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Let me introduce myself. My name is Mark Sisson. I'm 63 years young. I live and work in Malibu, California. In a past life I was a professional marathoner and triathlete. Now my life goal is to help 100 million people get healthy. I started this blog in 2006 to empower people to take full responsibility for their own health and enjoyment of life by investigating, discussing, and critically rethinking everything we've assumed to be true about health and wellness...Tell Me More
It's Friday, everyone! And that means another Primal Blueprint Real Life Story from a Mark's Daily Apple reader. If you have your own success story and would like to share it with me and the Mark's Daily Apple community please contact me here. I'll continue to publish these each Friday as long as they keep coming in. Thank you for reading!
Five years ago I was 30 years old, 5′ 9″, and hovering around 210 pounds. I had consistently high blood pressure and cholesterol in the neighborhood of 250 (I know cholesterol numbers should be taken in context, and the context wasn't good). I was a veritable garbage disposal for any and all kinds of food at all hours of the day or night and never had any interest in reading the labels on what I was eating. I worked at a bar and consumed $50-$60 worth of beer and shots almost every day, smoked cigarettes, smoked pot several times daily, and sporadically (but still consistently) used cocaine and painkillers. It goes without saying that my sleep schedule was nothing short of catastrophic. I always was suffering from heartburn, and frequently gagged or even vomited from something as innocent as a bad smell or heightened stress. Living in Vail, Colorado, I owned all the outdoor gear I could get my hands on, but my poor health and destructive lifestyle prevented me from truly enjoying any of it.
Around this time, I met my girlfriend at the aforementioned bar. Although she was nowhere near the drug-using mess that I was, she was involved in the same late night party scene and was a regular drinker herself. Shortly after getting together, we decided to dedicate ourselves to living better lives. It was surprisingly easy for me to make the commitment, because for the first time in my life I truly cared more for someone else than myself – a motivation I'm sure you're familiar with.
We pledged to start going to the gym together and not to eat after 8:30 PM, although we didn't really make any changes to our diet. Hey, it was a start, right? I began spending an hour almost every day on a stationary bike, watching every second tick by, staring at the TV, and hating every minute of it. Even so, I began losing a considerable amount of weight (given where I was coming from, how could I not?) so I kept at it. After all, I've always had a fairly high tolerance for discomfort, and I felt that if I let up even a little bit I would slip back into the life and body I was trying to leave behind. I had no idea how I could keep it up though.
The following summer, I dedicated myself to getting on my mountain bike and riding it up mountains for hours at a time, everyday. I also started swimming, eventually working my way up to 4000 meters a day. While this was considerably more fun than sitting in the gym staring at a clock, and I discovered a surprising level of endurance within myself, it definitely became a compulsive behavior. Nevertheless, the weight continued to come off at what became an alarming rate. My appearance was approaching what I would call scrawny, and my skin remained undefined, pale, and pasty, probably due to my continuing to eat cheap Chinese food and Marie Callender's pot pies. I still felt a ton of pressure to sustain this enormous load of cardio, and was worried that I couldn't.
After about a year of that, I was browsing through a bookstore and my girlfriend pointed out Laird Hamilton's book on the shelf. I'd always been an admirer of his sheer presence, physique, and skill as a waterman, so I decided to buy it. The section on food was an eye opener for me to say the least. In addition to exposing me to information and opinions on food additives, nutrients, local and whole food eating, and supplements, it also introduced me to Paul Chek, who as we all know has VERY thorough, strong opinions on diet, exercise, and life in general. I instantly became more of a label reader, and tried to implement both of their workout strategies. This led to a lot of standing around at the gym, occasionally interrupted by weight lifting. I found this boring, and both Laird and Paul are such genetically and physically talented animals that it didn't seem realistic to me. That old defeatism reared it's head again, and I continued with the obsessive, endless riding and swimming.
The improved diet definitely was helping with the appearance of my skin, and the swimming gave me more definition, but I was getting even more scrawny and tired looking, replete with sunken cheeks and dark circles. I still worried that if I didn't keep up the intensity, I would get fat again. Given that I foolishly believed that I was working out enough to eat as much as I wanted, I was probably right.
Then, on September 25, 2010, during a truly epic mountain bike season, I blew out my knee. Complete ACL, partial MCL, meniscus, and tibial plateau fracture. Needless to say, my greatest fear was realized and all physical activity came to a screeching halt. I had surgery a month later on October 25, and recovery began. In addition to the obvious atrophy to my left leg, my entire body began to soften and deteriorate, and that old defeatism came back, this time accompanied by a decent amount of depression. I began to think I was too old to get in shape again, that 34 was a bad age to try and fully recover from this type of injury. In the back of my mind, I feared my brief stint at being in shape may have been coming to an end, and I let my diet slip a little.
Eventually physical therapy progressed to the point where I could begin exercising again, which meant the spin bike, swimming, and extremely boring exercises targeted at leg strength and flexibility. My heart wasn't in it, but I forced myself to continue, because I wanted to recover and get back in shape. I still read a ton on the topic of health and fitness, and at one point while reading about nuts, I stumbled upon Mark's Daily Apple. The line "Primal Living in the Modern World" really spoke to me, not because I had ever had any involvement with anything Paleo, but because I knew right away it meant simplification.
After spending a considerable amount of time in hyperlink wormholes on MDA, I began incorporating Primal eating into my diet, and in a surprisingly short amount of time, I noticed my skin and hair looking noticeably healthier. I made the effort to moderate my chronic cardio and spend more time on low intensity activities, body weight lifting, and functional strength exercises like kettlebells and sledgehammers. Instead of swimming 4000 meters 3 times a week, I started swimming a mile followed by Tabata sprints in the water. I still go on intense mountain bike rides, but try to make it a combination of cardio, sprint, and play when I do.
(Yes, those are both the same person.)
My diet is now about 90% Primal – taking into account occasional chocolate, rye whiskey, and beans – and I think the results speak for themselves. I'm completely and easily drug and pharmaceutical free, and I only have a couple drinks a week. I no longer have any heartburn or other GI issues whatsoever. I sleep soundly at night and awake full of energy. Most of all, I'm in far greater shape than ever before while working out a fraction of the time, and enjoying every minute of it. I no longer have the defeatist fears that I can't keep it up, because I know I can. It's a fun, fulfilling way to live and I love it. All aspects of my life beyond health and fitness have improved as a result.
So thank you, Mark, for your astounding dedication to your work and the selflessness with which you share your knowledge – we all appreciate it. The PB helped me go from one of my lowest points to the best shape and health of my life.
I know you love to snowboard, so if you ever find yourself in the Vail/Beaver Creek area, feel free to email me for a few runs, a Primal meal, or a sensible vice or two!
All the Best,
Graham Olson
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95 Comments on "From One of My Lowest Points to the Best Shape and Health of My Life"
Congratulations Graham, your new lifestyle shows in your great smile and your healthy body. Kicking addictions is never easy, and it looks like you managed to kick quite a few, keep up the good work and thanks for the inspiration! Btw, how is your girlfriend doing, did she embrace Primal living too?
Yes, great work, but I'm wondering about the girlfriend too.
great abs!
Thanks Guys!!
She's doing great–actually, as of an hour ago, she's my fiancee! Just coincidence…She's not totally on board with the PB herself, but she's coming around, and definitely sensitive to my dietary, well, needs. She's great, and I'll never forget that the initial inspiration came from her!
Congratulations! On your engagement and you health journy! Very inspirational.
Congrats to both of you!! Just tell us when and where, and we'll show up barefoot and and bearing roast buffalo! ;-D
Congrats on the engagement!!!
Absolutely amazing… and congratulations on the engagement! I'm sure you two will have a very happy and healthy life together.
Congrats, you look phenomenal. must feel even better though.
Nice work Graham…I was 32 when I blew my ACL(Soccer). Its been all downhill since then:-) I'm 45 now, and still going strong…You can too. Eat, Sleep, Play Grok!
I feel you—injury time was definitely sink or swim! Keep it up, and thanks for the kind words.
The visual transformation is astounding and you sound happier and for sure are healthier. Wonderful story.
It is interesting how many, like you, have said that they stumbled upon this site and it transformed their life. We are all most fortunate to have MDA in our lives.
Yeah, I was at a point where I figured I had seen all the food-dork sites I could find–now there's a whole new universe! MDA has no less than reinvigorated my interest in the web, as idiculous as that sounds.
Great story! Very inspiring to be able to kick all of those addictions. Isn't your new life a hell of a lot better? If only the rest of the world knew!!
This sentence stood out to me…
"I began spending an hour almost every day on a stationary bike, watching every second tick by, staring at the TV, and hating every minute of it."
At least your were determined! That determination found you the primal blueprint which lead you to this very moment – congrats!!
Indeed–Your last paragraph really stood out to me. Thanks for pointing it out. And keep up the good work on your blog!
Good Work Graham, You look great!
I used to suffer from the fear of not being able to keep up with the chronic cardio too… and life is so much more enjoyable since going Primal!
Most certainly! what a relief, huh? Congrats to you!
