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From Good to Great. Exemplary Teachers Share Perspectives on Increasing Teacher Effectiveness Across the Career Continuum.
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1 Exemplary Teachers Share Perspectives on Increasing Teacher Effectiveness Across the Career Continuum April 2014 Center on GREAT TEACHERS & LEADERS at American Institutes for Research
2 Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the following individuals from the partner organizations, who played key roles in shaping this project: Angela Minnici, Ph.D., Pia Peltola, Ph.D., Jane Coggshall, Ph.D., Robert Stonehill, Ph.D., Gretchen Weber, Jenni Fetters, Jan Gahala, Laura King, and Sabrina Laine, Ph.D., from American Institutes for Research; Philip Bigler, 1998 National Teacher of the Year, from James Madison University; Jon Quam, from the Council of Chief State School Officers; Katie Moyer and Nancy Waymack from the National Council on Teacher Quality; Bill Raabe, Jennifer Locke, and Julia Lara, Ph.D., from the National Education Association; Jane West, Ph.D., Saroja Barnes, Ph.D., and Jessica Milton, from the American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education; Jennifer Carinci and Mishaela Duran, from the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation; and Lucy Steiner and Grace Han, from Public Impact. The report would not have been possible without the insight and wisdom that each of these individuals brought to the table. The authors also are very grateful for the thoughtful reviews of this report conducted by David Bosso, 2012 Connecticut State Teacher of the Year, from Berlin (Connecticut) Public Schools; Jennifer York- Barr, Ph.D., from the University of Minnesota; Kelly Henson, from the Georgia Professional Standards Commission; and Kelly Kovacic, 2010 California State Teacher of the Year and student at Harvard Graduate School of Education.
3 Exemplary Teachers Share Perspectives on Increasing Teacher Effectiveness Across the Career Continuum APRIL 2014 Ellen Behrstock-Sherratt, Ph.D. American Institutes for Research Katherine Bassett National Network of State Teachers of the Year 2000 New Jersey State Teacher of the Year Derek Olson Stillwater Area (Minnesota) Public Schools 2009 Minnesota State Teacher of the Year Catherine Jacques American Institutes for Research
5 Contents About the Study... 1 Introduction... 2 About This Survey: A Teacher-Led Design... 3 Stages of the Teacher Career Continuum Represented in the Survey...4 Characteristics of the Respondents...5 Why Survey National and State Teachers of the Year?...5 The Survey Instrument....6 Findings Related to Each Stage of the Teacher Career Continuum... 7 Preservice Stage...7 Novice Stage Career Stage Teacher Leader Stage...20 Considerations Next Steps References Appendix. Methodology for the Survey... 30
7 1 About the Study This report is the result of a yearlong collaboration among seven leading organizations working to advance teaching and elevate the profession. Proposed by the National Network of State Teachers of the Year (NNSTOY) and led by the Center on Great Teachers and Leaders (GTL Center) at American Institutes for Research, the study involves the following partner organizations, which collaborated extensively on this study, contributing to the development of the survey questions, data analysis, and drafting of the report: American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation Council of Chief State School Officers GTL Center National Council on Teacher Quality National Education Association NNSTOY This report represents merely the beginning of our work together. Plans for the future include: Expanding the survey used in this report to other effective teachers beyond the State and National Teachers of the Year (such as other award-winning teachers, teachers certified by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, or teachers who received high ratings on their evaluations) Unpacking the survey data through interviews and focus groups to gain a deeper understanding of why these effective teachers responded as they did Conducting a similar study focused exclusively on new teachers particularly new teachers in settings that have implemented innovative reforms to gain insights about the current status of reform efforts to improve teacher effectiveness Study Materials In addition to this report, the following study materials are available online: Executive summary Survey instrument Survey results Discussion starter tool All these materials are available for download on the GTL Center s webpage. Please visit the webpage at
8 2 Introduction For well over a decade, teachers have been recognized as the single most important school-level factor influencing student achievement (Darling-Hammond, 2000; McCaffrey, Lockwood, Koretz, & Hamilton, 2003; Rivkin, Hanushek, & Kain, 2000; Rowan, Correnti & Miller, 2002; Wright, Horn, & Sanders, 1997). Tremendous public resources have been invested across the country in new systems to both assess and address teacher effectiveness. Yet the lion s share of existing research seeking to understand the factors that make teachers effective focuses on quantifiable yet more surface-level inputs, such as years on the job, grade point averages, certifications, and degrees. This research leaves many important policy questions unanswered particularly questions about the specific types of professional experiences and supports necessary to maximize teacher effectiveness. This report helps to fill these gaps through a first-of-its-kind exploratory survey of National and State Teachers of the Year. These teachers are chosen by their states as among the best, and one teacher each year is selected as among the best in the nation (see Who Are the National and State Teachers of the Year? on page 3). In this report, we offer insights on the professional experiences and supports that these teachers believe most contributed to their growth and eventual excellence as a teacher. Reflecting back on their careers, from preparation through mastery