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The Good Delivery Rules for Gold and Silver Bars
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1 The Good Delivery Rules for Gold and Silver Bars Specifications for Good Delivery Bars and Application Procedures for Listing September 2014 The London Bullion Market Association, September, 2014
2 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, 2014 Contents Preamble and Amendments Introduction Criteria Procedure for Submission of an Application Technical Assessment Procedure Results Charges and Accounting General Specifications for Good Delivery Bars Specifications for a Good Delivery Gold Bar Specifications for a Good Delivery Silver Bar Proactive Monitoring Retesting of Bars LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance Further Information Annex A Application Form for Good Delivery Listing Annex B LBMA Vaults Annex C Approved Good Delivery Referees Annex D Approved Good Delivery Supervisors Annex E List of Security Transport Companies Annex F Approved Weighers of Gold and Silver Bars Annex G Weighing, Packing and Delivery Procedures Weighing procedures Delivery and Packing LBMA Approved Weighers Further information Annex H Weight Lists Annex H (continued) Sample Weight Lists and Conversions to troy ounces Annex I Proactive Monitoring Procedures and Criteria Introduction Notice to Refiners about Monitoring Dip Sampling Four-Nines Gold refiners Assessment Criteria and Further Testing Conclusion of Monitoring Provision of Comparisons of Assay Results Charging System and LBMA Membership Annex J Specimen Technical Line Drawings Annex K Sample of End Stamping of Silver Bars Annex L Facilitators Annex M Residual Elements September,
3 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, 2014 Preamble and Amendments This edition of the Good Delivery Rules contains the following substantive amendments relative to the December 2013 version. Section 1 Introduction (paragraph 4 amended final sentence): Any change in a company s standard bars will trigger a requirement for the new bars to comply fully with the specifications on markings and dimensions described in sections 7 to 9. Corresponding changes have been made to the wording of sections 7-9. (Previously the specifications in sections 7 to 9 were considered to be recommendations.) Section 4.1 Testing the applicant's assaying capability The section on rounding rules contains an additional requirement relating to gold of fineness of around 995: Assays of to should not be rounded up to and should be reported as Thus bars within this range would be below the minimum assay for acceptability. In the following paragraph, which describes methods of assaying, the possible use of spectrographic analysis for gold by applicants is mentioned. Section 4.2 Submission and testing of sample bars (description of weight lists) Weight lists accompanying bars (whether for commercial shipments or for bars submitted by applicants) must be provided in a machine-readable electronic form, such as an Excel spreadsheet or a file using comma-separated variables. Bar weights must be shown in troy ounces. Metric weights may be shown on the weight list but if so, they must be converted to and shown in troy ounces by using the methods shown in Annex H. Sub-paragraph (d) clarifies the differences between commercial weight lists and those accompanying applicants sample bars which are shown in detail in Annex H. Section 6 Charges and Accounting (arrangements for the disposal of the 11 th sample bar) A new final sentence has been added for clarification: Concerning the 11th bar, which will have been retained in the nominated vault in London, it should be noted that this is not considered to be LGD even if the applicant has been accredited. Similar arrangements for selling the metal content may be made or alternatively, the applicant can arrange to collect it from the vault. Section 7 General Specifications for Good Delivery Bars: The sub-section on Casting Method has been modified to indicate that silver as well as gold bars can be produced in an induction tunnel system. Section 12 Responsible Gold Guidance: this section has been expanded to provide clarification about the audit reports that GD refiners are required to submit. Annex A Documents to accompany an application: An expanded list of requirements for the DVD is included: Short DVD film (of approximately 10 minutes) showing the premises, equipment and refining operations used in the refinery. This should show in detail the process of casting large bars (including the preparation of the mould, the pouring of the metal, the removal of the bar, a view of the top surface of the as-cast bar and any subsequent surface treatment). The footage of the assaying laboratory should show the equipment used for both instrumental and manual methods. The commentary or sub-titles must describe clearly in English the images that are being shown. There is no need for background music! Annex F Approved Weighers: G4S Cash Solutions was added to the list of approved weighers on 5 th June, A summary of the main changes in the Rules since the first Gold List was issued in 1934 can be found at The LBMA recognises that in some instances Good Delivery refiners may need to comply with national standards regarding the production of gold and silver bars. In order to recognise such needs, the LBMA has tried, wherever possible, not to be too prescriptive in formulating these Rules and it is for this reason that some items in the Rules appear as non-mandatory recommendations which are intended to be merely guidance as to best practice. September,
