text:
Brian Victoria and the Question of Scholarship
- Constance Norman
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Brian Victoria and the Question of Scholarship Kemmyō Taira Satō in Collaboration with Thomas Kirchner L et me begin by joining Professor Victoria in expressing my thanks to The Eastern Buddhist for permitting this extensive exchange of views. With an allotment of 15,000 words from The Eastern Buddhist for his response to my article, D. T. Suzuki and the Question of War (Satō 2008), Professor Victoria has had ample opportunity to fully clarify his position on Suzuki and answer the issues raised in my article. It is gratifying to see that in some ways he has substantially changed his viewpoint, dropping several of his central charges against Suzuki in Zen at War (Victoria 2006). He no longer claims, for example, that Suzuki was an active supporter of Japan s 1930s aggression in China and its WWII militarism, but instead recognizes that Suzuki was one of a kind in refusing to engage in the promotion of emperor worship or support for the holy war against the West. Unfortunately, instead of seeing Suzuki s stance on these issues, even at the height of wartime hysteria, as evidence of unusual courage, Victoria launches a slew of new attacks. Given the nature and scale of his broadside, I welcome his admission that it is not intended as a balanced analysis of Suzuki s views. Readers would do well to keep this acknowledgment in mind as they consider Victoria s response. Let me initiate my comments by repeating a statement at the beginning of my original article: that I have no disagreement with Victoria s central contention that prior to and during WWII, Japanese Zen and the Japanese Buddhist establishment as a whole strayed from the teachings of Śākyamuni Buddha and helped enable Japan s military atrocities in China and elsewhere. The point of my article was not to excuse Japanese Buddhism s The Eastern Buddhist 41/2: The Eastern Buddhist Society
2 140 THE EASTERN BUDDHIST 41, 2 record during this unhappy period, but to set the record straight on what Suzuki, as an individual, actually said and did at that time, as well as to point out questionable arguments and techniques Victoria used in his critique. In his response Victoria not only fails to address most of the major issues I discuss, but also ignores substantive questions concerning his scholarship. I understand why Victoria might desire to avoid discussion of such issues, but they reflect on the credibility of his entire attack on Suzuki and must therefore be dealt with. The most basic of these issues, and the one most disturbing to readers I have heard from, concerns Victoria s use of sources. How a scholar employs quoted passages and other data is not a minor issue that will go away if ignored. It is indicative of a scholar s integrity, providing a gauge of his or her attitude toward the academic endeavor as a whole. Since few readers can take the time to check a scholar s sources, especially those in foreign languages, readers depend on scholars to accurately represent the passages they cite in support of their arguments, arguments that are trustworthy only to the extent that they are true to the material upon which they are based. The scholar s responsibility is especially great in a case such as this, which involves an attack on a person s reputation. What is a reader to conclude, then, if the evidence on which the attack is based turns out to have been seriously misrepresented? In my article I cite a number of passages from Zen at War that inevitably raise this question. To clarify the issues involved I will review several examples; the page numbers accompanied by the letter S refer to the relevant portions of my article, which may be accessed online at <http://web. otani.ac.jp/ebs/eb3914.pdf>. (1) Victoria, quoting his mentor Ichikawa Hakugen 市 川 白 弦, presents the chapter Shūkyō to kokka to no kankei 宗 教 と 国 家 との 関 係 (hereafter The Relation of Religion and State ) in Shin shūkyō ron 新 宗 教 論 (hereafter A New Theory of Religion) 1 as an endorsement of Japanese aggression in the Sino-Japanese War of In fact, the chapter does not even mention this war, much less offer any justification for it. Suzuki s comments concern defensive war only. 2 I will return to A New Theory of Religion and the issue of defensive warfare below. (2) Victoria, selectively excerpting a passage from Essays in Zen Buddhism (Suzuki 1970), claims that Suzuki supported Shin Buddhist initiatives to use Buddhism as the basis for forming an anti-western alliance between 1 A New Theory of Religion appears in SDZ, vol. 23 (pp ). The Relation of Religion and State is chapter 15 (pp ). 2 See S, pp for my full argument.
3 SATŌ: VICTORIA AND SCHOLARSHIP 141 Japan, China, and India. Suzuki s original passage, in fact, does no more than make the obvious point that Buddhism provides a cultural bond between the cultures of India, China, and Japan as contrasted to the major cultures of the West. 3 (3) Victoria argues that during the 1940s Suzuki opposed the war with the United States owing to his familiarity with U.S. power, yet was quite enthusiastic about the 1930s war with China. He writes: Nowhere in Suzuki s writings does one find the least regret, let alone an apology for Japan s earlier colonial efforts in such places as China, Korea, or Taiwan. In fact, he was quite enthusiastic about Japanese military activities in Asia. In an article addressed specifically to young Japanese Buddhists written in 1943 he stated: Although it is called the Greater East Asia War, its essence is that of an ideological struggle for the culture of East Asia. Buddhists must join in this struggle and accomplish their essential mission. One is left with the suspicion that for Suzuki things didn t really go wrong until Japan decided to attack the United States. 4 Yet the paragraph immediately following this clearly shows that Suzuki s point had nothing to do with the war in China, and certainly nothing to do with a feeling that things didn t really go wrong until Japan decided to attack the United States. The article in question was, in fact, calling for a respectful and creative engagement with the cultures of the West, an extraordinary proposal in 1943, at the height of anti-west xenophobia in Japan. The paragraph reads: In the area of culture and ideology, though one may speak of struggle, conflict, or rivalry, what is involved is not throwing your opponent to the ground and pinning him so that he cannot move. This is especially true when the opponent is not necessarily your inferior intellectually, materially, historically, and otherwise. In such cases not only is it impossible to destroy him, but even if it were it would not be to your benefit to do so. Western culture is qualitatively different from that of the East, but for precisely that reason it should be accepted. And those on the other side need to accept our culture as well. It is important to arouse the frame of 3 See S, pp S, pp
4 142 THE EASTERN BUDDHIST 41, 2 mind that seeks to accomplish this. That, truly, is the role with which Buddhism is charged, for it is Buddhist thought that functions at the center of the Eastern way of thinking. 5 This point is even clearer when considered in the context of the entire article. 6 Particularly troubling is the fact that Victoria advances this misrepresented passage as the sole evidence in Zen at War for his claim that Suzuki was quite enthusiastic about the war in Asia, while leaving clear evidence to the contrary unmentioned. 7 In the conclusion of his response to my article, Victoria produces new evidence in support of his contention that Suzuki supported the war in Asia; I will consider the merits of this evidence later in this essay. (4) Victoria extends his attack to the post-wwii era, claiming that Suzuki remained an unregenerate apologist for the war: Even in the midst of Japan s utter defeat, Suzuki remained determined to find something praiseworthy in Japan s war efforts. He described the positive side of the war as follows: Through the great sacrifice of the Japanese people and nation, it can be said that the various peoples of the countries of the Orient had the opportunity to awaken both economically and politically.... This was just the beginning, and I believe that after ten, twenty, or more years the various peoples of the Orient may well have formed independent countries and contributed to the improvement of the world s culture in tandem with the various peoples of Europe and America. Here, in an echo of his wartime writings, Suzuki continued to praise the great sacrifice the Japanese people allegedly made to awaken the peoples of Asia. 8 Compare this to Suzuki s full statement: The great losses suffered by the Japanese people and nation can be said to have provided the various peoples of the countries of the East with the opportunity to awaken both economically and politically. Needless to say, embarking on the Greater East Asia 5 S, p See S, pp for further discussion and passages from Suzuki s text. 7 S, pp Victoria 2006, pp
