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Safeguarding Young People:
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1 Report Safeguarding Young People: Responding to young people aged 11 to 17 who are maltreated 2010 Rees, G. Gorin, S. Jobe, A. Stein, M. Medforth, R. Goswami, H. The Children s Society Charity Registration No NSPCC Charity Registration Numbers and SC A better childhood. For every child.
2 Safeguarding Young People: Responding to young people aged 11 to 17 who are maltreated Gwyther Rees, Sarah Gorin, Alison Jobe, Mike Stein, Ros Medforth and Haridhan Goswami
3 The Children s Society is a leading children s charity committed to making childhood better for all children in the UK. We take action to prevent, rescue and support children facing violence, neglect, poverty and discrimination in their daily lives. We give children the hope and confidence they need to face the future with optimism. We never turn away. 2
4 Acknowledgements First and foremost we would like to thank all the young people who generously took part in the research. We are particularly grateful to them for allowing us to share sensitive details about their lives and experiences. We would like to thank all the organisations which agreed to participate in this research project, including the local authorities, police forces, youth offending teams, schools and voluntary sector organisations in the 12 participating local areas, and representatives from national organisations. We would also like to thank the individual professionals within these organisations who contributed their views and experiences to the research. We are grateful to the Advisory Group who provided advice and support throughout the project. We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following members of current and former members of staff who worked on the study: Jasmine Clayden (University of York); Ben Fitton, Fiona Mitchell, Anita Franklin and Deborah Bowness (The Children s Society); Silvie Bovarnick and Jill Roberts (NSPCC); and staff at The Children s Society and the NSPCC who provided support during the project. The views presented in this report are the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of The Children s Society, the NSPCC or the University of York. This research was funded by a grant from the Big Lottery Fund Research Grants Programme. Further information An electronic copy of this report and further information about the research study are available at: If you have any queries about this report or about the research project in general, please 3
5 Contents Introduction...6 Purpose and aims...7 The national policy context: safeguarding young people...7 Research methods...15 Structure of the report...18 Language...19 Literature review...21 Definitional issues...22 Prevalence of maltreatment of young people...24 The background context to the maltreatment of young people...25 The consequences of maltreatment of young people...27 Attitudes and perceptions of maltreatment...31 Initial responses...33 Summary...34 Young people s perspectives...36 Profile of interviewees...36 Reasons for referral of young people...37 Young people s experiences of seeking help...41 Young people s experiences of contact with children s social care...51 Summary...64 Referrers perspectives...66 Profile of referring professionals...67 Assessing risk...67 Deciding whether to make a referral...80 Experiences of making referrals...91 Alternatives to making a referral...96 Broader issues
6 Summary Statistics on processing of referrals to children s social care The safeguarding process The national picture Statistics from the practice study Summary Children s social care perspectives Assessing risk Decision-making about referrals Alternative ways of working with young people Broader issues Summary Conclusions Summary of key findings Key messages References Appendix: Methodology
7 1 Introduction The protection of children and young people from abuse and neglect is currently a topic of considerable debate in professional circles, in the media and amongst the general public. The death of Baby Peter which hit the headlines in November 2008 was the latest in a series of disturbing cases 1 over the last few decades which have caused considerable public concern about the most effective way of safeguarding children at risk of harm. These cases have generally involved death or serious injury to a child under the age of 11. Yet recently there has also been some recognition of the risks faced by young people in the 11- to 17-year old age group. For example studies of Serious Case Reviews which take place in cases of death of, or serious injury to, a child or young person have shown that over a fifth of such cases related to young people aged 11 and over (Brandon et al, 2009). There are over 9,000 young people aged 11 to 17 subject to a child protection plan in England. Research in other countries has highlighted the importance of acknowledging the different maltreatment experiences and needs of young people, as compared with younger children. Yet, in the UK, the issue has received very little attention. By virtue of their generally different capacities and lifestyles, it seems reasonable to suggest that the risks faced by these older young people are likely to be quite different to those faced by very young children and that therefore ensuring the safety of these young people requires specific attention. However, child protection research has paid relatively little attention to this issue often tending to treat all children and young people between the ages of 0 and 17 as a homogeneous group. An international review undertaken a decade ago (Rees & Stein, 1999) found very little research on child protection issues with a specific focus on older young people. By the 1 Earlier cases include Maria Colwell in 1973; Jasmine Beckford in 1984; Leanne White in 1992; Victoria Climbié in
8 mid 2000s, when the funding proposal for the current project was prepared, there was little change in this picture. The study described in this report was intended to fill this research gap. The Safeguarding Young People research study was a three-and-a-half year project undertaken in partnership by The Children s Society, NSPCC and the Social Policy Research Unit at the University of York with funding from the Big Lottery Research Grants Programme. In this introductory chapter we briefly describe the aims of the research study; the policy context within which it has taken place, the research methods, and also provide an overview of the structure of the remainder of the report. Purpose and aims The purpose of the research is: To explore access to, and initial responses of, services for young people with potential maltreatment issues in order to: inform future policy inform practitioners in statutory and voluntary agencies inform future training of practitioners working with young people The aim of the research is to promote improved protective responses for this target group. The national policy context: safeguarding young people The purpose of this section is twofold: first, to summarise recent policy developments in safeguarding children; second, given the underlying rationale of the study that the needs of maltreated teenagers have received very little attention, as compared to younger children - to identify the focus given to age and development within the safeguarding policy context. It is important to note that the material in this section describes the policy context during the period when this research project was undertaken (early 2007 to mid 2010). It covers policy developments up to March At the time of writing (July 2010) the new Government has commissioned an independent review relating to child protection. 7
