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"I called coach (Brett) Bielema when I got home Sunday night and committed," said Smith. "He said he was real excited and welcome to the program."
The Coppell (Texas) cornerback said that the plane ride home from Big 10 country made him realize that Wisconsin had everything he was looking for.
"The trip was great and I enjoyed it a lot," he said. "The campus, the school, the academic side and then of course the football program was everything I had hoped to find throughout this process. On my way home it just hit me that Wisconsin had everything I wanted in a school."
Smith had a couple of things that he was keeping a close eye on his visit and with the help of Badgers' defensive back Jay Valai (host) and several coaches he saw what he was looking for.
"I got along well with all of the players I hung out with and it was a close-knit team," Smith said. "You got that family feeling from the players and since a lot of them were from out-of-state that meant a lot.
"I spent a lot of time with the coaches too, especially coach (Kerry) Cooks (defensive backs coach). We talked a lot about where they saw me in their system and the chance I'd have to get in the mix early on."
Wisconsin is a long way from home for Smith but that distance factor never came up and played a factor.
In fact, it may have helped the Badgers land the 3-star corner.
"I felt like I could go up there and feel comfortable," he said. "I didn't have any hesitation at all because of distance. I feel like I need to go be my own man and with the help of the coaches and the players at Wisconsin I think it will feel just like home. I can't wait to graduate and get up there and start my life."
Smith is the 24th commitment for Wisconsin and with his pledge the Badgers may be able to crack the Top 25 in Scout.com's team rankings.


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OK I've heared a lot of songs lately that r Seddie. But there are lots of songs I think are perfect Creddie songs, Anyway here are some songs that I think fit Seddie, Creddie, and even Cam perfectly. (Warning: I am a Taylor Swift fan :] )
Seddie - Enchanted by Taylor Swift
Seddie- Just The Way You Are by Bruno Mars
Creddie - Back to December by Taylor Swift
Creddie - Grenade by Bruno Mars
Seddie - Last Kiss by Taylor Swift
Creddie/Seddie (could go either way) - Speak Now by Taylor Swift
Cam - The Boy Is Mine by Brandy
Cam - Stuck Like Glue by Sugarland
Cam - Better Than Revenge by Taylor Swift
Seddie - Into Your Arms by The Maine
Seddie - Just a Dream by Nelly
Creddie - Story of Us by Taylor Swift
Seddie - Teardrops on my Guitar by Taylor Swift
Creddie - Dear John by Taylor Swift
Seddie - Hate That I Love You by Rihanna and Ne-yo
Seddie - You Belong With Me by Taylor Swift
Seddie - Tangled up in me by (idk)
Seddie - When You Say Nothing At All by Allison Kruse
Seddie - Endless Love - Glee (idk who really sings it
Seddie - Mary's Song by Taylor Swift
Seddie - Kissin' U by Miranda Cosgrove
Seddie - The Way I Loved You by Taylor Swift
Seddie - Invisible by Taylor Swift
Seddie - Fallin' For You by Colbie Calliat (I think that's her name lol)
Seddie - Never Had a Dream Come True by S Club 7
Seddie - This Is How You Remind Me by Nickleback
Those are just some I'm sure I'll think of more later. Feel free to leave your opinions. :)

subset: commoncrawl


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VTB Bank supported a lecture by Nobel Prize winner Thomas Sargent at St Petersburg State University (SPbSU) Graduate School of Management on 25 September 2013.
Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2011 for their "empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy." One of the world's most respected and cited economists, Thomas Sargent is a Professor of Economics at New York University. Previously he taught at Harvard, Stanford, Pennsylvania, Berkley and Princeton.
Thomas Sargent's lecture at the SPbSU Graduate School of Management, "Euro Crisis: Sources and Implications Beyond Europe", was the fourth in a series of lectures by leading foreign economists at Russian universities. The first three were delivered by Nobel Prize winners Robert Aumann and Dale Mortensen and prominent US economist Bradford DeLong at the SPbSU Graduate School of Management and MGIMO in Moscow.
"VTB Bank provides considerable support to promoting business education in Russia," said Andrey Kostin, President and Chairman of the Management Board of VTB Bank. "As a dean of the SPbSU Graduate School of Management and the head of one of Russia's largest banks, I consider it very important that students have the opportunity to hear the latest economic ideas and theories. Such lectures will further strengthen the prestige of the SPbSU Graduate School of Management among school leavers and the expert community."


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2016–2018 Visit Korea Year
The intensifying international competition has highlighted the importance of the tourism industry, which offers chances for the attraction of foreign tourists. As a result, countries are pouring more and more efforts into occupying a greater tourism market share.
Staged by the Visit Korea Committee, the campaign of the "2010–2012 Visit Korea Year" served as a great contributor to the achievement of the goal of attracting 10 million foreign tourists. Based on our experience, its subsequent campaign, the 2016–2018 Visit Korea Year, is expected to lead to an even greater success by taking the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games as a timely opportunity. The new goal is to attract 20 million foreign tourists to South Korea.
- A 3-year plan established for the 2016–2018 Visit Korea Year
- A proclamation ceremony held for the 2016–2018 Visit Korea Year at Heungnyemun Gate of Gyeongbokgung Palace on Nov. 6, 2015
※ Attended by around 1,000 visitors, including the president, the minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism, and other VIPs, and staff members in the fields of tourism, foreign tourists, and general public.
- Programs of the 2016–2018 Visit Korea Year initiated in January 2016
Vision and Target
|"The world keeps coming back to Korea"
|• To achieve the objective of attracting 20 million foreign tourists early
• To establish a foundation for qualitative development that fits the quantitative growth
|A global campaign that seizes the opportunity of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympics
To increase the influx of individual tourists by means of special incentives and promotions
To induce inbound tourists to revisit by improving services at a detailed level
To upgrade provincial tours based on successful mega events
To involve private sectors and public–private partnerships in staging the "Visit Korea Year" campaign
|K-Smile campaign and kindly services
|Special incentives and promotions
|Events linked with
The PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games
|Convenient travel services
K-Smile campaign
The Visit Korea Committee is staging the "K-Smile Campaign" to raise the satisfaction of foreign tourists and encourage them to visit Korea again.
The K-Smile Campaign is a nationwide citizen-participatory kindness campaign that aims to create a Korea foreign tourists want to visit again by welcoming them with Korean kindness and smiles. The campaign is joined by tourism-related agencies and associations, economic organizations, private corporations, and local governments.
Emblem and CI
The form of K, a symbol representing the 2016–2018 Visit Korea Year, is a design derived from the English initial of Korea. Its purpose is to enhance the awareness of K as a global tourism brand of Korea.
Conveying connection and expandability from the 2010–2012 Visit Korea Year, this design portrays Korean fascination and the future-oriented image of Korea. In addition, the design expresses various aspects of Korean culture with the traditional saekdongot, a cloth with stripes of many colors.
The new emblem for the Visit Korea Year is a K with the motif of knots and twists of wrapping cloth used to wrap presents given with sincerity in ancient times. This symbolizes the kindness of Koreans and the wish to entertain foreign tourists.


