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1 INSIGHT DESERTIFICATION PROCESS : BIO-PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVERS IN ITALY COMPRENDERE I PROCESSI DI DESERTIFICAZIONE IN ITALIA: IL RUOLO DELLE VARIABILI BIO-FISICHE E SOCIO-ECONOMICHE Luigi Perini* 1, Tomaso Ceccarelli 2, Marco Zitti 2, Luca Salvati 3 1 Unità di ricerca per la climatologia e la meteorologia applicate all agricoltura (CRA-CMA) 2 Consulente, CRA-CMA 3 ISTAT, Statistiche Ambientali e Sviluppo Sostenibile * corresponding author Abstract Since some decades, land degradation and desertification became one of the most severe threat for environment and human survival. In the World nearby 70% of useful drylands for agriculture has suffered soil erosion and degradation. In more than 100 countries, nearby 17% of world population is affected by desertification, forcing people to leave their farms or their villages. By now many other Countries, like Italy, although do not suffer explicit consequences, show environmental fragility induced by bio-physical (especially climate) and socio-economic causes. CRA-CMA took part in Country efforts to evaluate this issue and specifically to develop an objective methodology of land vulnerability assessment. By using several elementary variables, environmental indicators (climate characteristics, soil qualities, human pressure, economic activities), setting up through statistical methods (multidimensional analysis), and GIS tools, CRA-CMA has implemented a synthetic index, defined Land Vulnerability Index (LVI) which follows DPSIR scheme. LVI classifies the national territory in terms of exposure to land degradation and desertification risk. Keywords: land degradation, risk, degradation systems, vulnerability index, Italy Riassunto Negli ultimi decenni, degrado dei suoli (land degradation) e desertificazione sono divenuti una delle maggiori minacce per l ambiente ed il benessere umano. Nel mondo circa il 70% delle terre coltivabili è colpito da erosione ed altri fenomeni di degrado. Complessivamente, tali fenomeni coinvolgono in forma diretta o indiretta circa il 17% della popolazione mondiale contribuendo, nei casi più gravi, ad aumentare il numero dei cosiddetti rifugiati ambientali. Oggi, molti altri Paesi, fra cui l Italia, sebbene non patiscano in modo conclamato ed esteso di processi di desertificazione, evidenziano una graduazione di fragilità ambientale dovuta sia a cause bio-fisiche (specialmente climatiche), sia di natura socioeconomica. Il contributo del CRA-CMA all interno di questa tematica ambientale è stato quello di sviluppare una metodologia oggettiva di valutazione della vulnerabilità del territorio a livello nazionale. Attraverso l utilizzo di numerose variabili elementari, indicatori ambientali (caratteristiche climatiche, qualità dei suoli, pressione antropica, attività economiche), metodologie statistiche (analisi multidimensionale) e strumenti GIS, il CRA-CMA ha implementato un indice sintetico di vulnerabilità ambientale, definito Land Vulnerability Index (LVI), sulla base di uno schema DPSIR (Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses). Attraverso l indice LVI è stato classificato il territorio nazionale in termini di sensibilità alla land degradation ed al rischio di desertificazione. Parole chiave: degrado del territorio, rischio, sistemi di degrado, indice di vulnerabilità, Italia Introduction Since the 1970s, desertification has gained growing attention of the international community about its devastating and destabilising potential on the natural environment and the human society. According to the United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), desertification was defined as land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities. In other words, worsening environmental conditions is well express by serious or complete loss in soil fertility. Based on United Nations estimates, the phenomenon has interested nearby 70% of arid lands, amounting to about 30% of the world cultivable land. The problem is particularly severe in Africa and in several developing countries in Asia, South America and the Caribbean, but it interests also the United States, Australia and Southern Europe (especially Greece, Spain, Portugal and also Italy). According to OECD, the main processes of soil degradation are due to erosion, submersion, acidification, salinisation, soil compaction, surface crusts and compact layers along the profile, loss of organic matter, deterioration of the soil structure, accumulation of toxic substances, as well as loss of nutrients. Desertification is often triggered by initial conditions of environmental fragility. Causes are linked to several underlying factors (of both natural and anthropic nature) that work as a complex system of interactions. In this context, climate change makes ecosystems even more sensitive and fragile because it increases the pre-existing climate aggressiveness. The socio-economic causes, instead, are generated from the impacts of anthropic pressure linked to urban expansion and economic activities, especially when the above factors involve an unsustainable exploitation of natural resources. Each of these environmental haz- 45
2 Tab. 1 Example of DPSIR framework to evaluate land degradation and desertification processes. Tab. 1- Esempio di schema DPSIR per valutare i processi di degrado del territorio e la desertificazione DRIVING FORCES PRESSURES STATE IMPACTS RESPONSES climate change climate change, agriculture agriculture population growth economic development precipitation temperature climate aggressiveness, grazing, fire, soil management water overexploitation intensification or marginalisation of agriculture urbanisation pollution rainfall evapotranspiration drought run-off aridity soil characteristics soil depth soil texture AWC soil parent material stoniness soil drainage organic carbon content vegetable land cover human activities over-grazing forest fires soil compaction groundwater use for irrigation inefficient irrigation systems land use farm management strategies socio-economic system crop intensification settlement of rural areas crops suitability type of farm management farms granted in leasing diversification of farmer activities people employed in agriculture farmers ageing farm marginalisation population density characteristics of human settlement tourism concentration quantity of pollutant emission mining soil moisture depletion, soil erosion soil erosion soil salinisation loss of cultivable land crop diversification agricultural efficiency soil sealing excess of wastewater irrigation, land amelioration agro-enviromental policies, agronomical tecniques, sustainable crop production protected areas irrigation source/system diversification sustainable agriculture diffusion of integrative economic acivities (e.g., rural hospitality) policies for young farmers sustainable urban planning limitation to polluting ards, even if not immediately producing observable desertification effects, can create an instability in the ecosystem equilibrium. Therefore, changed environmental conditions may lead to land vulnerability. That is to say a decreased resilience of the ecosystem which can ultimately causes a real damage. In Italy desertification shows effects on limited areas of southern regions (Basilicata, Apulia, Calabria, Sardinia and Sicily) where, in addition to arid conditions, unsustainable anthropic pressure on the natural environment occurs. As a consequence the same environment reduces its biological and agricultural productivity and shows a progressive loss of biodiversity. In other Italian regions, where by now land degradation processes are not evident, the potential risk of desertification is increasing. This is in turn due to worsening hydro-meteorological conditions caused by decreasing amounts of precipitation, more frequent heavy rain events, intensification of soil erosion, intensive crop systems, urbanisation (e.g., Salvati et al. 2005; Perini et al. 2006). The circumstances above show that desertification concerns not only arid and/or marginal areas, but it can affect any agro-eco-system (Pearce 1993). Materials and methods Despite the considerable number of issues at stake, at the moment land degradation and desertification (LD&D) investigations are based on qualitative or semiquantitative methods that produce relative or empirical classifications. All methods use elementary indicators to build-up composite indexes (Kosmas et al. 1999, Montanarella 2001, Giordano et al. 2002, DISMED 2003, 46
