text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 21, 2006
|Filing date
|Sep 14, 2004
|Priority date
|Apr 11, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Eivind Stenersen, William Michael Nyman, Richard Thomas Canepa
|Original Assignee
|Donaldson Company, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (56), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (10), Classifications (86), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/122,647, filed Apr. 10, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,797,027, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/879,441, filed Jun. 12, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,783,881, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/832,715, filed Apr. 11, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,534, all which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present disclosure is related to air filtering systems for removing particulate and chemical contaminants from intake air. In particular, the disclosure is directed to a filter assembly that removes particulate and chemical contaminants from the intake air of fuel cells, and that also provides sound attenuation.
Practical and efficient generation of electrical energy has been sought since the discovery of electricity. Hydroelectric, fossil fuel and nuclear generation plants and batteries have long been used to supply our electrical power needs. Power generation by use of fuel cells is a relatively recent development that is rapidly gaining acceptance for both commercial and residential applications. As compared with conventional fossil fuel burning powered sources, they are relatively clean and efficient. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that efficiently convert a fuel's chemical energy directly to electrical energy. They chemically combine a fuel and oxidant without burning, thereby eliminating many inefficiencies and most pollution of traditional combustion power systems.
A fuel cell operates in principle much like a battery. However, unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging. It will continue to produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied to it. In general, a fuel cell consists of two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) sandwiched around an electrolyte. For example, for a PEM fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen are passed over the anode and cathode electrodes respectively in a manner that generates a voltage between the electrodes, creating electricity and heat, and producing water as the primary byproduct. The hydrogen fuel is supplied to the anode of the fuel cell. Some consume hydrogen directly, while others use a fuel reformer to extract the hydrogen from, for example, a hydrocarbon fuel such as natural gas, methanol, ethanol, or gasoline. Oxygen enters the fuel cell at the cathode. The oxygen can be supplied in purified form or can come directly from atmospheric air.
The fuel cell uses a catalyst to cause the hydrogen atom to split into a proton and an electron, each of which takes a different path to the cathode. The protons pass through the electrolyte. The electrons create a useful electric current that can be used as an energy source, before returning to the anode where they are reunited with the hydrogen protons and the oxygen to form water.
Fuel cells are generally characterized by the electrolyte material which is sandwiched between the cathode and anode, and which serves as a bridge for ion exchange. There are five main known types of fuel cells. Alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) contain a liquid alkaline electrolyte and have been used primarily in space mission applications. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) contain a solid polymer electrolyte. Their low temperature operation, high power density with the ability to vary their output quickly to meet shifts in power demand make their use ideal for both mobile and stationary applications, such as powering vehicles or buildings. Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs) utilize a phosphoric acid electrolyte and are currently used for commercial power generation. Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) contain a carbonate salt electrolyte, which becomes molten at the operating temperature of about 650� C. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) use a ceramic electrolyte material and operate up to about 1000� C. Both the MCFCs and the SOFCs can use carbon monoxide as fuel.
Fuel cells have a vast range of potential applications. They can be used to produce electricity for homes, businesses and industries through stationary power plants. Fuel cells produce a direct current (dc) that must be inverted to alternating current for grid-connected applications or for use with most consumer products. However, future fuel cells could be operated in both grid-connected and non-grid-connected modes. For residential applications, smaller fuel cell power plants could be installed for the production of both heat and power. They could also be used to provide power to remote residential entities having no access to primary grid power, potentially eliminating the necessity of grid-connections.
In addition to the larger scale power production applications, fuel cells could replace batteries that power consumer electronic products such as laptop computers, cellular phones and the like and could even be micro-machined to provide power directly to computer chips. Another promising commercial application of fuel cells is their potential to replace the internal combustion engine in vehicle and transportation applications. The applications for fuel cells are virtually unlimited.
All of the known fuel cell configurations discussed above have a common need for oxygen as an integral ingredient for performing the cell's chemical process. Other power sources, such as internal combustion engines, including diesel engines, also have a need for oxygen. For most commercial applications it is desirable for such oxygen to be supplied directly from the atmospheric air. However, it is accepted that in today's world, all atmospheric air has some degree of contaminants present in it. Such contaminants can be relatively large such as loose debris, insects, tree blossoms or the like, or can be in the nature of small particulates suspended in the atmosphere such as dust, tree pollen, smog or smoke particulates. Chemical contaminants are also widely present in atmospheric air, whether as a result of man-made pollution or as those which naturally occur. Typical chemical contaminants might include volatile organic compounds such as aromatic hydrocarbons, methane, butane, propane and other hydrocarbons as well as ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, smog, oxides of sulfur, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc. Such contaminants may appear intentionally (such as in military environments or by terrorists) or unintentionally. Solution of the latter requirement becomes particularly acute when the fuel cell is used in a mobile application that subjects the fuel cell to many varied atmospheric conditions.
Since efficient fuel cell operation depends on a delicately balanced chemical reaction, contaminants in the air used by the cell can have a significant adverse effect on the cell's operation and, depending on their nature, can even cause the fuel cell to discontinue operation. It is important therefore, that the fuel cell system include a filtration system that is designed to eliminate harmful contaminants and one that enables the fuel cell to be used in a wide range of use environments. It is also important that other power generating equipment have a filtration system that is designed to eliminate harmful contaminants.
To obtain the amount of oxygen necessary for a fuel cell and other equipment to produce the desired energy output, it has been found desirable to pass the oxygen-bearing containing air through air movement equipment such as a compressor or fan located within the air flow stream supplied to the fuel cell or other equipment. Unfortunately, typical compressors produce significant undesirable and annoying noise levels. It is desirable, therefore, in a power generating system to reduce and to minimize the noise produced by and/or transmitted through the compressor and back into the environment. Since reduced system size is also typically desirable, it is preferable that the filtration and sound attenuation features of the system be physically reduced as small as possible and even preferably be combined within a single element or housing. The present invention addresses the above-identified needs and desires for an efficient and quiet system for use in a wide variety of applications, including fuel cell systems.
What is desired, therefore, is a power generator, such as a fuel cell, that functions within environments having a wide range of contaminants.
The present invention provides filter assemblies for filtering the intake air used in power generating systems, such as with fuel cells. The present invention addresses a number of issues associated with the practical implementation of fuel cell technology for power generation, whether that application is for generation of power in large stationary applications, vehicles, mobile lightweight equipment such as laptop computers or cell phones, or small stationary equipment such as radar detectors or sensors. These applications may draw less than 1 kW of power, or up to several megawatts of power. The filter assemblies of the present invention address the common need of generally all such applications, that is the need for a contaminant free supply of oxidant to the fuel cell, or at least a supply of oxidant having a reduced contaminant level.
The amount and types of contaminants desirous to be removed from the intake air will depend on the amount and types of contaminants initially present in the intake air (generally, the atmosphere or environment surrounding the fuel cell). The amount of contaminants and the type of contaminants present in the intake stream, prior to filtration, varies widely depending on the location of the fuel cell, or at least the location of the air intake. For example, some environments have large levels of particulate contamination such as dust, smog, smoke, or pollen, whereas other environments having large levels of chemical contaminants such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, or silicone. Generally, no two environments will have identical contaminant profiles.
The amount and types of contaminants desirous to be removed from the intake air will also depend on the type of fuel cell. Any type of fuel cell or fuel cell stack can be used with the filter assemblies of the present invention, such as, for example, PEM fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, and molten carbonate fuel cells. Typically, the higher temperature operating fuel cells, such as solid oxide fuel cells, can tolerate higher levels of organic contaminants than lower temperature operating fuel cells, such as PEM fuel cells.
Accordingly, one aspect of this invention is to provide filtration to the intake air for a fuel cell system. The assemblies of the present invention provide particulate filtration and/or chemical filtration to the incoming air stream to provide a purified oxidant supply. Since most fuel cell system include some type of air moving equipment, such as a compressor, which can introduce contaminants into the air stream, the present invention also addresses filtration of air downstream of the air moving equipment.
Unfortunately, air moving equipment typically produces loud noise in exchange for its air moving capabilities. It is the moving parts such as rotors, impellers, lobes, vanes, pistons and other various parts of air moving equipment that create sound waves or noise in the frequency ranges of 3 Hertz to 30,000 Hertz, sometimes as high as 50,000 Hertz, at levels of 85 to 135 dB at one meter. While not all the noise emanating from the air moving equipment is objectionable, the various assemblies of the present invention are directed to reducing the most objectionable portions of the noise profiles.
In one particular embodiment, the invention is directed to a system for producing power. The system comprises an air filter assembly that comprises a housing and a filter element in the housing. The housing has an inlet and an outlet, the inlet accepting dirty atmospheric air to the filter assembly, and the outlet providing clean air from the filter assembly. The filter element comprises at least a physical or particulate filter portion to remove particulate contaminants from the dirty air. The filter element may also include a chemical filter portion to remove chemical contaminants from the dirty air. The filter assembly also includes a sound suppression or attenuation element, which may also be in the housing. The sound suppression element provides broadband attenuation of the sound passing through the filter assembly. The air filter assembly is operably connected to a power generation source, such as a fuel cell.