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It's selfie madness I'm telling you! My gut tells me one of these selfies is the hundred millionth naked guy selfie taken on the planet. Either that or the billionth. Yeah, I'm going with billionth. Because guys are like that. One is never enough.
It's not like being the millionth customer at a grocery store though, when confetti flies and you win some sort of shopping spree. Not only because those kinds of contests went out with the '80s, but also because if a guy snapped a selfie in the privacy of his own home (whether or not he intended to share it with others), he'd still totally freak out if a confetti explosion happened in his bathroom.
Because the only kind of confetti explosion that should happen in your bathroom is after you get fucked by a clown.
And by the way, the hankie code for clown fucking is similar to that for magician fucking, a bunch of hankies all tied together into one unending gay semiotic.
Selfies are the ultimate combination of privacy and showing off. It's like Monica Lewinsky's handbag line. She's famous because of that thing that happened which we should all move on from but is showing off her handbags due to her infamy. I full on love her though, breaking the stereotype that Jewish women don't like to give head.
So do you have room in your sex brain for more selfies, because while you were reading this, about 12,014 were taken. That's a lot of dick. 12,099. And counting.


text:
The Pupil's Manual of Choice Reading, Arranged by T.B. Smith
List price: US$20.48
Currently unavailable
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This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1858 Excerpt: ...Fell fast, with tempest roar, And the swoln tide of Severn spread Far on the level shore. Reluctant, now as night came on, His lonely couch he pressed; And, wearied out, he sank to sleep, To sleep--but not to rest. When lo! the voice of loud alarm His inmost soul appals--"What ho! Lord William rise in haste! The water saps the walls!" He rose in haste, beneath the walls He saw the flood appear: It hemmed him round--'twas midnight now, No human aid was near. He heard a shout of joy! for now A boat approached the wall; And eager to the welcome aid He sprang with joyous call. The boatman plied the oar, the boat Went light along the stream;--Sudden Lord William heard a cry, Like Edmund's dying scream. "I heard a child's distressful scream" The boatman cried again; "Nay, hasten on--the night is dark, And we should search in vain." "Oh, God! Lord William, dost thou know How dreadful 'tis to die? And canst thou, without pity, hear A child's expiring cry V' "How horrible it is to sink Beneath the chilly stream; To stretch the powerless arms In vain! In vain for help to scream I" The shriek again was heard, it came More deep, more piercing loud--That instant, o'er the flood, the moon Shone through a broken cloud; And near them they beheld a child; Upon a crag he stood, --A little crag, and all around Was spread the rising flood. "Now reach thy hand," the boatman cried, "Lord William, reach and save;" The child stretched forth his little hands To grasp the hand he gave. Then William shrieked;--the hand he touched Was cold, and damp, and dead! He felt young Edmund in his arms, A heavier weight than lead! "For mercy help," the murderer cried, As he sank in the raging stream; He rose--he shrieked-...show more
Product details
- Paperback | 114 pages
- 189 x 246 x 6mm | 218g
- 01 May 2012
- Rarebooksclub.com
- Miami Fl, United States
- English
- black & white illustrations
- 1232062014
- 9781232062011


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The UntouchablesThe Larry Fay Story - Season 2, Episode 9 - Dec. 15, 1960 - When mobster Larry Fay gets control of the dairy industry, the price goes up and the city is in an uproar. Milk normally sells for 10 cents a quart but has risen to 13 cents with 2 cents going directly into 's Fay's pocket. A commission of inquiry is set up to investigate the matter but Fay only cares about his profit and to the chagrin of at least one of his partners, pushes the price of milk ever higher.
Back to the The Untouchables Library
Viewing Sluggish? Click on the Pause buttom to allow the Video to Pre-Load for a few seconds, then click the Play button to continue.
back to Uncle Earl's Classic TV Channel


text:
Ruth Altamura-ROll, MA, NCC, LCP
Licensed Professional Counselor
26 Main St., 2nd Floor, Flemington, NJ 08822
Anger can be both useful and destructive, it can motivate or it can destroy. Anger can negatively effect your health and welfare. If your anger is destroying your happiness and your relationships it is time to learn new coping tools. Often times beliefs and expectations can lead to rage and anger. I will help you learn about the belief systems that are not serving you well and coach you towards new belief systems. So often our desire for perfection or fairness lead to high levels of frustration. Learning to tolerate and detach can be tools toward serenity and peace. Forgiveness is not for the other person. It is for you. Learn how to channel your anger towards health and happiness.
Brittany Jean-Louis, MS, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor
707 Alexander Road, Suite 208, Princeton , New Jersey 08540
I always tell clients that there is nothing wrong with getting angry, it is how you express it that is most important. Expressing anger can be difficult, especially if we have been taught that our feelings don't matter, that we don't have a voice or that what we are angry about is "not that serious". In therapy sessions, I will assist my clients with learning the origin of their anger, coping skills to manage their anger and ways to express anger safely and in a healthy way.


text:
FTX Surge 1/12 Brushed Electric RC Monster Truck Ready To Run (RTR)
The SURGE is the latest addition to the entry level range of r/c vehicles from FTX. With four different models centred around a shaft driven 4wd chassis platform, there is a SURGE for every off road r/c nut.
Available in Green or Orange livery.
Required to complete
3 x AA Batteries
With a sub £100 price, the SURGE range is ideal for first time r/c fans who want more than just a toy grade model. Each model features some superb detailing and custom finshed bodyshells. Power and control is provided by a 2.4ghz radio system and electronic speed control, while a Li-Ion battery powers the brushed motor for excellent scale speed. In addition the ball bearing supported, shaft driven 4wd system and metal oil filled shock absorbers are something not seen on similar vehicles within this price bracket.
FTX Surge Features:
- 99% Ready-To-Run 1/12th Scale
- Oil filled threaded body aluminium shock absorbers
- Front andrear geared differentials.
- Shaft-driven 4WD system.
- Enclosed and centrally placed motor, electronics and battery for narrow and compact chassis platform.
- Splash proof 2-in-1 electronic speed control and receiver unit
- Conveniently rear-mounted switch for easy access
- Easy access to batteries from underside battery hatch
- Enclosed box type chassis on all versions
- All four Surge models share around 85% of parts
- Available in Green or Orange
Spec Check:
- Length: 338mm
- Width: 265mm
- Height: 150mm
- Tyre Diameter: 98mm
- Tyre Width: 48mm