5 SATŌ: VICTORIA AND SCHOLARSHIP 143 War was a highly unreasonable course, the result of the Japanese militarists at the time instigating reckless campaigns that were supported by Japan s politicians. But it would be a fine thing, I believe, if with this as a beginning the various peoples of the East are able in a few decades to form nations that are independent in every way, and are contributing to the improvement of the world s culture in tandem with the various peoples of Europe and America. Asians originally learned of things like imperialism and colonialism from Europe, but at the same time it was also from Europe that we learned of concepts like independence, freedom and equality, peaceful economics, and equal opportunity. Therefore, I believe that we owe great respect to the people of Europe and America, who are the origin of these ideas that were planted in Asia.... With regard to this past war, Japan must bear its full share of moral and political responsibility. What is fortunate, however, is that Japan has renounced engagement in war and is venturing out, naked, among the nations of the world. 9 In the examples cited above, the disparity between Suzuki s actual meaning and Victoria s characterization of it is, in my opinion, too great to pass off as mere carelessness or scholarly ineptitude, and leads me to question Victoria s assertion that he is not out to get Suzuki but is committed to gathering and presenting as much relevant information as possible before reaching a conclusion (as he claims in another response to my article). 10 Victoria s failure to even acknowledge, much less explain, misrepresentations such as these suggests to me that he sees nothing wrong with them and exempts himself from the no-compromise-with-truth standard he applies to Suzuki. Moreover, distortions of such seriousness give rise to a question quite relevant to the present exchange: if Victoria s presentations of even straightforward passages cannot be taken at face value, how much credence can be accorded his discussions of far more complex and nuanced issues such as the nature of Suzuki s views in A New Theory of Religion and his articles on Bushido? Victoria will no doubt take umbrage at the implication that he has chosen to deliberately deceive the reader. I myself would prefer to think otherwise, 9 Nihon no reiseika 日 本 の 霊 性 化, SDZ, vol. 8, p See The Fog of World War II in the Internet edition of Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, Summer 2010 issue (http://www.tricycle.com/feature/fog-world-war-ii). Victoria s comments appear in the Community Page discussion, access to which requires registration; quoted with permission.
6 144 THE EASTERN BUDDHIST 41, 2 so I would very much welcome a forthright and convincing explanation of why he handled Suzuki s statements as he did. Elsewhere Victoria has claimed that his selective quoting resulted from his publisher s demand that he shorten the book, 11 but such claims defy belief for the simple reason that it would have required no more space to represent Suzuki s position accurately. Unfortunately, I see little evidence that Victoria has had any second thoughts regarding his use of sources subsequent to the publication of Zen at War. For example, in concluding his response in the present issue of The Eastern Buddhist, Victoria quotes a passage from Suzuki s article Zen to Bushidō 禅 と 武 士 道 12 that he regards as expressing support for the 1930s war in China. Victoria writes: Contrary to Satō s claims, later in the same article Suzuki clearly alluded to Japan s war with China. Specifically, after discussing the successful defense of Japan mounted by Zen-trained Shōgun Hōjō Tokimune against thirteenth-century Mongol invaders, Suzuki wrote: in reality the struggle against the Mongols didn t last for only three or even five years but continued for more than ten years. There is, I believe, no comparison with what we are experiencing today [in the war with China] and the tense feelings of that time. 13 By comparing Japan s then four-year long, full-scale invasion of China with the more than decade-long resistance to the Mongols what was Suzuki s intent? Was it not to encourage his Japanese readers to continue striving for victory, just as Hōjō had done, no matter how long it might take or whatever adversity they might encounter? And given that Japan s thirteenth-century war with the Mongols was truly defensive in nature, wasn t Suzuki also making the claim, at least by analogy, that the war against China was defensive too? Far more importantly, it is noteworthy that Suzuki s article contained not so much as a single word acknowledging the immense suffering inflicted on the Chinese people by Japan s ongoing aggression Ibid. 12 This article appeared in Bushidō no shinzui 武 士 道 の 神 髄, edited by Handa Shin (Suzuki 1941). A considerably expanded and revised version is included in SDZ, vol. 16 (pp ) under the title Zen no ichimen to Bushidō 禅 の 一 面 と 武 士 道. 13 SDZ, vol. 16, p pp in this issue.
7 SATŌ: VICTORIA AND SCHOLARSHIP 145 Let me begin my consideration of Victoria s contention by translating the full passage from which he quotes: When Hōjō Tokimune confronted the Mongol invasion of the Genkō era, I believe that his attitude was that of [the Chinese Zen master] Yunmen s golden-haired lion. He remained in Kamakura, not moving a step out of town. Yet he directed the armies in Tsukushi [Kyushu] like he directed the movements of his own arms and legs. With the exception of the Russo-Japanese War in the modern age, I doubt if Japan has ever confronted as great a crisis as this one. Moreover, at the time there were even fewer means of communication, so the situation [in Tsukushi] wasn t known in detail. In fact the struggle against the Mongols didn t last for only three or five years but for over ten years. I believe that the state of tension during that period was far different from what we are experiencing today. At that time, Hōjō Tokimune emptied himself and took up responsibility for the welfare of all Japan. As a Japanese citizen, as an embodiment of the experience of Bushido, Tokimune is almost unmatched at any time in Japanese history, I believe, in the quality of his character. People frequently speak of the Divine Wind, but Tokimune wasn t counting on a Divine Wind. The Divine Wind can be regarded as an accidental occurrence. Since there is no guarantee that such divine assistance will arrive, people must employ their understanding methodically and to the greatest degree possible. Moreover, what underlies understanding is spirituality. It can be said that at this time spirituality was expressed in Tokimune s character. I think that Bushido is to be discerned in this sort of thing. 15 The only clear allusion to the war in China in this passage is the parenthetical mention of the conflict that Victoria inserts into his own translation. Suzuki was not averse to mentioning specific wars when that is what he intended, as demonstrated in the above passage by the reference to the Russo-Japanese War; as it is, regarding the situation in 1941 he says no more than what we are experiencing today, and what Japan was experiencing at that time was far more complex than just the conflict on the continent. Moreover, Victoria suggests 15 Suzuki 1941, pp (SDZ, vol. 16, pp ).