and even into retirement, the National and State Teachers of the Year surveyed in this study provide education leaders and policymakers with needed information about the formative experiences of great teachers. The findings both surprise us and confirm much of what we knew about how teachers evolve from good to great. The main body of the report takes readers through the four stages that this study used to define the teacher career continuum: Preservice, Novice, Career, and Teacher Leader stages. For each stage, it describes the professional experiences and supports that the National and State Teachers of the Year viewed as increasing teacher effectiveness as they progressed through the stages of their career. The report concludes with considerations for policymakers at the school, district, and state levels as well as for teacher preparation programs. The question of which professional experiences and supports teachers view as the most critical for improving teacher effectiveness is widely relevant to researchers, policymakers, and practitioners alike. For the research audience, this report provides a brief description of the methodological approach used in this study, with a more technical description in the Appendix. The survey instrument and survey results are available online (http:// For the policy and practitioner audience, a companion Discussion Starter Tool for sparking discussions on how to use the data in this report to improve teacher effectiveness supports also is available (http://www.gtlcenter.org/products-resources/ study-teacher-perspectives-factors-influencing-effectiveness).
9 3 Who Are the National and State Teachers of the Year? The National Network of State Teachers of the Year (NNSTOY) is the organization that represents educators selected by their states (including the District of Columbia, the Department of Defense Education Activity, and U.S. overseas territories) as the official State Teacher of the Year. The selection process varies by state, but each state s process aims to rigorously validate the State Teacher of the Year s abilities in the classroom, in communicating with broad audiences, and in representing the teaching profession. These teachers serve as representatives to the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) National Teacher of the Year Program during their Year of Recognition and are eligible to be selected as the National Teacher of the Year. The selected State Teachers of the Year spend time training with CCSSO in the areas of policy and advocacy. NNSTOY is the organization that serves as their professional home after the Year of Recognition, in what State Teachers of the Year call their Years of Service, giving back to the profession and sharing what they have learned. For more information about State Teachers of the Year, please see for more information about National Teachers of the Year, please see About This Survey: A Teacher-Led Design A growing body of literature highlights the importance and desire of practicing teachers to participate in the design, execution, and reporting of educational research and to contribute to the policy dialogue (Behrstock-Sherratt, Rizzolo, Laine, & Friedman, 2013; Bosso, 2014; Coggins, Peske, & McGovern, 2013; Drill, Miller, & Behrstock-Sherratt, 2013). This study responds to that call. The survey was a true collaboration with our partner organizations, which participated in all aspects of the study from design to dissemination. It also was fundamentally informed by teachers. The survey content was shaped by National and State Teachers of the Year focus groups, which convened at the initial and final stages of survey design, and State Teacher of the Year teacher researchers coauthored it. This study contributes to the current body of teacher effectiveness research both by asking effective teachers about their own views on the factors influencing teacher effectiveness and by heavily incorporating teacher voice and leadership in all aspects of the study. The overriding research question that the survey set out to address was What experiences and supports led these exemplary teachers to become so effective? The term effective was loosely defined; all respondents had been recognized publicly for demonstrating exemplary teaching practices, but the survey also allowed these award-winning teachers
10 4 to interpret the term effective in their own personal way as they responded to questions about the experiences and supports that led them to be so. The survey captured the perceptions of the respondents, based on their personal experience, on topics such as: Aspects of their teacher preparation programs that most contributed to their instructional excellence Characteristics of their mentoring and induction experiences that strengthened their practice as a novice teacher Ongoing professional learning activities that were particularly effective Leadership training or opportunities to develop other teachers effectiveness which, in turn, improved their own practice Stages of the Teacher Career Continuum Represented in the Survey Starting by using the Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986) model of the career continuum as a basis, the partner organizations collectively drew from prior research and field work to generate a comprehensive list of survey items that span the stages of the teacher career continuum, as depicted in Figure 1. Preservice Stage: The period of teachers careers when they were preparing to teach Novice Stage: 1 Years 1 5 as teachers of record Career Stage: Year 6 and on, having reached a certain level of mastery but before taking on significant leadership roles Teacher Leader Stage: The point after which teachers became a State Teacher of the Year and/or assumed other teacher leadership responsibilities Figure 1. The Continuum of Professional Practice Development Career Stage Teacher Leader Stage Novice Stage Preservice Stage 1 In the survey instrument, this stage was called Novice and Advanced Beginner Stage. Current use of Novice Stage reflects Novice and Advanced Beginner Stage responses.