The system generally also includes air moving equipment, such as a compressor or a blower, to provide enhanced air flow to the fuel cell. The filter assembly is also particularly arranged to reduce the level of noise emanating from any such equipment.
The present invention provides a filter assembly, the filter assembly having a housing and a filter element in the housing. The housing has an inlet and an outlet, the inlet receiving dirty air into the filter assembly, and the outlet providing clean filtered air from the filter assembly. The filter assembly generally also has a sound suppression element, such as a resonator, sonic choke, full choke, sound adsorbent material, that attenuates or otherwise reduces sound passing through the housing by at least 3 dB at one meter, preferably by at least 6 dB.
The filter element can include a particulate filter portion, a chemical filter portion, and optionally a sound suppression element, all being part of the filter element. The sound suppression element provides broadband sound attenuation of at least 6 dB at one meter. The particulate filter portion removes particulate contaminants from dirty air entering the filter element, and the chemical filter portion, if present, is removes chemical contaminants from the entering dirty air. The particulate filter portion can be positioned radially adjacent or forming a part of the sound suppression element. In some configurations, the particulate filter portion can be configured to provide straight-through flow.
Such a filter assembly or filter element can be used with any process or system that produces noise or sound and that benefits from cleaner intake gas (such as air). A fuel cell system is one power producing system with which filter assembly of the present invention can be used. Additionally, the filter assembly or filter element can be used with other power producing systems, such as diesel or gasoline engines.
Referring to the figures, wherein like numerals represent like parts throughout the several views, there is schematically illustrated in
As depicted in
Filter assembly 10 of the present invention has at least one filter element, schematically indicated at 15, for removing particulate and/or chemical contaminants. Filter element 15 has a dirty air intake side 13 and a clean air outlet side 17. A housing 11 retains filter element 15 therein. Inlet 12 is in fluid communication with dirty air intake side 13, and housing outlet 14 is in fluid communication with clean air side 17 of filter element 15. Housing 11 may be of varied configurations, and preferably comprises at least two separable sections, so that access can be gained to the contained filter element 15. The multiple sections can be held together by latches, clamps, straps, or other suitable securing mechanisms. One preferred system for engaging two housing sections of a filter assembly could be that system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,042 (Coulonvaux), which is incorporated herein by reference. Another preferred system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,842 (Patel et al.), also incorporated herein by reference.
Atmospheric air 50 enters filter assembly 10 as dirty air through inlet 12 in housing 11 and progresses to dirty air side 13 of filter element 15. As the air passes through filter element 15 to its clean air side 17, contaminants are removed by filter element 15 to provide filtered air. The filtered air, illustrated at 54, exits filter assembly 10 through housing outlet 14 and is used by equipment 101. The type and extent of contaminants removed from the air to provide filtered air 54 depends on the contaminants present in atmospheric air 50, the configuration of filter element 15, the type of fuel cell used, and the temperature of the environment in which the fuel cell is operating.
Filter assembly 10 also includes a noise suppression element 19 to reduce or suppress the level of noise or sound emanating from equipment 101 and passing back through filter assembly 10. Suppression element 19 may be positioned within housing 11, and in some embodiments, suppression element 19 is defined by the configuration and shape of housing 11.
In order to facilitate or enhance the rate of chemical reaction within a fuel cell, it is often desirable to introduce the oxygen bearing air 54 to the fuel cell under pressure, or at a faster rate than would be available by simple "exposure" of the fuel cell to air at atmospheric pressure. A compressor or blower may be used for this purpose. Therefore, according to one configuration, equipment 101 includes a compressor 104 that provides air to fuel cell 102 for use in the catalytic reaction. Compressor 104 is positioned upstream from fuel cell 102. By the term "upstream", it is meant that air flows from compressor 104 to fuel cell 102; conversely, fuel cell 102 is positioned "downstream" from compressor 104. Filter assembly 10, which includes noise suppression element 19, is also positioned upstream from compressor 104.
During operation of compressor 104, fast moving impellers, rotors or pistons generally present within compressor 104 emit sound, generally referred to as noise. This noise has a frequency that varies depending on the type and configuration of the compressor, but is typically in the range of 3 Hertz to 30,000 Hertz, and sometimes as high as 50,000 Hertz, at a level of 85 to 135 dB at one meter. One particular type of compressor 104, a "Lysholm" twin screw compressor, available from Opcon Autorotor AB of Sweden, operates at and provides a noise output in the range of about 160 to 1100 Hertz. Every compressor has a noise or frequency distribution associated with its operation; this distribution will depend on the type of compressor (including the specific model of compressor), and could depend on variants such as the input and output flow rates, and environment temperature.
It is to be understood that such filter structures that will be described are illustrative only of specific embodiments of such structures that embody the principles of this invention, and that the scope of the invention is not to be limited by specifics of the particular described structures.
Noise from compressor 104 travels in any direction possible, such as downstream to and through fuel cell 102 as well as upstream to and through filter assembly 10. Filter assembly 10, particularly by means of its suppression element 19, reduces the level of sound traveling upstream from compressor 104 and out of the filter assembly intake 12 by at least 3 dB at one meter, typically by at least 6 dB, and preferably by at least 25 dB. Various specific structures of filter assembly 10, including filter element 15 and noise suppression element 19, are described below.
A First Embodiment of a Filter Assembly
A first example of a filter assembly configured according to the principles of this invention is shown in
The filter assembly view of
Housing 11 a can be made from any material that can be formed with the desired elements, e.g., inlet 12 a, outlet 14 a, etc. Examples of usable materials for housing 11 a include metals or plastics or other polymeric materials. Typically, housing 11 a will be a thermoplastic or thermoset polymeric material, such as epoxy, polycarbonate, polyethylene, and the like. These materials may include reinforcement, such as a scrim or fibers, within the polymeric material to strength housing 11 a. In some embodiments it may be desired to avoid silicone mold release when making housing 11 a or any other part or element of filter element 110 a, as silicone fumes may be detrimental to the fuel cell. Alternately, it may be possible to wash or otherwise cleanse housing 11 a to remove any contaminants such as mold release.
Returning to the features of housing 11 a, receptor port 35 is configured to cooperatively receive a sensor that can monitor parameters, as desired, within the housing internal cavity. One example of a sensor that may be desired for use within sensor receptor port 35 a is an air mass flow sensor, generally referred to as a flow sensor or a flow meter. An air mass flow sensor can be used to monitor the mass of air passing through outlet 14 a. The air mass passing through outlet 14 a is directly related to the air mass passing through the entire system, including filter assembly 10 a and equipment 101 of
One example of a preferred air mass flow sensor is a "hot wire" sensor, which uses the change in resistance through a wire to determine the amount of air passing over the wire. Such a hot wire sensor is available, for example, from TSI of St. Paul, Minn. Examples of devices that can monitor the accumulation or total contaminants include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,976,467 and 6,187,596, both to Dallas et al. and incorporated herein by reference.
The various portions of filter assembly 10 a are illustrated in
Suppression element 19 a is configured to attenuate sound waves passing through the internal cavity defined by housing 11 a. In the preferred embodiment suppression element 19 a comprises a first resonator 21 and a second resonator 22. In the preferred embodiment of the invention herein described, first resonator 21 is configured to attenuate sound at a peak frequency of about 900 Hz, and second resonator 22 is configured to attenuate sound at a peak frequency of about 550 Hz. Detailed information regarding sound suppression element 19 (
Specific characteristics of a preferred configuration of the filter assembly 10 a are illustrated in
Air flows into filter assembly 10 a via inlet 12 a, which has a diameter "D1" of about 1 to 8 inches (25 to 203 mm). In the preferred embodiment, inlet diameter "D1" is about 4 inches (102 mm). The length of inlet 12 a "L1", measured as the distance from the inlet end of housing 11 a to approximately the dirty air side of filter element 15 a, is generally about 1 to 8 inches (25 to 203 mm). In the preferred embodiment, "L1" is about 3.5 inches (90 mm). Outlet 14 a has a diameter "DO" of about 1 to 8 inches (25 to 203 mm). In the preferred embodiment, outlet diameter "DO" is about 4 inches (102 mm).
Filter element 15 a occupies a volume within housing 11 a having a length "F" of about 4 to 8 inches (102 to 203 mm). The specific length "F" occupied by filter element 15 a will be conditioned on features such as the type of filter element used, its filtering capabilities, the volume of housing 11 a allotted to suppression element 19 a (
Noise suppression element 19 a occupies the majority of the remaining length of housing 11 a. In the embodiment shown in
Mounting brackets 31 a, 32 a on the exterior of filter assembly 10 a are spaced apart 18.5 inches (470 mm), which is designated by "LB". First mounting bracket 31 a is spaced 8.9 inches (227 mm) from inlet 12 a, designated by "LA". It is understood that the positioning of any mounting brackets is dependant on the overall length "L" of filter assembly 10 a, its desired positioning in respect to surrounding equipment or structures, and positioning of internal baffles or other structure within housing 11 a.