8 146 THE EASTERN BUDDHIST 41, 2 that the passage conveys an implicit message of support for this war, but other scholars have reached quite different conclusions. Yamazaki Mitsuharu of Musashi University, for example, argues that Suzuki, in characterizing the situation faced by Tokimune as much more difficult than that of Japan in 1941 and then stressing the sound planning and spirituality with which Tokimune handled it, was implicitly criticizing the Japanese military s reckless adventurism and false religiosity, which were then leading the nation toward disaster. 16 Victoria will no doubt disagree with this explanation, but Yamazaki s interpretation (unlike Victoria s) at least has the merit of being fully in line with Suzuki s views as expressed in his private correspondence at the time. 17 More serious questions are raised by another recent piece, in which Victoria cites evidence that, he claims, shows Suzuki was supportive of Nazism. This new argument appeared in a statement he posted on the website of the Buddhist journal Tricycle, in response to an article by the poet Gary Snyder and the American Zen teacher Nelson Foster that reprised some of the main ideas of my original essay in The Eastern Buddhist; as Victoria s piece mentions my article by name, it deserves to be responded to here. Victoria says: Further, Satō accuses me of having unfairly linked Suzuki to the Nazis. However, Sueki Fumihiko, a leading scholar of Buddhist intellectual history in Japan, touched on this very issue in a 2008 Japanese language article entitled: Japanese Buddhism and War principally D.T. Suzuki. In his discussion of Suzuki s 1936 visit to Europe, Sueki wrote: While in Germany Suzuki expressed approval of the Nazis. As for the persecution of the Jews, [Suzuki wrote]: It appears there are considerable grounds for this, too... I do not want to believe that if Snyder and Foster were aware of Suzuki s 1936 support for the Nazis let alone his endorsement of the persecution of German Jews that either of them would be as uncritical of Suzuki s wartime record as they appear to be. 18 The claim that Suzuki held pro-nazi and anti-semitic views is, needless to say, an extremely inflammatory one, and thus should be made only on the basis of the most solid research and evidence. Before drawing any conclusions, let us here, too, examine the entire passage upon which Victoria makes his accusation. 16 Yamazaki S, pp See note 10, above.
9 SATŌ: VICTORIA AND SCHOLARSHIP 147 The passage in question is found in a 1936 essay that Suzuki published in the newspaper Chūgai nippō 中 外 日 報 under the title Rain kahan no ichigū kara ライン 河 畔 の 一 隅 から (From a Spot on the Banks of the Rhine). 19 Suzuki s original essay, comprising eleven pages in his Collected Works, reports on his visit with some distant relatives living at the time in Rüdesheim, a small village on the Rhine west of Wiesbaden. The first eight pages are a fairly ordinary travelogue in which Suzuki describes such things as his visits to local churches and his thoughts on the cultural implications of a stonebased architecture versus a wood-based one. On the ninth and tenth pages come his observations of the political events unfolding at the time, which I translate as follows, keeping as close to a literal reading as possible: These relatives have been living in the town for a long time, so their acquaintances are many. Each time they meet one, both sides raise their arms in Nazi salutes and greet each other with cries of Heil Hitler! When I asked the reason for this Hitler veneration, this is roughly how they explained it: Before Hitler took control, there were so many political parties in Germany that the government was unable to set any course of action. Day by day public support eroded, and everyone was at their wits end, wondering what would happen. Anyway, Hitler came along and unified things and led the nation according to a fixed policy, so today we feel much more secure than before. Isn t that reason enough to praise Hitler? This is how my relatives explained it. I agree that what they say is quite reasonable. Changing the subject to the matter of the expulsion of Jews, 20 they say there are considerable grounds for this, too. 21 It is a truly cruel way of doing things; viewed in terms of the present and future happiness of the populace as a whole, is it really necessary 19 SDZ, vol. 32, pp Soon after Hitler s assumption of power in 1933 a series of anti-jewish laws had been enacted in Germany, restricting the ability of the Jews to earn a living, marginalizing them socially, and, in 1935, stripping them of their German citizenship. As a result, many tens of thousands had fled the country or were seeking to do so. The severest persecutions of the Jewish population began several years later, after the Kristallnacht riots in November, This is the line, hanashi wa Hitorā no yudayajin tsuihō no ichiji ni utsuru ga, kore mo mata ōi ni riyū ga aru yō de aru 話 はヒトラーの 猶 太 人 追 放 の 一 事 に 移 るが これにも 亦 大 いに 理 由 があるやうである (SDZ, vol. 32, p. 216), that Victoria translates as it appears there are considerable grounds for this, too. The line can indeed be translated this way when standing alone. There are, however, several reasons why the present version is preferable when the line is taken in context. First, the presence of the words yō de aru, suggests that the conclusion expressed was something conveyed to Suzuki, just as the reason for the Hitler
10 148 THE EASTERN BUDDHIST 41, 2 to resort for a time to this sort of extreme policy? From the Germans point of view, the state of affairs in the country has been pushed to this point. In England also one sometimes sees Jewish people. Not long ago I met there a young German Jewish man who identified himself as a wealthy poet. He told me that he had experienced this kind of persecution and been driven out of Germany. I felt sorry for him, having to suddenly live the life of a pauper in a foreign land. The situation of each and every one of these people is sad beyond words. 22 At this point Suzuki starts a new section. There was a Nazi convention recently in the city of Nuremberg. From Hitler s speech at the time, I understood what one might call the reasoning behind the expulsion of Jews. This was as follows: The Jews are a parasitic people, they are not indigenous that is, they never get close to the earth. They are not farmers or craftspeople; they are tradespeople who exist between the consumers and the producers and extract profits from both sides. In this respect they can be said to be far more developed intellectually than the indigenous Germans. After WWI they came like a tide into Germany. Taking advantage of the nation s exhaustion, they monopolized the profits of commerce and in politics used their power solely for their own benefit. As a result the Germans have been placed in an ever more anxious situation. This led to the appearance of the likes of people such as Hitler. 23 That is, the German expulsion of the Jews is an act of self-defense. veneration was conveyed to him immediately before. Second, subsequent lines in this paragraph follow much more naturally from this reading. 22 The original sentence, kojin kojin ni wa makoto ni kinodoku senban na shidai de aru 個 人 個 人 には 誠 に 氣 の 毒 千 萬 な 次 第 である (SDZ, vol. 32, p. 216), can be more literally translated as: The situation of each and every individual is pitiable a thousand times, ten-thousand times. 23 The Japanese expression that Suzuki uses to refer to Hitler, koko ni Hitorā no gotoki jinbutsu no shutsugen to natta mono da 此 処 にヒトラーの 如 き 人 物 の 出 現 となったものだ (SDZ, vol. 32, p. 217), is one that conveys a clear lack of respect for Hitler and his associates. The same can be said of the line that follows this quoted passage, These are, apparently, the feelings and assertions of Hitler and such kō iu no ga, Hitorā nado no kanji to shuchō de aru rashii かう 云 うのが ヒトラーなどの 感 じと 主 張 であるらしい.