3 Tab. 2 List of selected indicators to evaluate land degradation and desertification processes. Tab. 2 - Elenco degli indicatori selezionati per valutare i processi di degrado del territorio e la desertificazione. Indicator link with LD&D H/S Indicator link with LD&D Average year rainfall H Water soil erosion H Seasonality rainfall index S Slope H Concentration rainfall index S Drought resistance index H Rainfall variability S Modified drought resistance index H Effective rainfall (by standard water balance) S Fire risk index H Effective rainfall (USDA) S Soil erosion protection index H Growing degree day (Tbase = 10 C) S Land cover index H Growing degree day (Tbase = 15 C) S Agro Forest soil utilization index H High temperatures (T>35 C) S Grazing index H ET0 S Wooded areas burnt / Municipal areas H ETR S Wooded areas burnt / Total burnt areas H Dry spells period H Replacement costs of wood fires S Drought index (freq. SPI < 0.99) H Soil compaction index n.a. Runoff S Number of beneficiary farms (Reg. 2078) S Aridity index (UNEP) H Number of beneficiary farms (Reg. 2079) n.a. Corrected aridity index S Environmental protected areas H Water deficit S Soil phosphorus total contamination n.a. Soil moisture S Soil nitrogen total contamination n.a. Angle H Mining S Population density H Soil organic content H Population growth U H Agricultural intensification inex H People living in urban areas S Agricultural utilised area (% on municipality surface) S Touristic activities S Agricultural total area (% on muni cipality surface) S Building areas H Wooded area index S Farms with groundwater exploitation S Familiar farms (number) S Farms with obsolete irrigation system n.a. Farms granted in leasing (surface of) H Areas with primary salinisation risk H Full time farmers S Areas with secondary salinisation risk S Agricultural workers n.a. Irrigation sources diversification (Shannon in Farmers ageing (older than 55 S dex) years) H Soil deep H Economically marginalised farms (smaller than 2 ha) S Soil texture H Agricultural land surface variation U H Available water capacity (AWC) H Crop diversification index (by Shannon and Pielou formulas) S Soil parent material H Land profitability index n.a. Stoniness S Organic farming surface S Surface soil stoniness S Tourism rural hospitality S Soil drainage S Irrigated agricultural areas S Soil content of organic carbon S Irrigable agricultural areas S H/S Motroni et al. 2004, Ceccarelli et al. 2006). In order to overcome the actual methodological limits, linked to the choice of significant indicators and to the attribution of coherent weights, we have carried out an original approach to the problem. The methodology uses the framework DPSIR (Driving Forces, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses) as proposed by the European Envi- 47
4 ronment Agency to describe the interactions between society and environment (EEA, 1995). DPSIR is widely adopted as a scheme for a large number of environmental processes including desertification (Gentile 1999). The model assumes a causal sequence among each element where determinants (e.g., human behaviour consequents to economic processes, production and consumption) generate pressures (e.g., polluting emissions, overexploitation of resources) that, producing environment changes, in turn generate a negative impact on living conditions. The economic system reacts through responses including incentives/ disincentives policies, environmental legislation, geared towards all the other elements of the sequence. The choice of DPSIR was supported by a preliminary analysis on methodological and cartographic experiences carried out at national and international levels (see Ceccarelli et al. 2006). A simple model (Pressure-State- Response), was initially developed to highlight possible, causal chains among anthropogenic pressures, impacts and responses to mitigate themselves (OECD, 1994). Experimental studies on LD&D investigations are quite abundant and well documented, but there is often an insufficient understanding of causes, effects and processes. In many cases there is even disagreement to set indicators and, generally speaking, causes appear difficult to quantify. Furthermore, despite a clear interpretation of environmental phenomena made possible by the application of the DPSIR framework, many indicators can be considered at the same time as determinants, pressures or impacts. Finally, in some cases, responses are difficult to identify and quantify. The application of DPSIR to the study of LD&D processes implies, at the first stage, the identification of each element of the model and, subsequently, the development of a procedure to derive a synthetic index. Starting from the previous assumptions and definitions regarding LD&D and environmental vulnerability, we identified six interacting degradation systems. Systems are analysed in accordance with the framework DPSIR as follows: climate change, urbanisation, salinisation, soil erosion, soil pollution, agricultural impacts. For each of the above mentioned systems a number of indicators were selected which describe the corresponding process of degradation. Some indicators could be related to more than one degradation system. However, in order to avoid redundancy in information, we opted for operating univocal attribution. Tab. 1 shows the DPSIR scheme adopted in this study. A particular aspect, related to the indicator choice, concerns the integration of information from different data with various formats, spatial resolution, and units of measurements. This aspect arose the need to overcome data dishomogeneity. In this respect an useful approach to build-up synthetic indexes envisages the application of objective methods as multidimensional analysis (Trisorio, 2005). This method is useful to reduce the complexity of data array, providing an implicit assessment of the quantitative importance of each variable considered (Salvati et al. 2005). It is also advisable to elaborate separately socioeconomic indicators and bio-physical indicators in relation to their different nature and information content. In order to implement the DPSIR framework we operated in accordance with existing literature, particularly related to MEDALUS and DESERTLINKS projects (Enne e Zucca 2000, Brandt et al. 2003, Brandt 2005, Ceccarelli et al. 2006). We selected 74 indicators covering all six systems of degradation (18 for climate change, 5 for urbanisation, 5 for salinisation, 23 for erosion, 4 for soil pollution, and 18 for agriculture). A relationship between each indicator and its impact in the LD&D processes (positive or negative) was established (Tab. 2). The information provided by each indicator was established analysing the conceptual relationship (direct or indirect) with the LD&D process (eg, Low et al. 1999, Giordano et al. 2002, Brandt et al. 2003, Motroni et al. 2004, Salvati et al. 2005, Ceccarelli et al. 2006) also distinguishing hard and soft indicators. This classification is meaningful to assemble the final index because it highlights two different groups: (i) hard indicators are those showing a clear connection with LD&D and are generally well documented and confirmed by field experiences, (ii) soft indicators are those usually not included in multi-dimensional models (e.g., MEDA- LUS/ESA). These indicators, with indirect links to LD&D, could be defined as context indicators. Soft indicators are useful in defining the environmental conditions of land vulnerability (Tab. 2). In order to develop an evaluation model with intrinsic spatial dimension, it is necessary to analyse the geographical pattern of LD&D processes. This approach highlights basic problems linked to different accuracy of data sources (heterogeneous spatial resolution) and to the application of downscaling criteria in order to obtain comparable data. As an example, in this work the following spatial units had to be harmonised: two soil grids (1x1 km and 8x8 km), a climate grid (30x30 km), a digital terrain model (75x75 m), and several information layers (generally related to human impacts) having the municipality area as the spatial reference unit. The use of appropriate GIS functions has been instrumental in finding a common spatial reference: a cell size of 1x1 Km was finally adopted following Basso et al.(2000). GIS was used also to extract data for statistical analysis. This original approach is characterised by (i) mapping variables obtained by a transformation in ordinal scale (with scores ranging between 0 and 1), (ii) evaluating the importance of each variable through multidimensional statistical analysis (PCA) and elimination of eventual redundancy of information, (iii) calculating a synthetic index of land vulnerability obtained by weighted average of variables as resulting from the PCA. 48