9 Recent policy developments in safeguarding The policy framework for children and young people living in England is based on the belief that all children deserve the opportunity to achieve their full potential (DCSF 2010: 29). The vision is of a continuum of policy and practice responses, from universal services, including access to information and advice, to highly specialist services for the most vulnerable children, including maltreated teenagers. The Victoria Climbié Inquiry Report and the Government s Green Paper, Every Child Matters, published together in 2003, provided the catalyst for change, both in the organisation and delivery of children s services and the location of child protection within a wider safeguarding agenda. The Climbié Report identified many issues that had been raised by earlier inquiries and research studies including: poor inter-agency working and the failure to follow agreed protocols; a failure to share information, so nobody had an overall picture of the child and family; a failure to connect family support with child protection and insufficient awareness of child protection issues. In Every Child Matters, the Government s aim for all children and young people, whatever their background or circumstances, was to have the support they need to improve outcomes in five key areas: being healthy staying safe enjoying and achieving making a positive contribution achieving economic well-being Every Child Matters also set out four key themes: increasing the focus on supporting parents and carers; early intervention and effective protection; strengthening accountability and integration of services at all levels, and; workforce reform. These two documents laid the foundations for the new safeguarding agenda connecting what was regarded as child protection with staying safe and the other Every Child Matters universal outcomes. Every Child Matters resulted in a major consultation exercise and review of children s services. This led to the publication of Every Child Matters: the Next Steps and the Children Act 2004, the latter strengthening the legal framework to protect and safeguard children from harm. This included: setting out the Every Child Matters outcomes in statute; a requirement that local authorities combine their children s social care and education functions under a new Director of Children s Services; the replacement of Area Child Protection Committees by Local Safeguarding Children Boards with membership drawn from all the agencies that are involved in improving outcomes for children and young people; the creation of Children s Trusts under the duty to co-operate, 8
10 and the duty on all agencies to make arrangements to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. The 2004 Act also made provision for the establishment of a Children s Commissioner for England, and authorised the setting up of a national index containing basic data on all children. In April 2006 the Government published its statutory guidance Working Together to Safeguard Children (HM Government, 2006). This built upon the foundations and principles of its 1999 working together guidance but was updated to take into account further development including: the 2003 Laming Report into the death of Victoria Climbié; Joint Inspectors Reports; changes introduced by the Every Child Matters: Change for Children Programme and; the introduction of the Children Act In December 2007, the Department for Children, Schools and Families published The Children s Plan: Building Brighter Futures, setting out goals for improving the well-being and health, safety, education and careers, of children and young people, by Also linked to the Children s Plan was the issuing of statutory guidance on Children s Trusts entrusted with responsibility of delivering the high ambitions of the Children s Plan, in placing the family at the centre of excellent integrated services. The Children s Plan included a commitment to a Staying Safe: Action Plan. Following a consultation document this was published in 2008, covering the full span of the Every Child Matters staying safe outcome, with proposals organised to cover universal (all children and young people), targeted (vulnerable groups of children and young people) and responsive (children and young people who have been harmed) safety issues. In November 2008, in response to the death of Baby Peter, Lord Laming was asked by the Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families to provide an urgent report of the progress being made across the country to implement effective arrangements for safeguarding children (HM Government 2010: 30). In March 2009 he published The Protection of Children in England: A Progress Report. His report concluded that robust legislative, structural and policy foundations are in place but made 58 recommendations to ensure that services are as effective as possible at working together to achieve positive outcomes for children (HM Government, 2010: 30; Laming 2009). Working Together to Safeguard Children 2010 The Government accepted all of Lord Laming s recommendations and in May 2009, published The Protection of Children in England: Action Plan detailing their response. In March 2010 the Government published Working Together to Safeguard Children which revised and updated their 2006 guidance and addressed 23 of Lord Laming s recommendations (HM Government, 2010b) Its statutory guidance for all agencies and professionals, describes safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children as: 9
11 Protecting children from maltreatment Preventing impairment of children s health or development Ensuring that children are growing up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care, and Undertaking that role so as to enable these children to have optimum life chances and to enter adulthood successfully HM Government, 2010b:34 Working Together also details how child protection relates to safeguarding : Child protection is a part of safeguarding and promoting welfare. This refers to the activity which is undertaken to protect specific children who are suffering or are at risk of suffering significant harm. HM Government, 2010b: 35 The developments detailed above have led to the current framework for organisations which work with children and young. This consists of three connected levels: universal outcomes for all children; safeguarding children, including prevention and promotion; and child protection, focussing on the children most at risk of harm. The latter group include maltreated children and young people. They may be abused in the family or in an institution or a community setting, by those known to them or, more rarely, by a stranger for example via the internet. They might be abused by an adult or adults, or another child or children (HM Governement, 2010b: 38). The categories of maltreatment included in this report are physical abuse; emotional abuse; sexual abuse and neglect. Local authorities have the responsibility for safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, working in partnership with other public organisations, the voluntary sector, children and young people, parents and cares and the wider community (HM Government 2010b: 9). As well as children s services, other functions of local authorities that make an important contribution to safeguarding are housing, sport, culture and leisure services, and youth service (HM Government 2010b: 9). The range of organisations that work directly with, and whose work affects children and young people, identified in Working Together includes: health services and organisations, criminal justice organisations, schools and further education institutions, early years services, the Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Cafcass), the armed services, the voluntary and private sectors, and faith communities. Children and young people who generate professional concern are regarded as having additional needs who require targeted or specialist support to progress towards the five universal outcomes. The Common Assessment Framework is used to identify these additional needs and the involvement of agencies. If there are concerns about children s welfare then the processes outlined in Working Together are followed: assessment (by completing the 10