11 SATŌ: VICTORIA AND SCHOLARSHIP 149 It is the fate of the Jews not to have a land of their own. They became a wandering people with no attachment to the earth, their destiny being to enter the systems of nations built by other peoples. Thus they came to engage primarily in intellectual activities and manifested exceptional abilities in those areas. Intellectual activities signify, in the broad sense, those of the ruling classes of society. In the present case of the Germans, they find it unbearable that the nation they built up is being disrupted by a foreign race. These are, apparently, the feelings and assertions of Hitler and such. For this reason, the Nazis revile Soviet Russia in the most vehement terms. Beginning with Stalin, they assert, the core members of the Communist Party are either Jewish or, if not, then they re related to them or somehow connected with that heritage; as such they re up to no good, so it is the manifest duty of the German people to destroy the Soviet Union. At the Nazi convention in Nuremberg, the speeches given by all of the Nazi leaders were violent in the extreme. Directly attacking the Soviet Union as the immediate enemy, they exhausted all words issuing the vilest of abuse without the slightest regard for diplomatic considerations. Reading the newspaper reports, one could sense a terrifying determination. People said that in the past, if a nation s leaders had done anything like this, within twenty-four hours the other country would have declared war. In any event, the determination of the Nazis is frightening. 24 The Nazis have set their eyes on youth groups, which perform volunteer labor or line up with mattocks on their shoulders in order to regain contact with the earth. This, I believe, is a fine thing regardless of what country it might occur in. I will refrain for the moment from commenting on the way totalitarianism is being stressed or how all youth group members are required to 24 The original reads tonikaku, Nachisu no ketsui ha erai mono de aru とに 角 ナチスの 決 意 はえらいものである (SDZ, vol. 32, p. 217). The final word, erai, can actually be one of two separate terms, each with its own entry in the dictionary. One, written 偉 い, means great, grand, wonderful, admirable. The other, written えらい (as in the present case), means serious, violent, awful, menacing, serious (consequences). Suzuki here is strongly criticizing the attitude of the Nazi leadership, and hence the latter meaning is clearly indicated.
12 150 THE EASTERN BUDDHIST 41, 2 wear military uniforms, but I would like to see Japanese youth, too, carrying mattocks to harvest the bounty of the good earth or helping themselves and others by engaging in volunteer labor. Regardless of what Communist ideology might say, the central membership is composed of intellectuals who have never had contact with the earth. Moreover, since the ideology is a direct foreign import that has no roots in that country s history, its followers treat their own claims as absolute and do not hesitate to massacre 25 those who oppose them. This fact is something they are unable to recognize themselves. The Nazis and Fascists are also committed to totalitarianism; in a sense they can be seen as resisting the methods of Communism, yet they utilize those same methods for their own purposes. 26 Given the severity of his accusations, one would expect Victoria to have carefully checked the context of the line quoted by Sueki, but I can only conclude that he has not. A reading of the entire passage makes it clear that Suzuki was expressing neither support for Nazism nor agreement with their anti-semitic policies. The line Victoria cites is, in fact, the lead-in sentence to a paragraph conveying deep sympathy for the plight of the German Jews. Although Suzuki recognized that the Nazis had, in 1936, brought stability to Germany and although he was impressed by their youth activities (though not by the militaristic tone of these activities), he clearly had little regard for the Nazi leader, disapproved of their violent attitudes, and opposed the policies espoused by the party. His distaste for totalitarianism of any kind is unmistakable. Not only does the passage fail to support Victoria s contention that Suzuki approved of the Nazis and their persecution of the Jews, but it actually turns out to be another example of Suzuki taking a public stance at odds with the ideology of the Japanese militarist government and another example of the faulty scholarship that underlies Victoria s case against Suzuki. I would like to devote my remaining space to some of the specific issues raised in Victoria s response. He commences his riposte by citing the need for a close examination of Shin shūkyō ron (A New Theory of Religion), 27 a book he characterizes, as in Zen at War, as an extremely nationalistic [text that] established the theoretical groundwork for religion in modern 25 Suzuki uses the word gyakusatsu 虐 殺, a term generally employed to translate genocide. 26 SDZ, vol. 32, pp p. 98 in this issue.
13 SATŌ: VICTORIA AND SCHOLARSHIP 151 Japan to serve as a loyal servant of the state in times of peace and war. 28 His discussion, however, amounts not to a close examination of A New Theory of Religion, but to a partial reading of only one of its sixteen chapters, The Relation of Religion and State, and especially of the approximately 650 words therein that pertain to defensive war. Victoria attempts to associate A New Theory of Religion with Japanese nationalist ideology by conjecturing a link, unsupported by any evidence, between the book and the thought of Suzuki s Zen teacher, Shaku Sōen 釈 宗 演. Suzuki himself, however, in a letter unmentioned by Victoria, clearly identifies the primary outside inspiration for the book as Paul Carus ( ), a liberal religious thinker with an interest in interreligious dialogue. 29 A New Theory of Religion is not a nationalist text by any stretch of the imagination. It is (as Victoria had earlier conceded in Zen at War) a wide-ranging work on topics related to religion in general. Its chapter titles include God (chap. 3), Faith (chap. 4), Ceremony, Ritual, and Prayer (chap. 5), The Relation of Religion and Philosophy (chap. 10), The Difference between Religion and Morality (chap. 12), Religion and Social Problems (chap. 14), and Religion and the Family (chap. 16). The manner of discussion is abstract; Japan is not even mentioned. Victoria would have us believe that Suzuki devoted nearly the entirety of A New Theory of Religion to general essays on religion, then suddenly shifted to a nationalist polemic in the final third of a single chapter, The Relation of Religion and State, and that there he established, in a few hundred words, the theoretical groundwork for religion in modern Japan to serve as a loyal servant of the state in times of peace and war. As I discussed at length in my original article, The Relation of Religion and State deals, in fact, with an issue of natural concern in any overview of religion and everyday affairs: the relationship between spiritual ideals, the inner life of the individual, and the political reality of the state. (An English translation of the entire chapter is now available online for interested readers. 30 ) As I noted in my article, The discussion includes the question of war, as any responsible analysis of the relation between religion and the state must. Although the passages are expressed in a nineteenth-century prose that does have a certain nationalistic tone, a balanced view of their content shows them to constitute... a justification for defensive war only. Since Victoria has failed to respond to the major points raised in my origi- 28 p. 132 in this issue. 29 SDZ, vol. 36, pp
14 152 THE EASTERN BUDDHIST 41, 2 nal discussion, I will not burden the reader by repeating them here; they can be found in my original essay. 31 Victoria s response, consistent with Zen at War, simply assumes that the only acceptable Buddhist stance on war is pacifism. As I noted in my article, the issues of pacifism and defensive war are complex, and Buddhists continue to discuss them over two-and-a-half millennia from the time of the Buddha. In the Pāli sutras, the Buddha clearly identifies renunciation of war and killing as the ideal for the ordained sangha and an attainable ideal for world-leavers who can freely accept death rather than cause death to another person. I fully agree with Brian Victoria that during WWII the Japanese Buddhist authorities, which allowed the conscription of monks, failed to live up to this ideal. However, I do not agree that the Buddha s position on war was as clear for laypeople as it was for monks. 32 As I point out, Suzuki s position was that of someone who recognized that war has always been an inevitable part of the human condition and that aggressive nations throughout history have attacked weaker nations, forcing even Buddhist nations to face the question of when armed resistance may be justified. Suzuki was hardly alone in the conclusions he came to; indeed, every Buddhist nation throughout history, both Mahayana and Theravada, has found a need for self-defense, an armed police force, and a professional military. Victoria begins his renewed critique of A New Theory of Religion with passages from Reinhold Niebuhr, implying that this eminent theologian s views support his position. Yet Niebuhr, the most prominent representative of the movement that came to be known as Christian Realism, was in fact an influential critic of pacifism and a leading proponent of just war, arguing that full realization of the Christian ideal of love is impossible in the historical world owing to the self-interest of nations and the fallibility of the human condition. Justice is the best that can be hoped for, Niebuhr maintained, and occasionally requires the judicious use of force. Victoria claims that his position, too, is based on realism and takes Suzuki sternly to task for characterizing the relation between religion and the state in idealistic terms: As Satō notes, Suzuki also placed the following conditions on the state: if every action and movement of the state takes on a religious character and if every word and action of religion takes on 31 S, pp S, pp
15 SATŌ: VICTORIA AND SCHOLARSHIP 153 a state character, then whatever is done for the sake of the state is done for religion, and whatever is done for the sake of religion is done for the state. The two are one, and one is the two. Yet in terms of historical reality, when and where has there ever been a state, past or present, in which every action and movement of the state takes on a religious character? [Victoria s italics] 33 It is true that Suzuki set a high standard here, but Victoria goes to the opposite extreme in his critique of defensive war, suggesting, as far as I can tell, that the very concept of defensive war is bogus: Conflict between nations, fundamentally based on the collective greed of each wego state, is integral to the very structure of all states as they exist today. So-called defensive wars, that states inevitably claim to be fighting, are no more than convenient, if effective, facades to disguise the pursuit of national aggrandizement, euphemistically known as the national interest. 34 This sweeping statement, although valuable in exemplifying the sort of ideological thinking that underlies Victoria s position, has no better purchase on historical reality than Suzuki s does. It ignores the reality of the invasions, genocides, and ethnic cleansings that peoples and nations have found it necessary to defend themselves against through the centuries, and contradicts Victoria s own use of the concept of defensive war when it suits his purposes (as in his argument regarding Tokimune and the Mongol invasions, quoted on p. 144, above). By Victoria s standard, for example, it was wrong for the Yugoslavs and Poles to resist German aggression in the 1940s, or for the Vietnamese to oppose the French reassertion of colonial control after WWII. Victoria is certainly free to espouse pacifism as an ethic, and I have no reason to doubt the sincerity of his personal beliefs. However, if one wishes to advocate pacifism as a politically viable response to the fact of violence in human history, and not utilize it simply as a convenient weapon to criticize one s opponents while claiming the high moral ground for oneself, I believe one has first to answer some difficult and unavoidable questions. A clear presentation of the type of issues involved was made by George Orwell in an essay on Gandhi: 33 p. 99 in this issue. 34 p. 132 in this issue.