5 In details, the technical steps can be described as follows: choice of variables and drafting thematic layers, transformation of thematic layers, extraction of data elements for each layer by using a regular grid, construction of analysis matrix of k variables and n geographical units, application of PCA to analyse data matrix, identification of the most relevant variables to calculate the synthetic index. In order to compare variables, a normalisation was adopted by using the following formula: x i ' = (x i - x min ) / (x max - x min ) The procedure allows to assess a direct relationship between variables and land vulnerability. a) Degradation system: climate change Climate is one of the most important determinants in the desertification processes. The aggressiveness of climate is the main cause of soil erosion, landslides and floodings. Climate is an important resource but it can be also regarded as a limiting factor for plant growth: inadequate temperatures and/or insufficient precipitations may limit vegetation covering of soil and may be a constraint for profitable agriculture. Generally speaking, climate change worsen environmental conditions and this, assuming as constant the other factors of pressure, can easily lead to overexploitation of natural resources. (e.g. increasing water consumption for irrigation as a consequence of more severe and more frequent drought periods). In this study all elaborations were carried out separately for two long periods ( and ) in order to verify possible differences related to climatic changes. In brief, concerning this degradation system, we have considered the following indicators: Average annual precipitation the rainfall amount gives a reliable indication about the water availability for the environment and human needs (eg., agriculture). In accordance with Kosmas (1998), values of annual precipitation under 300 mm are associated with significant loss of soil as consequence of water/wind erosion due to a more rarefied vegetation. Small precipitation quantities, generally combined with high rates of evapotranspiration, drastically reduces the soil water content (eg., Perini et al. 2004), the production of biomass and, at last, the soil content of organic matter which is directly linked with soil properties (aggregation and stability) acting against surface erosion. The indicator was calculated as the average value of total annual precipitation. Indexes of rainfall seasonality and concentration in the Mediterranean basin, the rainfall distribution is not uniform along the year. Monthly or seasonal differences, determine different water availabilities leading to wet or dry periods. A first indicator was calculated as the average ratio between spring-summer precipitation (summed-up over April to September) and autumn-winter precipitation (summed-up over October to March). The second indicator (concentration of precipitation) was calculated as the average ratio between the annual rainy days and the correspondent annual amount of precipitation. Rainfall variability Precipitation was also analysed through the coefficient of variation (CV) to highlight particular differences in the climatic behaviour. Effective rainfall this indicator was calculated following USDA method (Patwardhan et al., 1990) and also expressed as percentage of annual precipitation amount. Growing degree days (sum of GDD) the indicator expresses the environmental potential to promote development and growth of plants. The calculation of GDD was made using two temperature thresholds: 10 C and 15 C (Perini et al., 2004). The corresponding indicators were obtained as average annual sums of GDD. High temperatures extreme temperature values can adversely affect plants and fertility of the soil and can accelerate the processes of LD&D. We calculated the indicator as average annual frequency of temperature events > 35 C. Soil water balance - The need to consider the water cycle from several point of views (e.g., meteorology, hydrology, hydrogeology) and through various field of application (e.g., agriculture, industry, tourism), involves a systematic and integrated evaluation of multiple sources of information and environmental data. For example, the erosive potential of rain, mainly depending on its intensity, affects the ability to manage water surpluses and preventing soil erosion, especially in case of non-irrigated agricultural system. In order to consider an exhaustive approach coherently with the available dataset, we implemented the Thornthwaite-Mather soil water balance (Legates, 2005). This simple procedure allows to determine the soil moisture (SM) which represent a good indicator for planning irrigation volumes. The other basic parameters of this balance used as indicators are (i) reference evapotranspiration (Et 0 ), (ii) real evapotranspiration (ET r ), (iii) water deficit (D), and (iv) excess water/runoff (S). Et 0 was calculated using the Penman- Monteith formula (Allen et al., 1998). Dry spells periods - Uninterrupted sequences of days without precipitation are important climatological indicators with significant consequences for the ecosystem. Long periods of absence of rain (Cortemiglia 2002) can be considered as drought periods (Arlery et al. 1973). In accordance with literature, we defined dry day a day with less than 1 mm rainfall (Arlery et al. 1973) and dry period a period of at least 10 dry days. We computed the average annual number of dry days belonging to dry periods accordingly. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) - The Standardized Precipitation Index (McKee et al., 1993) is a very much used index to verify abundance or deficit of precipitations on different time scales. In this work, using a time step of three months, we calculated the frequencies of SPI values < -0.99, wich correspond to dry conditions. 49
6 Aridity index (AI) - The normal lack of water (aridity conditions) is the main factor limiting biological processes. There are many criteria to define or classify arid conditions, but one of the most common approaches is through the Aridity Index, which is simply the ratio between mean annual precipitation and mean annual potential evapotranspiration (Türkes, 1999, Aslan and Tokgözlü, 2000). This indicator is widely adopted by UNEP and FAO. In this work, we also used a modified index (correct aridity index) where precipitation is replaced by effective precipitation and potential evapotranspiration by effective evapotranspiration. Slope exposure - In accordance with the MEDA- LUS/ESA approach (Kosmas et al., 1999), this indicator was included among the climatic indicators. The slope exposure, in fact, affects the soil microclimate through a specific sunshine intensity and duration. This can result, for example, in higher evapotranspiration rates on southern compared with northern exposures. Other indirect effects refer to soil retention of water and development of vegetation related to different soil erosion rates (Motroni et al. 2004). b) Degradation system: urbanisation In this context, with the term urbanisation, we indicate both soil sealing by cementation and the complex impacts on the natural ecosystems originated by anthropic presence and related activities. This kind of environmental pressure is very relevant for LD&D processes, because it seems to be directly related to the dynamics of population, extension and diffusion of villages, roads, highways, railways, a large number of economic activities, fragmentation of the landscape, pollution from diffuse sources, etc. (CNLD 1999, DISMED 2003, Salvati et al. 2005, Ceccarelli et al. 2006). For the