4 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, Introduction The list of acceptable refiners of gold and silver bars in the London bullion market, the LBMA Good Delivery List, has been developed and is maintained by The London Bullion Market Association ( the LBMA ) in order to facilitate the international distribution and acceptability on technical grounds of standard bars produced by those refiners: (a) who meet the criteria for inclusion in the list; and (b) whose bars have passed the testing procedures laid down by the LBMA. Standard bars are bars of approximately 400 fine troy ounces for gold and approximately 1,000 troy ounces for silver. Bars are listed at the discretion of the Management Committee of the LBMA, which reserves the right to make any investigations that it deems appropriate into an applicant for listing. An entry on the List relates to one refinery at one specific location. Separate applications are required if an applicant wishes to register bars produced in refineries situated at different locations. If a company on the List wishes to change the location of its refinery or the dimensions of, or registered marks on, its standard bars, then it must inform the LBMA in advance, providing all appropriate details. Any change in a company s standard bars will trigger a requirement for the new bars to comply fully with the specifications on markings and dimensions described in sections 7 to 9. If a company on the List is subject to a substantive change in its ownership or the technology used in refining, it must inform the LBMA accordingly. The LBMA reserves the right in such circumstances to ask the company to submit a new application. The Good Delivery List is the copyright of the LBMA. Reproduction and dissemination of the List is permitted only with the express written permission of the LBMA and an acknowledgement of the LBMA s copyright. 2. Criteria The LBMA is unlikely to give favourable consideration to an application for listing unless the following criteria are met: (a) the applicant has been in existence for at least five years and has been involved in refining the metal for which it is applying for at least three years prior to the application; (b) the applicant has an established annual refined production (which need not be in the form of standard bars) of at least 10 tonnes in the case of gold and 50 tonnes in the case of silver; (c) the applicant has a tangible net worth equivalent to at least 15 million pounds sterling or such figure as the LBMA may from time to time determine; (d) the applicant s ownership, financial standing and reputation would allow it to satisfy the KYC (Know Your Customer) tests practised in the London bullion market; and (e) in the case of gold applications, the applicant must implement the LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance prior to accreditation (see Section 12). The LBMA reserves the right to reject any application and is under no obligation to disclose the reason(s) for its decision. The LBMA believes that the long-term viability of a refinery as well as its ability to meet the required standards of the Good Delivery List depend on it having a certain volume of production as well as a minimum tangible net worth. If a refinery suffers a substantial and sustained fall in refined production or tangible net worth relative to the quantities mentioned in paragraphs (b) and (c) above, it must inform the LBMA of the reasons for the fall and, if appropriate, the likely future development. September,
5 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, Procedure for Submission of an Application An applicant company wishing to apply for Good Delivery status for its refinery must submit an application to the LBMA Executive using the application form given in Annex A. If an applicant company feels that it is in need of a significant degree of assistance in preparing its application it may wish to contact one of the Facilitators listed in Annex L. In such circumstances the applicant should approach a Facilitator directly to negotiate terms and fees for the provision of any assistance to be provided. Applicants for gold accreditation must implement the LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance (see Section 12) and pass an audit prior to accreditation. Applicants can submit an application to initiate the process in advance of passing such an audit, but full accreditation will not be granted until a satisfactory Responsible Gold audit report has been provided to the LBMA. The application must be accompanied by a number of documents (which are described in detail in Annex A). These should give a clear description of the ownership, operating history and financial position of the refinery, together with details of the Good Delivery bars produced. The documents include a letter attesting to the applicant s standing from the central bank of the country in which the refinery is located. If, however, the applicant s central bank is unwilling, as a matter of principle, to provide such a letter, then, by agreement with the LBMA, a letter of support from a suitable alternative organisation may be provided instead. Suitable organisations may include government ministries, industry trade associations or well-known commercial banks that are acquainted with the applicant s business and activities. These documents are required firstly, to provide a general description of the operations at the refinery and the standing of the applicant company; and secondly, to ascertain the ownership structure and in particular to meet the compliance requirements for the setting up of a customer account for the applicant to facilitate the subsequent steps in the assaying of samples and the provision of bars for testing. The Application Form also includes declarations relating to the applicant s willingness to (a) respond to any complaints from the market about the quality of its