Congratulations Graham!Your story is amazing – truly transformative. I'm sending it to friends and family who are skeptical of the new life I've adopted. Maybe your story will help reach them in a way that I have not been able to yet. Grok on!
The great part about the PB is it works! Best of luck to you, and know that you will truly get out of it what you put in!
Wonderful story! Big congrats, Graham – you look like a new man!!!
Thanks! I feel like one!
Wow! What a great story! So inspirational! Thanks Graham for sharing.
Thanks! This whole community inspires me everyday.
You for sure don't even look like the same guy! I'm wondering about the girlfriend too — hope she had great success too. Spread the word, man, you are a walking advertisement!
See my above reply re my new *fiancee*—And thanks to all for the great community here!
Graham – awesome story… An absolute amazing transformation. I'm a skier, but may take you up on that offer if I'm ever out in Colorado!
Thanks for sharing,
Dude, I'm a skier too. Just mentioned snowboarding specifically to Mark since I know he drags his knuckles. Come one, come all.
Graham, your transformation is beyond awesome. And your before-and-after pics are such polar opposites–way to work the Primal!
"After spending a considerable amount of time in hyperlink wormholes on MDA…"
Hahaha dude, I can totally relate. My first MDA experience was pretty similar, and led to a whole day of reading MDA at work =)
Great story, congrats, and Grok on brother!
Imma have to get back to you while I work on scraping my jaw off the floor.
(Also, "hyperlink wormholes" LOL, thats totally what I got sucked into the first time I came here too)
Well done mate… Well done
"hyperlink wormholes on MDA" best quote ever haha
I have only one word: WOW!
Awesome work!!!
Wow, doesn't even look like the same person.
Very well done bud!
BIG 180 dude, way to go!
Are you SURE it's the same person? LOL. That's amazing. What ever happened to your girl friend's side of the story? I really like how you addressed the "defeatist" side of our mental health – I wish more people would speak on this issue since I believe SO many people struggle with this. Myself included. And I totally agree about your comment that since going Primal we don't have to worry about reverting back.
Complete life transformation, not just down in weight!
Holy shit Graham! What an inspiration as I begin my own Paleo/Primal journey. Thank you for sharing, and you look great!
Congrats on beginning your own journey!
Funny how life works. Same thing happened to me. Took an injury to get me to finally stop my addiction to chronic cardio. Was still addicted to going to the gym, but started to focus on other aspects of my fitness including strength training, and in particular how to squat.
Once I found MDA, it was destined to be. Congrats, and keep it up!
Thanks! You too!
Really great story.
Thumbs up and a high five to ya! Hair style looks better too, LOL.
Ha! The before pic looks like I have a crow nestled on my head…
Great story Graham! Very inspiring. You look like two different people in those photos – an amazing transformation.
I'm still working my way through the hyperlink wormholes. Lol.
This story is so inspiring! I want this so badly in my life.
Randy, at the risk of sounding like Jordan Chase from Dexter—Take It! Kidding kind of, but we're all here for you and you will have this in your life.
I'll be having a bit of a cut loose weekend today with my own recent engagement and my good friend getting married…I think another great aspect of the PB is it isn't black and white and you can get healthy while still enjoying your life.
Nice job buddy, your lucky to have a friend like me pushing you up those mountain bike trails, set up sledge hammer in my yard, race swim laps with, and throw mjullner around.
Just kidding, kind of. Your the man, and your accomplishments speak worlds about who you are what your capable of. You'll just always be slower at climbing then me. HA!!
No, you're the man—see you tonight.
Hi Graham,
That is an absolutely amazing transformation story. You went from one extreme to the other and landed in a nice healthy middle.
I may take you up on the snowboarding in Vail!
Bring it on!
well, being in Winter Park I just might have to slide on over, for snow sliding. I ride sometimes, but tele is my fav. I just love playin in the snow either way!
It is very hard to not get sucked into the typical ski town life style of booze, bad food, & other distractions. Congratulations on facing all those temptations & conquering them!!
Wow, congratulations! You've done an awesome job. And kicking those vices must make you feel like you can achieve anything. Good job!
Thanks for sharing your story, Graham. Unbelievable transformation.
You go! I'm on day 11 of paleoness—hope to never go back to non paleoness 😀
It's a great path! So much fun.
really impressive transformation. who would imagine before understanding the Primal way that adopting such a simple way of living could yield such abundance…! bravo
Thanks for sharing your story! ROCKON!!!
Congratulations! There are so many times you could have quit and you didn't. I'm so glad you found your way to MDA. Your story is inspiring.
Funny how the "hyperlink wormholes" line really speaks to so many of us. It truly is a mind-flip and an enjoyable one at that.
A huge congrats to your redefined life Graham. You look happy.
Yeah, I really have to discipline myself when going through a post…
Awesome! What are you weighing in those before and after pictures?
~205-210 to around 150 currently.
Graham, how long did this transformation take? Also, do you incorporate any IF at all?
The story was accurate timewise—around 4-5 yrs…And yes, I've always been a believer in some IF. I used to go on fasts for a few days because I liked the mental clarity they brought. Now it's more in the vein of not stressing over a meal if it isn't convenient and I'm not starving. I find since going Primal that hunger pangs, when they do come, don't last very long.
Hi Graham
Thank you so much for sharing your incredible story.
The transformation is incredible, evidenced by the two photos you posted.
Best wishes
Wow! That is truely inspiring, Graham. It really is amazing that those pictures are both of you! What a transformation!
The Primal way was also a liberation for me – from struggle and suffering with endless cardio workouts and a resulting grumbling lower back!
Grok on!!
Just want to say that your story is inspiring and again shows people there is always a way to a more sustainable healthy lifestyle (that doesn't need to be a chore or diet!)
Clearly there is much power in our nutritional and food choices – your journey proves this. I actually reached my lowest body fat % when I was injured and therefore not training by going 90% primal in my diet. Bar my injury, I felt great!
Awesome story!!! Congratulations:)
I live in Winter Park, CO for a couple yrs… I know how those little skitowns turn us upside down if we give them the chance. Thanks for inspirational share:)
Oh yes–there are 2 ways you can go with your life up here for sure. Glad I've moved from one to another. I'll be playing a wedding at Devil's Thumb near WP on Monday…Love it over there!
Graham, WOW, what a story! You look incredible! & congrats on the engagement!! What a wonderful way to continue your new lifestyle! 🙂 I'm sure your fiancee will be on board in no time…& I can't wait to read her story when she does!
Thanks! She's doing great in her own way, I think. She loves her desserts, so I try to make some low-GI paleo versions for her most of the time while I enjoy my dark chocolate.
Oh Man this is a great story of success!! It speaks volumes to what I think is so great about MDA and the Primal Blueprint!!
Its all about taking back control of our lives!!
So impressive, Graham, to see how you not only changed your health physically but your lifestyle too!!
Welcome to better health and a better life!!
GROK ON!!! What a great inspiration!
You look amazing! Congrats on the engagement too!
Thanks, and love the handstand! Love getting the funny looks at the gym.
Thanks! Grok on yourself!
Greetings from Park City, UT, The GREATEST snow on earth, LOL! Isn't it funny how moving to a place that has so many fantastic primal health/fitness opportunities right outside the front door (hiking/biking/snowshoeing/skiing/boarding) and yet we let things slip? I certainly did. Discovered this in June and have never looked back, and hiking this awesome fall season more than ever before.
Keep up the great lifestyle, and congratulations!
YAY Graham!!! You look amazing and must feel even better!! (The photos are incredible–you're right, they don't even look like the same person!!!) Congrats on all of your hard work!!


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About 27 million Americans have some type of thyroid disorder, according to the the National Institutes of Health. Naturopaths recommend many foods as being good for thyroid function, and a change in diet may help people dealing with this common health problem.
Iodine is important for thyroid function, but supplements can supply too much and actually worsen the problem. Food sources are better. These include seaweed and kelp, dairy products, eggs, strawberries, onions and radishes.
Seafood also is a good source of iodine. Shellfish and marine fish generally contain more than freshwater fish. Good options include Atlantic salmon, cod, haddock, herring, mackerel, sardines and tuna.
Foods to Avoid
Cruciferous vegetables inhibit iodine utilization in the body and should be avoided. These include broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale and watercress.
Increasing selenium intake can help thyroid function. Foods high in selenium include whole-grain breads and cereals, Brazil nuts, poultry liver, pork, seafood and shiitake mushrooms.
Additional Foods
Other foods recommended by naturopaths for thyroid function include apricots, asparagus, avocados, bananas, carrots, olive oil and sunflower seeds.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Spanish goalkeeper Pepe Reina has hinted he could quit Liverpool unless the Premier League club signs several top-class players next season, according to a report on Sunday.
Reina, who joined from Villarreal in 2005, is unhappy that the Reds are no longer competing for trophies in England and have also lost their place in the Champions League.
The Reds are 21 points behind Premier League leaders Manchester United ahead of Sunday's match against Sunderland and sold star striker Fernando Torres to Chelsea in January.
Torres's exit followed those of Javier Mascherano and Xabi Alonso and, although Liverpool have improved slightly under new boss Kenny Dalglish, they still crashed out of the Europa League against Portuguese minnows Braga this week.