12 Assessment Framework on children in need and their families); planning; intervention; and reviewing. The main responses to individual children and young people when there are concerns about their welfare, outlined in Working Together include: referral to a statutory organisation; undertaking an initial assessment; taking urgent action, if necessary to protect the child from harm; holding a strategy discussion, or where appropriate convening a child protection conference; undertaking a core assessment as part of the section 47 enquiries to decide whether a child is at continuing risk of significant harm and, if so, putting a child protection plan in place; implementing the plan; and reviewing it at intervals. In light of the Laming recommendations, the importance of being child centred is emphasised. The child s welfare should be kept sharply in focus in all work with the child and family. The significance of seeing and observing the child cannot be overstated (HM Government 2010b:133). Age and development in safeguarding policy The needs and experiences of maltreated teenagers has received very little attention even though there are substantial numbers of young people aged 11 and above who are the subject of a child protection plan. This study has explored the extent to which this may be shaped by the attitudes and practice of those who work with children and young people. A consideration of the priority afforded to age and development in official policy documentation, is a useful starting point. The Common Assessment Framework The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is used to enable early and effective assessment of children and young people who need additional services or support from more than one agency (HM Government 2010b: 44). The Children s Trust Board have the responsibility for having clear arrangements in place for implementing the CAF locally ensuring that the whole children and young people s work force are aware of it and how it is used, and that there are enough people in the local area with the necessary skills, training and support to undertake a CAF (HM Government 2010b: 45) Its three main domains are: development of the baby, child or young person; parents and carers; and, family and environments. There is clear evidence of attention to age and development within the elements of the CAF including health, emotional and social development, behavioural development, family and social relationships, self-care skills and independence, participation in learning, education and employment, and progress and achievement in learning. 11
13 The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and the Families The Assessment Framework is used for the assessment of all children in need, including where there are concerns that a child or young person may be suffering significant harm. A child s developmental needs is one of the three domains of the Assessment Framework and evidence about children s developmental progress and their parents capacity to respond appropriately to the child s needs within the wider family and environmental context is seen as central to judgements about the child s welfare and safety. All the dimensions of the children s developmental needs highlight the significance of age and development: for example by reference to and for older children, appropriate advice and information on issues that have an impact on health (health); covers all areas of a child s cognitive development which begins from birth (education) ; as the child grows older (emotional and behavioural development); age may contribute to this (identity); age appropriate friendships (family and social relationships); appropriateness of dress for age (social presentation), and; independent living skills as older children (self care skills). The Core Assessment Records Some of the potential differences to be considered when identifying maltreatment according to the age of the child or young person are illustrated in the Core Assessment Records produced to support the implementation of the Assessment Framework. The records are set out in the following age bands: 0 to 2 years old (including background information on pre-birth influences); 3 to 4 years old; 5 to 9 years old; 10 to 14 years old; 15 years and over. Each record includes the seven dimensions of the child s developmental needs identified in the Assessment Framework. Within each of these dimensions a number of statements relating to parenting capacity are identified under each dimension of parenting capacity in the Assessment Framework. There are differences in how parents nurture and provide care for children in the 5- to 9-year-old and the 10- to 14- year-old age bands, with an emphasis on direct care for the younger age group and on facilitative parenting for the older age group. There are additional relevant differences between bringing up children and young people in the 10- to 14-year-old and the 15 years and over age bands, for example: parental support for young people in further education and employment; recognition of parental acceptance of a young person s sexual orientation and in providing information on the risks to health of unprotected sex; and a greater recognition of young people s independence, which for some young people may include living in their own accommodation and looking after their own children. These distinctive elements of appropriate parenting for adolescents provide important information for practitioners to 12
14 use when considering the ways that maltreatment may be identified in this age group. To provide one example of the approach taken here, the following is a comparison of the expected parental behaviours to ensure safety of young people in relation to education: Child s developmental need: Education; Parental capacity: Ensuring safety 5- to 9-year-olds 10- to 14-year-olds 15 years and over Where appropriate, the child is always accompanied to school Responsible, known adults take and fetch the child from school Where necessary, parents have taken action over bullying Parent tries to ensure the journey to and from school is safe Where necessary, parents have taken action over bullying Parent tries to ensure the journey to and from school/work is safe Where necessary, parents have taken action over bullying Working Together 2010 In Working Together the importance of child development is stressed: Each stage from infancy through middle years to adolescence, lays the foundation for more complex development planned action should also be timely and appropriate for the child s age and stage of development (HM Government 2010b:134). In Chapter 9 of Working Together Lessons from research, the children s age is recognised as important in considering the impact of neglect. This makes reference to Neglected Adolescents: a review of the research (Stein et al 2009). In the same chapter research evidence on the consequences of social exclusion, domestic violence and the mental illness of a parent or carer are explored in relation to four stages of childhood: the unborn child; babies and infants (under 5 years), middle childhood (5 to10 years) and adolescence (11 to16 plus years). As indicated above, Working Together also details the wide range of organisations involved in safeguarding children and young people, including those who work specifically with teenagers, and the use of the Common Assessment Framework in identifying and responding to young people s additional needs. 13