text:
Is your birthday fast approaching? Allow yourself to be spoiled on your special day! Blow your candles out in one of the many restaurants in your city. "Haaappy Biiiirthday to youuu..."
- No picture yet
LarrañagaCtra. Urrestilla Bidea s/n 20730 Azpeitia
Average price €39.00
- Basque
- Birthday
- Other restaurants near Azpeitia match your search
- No picture yet
Sidrería AriziaFrantsesbidea Bidea, s/n 20800 Zarautz
Average price €35.00Menu 33€
- Basque
- Birthday


text:
*This post may contain affiliate links. If you click through, I may earn a small commission. Your price will never be affected by my affiliate link. On occasion, I also write sponsored posts, which help to run the blog as well. I thank you for supporting this space, so I can continue to share my journey and our family adventures. For more information, please visit the full disclosure here*
Each of our five senses (touch, sight, smell, feel, and taste) help us to learn and understand the world around us. Here's a fun linkup to share your surroundings with us each week. There are those among us who don't have full use of these faculties, so gratitude and celebration for them is certainly in order. Hence,
- 1. Take a picture or just narrate something for each of the five senses surrounding you right now.
- 2. Then, post on your blog and link here, or simply reply in the comments. (For those of you wanting to post on your blog and link at the bottom of this post, you are welcome to use the little images I created for each sense.)
Oh, and if you have any ideas on sprucing things up let me know. I love new ideas and changing things to make it work for (most) everyone!
Here goes:
Baby Boy's weight as he sleeps on my lap.
The warmth of black tea as it courses down my throat.
Baby Boy's freshly washed hair from last night.
Hints of the rising sun through the window.
Now it's your turn! Come on and join me on this Five Sense Friday adventure in exploring the world around us. Add your post url below and be sure to visit others' posts as well!


text:
Advertisement [CLICK THE BUTTON ON THE RIGHT TO CONTINUE]
Author | exchange4media Mumbai Bureau | Tuesday, Sep 25,2007 9:12 AM
With Yuvraj Singh emerging as one of the star performers of the recently concluded ICC World Twenty20 tournament, textile company Donear Industries Ltd has roped the dynamic cricketer as the brand ambassador for Donear Suitings & Shirtings. The brand takes the innovative approach using state-of-the-art-technology in developing newer products.
On the announcement, Ajay Agarwal, Executive Director, Donear Industries Ltd, said, "Donear means 'Do Near', i.e., getting people nearer. Also, Donear is a product mix of various fabrics and designs, and offers a range of products. Similarly, Yuvraj Singh is an all-rounder, a youth icon and has a great fan following. He represents the key values such as dynamism, trust and durability which we as a company believe in. Looking at the all-round persona of Yuvraj and the brand attributes of Donear, we feel Yuvraj is the perfect representative of the brand."
Speaking on being signed as the brand ambassador for Donear Industries Ltd, Singh said, "Donear is one of the oldest textile brands in India. It is regarded as one of the top three well–known brands in India in its product category. It's a sheer pleasure to be associated with a brand that is so old, so well-known and so well acclaimed."
Donear Suitings & Shirtings fabrics are available in a wide range of colour, texture and comfort, along with contemporary designs.


text:
Categories: Cuckold
Maya Bazin in Compelled Bisexual Adultery
Jimmy returned from his bride-finding mission in India only to find a burglar in his building, brazenly taking advantage of Jimmy's absence. Being so close to his fantasy, Jimmy was more than willing to flip over and play dead in the face of danger. His fresh wifey Maya perceived differently. She perceived a unusual stirring in her Kundalini at the glance of the aggressive intruder forcing her fresh hubby to his knees. Lord Shiva works in mysterious ways, it seems. When the thief requests that she unclothe for him, she isn't totally upset at the prospect...459 Views
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Categories: Cuckold


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|<< Previous book
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Winter Flowers(2011)
A novel by Carol Coffey
When her dishevelled, eight-year-old nephew Luke comes knocking on her door in the middle of the night, Iris Fay knows her sister Hazel is in trouble again. This time, it is a house fire started by her drunken boyfriend Pete Doyle. As Iris is drawn back into Hazel's dysfunctional lifestyle, she is haunted by her own past and also by the childhood memories she has kept secret from her sister. When Pete becomes an even greater threat to the family and her sons are placed in danger, Hazel realises she must turn her life around or else lose them. But then she stumbles on a pile of letters in her mother's attic and their contents spiral her into an even darker place. Meanwhile Iris, too, is confronted by her past when her former husband Mark suddenly comes back into her life, looking for answers. Can the sisters face up to their memories and find the future they long for? Or will the secrets of their childhood continue to destroy them and those they hold dear?
Genre: General Fiction
Genre: General Fiction
Similar Books by other authors...
Friends Forever
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(Southlea Bay, book 1)
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Used availability for Carol Coffey's Winter Flowers
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
September 2012 : UK Paperback
|Title: Winter Flowers
Author(s): Carol Coffey
ISBN: 1-84223-502-8 / 978-1-84223-502-7 (UK edition)
Publisher: Poolbeg Press Ltd
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
August 2011 : UK Paperback
|Title: Winter Flowers
Author(s): Carol Coffey
ISBN: 1-84223-458-7 / 978-1-84223-458-7 (UK edition)
Publisher: Poolbeg Press Ltd
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Kindle Editions
February 2013 : USA, Canada, UK Kindle edition
|Title: Winter Flowers
Author(s): Carol Coffey
Publisher: Poolbeg Press
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Genre Pages


text: Definition Edit Track and trace is " [t]he process of retrieving information about the movement and location of goods.[1] " References Edit ↑ Glossary of RFID Terms (full-text). Retrieved from "http://itlaw.wikia.com/wiki/Track_and_trace?oldid=155117" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Definition Data Add category Cancel Save


text:
To officially open the Depaul Trust housing for homeless youths project in London in April 1990, the Princess of Wales wore a dark grey and blue pinstripe suit. The suit has a long double-breasted jacket and a very short pleated skirt.
Modest Fashion for the Modern Woman!
Two girls, one blog.
An Irish sewing, knitting and making Blog
A blog about fashion, fit, style and stitching
Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a persistent one. So get a few laughs and do the best you can. Don't have an ideal to work for. That's like riding towards the mirage of a lake.
Le blog d'une maman fan de Catimini
Yoga & Wellness | Classes | Workshops & Events | Blog | Community | Turquoise Inspired | Follow your compass: live, dream, travel, and do YOGA!
Smile! You're at the best. Change is good. The sooner you start, the sooner you'll see the difference.
Walk and Bike in France. www.icietlanature.com
The Best Princess Diana News, Fashion, Style Blog!
recettes, astuces et essais de produits
- an arielle view on life
Sun Protection & Green Info
For You.
Society online's creative conscious.
The adventure of NikkiM
Exquisite clothing for babies and young children
The Art and Craft of Blogging