bars and (b) have the quality of its refining tested from time to time by the LBMA (by means of the Proactive Monitoring system, which is described in Annex I). Documents must be provided in English. In the case of documents originally published in the applicant s local language, an English translation must be provided. Where copies of official documents are to be provided, the LBMA may require such documents to be notarised by a public official. The LBMA Executive will treat the production data and the contents of the video mentioned in Annex A as confidential. This information will normally only be examined by the LBMA Chief Executive and its technical consultant and, if necessary, by members of the Physical Committee. In no circumstances will the contents of the video be shown to the LBMA s referees. See attached Annex J for an example of what the LBMA considers to be an acceptable technical line drawing of a bar and is required to be submitted with an application. Annex A describes the format of the drawing and also of the photographs of the bars that should be provided. It should be noted that the application fee of 2,000 per metal + VAT at the applicable rate, must be paid at the time of the application, either in the form of an accompanying cheque in favour of The London Bullion Market Association or by direct bank transfer to the LBMA bank account including all bank charges. Details of the LBMA s bank account are given in Annex A. The LBMA will issue a corresponding receipt when the payment has been received (or if required, an invoice in advance). The application fee is non-refundable in the event that an application is unsuccessful, irrespective of the stage reached. Details of the other charges involved are given in Section 6. The LBMA Executive will normally acknowledge receipt of the application within one working day. As soon as possible after receipt of the application, the LBMA Executive will decide on whether the application should be accepted for technical assessment. The LBMA Executive will normally consult members of the Physical Committee concerning the application and may, on matters relating to the tangible net worth of the applicant, consult the LBMA s accountants. September,
6 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, 2014 The LBMA reserves the right, where this is considered necessary, to arrange a short inspection visit before accepting an application for technical appraisal. The costs of the inspection visit, including business class flights, local subsistence and travel, must be paid for by the applicant. If, having considered all the information submitted, the Physical Committee agrees that the application meets all the relevant criteria and should therefore be processed further, the applicant will be so advised and will be required to undertake the following procedures for: (a) the examination of its assaying capability, and (b) the examination and testing of its bars. Throughout the application process, the LBMA will act as the intermediary between the applicant and the referees (see list in Annex C) that will be used in the technical assessment stages. The LBMA will also keep accounts in respect of the charges for the two stages of the technical assessment and the bars that the applicant supplies for testing and any other costs involved. The applicant will not be informed of the identities of the referees carrying out the technical assessment and the referees will only be informed of the identity of the applicant when the application has been successfully completed and the applicant advised of the result. 4. Technical Assessment Procedure 4.1 Testing the applicant's assaying capability The first stage of the testing procedure involves the applicant assaying reference samples provided by the LBMA. The reference samples have been manufactured by the LBMA s panel of referees and cross-check assayed by at least two other referees. The reference assay values are calculated by the LBMA based on the assays performed on the samples by at least three of the referees. The reference samples will comprise for gold, twenty four samples of approximately 5 grams each within the approximate range to parts per thousand and for silver, ten samples of approximately 30 grams each within the approximate range to parts per thousand. To initiate the testing phase, the LBMA will request the applicant to pay the Stage 1 fee shown in the Table in section 6. This covers the costs of the reference samples, including the value of the contained gold and/or silver and the LBMA s administrative costs. However, the costs incurred by the LBMA of shipping the samples to the applicant will be charged to the applicant in addition to the fees shown. In order to ensure safe delivery of the samples to the applicant s refinery, the LBMA will, in general, use the services of a security transport company to ship the samples. When the payment for the Stage 1 fee has been received by the LBMA, the reference samples, each identified by a code number, will be sent to the applicant by the LBMA. The applicant is required to assay the samples and send a report of its results by and fax to the Chief Executive of the LBMA. Once the samples have been received by the refinery, the report must be submitted: within ten local business days in the case of gold; and within five local business days in the case of silver. Failure to submit the report within this time-frame may result in the application being rejected with the forfeiture of the fees paid. The assay report should list the reference numbers and show the assay determined for each sample to five significant figures and the applicant s interpretation of the assays to four significant figures, according to the rules shown below. For the purpose of rounding five-figure assays to four figures, the following principle should be observed (except in the three cases shown below). If the fifth significant figure is a six or greater, then the fourth significant figure should be rounded up by one. The first exception is that assays of to should not be rounded up to and should be reported as September,