15 Youth Policy Local authorities are expected to provide integrated youth support services, bringing together both universal and targeted services based on what young people need. The former includes helping all children and young people achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes through agencies working in partnership - as set out in the Children s Plan (DCSF 2007b) and Aiming high for young people: a ten year strategy for positive activities (HM Treasury, 2007a). The latter, Targeted Youth Support, aims to ensure that the needs of vulnerable teenagers are identified early and met by agencies working together effectively. (DCSF, 2007a: 4). Targeted Youth Support, A Guide (DCSF, 2007a), draws upon the experience of 14 pathfinder areas. It identifies seven key elements: Strengthening the influence of vulnerable young people, and their families and communities, and their ability to bring about positive change Identifying vulnerable young people early, in the context of their everyday lives Building a clear picture of individual needs, shared by young people and the agencies working with them, using the Common Assessment Framework Enabling vulnerable young people to receive early support in universal settings. Helping all agencies to draw in extra help on behalf of young people, through links with other agencies and organisations Ensuring vulnerable young people receive a personalised package of support, information, advice and guidance, and learning and development opportunities, with support for their parents or carers as appropriate. This should be co-ordinated by a trusted lead professional and delivered by agencies working well together Providing support for vulnerable young people across transitions, for example, moving on from school or from the support of one service to another as needs change Making services more accessible, attractive and relevant for vulnerable young people Although a central aim of targeted youth support is early intervention, there is also recognition of entrenched problems, and the need to dovetail with the specialist or statutory provision they may already be receiving (DCSF, 2007a: 5). Effective targeted support is seen as addressing the risk factors that may result in poor outcomes (as identified in Every Child Matters), and in building 14
16 young people s resilience responses also highlighted in the Treasury Policy Review of Children and Young People (HM Treasury, 2007b). Services which are seen as essential to the delivery of targeted youth support are: schools and extended services; youth work providers; health, child and adolescent mental health services; connexions; housing and supporting people; voluntary and community organisations; children s services; police; youth justice; post 16 education providers; and parenting support. As detailed above, Targeted Youth Support uses the Common Assessment Framework to identify young people needs and services. Aiming high for young people three years on (HM Government 2010a) reviews the commitments aimed at reaching out to engage and support the most vulnerable and disadvantaged teenagers (HM Government 2010a: 31). It refers to the development of targeted youth support services in every local authority including arrangements in place that meet needs earlier and better (HM Government 2010a: 33). Also in relation to engaging the most vulnerable young people, the report highlights Government investment in myplace centres, Positive Activities for Young People Programme (PAYP), the Positive Futures programme, and the Do it 4 Real residential activity programme. Finally, other Government programmes aimed at specific groups of very vulnerable young people include: Young Runaways Action Plan; the Youth Task Force Action Plan; the Youth Crime Action Plan; the Youth Alcohol Action Plan; the Tackling Knives Action Programme and the Teenage Pregnancy strategy. Summary As detailed above, this study has been carried out against a background of major changes in law, policy and practice in relation to safeguarding children, including maltreated teenagers. There is clear evidence in official safeguarding and youth policy documentation (and related processes) that age and development should be addressed in assessment and the provision of services. How far this is reflected in the attitudes and practice of those who work with maltreated teenagers is explored in the substantive chapters of the report. Research methods The research consisted of four linked components: A literature review A policy study 15
17 A survey of professionals A study of practice In this section we provide a brief overview of the each of these components. More detailed information on methodology is provided in an appendix. Literature review This component involved a search and review of international research literature, published in peer-reviewed academic journals on the prevalence and incidence of maltreatment of young people, contexts and outcomes of maltreatment, and assessments and initial service responses. The purpose of the review was to update a similar previous review published in 1999 (Rees & Stein, 1999). The key findings from the review are presented in Chapter 2. Policy study This component included an analysis of policy and guidance literature; and telephone interviews and consultation with key informants in local and national statutory and voluntary sector agencies. The analysis of policy and guidance literature has been presented earlier in this chapter. Eleven professionals (six from local authorities and five national stakeholders) contributed views to the research through telephone interviews and consultation. A further 17 professionals from government, voluntary agencies and the academic sector participated in a seminar held in January 2009 to discuss emerging findings from the project. Professional survey This component involved a vignettes-based survey of professionals in children s social care services and potential referring agencies (statutory and voluntary sectors) in a representative sample of 12 areas of England. The main purpose of this survey was to examine how professional perceptions and decisions about hypothetical scenarios of potential maltreatment varied according to the age of the child or young person in the scenario. To this end, respondents were presented with ten scenarios representing different types of potential maltreatment. The age of the child or young person in the scenario was varied randomly between 8 and 17 years of age. This method has been used in a number of previous similar studies in other countries (see Chapter 2 for a brief review). Further explanation of this method is provided within the text of Chapters 4 and 6. In addition, respondents were asked some more general questions regarding their views 16