representation of this system of degradation, we have considered 5 indicators selected by the General National Census of 1990 and 2000 carried out by the National Statistics Institute (ISTAT): demographic density, demographic variation, urban sprawl (derived from CORINE land cover), number of inhabitants in urban centres, touristic activities density. c) Degradation system: salinisation Salinisation is a process by which water-soluble salts (sodium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, sulphate, carbonate and bicarbonate) accumulate in the soil. Salt in soils decreases the osmotic potential of the soil so that plants have increasing difficulties to take up water from it. Salts can also have a direct effect being toxic for plants. In any case, the consequence is a serious reduction of soil fertility (Eckelmann et al., 2006). Salinisation may occur naturally or due to conditions resulting from management practices. This process generally appears together with an increase in the severity of erosion, as well as changes in groundwater and surface water quality. It should be noted that hydrological processes are a key determinant of the increase of erosion. For example the reduction of plant cover permits the increase of soil exposed to extreme precipitation, conducing in turn to high runoff rates and sediment transport (Van-Camp et al., 2004). Generally, there are limited and localized data concerning the mentioned process. Therefore at a national scale, often proxy indicators are used for the definition of areas with potential salinisation risk due to groundwater overexploitation (Costantini et al., 2007). In this work 5 indicators were used: farms with irrigation by groundwater (ISTAT census), farms with obsolete irrigation systems (ISTAT census), areas with primary salinisation risk (Carta geologica d Italia 1: and distance from the sea coast), areas with secondary salinisation risk (land use derived by CORINE land cover), Shannon index applied to irrigation sources data. d) Degradation system: soil erosion Soil erosion is the wearing away of the land surface by physical forces such as rainfall, flowing water, wind, ice, temperature change, gravity or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and remove soil or geological material from one point on the earth's surface to be deposited elsewhere (Eckelmann et al., 2006). Soil erosion, under normal circumstances, can be considered as the evolutionary dynamics of soils. More recently, it has been perceived as a real process of degradation due to the fact that its natural rate has significantly increased due to human activities and climate aggressiveness. Moreover, soil formation is a very slow process: any soil loss of more than 1 t/ha/yr could be considered as irrecoverable within a time span of years. Losses of 5-20 t/ha/yr can have serious effects, both on- and off-site (Gobin el al., 2002). Higher soil losses (up to 100 or more t/ha/yr) can have catastrophic effects at local level and serious off-site consequences. In order to better represent this complex phenomenon we preliminary considered a group of 23 indicators related to (i) soil properties, (ii) vegetation/crop cover, (iii) anthropic pressure, (iv) soil protection actions. Unfortunately, a sufficient national covering for all selected indicators was not available. Only a subset could therefore be used. Regarding the first category (soil properties) the data source was the National pedological cartographic centre in Florence, which is part of the Research Institute for agro-biology and pedology (CRA-ABP). For the others indicator categories (ii), (iii) and (iv) we derived the data from CORINE land cover maps, the Map of soil erosion produced by the Joint Research Centre and from the National Censuses (of agriculture, population, etc.) produced by ISTAT. A brief description of some of the most important indicators elaborated is given below : Soil depth - The unconsolidated material immediate the surface of the earth serves as natural medium for the growing plants. Soil depth defines the root space and the volume of soil from where the plants fulfil their water and nutrient demands (Kosmas et al., 1999). Greater soil depth generally means better plants covering against erosion processes. This indicator and the soil characteristics discussed below were obtained by the Centro Nazionale di Cartografia Pedologica del Centro di ricerca per l agrobiologia e la pedologia (CRA-ABP) in Florence. Soil texture - Soil texture is a term commonly used to designate the proportionate distribution of the differ- 50
7 Fig. 1 LVI distribution in Italy by year. Fig. 1 distribuzione dell indice LVI in Italia per anno ent sizes of mineral particles in a soil. Using the USDA method (Brown, 2003) we classified the whole Italian soil dataset and, with reference to the criteria used in MEDALUS/ESA (Kosmas et al., 1999, Salvati et al., 2005), we evaluated the vulnerability of soils to LD&D processes: higher (soil class: 2), medium-high (soil class: 12 and 13), medium-low (soil class: 5), lower (soil class: 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10). Available water capacity Soil available water capacity (AWC), which is the difference between field capacity and wilting point, was used in this work as another index to evaluate the degree of soil resistance to LD&D processes. Simulation results showed that AWC determines the partitioning of precipitation among runoff, deep flowing, water soil storage and evapotranspiration (Weng & Luo, 2008). The fractions of precipitation used by plants (evapotranspiration and soil moisture) increased with AWC values but decreased in relation to runoff and deep flowing. AWC, therefore, regulates ecosystem responses and the soil plants covering. Soil parent material The primary material from which the soil is formed. Soil parent material could be bedrock, organic material, an old soil surface, or a deposit from water, wind, glaciers, volcanoes, or material moving down a slope. The Carta geologica d Italia (1: ), was used for a classification of several lithological categories based on their tendency to promote erosion. Other indices used were: Erosivity index (obtained as esteem of annual soil loss), Drought resistance index, Vegetation land cover, index of soil use intensity and protection against erosion (obtained as reclassifications of the Corine land use cartography), Fires risk (obtained as percentage of forest fire in respect to the whole municipal area), Overgrazing, Protected areas (e.g. Natural Park). Tab. 3 LVI average values by NUTS-2 region. Tab. 3- valori medi dell indice LVI per regione. Italian Land Vulnerability Index (LVI) Regions weighted mean values variation (%) Sicily Apulia Sardinia Emilia Romagna Veneto Marches Calabria Latium Basilicata Campania Tuscany Molise Umbria Lombardy Piedmont Liguria Abruzzo Friuli Venezia Giulia Aosta Valley Trentino Alto Adige e) Degradation system: soil pollution Contaminants are a severe hazard of soil quality. Often the presence of contaminants refers to punctual and/or diffuse pollution sources linked to resident population (e.g., urban waste water contaminated by organic substances and/or chemical agents), agriculture (e.g., chemical fertilizers and pesticides, livestock waste), industrial activities (e.g., issue of production waste), extractive activities, illegal landfill, etc. Environmental restoration leads to a complete recovery of soil functionality only in few cases. In spite of the importance of this soil degradation causes, there are some difficulties in organising homogeneous and useful datasets at national scale. Therefore, in order to analyse this particular aspect we considered the total organic pressure calculated as equivalent inhabitants (Barbiero et al., 1998). This includes three components: resident population, zoothecnical and industrial activities. 51
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text: Project Description The clients' program: a loft sleek enough to entertain their friends and clients in the fashion world, that was also warm and comfortable for their family. A series of wrapped and clad volumes organizes the space, circulation and clutter while maintaining the feel of a loft. A palette of rich, monochromatic materials accentuate the original cast iron detailing.