11 5 Characteristics of the Respondents Of the 755 National and State Teachers of the Year who received an invitation to participate in the study, 311 (41 percent) completed the survey. The survey respondents are broadly representative of the full population of National and State Teachers of the Year and U.S. teachers in general. Specifically, as shown in Table A2 in the Appendix, respondents represented the full spectrum of subject areas taught, types of school locations (urban, rural, suburban), school poverty level, and grade levels. Ninety-nine percent of respondents teach or taught in traditional public schools at some point during their career. However, an important caveat is that although 50 percent of survey respondents currently were teaching in a PK 12 classroom (as a teacher or in a specialist role), the remaining 50 percent were in school or district administration, universities, or nonprofit organizations. In addition, 15 percent of the respondents already had retired. Likewise, 58 percent had worked in the classroom for 20 years or more, as shown in Figure 2. More information about the methodological approach and the characteristics of the 311 respondents is detailed in the Appendix. Figure 2. Respondents Total Years of PK 12 Teaching Experience 5 10 years 8% More then 20 years 58% years 17% years 17% Why Survey National and State Teachers of the Year? Because the population included all National and State Teachers of the Year from the mid-1970s through 2013, this survey represents these teachers reflections as they look back on their careers at the professional experiences and supports that helped them teach well. The time frame in which the teachers had these experiences and supports ranges from very recent to many years past. Thus, on one hand, this survey does not necessarily reflect the typical experiences of many current teacher leaders nor does it necessarily capture the current status of teacher preparation or novice teacher supports. On the other hand, surveying National and State Teachers of the Year who have experienced a large range
12 6 of professional supports over many years and have continually engaged in reflection on the value of each support provides a unique breadth of perspective to contribute to the field. A useful follow-up study might be a survey of newly minted effective teachers on the aspects of their preparation programs and novice teacher supports that helped them succeed in their early days in the classroom. Nevertheless, the findings in this report provide insights from a thoughtful group of practitioners who possess great breadth of experience; these findings also offer a useful launching point and basis of comparison for further research on views of inexperienced yet effective teachers regarding the usefulness of supports received thus far. The Survey Instrument To generate the survey items, the partner organizations collectively developed a list of 163 professional experiences and supports that might contribute to a teacher s success. Then they asked National and State Teachers of the Year the following series of questions at each stage along the career continuum: Question 1: Did you have the professional learning experience or support as a means of strengthening your effectiveness? Although the primary purpose of our survey was to determine which experiences and supports National and State Teachers of the Year believe led them to be effective, we first had to determine which experiences and supports they actually had. The survey items established the common experiences and supports for these effective teachers as well as the experiences and supports that might be seen as critical to a teacher s effectiveness but perhaps were absent in these excellent teachers careers. Question 2: For the professional learning experiences and supports that you received, how important (on a 1 5 scale) were they for increasing your effectiveness as a teacher? This Likert scale allowed us to identify the percentage of survey respondents who viewed each experience and support as important or very important. To further clarify which of the very important experiences and supports were the most important, we followed up with Question 3. Question 3: Of the experiences and supports that you ranked as very Important, which three, in order, do you rank as the most important for improving your effectiveness as a teacher? This final ranking of the first, second, and third most important experiences and supports at each level of the continuum was a critical component of this survey and the focus of the sections that follow. The survey items and survey responses are available online (http://www.gtlcenter.org/ products-resources/study-teacher-perspectives-factors-influencing-effectiveness).