text:
Hot off the release of "Nadia Nakai" and his own Now Or Never Remix, E-Jay's finally done with his EP aptly titled Before The Album. The 5 track piece is mostly produced by Matic, with appearances by OG Trey and Golden Beats on production. Only one feature by Thomas Aquinas
Tag: BeforeTheAlbumEP
Total 1 Post


text:
This Salted Caramel Hot Chocolate Recipe makes getting warmed up ridiculously fun!
Nothing beats a hot cup of Cocoa on a chilly day! And.. if you've got a weakness for sweet & salty, I've got just the thing: Crockpot Salted Caramel Hot Chocolate Recipe!
This is also a fabulous addition to your Fall Parties, Thanksgiving Feasts, and Christmas Meals!
Salted Caramel Hot Chocolate Recipe
- 5 cups Milk
- ½ cup Hershey's Cocoa
- ½ cup White Sugar
- 1 cup Hot Water
- 10 tsp. Starbucks Caramel Syrup
- ¼ tsp. Sea Salt {or if you don't like the sweet & salty flavor… you can simply skip this step and leave the salt out}
- Combine Cocoa, Sugar, and Hot Water in large pan. Stir, and bring to gentle boil.
- Transfer mixture to crockpot, and add milk, caramel, and salt, and stir.
- Cook on HIGH for 2 hours or LOW for 4 hours, or until hot.
- Pour into mugs or Mason Jar Mugs, then top with Whip Cream! ENJOY!!
Crockpot Coconut Hot Chocolate Recipe
This Crockpot Coconut Hot Chocolate is SO easy to make, deliciously decadent, and perfect to serve at all your parties!
Crock Pot Caramel Apple Cider Recipe {5 Ingredients}
Say a BIG hello to Fall this year with a mug filled with this over-the-top delicious Cider!
Crock Pot Peppermint Mocha Recipe
Did somebody say Crock Pot Peppermint Mocha Recipe? Why yes… yes please! It's that time of year again, and I'm SO excited about that fact! Bring on the Peppermint… and Candy Canes… and Christmas coffee bliss!
Crockpot Nutella Hot Chocolate
If you're a fan of Nutella… I've got just the thing! Go grab the Crockpot… it's time for some Crockpot Nutella Hot Chocolate! {oh yeah!}
Crockpot Peppermint Hot Chocolate
This tasty Crockpot Peppermint Hot Chocolate will warm you to the toes, and is perfect for your holiday parties, gatherings with friends, and snowy days!
Crockpot Hot Vanilla Recipe
Baby, it's COLD outside! In addition to delicious Hot Cocoa on a chilly day, this yummy Crockpot Hot Vanilla will warm you to the toes!
Easy Crockpot Apple Cider Recipe
No chilly day can stand a chance against this delicious spiced Crockpot Apple Cider Recipe!
Need a Crockpot? Get a deal with one of these Crock Pots on Sale!
Thank you for supporting The Frugal Girls!
Don't miss out! Get even more fun Frugal Girls Recipes, Tips + more right here…