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Now, I have finished Pitch Black. Firstly, everyone should know that me writing about anything at all when I am this tired is quite dangerous. I could very easily hurt someone, so please, be careful, and you are forewarned.
Pitch Black stars the gruff, tough, and of very few words Vin Diesel. He plays Riddick, a very dangerous convict/murderer. The transport he is on crashes, and he escapes, much to the concern of the others who were onboard. He is blamed for the death of one of the crew, but he knows that there are other things they need to worry about besides himself. They all soon discover that there are creatures there who only come out in the dark, but since there are three suns, it is always light. Lucky for them, a eclipse that hasnt occured for 22 years is going to take place. They must rely on Riddick and his eyes(he had his eyes operated on and made so he could see in the dark)to lead them to safety.
Now, say what you will about Diesel, but here in this role, he shines. He truly becomes Riddick, who by the way is a really wonderful anti-hero. I know I shouldn't be rooting for the bastard...But dammit, he is just too cool! :) All of the other acting in the film is top notch as well.
I have heard this film compared to Alien countless times. And while it does share a similar claustrophobic feel to it, they really do feel like completely different films. Twohy has great flair, I have not seen The Chronicles of Riddick yet, but I have high hopes. I do expect a much different film, but Riddick is a great character, and I really look forward to seeing more about him. Pitch Black is a very good film. It has a fairly unique feel and look to it, it features very admirable acting from all involved, a good script, and a style that I truly enjoy. Make sure that if you see the film to see the Unrated Directors Cut. I have seen both, but very far apart so I cannot recall much difference, but most say that the directors cut is far superior. I would go more in depth on the film, but I am quite tired, and mostly wanted to just get the recommendation out there.
Ok, Rt'ers who are already in bed anyways, I too head off to sleep. Hopefully. I just purchased I, Robot by Isaac Asimov and have not had a chance to start it...Did anyone else know that the upcoming film is based on the first in a series of very well thought of science fiction novels? I just found this out when I bought the book, and now I feel the urge to finish it before I see the movie. Oh no...Rambling...This is getting risky! LORD! MUST SLEEP! GOODNIGHT RT! I LOVE YOU ALL! *runs away at an insane speed and literally flys into bed*
When I first saw the film "13 going on 30" advertise, my hopes for it weren't quite that high. It just didn't seem that interesting to me, and many of the scenes, being out of context as they were, seemed just, well, cheesey. Then the reviews started being published, and surprisingly, they were fairly positive overall. Then two good friends of mine recommended it to me, and I decided to go see it for myself.
So I did, and I thoroughly enjoyed it from start to finish. The film just has a lot of charm and is extremely well executed. Sure, it has its contrivances, and maybe you know what is going to happen not too far into it, but, as the films main character asks, have we not all wanted to change something, get a second chance at something that we let go? I do believe that if anyone would push away their jade, they could enjoy this film.
The performances contained in this film are all quite good. Jennifer Garner just shines in this role. She pulls off the wonderful naiveness that, sadly, everyone of us seems to lose. For true love does exist, and it is sad that to believe, or even rely on it, is considered naive. I want to be naive, if that is naive. I want a second chance at certain things that have left. I think everyone has wanted that at some point.
So I say, go see this film. Let yourself remember what that "naiveness" feels like. This film is genuinely funny, smart, and touching.
A true masterpiece, in every way possible. The directing, the special effects, the acting, the story. All top notch. Touching, heartwrenching, moving, wonderful. These are all words that can be used to describe the film. Loved it. 10/10


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Best Of :: Food & Drink
Each day before dawn, Argentine cheese man Bruno Ponce and a skeleton crew arrive at his petite North Miami shop, Mimmo's Mozzarella, to plunge dozens of blocks of Wisconsin curd into piping-hot water. Then come hours of pulling and stretching the softened cheese into milky white lobes of mozzarella and burrata. Some are wrapped in cheesecloth and hung to dry until they become the aged version called scamorza. The vast majority of them used to be shipped out to Marky's Gourmet, the Biltmore Hotel, and Miami Beach's Juvia. But in 2015, Ponce converted his once-barren storefront into a quaint café. Here, you can order a cheese board for two ($25.99) piled high with a mozzarella pinwheel filled with basil and speck, salty ricotta salata, and homemade ricotta. Figure out a way to stop by weekly. Grab a cheese board for a quick lunch and some extra for the fridge.
UM buddies for life Paul Massard and Chris Nolte took their friendship to another level when the two partnered in a coffee company. While Nolte has the business acumen, Massard is the chief when it comes to producing coffee. The Colombian native travels the world sourcing beans for the fledgling coffee company. His travels take him to Colombia, Guatemala, Kenya, and Brazil, with the coffee expert sometimes buying out an entire farm's crop to make sure there's consistency in the bean. The beans are then roasted at Per'La's facility just south of Coral Gables, and Massard tastes each and every batch. Cupping each coffee, Massard takes in the liquid with a mighty slurp as if he were born part Hoover. Only after he's perfectly satisfied with a batch will it be bagged and sold to a demanding public. Per'La sells its small-batch, single-origin coffees online and at the weekly Coral Gables Farmers Market for $22 a pound, and the coffees are turning up on Miami restaurant menus more and more frequently.