Reina wants to play for a competitive team who can win the Premier League title as the 28-year-old knows he is approaching the peak of his career.
"We have to strengthen," Reina told the Daily Star. "If we want to improve then we have to do that.
"It is our duty to be strong, to get better. The only thing I can do is train and do my best. Who knows if I have got years left?
"It's not about being patient. It's about the club winning and I want to be competitive.
"We used to fight to be among the top team and be in the Champions League. Sadly that's not the case now. I want to win titles."


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The Rock spent his Labor Day saving a tiny French bulldog from the deep end of a pool, because he's just the best.Read More
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Welcome to Noodle Homeschool
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This document has been archived and replaced by NSF 05-520.
Human and Social Dynamics: Competition for FY 2004 (HSD)
Program Solicitation
National Science Foundation
Letter of Intent Due Date(s) (required):
Full Proposal Deadline(s) (due by 5 p.m. proposer's local time):
March 30, 2004
Last digit of Awardee Institution's five digit zip code is 0, 1, 2, or 3
March 31, 2004Last digit of Awardee Institution's five digit zip code is 4, 5, or 6
April 1, 2004Last digit of Awardee Institution's five digit zip code is 7, 8, or 9
To avoid overloading NSF's FastLane system, the proposal deadline for HSD (NSF 04-537) has been divided over a three day period, March 30, March 31 and April 1, 2004, according to the five-digit portion of the nine-digit zip code associated with your Awardee Institution listed on the NSF Proposal Cover Sheet. See Full Proposal Deadlines listed above.
There is no restriction on submitting earlier than the deadline. Collaborative proposals must comply with this requirement as well, i.e., each institution must meet the deadline according to its Awardee Institution's zip code above.
This notice is also be posted in greater detail as an Advisory on the FastLane home page. Consult the FastLane home page regularly for updates.
Program Title:
Human and Social Dynamics: Competition for FY 2004 (HSD)
Synopsis of Program:
The Human and Social Dynamics (HSD) priority area aims to foster breakthroughs in knowledge about human action and development as well as organizational, cultural, and societal adaptation and change. Such a transformation in basic understanding would parallel the explosion of knowledge about the physical and biological worlds that characterized the twentieth century. HSD aims to increase our collective ability to anticipate the complex consequences of change; to better understand the dynamics of human and social behavior at all levels, including that of the human mind; to better understand the cognitive and social structures that create and define change; and to help people and organizations better manage profound or rapid change. Accomplishing these goals requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach across the sciences, engineering, and education, including the development of infrastructure that can support such efforts.
The FY 2004 competition will include three topical emphasis areas (Agents of Change; Dynamics of Human Behavior; and Decision Making and Risk) and three resource-related emphasis areas (Spatial Social Science; Modeling Human and Social Dynamics; and Instrumentation and Data Resource Development). Support will be provided for research-focused, education-focused, infrastructure-focused, and exploratory projects.
Cognizant Program Officer(s):
Applicable Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) Number(s):
Only U.S. organizations may submit proposals for this competition. Organizations from outside the U.S. may participate as subawardees.
March 30, 2004
Last digit of Awardee Institution's five digit zip code is 0, 1, 2, or 3
March 31, 2004Last digit of Awardee Institution's five digit zip code is 4, 5, or 6
April 1, 2004Last digit of Awardee Institution's five digit zip code is 7, 8, or 9
The Human and Social Dynamics (HSD) priority area seeks to stimulate breakthroughs in knowledge about human action and development as well as organizational, cultural, and societal adaptation and change. Such a transformation in basic understanding would parallel the explosion of knowledge about the physical and biological worlds that characterized the twentieth century. The arrival of the twenty-first century has brought with it new hopes and possibilities for better living. Revolutionary technologies and ideas that are the product of human minds have created a more closely linked world, within which there is almost instantaneous transmission of information that feeds a global economy. But it is also a world of change, uncertainty, and disruption that leaves many uncertain about how to respond.
Research about human and social behavior is increasingly characterized by a focus on dynamics -- on how cognitive systems, individuals, formal and informal organizations, cultures, and societies evolve and change over space and time. Scientific understanding of the dynamics of mental processes, individual behavior, and social activity increasingly requires partnerships that span the different science and engineering research and education communities.
For example, the convergence of biology, engineering, the cognitive and social sciences, and computer and information sciences facilitates basic knowledge about the evolution and limits of human, group, and organizational behavior at levels never before possible. At the same time, it offers computer scientists and engineers more realistic models of human learning and of the organizational space in which their tools are employed. Bridging these fields creates new possibilities for those engaged in teaching, learning, and educational systems to transform practice in science, technology, engineering and mathematics classrooms.
Likewise, geographic information systems and related technologies together with advances in multilevel modeling of complex systems and network analysis from the mathematical and physical sciences have opened new frontiers for understanding such diverse subjects as crime, environmental management, epidemics, and linguistic behavior. These understandings inform problem-solving research in the social and behavioral sciences as well as the biological, physical, and information sciences and engineering.
Through the HSD priority area, NSF seeks to promote research and education activities that will enable the nation to better understand the causes and ramifications of myriad forms of change that have altered the world in which we live. HSD aims to increase our collective ability to anticipate the complex consequences of change; to better understand the dynamics of human and social behavior at all levels, including that of the human mind; to better understand the cognitive and social structures that create and define change; and to help people and organizations better manage profound or rapid change.
The challenges posed by the need to understand individual and group behavior in the context of natural, human-built, and social environments are immense. They require research that breaks down disciplinary boundaries and embraces interactions that range in time from nanoseconds to millennia and across scales ranging from the internal workings of the human mind to the interplay of global social and cultural systems. Accomplishing the goals of the HSD priority area requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach across science and engineering research and education including the development of an infrastructure that can support such efforts.
In its first year, the HSD priority area will support research and education within and across three topical emphasis areas and three resource-related emphasis areas. The three topical emphasis areas focus on substantive issues associated with the dynamics of change, behavior at different scales, and human responses to changing situations. The three resource-related emphasis areas focus on methods, tools, and resources needed to advance research and educational capabilities and to help realize the potential of the priority area. All six emphasis areas encompass topics for which interdisciplinary synergies hold special promise for important breakthroughs.
The three topical emphasis areas are:
The three resource-related emphasis areas are:
HSD projects within and across these emphasis areas will break down barriers that separate the social and behavioral sciences from one another, from other science and engineering disciplines, and from education. The cross-fertilization and synergies that mixing disciplines makes possible will yield new approaches to collaboration both substantively and through the interplay of models drawn from many fields. The knowledge generated by HSD projects can lay the groundwork for innovations in education, including science, technology, and engineering curricula. Incorporating international cooperation, developing an integrated community of HSD researchers, and strengthening education and training opportunities with an HSD focus have the potential to create not just new understandings of the complexities of human and social life, but also new modes of synergistic collaboration for science and engineering research and education.
NSF invites proposals for innovative research on human and social dynamics and related educational activities. HSD encourages the development of integrative and diverse interdisciplinary teams, the creation and/or use of shared resources (data, instrumentation, methodologies, etc.), and international collaborative partnerships (when appropriate). Proposed activities should branch beyond narrow disciplinary perspectives and contribute to building interdisciplinary communities of researchers and educators prepared to meet the challenges of this exciting area. Because the HSD priority area seeks to stimulate research that contributes to fundamental knowledge across disciplines, team proposals and other collaborative arrangements through which individuals work together in synergistic ways are encouraged. Inclusion of more junior researchers as team members also is encouraged.
HSD awards will enable researchers and educators to pursue different kinds of activities:
During Fiscal Year 2004, all proposals submitted to the Human and Social Dynamics priority area competition must focus on one or more of the three following topical emphasis areas:
Proposals that address more than one of these topical emphasis areas are encouraged.
The HSD priority area also is interested in encouraging the development of resources (methods, tools, and research infrastructure) that facilitate or enable innovative research in the substantive emphasis areas. Proposals submitted to HSD may place emphasis on the development of methods, tools, instrumentation, or data resources in one or more of the resource-related emphasis areas:
Proposals related to one or more of the three resource-related emphasis areas must also advance knowledge in at least one of the topical emphasis areas (AOC, DHB, or DMaR). By requiring relationships with topical emphasis areas, HSD seeks to facilitate the development and adaptation of methods, tools, and/or infrastructure in conjunction with advances in topical knowledge.
The three topical emphasis areas are:
Agents of Change (AOC)
The Agents of Change (AOC) emphasis area focuses on the dynamics of large scale changes in humanity and society. Such changes often transcend national and physical boundaries and range over various temporal scales. AOC projects should focus on events and processes that relate to human, institutional, and social transformations. These events and processes can be of natural or human origin. Globalization, democratization, migrations, and epidemics exemplify large-scale transformational change. These and other transformations usually involve cascading interactions of human beliefs and behaviors and social and economic institutions with environmental and technological forces, including science-based knowledge. In addition, they often raise new ethical questions or require that new attention be given to questions previously thought settled.