Physical or Particulate Removal Portion of the Filter Assembly
Filter assembly 10 of the present invention, in particular filter element 15, includes a portion for removing physical contaminants such as particulates from the incoming air 50. It is understood that large items, such as leaves, birds, rodents and other debris, will be removed by a screen, mesh, separator or the like from incoming atmospheric air 50 prior to the air reaching filter assembly 10. A water or liquid separator may be included to remove water or fluid from air 50 prior to entering filter assembly 10 as is known in the art.
A series of particulate removal portions may be used within filter assembly 10, with each subsequent particulate removal portion removing a smaller sized particle. Alternately, a single particulate removal portion can be used.
Typically, the particulate removal portion contains a filter media, such as a fibrous mat or web, including cellulosic materials, to remove particles. Examples of particulates or particles removed by a particulate removal portion include dust, dirt, pollen, diesel particulate, insects, wood chips and sawdust, metal shavings, cosmic dust, and the like. Some particulates may be doubly harmful to the operation of the fuel cell, both as the physical particle and the molecular structure of the particle; for example, limestone, is a basic material that could harm the electrolyte in a PEM fuel cell, which is acidic. Other types of fuel cells may be detrimentally affected by acidic contaminants. Heavy hydrocarbons, particularly those found in road tar, can also detrimentally affect operation of a fuel cell.
The filter media can be treated in any number of ways to improve its efficiency in removing minute particulates; for example, electrostatically treated media can be used, as can cellulose or synthetic media or a combination thereof, having one or more layers of nanofiber, or other types of media known to those skilled in the art. For details regarding types of nanofiber that could be used, see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,506 (Barris et al.), which is incorporated herein by reference.
It is understood that any number of particulate removal portions having any combination of particulate removal efficiency can be used. The desired particulate removal system will depend on the type, size and nature of contaminants present in the atmosphere (for example, leaves, cottonwood blossoms, lint, snow, cosmic dust, etc.) and the desired cleanliness level of the resulting filtered air. The media used in filter element 15 can vary, depending on the particulate removal efficiency desired, the maximum level of acceptable pressure drop through filter element 15, and other such factors.
Filter element 15 a of
In preferred constructions, filter media 55 is designed to remove particulate from air passing through the filter media 55, while the sealing system 60 is designed to provide a seal between filter element 15 a and the interior sidewalls of housing 11 a, as shown in
In certain preferred arrangements, filter media 55 is configured for straight-through flow. By "straight-through flow," it is meant that filter media 55 is configured so as to have a first flow face 105 (corresponding to an inlet end, in the illustrated embodiment) and an opposite, second flow face 110 (corresponding to an outlet end, in the illustrated embodiment). Straight-through flow is often desired because a straight-through flow filter can handle greater amounts of air passing therethrough compared to, for example, a pleated filter. It is intended that there is no distinction between "straight-though flow" and "in-line flow". Air enters in one direction 114 through first flow face 105 and exits in the same direction 116 from second flow face 110. In this embodiment, first flow face 105 correlates to dirty air side 13 of the filter element of
When filter element 15 a is used with an in-line flow housing such as housing 11 a of
Although first flow face 10S is described above as corresponding to an inlet end (and dirty air side 13), and second flow face 110 is described above as corresponding to an outlet end (and clean air side 17), the inlet and outlet ends (and dirty air side and clean air side) can be reversed. That is, first flow face 105 depicted in
In the preferred embodiment, the media of filter element 15 a is a wound or rolled construction. That is, filter element 15 a will typically include a layer of filter media that is wound completely or repeatedly about a central axis. Typically, the wound construction will be a coil, in that a layer of filter media will be rolled in a series of turns around a central axis. In arrangements where a wound, coiled construction is used, filter element 15 a will be in the shape of a roll of filter media, typically permeable fluted filter media.
Attention is now directed to
When using this type of media construction 125, flute chambers 124 preferably form alternating peaks 126 and troughs 128. Peaks 126 and troughs 128 divide flutes 124 into an upper row and lower row. In the particular configuration shown in
When using media constructed in the form of media construction 125, during use, unfiltered air enters flute chambers 136 as indicated by the shaded arrows 144. Flute chambers 136 have their upstream ends 146 open. The unfiltered fluid flow is not permitted to pass through downstream ends 148 of flute chambers 136 because their downstream ends 148 are closed by second end bead 140. Therefore, the air is forced to proceed through fluting sheet 130 or face sheets 132. As the unfiltered air passes through fluting sheet 130 or face sheets 132, the air is cleaned or filtered. The cleaned air is indicated by the unshaded arrow 150. The air then passes through flute chambers 134 (which have their upstream ends 151 closed) to flow through the open downstream end 152 (
Typically, media construction 125 will be prepared and then wound to form a rolled construction 100 of filter media. When this type of media is selected for use, media construction 125 includes corrugated layer 123 secured with end bead 138 to bottom face sheet 132B (as shown in
The leading edge and the trailing edge should be sealed between corrugated sheet 123 and bottom face sheet 132B, before winding the sheet into a coil, in these types of media constructions 125. While a number of ways are possible, in certain methods, the seal at the leading edge is formed as follows: (a) corrugated sheet 123 and bottom face sheet 132B are cut or sliced along a line or path extending from the top lateral edge to the bottom lateral edge (or, from the bottom lateral edge to the top lateral edge) along a flute 124 forming a peak 126 at the highest point (or apex) of peak 126; and (b) sealant is applied between bottom face sheet 132B and corrugated sheet 123 along the line or path of cut. The seal at the trailing edge can be formed analogously to the process of forming the seal at the leading edge. While a number of different types of sealant may be used for forming these seals, one usable material is a non-foamed sealant available from H.B. Fuller, St. Paul, Minn.
When using media construction 125, it may be desired by the system designer to wind the construction 125 into a rolled construction of filter media, such as filter element 15 a of
Media construction 125 can also be wound without a mandrel or center core. One method of forming a coreless rolled construction is as follows: (a) troughs 128 of the first few corrugations of corrugated sheet 123 spaced from the leading edge are scored from the top lateral edge to the bottom lateral edge (or from the bottom lateral edge to the top lateral edge) to help in rolling construction 125; for example, the first four corrugations from the leading edge will have a score line cut along troughs 128; (b) bead 140 of sealant is applied along the top of corrugated sheet 123 along the lateral edge opposite from the lateral edge having end bead 138; (c) the leading edge is initially turned or rolled over against itself and then pinched together to be sealed with sealant bead 140; and (d) the remaining corrugated sheet 123 having bottom face sheet 132B secured thereto is coiled or rolled or turned around the pinched leading edge.
In other methods, coreless constructions can be made from media construction 125 by automated processes, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,543,007 and 5,435,870, each incorporated by reference herein. In still other methods, the media construction can be rolled by hand.
When using rolled constructions such as filter construction 100, the system designer will want to ensure that the outside periphery of construction 100 is closed or locked in place to prevent filter construction 100 from unwinding. There are a variety of ways to accomplish this. In some applications, the outside periphery is wrapped with a periphery layer. The periphery layer can be a non-porous, adhesive material, such as plastic with an adhesive on one side. When this type of layer is utilized, the periphery layer prevents filter construction 100 from unwinding and prevents air from passing through the outside periphery of filter construction 100, maintaining straight-through flow through filter construction 100.
In some applications, filter construction 100 is secured in its rolled construction by sealing the trailing edge of media construction 125 with an adhesive or sealant along a line 160 (
Additionally or alternatively, a support band 162 can be provided around the outer perimeter of filter construction 100 to secure the trailing edge. In
Filter element 15 a includes an end frame 200 positioned at second flow face 110. A cross-sectional fragmented view of filter element 15 a is shown in
End frame 200 supports sealing system 60 and provides a solid, relatively non-deformable surface to facilitate the seal between the filter element and filter housing formed by sealing system 60. In particular, sealing system 60 comprises an annular ring of round sealant material that is mounted to and seated on the distal portion of peripheral band 205 that projects outwardly from second flow face 110. Sealing system 60 is preferably a compressible material, such as a polyurethane foam material, that is configured to cooperatively engage the interior sidewalls of housing 11 a and provide an air-tight seal. Sealing system 60 can have a stepped cross-sectional configuration of decreasing outermost diameter dimensions to facilitate sealing and to ensure a tight seal.
In general, for a properly functioning radially sealing structure, the compressible sealing system 60 needs to be compressed when filter element 15 a is operatively mounted in housing 11 a. In many preferred constructions, it is compressed about 15% to 40% (often about 20 to 33%) of its thickness, at the thickest portion thereof, to provide for a strong robust seal yet still be one that can result from hand installation of the element with forces on the order of 80 pounds or less, preferably 50 pounds or less, and generally from about 20–40 pounds.
A second embodiment of a filter element for use in the filter assembly of the present invention is illustrated in
Additional details regarding filter element 15 a, filter element 15 b, and other usable filter elements can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,432, which is incorporated herein by reference.
It is understood that other filter constructions, other than those having straight-through flow, can be used. Examples of other particulate filter constructions that can be used include pleated media filters, panel filters, filters having a volume of depth media, and the like.