7 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, 2014 Similarly assays of to should not be rounded up to and should be reported as Thus bars within this range would be below the minimum assay for acceptability. Finally, an assay of or above should not be rounded up and should be reported as The assay report should also state which method of assaying has been used. It should be noted that the LBMA s referees normally use direct determinations of the assay contents of their gold samples (i.e. corrected fire assay) though in the case of higher purity alloys with assays of and above, they may also use spectrographic analysis. Applicants may use alternative methods of assaying if they are confident that they are accurate over the whole range of Good Delivery gold alloys. In the case of the assaying of silver, where spectrographic methods are generally used, oxygen and nitrogen should be ignored when deducting the sum of the impurities from 1000 (in other words, these gases should be treated as silver). Refiners who use spectrographic methods to determine the assay value should submit a full elemental analysis using an Excel spreadsheet for each sample. Annex M shows the residual elements that LBMA referees will look for in carrying out spectrographic analyses of gold and silver. All applicants, including those whose standard production is at the level, must be able to demonstrate their capability to assay across the range permitted for Good Delivery bars, i.e. approximately to for gold and to for silver. In order to pass the assay test on the samples, the criteria shown below should be met. These are shown in terms of fineness (parts per thousand). (a) assays of and above should agree to ±0.05; for example, the assay determined on a sample with a reference value of would have to fall within the range to ; (b) assays of less than should agree within ±0.15; for example, the assay determined on a sample with a reference value of would have to fall within the range to However, it will be deemed acceptable if there are not more than a total of three divergences in the case of gold and two divergences in the case of silver from paragraphs (a) and (b) above, provided that all such divergences are no greater than ±0.25 and that there is no significant bias in the set of results. The final decision by the LBMA on whether an applicant has passed the assay test will be based on an examination of all assay results. In marginal cases, the LBMA may request to see the detailed results of all the trials carried out. When determining the assay of sample bars using spectrographic methods, the applicant is responsible for identifying all impurity elements contained therein which will determine the final assay. The LBMA does not prescribe detailed procedures or criteria for assaying bars using spectrographic methods but Annex M lists the elements that LBMA Referees will typically determine. 4.2 Submission and testing of sample bars If the test of the applicant s assaying ability is satisfactory, the applicant will be requested by the LBMA to pay the Stage 2 charges shown in section 6 and then to submit eleven gold and/or silver bars to the LBMA s duty and VAT-free warehouse in London ( the nominated vault ). These bars must conform generally to the specifications and standards laid down by the LBMA (see Sections 7 to 9 below). Weight lists accompanying bars (whether for commercial shipments or for bars submitted by applicants) must be provided in a machine-readable electronic form, such as an Excel spreadsheet or a file using comma-separated variables. Bar weights must be shown in troy ounces. Metric weights may be shown on the weight list but if so, they must also be converted to and shown in troy ounces by using the methods shown in Annex H. There are special requirements for bars submitted for testing (a) One of the bars should be stamped with the identifying stamp of the refinery and other marks as listed in sections 8 and 9 below. September,
8 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, 2014 (b) (c) (d) The remaining ten bars should only be stamped with an identifying code provided by the LBMA (such as LBMA14-1-) plus a number from 1 to 10. The code will be supplied to the applicant by the LBMA. Although the permitted weight ranges for commercial shipments of gold and silver bars are quite wide (see Sections 8 and 9 below), the sample bars submitted by the applicant for examination and testing purposes should, unless specifically agreed by the LBMA, be within the weight range of 395 to 405 troy ounces for gold and 900 to 1050 troy ounces for silver. Annex H shows the format for both commercial weight lists and the different arrangement of the weight lists accompanying the eleven bars submitted by an applicant for accreditation. In the latter case the weight list should show: for gold, the bar number, brand, gross weight, fineness (to five significant figures and the equivalent rounded to four significant figures) and fine weight in troy ounces; and, for silver, the bar number, brand, gross weight, and fineness (to five significant figures and the equivalent rounded to four significant figures) Usually the bars must be received by the LBMA s nominated vault within four weeks of the applicant being requested to submit them. Failure to submit the bars within this time-frame may, in the absence of specific agreement by the LBMA, result in an application being terminated