Following are examples of topics that might be the basis for AOC research-focused projects:
Projects should generate new knowledge about the dynamics of human and social transformations. Projects involving collaborative teams of social or behavioral scientists with natural or physical scientists, computer scientists, engineers, or educational researchers are especially welcome, as are projects including specialists in the history, philosophy, or ethics of science, engineering, and technology. Results should have significance for the research literature and have the potential to shed light on important global or regional transformations of human and social behavior.
As one part of the AOC emphasis area, NSF encourages proposals that examine the role of national education policy or national institutions as agents of change. (See Section IX, "Other Programs of Interest," for more information.)
Dynamics of Human Behavior (DHB)
The Dynamics of Human Behavior (DHB) emphasis area focuses on the dynamics of change in human behavior over time. It seeks to unravel links between mental processes and human behavior as well as the dynamic processes through which individuals and collective entities (especially groups, firms, and other organizations) form, grow, learn, change, and act under the impetus of internal and external stimuli. Increasing knowledge about the behavior of humans requires understanding of biological, computational, cognitive, linguistic, social, and cultural processes, often interacting with each other. Individuals often act through collective entities like organizations, which have interests and behave in ways that are distinct from and often not easily predicted by the behavior and interests of the individuals that constitute them. The dynamics of human behavior also involves exploration of how humans interact with other systems, be they natural or artificial.
Understanding these interrelationships requires input from many disciplines, including mathematics, computer science, biology, the physical sciences, engineering, physiology, neuroscience, and the social and cognitive sciences at all levels of abstraction and scale. For example, mathematical models, such as network models employed in the biological and physical sciences, are important tools for understanding both human cognition and organizational action. Nanotechnology opens up new pathways for exploring the human mind, and engineering and information technologies make possible new forms of organizational intelligence and coordination.
DHB projects that promote partnerships across scientific, engineering, and education-related disciplines to better understand how the dynamics of human, group, and organizational behavior are encouraged. Theoretical, methodological, and technical approaches all contribute to this goal. Examples of research that might be supported in this emphasis area include:
Decision Making and Risk (DMaR)
The Decision Making and Risk (DMaR) emphasis area supports projects that focus on the processes through which people, groups, and organizations make decisions under conditions of risk and uncertainty. Perceptions of risk vary with human, cultural, and social systems. Individual and group responses to risks vary with how information is generated, structured, analyzed, and presented. Technological change, information access, and uncertainty also influence risk perception and decision- making. Risk perceptions are affected by the nature, frequency, and magnitude of the sources of risk. Responses to chronically occurring conditions, such as obesity and the presence of radon, are different from responses to risks associated with phenomena that usually vary within moderate limits, such as weather conditions or market prices, and these differ from responses to extreme events like earthquakes or cascading system failures in electric power grids. Responses also vary depending on the sources of risk, as people respond differently to natural hazards than they do to human factors, such as terrorist attacks or underinvestment in education or in critical infrastructure. As emphasized in the Integrated Research in Risk Analysis and Decision Making in a Democratic Society report to NSF following a 2002 workshop, the kinds of research necessary to address responses to risk and their influence on decision making depends on the nature of the risk.
During FY 2004, NSF encourages research-focused proposals that focus on the nexus of risk and decision making, including chronic risks, risks from vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure systems and networks, and risks from extreme events. NSF encourages integrated and interdisciplinary research that brings together relevant theory, methods, and findings from the social and behavioral sciences, the physical and natural sciences, and engineering as well as scholarship in ethics and law. NSF expects proposals to explain how the research will draw from these fields to explain the roles of information, prior experience, emotion, and/or organization in supporting problem solving and decision making in new situations. It encourages proposals to develop tools and interfaces that can help individuals, groups, and organizations (whether public or private) cope with changes in decision-making contexts and compare and choose from among competing courses of action. Examples of topics that DMaR research might address include:
Projects may consider decision making and risk as dependent or independent variables, but they are strongly encouraged to link social scientific analyses with engineering or/and natural system analyses. Collaborative efforts using interdisciplinary teams are preferred. At least one member of a team should have expertise in relevant social or behavioral science disciplines, including history, philosophy, or ethics of science, engineering, and technology.
Education projects associated with DMaR are encouraged to improve education in decision- making and risk analysis. Education-related proposals may involve any or all levels of education and should include rigorous evaluations of education activities.
The three resource-related emphasis areas are:
Spatial Social Science (S3)
The Spatial Social Science (S3) resource-related emphasis area focuses on the development and use of new spatial techniques and approaches to study human and social dynamics. Through interdisciplinary collaborations, new topically relevant knowledge about the spatial dimensions of human and social dynamics and/or the development of new tools can advance spatial social science. Recent technological advances have significantly altered the kinds of spatial information that can be gathered and analyzed to increase understanding of human and social dynamics. Among the new tools are global positioning systems, which provide highly precise locational specification; geographic information systems, which help gather, analyze, and present spatial data; spatial decision making tools; mobile sensors and transmitters; and advanced environments for information access and transmission. Advances also have occurred in spatial analytic methods, including the development of new spatial statistics.
These new tools have increased the use of locational variables in analyses of human and social dynamics along with spatial aspects of other relevant variables. As a result, NSF is encouraging new lines of inquiry that use these tools in investigations across a broad range of cognitive, behavioral, demographic, economic, social, cultural, political, legal, and environmental topics. Examples of research topics that will benefit from enhanced use of spatial perspectives and approaches include:
Projects involving spatial social science should integrate expertise on the processes and phenomena of human and social dynamics with expertise in the development, adaptation, and use of spatial analytic techniques. NSF is particularly interested in encouraging the development of research teams of two or more individuals who collectively have expertise in both the substantive HSD topics to be explored and in spatial analytic methods, but not every team member needs to have had experience in the practice of spatial social science.
The core of an S3 project should be research on a well-defined topic that will advance basic understanding of human and social dynamics. An S3 project must also relate to at least one of the topical emphasis areas (AOC, DHB, or DMaR).
Modeling Human and Social Dynamics (MOD)
The Modeling Human and Social Dynamics (MOD) resource-related emphasis area focuses on the development and use of innovative models in the study of human and social dynamics. Recent advances in knowledge, resources, and technology allow fundamental breakthroughs in modeling complexity and enable the transformation of modeling practices through a merging of theoretical and empirical approaches in ways that can integrate static and dynamic analyses and help identify causal relationships. MOD will support research on modeling approaches that enhance understanding of human and social behavior at multiple scales. Collaborations that involve disciplines that use models extensively, such as physics, mathematics, information science, the geosciences, biology, and engineering are likely to provide opportunities for significant advances. Partnerships involving substantive experts and those who have expertise in model development and validation can generate modeling approaches that stimulate new lines of inquiry regarding HSD topics, while the questions of HSD researchers drive the development of new modeling tools.
The unifying goal of the MOD resource-related emphasis area is to develop approaches for better understanding the causal linkages and other critical relationships associated with human and social dynamics. Both empirical and formal-theoretical approaches are relevant, as are models that combine approaches.
To encourage synergies of this sort, MOD will emphasize modeling in the context of HSD research and educational themes. Working with the other areas of emphasis to support new interdisciplinary partnerships, MOD aims to support scientific advances in modeling tools and methods that are available for human and social dynamics research. It also seeks to enhance the transparency and increase the accessibility of these tools. MOD is particularly interested in interdisciplinary HSD research activities that incorporate at least one of the following modeling approaches:
During FY 2004, projects related to the MOD emphasis area must advance knowledge in at least one of the topical emphasis areas (AOC, DHB, or DMaR). Possible lines of inquiry include the development and application of stochastic agent-based modeling, complex social network analysis, and techniques for modeling human behavior and interaction using innovative information and engineering technologies. Proposals should make clear the expected contributions of projects both to the state of the art in modeling and to substantive understandings in other emphasis areas.
Instrumentation and Data Resource Development (IDR)
The Instrumentation and Data Resource Development (IDR) resource-related emphasis area focuses on the development and use of shared instrumentation and data resources for human and social dynamics research and education. The goal of the IDR emphasis area is to create or extend innovative, large-scale infrastructure projects that are likely to facilitate major advances in the understanding of human and social dynamics.
New and improved infrastructure is necessary to support and enhance the broad range of human and social dynamics research and education activities. Development of instrumentation and data resources will take advantage of information technology, microelectronics, nanotechnology, photonics, robotics, sensing systems, modeling, data mining, and meta-analysis techniques to address fundamental questions associated with human and social dynamics. Data resources are expanding in a variety of formats, including new and extended longitudinal databases and mechanisms for preserving confidentiality in databases that incorporate sensitive biological, behavioral, and social information. New kinds of instrumentation will continue the process of opening new lines of inquiry that build on technological advances, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), global positioning systems, and tools for genetic analysis and neuroinformatics.
Infrastructure provides critical data and observational capabilities to support many different projects, especially when the costs of data-acquisition or instrumentation would be far greater than the benefits that might be associated with a specific project. Infrastructure facilitates both collaborative and comparative research as well as more effective and efficient use of instruments and data resources. The development of new forms of instrumentation and data broadens the range of questions that scientists and engineers can try to answer.