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 25, 2003
|Filing date
|Sep 29, 2000
|Priority date
|Sep 30, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Giuseppe D'Aguanno, Marco Centini, Concita Sibilia, Michael Scalora, Mark Bloemer
|Original Assignee
|D'aguanno Giuseppe, Marco Centini, Concita Sibilia, Michael Scalora, Mark Bloemer
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (90), Non-Patent Citations (77), Referenced by (18), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This patent application claims priority to and is entitled to the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 60/156,961, filed Sep. 30, 1999 entitled "Efficient Non-Linear Phase Shifting Using a Photonic Band Gap Structure." This provisional application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention was made with Government support under contract DAAH01-98-P-R019 awarded by the Department of Defense. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to photonic band gap technology.
2. Related Art
In recent years, advances in photonic technology have generated a trend toward the integration of electronic and photonic devices. These devices offer an array of advantages over conventional electronic devices. For example, they can provide enhanced speed of operation and reduced size. In addition, these devices provide robustness to environmental changes, such as rapid temperature variations, increased lifetime, and the ability to handle high repetition rates. These structures can be made of metals, semiconductor materials, ordinary dielectrics, or any combination of these materials.
In photonic band gap (PBG) structures, electromagnetic field propagation is forbidden for a range of frequencies, and allowed for others. The nearly complete absence of some frequencies in the transmitted spectrum is referred to as a photonic band gap (PBG), in analogy to semiconductor band gaps. This phenomenon is based on the interference of light. For frequencies inside the band gap, forward-propagating and backward-propagating signal components can destructively cancel inside the structure, leading to complete reflection.
For example, recent advancements in PBG structures have been made in the development of a photonic band edge nonlinear optical limiter and switch. See M. Scalora, et al., Optical Limiting and Switching of Ultrashort Pulses in Nonlinear Photonic Band-Gap Materials, Physical Review Letters 73:1368 (1994) (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Also, advancements in photonic technology have been achieved with the development of the nonlinear optical diode. See M. Scalora et al., The Photonic Band-Edge Optical Diode, Journal of Applied Physics 76:2023 (1994) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). In addition, the physical processes involved in the photonic signal delay imparted by a uniform PBG structure are described in detail in Scalora et al., Ultrashort Pulse Propagation at The Photonic Band Edge: Large Tunable Group Delay with Minimal Distortion and Loss, Phys. Rev. E Rapid Comm. 54(2), R1078-R1081 (August 1996) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
What is needed is a device that performs phase shifting of an electromagnetic signal that is compact in size, performs with low intensity input signals, and can be manufactured by conventional techniques.
The present invention generally relates to a device and method of creating an optical signal phase shift using a compact and readily made structure. For example, this structure may have a length that is less than 10 micrometers. This compact structure enables phase shifts of order π for low intensity input signals.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a device is provided for generating a photonic signal having a phase different from an input photonic signal that is incident on the device. The input photonic signal has a signal frequency, a signal bandwidth, and a signal intensity. The device comprises a plurality of material layers. The material layers are arranged such that the device exhibits a photonic band gap structure. The photonic band gap structure exhibits a transmission band edge that corresponds to the input photonic signal frequency. A second photonic signal is generated at a second photonic frequency preferably close to a second band edge. The interaction of the input photonic signal with the second photonic signal generates a phase shift of order π for relatively small input intensities. The interaction of the input photonic signal with the arrangement of layers generates a phase shift.
The plurality of material layers can include a plurality of first material layers and a plurality of second material layers. The first and second material layers can be arranged in a periodically alternating manner or in an aperiodic manner such that the arrangement formed therefrom exhibits the photonic band gap structure. The first material layer can have a first index of refraction and the second material layer can have a second index of refraction that is different from the first index of refraction. Also, the first material layer can have a first thickness and said second material layer can have a second thickness that is different from the first thickness. These first and second material layers can respectively comprise Al2O3 and Al30%Ga70%As semiconductor layers, where these layers are formed on a semiconductor substrate or a dielectric substrate.
The first photonic signal can be tuned at the first resonance near the first band edge of the band gap structure and the second photonic signal can be tuned at the first resonance near the second band edge of the band gap structure. Moreover, the first and second photonic signals can be phase mismatched.
Further embodiments, features, and advantages of the present inventions, as well as the structure and operation of the various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.
FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating a characteristic transmission profile for a PBG structure.
FIG. 2A is a one-dimensional, finite, N-period structure comprising pairs of alternating layers of high and low linear refractive index according to a preferred embodiment.
FIG. 2B is a graph illustrating the normalized intensity of the eigenmode for a fundamental frequency field according to a preferred embodiment.
FIG. 2C is a graph illustrating the normalized intensity of the eigenmode for a second harmonic field according to a preferred embodiment.
FIG. 3A is a graph illustrating the density of modes for a fundamental frequency field according to a preferred embodiment.
FIG. 3B is a graph illustrating the density of modes for a second harmonic field according to a preferred embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the variation of nonlinear phase of a fundamental frequency field with respect to field intensity.
Large phase shifts, of order π, are desirable at low power for applications to devices that rely on interference effects for their functionality. One example of the current state of the art is described in the following publication: R. De Salvo, D. J. Hagan, M. Sheik-Bahae, G. Stegeman, H. Vanherzeele, E. W. Van Stryland, Optics Letters Volume 17, page 28 (1992) (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). This reference describes a pump beam that is injected inside a nonlinear material whose length is a few millimeters. In this reference, the pump beam's input intensity is 30 gigawatts per square centimeter to achieve phase shifts of order π.
This invention relates to the phase shifting of photonic signals at certain frequencies. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of a cascading process in a photonic band gap (PBG) structure to produce phase shifts. The present invention is a photonic band gap device. According to the present invention, fields frequencies are chosen at a device's respective band edges, where the density of modes is high, and wave velocity is low. This tuning enables the device to support phase shifts of order π at relatively low input intensities. In particular, with respect to device length, the present invention provides an improvement over the example described in Salvo, et al. by at least three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, with respect to input intensity, the present invention also provides an improvement over the state of the art by at least three orders of magnitude.
The present invention is described in terms of this example environment. Description in these terms is provided for convenience only. It is not intended that the invention be limited to application in this example environment. In fact, after reading the following description, it will become apparent to a person skilled in the relevant arts how to implement the invention in other environments.
a. Susceptibility
At a qualitative level, all materials found in nature are nonlinear to some degree. Consequently, the characteristic properties of ordinary materials, such as the dielectric susceptibility, change if an applied electromagnetic field intensity is strong enough.
This dependence of the susceptibility (which ultimately is a statement of the index of refraction of the material) on applied electric field strength can be exemplified in the following way:
where j is an integer, χ(1) is the medium susceptibility for low incident fields, χ(j) is the jth nonlinear coefficient whose magnitude decreases rapidly as (j) increases, and E is the applied field. Therefore, contributions from the jth term become significant if the field strength is gradually increased. Typically, each χ(j) coefficient can be two to four orders of magnitude greater than each successive χ(j+1) coefficient, depending on the material. On the other hand, all the coefficients with odd or even (j) greater than one may vanish, depending on the characteristics of the material at the molecular level. For example, all the even coefficients vanish if the molecule has a geometrical center of symmetry, as in a gas.
Because of the nonlinear contributions to the dielectric susceptibility, the application of a strong external optical field at frequency ω is capable of generating light at frequency 2ω, 3ω, 4ω, and so on. By the same token, if two strong fields of different frequencies ω1 and ω2 are applied to the nonlinear material, light at frequencies (ω1+ω2) and (ω1−ω2) (i.e., sum and difference frequencies) can also be generated in addition to the individual harmonics. For example, a χ(2) medium, which means that the first order nonlinear coefficient dominates the dynamics, is capable of second harmonic (SH) generation, and sum and difference frequency conversion. A χ(3) medium is capable of third harmonic generation, and so on. Therefore, PBG structures are well suited for frequency conversion applications.
b. Cascading
Frequency conversion applications utilize PBG structures that allow highly efficient energy conversion from a pump beam at one frequency to a second beam at a second frequency. These pump beams generate a first field at a fundamental frequency (FF) and a second field at a second harmonic (SH) of the fundamental frequency. In these particular applications, the group velocity, tuning, and phase matching conditions between the FF and SH fields are chosen to obtain maximum conversion efficiency.
Maximum conversion efficiency describes the situation where the amount of energy at a fundamental frequency that is converted to energy at a second harmonic is maximized. To achieve maximum conversion efficiency, conditions are chosen such that the FF and SH fields are phase matched. As a result of this phase matching, the waves associated with each field propagate with the same effective index of refraction. This phase matching is one of the factors that causes a high conversion efficiency. For the purposes of discussion, the term effective index means that the FF and SH fields experience a sort of averaged index of refraction, even though the interaction takes place in a layered structure. This principle is described in Centini, M. et al., "Dispersive properties of finite, one-dimensional photonic band gap structures: Applications to nonlinear quadratic interactions," Physical Review E, Vol. 60, No. 4-B, October 1999, pp. 4891-4898 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