A Chemical Removal Portion of the Filter Assembly
Referring again to
The chemical removal portion typically includes a physisorbent or chemisorbent material, such as, for example, desiccants (i.e., materials that adsorb or absorb water or water vapor) or materials that adsorb or absorb volatile organic compounds and/or acid gases and/or basic gases. The terms "adsorbent material," "adsorption material," "adsorptive material," "absorbent material," absorption material," absorptive material," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover any material that removes chemical contaminants by adsorption or absorption. Suitable adsorbent materials include, for example, activated carbon, activated carbon fibers, impregnated carbon, activated alumina, molecular sieves, ion-exchange resins, ion-exchange fibers, silica gel, alumina, and silica. Any of these materials can be combined with, coated with, or impregnated with materials such as, for example, potassium permanganate, calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium sulfate, citric acid, phosphoric acid, other acidic materials, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the adsorbent material can be combined or impregnated with a second material.
The adsorbent material typically includes particulates or granulated material and can be present in varied configurations, for example, as granules, beads, fibers, fine powders, nanostructures, nanotubes, aerogels, or can be present as a coating on a base material such as a ceramic bead, monolithic structures, paper media, or metallic surface. Typically, the adsorbent materials, especially particulate or granulated materials, are provided as a bed of material.
Alternately, the adsorbent material can be shaped into a monolithic or unitary form, such as, for example, a large tablet, granule, bead, or pleatable or honeycomb structure that optionally can be further shaped. In at least some instances, the shaped adsorbent material substantially retains its shape during the normal or expected lifetime of the filter assembly. The shaped adsorbent material can be formed from a free-flowing particulate material combined with a solid or liquid binder that is then shaped into a non-free-flowing article. The shaped adsorbent material can be formed by, for example, a molding, a compression molding, or an extrusion process. Shaped adsorbent articles are taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,189,092 (Koslow), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,037 (Koslow), which are incorporated herein by reference.
The binder used for providing shaped articles can be dry, that is, in powdered and/or granular form, or the binder can be a liquid, solvated, or dispersed binder. Certain binders, such as moisture curable urethanes and materials typically referred to as "hot melts", can be applied directly to the adsorbent material by, for example, a spray process. In some embodiments, a temporary liquid binder, including a solvent or dispersant which can be removed during the molding process, is used. Suitable binders include, for example, latex, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl acetate, starch, carboxylmethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, and sodium silicate. Preferably the composition of a shaped material includes at least about 70%, by weight, and typically not more than about 98%, by weight, adsorbent material. In some instances, the shaped adsorbent includes 85 to 95%, preferably, approximately 90%, by weight, adsorbent material. The shaped adsorbent typically includes not less than about 2%, by weight, binder and not more than about 30%, by weight, binder.
Another embodiment of a suitable adsorbent material for use in the chemical removal portion is an adsorbent material that includes a carrier. For example, a mesh or scrim can be used to hold the adsorbent material and binder. Polyester and other suitable materials can be used as the mesh or scrim. Typically, any carrier is not more than about 50% of the weight of the adsorbent material, and is more often about 20 to 40% of the total adsorbent weight. The amount of binder in the shaped adsorbed article with the carrier typically ranges about 10 to 50% of the total adsorbent weight and the amount of adsorbent material typically ranges about 20 to 60% of the total adsorbent weight.
The chemical removal portion can include strongly basic materials for the removal of acid contaminants from the air, or strongly acidic materials for the removal of basic contaminants from the air, or both. Preferably, the basic materials and acidic materials are sufficiently separated from each other so that they do not interact with or cancel each other. In some embodiments, the adsorbent material itself may be the strongly acidic or strong basic material. Examples of such materials include materials such as polymer particulates, activated carbon media, zeolites, clays, silica gels, and metal oxides. In other embodiments, the strongly acidic materials and the strongly basic materials can be provided as surface coatings on carriers such as granular particulate, beads, fibers, cellulosic material, fine powders, nanotubes, and aerogels. Alternately or additionally, the acidic and basic material that forms the acidic and basic surfaces may be present throughout at least a portion of the carrier; this can be done, for example, by coating or impregnating the carrier material with the acidic or basic material.
Examples of acidic compounds that are often present in atmospheric air and are considered as contaminants for fuel cells include, for example, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and volatile organic acids and nonvolatile organic acids. Examples of basic compounds that are often present in atmospheric air and are considered as contaminants for fuel cells include, for example, ammonia, amines, amides, sodium hydroxides, lithium hydroxides, potassium hydroxides, volatile organic bases and nonvolatile organic bases.
For PEM fuel cells, the cathodic reaction occurs under acidic conditions, thus, it is undesirable to have basic contaminants present. An example of a preferred material for removing basic contaminants, such as ammonia, is activated carbon impregnated or coated with citric acid.
A first embodiment of a filter element 15 (
In a preferred embodiment, adsorbent element 300 is a shaped mass of activated carbon material held together by a thermoplastic binder. A preferred adsorbent element 300 includes activated carbon material, sieve size 12�20 or 8�16, molded with a level of 8% ethylene-vinyl acetate binder. Such a preferred adsorbent element 300 can be made in accordance with the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,189,092 (Koslow) or U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,037 (Koslow). In another preferred embodiment, adsorbent element 300 is made from layers (not shown) of carbon material available from Hollingsworth & Vose of East Walpole, Mass. (also known as H&V).
In the embodiment shown, adsorbent element 300 is positioned adjacent second flow face 110; thus air flowing through filter element 15 c would enter filter construction 100 via first flow face 105 and exit via second flow face 110, and then pass through adsorbent element 300. Such a configuration has adsorbent element 300 "downstream" of the particulate removing filter construction 100. All air passing through filter construction 100 preferably passes through adsorbent element 300. It is understood that adsorbent element 300 could alternatively be positioned "upstream" from filter construction 100.
A second embodiment of a filter element 15 (
In filter elements 15 c and 15 d, the chemical removal portion, specifically adsorbent element 300, has been combined with the particulate removal portion to form a single structure. It is understood that in some embodiments, the chemical removal portion will be separate and spaced from the particulate removal portion. It is further understood that the particulate removal portion and chemical removal portion can be combined in a single element that removes both physical and chemical contaminants. In one example, the filter media of a particulate removal portion can be made with fibers that have a surface treatment capable of chemisorbing or otherwise reacting or interacting with acidic or basic contaminants, thus providing a chemical removal portion. In another example, a bed of activated carbon granules can be arranged and configured to remove physical contaminants from the air if the spacing between the granules is sufficiently small.
One preferred filter element that includes both particulate and chemical removal portions is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,996 (Linnersten et al.), which is incorporated herein by reference.
Additional information regarding chemical removal portions of filter elements for use with fuel cell systems is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,177, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A Sound Suppression Element of the Filter Assembly
Referring again to
Sound emanating from equipment such as compressor 104 will travel in any direction as permitted by the fuel cell, equipment and filter assemblies. That is, sound would travel upstream from the compressor, against the flow of the air, to filter assembly 10; and sound would travel downstream to fuel cell 102. In accordance with the present invention, filter assembly 10 reduces the noise emanating from compressor 104 through the filter assembly and out to the surrounding environment, by attenuating the sound with sound suppression element 19 of filter assembly 10.
Sound suppression element 19 can be any type of element that, together with other features of filter assembly 10 that may attenuate or otherwise reduce the sound, provides reduction in the sound by at least 3 dB, typically at least 6 dB, preferably by at least 10 dB, and more preferably by at least 25 dB. Examples of sound suppression elements 19 include mufflers, lined ducts, baffles, bends in the sound path, plenums, expansion chambers, resonators, sonic chokes, full chokes, sound adsorptive material, and various combinations thereof. Various details regarding sound suppression elements are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,082,487 (Angelo et al.), which in incorporated herein by reference.
Certain typical suppression elements 19 include an outer wall, usually cylindrical, defining an internal volume, and an inlet and outlet tube oriented within the internal volume of the outer wall. It is preferred that the outer wall and any other structures have minimal surfaces that are planar or flat; rather, it is preferred that the surfaces of suppression element 19 are curved, to reduce the amount of vibration or drumming that often occurs with flat walls. In typical arrangements, the outlet tube defines a sonic choke. An inner, perforated wall is spaced from the outer wall, to define an annular volume therebetween. The annular volume may include a packing or padding of absorptive material within the annular volume. This absorptive material within the annular volume provides an absorptive function, and also helps reduce drumming of the outer wall or shell. In certain arrangements, the inner perforated wall and annular volume are in alignment with the inlet region of suppression element 19. That is, the inner perforated wall may circumscribe at least a portion of the inlet tube.
A preferred suppression element 19 is a resonator. A resonator is an enclosed volume of air in communication with the exterior through a small opening. The enclosed air resonates at a finite range of frequency. This range of frequency and the level of attenuation depend on the dimensions of the enclosed volume. The frequency resonated within the enclosed volume determines the noise frequency attenuated by the resonator.