Infrastructure-focused projects may be in one or more of the following categories:
During FY 2004, projects supported in the IDR resource-related emphasis area must advance knowledge in at least one of the topical emphasis areas (AOC, DHB, or DMaR). All infrastructure proposals should make clear how the larger community will gain access to and otherwise be served by the proposed infrastructural development.
NSF has special interest in proposals that develop and employ innovative approaches in the study of human and social dynamics. All HSD proposals will be evaluated with respect to their intellectual merit, their broader impacts, and their responsiveness to the goals of the HSD competition. Special consideration will be given to the extent to which projects are likely to contribute to understanding of human and social dynamics across a range of disciplines. Proposals therefore should describe expected contributions across relevant disciplines. Multidisciplinary advisory panels will evaluate all proposals. (Projects of $100,000 or less in size may be evaluated solely by a multidisciplinary panel of program officers without external review.) When appropriate, international collaborative partnerships are encouraged.
In addition to conducting the work outlined in their proposals, principal investigators are expected to attend a biennial meeting of HSD awardees. This meeting will enable awardees to communicate with each other, share project results, discuss issues of common interest, and participate in activities designed to facilitate the integration of research and education.
The categories of proposers identified in the Grant Proposal Guide are eligible to submit proposals under this program announcement/solicitation.
Estimated program budget, number of awards and average award size/duration are subject to the availability of funds. (See Section II of this solicitation for additional information.)
Research-focused projects. NSF anticipates making 16 to 20 awards for research-focused projects across the AOC, DHB, DMaR, S3, and MOD emphasis areas. The awards will be made as standard grants.
Education-focused projects. NSF anticipates making 8 to 14 education-focused awards across the AOC, DHB, DMaR, S3, and MOD emphasis areas. The awards will be made as standard grants.
Infrastructure-focused projects. NSF anticipates making 4 to 6 infrastructure-focused awards, each of which is related to the IDR emphasis area and at least one of the topical emphasis areas. These awards most likely will be made as continuing grants or as cooperative agreements.
Exploratory projects. HSD expects to make 12 to 20 exploratory awards across all six emphasis areas. The awards will be made as standard grants.
The amounts of funding for other types of projects will depend on the number, range, and quality of proposals submitted for the HSD competition.
Letters of Intent (required):
Letters of Intent (LOI) are mandatory and must be submitted via a web-form available at https://www.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/hsd/ by no later than March 3, 2004. The LOI should include all relevant information for all institutions as discussed below. The PI should include the following information on the web-form:
NSF will acknowledge the receipt of the LOI via an e-mail message, which will include a copy of the information that was submitted. An acknowledged LOI provides the eligibility for submission of a Full Proposal. Proposals submitted without an acknowledged LOI will be returned without review. If an e-mail acknowledgement is not received, please notify NSF immediately at email@example.com. Please save your e-mail acknowledgement, because you will need to upload it into the supplementary documentation section of the Full Proposal.
For collaborative projects, submit only one letter of intent. One copy of the e-mail acknowledgement should be included in the supplementary documentation section of the Full Proposal for the project.
Full Proposal Instructions:
Proposals submitted in response to this program announcement/solicitation should be prepared and submitted in accordance with the general guidelines contained in the NSF Grant Proposal Guide (GPG). The complete text of the GPG is available electronically on the NSF Website at: https://www.nsf.gov/cgi-bin/getpub?gpg. Paper copies of the GPG may be obtained from the NSF Publications Clearinghouse, telephone (703) 292-7827 or by e-mail from firstname.lastname@example.com.
Proposals not in conformance with the proposal-preparation requirements of the NSF Grant Proposal Guide will be returned without review.
This program solicitation requests material about the personnel involved in the project. Please use the following definitions to provide the corresponding information.
Cover Sheet
Prepare the cover sheet first. Check that the Awardee and Performing Organizations are correct. Highlight the Program Solicitation Number NSF 04-537 and click the "Select" button. Next highlight one or more of the six relevant emphasis areas (AOC, DHB, DMaR, S3, MOD, IDR) listed in the Program Box and click the "Select Program" button. (Please remember that any proposals that relate to the S3, MOD, and IDR resource-related emphasis areas must also relate to at least one of the topical emphasis areas (AOC, DHB, or DMaR).) Your proposal will automatically be assigned to the correct directorate and division based on your selection of the emphasis areas. Prepare the remainder of the cover sheet in accordance with instructions in the GPG and on FastLane.
If the project involves human subjects, check the Human Subjects box on the cover sheet. If the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the submitting organization has certified that the proposed project is in compliance with the Federal Government's "Common Rule" for the protection of human subjects, list the date of IRB approval on the cover sheet. If IRB certification has not yet been obtained, specify "Pending" on the IRB Approval Date line.
Project Description
All project descriptions are limited to 15 pages in length.
If appropriate, the project description must include a section on Results from Prior Support for the Principal Investigators and co-principal investigators who have received NSF funding in the last five years. Refer to the GPG for more information. (This section may contain, but does not require, up to five pages to describe the results.)
All proposals submitted for the HSD competition must contain a section titled "Expected Project Significance." This section should address both the intellectual merits and the broader impacts of the project. The section must identify how the project will add to the fundamental knowledge base across relevant fields related to human and social dynamics and how it will enhance the capabilities of people who engage in research and/or education in these areas.
Research-focused project proposals should clearly identify the theory that motivates the project, the research methods to be used, plans for disseminating the research results, and the contributions that each of the researchers will bring to the project. Proposals should also specify the contributions to understanding human and social dynamics that are expected across relevant disciplines.
Education-focused project proposals should outline clearly the individuals or groups toward whom the proposed activities are directed, the goals of the activities, the methods that will be used to attain those goals, and the evaluation methods that will be used to determine how effective the methods have been. Proposals should also specify contributions that are expected across relevant disciplines.
Infrastructure-focused project proposals should include clear articulation of the research and education needs to which the activities are oriented; specification of how resources will be developed, maintained, and disseminated; and the contributions that each of the members of the project will make to the conduct of the activity. Proposals should also highlight educational components and, if relevant, international collaboration. Proposals should include specific suggested criteria for evaluation of the project at both intermediate and final stages of the grant as well as post-award plans for continuation or termination of the project. Proposals should also specify how the multidisciplinary communities will gain access to and otherwise be served by the proposed infrastructural development.
Exploratory project proposals should include a description of the theory that motivates the project, the activities to be conducted, plans for disseminating outcomes of the project, and the contributions that each of the participants is expected to bring to the project. Proposals should also specify the contributions to understanding human and social dynamics that are expected across relevant disciplines.
Biographical Sketches
A biographical sketch prepared according to specifications in GPG must be provided for each investigator and each person identified as senior personnel.
Current and Pending Support
Each person identified as a principal investigator or as senior personnel (as defined above) must submit information regarding current and pending support in accordance with specifications in GPG. This proposal is considered a pending support activity.
Supplementary Documentation
The e-mail message from NSF that acknowledges submission of a letter of intent must be included in this section.
Other appropriate items for inclusion are specified in GPG, Section II.C.2.j. For example, this section should contain documentation of collaborative arrangements of significance to the proposed project as expressed in letters of commitment from collaborating organizations, including foreign organizations. (The "commitment" expressed in these letters does not need to be financial in character. Cost-sharing is not required for HSD awards, and letters of commitment provided as supplementary documentation will not be auditable.)
Documents associated with the use of human subjects should also be included in this section.
Proposals that include materials in this section that belong in the project description may be returned without review.
Appendices are not permitted in proposals submitted for the HSD competition.
Conflicts of Interest
No special action is needed beyond identification of collaborators and advisors/advisees in biographical sketches.
Proposals Involving Multiple Organizations
Proposals involving multiple organizations may be submitted in one of two ways: (1) as a single proposal with one organizations serving as the lead organizations and with support to other organizations provided through subawards, or (2) "collaborative" proposals may be submitted by each organization. See GPG Section II.D.3 for instructions regarding the preparation of collaborative proposals and carefully follow on-line instructions regarding their preparation in FastLane.
Proposals Involving Collaborators at Foreign Organizations
Proposers are reminded they must provide biographical sketches of all senior project personnel, including those at foreign institutions. In addition, as supplementary documentation, proposals involving foreign collaborators should provide documentation of a willingness to collaborate through letters of commitment from the international counterpart organizations. Please note that although eligibility for this competition is restricted to U.S. organizations, as described in the GPG, collaborations with foreign organizations may be considered.
Human Subjects
If the project involves human subjects, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the submitting organization must certify that the proposed project is in compliance with the Federal Government's "Common Rule" for the protection of human subjects. If IRB approval has been obtained and the date of approval is listed on the cover sheet, no other certification is required. If IRB approval is still pending, submit certification of IRB approval in electronic form as soon as approval is obtained to the cognizant program officer. (The name of cognizant program officer will be listed in the Proposal Status module of FastLane.) Delays in obtaining IRB certification may result in NSF being unable to make an award. For more information regarding the protection of human subjects, consult https://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dga/policy/guidance.htm#human.