18 about the workings of the safeguarding system in relation to young people aged 11 to 17. A total of 161 professionals across the 12 areas participated in the survey. This included 119 professionals from referring agencies (Police, teachers, voluntary sector workers and youth justice workers 2 ) and 42 professionals within children s social care services. The survey yielded both quantitative and qualitative data. The findings from this survey are presented in Chapters 4 and 5. Practice study This component involved an analysis of child protection referral data and interviews with young people and professionals in four areas of England. These four areas were selected from within the 12 areas covered by the professional survey to include one area of each of the following four types shire county, unitary authority, metropolitan area outside London, area within Greater London. The quantitative part of this study involved gathering age-specific data on referrals to children s social care and the processing of these referrals over a 12 month period in each of the four areas. The purpose of this was to explore age-related patterns in service responses. The findings from this part of the study are presented in Chapter 5. The qualitative part of the study involved in-depth interviews with young people who had experience of safeguarding processes, professionals within children s social care services who worked on child protection issues, and professionals within other agencies who had experience of making referrals to children s social care services of young people aged 11 to 17 on the basis of child protection concerns. The final interview sample consisted of 24 young people, 22 children s social care professionals and 34 professionals from referring agencies (Police, teachers, voluntary sector workers, Connexions staff and youth justice workers). The findings from this component of the study are presented in Chapters 4, 5 and 6. 2 The intention was also to include health professionals (GPs and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services staff) in the survey and practice study. However unfortunately it did not prove to be possible to conduct the research with these professional groups within the same time scales. Details of that aspect of the work will be published at a later date. 17
19 General information Ethics and research governance The research project received approval from the Research Group of the Association of Directors of Children s Services; an ethics committee at the University of York; through research governance frameworks of participating local authorities where required; and from a health ethics research committee. Challenges There were three particular challenges experienced during the conduct of this research project which had an impact on the progress of the study and the final samples achieved. First, some of the ethics and research governance approaches described above were quiet arduous and time-consuming, involving a number of stages and processes. This meant that progress with gaining approval for the research was slower than anticipated. Second, the main data collection phase of this research project was undertaken during a particularly pressurised period for agencies working in the child protection field. The Baby Peter case was publicised at a time when approaches were being made to local authorities and other agencies to participate in the project and this inevitably had an impact on the capacity of agencies and individual professionals to participate in the research. This affected the sample sizes of professionals achieved for both the survey and the practice study. Third, the final phases of the project were undertaken at the time of the 2010 General Election, and this affected participation rates of national stakeholders in the policy study. Structure of the report The structure of the remainder of the report is as follows: Chapter 2 summarises the results of the literature review focusing on previous published research which specifically addressed issues of maltreatment amongst older young people. Chapter 3 explores maltreatment from young people s perspective focusing on qualitative interviews with young people. It explores young people s experiences of referring agencies and children s social care staff. Chapter 4 explores the perspectives of some of the key referring agencies the police, schools, youth justice teams and the voluntary sector. It discusses how risk is assessed and decisions to refer are made by these professionals and their experiences of making referrals to children s social care. 18
20 Chapter 5 summarises statistics on young people involved in the child protection system in England, including a detailed analysis of statistics provided for this study by four of the participating local authorities. Chapter 6 explores responses to cases of potential maltreatment of young people by social work staff in local authority children s social care services including risk assessment, decision-making about referrals and initial responses. Chapter 7 draws together the material presented in Chapters 2 to 6. It summarises the key findings of the study, discusses the implications and concludes with a set of key messages about future policy, practice and research in relation to the maltreatment of older young people. Language A number of terms and abbreviations are used regularly in the report which may require some clarification. Age groups First of all, as the research focuses on young people aged 11 to 17 it is often necessary to compare this group with younger children. In the interests of brevity we have adopted the following convention throughout the report, unless additional specific reference is made to age groups: The terms young person and young people always refer to the 11 to 17 age group unless otherwise qualified. Similarly the terms child and children always refer to the 0 to 10 age group. Where we refer to the entire age group from 0 to 17 we use the terms child or young person and children and young people. Maltreatment We have used the term maltreatment throughout the report as an umbrella term to describe all forms of abuse and neglect. Abbreviations We have also used a number of abbreviations in the report, as follows 19
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Nandu 'Yolanda' EP out now on Beatport
PRE SALE on Beatport 'Nandu' Yolanda' EP (connected 016)Release Date June 2nd
Nandu 'Yolanda" Ep (connected 016) Release Date June 2nd 2017
Tigerskin & K.E.E.N.E 'Lust' Feat.Elli (connected 015) Released March 24th
Tigerskin & K.E.E.N.E. 'Lust' Feat. Elli (connected 015) PreSale- Release date March 24th
PÔNGO 'Look In The Mirror' EP (connected 014) Released Feb 17th

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Guyana Labour Union
The Guyana Labour Union is a trade union centre in Guyana, previously known as the British Guiana Labour Union.[1]
The BLGU was founded in 1919, emerging as a labour union amongst black dockworkers. Led by Hubert Critchlow. It soon expanded into a colony-wide labour movement.[2] BGLU was not the first trade union in the Caribbean, but was the first to be legally registered.[3]
By 1928 the organization claimed to have 1,073 members, of whom 341 were women.[4] It was linked to the British Labour Party, and affiliated to the International Federation of Trade Unions and the Labour and Socialist International (1924–1940).[5][6] The organization did not struggle for national independence, but concentrated its campaigning on social matters and suffrage rights.[5]
BGLU was joined by A. R. F. Webber.[7]
BGLU took the initiative for cooperation between trade unions in the Caribbean. At the 1926 BGLU convention, the British Guiana and West Indian Trade Union Confederation was founded. In 1945, BG&WITUC became the Caribbean Labour Congress.[8]
Forbes Burnham (later the president of Guyana) became president of GLU in 1952, and served until 1956.[9] Burnham again became GLU president 1963-1965.[9] Desmond Hoyte, who also became president of the country, served as GLU honorary president in the 1980s.[10]
The Guyana Labour Union later became associated with the People's National Congress.[11] Robert Williams is the general secretary of GLU.[12]
- ^ Alexander, Robert J., and Eldon M. Parker. A History of Organized Labor in the English-Speaking West Indies. Westport, CT [u.a.]: Praeger, 2004. 406
- ^ Whitten, Norman E., and Arlene Torres. Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean: Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations. Blacks in the Diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998, p. 148.