16 154 THE EASTERN BUDDHIST 41, 2 Nor did [Gandhi], like most western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war [WWII], one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war? I must say that I have never heard, from any western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the you re another type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler s violence.... One has the impression that this attitude staggered even so warm an admirer as Mr. Fischer, but Gandhi was merely being honest. If you are not prepared to take life, you must often be prepared for lives to be lost in some other way. When, in 1942, he urged nonviolent resistance against a Japanese invasion, he was ready to admit that it might cost several million deaths. 35 If one wishes to condemn Suzuki for recognizing the Buddhist community s right to self-defense, then I submit that one is obliged to answer not only Orwell s question but several others as well. Are lay Buddhists denied the right to defend themselves and their families from attackers? Are Buddhist policemen forbidden from exercising lethal force in cases where failure to do so will result in a greater loss of life? More concretely, were Chinese Buddhists wrong to defend themselves against the invading Japanese armies during the 1930s and 1940s? Such questions, particularly the last, have been put to Victoria on at least several occasions; to the best of my knowledge he has yet to offer any answers. No one would be happier than I if angry denunciations of war sufficed to eliminate it, in Buddhist nations or anywhere else on earth, but that, unfortunately, has not been the historical reality. This is not to reject pacifism out of hand; Gandhi remained a committed exponent of nonviolence, but he had the courage and integrity to answer the questions involved in a way that took into account all of the implications of his position. I await an equally forthright response from Victoria. 35 Orwell and Angus 1970, pp
17 SATŌ: VICTORIA AND SCHOLARSHIP 155 Victoria next considers the Sino-Japanese War of : I note that Satō suggests that because Suzuki omitted references to the recently ended Sino-Japanese War of from his first book, this omission may be considered an indication of his opposition to this war a war that Satō admits was aggressive in nature. While I possess no definitive information to the contrary, silence is more typically a sign of assent or at least acquiescence to an action rather than opposition. Further, it should be noted that in the aftermath of this particular war, Buddhism had come under criticism within Japanese society for having failed to aid the Japanese war effort in any practical manner. This failure was contrasted unfavorably with the Christian church in Japan that despite its small numbers actively engaged in such war relief activities as visiting wounded soldiers in hospitals and extending aid to soldiers families. 36 From what I have seen of Victoria s handling of things Suzuki does say, I am not particularly inclined to accept at face value his interpretation of what Suzuki does not say. I find even less persuasive his suggestion that silence on the Sino-Japanese War might somehow relate to Buddhists having failed to equal Christians in enthusiasm for that war: I would like to remind Victoria that he himself fills several pages in Zen at War with contemporary Buddhist statements endorsing that conflict. 37 More to the point, however, Victoria s position fails the test of history. Documentary evidence shows that the Japanese populace, across the board, was euphorically demonstrative in support of their nation s performance during the Sino-Japanese War. 38 That, along with broad acceptance in the nineteenth century of imperialism as the prerogative of a great power, means that the only logical explanation for Suzuki s silence on the conflict is that he did not, in fact, support it. Suzuki s letters from 1897 to 1904 back this conclusion, being consistently critical of the Japanese leadership s nationalistic rhetoric and policies. Regarding the Russo-Japanese War, Victoria makes much of the fact that Suzuki, in a letter written at the outset of the conflict, expressed satisfaction with news of the opening battles: The Chicago papers this morning published two naval battles fought at Port Arthur and Chemulpo, in both of 36 p. 101 in this issue. 37 Victoria 2006, pp See, for example, Hearn 1972, pp
18 156 THE EASTERN BUDDHIST 41, 2 which the Japanese seem to have won a complete victory. This is a brilliant start & I hope that they would keep on this campaign in a similar manner till the end. In my article I clearly recognize that Suzuki was not without patriotic sentiment, specifically with reference to the Russo-Japanese War. 39 Furthermore, Victoria considerably misconstrues the war s historical context by emphasizing Japanese imperialism only and overlooking the fact of Russian expansionism in northern Asia, the issue that was of major concern to the Asians themselves. During the nineteenth century, Russia had moved steadily east through Siberia into regions that were traditionally Chinese territory, eventually forcing China to cede vast regions north of the Amur River and as far east as the Pacific coast. 40 This included the area where Russia established the city of Vladivostok, its port on the Sea of Japan. In the 1850s Russian forces went further, occupying the island known today as Sakhalin and also threatening the Japanese island of Hokkaido, immediately to the south; increased Japanese settlement on Hokkaido during the Meiji period was intended in large part to prevent a Russian incursion. Russia s expansion into China during the later nineteenth century culminated in its occupation of the Kwantung Peninsula, its coerced lease of Port Arthur, and subsequent movement of troops into Manchuria. In short, at the beginning of the twentieth century Russia was poised to take control of most of the Asian continent north of the central regions of China and directly west of Japan. From the outset of the Russo-Japanese War the Chinese government supported Japan, going so far as to offer military support (support that was declined owing to the complications it would have caused with Japan s Western allies). This is not, of course, to deny that Japanese nationalistic interests were also involved or that Japan s victory in the Russo-Japanese War eventually fueled the fires of Japanese nationalism. But the conflict was fundamentally different in nature than the Sino- Japanese War of At the time Suzuki wrote his letter taking note of Japan s early victories, Russia was a major power that, within the living memory of the average middle-aged Japanese, had demonstrated the political will and military capacity to annex vast swathes of Asia and occupy territory directly bordering on Japan. Suzuki, with no way of foreseeing the results of the war, had every reason to regard it as a defensive action a view fully shared by China, on whose territory the war was fought. 39 S, p In the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Convention of Peking in 1860.