Brrrrrringgggg. Hit snooze. Brrrrrrriiiiiinnnnnnggggg. Too tired. Can't move. It's not really morning, is it? It's hard to tell with the blinds drawn. OK. You can do this. Come on. One leg out of the bed; now the other. Toss on some shorts, a shirt, and sunglasses. It doesn't matter if they're clean. This is presentable, right? Only half a block to walk — you got this. There it is! The teal sign and rapid-fire Spanish. Then it hits you in the face. The sweet smell of sugar being stirred with diesel-strength coffee hot from the machine. Then comes the clatter of spoons followed by the milk foamer's hiss. Next is the gentle purr of your cup filling. That first sip of David's Cafe's café con leche ($2.45) snaps your eyes open and leaves a wisp of milk foam lingering on your upper lip. Now you're ready to face the day.
This is a story about espuma: Only the finest cafeterias can coax the perfect amount of sweet bronze effervescence from the humble combination of sugar and first-brewed Cuban coffee. At Las Olas Café, the ladies working the window conjure the fluffy magic with a steady stream of espresso. "¿Que quieres, papi?" one asks as you step up with a fistful of bills. You order a colada, but she's already on it. She was working on it when you entered the cola. The clinking of a weathered spoon stirring coffee and sugar lets you know your time is drawing near. A few moments later, you're clutching that palm-size Styrofoam cup. But first, a personal moment. You peel the plastic top off to find a thin film of this sweet, startling espumita clinging to the surface. Take a lick and find your happy place.
The name Embarek Ali-Bey may not ring a bell, but it should. Michael Schwartz knows him. Danny Serfer too. He's practically on speed dial at Daniel Boulud and Jean-Georges Vongerichten's Miami kitchens. So what's your excuse? OK, maybe we're being a little harsh. For years, this French baker has turned out crusty sourdoughs, hearty whole wheats, and buttery croissants for the city's best kitchens. In the early-morning hours in the bowels of a nondescript north Dade warehouse, he and a skeleton crew mix, shape, and bake hundreds of loaves. They begin making their way across the city just as most of us begin our days. For too long, you could get Alibay's products only while dropping serious coin at a fine-dining establishment. But he's expanding. He's grinding his own flour and making his decadent array of baked goods available to the public with a small café. Finally, a way to start your day off right.
Readers' choice: Zak the Baker
French bakeries tell an unrequited love story. Customers yearn for their sweet offerings, but the pastries don't return the passion. In fact, they produce a different kind of love — love handles. But that's nothing an oversized shirt and loose pants can't hide. Be sure to wear both at La Boulangerie Boul'Mich, a picture-perfect Miami-based French artisanal bakery spreading its oven lovin' from Key Biscayne to its newest location in Aventura. There are warm baguettes, chocolate-infused croissants, gourmet empanadas, fresh fruit tarts, and decadent cakes. There's also a full menu that boasts European-inspired dishes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, from classic eggs Benedict ($13.95) to le club ($12.95), a French-style sandwich made with Black Forest ham, roast turkey, Brie, mushrooms, tomatoes, and lettuce. From the City of Lights to the Magic City, there's been no greater love than that of a quality French pastry shop. The patisserie opens its doors to helpless romantics Monday through Saturday from 7:30 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. and Sunday from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.


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Team Durango Mid Gear Plate (Front)
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Travelodge London Farringdon
Situated less than half a mile from both Kings Cross Thames Link and St Pancras International, the London Central Farringdon Hotel is ideal for visitors seeking accommodation that is close to major transport links. From here, you can easily explore Sadlers Wells, 0.38 miles away, the world s number one venue dedicated to dance. You might also choose to visit the British Library, where you will find over 13 million books. For a cultural experience, take a trip to the British Museum and discover a global collection of art and antiquities that are sure to inspire you. If you are seeking hotels near Covent Garden then London Central Farringdon is an ideal option at only 1.5 miles away from this iconic area, where you can enjoy a number of colourful market stalls, bars and restaurants. Useful Information Accessibility Guests should be aware that there is no wheelchair access at this hotel. Early/Late Check-In/Out Service if you re looking to make the most of your day we can offer an Early Check-In service from 12:00noon and a Late Check-Out Service until 2pm so you have more time to relax - cost is £10 per service, per room, subject to availability - bookable direct by telephoning the hotel. For guests wishing to bring domestic pets please visit our website www.travelodge.co.uk for more detail on charges and terms and conditions. Please note that Guide dogs, Hearing dogs, and other animals to aid disability are exempt from charge.
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The girl's parents, who are daily wage labourers, were not at home last night when the incident occurred, police said.
The 42-year-old man entered the house when the girl was asleep and sexually abused her, they said.
Neighbours rushed to the spot on hearing her screams, caught hold of the man and handed him over to police.
The girl has been hospitalised, police said.


text: For Force Protection ( FRPT), the road to riches seems filled with speed bumps. A new government contract has halted a rally in the company's shares. Late last week, with its stock already fueled by hope, Force Protection emerged as one of three suppliers to win fresh orders under the multibillion-dollar Mine-Resistant Ambush-Protected vehicle program. Instead of re-establishing its dominance in the MRAP market, however, Force Protection saw rival Navistar ( NAVZ) win the biggest share of the contract. Force Protection fielded a $377 million order for 800 MRAP vehicles. But Navistar got a $509 million contract calling for 1,000 trucks. Meanwhile, British-based BAE remained in the game with a $323 million order for 600 vehicles. The Marine Corps expects all of those vehicles to be delivered by April and plans to place even bigger MRAP orders by year's end. Force Protection will supply one-third of the vehicles ordered under the latest round of MRAP awards. But gains by rivals could undercut some bullish scenarios being elaborated by the company's fans. "We believe FRPT could receive more than half of 1,500 MRAP vehicles expected to be awarded in the near-term," Dougherty analyst Joe Maxa wrote earlier this month. Moreover, "we believe the company is well positioned to increase its MRAP market share and could account for 40%-plus of the 7,000 MRAP expected orders" through the end of this year.


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PARTICIPATED and
The Conference was a FANTASTIC SUCCESS because of all of you!!!