In filter assembly 10 a illustrated in
In one preferred embodiment, first resonator 21 is designed to attenuate sound at a peak frequency of about 900 Hz, and second resonator 22 is designed to attenuate sound waves at a peak frequency of about 550 Hz. As illustrated in
Additionally, first and second resonators 21, 22 are spaced approximately 3 inches (76 mm) apart, as measured by the longitudinal spacing between the perforations in central wall structure 28 of the two resonators. This distance between resonators 21, 22, designated at 24 in
Referring again to
Various other features of housing 11 a may provide sound attenuation. For example, inlet 12 a, as illustrated in
It is noted that filter element 15, such as any of filter elements 15 a, 15 b, 15 c, 15 d, may have additional sound attenuation properties associated with the particulate removal portion or the chemical removal portion. For example, filter construction 100 (
A Second Embodiment of a Filter Assembly
A second example of a filter assembly is shown in fragmented cross-section in
Filter assembly 10 b includes a housing 11 b which defines an inlet 12 b and an outlet 14 b. Dirty air 50 enters filter assembly 10 b via inlet 12 b, and clean air 54 exits via outlet 14 b. The exterior of housing 11 b includes mounting brackets 31 b, 32 b for positioning and securing filter assembly 10 b in relation to surrounding equipment and structures. A sensor receptor port 35 b is present on the exterior of housing 11 b to allow for connection of a sensor, as may be desired. Filter element 15 a is positioned within housing 11 b. In filter assembly 10 b of this embodiment, the filter element 15 a used is the same as filter element 15 a of filter assembly 10 a of the first embodiment. Also within housing 11 b is a noise suppression element generally illustrated at 19 b.
Suppression element 19 b comprises a resonator 23 configured to attenuate sound at a peak of about 900 Hz. Detailed information regarding resonators is provided above with respect to the first embodiment of filter assembly 10 a. Resonator 23 has one end operatively connected in fluid communication with the outlet port 14 b of the filter assembly, and an opposite end to which is secured an annular mounting bracket 342. Mounting bracket 342 has a perforated central portion allowing air to pass therethrough into resonator 23, and defines an annular seal seat 343 that includes a cylindrical extension flange 345 axially projecting away from resonator 23 in a direction toward inlet port 12 b. The distal end of flange 345 is outwardly flared, for reasons which will be described below.
Filter assembly 10 b also includes an adsorbent element 310, shown enlarged in
In some embodiments, the filter element, such as filter element 15 a, can be combined with an adsorbent element, such as adsorbent element 310, into a single construction that provides both particulate and chemical filtration. For example, a particulate removal media can be positioned around the external surface of carbon element 330. A filter element that includes both particulate and chemical removal portions is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,996 (Linnersten et al.).
The extruded cylindrical carbon configuration 330 of adsorbent element 310 provides a solid surface for direct attachment of a sealing system 340 thereto at end 330 a and an end cap 350 at end 330 b. Such "solid" carbon/binder extrusion also forms a unified adsorbent filter element 310 that does not itself release any carbon or other particles or contaminants into the filtered air stream.
End cap 350 is sealingly secured to end 330 b of carbon adsorbent element 330. End cap 350 diverts air exiting filter element 15 a so that the air passes along the outer cylindrical surface of adsorbent 330 when mounted as shown in
When adsorbent element 310 is operatively mounted as shown in
Sealing system 340 is typically made from a flexible, compressible material, such as polyurethane. The embodiment illustrated in
In addition to managing air flow as described above, end cap 350 provides structural support and anchoring of second end 330 b of absorbent element 310 to filter element 15 a by engaging with frame 200, specifically, with center 215 of frame 200 (see
Each of sealing system 340 and cap 350 can be temporarily or permanently attached to carbon element 330. To provide a permanent attachment, sealing system 340 can be attached to carbon 330, for example, by adhesive, or by directly molding sealing system 340 onto carbon 330. For permanent attachment of cap 350, cap 350 can be, for example, adhesively attached to carbon 330. Cap 350 may include an annular recess to accept a portion of second end 330 b of carbon 330.
Adsorbent element 310 functions both as a chemical removal portion and as an element of sound suppression element 19 b. Adsorbent element 310 is functionally similar to adsorbent element 300 of
Other arrangements of adsorbent elements and adsorbent materials may also have both a chemical removal quality and a sound suppression quality. Additionally, physical or particular filter elements, such as filter element 15 a, may have some sound suppression qualities.
A Third Embodiment of a Filter Assembly
A third example of a filter assembly is shown in
Filter assembly 10 c includes a generally cylindrical housing 11 c which defines an inlet 12 c and an outlet 14 c, shown in
Housing 11 c can be made from any material that can provide the desired elements, e.g., inlet 12 c, outlet 14 c, etc. Examples of usable materials for housing 11 c include metals or polymeric materials, such as epoxy, polycarbonate, polyethylene, and the like. Housing 11 c has at least two separable sections, so that access can be gained to the contained filter element 415 and other elements. The multiple sections can be held together by latches, clamps, straps, or other suitable securing mechanisms. In a preferred embodiment, inlet 12 c also functions as a latch for retaining the multiple sections together. The exterior of housing 11 c includes a mounting bracket 31 c, similar to brackets 31 a, 31 b described above, for positioning and securing filter assembly 10 c in relation to surrounding equipment and structures.
Filter assembly 10 c differs from previously described filter assemblies 10 a, 10 b in that the noise path through filter assembly 10 c differs from the air flow path. In each of filter assemblies 10 a, 10 b, the noise follows a path that is the same but opposite in a direction from the air flow path. That is, the noise travels against the air passing through filter assemblies 10 a, 10 b. In this third embodiment, the noise enters filter assembly 10 c through outlet 14 c and then progresses into and is attenuated by noise suppression element 19 c. Air flow enters filter assembly 10 c via inlet 12 c, passes through filter element 415, adsorbent element 430, and exits through outlet 14 c. The normal air flow path does not pass through noise suppression element 19 c, unlike in filter assemblies 10 a, 10 b where the air passes through noise suppression elements 19 a, 19 b, respectively.
Also, unlike filter assemblies 10 a, 10 b described above, filter assembly 10 c uses an arrangement where filter element 415 is unitary with noise suppression element 19 c. By the term "unitary", it is meant that filter element 415 is essentially permanently attached or otherwise connected to noise suppression element 19 c, so that except for malicious or destructive acts, filter element 415 is not removable from noise suppression element 19 c. In the embodiment shown, filter element 415 is constructed by winding layers of filtering media around noise suppression element 19 c; noise suppression element 19 c functions as a core for filter element 415. The specific details of making filter element 415 are those described above in relation to filter element 15 a, except that the filtering media is wound around noise suppression element 19 c. Preferably, adsorbent element 430 is also unitary with filter element 415 and noise suppression element 19 c. It is understood that in alternate designs, any of filter element 415, adsorbent element 430 and noise suppression element 19 c can be removable from one another.
Noise suppression element 19 c includes first resonator 421 and second resonator 422, seen in
The frequencies attenuated by resonators 421, 422 depend on various dimensions, such as volume occupied, length, diameter, neck 451 diameter, number of apertures 454, curvature of ends 424, 425, and so on. In this embodiment, first resonator 421 is constructed for attenuating higher frequencies than second resonator 422. Additionally first resonator 421 attenuates a broader range of frequencies; that is, first resonator 421 has a broader attenuation range than that of second resonator 422.
In the preferred embodiment shown, filter assembly 10 c, specifically housing 11 c, has a length no greater than about 500 mm, preferably no greater than about 400 mm. Additionally, filter assembly 10 c, which is generally cylindrical, has a diameter no greater than about 300 mm, preferably no greater than about 260 mm. Specific characteristics of a preferred unitary filter element 415, adsorbent element 430, and noise suppression element 19 c are illustrated in
In the preferred embodiment for which the filter assembly 10 c was designed, filter element 415 has a length "F" ("F prime") no greater than about 240 mm, preferably no greater than about 200 mm. In the preferred embodiment, "F′" is no greater than about 191 mm. Of this distance, no greater than about 50 mm, preferably no greater than about 20 mm is occupied by adsorbent element 430 as dimension "C". In the preferred embodiment, "C" is no greater than about 6.2 mm. Pleated filtering media 412, measured at "FM", occupies no greater than about 200 mm, preferably no greater than about 180 mm. In the preferred embodiment, "FM" is no greater than about 150 mm. The diameter occupied by filter element 415, "DF", is generally no greater than about 290 mm, preferably no greater than about 270 mm. In the preferred embodiment, filter element 415 has a diameter "DF" of about 230 mm.
For attaining the desired sound suppression characteristics of
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the specific volume occupied by first resonator 421 and second resonator 422 effects the sound attenuation characteristics of noise suppression element 19 c. Specifically, the lengths and diameters DR1 and DR2 of resonators 421, 422 are a function of the desired sound attenuating properties of the resonator.
In typical specific embodiments of the combined filter element 415, adsorbent element 430, and noise suppression element 19 c, when noise suppression element 19 c occupies about 50 to 90 percent of the diameter of the combined filter element 415, adsorbent element 430, and noise suppression element 19 c, the cross-sectional area of the filter unit 10 c occupied by noise suppression element 19 c is about 25 to 81 percent. Preferably, the diameter of noise suppression element 19 c is about 60 to 80 percent of the total diameter, which represents only about 36 to 64 percent of the total cross-sectional area. In the preferred embodiment, when noise suppression element 19 c has a diameter of about 178 mm and filter element 415 has a diameter of about 230 mm, noise suppression element 19 c occupies 77 percent of the diameter but only 60 percent of the area.