19 SATŌ: VICTORIA AND SCHOLARSHIP 157 In any event, as the material quoted in my original article indicates, Suzuki s view of the war subsequent to the opening battles was far from that of an enthusiastic supporter. 41 After the conclusion of hostilities, his antipathy toward the military continued and, contrary to Victoria s assertion, was expressed even in published essays like Ryokuin mango 緑 陰 漫 語, which appeared in the journal Shin bukkyō 新 仏 教 in Ignoring this, and lacking any direct evidence that Suzuki supported Japan s militarist ambitions subsequent to the Russo-Japanese War, Victoria suggests that such support is indicated by Suzuki s translation of Shaku Sōen s 1906 book Sermons of a Buddhist Abbot. Academically this is a questionable approach, amounting to guilt by association. In the absence of statements by Suzuki himself, Victoria does not really know (nor do I) why Suzuki translated Sōen s book, the great majority of which, it should be remembered, deals with standard Buddhist subject matter. One need not agree with everything in a book in order to translate it, and Victoria himself cites a number of cases in which Suzuki held ideas clearly antithetical to Sōen s. Victoria also chastises Suzuki for his willingness to maintain relations with the imperial household, despite views on Suzuki s part that Victoria represents as anti-imperialist. An objective reading of Suzuki s statements on the subject 43 shows, however, that Suzuki s criticism focused not on the imperial family as such but rather on its exploitation by government authorities who lack any democratic spirit 44 and manipulate the weaknesses of the Japanese people, embracing the imperial family and the imperial rescripts and attempting to imbue them with a religious significance. 45 The closest Suzuki comes to disparaging the imperial family itself is a statement that it still seems to cling to the dream of its ancient days of transcendence and sanctity. 46 If this level of criticism were sufficient to make a person an anti-royalist, nearly the entire British population would have to be labeled as such. Suzuki s only direct reference to the emperor himself is a positive one, praising him as a man of good sense. 47 This is hardly the sort of thing that would render it problematic for Suzuki to accept employment at Gakushūin University or to allow one of 41 S, pp S, p S, pp S, p S, pp S, p. 79. Contrary to Victoria s assertion, the overall passage contains no suggestion that the family s outlook constitutes a hindrance to Japan s progress as a nation. 47 S, p. 81.
20 158 THE EASTERN BUDDHIST 41, 2 his books to be presented to the emperor. Nor does it validate Victoria s attempt to bolster his case by associating Suzuki s position with the antiroyalist polemics of Uchiyama Gudō. Suggestions that Suzuki erred in associating with acquaintances in the Imperial Household Agency or dining with aristocrats like Count Makino seem exaggerated at best; even Victoria has to admit that none of this is particularly sinister. Śākyamuni himself would have to be condemned if associating with the ruling classes were off limits for the religious. Victoria s comments on Suzuki s interest in socialism follow much the same pattern of indicting Suzuki for failure to meet Victoria s own standards. As Victoria says (and as I say in my original essay), Suzuki was clearly sympathetic to socialism early in the twentieth century and continued to be so during the ensuing decades. His interest was practical as well as intellectual, judging from a letter indicating that, until Japanese democracy became dysfunctional in 1932, he was casting votes for leftist candidates. 48 Another letter, written in 1935, demonstrates that even after the establishment of the totalitarian regime Suzuki was willing to intervene on behalf of a jailed leftist acquaintance; although not a major act of resistance, neither is this an act Victoria can properly dismiss, especially in light of the close watch the Special Higher Police were keeping on intellectuals at the time. It seems that, for Victoria, nothing less than public political agitation and direct confrontation with the authorities are acceptable, and he apparently wishes that Suzuki had followed the activist priest Uchiyama to the gallows. While the noble sacrifices made by individuals like Uchiyama should never be belittled, surely it is valid to question what Suzuki could actually have accomplished by direct resistance, particularly after a totalitarian regime took power in Uchiyama s sacrifice effected no change in government policy, nor did the resistance of the other priests mentioned in Zen at War, such as Kondō Genkō, who renounced his abbacy and returned to his home province, never to be heard from again, or Takenaka Shōgen 竹 中 彰 元 ( ), who was tried, silenced, and kept under police surveillance until the end of the war. 49 On these grounds alone, Suzuki might reasonably have decided not to engage in overt protest. We know that Victoria s mentor Ichikawa Hakugen, a left-wing radical before the war (Victoria incorrectly calls him a staunch supporter of the government at that time), abandoned his advocacy of 48 S, p Victoria 2006, pp
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text: Mr. Thomassoulo was George Costanza's boss at Play Now. He appeared twice in Season Nine: in "The Butter Shave", he hired George where it is revealed George is faking his handicap which tarnishes his relationship with the staff at PlayNow. In "The Voice", he tried to fire George. This has George linger around the building to be paid due to his year contract. Kramer and his intern dropped a giant ball of oil on Claire; as such, Claire sued Play Now where the company filed for bankruptcy.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
FrogLube Super Degreaser is a super duty cleaner and degreaser used for removing hard core fouling deposits, excessive grease and oil residues and for removal of storage preservatives. It works against all forms of petroleum and hydrocarbons and petroleum distillates. It also cleans heavy metal, copper, lead, stainless, chrome, nickel boron and other metallic finishes. It has been specifically formulated to allow for varying the cleaning strength by adding water in accordance with a dilution schedule. Super Degreaser can also be used in ultra sonic cleaners. The formula, like all FrogLube formulas, is 'biobased' and made from natural plant-based, food grade ingredients.
The professional grade product line-up has been created for discriminating firearms professionals, elite operations units, competitors, trainers, armorers, gunsmiths, manufacturers and high end gun builders who demand the absolute highest performance from gun care products.
FrogLube is the only firearms care products company that uses exclusively bio-based and food grade ingredients to meet existing firearms operating and care requirements. FrogLube products are engineered to deliver a 'tangible and immediate enhancement' from the initial use of the product and also produce a succession of following benefits resulting from the switch to bio-based care products. Weapons lubrication and cleaning products are MANDATORY to the proper operation and maintenance of a firearm. The use of gun care products is NOT AN OPTION. People have become accustomed to choosing products based on minimal criteria, such as friction reduction and corrosion resistance. The FrogLube bio-based/food grade combination adds non-flammability, non-toxicity, anti-oxidation, non-hazardous, de-carbonizing, all-temperature performance and long lasting durability to this list.


text: To get from Chieti to Verona by train you can catch one of the 6 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Verona leaves from Chieti at 07:19 and the last train departs at 22:10. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 05:28 hours. For your trip from Chieti to Verona by train you can choose to leave from one of Chieti main stations: Chieti On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Verona and book the best itinerary starting from Chieti.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
QR Code Check InAsked by kidzalive on September 07, 2016 at 06:14 PM
How can I create a QR Code check in registry?