Pre-Submission Checklist
HSD proposals must be in compliance with GPG and special requirements in the solicitation in order to be considered for review. Proposals not in compliance with these requirements will be returned without review. Please refer to the following checklist to address some of the items for which proposals often are non-compliant:
Proposers are reminded to identify the program announcement/solicitation number (04-537) in the program announcement/solicitation block on the proposal Cover Sheet. Compliance with this requirement is critical to determining the relevant proposal processing guidelines. Failure to submit this information may delay processing.
Cost Sharing:
Cost sharing is not required in proposals submitted under this Program Solicitation.
Budget Preparation Instructions:
Principal investigators of HSD awards should set aside funds in their budgets to attend a biennial HSD awardees meeting. This meeting will enable them to communicate with each other, to share project results and discuss issues of common interest, and to participate in activities designed to facilitate the integration of research and education.
Proposals must be submitted by the following date(s):
Letters of Intent (required):
Full Proposal Deadline(s) (due by 5 p.m. proposer's local time):
March 30, 2004
Last digit of Awardee Institution's five digit zip code is 0, 1, 2, or 3
March 31, 2004Last digit of Awardee Institution's five digit zip code is 4, 5, or 6
April 1, 2004Last digit of Awardee Institution's five digit zip code is 7, 8, or 9
Proposers are required to prepare and submit all proposals for this announcement/solicitation through the FastLane system. Detailed instructions for proposal preparation and submission via FastLane are available at: http://www.fastlane.nsf.gov/a1/newstan.htm. For FastLane user support, call the FastLane Help Desk at 1-800-673-6188 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com. The FastLane Help Desk answers general technical questions related to the use of the FastLane system. Specific questions related to this program announcement/solicitation should be referred to the NSF program staff contact(s) listed in Section VIII of this announcement/solicitation.
Submission of Electronically Signed Cover Sheets. The Authorized Organizational Representative (AOR) must electronically sign the proposal Cover Sheet to submit the required proposal certifications (see Chapter II, Section C of the Grant Proposal Guide for a listing of the certifications). The AOR must provide the required electronic certifications within five working days following the electronic submission of the proposal. Proposers are no longer required to provide a paper copy of the signed Proposal Cover Sheet to NSF. Further instructions regarding this process are available on the FastLane Website at: http://www.fastlane.nsf.gov
Reviews of proposals submitted to NSF are solicited from peers with expertise in the substantive area of the proposed research or education project. These reviewers are selected by Program Officers charged with the oversight of the review process. NSF invites the proposer to suggest, at the time of submission, the names of appropriate or inappropriate reviewers. Care is taken to ensure that reviewers have no conflicts with the proposer. Special efforts are made to recruit reviewers from non-academic institutions, minority-serving institutions, or adjacent disciplines to that principally addressed in the proposal.
The National Science Board approved revised criteria for evaluating proposals at its meeting on March 28, 1997 (NSB 97-72). All NSF proposals are evaluated through use of the two merit review criteria. In some instances, however, NSF will employ additional criteria as required to highlight the specific objectives of certain programs and activities.
On July 8, 2002, the NSF Director issued Important Notice 127, Implementation of new Grant Proposal Guide Requirements Related to the Broader Impacts Criterion. This Important Notice reinforces the importance of addressing both criteria in the preparation and review of all proposals submitted to NSF. NSF continues to strengthen its internal processes to ensure that both of the merit review criteria are addressed when making funding decisions.
In an effort to increase compliance with these requirements, the January 2002 issuance of the GPG incorporated revised proposal preparation guidelines relating to the development of the Project Summary and Project Description. Chapter II of the GPG specifies that Principal Investigators (PIs) must address both merit review criteria in separate statements within the one-page Project Summary. This chapter also reiterates that broader impacts resulting from the proposed project must be addressed in the Project Description and described as an integral part of the narrative.
Effective October 1, 2002, NSF will return without review proposals that do not separately address both merit review criteria within the Project Summary. It is believed that these changes to NSF proposal preparation and processing guidelines will more clearly articulate the importance of broader impacts to NSF-funded projects.
The two National Science Board approved merit review criteria are listed below (see the Grant Proposal Guide Chapter III.A for further information). The criteria include considerations that help define them. These considerations are suggestions and not all will apply to any given proposal. While proposers must address both merit review criteria, reviewers will be asked to address only those considerations that are relevant to the proposal being considered and for which he/she is qualified to make judgments.
NSF staff will give careful consideration to the following in making funding decisions:
In addition to the NSB-approved review criteria, reviewers and panel members will evaluate proposals based on the degree to which they help meet one or more of the general Human and Social Dynamics goals:
All proposals are carefully reviewed by at least three other persons outside NSF who are experts in the particular field represented by the proposal. Proposals submitted in response to this announcement/solicitation will be reviewed by Ad Hoc and/or panel review.
Reviewers will be asked to formulate a recommendation to either support or decline each proposal. The Program Officer assigned to manage the proposal's review will consider the advice of reviewers and will formulate a recommendation.
A summary rating and accompanying narrative will be completed and submitted by each reviewer. In all cases, reviews are treated as confidential documents. Verbatim copies of reviews, excluding the names of the reviewers, are sent to the Principal Investigator/Project Director by the Program Director. In addition, the proposer will receive an explanation of the decision to award or decline funding.
In most cases, proposers will be contacted by the Program Officer after his or her recommendation to award or decline funding has been approved by the Division Director. This informal notification is not a guarantee of an eventual award.
NSF is striving to be able to tell applicants whether their proposals have been declined or recommended for funding within six months. The time interval begins on the date of receipt. The interval ends when the Division Director accepts the Program Officer's recommendation.
In all cases, after programmatic approval has been obtained, the proposals recommended for funding will be forwarded to the Division of Grants and Agreements for review of business, financial, and policy implications and the processing and issuance of a grant or other agreement. Proposers are cautioned that only a Grants and Agreements Officer may make commitments, obligations or awards on behalf of NSF or authorize the expenditure of funds. No commitment on the part of NSF should be inferred from technical or budgetary discussions with a NSF Program Officer. A Principal Investigator or organization that makes financial or personnel commitments in the absence of a grant or cooperative agreement signed by the NSF Grants and Agreements Officer does so at their own risk.
Notification of the award is made to the submitting organization by a Grants Officer in the Division of Grants and Agreements. Organizations whose proposals are declined will be advised as promptly as possible by the cognizant NSF Program Division administering the program. Verbatim copies of reviews, not including the identity of the reviewer, will be provided automatically to the Principal Investigator. (See section VI.A. for additional information on the review process.)
An NSF award consists of: (1) the award letter, which includes any special provisions applicable to the award and any numbered amendments thereto; (2) the budget, which indicates the amounts, by categories of expense, on which NSF has based its support (or otherwise communicates any specific approvals or disapprovals of proposed expenditures); (3) the proposal referenced in the award letter; (4) the applicable award conditions, such as Grant General Conditions (NSF-GC-1); * or Federal Demonstration Partnership (FDP) Terms and Conditions * and (5) any announcement or other NSF issuance that may be incorporated by reference in the award letter. Cooperative agreement awards also are administered in accordance with NSF Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions (CA-1). Electronic mail notification is the preferred way to transmit NSF awards to organizations that have electronic mail capabilities and have requested such notification from the Division of Grants and Agreements.
*These documents may be accessed electronically on NSF's Website at https://www.nsf.gov/home/grants/grants_gac.htm. Paper copies may be obtained from the NSF Publications Clearinghouse, telephone (703) 292-7827 or by e-mail from firstname.lastname@example.com.
More comprehensive information on NSF Award Conditions is contained in the NSF Grant Policy Manual (GPM) Chapter II, available electronically on the NSF Website at https://www.nsf.gov/cgi-bin/getpub?gpm. The GPM is also for sale through the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402. The telephone number at GPO for subscription information is (202) 512-1800. The GPM may be ordered through the GPO Website at http://www.gpo.gov.
For all multi-year grants (including both standard and continuing grants), the PI must submit an annual project report to the cognizant Program Officer at least 90 days before the end of the current budget period.
Within 90 days after the expiration of an award, the PI also is required to submit a final project report. Failure to provide final technical reports delays NSF review and processing of pending proposals for the PI and all Co-PIs. PIs should examine the formats of the required reports in advance to assure availability of required data.
PIs are required to use NSF's electronic project reporting system, available through FastLane, for preparation and submission of annual and final project reports. This system permits electronic submission and updating of project reports, including information on project participants (individual and organizational), activities and findings, publications, and other specific products and contributions. PIs will not be required to re-enter information previously provided, either with a proposal or in earlier updates using the electronic system.
General inquiries regarding this program should be made to:
General inquiries regarding the Human and Social Dynamics priority area should be made to:
Individuals listed on the chart accessible at https://www.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/hsd/contacts.htm.