13 7 Findings Related to Each Stage of the Teacher Career Continuum Preservice Stage Too many future teachers graduate from preparation programs unprepared for success in the classroom, declared U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan in 2011 (U.S. Department of Education, 2011). Research likewise suggests that teacher preparation programs have room to improve, although by no means do all teachers feel that their preservice training left them unprepared when they entered the classroom. For example, the national Schools and Staffing Survey found that the vast majority of teachers across the country felt either somewhat prepared or well prepared to select and adapt curriculum and instructional materials, to assess students, and to handle a range of classroom management or discipline situations when they entered the classroom; however, only 1 in 5 teachers felt very well prepared for these responsibilities (as reported in Coggshall, Bivona, & Reschly, 2012). We surveyed the National and State Teachers of the Year on specific aspects of their preparation experience to help pinpoint high-impact practices of their preparation program that contributed to them becoming effective teachers. Because so many preservice experiences were seen as valuable, we asked them to rank the most important of those they had experienced and found to be very important (see Figure 3 on page 8). It is worth pointing out that 58 percent of survey respondents completed their teacher preparation more than 20 years ago. Therefore, the findings illustrated in Figure 3 should be read not as a reflection of the current state of today s teacher preparation programs but rather as the reflections of effective teachers as they more broadly recollected the early experiences that helped them along their journey to becoming an excellent teacher. Relatedly, it is important to point out that the findings primarily pertain to bachelor s degree programs, which is how two thirds of survey respondents were certified. (For the remaining respondents, 13 percent were certified through a master s program, 10 percent completed a postbaccalaureate degree, 6 percent completed an alternative certification program, and 6 percent were certified through other means.) Further research and use of our companion Discussion Starter Tool (available online at can provide insights into the valuable aspects of preservice training in specific present-day contexts.
14 8 Top On the List: The Final Clinical Practicum. Trumping all other supports at the Preservice Stage in its importance to developing teacher effectiveness is access to a high-quality clinical practicum (often referred to as student teaching or an internship). We found that fully 88 percent of National and State Teacher of the Year respondents had access to a final clinical practicum that they found to be high quality, and nearly three quarters of this group ranked the experience as among the three most important aspects of their preservice experience (see Figure 3). 2 This result is perhaps not surprising, given prior studies that indicate the importance of the teacher-preparation clinical experience in promoting teacher effectiveness (Boyd, Grossman, Lankford, Loeb, & Wyckoff, 2009; Hart, 2008; Levine, 2006; Markow & Martin, 2005; National Research Council, 2010). Figure 3. Percentage of National and State Teachers of the Year Who Ranked Each Preservice Support Among the Top Three for Developing Their Effectiveness as a Teacher Preservice Supports Percentage Ranking the Support Among the Three Most Important Percentage Who Received Support A high-quality final clinical practicum 88% Content-specific coursework in certification area 93% Applied coursework on specific skills 77% Pedagogy-related coursework 86% Instruction by professors with recent, 47% relevant PK 12 teaching experience Fieldwork preceding a final clinical 73% practicum/full-time classroom experience Early opportunities to observe in 70% a PK 12 classroom Informal opportunities for conversations with 67% practicing teachers outside of class Coursework on literacy instruction 60% Substitute teaching experiences 31% Summer school teaching experiences 17% Formal opportunities for conversations with 39% practicing teachers through courses Coursework on data analysis 27% Instruction by professors with a deep 73% theoretical understanding of instruction Theoretical coursework 81% Support for preservice teachers from union 17% or association 2 A caveat in interpreting the top three rankings here and throughout the report is that the characteristics and quality of many experiences and supports are not specified; most of these experiences and supports can be delivered in multiple ways, with varying degrees of quality. For example, the Figure 3 finding that preservice theoretical coursework was ranked low (with only 15 percent of respondents ranking it among their top 3 most important supports at this stage) could mean either (a) that this support inherently is less helpful than the others; or (b) that the type of theoretical coursework was less helpful than it potentially can be, and, if preparation programs improve their delivery of theoretical coursework, this support may well be more highly ranked. Our survey is not able to disentangle these two possibilities.