with the forfeiture of the fees paid. The applicant is required to insure the bars on a vault-to-vault basis and is recommended to use one of the LBMA carriers in the United Kingdom (see list at Annex E), for transporting the bars from the point of entry into the United Kingdom to the nominated vault. All transportation and insurance costs are payable by the applicant. The LBMA s nominated vault will check-weigh the sample bars against the accompanying weight list. A representative of the LBMA will check the bars against the photograph and scale technical drawing submitted with the application (see Annex A) and, together with two representatives of the clearing vaults, will then carry out an initial visual examination of the bars. If found to be satisfactory, five of the unmarked sample bars will then be sent for testing to each of two referees appointed by the LBMA. The two referees will independently examine the bars. The first phase of testing involves visual inspection, weighing and assaying of cut and / or drill samples taken from each of the bars. The referees will then perform full melt assays on four of the five bars, holding one bar each in reserve. In addition to these tests, the referees will carry out a full spectrographic analysis on a cut sample of the remaining un-melted bar, in order to determine the levels of impurities and thence to give an opinion on whether any of these are present in amounts that would be considered deleterious. The LBMA does not set maximum acceptable levels for impurities but seeks to ensure that they are within appropriate limits and the referees reports will include their evaluation of the impurities found in this regard. 5. Results An applicant must satisfy the Physical Committee that it has met all the above criteria and testing requirements before it can be included in the list of acceptable refiners. When the Physical Committee has approved an application for listing, the LBMA Executive will inform the applicant. The Executive will arrange for the applicant s details to be included on the Good Delivery List and will prepare and send to the applicant a certificate marking its acceptance onto the List. 6. Charges and Accounting Fees are levied by the LBMA for a Good Delivery application to cover the costs of the LBMA and the work of the referees. Such fees may be reviewed by the LBMA at any time but not retrospectively once an application has commenced. Currently the total fee, excluding VAT, amounts to 25,540 for gold and 19,100 for silver. The fees are payable in three tranches: September,
9 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, 2014 Fees Payable by Good Delivery Applicants (in sterling subject to VAT where indicated) Fees (all fees are payable to the LBMA) Gold Silv er On Application (plus VAT at the applicable rate) 2,000 2,00 0 Stage 1: Assay Test (not normally subject to VAT) 10,44 0 Stage 2: Testing of Applicant s bars (not normally subject to VAT) Total 25, ,00 13,100 13, ,1 00 The above-mentioned fees are payable in advance at each stage. The fees shown for Stage 1 cover the cost of the samples (including their metal content) provided to the applicant but not the cost of shipping incurred by the LBMA (which will be charged in addition to the fees shown). In the event of an applicant not progressing to the next stage, for whatever reason, no part of the fees already paid is refundable. But in such situations, no fees are payable for the next stage. Once the tests have been completed, the after-melting weight and fine troy ounce content for gold or troy ounce content for silver of the sample bars supplied by the applicant will be notified to the applicant by the LBMA. By separate arrangement with the LBMA, the gold or silver may be sold and the proceeds credited to the applicant. Alternatively, an equivalent weight of gold or silver can be made available to the applicant (subject to the settlement of all outstanding fees) on a loco London basis by book transfer through the London bullion market clearing mechanism. Concerning the 11 th bar, which will have been retained in the nominated vault in London, it should be noted that this is not considered to be LGD even if the applicant has been accredited. Similar arrangements for selling the metal content may be made or alternatively, the applicant can arrange to collect it from the vault. 7. General Specifications for Good Delivery Bars The LBMA s recommended specifications for Good Delivery bars are shown below. Detailed requirements for gold and silver Good Delivery Bars are given in the Sections 8 and 9 respectively. The LBMA considers that the appearance of bars is important, firstly because of the technical reasons described below and secondly because the maintenance of high standards of surface finish indicates a good level of quality control in general. A poor bar appearance might, on the other hand, suggest that standards of refining or assaying are less than desired. The decision on whether a bar meets the physical standards of the London bullion market is the responsibility of each vault s vault manager, who has complete discretion in relation to the bars which should be accepted. The LBMA facilitates a consistent approach to such decision-making by arranging regular meetings of the vault managers and by providing guidance to allow them to distinguish between, on the one hand, minor imperfections, and on the other, serious defects which require the bar to be rejected. 7.1 Changes to Bar Dimensions or Marks A refiner intending to change either the marks on the bars or the bar dimensions must give the LBMA at least one month s notice of the change and provide a technical drawing of the proposed new bar and the date on which it is intended to be introduced. When the drawing has been approved and the bar has gone into production, the refiner must send to the LBMA electronic images of the new bar in plan and perspective views. See Annex A for a description of the required drawing and photographs. The bar dimensions shown in sections 8 and 9 are mandatory for new refiners. For refiners already listed whose bars were produced prior to January 2008 and are outwith these dimensions, their bars will continue to be acceptable. However, if a refiner wishes to change either the dimensions or marks on the bars, it must ensure that the new bars have dimensions within the ranges specified. If a refiner is only intending to change the marks without changing the September,