- ^ Honychurch, Lennox. The Caribbean People. Surrey: Nelson Caribbean, 1995, p. 118.
- ^ Labour and Socialist International. Kongress-Protokolle der Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Internationale - B. 3.1 Brüssel 1928. Glashütten im Taunus: D. Auvermann, 1974, p. IV. 17.
- ^ a b Kowalski, Werner. Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 - 19. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985, p. 288.
- ^ Cudjoe, Selwyn Reginald. Caribbean Visionary: A.R.F. Webber and the Making of the Guyanese Nation. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009, p. 179.
- ^ Cudjoe, Caribbean Visionary, 2009, p. 5.
- ^ Mars, Perry. Ideology and Change: The Transformation of the Caribbean Left. Kingston, Jam: The Press Univ. of the West Indies, 1998, p. 41.
- ^ a b Jain, Prakash C. Racial Discrimination Against Overseas Indians: a class analysis. New Delhi (India): Concept Publ. Co., 1990, p. 90.
- ^ "Guyana Table of Contents", Guyana, Country Studies,
- ^ Mars, Perry. Ideology and Change: The Transformation of the Caribbean Left. Kingston, Jam: The Press Univ. of the West Indies, 1998, p. 99.
- ^ http://opnew.op.gov.gy/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=533%3Apresident-jagdeo-joins-hundreds-at-may-day-activities&Itemid=72.


text:
The Center, which is part of the National Weather Service, said Monday that it is lengthening the forecasts after a two-year test. Since 1964, hurricane forecasts have been for 72 hours, or three days. The Weather Service says improvements in technology will make the five-day forecasts sufficiently accurate to be useful.
The National Hurricane Center went through a rigorous set of experiments 2001 and 2002 to test its capability to issue five-day forecasts, said Max Mayfield, the hurricane center's director.
Mayfield said the tests showed that the extended forecasts will be as accurate as three-day forecasts issued 15 years ago.
Craig Fugate, director of Florida's emergency management division, said extended advisories won't change county evacuation plans. He said most evacuation orders aren't given until watches or warnings are issued, and those usually come no sooner than two days before a storm hits.
Fugate also said forecasts aren't specific about where a hurricane will strike. Still, the main benefit of extended forecasts is to alert residents to get ready.
"This five-day forecast provides a valuable planning and preparedness tool and is a tangible step forward in our efforts to protect lives and property, and enhance the U.S. economy," said James R. Mahoney, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Weather Service's parent agency.
The new forecast will be useful for those who need more than three days to move themselves and their property, such as the U.S. Navy, Mahoney said.
"U.S. Navy interest in the longer range forecasts are driven by the lengthy time required to protect major shore activities, move ships at port or divert those at sea," said Capt. Jeff Bacon, Commander of the Naval Atlantic Meteorology and Oceanography Center in Norfolk, Va..
Accuracy in hurricane track forecasting is measured by "track error" – the distance between the predicted position of a storm's center and its later, actual position. The two-year trial showed the five-day average track error for Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes was 371 miles for Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico hurricanes.


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Slave to the Machine
Product Description
Waking up from death, Melody J finds her personality has been copied and recreated as a computer game character to satisfy teenage boys.
Just like Tomb Raider Lara Croft, Melody J finds herself under the game player's control, but that's where the similarities end as she is caught up in games where she must express her sexuality in ways she never could when she was alive.
Drawing on imagery from Japanese hentai adult cartoons, Slave To The Machine is fantasy for grown-ups who still like to play games.
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Pre-pigment coloring creme by KENRA, Kenra Color Pre-Pigment Coloring Crème is for use in color corrective services. It is formulated to mix with water to replace underlying pigments prior to Coloring Permanent or Demi-Permanent coloring. Perfect for Crib colorists seeking an easy-route, time saving product formulated to allow for perfect color pigmentation and for those that desire a hair color 2 or more shades darker than their current shade with perfect color pigmentation results.
• Gently fills the hair with the missing respective natural underlying pigment due to prior lightening and/or environmental color fade
• Great pre-treatment for faded base shades due to environmental stress
• Delivers rich, long lasting color results in a gentle cream base formula
• Ammonia-Free
Very clear instructions are included and remember you only need water to mix with color.