Other combined arrangements of filter elements, adsorbent elements and noise suppression elements may be useful in filter assemblies according to the present invention. It will be understood that the noise suppression element can include any number of resonators. Also, as stated, the filter element, its housing, and/or adsorbent element (e.g., carbon element) may produce sound attenuation. These combined arrangements provide a single, removable and replaceable unit that removes particulate or physical contaminants, chemical contaminants, and also provides sound attenuation or suppression.
Before continuing on with a discussion of a fourth embodiment of a filter assembly, the remaining components of equipment 101 of
Fuel Cells
The proton exchange membrane (PEM) type of fuel cell is a popular fuel cell configuration for use in powering vehicles due to its low temperature operation, high power density and ability to quickly vary its power output to meet shifts in power demand. The PEM fuel cell is often simply referred to as a "low temperature fuel cell" because of its low operation temperature, typically about 70 to 100� C., sometimes as high as 200� C. Fuel cell 102 of the preferred embodiments illustrated herein is preferably of the PEM, low temperature configuration. High temperature fuel cells are typically not as sensitive to chemical contamination due to their higher operating temperature. High temperature fuel cells are, however, sensitive to particulate contamination, and some forms of chemical contamination, and thus high temperature fuel cells may benefit from the filtering features as described herein. Both types of fuel cells, low temperature and high temperature, are usually used in combination with noisy equipment.
Various fuel cells are commercially available from, for example, Ballard Power Systems, Inc. of Vancouver, Canada; International Fuel Cells, of Connecticut; Proton Energy Systems, Inc. of Rocky Hill, Conn.; American Fuel Cell Corp. of Massachusetts; Siemans AG of Erlangen, Germany; Smart Fuel Cell GmbH of Germany; General Motors of Detroit, Mich.; and Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan.
Individual fuel cells, each having an anode, cathode, and electrolyte, are configured into "stacks" to provide the desired amount of external power. It will be recognized that the principles of this invention will benefit the operation of generally any fuel cell configuration. For example, a typical passenger bus utilizes a fuel cell stack that generates about 200 kW of power. A smaller vehicle, such as a passenger car, can utilize a fuel cell stack that generates about 25 kW of power. A small stationary electronic device can utilize a fuel cell stack that generates 1 kW of power or less.
It will be recognized by one skilled in the art of fuel cells that the principles of the filter assemblies of this invention will benefit the operation of generally any fuel cell and any fuel cell configuration.
The threshold levels of contaminants that are acceptable by various fuel cells are dependent on the design of the fuel cell. For example, hydrocarbons (methane and heavier), ammonia, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, silicones, and the like, are known to occupy space on the catalyst and inactivate the sites to reaction. Thus, these contaminants need to be removed prior to their entering the reactive area of the fuel cell.
The exact level of contamination, and types of contaminants that are acceptable will vary depending on the catalyst used, the operating conditions, and the catalytic process efficiency requirements. The filter assemblies of the present invention remove contaminants from the atmospheric air before the air is used in the fuel cell operation and apply to both low and high temperature operating fuel cell assemblies.
Compressors and Other Noise Making Equipment
As previously mentioned, equipment 101 also typically includes some air moving equipment or air handling mechanisms that emanate noise (sound waves), such as a compressor, fan, blower, or pump. This equipment provides the air (oxidizer) source to fuel cell 102. Unfortunately, moving parts such as rotors, impellers, lobes, vanes, pistons and other various parts of air moving equipment produce noise or sound waves. In many instances, the frequency of the sound waves produced spans 3 Hertz to 30,000 Hertz, sometimes as high as 50,000 Hertz, at levels of 85 to 135 dB at one meter. While not all the noise emanating from the air moving equipment is objectionable, the various assemblies of the present disclosure are directed to reducing the most objectionable portions of the noise profiles associated with an particular noise generating portions of the system.
One common type of compressor 104 used in conjunction with fuel cell 102 is a "Lysholm" twin screw compressor available from Opcon Autorotor AB of Sweden. This type of compressor typically has a noise output in the range of about 160 to 1100 Hertz, and at a level as high as 135 dB at one meter. Another common compressor is a "Roots blower" compressor. Other commonly used compressors include piston compressors, diaphragm compressors, centrifugal compressors, and axial compressors. Every compressor has a noise or frequency distribution associated with its operation. This distribution depends on the type of compressor and on variants such as the input and output flow rates. For many compressors, the frequency distribution includes more than one frequency peak.
Compressors are available from, for example, Paxton Products of Camarillo, Calif.; Pneumatec, Inc. of Kenosha, Wis.; Standard Pneumatic Products, Inc. of Newtown, Conn.; Vairex Corporation of Boulder, Colo.; and Honeywell Engines & Systems of Torrance, Calif. These compressors generally have a large air mass flow, typically about 10 grams/second to 400 grams/second.
Other air moving equipment that may be used with fuel cell 102 includes, for example, electric drive turbo chargers, compressor expanders, and the like.
In an attempt to optimize the operation of fuel cell 102, the air entering fuel cell 102 may be humidified, often close to its saturation point. The high level of moisture is desired to minimize any chance of the electrolytic membrane of fuel cell 102 of drying out and being incapable of carrying the charged ions. This humidification may occur upstream of compressor 104, downstream of filter assembly 10. Alternately, and possible preferably, this humidification may occur downstream of compressor 104. Drier air may be more suitable for passing through compressor 104.
Compressor Discharge Apparatus
Even though a filter element, such as filter element 15 a, is present upstream of compressor 104 to remove contaminants such as particles and chemicals, from the incoming air stream, contaminant matter may be introduced to the air stream by the system itself, as for example, by compressor 104. Besides generating noise, the fast spinning rotors, impellers, lobes, vanes or pistons of compressor 104 may discard minute particulate, either from being dislodged from a crevice or crease or other hidden corner, or from surfaces of the moving parts. One type of contaminant is molybdenum particles, which are caused by the coating on the compressor internal parts weakening or being damaged during operation. The compressor unit 104 may also be a source of fluid contaminants such as oils or greases that may leak through the compressor or its seals and enter the air supply stream. Such contaminants, if allowed to enter the fuel cell stack, can prove to be very harmful or detrimental to effective or efficient operation of fuel cell 102.
A compressor discharge apparatus or exhaust apparatus 103 is illustrated in phantom in
One embodiment of exhaust apparatus 103 is shown in
The embodiment of
Another embodiment of exhaust apparatus 103 is shown in
Exhaust element 103 b includes a filter element 315 for removing particulate matter, oil, and ambient salts from the air passing through exhaust element 103 b. Filter element 315 is resistant to the high temperatures and pressure present within exhaust element 103 b. One example of a filter element 315 includes an extension of pleated media mounted between two end caps 315 a, 315 b. Preferably, perforated inner and outer liners or sleeves 316 a, 316 b, respectively, are positioned adjacent the media to provide support and protection to the media; such sleeves or liners are well known. The sleeves, particularly the outer sleeve, may be attached to housing 311 b, so that filter element 315 can be slid into and out from the outer sleeve when filter element 315 is removed from and replaced in exhaust assembly 130 b.
The filter media of filter element 315 should be able to withstand the conditions downstream of compressor 104, that of elevated temperature and pressure, such as, 370� F. to 400� F. and about 3 atm, and often of high levels of humidity or moisture. Examples of usable media for filter element 315 include a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane carried by an aramid carrier (such as "Nomex" material), as is commercially available from Tetratec Corporation of Feasterville, Pa. It is desirable to use expanded PTFE membranes as they will not allow salts and petroleum products such as oils to penetrate therethrough. U.S. Pat. No. 6,123,751 (Nelson et al.), incorporated herein by reference, teaches the benefits of PTFE. Another usable media is fiberglass media.
Filter element 315 may assume a number of physical shapes such as oval or obround, similar to the shape of housing 311 b, or filter element 315 may be circular. Planar filter panels may also be usable.
End cap 315 a is a "closed end cap" in that it extends across and covers the end of the filter media such that no fluid flow access can be gained to the inside of filter element 315 through end cap 315 a. End cap 315 a is essentially a cover over that end of filter element 315 that can be removed as desired, for example, by removing an attachment mechanism such as hex nut 317. An o-ring 364 provides an air-tight seal between end cap 315 a and the exterior of the filter media, which may be the perforated outer sleeve or liner. Filter element 315 is removable and replaceable from housing 311 b.
End cap 315 b is an "open end cap"; that is, open end cap 315 b includes a opening therein, preferably, centrally located. End cap 315 b, which is typically a permanent feature of filter element 315, seats on seat surface 370, specifically, on seal seat or ledge 373. An o-ring 374 provides an air-tight seal between ledge 373 and end cap 315 b.