10 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, 2014 dimensions, the LBMA will allow it a grace period of 6 months to change the dimensions so that existing moulds can be used while new moulds are obtained. 7.2 Quality Control If bars are delivered into the London market and the recipient vault is of the opinion that the bars do not conform to the above requirements, the recipient vault may ask the LBMA to appoint independent inspectors to examine the bars and express an opinion as to whether the bars are acceptable for Good Delivery purposes. For the avoidance of doubt, any proposed recipient of bars has, irrespective of any view expressed by an inspector on the condition of a bar, the absolute right to refuse to accept delivery of a bar if its vault manager considers that the bar does not meet the Good Delivery standards as set out in these Rules. 7.3 Non-Good Delivery Bars If bars are produced in the general form of Good Delivery bars, but due to their intended use (for example bars produced for and delivered directly to an industrial customer for use as a raw material) they do not meet the Good Delivery specifications (for example, inferior appearance or sub-standard bar marks) then the Good Delivery refiner must stamp the bars NGD (meaning Non Good Delivery) in close proximity to the LBMA-approved manufacturer's mark. 7.4 General Description of Good Delivery Bars Weighing: Bars should be weighed in accordance with the procedure laid down by the LBMA (see Annex G "Weighing, Packing and Delivery Procedures for Gold and Silver Bars") Casting Method: Bars must be produced in graphite or cast iron moulds, either by the conventional method of pouring molten metal into them or alternatively, by melting grain in an induction tunnel system. Silver bars may also be produced using continuous casting. Existing GD refiners wishing to convert to the use of the above-mentioned non-conventional methods of bar production must submit a proposal to the LBMA for consideration prior to implementation. The LBMA may then request that two bars cast using the induction tunnel system must be sent to London for visual inspection. Once the bar inspection is complete the bars may then be sent to the Referees for further analysis to ensure that the bars meet the specifications in the Good Delivery Rules. The refiner must pay for the LBMA s costs in the examination and testing of the bars. Shape: Bars must be ingot-shaped (i.e., having a trapezoidal cross section, both along the length and across the width of the bar) with sufficient undercut to facilitate handling but without resulting in the width of the bottom surface being so narrow that the bar cannot be safely stacked. Bars cast in open moulds should be produced at a single pouring. Bars must be easy and safe to handle. Refiners must also ensure that their bars will stack safely when considering the dimensions of their proposed GD bar. Proper stacking and handling of a bar will be taken into consideration during bar inspections. It is important that the edges of the bars must not be sharp, so as to avoid the risk of injury during handling. Undercut: The undercut refers to the degree of slope on the side and ends of the bar and is represented by the angle of deviation from the vertical of the side and end surfaces. The previous method of calculating undercut involved deducting the dimension of the bottom edge of the bar from the dimension of the top edge and dividing the result by the top edge dimension multiplied by one hundred to obtain the percentage undercut. This method is no longer used. Appearance: Bars must be of good appearance. Faults that must be avoided, especially on the top surface of a bar, are irregularities such as surface cavities, cracks, holes or blisters (debris and water can accumulate in such irregularities which can affect the weight of the bar and, accumulated water can cause an explosion when the bars are melted) and excessive shrinkage (i.e. the concavity of the top face of the bar and any concentric cooling rings must not be such that it makes it difficult to either apply or read the bar marks or in the case of concavity bars become unstable when stacked on top of each other). The sides and bottom (smaller) surface should be flat and reasonably smooth (which does not imply the need for a mirror-like finish) and free from cavities, lumps and excessive layering. Layering is considered to be excessive if it can result in dust or dirt being trapped and thus affecting the recorded weight of a bar. In the case of new September,