15 9 Which Coursework Counts? As shown in Figure 3, we asked National and State Teachers of the Year about the value of a range of coursework in raising their effectiveness at the Preservice Stage: theoretical coursework, content-specific coursework, pedagogical coursework, applied coursework on specific skills, literacy instruction coursework, and data analysis coursework. In line with prior studies indicating that a teacher s content-area expertise significantly affects student achievement (Darling-Hammond, 2000; Hill, Rowan, & Ball, 2005), we found that 78 percent of the surveyed National and State Teachers of the Year reported that preservice content coursework was very important to their own effectiveness. And, as shown in Figure 3, just over half viewed content-specific coursework as among the top three most important preservice experiences for developing their effectiveness as teachers. Trends to Follow: Which Types of Preparation Coursework Are Teachers Taking? Bearing in mind that no respondents had fewer than five years of experience (and only 24 respondents, or 8 percent, had 5 10 years of experience), some noteworthy trends emerged that are worth exploring in future studies that include larger samples of recently prepared effective teachers: Thirty-six percent of survey respondents with 5 10 years of experience had data analysis coursework at the Preservice Stage, compared to only about a quarter of teachers with 11+ years of experience. Seventy-four percent of survey respondents with 5 10 years of experience had literacy coursework at the Preservice Stage, compared to just under 60 percent of teachers with 11+ years of experience. Coursework for teacher preparation programs has sometimes been criticized as too theoretical and lacking in relevance (Levine, 2006), a finding that was reiterated here. Only 15 percent of survey respondents considered theoretical coursework to be a top-ranking contributor to their effectiveness, as shown in Figure 3. To help teacher preparation programs make informed decisions on how to improve their theoretical coursework, we presented the National and State Teachers of the Year with a list of more specific theoretical courses and found that between two thirds and three quarters of respondents did in fact suggest that the following three courses significantly improved their effectiveness : Managing Student Behavior (74 percent) Human Development (71 percent) Learning and the Brain (64 percent)
16 10 Does It Matter Who Teaches Preservice Courses? Though less important to our respondents than other aspects of preparation, also worth noting was the importance of having professors with recent K 12 experience. One national survey found that almost half (42 percent) of those who teach preservice candidates have One third of the nearly half of either never been a classroom teacher or have not taught in the National and State Teacher of classroom for more than 20 years (Farkas & Duffett, 2010). Yet the Year respondents who had one third of the nearly half of National and State Teacher of the access to professors with recent Year respondents who had access to professors with recent PK 12 PK 12 teaching experience cited this teaching experience cited this experience as one of the top three experience as one of the top three most important contributors to their effective development at most important contributors to the Preservice Stage. This finding regarding the importance of their effective development. accomplished teachers teaching new or struggling teachers is a theme that re-emerges throughout this report. Elements of an Effective Clinical Practicum. As mentioned on page 8, the most important support at the Preservice Stage was access to a high-quality clinical practicum. Digging deeper, we asked the National and State Teachers of the Year specifically what aspects of the high-quality clinical practicum were most important. Top on the list was having a strong cooperating teacher, specifically in terms of the cooperating teacher s effectiveness at promoting student learning and providing adult mentorship (see Figure 4). At present, according to the National Council on Teacher Quality, only 28 percent of teacher preparation programs require that cooperating teachers be effective mentors or receive mentorship training and even fewer programs (11 percent) require that cooperating teachers be effective at raising student achievement (Greenberg, McKee, & Walsh, 2013). Among survey respondents, however, more than four fifths indicated that they benefited from a cooperating teacher who they viewed an effective teacher and four fifths had a cooperating teacher who they viewed as an effective adult mentor. To aid those with the very important job of selecting cooperating teachers who have a record of raising student achievement and mentoring adults effectively, we then asked about a list of specific criteria for selecting cooperating teachers. The three most compelling criteria to National and State Teacher of the Year respondents were that the cooperating teacher (1) had received training for this role, (2) had Having opportunities to learn from more than five years of teaching experience, and (3) had taught in multiple cooperating teachers the same subject area as the student teacher. At least two thirds also stood out as one of the more of survey respondents rated each of these characteristics as very important contributors to the important. In contrast, fewer than half the respondents thought it development of those who later was very important for the cooperating teacher to have taught in became National and State Teachers the same grade level (although 87 percent believed this background of the Year. was at least somewhat important ), to have achieved formal teacher leader recognitions, or to have served in informal teacher