JotForm Support
I'm not sure on how the QR code should function on what you're looking for, but in any case, we have QR code widgets for forms. This link will show you the QR code related widgets which you can include in your from: https://widgets.jotform.com/search/qr
Please do get back to us if you have further questions or concerns.


text: Home Recipes Course Appetizers Appetizer Roll-Up Recipes Pinwheel Appetizers Share: Pinwheel Appetizers Looking for recipes for pinwheel appetizers? Taste of Home has the best pinwheel appetizer recipes from real cooks like you, featuring reviews, ratings, how-to videos and tips. Recipe Spotlight Party Pesto Pinwheels I took a couple of my favorite recipes and combined them into these delicious hors d'oeuvres. The colorful and impressive snacks come together easily with refrigerated crescent roll dough, prepared pesto sauce and a jar of roasted red peppers. -Kathleen Farrell Rochester, New York Get Recipe More Pinwheel Appetizers Sort: Most Relevant Highest Rated Previous Page ... 4 5 6 Next Page Chili Cheddar Pinwheels Chili Cheddar Pinwheels These baked Southwestern bites, made with crescent roll dough, will steal the show at your next get-together. "They'll disappear in no time," assures Mary Dorchester of Midland, Texas. View Recipe Cranberry Brie Pinwheels Cranberry Brie Pinwheels People will think you really fuss when you present these crisp, flaky pinwheels...but they're easy to do. And, the filling is bursting with savory goodness and a touch of sweetness. —Marcia Kintz, South Bend, Indiana View Recipe Greek Pinwheels Greek Pinwheels These pinwheels taste and look so good that everyone was surprised to learn they were pretty simple to make.—Veronica Worlund, Pasco, Washington View Recipe Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Mandarin Turkey Pinwheels Mandarin Turkey Pinwheels Curry, smoked turkey and mandarin oranges give these pinwheels their unique flavor. My cousin and I made them for an open house and people came back for seconds...and then thirds! —Lorie Miner, Kamas, Utah View Recipe Olive Pepper Pinwheels Olive Pepper Pinwheels "These zippy pinwheels are surprisingly simple to prepare ahead of time and have on hand whenever hunger hits," notes Kristin Manley from her home in Montesano, Washington. "They're also attractive to serve as appetizers for guests," she adds. View Recipe Peanut Butter Granola Pinwheels Peanut Butter Granola Pinwheels I came across this easy and tasty snack while searching online for healthy munchies for kids. Great for after school, it's really quick to make and filling enough to hold the kids until dinner. To satisfy heftier appetites or to serve as a power lunch, cut each tortilla into fewer pieces or provide one per child. The recipe is easy to increase as needed. —Mary Haluch, Ludlow, Massachusetts View Recipe Ranch Pizza Pinwheels Ranch Pizza Pinwheels I developed this appetizer to mimic a dish at one of my favorite restaurants. I often need to double the recipe because one batch disappears quickly! View Recipe Smoked Salmon Pinwheels Smoked Salmon Pinwheels Rachelle Rodwell of New York, New York sends these delightful salmon and arugula bites that are easy to double and a snap to prepare. They make for a perfect no-mess finger food everyone will enjoy. View Recipe Italian Pinwheels Italian Pinwheels I love to serve these crowd-pleasing appetizer at many celebrations. It's easy to prepare, and always disappears quickly!—Cynthia M Bent, Newark, Delaware View Recipe Make-Ahead Sausage Pinwheels Make-Ahead Sausage Pinwheels Filled with sausage, sweet pepper and cream cheese, these roll-ups are excellent for unexpected visitors, a cocktail party or for a halftime snack. Besides being easy to make, they can be done way ahead and kept in the freezer. All you have to do is pop them into a hot oven! —Cindy Nerat, Menominee, Michigan View Recipe Pinwheel Pizza Snacks Pinwheel Pizza Snacks They look beautiful and taste fantastic—talk about a winning combination! These pretty pizza snacks are easy appetizers, but you could also serve them with a salad for a special lunch. —Bonnie Hawkins, Elkhorn, Wisconsin View Recipe Previous Page ... 4 5 6 Next Page Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT


text:
What is the index number for the 1,000,000 digits of pi website?
There are many sites with Pi to one million digits, here is one:http://scienceresort.com/20101129_pi_mil…
If you give out last 4-digits of your social security number, what can people do with it ?
Sometimes sites or other services require the last 4 of a social for security purposes. Nothing they can do with just the last 4 alone otherwise like identity theft
If someone was calling the UK from the US, what would the digits be for the first part of the phone-number?
From the US it's actually 01144 then the number. Drop the 0 from the beginning of the number.So the UK number 0207 444 5555 from the US would be:01144 207 444 5555The International dialling prefix...
Read More »
How to Add a Progressive Digits Equation?
A progressive digits equation, or summation, is an equation involving the addition of all the numbers between two specified integers. For example, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 is a progressive digits equatio...
Read More »
How to Find Sums of Digits?
The sum of digits, also termed arithmetically as digit sum, is simply a sum of all the digits constituting a number. The only catch is that if the sum of digits constituting a number is a number th...
Read More »


text:
One toy gets left behind!
What starts out as a fun road trip for the Toy Story gang takes an unexpected turn for the worse when the trip detours to a roadside motel. After one of the toys goes missing, the others find themselves caught up in a mysterious sequence of events that must be solved before they all suffer the same fate in this Toy Story of Terror.
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Why your firm?
"The culture, the prestigious place within its market (it is the top firm for all things insurance) and the encouragement you get to work your way up through the firm."First year trainee, London
"Really interesting work and good feedback on trainee support and retention."First year trainee, Cambridge
"There is a strong focus on insurance, which is of interest to me. It's a competitive firm within the Manchester market that's distinctive and not a 'one-stop' full-service law firm."First year trainee, Manchester
"Meeting the graduate recruitment team at a law fair – they were very approachable and honest. The firm's reputation for insurance law and employment law."First year trainee, London
"Its reputation within the healthcare sector."Second year trainee, London
"The values and their strong presence in the clinical negligence industry."First year trainee, Cambridge
"One of the top two insurance firms and their great disputes work."Second year trainee, London
"The reputation the firm has in liability and healthcare work."Second year trainee, London
"I was encouraged to apply here as it is a large firm with international links."First year trainee, Sheffield
"I was never interested in working in London, however, I wanted to work for a large firm with a London presence. Further, I find that I work much better within a relaxed and supportive working environment. From my research I could see that Kennedys ticked both of these boxes and my impression hasn't changed since I joined the firm!"Second year trainee, Sheffield
"I was encouraged to apply here after I attended a careers lecture, where a few of the trainees spoke about their experience at the firm. It was a really interesting talk, the firm sounded good fun and the trainees were easy to talk to."Second year trainee, London
"I attended an open day and was encouraged by the warmness of those I met - they aren't 'corporate types' as I had come across elsewhere. In addition, I had an interest in insurance work, albeit no experience, and their strong litigation reputation."Second year trainee, London
"I come from an insurance background. I loved the ethos of the firm when at the assessment day, and it was the only assessment day that I actually enjoyed."First year trainee, London
"Kennedys' philosophy stood out from the crowd and the reality has totally lived up to it, as have the people who work here."Second year trainee, London
"My interest in the type of work the firm carries out encouraged me to apply here."Second year trainee, Manchester
"I was drawn to the firm as I believe that they are the market leaders in defendant litigation, and the firm gave me the opportunity to complete up to four contentious seats. It also has a strong track record in respect of trainee retention rates."First year trainee, London
"The firm's reputation in the insurance sector made them attractive to me."Second year trainee, London
"The atmosphere, the quality of work and the insurance focus all encouraged me to apply to the firm."Second year trainee, London
"Kennedys seemed like a friendly firm where you could hit the ground running - and this is indeed what it really is like."First year trainee, London
"Kennedys respects the fact that you have experience as a paralegal rather than looking down on it as many other firms might do. They look for talent and ability and a genuine and driven person."First year trainee, London
"The work/life balance at Kennedys is amazing for such a big firm and the people are genuinely friendly."Second year trainee, London
"I was attracted to the firm by the staff I had met, the reputation, and the pay!"First year trainee, Sheffield
"Kennedys is reputable firm and I want to do defendant work; I had experience dealing with professional negligence claims in the past and was interested in this area of practice."First year trainee, Taunton
Our 'Inside Buzz' reviews are the comments and views of recent graduate recruits, giving you a view of what it may be like to work for an organisation. Copyright of all TARGETjobs Inside Buzz material lies solely with GTI Media.