11 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, 2014 production of gold bars, it is recommended that refiners refrain from hammering their bars to conceal small holes or cracks. In some cases the use of a ball pein hammer to flatten a sharp protrusion may be considered acceptable. In the case of new production of silver bars, it is recognised that a small degree of hammering or other surface treatment is sometimes required but such hammering should not affect the markings or shape of the bar. Marks: Gold bars must be marked on the larger of the two main surfaces (the cast surface at the top of the mould) using conventional (pressure) stamping or dot matrix (pneumatic punching) provided always that if pneumatic punching is used, the marks must be no less clear and at least as durable as if conventional stamping had be used. Silver bars may alternatively be marked on the end of the bar if marked using a dot matrix method so that the marks can be read from the top edge downwards (see attached Annex K). Existing Good Delivery Refiners intending to change to dot matrix marking should notify the LBMA and send a new drawing and photo in advance together with the date from which the new marking method will be used. Failure to provide this graphical material in advance may result in bars being rejected on arrival at a London vault. For refiners whose bar dimensions are currently not compliant with the LBMA s recommended sizes, changing from pressure to dot-matrix marking will trigger a requirement for bars to be brought within the recommended dimension range. Refiners must apply a consistent font to all digits of the assay mark. The marks should include the stamp of the refiner (which, if necessary for clear identification, should include its location), the assay mark (where used), the fineness, the serial number (which must not comprise of more than eleven digits or characters) and the year of manufacture as a four digit number unless incorporated as the first four digits in the bar number. If bar numbers are to be reused each year, then it is strongly recommended that the year of production is shown as the first four digits of the bar number although a separate four digit year stamp may be used in addition. If bar numbers are not to be recycled each year then the year of production must be shown as a separate four digit number. Marks should be clear and the height of characters used should be a minimum of 12 mm. Weight Stamps: It is strongly recommended that weights should not be stamped on Good Delivery bars, however if bars are so stamped, the unit of weight must be shown. The reason for this recommendation is that when bars are weighed in London by an LBMA approved weigher their weights, which may be different from those determined by the original refiner, will prevail, and also any adjustment to the weight of a bar caused by future handling or sampling would necessitate alteration to the mark. 8. Specifications for a Good Delivery Gold Bar The physical settlement of a loco London gold trade is a bar conforming to the following specifications: Weight: minimum gold content: 350 fine troy ounces (approximately 10.9 kilograms) maximum gold content: 430 fine troy ounces (approximately 13.4 kilograms) The gross weight of a bar should be expressed in troy ounces, in multiples of 0.025, rounded down to the nearest of a troy ounce. Dimensions: the permitted dimensional ranges for a Good Delivery gold bar are as follows: Length (Top): 250 mm +/- 40 mm Undercut 5º to 25º Width (Top): 70 mm +/- 15 mm Undercut : 5º to 25º Height: 35 mm +/- 10 mm Fineness: the minimum acceptable fineness is parts per thousand fine gold. Marks: Serial number (see additional comments in section 7 above) Assay stamp of refiner Fineness (to four significant figures) Year of manufacture (see additional comments in section 7 above) September,
12 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, Specifications for a Good Delivery Silver Bar The physical settlement of a loco London silver trade is a bar conforming to the following specifications: Weight: minimum silver content: 750 troy ounces (approximately 23 kilograms) maximum silver content: 1100 troy ounces (approximately 34 kilograms) However, it is recommended that ideally refiners should aim to produce bars within the following weight range; minimum silver content: 900 troy ounces (approximately 28 kilograms) maximum silver content: 1050 troy ounces (approximately 33 kilograms) Bars produced prior to 1 st January 2008 having a weight in the former wider range of 500 to 1250 troy ounces will continue to be acceptable for the time being though it is expected that these will eventually be phased out when the number of such bars in the London vaults has declined to nearly zero. The gross weight of a bar should be expressed in troy ounces in multiples of 0.10, rounded down to the nearest 0.10 of a troy ounce. Dimensions the permitted dimensional ranges for a Good Delivery silver bar are as follows:: Length (Top): 300 mm +/- 50 mm Undercut: 5º to 15º Width (Top): 130mm +/- 20 mm Undercut: 5º to 15º Height: 80 mm +/- 20 Fineness: the minimum acceptable fineness is parts per thousand silver. Marks: Serial number (see additional comments in section 7 above) Assay stamp of refiner Fineness, expressed to either three or four significant figures Year of manufacture (see additional comments in section 7 above) 10. Proactive Monitoring The LBMA operates a system of monitoring the quality of the production and assaying ability of refiners on the Good Delivery List. This involves refiners providing on request a dip sample from a normal production melt which will be check-assayed by one of the LBMA s referees. Special arrangements apply to gold refiners which only produce and market four-nines gold. With effect from 1 st January, 2012, all current Good Delivery refiners are required to submit their production and audited financial data on an annual basis to the Executive. The minimum requirement for a company s Tangible Net Worth was increased to 15million on 1 st January, Existing Good Delivery refiners which do not meet the criterion will be allowed a period of two years (namely until 31 st December 2013) to bring their tangible net worth up to the new level. Normally refiners will be subject to full monitoring once every three years. A newly listed refiner would not normally be monitored within the first three years of being listed. Annex I - Proactive Monitoring Procedures and Criteria describes the operation of the system in detail Annual Monitoring Fee In order to pay for the costs involved in the testing required for proactive monitoring each refiner on the Good Delivery List must pay an annual monitoring fee to the LBMA (of 2,000 per metal or 3,000 if a refiner is listed for both gold and silver). However, the monitoring fee for refiners which are either Members or Associates is included in their annual Membership or Associateship fees. Full membership of the LBMA costs 8,000 per year and Associateship costs 5,000 per year. All the above amounts are subject to UK Value Added Tax where applicable. 