Region G Conference
February 5-7 2016
Hosted by the University of Cincinnati SWE Collegiate Section in
Cincinnati, OH. This conference is going to be pretty SWEet!
Social Media Info
Facebook: SWE Region G Conference
Twitter: @swergconference
Email: email@example.com
Visit the pages below for more information
- SWEet 16- Learn about the theme of this year's conference
- Conference Sponsorship - Sponsorship packet now available!
- 2016 Conference Sponsors - Click here to see our current sponsors
- Schedule of Events - Available now!
- Speakers - Bios now available
- Banquet
- Accommodations
- Conference Prep - Learn about proper attire and get help with your resume
- Transportation
- Cincinnati Night Life - Learn about the exciting things to do in the 'Nati and some important safety tips
THEME -SWEet 16
The theme this year is inspired by the K-12 Outreach, more specifically the High School Outreach. A young woman's 16th birthday is a pivotal time in her life, where she is thinking about her future and what her options are. The Outreach program helps show these young women that a career in engineering is possible for them. Also, this theme shows that this year is going to be pretty sweet for SWE, and in marks the 40th anniversary of the University of Cincinnati section! To read more about the theme and other details on the conference visit the SWEet16 page
This year we have blocked out 50 rooms at the Kingsgate Marriott and 50 rooms at the Hampton Inn. For addresses and pricing, see the Accomodations page.
For first time attendees and anyone new to Cincinnati, we have taken the liberty of providing some how-to videos and information on the Queen City. To view all of this, see the Conference Prep pages.
SWE News


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Memo from Caracas: Venezuelan Jews, Democracy Are In Trouble
It was a damn good weekend for the vanguard of the Bolivarian Revolution, Fidel Castro's BFF Hugo Chavez.
courtesy Wikimedia Commons
About 54 percent of Venezuelans on Sunday voted to remove term limits so that Chavez can run again for president in 2012 -- and presumably well beyond, if Castro is really the role model here. It was surely a great victory for Chavez, as the Herald and most other U.S. papers painted the vote, coming just over a year after voters said "No thanks" to pretty much the exact same measure.
But that's the root of the problem, Robert Amsterdam tells Riptide. Amsterdam is a London-based lawyer who's taking on Chavez' government by defending Eligio Cedeno, a wealthy banker who has been imprisoned since February 2007.
Amsterdam, who was in Miami to work on Cedeno's case, was firm in his convictions about what's afoot in Venezuela today: Under Chavez, the country's small Jewish community is in great peril and its rule of law is close to being thrown out the window. Read more from our interview after the jump.
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As Chavez cozied up to Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, thew out his Israeli ambassador and called Israel's leaders a "government of assassins" earlier this year, Jews in Caracas were uneasy. Their fears came to a head last month when a large synagogue in Caracas was broken into and desecrated. But the realty is even worse on the ground, Amsterdam says.
"The Jewish community in Venezuela is under threat. I witnessed it myself," Amsterdam says. "You have a TV station, a state-run station, broadcasting anti-Semitic sentiment ... Seeing a Jewish community in peril like this is never something I thought I would see in my life in Latin America."
Chavez decried the attacks and called for Venezuelans to respect the Jewish community, but Amsterdam says the abuses ultimately trace back to his leadership.
Just as disturbing, Amsterdam says, is the way Chavez has used the precepts of democracy -- elections, appointments, campaigns -- to carve out what he calls an inherently anti-democratic government. Holding an election on a constitutional amendment that voters rejected barely a year ago, Amsterdam says, is a frequent ploy from the Chavez playbook.
"There is absolutely no basis for having a referendum 13 months after the last one failed," he says. "When you have state TV and every state resource supporting you and galvanizing your base, it's an obscenity, it's not a democracy."
Amsterdam is currently working to set a new date for a trial for his client, Cedeno. He blogs frequently about Venezuela and world affairs on his site.
"I'm not going to take a position advocating change for Venezuelans, because it's not my role," Amsterdam says. "I'd be very happy with Mr. Chavez if he would simply respect the rule of law with Mr. Cedeno and respect the Jewish community."
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President Obama campaigned in Boston today as if his entire agenda is at stake.
And it could be.
"On all the fights that matter ... who is going to be on your side?" Obama asked supporters at a campaign rally for Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley, who finds herself in a surprisingly tough special Senate election Tuesday.
An upset win by Republican Scott Brown for the seat once held by liberal stalwart Ted Kennedy would give the GOP 41 votes in the U.S. Senate. That's enough to filibuster any Democratic initiative, and that includes pending health care legislation.
That prospect prompted Obama to call on backers to revive the spirit of his 2008 presidential campaign.
"If you were fired up in the last election," he said, "I need you fired up more in this election."
Eric Fehrnstrom, a senior adviser to the Brown campaign, said health care is "only one issue" in the campaign, but it is a symbolic one. "The rush to pass a health care bill with higher taxes and spending is a symbol of big government amuck," Fehrnstrom said. "People want to see us start over and take the time to do it right."
In a campaign rally at Boston's Northeastern University, Obama cited the various apsects of his agenda, including the stimulus bill, energy legislation, and proposed new financial regulations.
The president blasted Brown -- a Massachusetts state senator -- for his Republican voting record and his opposition to such policies as new fees on bailed-out banks. He also mocked Brown for campaigning in a pick-up truck.
"He decided to park his truck on Wall Street," Obama said. "I'd think long and hard before getting in that truck with Martha Coakley's opponent."
Brown campaigned in Worcester with his own celebrities, a pair of Massachusetts sports legends: Former Red Sox pitching ace Curt Schilling and Boston College All-American quarterback Doug Flutie.
Brown seemed unworried about President Obama's appearance in Massachusetts.
"I hope he has a safe trip and enjoys himself and has a good trip looking around a great state," Brown said.
Republicans such as Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., have called the tight close race a referendum on health care. " We know that in the most liberal state in America you're going to have a close election for the United States Senate because people in Massachusetts don't want this health care bill to pass," McConnell said today on Fox News Sunday.
A Republican has not won a Senate race in Massachusetts since 1972.
Boston's Democratic Mayor, Thomas Menino, said today that a Brown victory would benefit only those who want to see Obama fail. "A lot of people don't want Barack Obama to succeed, and that's who we're fighting against," Menino said.
(Posted by David Jackson)
David's journalism career spans three decades, including coverage of five presidential elections, the Oklahoma City bombing, the 2000 Florida presidential recount and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. He has covered the White House for USA TODAY since 2005. His interests include history, politics, books, movies and college football -- not necessarily in that order. More about David
Follow the Oval on Twitter: @The Oval, @djusatoday.