Conditions can be established where there is not phase matching between the waves. When such conditions are established in a bulk medium, a phenomena known as "cascading" occurs. Cascading refers to the flow of energy back and forth from one field to the other in a cascaded fashion. This effect is caused by the absence of phase matching energy and is well known to persons skilled in the relevant arts. When cascading occurs, the number of times that energy cycles between one field and the other depends on the length of the medium, the input intensity, and the magnitude of the nonlinear coupling coefficient. Cascading is described by R. De Salvo, D. J. Hagan, M.Sheik-Bahae, G. Stegeman, H. Vanherzeele, E. W. Van Stryland, Optics Letters Volume 17, page 28 (1992) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
Cascading produces phase shifts in the interacting fields. For a particular FF field, the extent of cascading, and the magnitude of the resultant FF field phase shift, depend on at least two factors. These factors are the tuning of the FF and SH fields, and the input intensity of the FF field.
The past two decades have witnessed an intense investigation of electromagnetic wave propagation phenomena at optical frequencies in periodic structures. These structures are usually referred to as photonic band gap (PBG) crystals. PBG crystals are well known to persons skilled in the relevant arts. Two references describing PBG crystals are Development and Applications of Materials Exhibiting Photonic Band Gaps, edited by C. M. Bowdwen, J. P. Dowling, and H. O. Everitt, special iussue of J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10, 279 (1993); and J. D. Joannopoulos, et al., Photonic Crystals, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1994. These references are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Many practical applications of this new technology can be achieved at least in one dimension, for linear and nonlinear systems. Examples of these practical applications include optical diodes, nonlinear optical limiters and diodes, efficient nonlinear frequency conversion, optical delay lines, and transparent metals. These devices are based on the physics of the photonic band edge.
The present invention utilizes yet another effect that can occur near the band edge. Namely, the present invention enhances nonlinear χ(2) cascading processes by several orders of magnitude with respect to a bulk medium. Limited cascading processes for a bulk medium are described in R. De Salvo, D. J. Hagan, M. Sheik-Bahae, G. Stegeman, H. Vanherzeele, E. W. Van Stryland, Opt. Lett. 17, 28 (1992); G. Assanto, "Quadratic Cascading: Effects and Applications" in Beam Shaping and Control with Nonlinear Optics, F. Kajzar and R. Reinisch eds. (Plenum Press, New York, 1998) pp. 341-374.
Furthermore, the present invention enables an increase in the density of modes (DOM). In one example, the phase mismatch between fundamental frequency (FF) and second harmonic (SH) fields produce phase shifts that are of order π for input intensities of only 10 megawatts per square centimeter.
In the following paragraphs, a device according to a preferred embodiment is described. Next, a formal analysis is provided to quantitatively describe the phase shift performance of the present invention. In particular, this analysis describes one example of a mismatch that is used for the enhancement of χ(2):χ(2) processes near the band edge.
Photonic band gap (PBG) structures inhibit propagation for a range of frequencies about some reference frequency. Such frequency ranges are known as band gaps. PBG structures allow propagation for other frequency ranges that are away from band gaps. A representative transmission profile for a photonic band gap structure is shown in FIG. 1. This figure shows a characteristic transmission profile for a PBG structure. In FIG. 1, both a first order band gap 102 and a second order band gap 104 are depicted. A typical PBG structure exhibits an infinite number of photonic band gaps and band edges that are adjacent to the band gaps. In FIG. 1, transmission profile 106 is obtained by plotting the optical transmission 108 as a function of normalized frequency (Ω) 110, where Ω=ω/ω0. ω0 is a reference frequency used to create a normalized frequency scaling. The maximum possible transmission is 1, which corresponds to 100%. Therefore, it is the absence of those frequencies from the transmitted spectrum that gives rise to the name "band gap", in analogy to the electronic band gap of semiconductors where electrons having a specific range of energies cannot propagate inside a semiconductor crystal.
At frequencies outside the photonic band gap, the properties of the structures are such that a series of transmission resonances are obtained. These peaks are also referred to as peaks of transmittance. The number of such resonances is equal to the number of periods that make up the structure. The bandwidth of said resonances is a sensitive function. For a particular PBG structure, this function depends on the total number of periods, and each layer's refractive index.
FIG. 2A illustrates a photonic band gap (PBG) structure 200 according a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In one dimension, photonic band gap structure 200 comprises a plurality of layers, where the plurality of layers alternates between a low and a high index of refraction. PBG structure 200 comprises a stack of alternating layers 208 and 210 of refractive materials having predetermined indices of refraction n1 and n2, and predetermined thicknesses, a and b, respectively. Alternating layers 208 and 210 may also have different χ(2) responses. PBG structure 200 has a period 212 that is defined by the length of two adjacent alternating layers 208 and 210. The magnitude of period 212 is represented by the symbol Λ, where Λ=a+b. PBG structure 200 comprises N periods, and has a total length 214. Total length 214 is represented by the symbol L, where L=NΛ.
In an alternate embodiment, a PBG structure comprises layers of varying thickness and indices of refraction. As long as the structure produces a photonic band gap transmission profile, this layering may be quasi-periodic, non-periodic, or random in thickness and/or index of refraction.
PBG structures according to the present invention may also be based on metallic PBG structures. As set forth above, PBG devices may comprise a plurality of alternating material layers. In an alternate embodiment, the first material component is a transition metal. This metal can be gold, silver, copper, aluminum, tungsten, bismuth, or in general a good conductor of electricity with properties similar to those of gold, silver, copper, etc. The second material component is a dielectric or semiconductor material. For example, glasses such as quartz or magnesium fluoride (MgF2) can be used, and semiconductors such as gallium arsenide, aluminum arsenide, or germanium can also be used. Further, any alloy or other material that can be combined with a metallic substance can also be engineered and used for this purpose. This combination of materials results in a new index of refraction and new absorption characteristics for the PBG structure. These properties can depend on the respective proportions of the materials used in the structure. It should be noted, however, that similar structures that use different metals can respond to the same photonic signal in very different ways. Also, the ordering of the metal/dielectric structure can be interchanged to a dielectric/metal structure without affecting the transmissive properties of the PBG structure. In an example, an aperiodic structure has aperiodic layers.
As an example to illustrate the alternate embodiment described in the above paragraph and its operation, a transparent metal PBG structure can be fabricated with the component layers of silver (Ag), a metal, and magnesium fluoride (MgF2), a glass. Here, the total amount of Ag in the transparent metal PBG device can be hundreds of skin depths in thickness. Similarly, the thickness of the MgF2 layers can also vary.
In particular, the transparent metal shielding device is a PBG structure comprising several alternating Ag/MgF2 layers deposited on a glass, or any other suitable substrate. For some applications, it can be desirable that the transmitted range of frequencies not be in the visible range. Thus, the substrate can be opaque to visible light. For example, semiconductor substrates such as aluminum arsenide (AlAs) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) can also be used as a substrate, depending on what transmission window is desired.
According to the present invention, PBG device 200 generates a photonic signal having a phase different from an input photonic signal incident on PBG structure 200. The input photonic signal has a frequency, a bandwidth, and an input intensity. The interaction of the input signal with the arrangement of layers of PBG structure 200 generates a phase shift.
In an alternate embodiment, input photonic signals may have complex spectra. For example, an input photonic signal may comprise fundamental frequency and second harmonic fields. In addition, input photonic signals may comprise additional harmonics as well as other non-harmonic spectral components.
As discussed with respect to the numerical model described in the paragraphs below, the present invention enables structures less than 10 microns in length to perform phase shifts of order π for input signals where the input intensity is less than 100 megawatts per square centimeter, and in any case, much smaller compared to current state of art devices. As stated above, one embodiment of the present invention is an improvement over current examples in the art in device length by three orders of magnitude. Also, this is an improvement over the current examples in the art in required input signal intensity by three orders of magnitude. The improvement in device length allows phase shifting techniques to be miniaturized and integrated into the micro electronic circuit environment. The improvement in required input intensity lowers necessary thresholds and allows phase shifting techniques to be achieved with ordinary laser sources. Features of the present invention are shown in the paragraphs below using a multiple scales formalism which is well known to persons skilled in the relevant arts and described in J. W. Haus, R. Viswanathan, M. Scalora, A. G. Kalocsai, J. D. Cole, and J. Theimer, Phys. Rev. A. 57, 2120 (1998) (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). These paragraphs provide an extensive summary of the theory behind the present invention as well as a description of a device according the present invention.
According to the present invention, an analytical model can be utilized to allow one of ordinary skill in the art to design PBG structure 200 to obtain desired phase shifts for a particular application. This model extends the analysis of the cascading effect to ultimately quantify the phase shift of a field that is input to PBG structure 200. This phase shift is dependent on the input field's intensity.
The coupled mode equations that govern the interaction of two monochromatic plane waves at a fundamental frequency (FF) ω and a second harmonic (SH) 2ω in a layered 1-D structure are given by the following two differential equations (1a) and (1b).
k 0 ={fraction (ω/c)}.
In the above equations, α is the nonlinear coupling coefficient, and is represented by the following expression.
nω(z) and n2ω(z) are the linear refractive indices along the propagation direction z. λ is a dimensionless parameter that identifies the contributions of a given perturbative order.
In order to separate fast and slow scale variation in space, a suitable multiple scale expansion is applied. A new set of n+1 independent variables zk=λkz, with z0=z and for k=0,1 ,2, . . . , n is introduced. Then, the derivative operator is expanded according to the new set of coordinates, namely:
The electric fields are also regarded as functions of the n+1 independent variables, namely:
To first order perturbation theory, and to zeroth order in λ, the first term in the expansion of the electric field can be expressed in the following form.
Ăjω(z1) is the field envelope that depends on the slowly varying variable z1. Ajω(z0) is the fast oscillating linear eigenmode that solves the standard Helmholtz equation (2) for the structure.
Standard Helmholtz equation (2) is subject to the standard boundary conditions at the input (z0=0) and the output interfaces (z0=L=NΛ). These boundary conditions are provided below.
In the boundary conditions listed above, rjω and tjω are the linear reflectivity and transmittivity coefficients of the structure, respectively. The constant i is the square root of −1. The constant, k0, is the wavevector of the linear homogeneous medium that surrounds the structure. In addition, the linear eigenmodes are normalized with respect to the amplitude of the input fields.
The problem of solving equation (2) with the boundary conditions at the input and output interfaces may be regarded as a boundary eigenvalue problem. Under the conditions that both the FF and SH fields are tuned at a peak of transmission, the spectrum of the eigenvectors of Equation (2) has the form shown below in equation (3).
where mj=1,2, . . . , (N−1), (N+1), . . . , (2N−1), (2N+1), . . .
In equation (3), Ujω,m
when the following orthogonality relationship is met.
where δl
Equation (3) is not calculated when mi equals integer multiples of N. This is because the corresponding eigenmodes are tuned at the band edge. At the band edge, the transmittance is zero.
In a preferred embodiment, PBG structure 200 comprises alternating layers of Al2O3 and Al30%Ga70%As. However, for the Al30%Ga70%As layer, other percentages may be used. These materials are well known to persons skilled in the relevant arts. The refractive index of Al2O3 is approximately constant (1.62) over the range of wavelengths of interest. However, the refractive index of Al30%Ga70%As is more complicated. For the purposes of this discussion, the refractive index Al30%Ga70%As is based on measured data published on the internet by SOPRA: Société de Production et Recherches Appliquées.
FIG. 2B is a graph illustrating the normalized intensity U2 ω,N−1 of the eigenmode for an FF field according to a preferred embodiment. Here, PBG structure 200 is a 30-period stack. In this case, layer thicknesses a and b are 93 nanometers and 154 nanometers, respectively. Layers 208 comprise Al2O3 and layers 210 comprise Al30%Ga70%As. The FF field is tuned at the (N−1)th peak of transmittance near the first band edge, and the eigenrnode for the SH field is tuned at the first resonance near the second order band edge.
In a preferred embodiment, the thickness of layers 208 and 210 for PBG structure 200 are chosen such that when combined with material dispersion, the SH eigenmode is tuned at the (2N−1)th peak of transmittance near the second order band edge. This tuning is illustrated in FIG. 2C.
It is important to note that the eigenfunctions defined in equation (3) are similar but not identical to the Bloch functions that are generally used in the problem of nonlinear optical interactions in periodic media. However, there is a fundamental difference between the eigenfunctions defined in equation (3) and Bloch functions. Bloch functions are periodic over length Λ of period 112. The family of eigenftinctions in equation (3) are periodic over the total length 114 of PBG structure 200. This difference in the periodicity properties comes from considering a structure of finite length with boundary conditions at the input and output interfaces. Therefore, in the present invention, the translational invariance of the eigenmodes over the elementary cell is broken, and a long-range periodicity that is given by the length of PBG structure 200 is introduced. This long-range periodicity is shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C.
Next, if the perturbation analysis is carried out to the first order in λ, a different set of coupled mode equations are obtained by performing a sequence of two steps. First, the secular terms are eliminated in
Second, under the usual rotating wave approximation, and the orthogonality condition for the eigenstates of equation (3), the following coupled-mode equations, 4(a) and 4(b), for the field envelopes in the slow variable z1 are obtained. It is important to note that this analysis has formally taken z1 to z.
In the above equations, c represents the speed of light. ΔK is the phase mismatch, and is represented by the expression below.
It is important to note, that a straightforward analogy connects the bracket
with the mean value of the momentum operator for electrons in a periodic potential. This operator is represented by the following expression.
This straightforward analogy is described in N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 765-766 (1976) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
Consequently, the eigenstate of the electromagnetic field at the peak of transmittance (shown below) can be regarded as the Bloch eigenstate for the electron in an elementary cell of size NΛ.
Thus, the term ρjω is identified as the DOM of the electromagnetic field inside PBG structure 200. The coupling coefficient γjω reflects the way in which the eigenmodes of the FF and SH fields sample the distribution of the nonlinearity d(2)(z0) inside PBG structure 200.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are graphs illustrating the DOM for the same PBG structure 200 that is described with reference to FIGS. 2A-2C. In these graphs, DOM is plotted in units of 1/c, and the FF and SH fields are tuned to the peak of transmittance near the first and the second band edges respectively. The quadratic interaction is mismatched by an amount ΔK=π/NΛ. This mismatch causes a slow oscillation over a length scale equivalent to L, the structure length. The resulting relationship that governs these dynamics take the form shown below in equations (5a) and (5b).
In equations (5a) and (5b), the real quantities, σjω, are the effective coupling coefficients, and are represented by the equation below.
Equations (5a) and (5b) are formally equivalent to those governing quadratic interactions in bulk materials under moderate phase mismatch conditions, namely ΔKL=π. The effect of the PBG structure 200 is scaled in the effective coupling coefficients σjω. These coupling coefficients contain information regarding the DOM of the electromagnetic fields and the spatial average of the quadratic nonlinearity d(2)(z0), also weighed by the amount of overlap of the linear eigenmodes.
Consequently, the effective coupling coefficients, σjω, are enhanced by several orders of magnitude in a PBG structure 200 with respect to an equivalent length of bulk material. This effect can be traced directly to the high DOM available near the band edge, as shown by equations (5a) and (5b).
FIG. 4 illustrates the nonlinear phase modulation of a FF field as a function of input FF field intensity, for the PBG structure 200 as described with reference to FIGS. 2A-3B. The low index layer (Al2O3) is taken to be linear, while the high index layer (Al30%Ga70%As) is assumed to be nonlinear. PBG structure 200 is approximately 7 μm in length. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, typical values of χ(2) are of order 100 pm/V.
The graph in FIG. 4 shows that at the exit of the medium, the phase shift reaches values of order π with modest FF intensities. These phase changes are remarkable because they are some three order of magnitude greater compared to those previously reported for bulk materials, and constitute a considerable improvement over current state of the art.
Finally, while the present invention considers relatively short devices and χ(2) interactions as an example, the enhancement of the DOM near the band edge can lead to the same effect for other processes, such as frequency down-conversion and χ(3) interactions near the band edge. Furthermore, the high DOM and the particular phase conditions available near the photonic band edge makes PBG structure 200 the best candidate for highly efficient, all-optical devices based on cascading quadratic nonlinearities. Although the above analysis contemplates a periodic structure, the effect of the enhancement of the cascading process is quite general for any kind of one dimensional layered lattice, whether periodic or not. As long as transmission resonances can be identified for a one dimensional layered lattice and symmetry properties of its eigenmodes exploited, similar phase shifts can be achieved.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. Additionally, all articles and patent documents mentioned above are incorporated by reference herein.
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|Jan 17, 1995
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|Guardian Industries Corp.
|Dual silver layer Low-E glass coating system and insulating glass units made therefrom
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Owner name: ARMY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY
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text:
Carter will try to convince
teammates to stay
TORONTO (AP) Vince Carter
couldn't persuade Tracy McGrady to re-sign with the Raptors last summer. Now he
gets another chance with a new class of Toronto free agents.
Davis, Alvin Williams and Jerome Williams will be unrestricted free agents this
summer, and Carter said he will try to convince them to stay.
something I have to do, and it's something that needs to be done," Carter said
Monday, a day after Philadelphia eliminated Toronto in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference
"I'm going to give these guys time to be
away from basketball for maybe a month. It's a stressful time. It's a tough time
for all of them so I don't want to be a nuisance. I don't want to be up in their
face now. I'll approach it like I did with Tracy. When I feel it's time, I'll
talk to them. It's their decision."
McGrady signed with
his hometown Orlando Magic. Davis, who also lives in Orlando, said he'll exercise
the opt-out clause in his contract. Where his family wants to live will be a major
consideration, Davis said.
"They don't really like the
cold weather, and I don't blame them, but they understand it, and they deal with
it," said Davis, who had his son at his side Monday.
averaged a career-high 13.7 points and 10.1 rebounds after being acquired from
Indiana. The 6-foot-9 center will meet with Toronto general manager Glen Grunwald
on Tuesday.
"I think both sides understand that there
have to be some types of compromises," said Davis, who is looking for the maximum
allowable salary under the salary cap. "I'll do my best to come up with something
that will be fair to both sides, and hopefully we can reach an agreement."
Davis could leave through a sign and trade, Carter is signed through next season.
The Raptors exercised their option on Carter's contract, but the team can try
to negotiate an extension this summer. Carter hinted that he'll keep his options
open for the summer of 2002 when he will become a restricted free agent.
still another year for me," Carter said. "I'm not going to rush the decision.
I want to be happy with it."
Alvin Williams said his
relationship with coach Lenny Wilkens will factor into his decision.
owe a lot to Coach Wilkens," said Williams, who averaged 9.8 points and 5.0 assists.
"He believed in me."
Charles Oakley has a year remaining
on his contract, but the Raptors could trade him. The power forward didn't show
up for the team meeting on Monday, and he's annoyed people in the organization
with his outspokenness.
Davis said it's important that
Oakley return.
"I would love to get a big body in here
for somebody to lean on, especially with Charles Oakley's return being in question,"
Davis said.
"That, in and of itself, disturbs me. I
depended on Oakley for a lot of different things, and if he's not there then I
would love for him to be replaced with somebody who is mentally and (physically
as) strong as he is. That's very important to me. It's very hard to find, and
I hope that Oakley and Glen really understand that."