Combination Upstream Filter Assembly-Compressor-Exhaust Filter Assembly
An example of an embodiment of this invention that combines upstream filter and downstream exhaust filter assemblies in fluid communication with a compressor is illustrated in the air moving system 500 of
Air moving system 500 has an upstream filter assembly 501 that provides clean filtered air to a compressor 504. An exhaust filter assembly 503 is located downstream of compressor 504 to remove any contaminants that may be introduced to the air stream by compressor 504 or that may not have been removed by filter assembly 501 before the air stream is introduced to a fuel cell. In this embodiment, compressor 504 is a small volume, vane compressor, providing an air flow rate of about 0.1 grams/second to about 0.15 grams/second. The diameter of compressor 504 is about 5 cm.
Referring to
Extending across inlet 512 is a particulate screen 516, which removes large particles and contaminants and protects the below described filtration media. Screen 516 can remove leaves, debris, paper, and other large contaminants. Positioned downstream of screen 516 is a particulate filtration media 518. Media 518 can be any commonly used or suitable filtration media, such as paper or cellulose, fiberglass, polymeric scrim, and the like. Media 518 removes particulate contaminants, typically those about 0.01 micrometer and larger. Media 518 may include a surface layer or treatment, such as a polymeric nanofiber. One preferred surface layer for media 518 is a polymer blend of nylon copolymer and waterproofing additive, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,273 (which is incorporated herein by reference) and is commercially available from Donaldson Company Inc. under the trade designation EON filtration media. Filtration media 518 extends across the entire extent of inlet 512 and preferably forms a leak-free fit against housing 511, so that all air entering via inlet 512 must pass through media 518.
Positioned downstream of media 518 is an adsorbent filtration element 520. Adsorbent element 520 can be any adsorbent material described above, but in this embodiment, is a mass of carbon particles adhered together. Molded or extruded carbon materials, as described above, could alternately be used as adsorbent element 520. Adsorbent element 520 preferably extends across the entire cross-sectional area of housing 511 to form a leak-free fit, so that all air passing through housing 511 must pass through adsorbent element 520. Adsorbent element 520 may also provide some degree of sound attenuation.
Downstream of adsorbent element 520 is positioned a scrim 522 for retaining adsorbent element 520. Scrim 522 inhibits loose carbon particulates and other material from element 520 from escaping and passing through to compressor 504. Also downstream of adsorbent element 520 and downstream of scrim 522 is screen 526, which retainably supports scrim 522 and adsorbent element 520 and media 518 between it and screen 516.
Air, having entered via inlet 512 and passed through screen 516, filtration media 518, adsorbent element 520, scrim 522 and screen 526, exits via outlet 514. Outlet 514 is present in a volume 519, which is sized and shaped to accept a portion of compressor 504 therein, the portion having the compressor inlet (not illustrated). In the embodiment illustrated, housing 511 includes a shoulder or other feature that acts as a stop for compressor 504. Compressor 504 may occupy the entire volume 519, or a portion of volume 519 may remain empty. Any empty portion of volume 519 may provide some amount of sound suppression of sound waves emanating from compressor 504.
Housing 511 preferably forms a leak-free seal with compressor 504, so that air that has passed through filter assembly 501 and outlet 514 then passes directly into and through compressor 504, and air that has not passed through filter assembly 501 does not contaminate the interior of compressor 504. A rubber seal or any type of soft, compressible seal can be used. Alternately or additionally, a snap-fit seal may be used. From the inlet of compressor 504, air passes through compressor 504 and exits through outlet 504 b. As mentioned above, the air flow rate through compressor 504 is about 0.1 grams/second to about 0.15 grams/second. Filter assembly 501, having a diameter of about 5 cm, is adequately sized for such a flow rate.
Outlet 504 b is connected in direct fluid communication with the inlet of exhaust filter assembly 503, illustrated in more detail in
Exhaust filter assembly 503 has a generally cylindrical housing 531 defining inlet 532 and outlet 534. Inlet 532 and outlet 534, which are offset from the center of housing 531, each has a diameter significantly smaller than the diameter of housing 531. Air from compressor 504 enters exhaust filter assembly 503 via inlet 532, and cleaned air exits via outlet 534. Housing 531 includes a bracket 533, which can be used to mount exhaust filter assembly 503 as desired.
Downstream of inlet 532, and preferably extending the diameter of housing 531, is a screen 536, which retains particulate removal material 540 in its prescribed volume. Screen 536 generally does not remove any particulate from the air stream, as the apertures are generally adequately large to allow unobstructed flow there through. Particulate, and optionally liquid contaminants, are trapped by a removal material 540. Removal material 540 can be any suitable filtration media or other material suitable for removing the desired contaminants. Removal material 540 extends across the entire extent of housing 531 and preferably forms a leak-free fit against housing 531, so that all air entering via inlet 532 must pass through material 540.
In the embodiment shown in
Positioned downstream of removal material 540 is particulate filtration media 548. Media 548 can be any commonly used or suitable filtration media, such as paper, fiberglass, polymeric scrim, and the like. Media 548 inhibits loose fibers or other material from removal material 540 from escaping and passing through to the fuel cell positioned downstream of assembly 500. One preferred media 548 comprises a polymer blend of nylon copolymer and waterproofing additive, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,273 and is commercially available from Donaldson Company Inc. under the trade designation EON filtration media. Also downstream of media 548 is screen 546, which provides support for media 548. Air, having passed through exhaust filter assembly 503 by passing through removal material 540 and media 548, exits via outlet 534 and progresses to the fuel cell downstream.
It is to be understood, however, that even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present disclosure have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of the disclosure, such disclosure is illustrative only, and is not intended to be limiting to the scope of the invention in any manner, other than by the appended claims. The invention is not to be limited to the described embodiments, or to use with any particular type of fuel cell, or to the use of specific components, configurations or materials described herein. All alternative modifications and variations of the present invention which fall within the broad scope of the appended claims are covered.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 7, 1971
|May 21, 1974
|Environment One Corp
|Low cost portable room air cleaner
|Aug 18, 1971
|Nov 12, 1974
|United Aircraft Corp
|Fuel cell with gas separator
|Oct 13, 1972
|Jan 21, 1975
|Bio Dynamics Inc
|Portable clean-air generator
|Nov 13, 1973
|Dec 9, 1975
|Environment One Corp
|Low cost, efficient, general purpose air cleaner cartridge
|Jan 3, 1977
|Mar 28, 1978
|Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
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Year of fee payment: 4
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Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Serious adverse events and reactions in organ transplantation; a web-net tool-based nationwide system for reporting and monitoring
Jarosław Czerwiński, Piotr Kaliciński, Roman Danielewicz
(Department of Surgical and Transplant Nursing, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland)
Ann Transplant 2015; 20:243-248
Published: 2015-04-30
Organ transplantation is vulnerable to serious adverse reactions and events, which require a system for their monitoring and management, as required of EU Member States by Directive 2010/53/EU.
A management system was implemented in Poland using modern network technologies through the following steps: 1) the development of a catalogue of events and reactions, 2) the preparation and implementation of the network module, 3) the operational procedures, 4) the evaluation system.
The catalogue consists of reactions and events in recipients and living donors related to organ procurement. A referral system was introduced as a module of a web tool www.rejestry.net (400 participated institutions). Notification includes information regarding the location, type, description, analysis, and measures taken to resolve and prevent problems. During the period 2012–2013, 17 serious adverse events and 112 reactions were documented among 3223 transplanted organs (events in 0.5% and reactions in 3.4% of the cases). The major cases included: transplantation from a donor with neoplasia, early recipient death, early graft loss, and transmission of severe infection. Evaluation revealed underestimated number of notifications of "death of recipient within 30 post-transplant days", which reported 74 of the 92 reactions (80%) occurring in reality.
The system is a platform for self-assessment and the dissemination of information regarding the potential dangers, including alarms in cases in which an event/reaction in one center is accessible to others. However, the system is not punitive, because the fear of disclosing failures in the transplant centers plays an important role in the monitoring process.
Keywords: Patient safety, Quality of Health Care, Registries, Tissue and Organ Procurement

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Computer-readable man pages
I've been working on something related to this. Namely
machine-readable descriptions of programs. The reason I
was doing them was to abstract command-line arguments,
and to automatically pipe commands together based on their
input- and output-types.
ccp some.pdf some.mp3 --args cbr, 64kbps, mono
expands to:
ps2ascii | text2wave | lame --cbr -b 64 -m m - -
Anyhow, I'm using external XML files, and it's a slight pain
since if the command args change, the description file needs
changing too. So I'm all for making it the responsibility of
the commands themselves. Or at least packaged with the
commands, like the man database.
<a href="http://conversio.sf.net/
lame.xml.txt">This is what the XML files look like
A tool for securing DNS communications between a client and a DNS resolver.
A polyhedral extraction tool (PET).


text:
JAFSCD is the world's only peer-reviewed, transdisciplinary journal focused solely on food and farming-related community development. JAFSCD uses a double-blind peer review process, with expert reviewers who include researchers, scholars, and food systems professionals in the field. Each accepted article is published online immediately after copy-editing and formatting, then is aggregated into a quarterly issue for indexing purposes.
Learn about our very reasonable library subscription rates. You can also view our list of institutional subscribers.


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the website.