Also contributing to the Oval: Richard Wolf @richardjwolf; Aamer Madhani @AamerISmad


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- Impuration
- Impuration Im`pu*ra"tion, n. Defilement; obscuration. [Obs.] --Bp. Hall. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
impuration — … Useful english dictionary
impure — adjective a) Not pure; not clean; dirty; foul; filthy; containing something which is unclean or unwholesome; mixed or impregnated extraneous substances; adulterated; as, impure water or air; impure drugs, food, etc … Wiktionary
impureness — noun The quality or condition of being impure; impurity. See Also: impuration, impure, impurely, impurity … Wiktionary


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Henri Gomez" <henri.go...@gmail.com>
|Re: snprintf/vsnprintf in mod_jk
|Thu, 19 Apr 2007 13:40:55 GMT
i5/OS is Apache 2.x only, so it's probably not the same problem 2007/4/19, Guenter Knauf <firstname.lastname@example.com>: > Hi, > > yes, very interesting, it could explain why there is core under i5/OS, > > this platform is very sensible when memory leak or buffer overflow > > happens... > I can add that I currently assume the leak in Apache-1.3/mod_jk.c since I dont see the leak when I build the Apache2 module.... > > NetWare is also that sensible normally, just in this case it seems that only a buffer is not free'd; its sufficient that I just load / unload to see this leak; and such things are only reported with NetWare when I enable developer option...; otherwise such is silently ignored. > > Guenter. > > > > --------------------------------------------------------------------- > To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com > For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com > > --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
|View raw message


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Investing.com - The Australian dollar held steady against its U.S. counterpart on Thursday, while the New Zealand dollar lost some ground as investors remained cautious following comments by Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen on Wednesday.
AUD/USD was trading at 0.7100.
In testimony to Congress on Wednesday, Fed Chair Janet Yellen said conditions in the U.S. would allow it to pursue "gradual" adjustments to monetary policy.
Yellen said the US economy faces a number of global threats that could derail growth and compel the Fed to slow the pace of future interest rate hikes.
While the Fed expects to raise interest rates gradually, it is not on any pre-set course, Yellen said, adding that the central bank would likely move slower "if the economy were to disappoint".
Investors were eyeing Yellen's second day of testimony scheduled on Thursday.
NZD/USD edged down 0.18% to 0.6672.
Markets were also jittery as oil prices fell to a three-week low below $28 a barrel on Thursday.
The U.S. dollar index, which measures the greenback's strength against a trade-weighted basket of six major currencies, was steady at a four-month low of 95.77.
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Reflections on LinuxWorld Canada 2005
The conference sessions were less than inspiring, but the show had plenty of chemistry.
Fine spring weather warmed the Linux faithful who gathered in Toronto for LinuxWorld Canada 2005. The week began with the usual battery of tutorials. Topics included "All about OpenOffice.org and StarOffice," "Getting to Know Samba 3," and "Monitoring Linux with Native Tools." Most of the visitors arrived Tuesday, though, for the start of the trade show and conference sessions.
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Kolab Now Integrates Collabora Online
Kolab Now subscribers now have access to Collabora Online.
Endless OS, a Distribution Without Internet
A new version of Endless OS has been released.
GitHub Announces Open Source Friday Program
They encourage people to take time out and work on open source projects on Friday.
System76 Announces Their Own Distro, Pop!_OS
Pop!_OS is based on Ubuntu and uses the Gnome stack.
Linus Torvalds Talks About His Motivation
He never tires of working on the Linux kernel.
Debian 9 Stretches Its Wings
The new release of Debian has a very strong focus on security.
Trojan Turns Raspberry Pi into a Cryptocurrency Mining Device
Two trojans in the wild are targeting Linux machines.
Fedora 26 Beta Comes with New Features
The workstation comes with the latest Gnome desktop environment and support for many application build systems.
Raspberry Pi Foundation Merges with CoderDojo Foundation
The two foundations join forces to expand their efforts to reach young people.
Samba Security Hole Patched but Risk is Bigger
Millions of devices that use Samba Server are vulnerable to attacks.


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Who is This Pedro Ximénez Dude, Anyway?
Who is This Pedro Ximénez Dude, Anyway?
Posted January 19, 2015
Steve Unwin
Pedro Ximénez, or just "Pedro" to his friends, is a grape most commonly associated with the southern Montilla-Moriles region of Spain (turn north at Malaga, if you hit Córdoba, you've gone too far). Basically, you take these grapes, lay 'em out to dry for a few weeks, and when you ferment them, the finished wine is hyper-concentrated and high in sugar. At that point you can fortify it, age it in solera (more on that in a future article), and eventually you end up with a white wine that is basically brown and loaded with sugar. It's boozy, sweet, and has a name like a military experiment: PX. Think notes of raisins, molasses, hazelnuts, and concentrated happiness. Translated into the language of dance, it goes something like this:
Another place you'll find Pedro making delicious dessert wines is Australia, where they'll occasionally allow the grapes to get infected with botrytis a la Sauternes (but without the astronomical price tag that tends to accompany the dessert wine of Bordeaux).
If you or a friend has a serious sweet-tooth, here's an awesome bottle for you to try out:
Dandelion Vineyards Legacy Of Australia 30 Yr Pedro Ximenez Half Bottle
This is an Aussie example of the grape, but it's made with super traditional methods, so it's a great example of why Pedro is such a good guy.
Steve Unwin (call him Stunwin) cut his teeth in the Washington Wine industry working in tastings rooms on the Red Mountain AVA. In NYC he became an early employee of the wine startup Lot18, where he would eventually earn his Advanced WSET cerification with distinction. Currently, he works with internet wine legend Gary Vaynerchuk creating awesome content all over the internets.
Item: 86049
375 mL
Retail: $27.99
$19.99 per btl
It's here! A 91 Point, Robert Parker rated, 2012 California Cabernet Super Deal! Free Shipping and reduced pricing on 6 and 12 bottles!


text:
- capitalist
I. noun
Date: 1781
1. a person who has capital especially invested in business; broadly a person of wealth ; plutocrat
2. a person who favors capitalism
II. adjective
or capitalistic
Date: 1845
1. owning capital <the capitalist class> 2. a. practicing or advocating capitalism <capitalist nations> b. marked by capitalism <capitalist period of history> • capitalistically adverb
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.