First of all there are so many terms for this one same process ... that "I" am still learning new terms after 17 years!Whether its "filling" or "pre-pigmenting".....the process is the exact same. This is the process that must be done when you have BLONDE/Light Hair and you want to return to your original or dark hair color. When you make the decision to go light with your hair color you LOSE the warmth in hair strands. Therefore in order to go BACK dark again - - it MUST be returned / filled-in or pre-pigmented. You must replace the warm colors you took out or after the first 1-3 shampoos the dark color you put on top ( without filling) will shampoo OUT and begin to look very odd, kind of greenish! Its just the fact that : "what you take out to go blonde, when you head back to dark - all the shades that were taken out - m-u-s-t be returned.
Pre-Pigment Coloring Cremes available in three shades for use in color corrective services to
replace underlying pigments prior to all Color Permanent or demi-permanent coloring.
If you are going from Light hair (Blonde) BACK to darker hair, you MUST-MUST-MUST use products to (what we call) "Fill the hair". I hear a lot of you using the terms, and flying them around, but you are not using them in the right context, therefore I thought a nice explanation might help things for you.
Pre-Pigment is replacing the "warmth" that was lost when you lightened your hair As I've shown you many times . . . when the hair is dark it starts there and goes through many stages to get to its goal of being LIGHT
KENRA Pre-Pigment Coloring Cremes are designed for use in color corrective services to gently replace underlying pigments prior to Kenra Color Permanent or Demi-permanent coloring and are ideal for achieving results two or more levels darker than existing level. You may fill with this color and apply any other color on top of it.
Kenra Color Pre-Pigment Coloring Cremes support the consistent, reliable results of Balancing Complex 5 and are available in three intermixable shades to meet your color corrective needs.
Kenra Color Pre-Pigment Red: when coloring with all red or violet shades and when coloring back using dark natural shades (levels 1 - 3)
Kenra Color Pre-Pigment Copper: when coloring with all copper shades and when coloring back using medium natural shades (levels 3 - 6)
Kenra Color Pre-Pigment Gold: when coloring with all golden shades and when coloring back using light natural shades (levels 6 - 8)


text:
-1Pony's POV:
I woke up to Soda singing Johnny Cash from the shower. When I rolled over I could see the top of his blond head bobbing up and down just above the top of the shower curtain. Soda almost never shut the door when he showered.
"Because you're miiiine," He howled, partially muted by the sound of the running water. "I walk the line!"
I groaned, realizing that I wasn't going to be getting any more sleep, and sluggishly rolled out of bed and shuffled into the bathroom. Bracing myself against the sink, I looked into the mirror and grimaced at the drowsy looking person that started back. My hair was sticking up in places it shouldn't have been and one of my eyebrows looked like I'd stolen it off Groucho Marx.
"What are you singing Johnny Cash for?" I growled, swatting at the shower curtain.
Soda stuck his head out, still half covered in suds, and grinned. I suddenly wanted to dunk his head in the toilet--and maybe even hold him under the water for a little while.
"Gee, I don't know Pony," He laughed. "Darry was listening to it last night. Guess I got it stuck in my brain somehow."
"Well do me a favor and get it unstuck," I muttered.
"Do me a favor and pass me the soap, would you?" He quipped, sticking his hand out of the shower and dripping water onto the floor.
"Hey, watch it Soda," I sighed slapping the bar of soap into his hand. "Darry's gonna pitch a fit if he sees all this water on the floor."
The grin half melted off Soda's face. "You wake up on the wrong side of the bed or something today?" He asked.
I just shrugged and started tackling my cowlicks with the hair grease.
"You sure do look goofy with your hair all sticking up like that Pone," He said quietly, the corners of his mouth twitching as he tried not to crack up.
I tried my hardest not to smile back at him, and ended up turning around just to keep him from seeing it. Then, mostly to save face, I flushed the toilet which instantly tuned the shower ice cold.
"Jeez Pony!" He yelped as he jumped out of the shower, groping for a towel. I just laughed and headed back into the room we still shared with him close behind me.


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Sitter in Saint Charles
Hello, my name is Jocelyn! I am a 22 year old college graduate who is looking for a nanny position in the St. Charles area. I graduated from Lindenwood University in May with a bachelors degree in Business Administration. I was a member of the Women's Ice Hockey team and was involved with a campus ministry (Campus Outreach) as well as active in the local church I attended (The Journey in West County), serving within the kids ministry. My hope is to return to the area come September and work part time with the ministry on campus. I would love to find a family to work for during the day or after school. I would consider being a live in nanny if the situation was the right fit. I have years of experience in caring for children as well as doing housework. I am able to cook meals (nothing fancy but I am willing to learn more) and tackle needed tasks. I am passionate about being a mother and wife some day and it brings me great joy to love and serve kids. I am motivated to come along side a parent/parents to help their household run smoothly. I use , alcohol, and swear 0% of the time. You can feel confident allowing your children to be cared for by a woman who values honesty, integrity, and commitment. I have a history of being involved in competitive sports and completing four years of Division I hockey, so hard work is something I believe is part of my core values. Although I am in Minnesota for the summer (where I am from), I would love to do phone and Skype interviews. I am Nannying for a family this summer in St. Paul, and I am currently making $14/hr working 30 hours a week. I am willing to negotiate pay if I am the right fit for a family. I have a reliable car and car insurance. I am an excellent driver with no history of accidents. If you are interested or have any questions please feel free to contact me at 651-890-.... References and resume are available upon request.