text:
1 800 103 2581
Stop following?
- July 17, 2012
- Preferred study destination: Australia
Replies (1)
Hi, Australia has a very straight forward visa policy. You need to have Sufficient funds for the entire tuition fees and Living expenses for the entire course to get the visa. Please let us know what they have mentioned in the visa rejection letter. If the rejection is based on funds, you need to get hold of more funds and apply again.
I would suggest you to get hold of a good Education Advisor and seek his advise.
- July 18, 2012
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text: Good evening y'all how are you I hope everyone is doing more than great this is your college Gummra Nasser . I need Graduate students inside and outside Saudi Arabia as sample for my study so if you know anyone studying outside Saudi please pass this to them .i would appreciate it if you give up some of your time to answer . thank you so much in advance and May Allah bless y'all.


text:
Josephine Banigo, PMHNP-BC, ACNP-BC
Nurse Practitioner, Psychiatry
320 Bolton Street, Suite 204, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752
Every individual is at risk for depression. At Victoria Counseling Services, we assist individuals in overcoming the debilitating symptoms of depression using psychopharmacology and/or psychotherapy. On your initial evaluation, we see to illicit the core reasons for the depressive symptoms and provide you with an individualized treatment plan. Your active participation in your treatment plan is encouraged during each visit
Stephen Price, D.Min.
Licensed Pastoral Psychotherapist
133 Grove Street, Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458
All of us as human beings experience depression from time to time. We are creatures of habit and some of us can get into patterns of being depressed on a regular basis. Depression can come from multiple sources. A lack of confidence and self-esteem are major causes of depression. Depression can also be seen as the opposite of expression, meaning that some people hold anger and assertiveness inside. That powerful energy needs to go somewhere, so it is turned back against the self, resulting in depression (sort of an attack against the self). My approach is to help you become more aware of what may be contributing to your depression and addressing those issues. I am good at helping people shif
Carl Hindy, Ph.D.
Clinical Psychologist, NH Licensed Psychologist
120 Main Street, Nashua, New Hampshire 03060
Sometimes folks phone and ask, "Do you treat depression?" My first thought is that this is like asking your child's pediatrician, "Do you treat ear infections?" -- Depression is very common and most psychologists treat it. I believe that we need to aggressively treat the symptoms of depression so a person can get back to feeling better and being productive. Cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, and interpersonal therapy approaches are used. However, I believe we also need to go beyond symptom reduction (a disease model approach) and toward a broader understanding of a person's life challenges, aspirations and goals, and especially ways that he or she feels stymied or blocked ...
Susan Costello, MA, LMHC, CPCC
Licensed Professional Counselor
Sherborn, Massachusetts 01770
Most people experience depression to some degree at some time in their lives. Depression can be a black cloud over your head continuously but you still function fine. Or it can take over and feel overwhelming. The commonness of this condition belies how devastating it can be to your life, self-worth and relationships. My years of experience have given me excellent diagnostic skills and many effective tools to share that help individuals overcome their depression and move on to embrace life.
Kevin Fleming Ph.D.
Coach/Change Agent/Consultant
Weston, Massachusetts 02493
Grey Matters International, Inc. and the work of Kevin J. Fleming, Ph.D. handles depression and other emotional disorders in a very unique way. Most of therapy or counseling processes utilize validation, unconditional positive regard, and reframing as common techniques to get someone to heal from their depression. Though this can be helpful, it rarely fixes the core problem behind it and for tough cases we then refer them usually to a psychiatrist for medication which can have tons of side effects. Instead, why not try a natural and arguably more effective way to not just change your mind, but change the brain--where the depression is rooted. Contact us at email@example.com.


text:
Delivery Policy
- Delivery will be on the same day, if you are living in Colombo (1-15) and you have placed your order before 12 Noon.
- When you place the order before midnight and your delivery address is within Colombo, delivery will be within 24 hours.
- When you place the order before midnight and your delivery address is outside of Colombo, delivery will be within 48 hours.
- The courier will contact with you prior to delivery to inform the delivery time if it is cash on delivery payment.
- Delivery will be free island wide if the order value is more than LKR 3500 and a delivery charge will be applicable if the order amount is less than LKR 3500
- Delivery is fully tracked and delivery notifications are sent via email.
- Customer signature is required on the courier slips.
- Orders placed on Saturday after 12 noon will be delivered on Monday (within Colombo and suburbs) or Tuesday (outstation)
- Orders placed on Public Holidays will be delivered on the next working day
- Shipping is free for all orders to India
- All Indian deliveries will be completed within 7 - 10 working days after they are shipped out.
- Please note the shipping dates on certain products
Know Your Customer (KYC) - The Indian government has a KYC procedure where you need to submit certain documents to clear the shipment applicable only on prepaid orders and not COD orders. So they will be contacting you, and requesting for any 2 of the below documents with the consignee name. -
(I) Passport
(II) PAN card
(III) Voter's identity card
(iv) Driving license
(v) Bank account statement
(vi) Ration card
You can have a soft copy format of any 2 of the above documents ready to save time during customs handling. You can simply take a picture from your phone. You can also send the documents to us, and we can forward the same to the Courier company.
- We ship internationally to Australia, Singapore, USA, UK, UAE and Canada, and Shipping will be free of charge.
- Shipping to Fiji will be free of charge for all orders above LKR 35,000
- For other countries, please write to email@example.com to enquire about the possibility of shipping
- All international deliveries will be completed within 7 - 10 days after they are shipped out.
- Please note the shipping dates on some of our products
We aim to meet these delivery times but during busy periods (including sale) deliveries may take a little longer. Occasionally tech updates to our systems or force majeure events, such as extreme weather conditions, will mean that these delivery services aren't available, or that order cut-off times need amending and/or delivery times need to be extended. However, we will always work hard to keep these temporary changes to a minimum. FashionMarket.lk cannot be held liable for any parcels that are lost or stolen as a result of any specific delivery instructions left for the carrier.