For questions related to the use of FastLane, contact:
Alicia E. Harris, Program Technology Specialist, Directorate for Social, Behavioral & Economic Sciences, Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences, 995 N, telephone: (703) 292-7423, fax: (703) 292-9068, email: email@example.com
Geri Farves, Program and Technology Specialist, Directorate for Social, Behavioral & Economic Sciences, Division of Social and Economic Sciences, 995 N, telephone: (703) 292-7309, fax: (703) 292-9068, email: email@example.com
The NSF Guide to Programs is a compilation of funding for research and education in science, mathematics, and engineering. The NSF Guide to Programs is available electronically at https://www.nsf.gov/cgi-bin/getpub?gp. General descriptions of NSF programs, research areas, and eligibility information for proposal submission are provided in each chapter.
Many NSF programs offer announcements or solicitations concerning specific proposal requirements. To obtain additional information about these requirements, contact the appropriate NSF program offices. Any changes in NSF's fiscal year programs occurring after press time for the Guide to Programs will be announced in the NSF E-Bulletin, which is updated daily on the NSF Website at https://www.nsf.gov/home/ebulletin, and in individual program announcements/solicitations. Subscribers can also sign up for NSF's Custom News Service (https://www.nsf.gov/home/cns/start.htm) to be notified of new funding opportunities that become available.
The ROLE Program in the Division of Research, Evaluation and Communication in the EHR Directorate encourages the submission of proposals to HSD that are responsive to the general goals of the FY 2004 AOC emphasis area and to the specific goals of ROLE (see https://www.nsf.gov/pubsys/ods/getpub.cfm?nsf03542), especially Quadrant 4. Proposals should aim to study the use of national educational policy or national institutions as an agent of change. These proposals will be jointly reviewed in REC and HSD. They must satisfy the ROLE research and budget guidelines.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) funds research and education in most fields of science and engineering. Awardees are wholly responsible for conducting their project activities and preparing the results for publication. Thus, the Foundation does not assume responsibility for such findings or their interpretation.
NSF welcomes proposals from all qualified scientists, engineers and educators. The Foundation strongly encourages women, minorities and persons with disabilities to compete fully in its programs. In accordance with Federal statutes, regulations and NSF policies, no person on grounds of race, color, age, sex, national origin or disability shall be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving financial assistance from NSF, although some programs may have special requirements that limit eligibility.
Facilitation Awards for Scientists and Engineers with Disabilities (FASED) provide funding for special assistance or equipment to enable persons with disabilities (investigators and other staff, including student research assistants) to work on NSF-supported projects. See the GPG Chapter II, Section D.2 for instructions regarding preparation of these types of proposals.
The National Science Foundation promotes and advances scientific progress in the United States by competitively awarding grants and cooperative agreements for research and education in the sciences, mathematics, and engineering.
To get the latest information about program deadlines, to download copies of NSF publications, and to access abstracts of awards, visit the NSF Website at https://www.nsf.gov
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Favorites Shows - Top Gear, Dexter, Sons of Anarchy, Breaking Bad, Modern Family. I always watch a few youtube automotive shows.
Favorites bands - I was raised in a house where music is playing daily from Dawn to Dusk. There are too many bands that I like to fit in this section. I like just about any type of music accept for most country and some pop artists. What type of music I listen to can depending on my mood or activity.
Favorite foods - I like just about anything except sea food. I've tried just about every type but it all tastes funny to me. I'm sure there's something wrong with me because most people seem to love sea food. It wasn't until I moved to the city that I discovered my love for Indian food. There isn't an Indian dish I've had that I didn't like. The spices nearly make seafood bearable for me.
-my motorcycle.
-A snowboard in winter/a bicycle in summer.
-A beach with clear water to swim in.
-Sunny Saturday's to better enjoy all of the above.
-A gym membership
-A smart phone
Why has The Learning Channel turned into something that offers nothing of any educational value?
Why does Google insist on auto completing my search requests with the most absurd suggestions?
you enjoy a great conversation about anything.
You are looking for some one to hangout with and have fun.


text:
Learn more about C.& R.NEEDHAM LIMITED. Check the company's details for free and view the Companies House information, company documents and list of directors.
Know about every new company document that is added!
Take advantage of our watch this company feature free of charge and have notifications sent directly to your inbox. Whenever a new document appears on this website, or if their particulars change, you will be immediately informed about such changes. To monitor these changes, all you need to do is click on watch this company.
|Fixed Assets
|£ 557,736
|Tangible Fixed Assets
|£ 557,715
|Current Assets
|£ 689,337
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation
|£ 548,145
|Provisions For Liabilities Charges
|£ 3,495
|£ 385,809
|Shareholder Funds
|£ 572,695
|Profit Loss Account Reserve
|£ 552,445
|Called Up Share Capital
|£ 20,250
|Net Assets Liabilities Including Pension Asset Liability
|£ 572,695
|Total Assets Less Current Liabilities
|£ 866,443
|Net Current Assets Liabilities
|£ 308,707
|Creditors Due Within One Year
|£ 380,630
|Cash Bank In Hand
|£ 297
|Stocks Inventory
|£ 303,231
|Share Capital Allotted Called Up Paid
|£ 250
|Number Shares Allotted
|£ 25,000
|Tangible Fixed Assets Additions
|£ 122,238
|Tangible Fixed Assets Cost Or Valuation
|£ 1,185,815
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation Charged In Period
|£ 42,283
|Fixed Asset Investments Cost Or Valuation
|£ 21
|Investments Fixed Assets
|£ 21
|Creditors Due After One Year
|£ 290,253
Information about the Private Limited Company C.& R.NEEDHAM LIMITED has been prepared for information purposes only. It is not intended to be nor does it constitute legal advice. This is public information provided by the official company register.


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Invert Tank
Invert Tank
Cropped tanktop. Made of cotton/silk blended faille with centre leather panel. Lined with 100% cotton lining.
Brit Wacher
Brittany Wacher makes awesome clothes in Montreal. Her international background in fashion informs her work and it shows. After graduating from La Salle University in Vancouver, she spent time in Asia working as a stylist and went on to work under Dutch designer Pauline Van Dongen in Arnhem. Now, Brittany creates pieces that combine shapely-tailored craftsmanship, flowing draped elements, and subtle obscurities.
Do you have questions about this product? We're here to help!


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The virtual world has its benefits. What you fail to or scare to do in your real life, you can bravely perform those acts you wish you had done in real. Want to express your love to a beautiful lady? Want to fight dragons, dinosaurs and other fierce animals? Dreaming about chasing criminals? Now you can do all this in the best role-playing games for iPhone and iPad.
Turn your iOS device into a battleground, where you can erase all your enemies. We have listed some decent role-playing games you would love to play on your iPhone or the bigger screen of iPad. Download one or all and satiate your fantasy.
Best Role-Playing Games for iPhone and iPad
#1. Arcane Legends
Experience full-on action on Arcane Legends, which is not your traditional Role-Playing game. As a player, you can choose any one of three classes; then you will be teamed up with other players online provisionally. One of the major attractions of Arcane Legends is that you can acquire a range of pets, which will help you in many ways – for example, attacking enemies or gathering loot for you.
Price: Free
Download Arcane Legends
#2. Baldur's Gate
Make way through the Forgotten Realms, where you encounter dungeons and dragons. Welcome to Baldur's Gate – a port of classic party-based RPG. The game offers many colourful characters that speak nicely-written dialogues; the characters are beautifully portrayed to keep you hooked to your party. Simultaneously, you can play your way with a broad range of class options. Engage yourself in exciting combats; wherein you can pause the action and unpause the same.
Price: $9.99
Download Baldur's Gate
#3. Bastion
Bastion takes you through an incredible real-like world, where players take control of The Kid, who is determined to bring some chaos in the world, which has crumbled down. During the journey, players strengthen the ammunitions of The Kid, erect customized home base, and work through optional side-missions. You are sure to be consumed by the storyline, which will be unfolding gradually.
Price: $4.99
Download Bastion
#4. Lone Wolf
The game is based on the eponymous novel penned by author Joe Dever, who is well-known for his fantasy novels in the United Kingdom. At the beginning of the game, players make decisions following the traits of characters they choose; then, they engage themselves in a high-voltage combat with different enemies. Players can display their skills of timing, finesse and smart resource management during the combat.
Price: Free
Download Lone Wolf
#5. Oceanhorn
Oceanhorn has the striking similarity with Nintendo's Zelda games. The game is rejuvenated for young users of iPhone and iPad. The world is gripped in the tentacles of an ancient evil against whom a nameless kid is ready to fight. The kid is also on a journey to find his father, who tried to do the same. Players lock horns with wild creatures to solve evil puzzles; they sail the high seas and meet some fascinating characters on their journey.
Price: $8.99
Download Oceanhorn
#6. Order & Chaos
Enjoy the classic RPG actions like launching quests, teaming up with friends online, secretly collecting loot, and mastering new skills as your characters progress. But before you do this, don't forget to choose your class, race, and faction. Also indulge in social elements like tournaments and guilds, and a lively chat section to keep you engaged between explorations. If you are an avid lover of Warcraft style, you should download this now.
Price: Free
Download Order & Chaos
#7. Ravensword: Shadowlands
Explore the vast fantasy lands, give your eyes a visual treat with excellent graphics and more. Ravensword: Shadowlands takes you on a mysterious journey you were looking for. Players can earn reputations while killing all kinds of beasts with steel and magic. At the same time, their characters will grow according to their play style.