This step is discretionary but will dramatically multiply your chances of getting interest from other over 40s members on the site. Write a little about yourself, your interests and upload any nice photos of yourself.
Utilise our website's state-of-the-art search to locate over 40s members who match your criteria. Or just leaf through listings and locate folks that pique your interest.
Located someone who appeals to you? Send a letter to them or just a wink and see if they're interested. With a little luck you'll be on your way to discovering that special someone for you.
You won't regret it


text:
For months, Ed Reed's health has provided a lingering question mark over the Ravens' 2011 season.
We knew Reed had an offseason surgical procedure on his injured hip, but how serious was the procedure, and where is the Ravens' six-time Pro Bowl safety at in his recovery?
Now, we know.
Reed provided an update on his health on Sirius XM's Mad Dog Radio today, telling hosts Gary Williams (no, not that Gary Williams) and Glenn Younes that he underwent reconstructive surgery on his hip after the NFL Draft and that he's current at "35 percent" in his rehab.
Here is the transcript of Reed's comments, per The Baltimore Sun:
"It's still a long slow process, you know, and I try to do some strengthening stuff to strengthen it right now and I know it's just weak but I mean, yeah, I had to have reconstructive surgery," Reed said.
"They had to go in and reconstruct my whole hip. They took about 6-7 inches from my IT band, replaced my labrum that I tore. They went in in two spots, so I mean it's a slow process. Plus I have other injuries that, you know, really probably had an effect on causing this that I have to pay attention to also. So I'm just taking my time.
"I want to come back. I want to be ready for the first game but I don't know how soon that would happen, how soon I would be back. You know, we're gonna continue to do the things to try and get back and at least play this year for the fans, man, cause they've been hounding me, man. They've been asking me, 'Are you gonna play? Are you coming back? I would love to see you play at least one more year.' So hopefully we got at least one more in us."
Reed said that it's a "four-to-six month process" for him to get back to 100 percent. Reports are that he had the surgery in April.
"I don't want to come back too early, man, and injure myself again," Reed said. "You know, there's some business stuff out there, you know, dealing with the team and dealing with the organization for a long time and, you know, taking care of things the way I've taken care of things for my surgery and, you know, seeing doctors without really their consent or talking to them much.
"I told them about the surgery and made sure I made them aware. But just dealing with those organizational business things, you know, some of those things have to be taken care of also. So my percentage, I honestly couldn't tell you right now. My doctors were excited with my progress. I'm on my off week right now. They didn't have me working out this week so it's been great but, you know, I don't know, man.
"I could be at least a good 35 percent right now, man. But I'm walking so that's a huge thing. I'm walking and messing with my kids this week. You know, I even had to do a little running but nothing major where I had any pain."
Reed then admitted that he finished last season playing with a torn labrum.
"I played the last couple of games with a torn labrum and just messed my hip up worse, you know, going back out there and doing things the way I was able to do things," he said. "It was at a high level but, you know, [I] don't want to go back and play in pain, man, and don't want it to be weak at all. So that's gonna play a big part in what I'm doing."
The Ravens signed free safety Ken Hamlin earlier this week, who, along with Tom Zbikowski and Haruki Nakamura, will provide insurance behind Reed.


text:
Inherited Retirement Account
December 27, 2011 by staff
Inherited Retirement Account, Did you inherit an individual retirement account (IRA) or any other retirement account? There are a number of requirements and deadlines that you MUST be aware of. Failure to meet these deadlines could throw a wrench into your family's financial planning for the future.
TUTORIAL: Common IRA Rollover MistakesYou have until September 30 to review and remove beneficiaries, and you have until December 31 to divide the IRA to take full advantage of things like large age differences.
Distribution Rules for Multiple Beneficiaries
Generally, individuals who are one of multiple beneficiaries of a retirement account are required to distribute the account over the life expectancy of the oldest beneficiary. If the account owner died before the required beginning date and one of the beneficiaries is a nonperson, such as a charity or estate, the assets must be distributed by the end of the fifth year following the year in which the account owner died. This shortened distribution period can put younger beneficiaries at a disadvantage.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


text:
A scan of the outside of the envelope.
Mail order pattern from The Sunday People. Age unknown. The publishers address is Pattern Dept, IPC Newspapers Lts, 79 Camden Road, London, NW1 9NT.
This is a two part pattern for blouse and pinafore dress. The blouse has long sleeves gathered into a cuff and long collar with round shaped ends. The pinafore dress comprise of two pattern pieces plus a patch pocket. It has a scooped neckline and a-line skirt.
The pattern contains a total of 12 pieces and these are of the very old style where no marks or instructions where printed onto the pattern (and therefore no seam allowance). Marks are indicated instead by punched holes and the pattern numbers too are a series of punched holes. The inside of the roll-up envelope shows different layout variations and the outside has the instructions for making up the pieces, this is text only, no diagrams.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
sassi2201 NEW. Size 18
Gallery Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


text:
- Genomsnittlig
- Huvudrätt: £7
- Matkostnad: £15
- Öppettider
- Monday to Sunday: 09:00 - 23:00.
Really good waiter, food was quick and tasty, table and area was clean and tidy, only thing missing is a dedicated kids play area outside
David Bailey
27 mars 2017
från Manchester
A striking red brick building with homely comfort inside, and al fresco seating to make the most of any sunny weather, Harvester Wilford Farm is a perfect dining spot for families thanks to its wholesome menu, reasonable prices, and free activities for children.
From its succulent grill selection to the celebrated unlimited salad bar, the Harvester menu is packed full of wholesome flavours for the whole family. Rotisserie chicken cooked in a secret blend of spices is available alongside tender smoked ribs marinated in signature BBQ sauce, while smaller tapas-style dishes are perfect for sharing, with options like spicy crackerjack prawns, and grilled chorizo with padron peppers. There are generous combo platters, juicy steaks, well-stacked burgers, and a great salad selection with premium additions.
All kinds of sweet treats are served on the dessert menu at this Harvester in Nottingham. The sundae selection loads real dairy ice cream with toppings like warm chocolate fudge brownie, raspberries and honeycomb pieces, while classic British options like Bramley apple pie sit alongside international twists like key lime pie. From the bar, there are world beers, spirits, and speciality soft drinks for the kids.
A stunning setting for crowd-pleasing family dining, Harvester Wilford Farm is a 7-minute drive from Nottingham Rail Station.
Harvester - Wilford Farm
1 Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 7AT
Se alla Harvester Restaurants
Se alla restauranger i Nottingham
Kundbetyg för Harvester - Wilford Farm
- Mat
- Värde
- Atmosfär
- Plats
- Service
- Drycker
((((* 27 mars 2017 av David Bailey från Manchester
Really good waiter, food was quick and tasty, table and area was clean and tidy, only thing missing is a dedicated kids play area outside
((((( 29 januari 2017 av Sally Calloway från Tamworth
Booked on-line at 3:00pm for a table at 5:00pm - so easy! Great Harvester meal and even better service! It was SO quick.
All in all - SIMPLE; QUICK & FAB!!
(((** 15 januari 2017 av Olivia från Wilford
Love the tapas option on the menu and the salted profiteroles. Also great to have a healthy pudding for the kids with the yummy lolly. A family friendly restaurant.
(((** 19 december 2016 av Nigel Baldry från Nottingham
The food was good. However, there were dirty bowls at the salad bar, and there were items missing on two of the meals (8 diners). I would say when pointed out the staff were polite and quick to rectify. I have rated overall a 3 star mainly because of the dirty bowls.
((((( 25 november 2016 av Michael Frearson från Nottingham
Excellent service. Delicious rotisserie chicken and great choice from the salad bar.
((((( 22 november 2016 av Melanie Bucklow från Nottingham
Very good,great food,took notice of table request and friendly helpful service.Couldn't have done more to make it a four generation family meal.
(((** 11 oktober 2016 av Karen Foston från Nottingham
Food really good this time. However, salad bar not topped up nor the dishes. It seemed as if there was not enough staff. Need an assertive person at front desk.
(**** 4 augusti 2016 av John Fowler från Nottingham
Not impressed
((((( 23 maj 2016 av Julie Wilson från Nottingham
Very nice staff overall very good
((((* 12 mars 2016 av Sandy Furlonger från West Bridgford
Chicken is extremely tender and all our meals were very nice, the combo is always a good choice. Restaurant is light and airy.
Tyvärr så kan du inte boka Harvester - Wilford Farm online via vår hemsida
Erbjudanden direkt till din inkorg!
Hör om våra topperbjudanden först, och boka de bästa borden.
Du kommer snart att få tillgång till en massa bra erbjudanden
Restauranger i närheten
1338m 2 recensionerFrankie & Benny's - Lenton
Frankie & Benny's - Lenton
1424m 21 recensionerChiquito - Nottingham - Lenton
Chiquito - Nottingham - Lenton
Tex Mex
2052m 4 recensionerHarvester - Castle Marina
Harvester - Castle Marina
2819m 7 recensionerWorld Service
World Service


text:
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MANY MANY Thanks to Scott/4x4High!! Right on man!!
Discussion in 'Pacific Region' started by Zeus33rd, Sep 15, 2002.
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