Subscribe to our Daily Email Newsletter!


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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
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Plasterer / Renderer
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Require all exterior windows and front door painted on house, 9 windows in total, 3 ground...
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Having worked with my Silhouette mat day in and day out for several years now—well, [grin], not the *same* mat for all that time…I've gone through a few, LOL—I've discovered some things about it that either save me time, save the mat, or make it easier to work with materials. So, in my ongoing effort to make Silhouetting easier for y'all, here are my top five things…nay, here are my top five *awesome* things about the Silhouette mat. Maybe some of them will be game changers for you as they were for me.
A Book Folding Show & Tell
My craft studio (including my Silhouette!) is all packed up for the move to the new house. Yes, you can imagine the withdrawal symptoms I'm going through! It's been a while since I've posted a new project, so I thought I would do a little crafty show & tell to tide you over until I'm all unpacked again.
"Does this Ring Make Me Look engaged?" Cup
…an adhesive vinyl project
Over Christmas, we had an engagement announced in our extended family. (Congratulations C & M!) So exciting! Since Valentine's Day is also a prime time for engagements, I thought I'd share my "Does this ring make me look engaged?" travel mug in case some of you have a near and dear one pop the question (or answer it!) sometime soon.
After giving you long tutorials for the last two projects, this is a quickie project that you can cut and apply and away you go. "Away you go"… it's a travel mug, get it? ;^)
On with the project…
Valentine Hearts Doily (center of rotation tool)
One of my goals for this year is to explore a broader range of materials and Silhouette Studio tools. Today, I'm using a familiar material (cardstock), but the tutorial involves a tool you don't hear about very much—the center of rotation tool. It's pretty cool. It allows you to change the pivot point of an object and then duplicate and rotate it at the same time so the duplicates are positioned evenly around a circle. A couple of clicks and you can have a more complex—and beautiful—design.
Customizable Cat/Dog Cuddling Services T-shirt
…a heat transfer vinyl project
When you have a Silhouette machine, who can resist making personalized t-shirts? Not this girl. I applied this HTV design on a t-shirt for my sarcastic, Canadian-literature-lovin', cat-cuddlin' Daughterly One.
It uses one font in a variety of sizes and weights to add interest in a rectangular design. I cut this one a little smaller than 4″ x 3″ to use as a chest design, but it can easily be enlarged to use as a regular size t-shirt design.
And since not everyone is a cat person, I created a dog-cuddling alternative. Both designs are completely customizable—swap out any of the sayings for something that fits your intended shirt-wearer. I've got everything you need to do that: free download file, free font, and full instructions.
Top 5 Tutorials & Top 5 Projects of 2016
What would changing over to a new year be without looking back to see the best of last year? Here are the top five tutorials and top 5 projects of the year from Whatcha Workin On. Free files galore. Gotta catch 'em all. (apologies to Pokemon…and do my kids think I'm cooler now?) Did you miss any?
New Year, New Blog!
Welcome to 2017! It seems like just yesterday we were celebrating Y2K…remember that? But—can you believe it?—that was 17 years ago already. I hope 2017 is a year of happy contentment for you, full of creative goodness, laughter, love, health, and success.
I want to thank you, dear readers, for joining me on my creative journey. I had no idea when I started this blog that so many other people would be interested in reading about my projects (175K+ in 2016…holy cow) Continue reading
Last Minute Silhouette Christmas Decor Ideas
As Christmas approaches, I delight in slipping in a few extra decorating touches here and there—quickie projects, thanks to my Silhouette Cameo. Here's a little collection of ones I did this year….including free cut files so it'll take you mere minutes to add one to your Christmas decor.
Christmas Gift Tags 4 Ways
Last year I made a quartet of Christmas gift tags cut from a single layer of cardstock. This year, my tags are made of two layers—the top layer has a Christmassy cutout and the bottom layer is plain, showing through the cutout and framing the top layer. I've got four ways you can use them, but I bet you can think of a few more! As usual, I have the free Silhouette cut file for you so you can make your own.
Continue reading
10 Stocking Stuffers to Make with Your Silhouette
…or quickie gifts for neighbors & friends
I keep my eye out for stocking stuffers throughout the year. Then, a few weeks from Christmas—like now—I pull out what I've collected to see what I have. If I'm lucky, I've got everyone covered…add some oranges, candy canes and enough swiss chocolate to fill in the cracks (mmm…the good stuff) and I'm good to go. Sometimes, however, I'm in need of more stocking stuffers and find myself scrambling for ideas.
Anyone else have a few hard-to-buy for folks whose poor stockings need a boost? I hear ya. Today, I've dipped into the Whatcha Workin' On project vault to assemble a list of 10 ideas for quickie stocking stuffers you can make with your Silhouette. Most are suitable for a wide age range and either gender. Many of them are great for using up scraps, so no need to buy new materials.


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First Team News
Watford v City: Need to know preview
Key information, quotes and team news from both sides ahead of City's first game of 2016...
Vital stats:
Match: Watford (9th) v City (3rd)
Competition: Premier League
Date and time: Saturday 2 January 2016, 5.30pm (GMT)
Referee: Martin Atkinson
Last time: Watford 1 City 1 (Saturday, 21 April 2007)
Head to head record:
Watford wins 6, Draws 5, City wins 9
Form: Watford: LDWWWW City: DWLWLW
Tickets: Sold Out
Key Quotes
Manuel Pellegrini: "Maybe at the beginning of the season it can be a surprise, the same as Leicester, but when you play 19 games or so and we are still talking about Watford and Leicester, it is because they have important players in a good moment in who are giving a high performance with their managers doing a very good job."
Pablo Zabaleta: "They have some really hard-working players as well with Deeney and Ighalo are playing really well - they have scored a lot of Watford's goals this season and we're expecting nothing less than a really tough match.
"I've never played at Vicarage Road before but from what I've seen on TV it's a really tight ground with the crowd right on top of you so we have to be prepared for everything."
Quique Sanchez Flores: "The first time we played against Manchester City they were amazing, they hadn't conceded any goals, they were really positive. They have continued being an amazing team, but we have changed a little bit our mentality. We are established in the competition, we have the respect of the opponents, so now I think it is a little bit different."
Valon Behrami: "It's going to be a difficult game, like we've had in the last week against Chelsea and Tottenham. We know that at home we have the quality to get a good result, and if we keep working like this we can be more lucky than we were in our last game [against Spurs]."
Team News
Watford: Ake (suspended), Ekstrand.
City: Nasri, Kompany.
Further Reading
Manuel Pellegrini text preview
Manuel Pellegrini video preview