17 11 leadership capacities. Having opportunities to learn from multiple cooperating teachers also stood out as one of the more important contributors to the development of those who later became National and State Teachers of the Year. Figure 4. Percentage of National and State Teachers of the Year Who Ranked Each Characteristic of Their Final Clinical Practicum Among the Top Three for Developing Their Effectiveness as a Teacher Characteristics of Final Clinical Practicum A cooperating teacher who was effective in 82% promoting student learning A cooperating teacher who was an effective 80% adult mentor A full-school-year final clinical practicum 13% Opportunities to learn from multiple 56% cooperating teachers A final clinical practicum preceded by early 66% clinical experiences Written feedback from observations 88% A final clinical practicum with coteaching 38% A final clinical practicum with multiple placements 40% A final clinical practicum with videotaping 18% A cooperating teacher who was rather 22% ineffective at teaching A final clinical practicum with simulations 9% A final clinical practicum with observations 89% from a university supervisor A final clinical practicum with observations 65% conducted by a clinical supervisor Percentage Ranking the Support Among the Three Most Important Percentage Who Received Support In addition to an effective cooperating teacher, survey respondents highly rated a practicum that lasts a full year. The full-year experience allows preservice teachers to see how to set up a classroom, build a community of learners, and build parent relationships as well as close out the school year, including conducting summative testing, analyzing results, and making recommendations for the next school Of those 13 percent who did year. Only 13 percent of respondents had a clinical practicum that experience it, 55 percent believed lasted a full school year; but of those 13 percent who did experience the yearlong clinical practicum in it, 55 percent believed the yearlong experience in fact was one of fact was one of the three most the three most critical aspects of their clinical experience for critical aspects of their clinical developing their effectiveness as a teacher. experience for developing their effectiveness as a teacher.
18 12 Novice Stage We asked the National and State Teachers of the Year to think back to their first five years of teaching, consider various experiences, and indicate how those experiences affected their development during this Novice Stage. The perspectives of these excellent teachers were in line with prior studies of new teachers (Coggshall, Behrstock-Sherratt, & Drill, 2011; Ingersoll & Kralik, 2004; Ingersoll & May, 2011; Johnson & Birkeland, 2003). Most respondents indicated that they highly value the mentoring, supportive leadership, appropriate assignments for their certification, and collaborative and reflective activities that they experienced. When asked to rate the importance of the range of Novice Stage experiences and supports (shown in Figures 5 and 6), at least 80 percent of survey respondents rated every item as very important or somewhat important to their effectiveness, with most items seen as at least somewhat important by more than 90 percent of respondents. However, the specific experiences and supports that respondents (who received them) rated most important during the Novice Stage were: Access to a mentor Access to a supportive principal Placement that aligned with their talent, training, or certification Collaboration with colleagues Common planning time Professional learning communities Self-developed professional growth plan Self-reflection opportunities Each of these eight supports was seen as among the top three of those listed in Figures 5 and 6 for at least half of the respondents who benefited from them in the Novice Stage. Bearing in mind that a large majority of survey respondents were veterans with more than 20 years of classroom experience, it was somewhat surprising to find that three quarters of the respondents had certain experiences and supports collaboration with colleagues (73 percent), a self-developed professional growth plan (65 percent), and informal evaluations (57 percent) that have not always been prevalent in U.S. schools. Also of note was that in contrast to activities focused on collaboration, the three activities related to evaluations (formal evaluations of strengths and weaknesses, informal evaluations of strengths and weaknesses, and exposure to their teacher evaluation framework) were rated lower in importance for those who experienced the three activities (see Figure 6). This finding may reflect the fact that teacher evaluation systems historically have not driven professional learning, which will be revisited in the Career Stage section (see pages 15 19), although we cannot comment on the quality of survey respondents evaluations (or other experiences) based on the data collected.