Price: $6.99
Download Ravensword: Shadowlands
#8. Superbrothers: Sword & Sworcery
This one is a weird mix of old and new in many ways. If you check the mechanics of the game, it gives you an experience of a classic point-and-click adventure game with a smattering of reflex-driven mini-game. This is quite an old category that is not well accepted on new consoles. If you are fed up with your existing games, you can try out Sword & Sworcery on your iPhone or iPad.
Price: $4.99
Download Superbrothers
#9. Walking Dead
The eponymous show and the game enjoy the same level of popularity by TV viewers and gamers. Players follow and guide Lee Everett through zombie apocalypse; the graphics are inspired by the original comic books written by Robert Kirkman. Clementine, a little girl who is protected by Lee, is mostly overwhelmed by many attempts of survival. There is a remarkable difference between the TV series and game adaptation.
Price: Free
Download Walking Dead
So, which your favorite from above list? Do share your choice with us in the comment, on Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus.


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gift ideas for men
5 gifts that Amitabh Bachchan and a handful of other celebrities might just love
The perfect gift is hard to pick, irrespective of the recipient. Now imagine shopping for a celebrity. From Amitabh Bachchan and Bipasha Basu to Deepika Padukone, Shilpa Shetty Kundra and Shah Rukh... View More
From 'whatever' to 'wow': How and why men respond to gifts this way
A gift is often a surprise. But sometimes it isn't exactly pleasant. How men react to gifts has everything to do with the gift itself. Set of classical music CDs for metal fan: He may want... View More
Gifts for men that women secretly want too
If you've been struggling to pick out the perfect gift for your better half or your brother, why not choose something that comes with a few fringe benefits for you too? After all, what could be... View More
The best monsoon gifts for men
It is easier to love the monsoon when you're ensconced indoors with a hot cuppa and a good book. Of course, most of us have to trudge to work and back despite the deluge and we think that calls for... View More
Gifts for men inspired by Ed Sheeran
'Lego House' singer Ed Sheeran has us seriously rethinking our top 5 list of gifts for men in 2016. The flame-haired musician went on a toy shop rampage around Christmas time, buying a... View More
Gifts that separate the men from the boys
Some events are a rite of passage, like your first job or first salary or first car, but the best way to distinguish the men from the boys is by the accoutrements they wear. So here are some gift... View More
Festive gifts for men that will ensure your generosity is appreciated
It's that time of the year when everyone is sending out gifts — from friends and family, to corporate acquaintances. Stand out from the clutter and ensure your gift doesn't end up in the... View More
Gifts that will lift the spirit of every single man
Single men aren't that much of an enigma when it comes to gifting. Their pleasures are fairly straightforward. From a lazy weekend on the couch binging on video games, getting all greasy fiddling... View More
Gifts that a man with good taste will love
A man with great taste is very particular about the things he buys. His evolved sense of aesthetics would probably reflect across the clothes he wears, the brands he buys, the places he frequents and... View More


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Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in the Bulbagarden Discord server.
Yellow (Adventures)
| Yellow
イエロー Yellow
| [[File:150px|{{{size}}}]]
|14 (as of the fifth chapter)
|Viridian Forest
|Wilton (uncle)
|Trainer class
|Pokémon Healer
Yellow (Japanese: イエロー Yellow), or Amarillo del Bosque Verde (Japanese: イエロー・デ・トキワグローブ Yellow de Tokiwa Grove) is the fourth main character of the manga series Pokémon Special. She first appeared in volume three, when she was saved by Red from a rampaging wild Dratini.
When Red goes missing, Blue sends Yellow out to find him, and has her disguise herself as a boy. Most of the characters did not learn her real gender until the end of the G/S/C saga. Yellow's straw hat hides her ponytail as well as containing the Rainbow Wing and Silver Wing.
Yellow's first Pokémon is a Rattata that Red caught for her. Her starter Pokémon is Red's Pikachu which travels with her when she searches for Red. She later obtained her own Pikachu, Chuchu, which made a Pichu egg with Red's Pikachu at the Johto Pokémon daycare.
Yellow's special skill, as described by Professor Oak, is Pokémon healing and is called the "healer" (癒やす者). She received psychic abilities from the Viridian Forest, which include the ability to read the emotions of Pokémon and heal their wounds. Yellow is physically small and can still pass for a boy even at 14, something that is a running gag within the manga.
This listing is for Yellow's Pokémon (updated to the end of the GSC Saga).
Chuchu (Lv.31)
| →→
Caterpie → Metapod → Butterfree
Kitty (Lv.20)
| →
Rattata → Raticate
Ratty (Lv.25)
| →
Doduo → Dodrio
Dody (Lv.33)
| →
Omanyte → Omastar
Omny (Lv.42)
| →
Graveler → Golem
Gravvy (Lv.59)
- Pikachu♀ (Chuchu; チュチュ Chu Chu)
- Rattata → Raticate♂ (Ratty; ラッちゃん Ratchan) - The first Pokémon she caught, with help from Red. It evolved after she caught her Caterpie.
- Doduo → Dodrio♂ (Dody; ドドすけ Dodosuke) - Received from her uncle Wilton between her first appearance and when she shows up at Oak's lab. It evolved after the battle with Lance after she lost Red's Pokédex.
- Omanyte → Omastar♂ (Omny; オムすけ Omsuke - Received from Misty to aid in her while searching for Red. It evolved after the battle with Lance after she lost Red's Pokédex.
- Graveler → Golem♀ (Gravvy; ゴロすけ Golosuke) - Received from Brock to aid her while searching for Red. It evolved after the battle with Lance after she lost Red's Pokédex.
- Caterpie → Metapod → Butterfree♂ (Kitty; ピーすけ Piisuke) - She saved it from being caught in the cross fire in the battle with Agatha's Gastly. It then followed her to where she was training with Green and she caught it. While it was a Caterpie she mainly used it for its String Shot. It evolved twice after the battle with Lance after she lost Red's Pokédex.
- Briefly caught then released.
- Slowpoke - Borrowed from a Swimmer to enter in a Surfing contest for a chance to win a Dragonair and returned it before the battle with Lance.
- Pika - Taken from Prof. Oak's Laboratory to search for Red who was kidnapped by the Elite Four. After being reunited, he lent her Pika again for the time he was in Mt. Silver's Springs to overcome the frostbites Lorelei's Pokémon gave him.
- Mewtwo - Ended up in her care after her and it ended up separated from Blaine. She kept it in its Master Ball the whole time.
Being born with special abilities, Yellow was taught how to use them by Green and has demonstated several as of the Fifth chapter. Her abilities demonstrated include:
- Limited telekinesis, enough to manipulate a Poké Ball on a string.
- The ability to read the minds, emotions, and memories of Pokémon, humans, and occasionally plants.
- Healing abilties, thus far only used on Pokémon.
- Able to "synch spirits" with her Pokémon to boost their levels into the mid 80's in times of need.
- Yellow and Emerald are the only Pokémon Special characters not directly based on game characters. They also are named after the third version of the first two odd-numbered generations. Pokémon Yellow is, however, the 4th game of Generation I in Japan, with Pokémon Blue being the third.
- Many of Yellow's abilties are similar to Aura within the anime, though it should be noted that Yellow came many years earlier.
In other languages
|Reference to
|イエロー Yellow
|From Pokémon Yellow game.
|From Pokémon Yellow game.
|From Pokémon Jaune
|옐로 Yellow
|From Pokémon Yellow game.
|Chinese (Taiwan and Hong Kong)
|小洛 Xiǎo Lũo
|Chinese (Mainland China)
|小黄 Xiǎo Húang
|黄 means yellow.
External links
- Netkun on Yellow (Japanese)
|This article is part of Project Manga, a Bulbapedia project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each series of Pokémon manga.
|Pokémon Adventures main characters


text: march, 2015 8mar10:00 am- 1:00 pmSignature Snowshoe Series Time(Sunday) 10:00 am - 1:00 pm Event DetailsSundays March 8th and March 29th 10:00 Event Details Sundays March 8th and March 29th 10:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. $100 per person Reservation required Join us for an unforgettable winter journey into Tahoe's High Country. Experience the beauty and solitude of Castle Peak, Hobart Mills, Pole Creek, Donner Camp and more. These guided tours include transportation, snowshoe rental, a light snack and plenty of smiles for the whole family. Calendar GoogleCal No Comments Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.


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The estate Römerberg is your hideaway on the southern Mosel wine. Our, excellent with 5-stars house is well equipped and offers a relaxed atmosphere away from everyday stress. Here you can retreat, come to rest and enjoy the splendid panorama. Ou...
The apartment is in Maximinviertel almost halfway between the Porta Nigra and the Paulinskirche. The apartment has 2 spacious bedrooms (each up to 3 people), a panoramic bathroom (with washer and dryer), a guest toilet, a kitchen (with dishwasher ...
Our new 4-star apartment with exclusive panoramic view located in the district of Municipality Waldhölzbach Losheim am See in a quiet location right on the edge and provides the best foundation for a beautiful and varied holiday. The beautiful vil...
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