Sitter Details
|Email Address
|Phone Number
|651-890-... Confirmed
|Years of Experience
|Provider Type
|Age Group
Newborn (0-12 months)
Toddler (1-3 years)
Early School Age (4-6 years)
Primary School Age (7-11 years)
Preteen/Teenager (12+ years)
Children's Crafts
School Pick-up and Drop-off
Pet Care
Swimming Supervision
Light Meal Preparation
Light Housekeeping
Run Errands
Sitter Owns Transportation
|Hourly Rate
|Number Of Children
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Traffic fix in sight for Fitchburg's Upper Common
There are 3 comments on the Sentinel & Enterprise story from Jan 23, 2013, titled Traffic fix in sight for Fitchburg's Upper Common. In it, Sentinel & Enterprise reports that:
If you've ever driven through the Upper Common and have been frustrated by long waits at each traffic light, you're not alone.
Join the discussion below, or Read more at Sentinel & Enterprise.
#1 Jan 23, 2013
this is good news no doubt, but again i see the worry of money from the city council. if your going to fine anyone who doesnt remove snow from their businesses or properties $200 a day, i think you would have enough to fix the embedded sensors too. cameras can easily break or fail to work over a technically glitch.
also, they got way more of an issue downtown with cars running red lights, and a lot of close call accidents and those intersections have cameras. many other places need attention other then the nice upper common. seems this is for show, and i understand that things break down ect. but fitchburg has had many grants and allowances by capital hill to fix streets. they could have added that into the equation when the fixed the streets to fix this area for the sensor issues. but they want to vote the mayor get a raise?
im glad its being fixed but there has to be some really gullible people at the S&E because they must not think we remember past stories, and numbers put out by their reporters and city figures. people know whats up and its time they stop letting things get so bad they have to do it because everything is broken, or things arn't in order and for a last minute fix up. it just seems they are trying to say they don't have the funds so let's do a cheaper job using digital cameras. i work in computers and security systems, i can tell you this is a cutting corner tactic by the city, though it works unless they got the cash to pay tech's like me to fix this every bad snow storm, or every time a punk wants to vandalize, they won't be able to keep up with the maintenance because how much techs charge.
so if they intend to fine all residents $200 a day for snow not removed,$300 everytime trash isn't in order, yet their town hall and other places such as the mayors own house can pile up, then i think its time the state takes a gander into this. just seems like S&E can't find better stories to cover, and the town just keeps looking for ways out. do the job right the first time and you won't have to deal with it later. take it from our leaders of the good old usa.
#2 Jan 24, 2013
...and what about the other lights in the city that don't work properly such as John Fitch & Bemis or Bemis and Airport Rd.
I will tell you that I do now avoid going through the 'burg because the traffic is such a hassle in some areas. How do you think that affects the businesses in the city?
There are ways around the traffic. Stay out of the 'burg! Bad for business!
#3 Jan 25, 2013
We need to lower the cost of doing business in Fitchburg and to concentrate on ACCESS! We need to have a plan for a grant for infrastructure improvements! This is how you get serious.
This Mayor is all about fees, fines and taxes. I still haven't seen the Mayor nor any city councilor walking down main street.
Call the Sentinel what it is,a Wong newsletter! It is all about taking care of the "goodole boy network" as opposed to fixing ANYTHING!!!
We have a license board that intimidates everyone else besides the members of the goodole boys.
Reality is that the "good ole boy network' is a total of 200 citizens and another 100 kiss asses. Business cannot prosper when these boards constrict entreprenuers so that one or two "network" businesses can create a customer base.
Fitchburg is a city with over 40,000 residents. We need to build on this strength and not to allow our city government to ostracize over 39,000 citizens.
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Why has the NYT changed the the title of the following article from this …
– Mitt Romney and Benjamin Netanyahu Are Old Friends
… to this …
"A Friendship Dating to 1976 Resonates in 2012"
Related info:
Donald Trump is now opposed to the two-state solution, i.e. he is supporting the Greater Israel plans.
– Donald Trump: "We have to stay with Israel and stay with them big time" – "We love Israel. We will fight for Israel 100 percent, 1,000 percent. It will be there forever."
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump meeting at the Trump Tower in New York, September 25, 2016.
Source: Netanyahu hails Donald Trump as a 'true friend' of Israel
– Trump Said To Be Leaning To Romney As Secretary Of State Pick:
What just one week ago seemed ludicrous – Trump picking his former arch nemesis Mitt Romney as Secretary of State – now appears imminent. According to a WSJ report, the President-elect is leaning toward asking former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney to be his secretary of state.
In a less surprising pick, Trump is allegely also likely to name retired Marine Gen. James Mattis to serve as secretary of defense in his administration, and South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley is the leading candidate to be the next ambassador to the United Nations, the people said.


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He May Have A Short Attention Span But He's Not Short On CutenessA. Stout
Baby Bentley Bear is very distracted by the big world around him. He just can't decide what to do next or even right now. Hmmm, that looks interesting, or does that look interesting… AH! His curiosity is the CUTEST thing I've seen today!
Proper ARS animalrescuesite_belowcontent
A. Stout is a Whovian, Potterhead, study abroad alumna, and animal lover. A native to West Michigan, she dreams of publishing novels and traveling all over the world.