19 13 Figure 5. Percentage of National and State Teachers of the Year Who Ranked Each Novice Stage Experience Among Their Top Three for Developing Their Effectiveness as a Teacher Novice Supports for Developing Effectiveness Percentage Who Received Support Received access to a mentor (assigned or informal) 55% Received access to a highly supportive principal 57% Had a school placement that aligned with my 80% talents, training, or certification Had common planning time with other teachers 30% Attended new-teacher workshops, trainings, or 40% seminars on specific cross-content pedagogical issues Participated in professional conferences 78% Attended new-teacher workshops, trainings, 51% or seminars in my content area Conducted continued coursework 61% on a master s degree Attended an orientation program that sufficiently 50% acquainted me with school policies and protocols from Day 1 Engaged in professional organizations 67% Received ongoing support from my preparation program 13% Had a specific district support team for new teachers 20% Received support for new teachers from 20% my union or association Received a reduced workload 2% Percentage Ranking the Support Among the Three Most Important Figure 6. Percentage of National and State Teachers of the Year Who Ranked Each Novice Stage Support Among Their Top Three for Strengthening Professional Learning Novice Supports for Professional Learning Percentage Who Received Support Participated in collaborative activities with colleagues 73% Participated in a professional learning community 28% Developed my own professional growth plan 65% Had formal opportunities for self-reflection 31% Had informal evaluations of my strengths and weaknesses 57% Had structured activities around frameworks such as the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards 9% or Teacher Leader Model Standards Had formal evaluations of my strengths and weaknesses 77% Had exposure to my own teacher evaluation framework 41% Participated on data analysis teams 11% Percentage Ranking the Support Among the Three Most Important
20 14 Mentoring Matters. Prior research has found that new teachers are less likely to leave the profession if they are provided with a mentor in their content area and if they participate in formal planning and collaboration with other teachers (Ingersoll & Smith, 2004; Ingersoll & Strong, 2011). Receiving high-quality induction and mentoring has been associated with first-year teachers showing student performance gains equivalent to those of fourth-year teachers who did not have this support (Strong, 2006). Our survey results provide further evidence that mentoring matters, with 68 percent of the 55 percent of survey respondents who had an assigned or informal mentor ranking it among their top three supports (see Figure 5). To guide teachers and school leaders in carefully selecting mentors, we provided a list of mentor characteristics for survey respondents to rank. Only 37 percent of respondents had an assigned mentor although this percentage is higher for those who entered the profession more recently (see Trends to Follow: How Many Teachers Have Access to Mentors? below). Bearing in mind this limitation in the data, all the characteristics were rated as at least somewhat important by 83 percent of those respondents who indicated that they did have an assigned mentor. But the mentor characteristics that stood out as having the most influence on the effectiveness of National and State Teacher of the Year respondents (both for assigned and unofficial mentors) was having mentors who modeled effective teaching practice and provided practical advice and support that was relevant to them as new teachers (see Figure 7). Trends to Follow: How Many Teachers Have Access to Mentors? The percentage of respondents who had an assigned mentor during their novice years (37 percent in total) was inversely correlated with the length of their teaching experience. We found: Twenty percent of those with 20+ years of experience had assigned mentors. Fifty-six percent of those with years of experience had assigned mentors. Sixty-one percent of those with years of experience had assigned mentors. Seventy percent of those with 6 10 years of experience had assigned mentors. Another characteristic of mentors that was considered highly important was that the mentor be seen as a great teacher himself or herself. Slightly more than half of those who had an assigned mentor and considered that mentor as a great teacher ranked that quality as among the top three most important qualities of their mentor (see Figure 7).
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After missing the season opener, Reggie Gilbert returned against UTSA and sacked the quarterback despite not being completely healthy yet.
"It happened probably in the fifth practice in camp," Gilbert said. "I just sprained a ligament in there and right now I am trying to get it back to 100 percent.
"I'm not 100 percent yet, but I am definitely getting there and every day is progress. I am confident and taking it one day at a time.
Gilbert is happy to be back in action, but admits he was a bit hesitant last week.
"It feels great," Gilbert said. "I was a little hesitant at first just having the confidence in it, but it feels good to be back out there and I am definitely happy to be out there with my teammates again."
It may have been difficult for Gilbert, but he tried not to think about his injured foot once he got on the field.
"Game time is game time," he said. "I try my best not to think about it when it comes to game time and whatever my team needs me to do to win, I am going to try and do it for them.
"I can't even tell you (how difficult missing the opener was). It kills me. I am just glad that the game I did miss, we were able to pull off the win."
Gilbert is not the only one that is happy he is back, as Rich Rodriguez is hoping he can help with the lack of a pass rush from the defensive line.
"He's one of our better pass rushers and he is an experienced guy that recognizes things pretty quickly," Rodriguez said.
"He is an experienced football player. He is still working his way back into a groove, but we still have to find more ways to get pressure."
Although Gilbert may not be at full ability yet, he continues to push through any remnants of the injury.
"At the end of the day you are just playing football," he said. "Whether you are healthy or not, you are going to get banged up. You just have to learn how to push through your injuries and certain things when you can."