text:
- Upgrade Version
- Retail
Some manufacturers place restrictions on how details of their products may be communicated.
Time will tell 02/05/2007
This review is from: Microsoft Windows Vista Ultimate Upgrade
More than just Home and Pro. Alot of features that will help peer to peer home networkers and XBOX owners. Better security. First Windows version with Chess included...that is a pro, yes.
Smooth tried on several systems. Some of the quirks of betas and RCs worked out. Multi-monitor features built in that make this a much better OS for those with the hardware to support this feature.
Users need to relearn some of the interface. Some are simplified and more friendly to the crossover users from Linux and Mac, but this can end up confusing Windows die-hards.
Other Thoughts:
Some people have mainly based their opinions on RC and beta versions, I got mine with my Business MS Action Pack subscription update and immediately popped it onto a Vista-ready laptop and a primary PC. I was please with the overall performance and quality. No issues like 98 when it first came out or XP at first release. There are key differences in handling, but not so much that a trained PC tech or MSCE tech could not quickly get in and get things done.
2 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes / No Thanks for the valuable feedback you provided!


text:
How to Play FLAC files in iTunes with the Fluke application
This video shows you how to use flacs inside of iTunes. FLACS are higher quality audio files than your average mp3.FLAC stands for Free Lossless Audio Codec. It is designed for people who want to hear their music in a great high quality. For Mac users, download fluke. If you have iTunes up already, select open applications and open with. Select fluke and import it into iTunes. Once it has finished doing its thing, your music will open and you can play it. Essentially the system is tricking it to think that it is a quick time movie file.


text:
(change location)
Please fill out the form below. During normal business hours, please call 1-800-32-SMILE and press 1 to make an appointment.
Welcome to Coast Dental. Our North Ft. Myers dentist and caring office team offer comprehensive dentistry services to help you look and feel your best. Give our dentist office a call at (239) 731-8811 to see how we can help you.
We believe your visit to our dentist office in N. Fort Myers on North Tamiami Trail should be as pleasant and stress-free as possible. Whether you need a smile check-up and teeth cleaning or require extensive dental work, our dentist will answer all of your questions in a relaxed, friendly setting. We even have a root canal specialist on the team to alleviate pain and restore teeth.
Our team of dentists in North Fort Myers offer the following dental services in this office:
A great smile starts with us.