subset: commoncrawl


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Remus Horse Sanctuary Launch Fundraising Appeal For Pippa
Remus Horse Sanctuary based in Essex has launched an appeal to raise the funds for an operation to save the site of one of it's mares, called Pippa.
After losing sight in both eyes to cataracts during the autumn of last year, Pippa successfully underwent surgery on one eye and, after a few months, was able to go back into the paddocks. She loved her new life and found a boyfriend in Dickie – a most unlikely partnership!
The Animal Health Trust Ophthalmologists immediately went to see her and the decision was made to try surgery on her other eye. This took place just 6 weeks ago and has been a total success. Thankfully, Pippa coped wonderfully with this second operation, and is enjoying having her sight back again. She now has a Lavage System fitted, which allows the team to feed the eye drops directly into her eye without stressing her. Remus will need to do this for another 4 weeks before she can go back out into the paddocks, but she is already going out in the barn with Dickie during the day.
Pippa has been with Remus for 4 years when her owners could no longer care for her. Shehad previously been used as a tease mare.
"We were all devastated for her, as she had been enjoying her new life so much and it seemed so cruel to be snatched away from her", says founder, Sue Burton.
If you would like to donate to the appeal, please visit the Remus website at www.remussanctuary.org or contact Sue Burton on tel: 01277 356191.
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1. Further Liberalization of ECB Policy
Given the ailments afflicting the civil aviation sector in India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has allowed external commercial borrowings (ECBs) in that sector even where the end-use of funds is for working capital requirements. This is permissible under the approval route, and is subject to several conditions stipulated by the RBI.
Earlier, the RBI also announced relaxations in the ECB regulations governing certain infrastructure sectors such as power and toll roads and highways.
2. Tax Treaties: Mauritius vs. Singapore
This report in the Economic Times suggests that Singapore is becoming an increasingly attractive option for investment funds focusing on India, and that the importance of Mauritius is likely to wane in the future. India's tax treaties with both Singapore and Mauritius provide substantially the same benefits as far as taxation with respect to Indian investments are concerned. While the advantage of Singapore is that it is an established financial centre with substantial presence requirements for investors, Mauritius has a first-mover advantage and the availability of treaty benefits has been tried and tested successfully before the Indian courts, including in the form of the Azadi Bachao Andolan case ([2003] 132 Taxman 373 (SC)).
3. Breakout Nations
In the last decade or so, India has enjoyed the branding of an "emerging market" and has also been an integral part of the "BRIC" nations. However, a new book seeks to demystify some of these notions and challenges the continued relevance of these labels and branding. The book, Breakout Nations: In Pursuit of the Next Economic Miracles by Ruchir Sharma, has been reviewed in the Economist, with the following being some extracts from the review:
"EMERGING markets" is a useful term precisely because it is imprecise. Coined for the convenience of investors looking for somewhere exciting to put their money, it covers a bewildering range of economies with little in common, except that they are not too rich, not too poor and not too closed to foreign capital.
The invention of "emerging markets" as an asset class required the invention of experts to manage those assets; experts who could discourse confidently about places as far apart as South Korea and South Africa. It might seem impossible to say anything coherent about such an eclectic mix of places. But in fact emerging markets have shadowed each other surprisingly closely in recent years, as Ruchir Sharma of Morgan Stanley points out in his new book, "Breakout Nations".
Mr Sharma argues that emerging-market funds have lost sight of local idiosyncrasies in their fixation with global macroeconomic forces. Because of this "macro mania", funds make "little or no distinction between Poland and Peru, India and Indonesia", which he suggests further synchronises these markets. Emerging markets may have little in common except the funds created to invest in them, but that in itself creates a powerful affinity between them. The term "emerging markets" has helped to create the world it named.
The review concludes with the following observations:
Mr Sharma does not believe the shared success of emerging economies can continue. Some countries will break out from the pack, others will disappoint. The very concept of emerging markets may lose its appeal, he writes, as investors discover they need to distinguish between them: "These economies are now too big to be lumped into one marginal class, and are better understood as individual nations." …


text:
George Washington Bridge: General Conception and Development of Designby O. H. Ammann,
Serial Information: Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1933, Vol. 97, Issue 1, Pg. 1-65
Document Type: Journal Paper
Subject Headings: Bridge design | Washington | North America | United States
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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