11. Retesting of Bars The LBMA reserves the right when appropriate to ask refiners on the Good Delivery List to submit bars for testing if, in its opinion, a refiner is unable to demonstrate the required September,
13 LBMA Good Delivery Rules September, 2014 competence in assaying (as revealed by the proactive monitoring system) or if the appearance of a refiner s bars gives cause for concern. At its discretion, the LBMA may request a refiner to send two bars to a London vault for inspection and testing Testing Method The methods of inspection and testing specified in section 4.2 of these Rules will generally be followed Charges The refiner will be required to pay for the cost of insurance and shipping the bars to the London vault. If a subsequent inspection by a panel of clearing vaults or other specialists appointed by the LBMA is satisfactory, the LBMA will charge the refiner the sum of 2,000 plus VAT as applicable. However, should the vault inspection indicate the need for further testing of the bars by the LBMA s referees, then an additional charge of up to 8,000 plus VAT as applicable will be levied to cover the cost of shipping the bars to the referees and the testing of the bars by the referees. 12. LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance Since January 2012, the LBMA requires that all LBMA Good Delivery Gold Refiners comply with the LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance (RGG), which aims to ensure that the London Market is free from metal that has financed conflict or been used for money laundering or terrorist financing. Potential applications should review the LBMA RGG for the detailed process (which is described on the LBMA Website). It should be understood that the audits under the LBMA RGG should be: carried out by an independent third party auditor who is also on the LBMA Recommended Service provider list; and submitted prior to accreditation and then thereafter the audit should be carried out every year and the report submitted to the LBMA, within three months of the close of the applicant s financial year. 13. Further Information Any questions or requests for further information about the Good Delivery List, specifications or application procedures should be addressed to the Chief Executive of the LBMA. September,
14 Annex A Application Form Annex A Application Form for Good Delivery Listing GOLD/SILVER Name of Refinery..... Address of Refinery Name of Company and address of Head Office if different from those of Refinery Contact name, title and address to which correspondence should be addressed Telephone No:.. Fax No: Delete as applicable. Please complete a separate Application Form for gold and silver if both metals are applied for. See overleaf for documents and payment to be enclosed. September,
15 Annex A Application Form Documents and other information to be enclosed Unless otherwise specified, the documents must be in English and if provided as a translation into English, they should in each case be authenticated, in a manner acceptable to the LBMA, as being a true translation of the original document. Unless otherwise specified, the documents must be in English and if provided as a translation into English, they should in each case be authenticated, in a manner acceptable to the LBMA, as being a true translation of the original document. 1. A letter of support from the applicant s central bank, attesting to the financial standing of the applicant. If it is not possible to obtain such a letter, the applicant should explain the reason for this and provide an equivalent letter of support from a suitable alternative organisation (to be approved in advance by the LBMA) such as a government ministry or a major, wellknown, commercial bank. 2. Certificate of Incorporation (or Certificate of Trade) 3. Latest published annual report and audited financial statements for the most recently available annual accounting period. If these documents are not officially published in English, a translation of the following into English should be provided: Auditor s letter approving the Accounts Balance Sheet Profit and Loss Account 4. Description of the structure of the Company s ownership, including: List of five principal shareholders, with their addresses and shareholdings List of all directors 5. History and description of the company's business and refining operations, including: exact location of refining plant history of refining operations at the plant a general description of the main sources of feedstock a brief description of the main refining processes used a general description of the main customers for the refinery s main products a description of the methods and equipment used for assaying gold and/or silver 6. Figures for the last three years' annual production of refined 1 * gold/silver in tonnes. 7. Estimate of next two years' annual production of refined* gold/silver in tonnes. 8. Illustrations of the gold/silver Good Delivery bar as follows; An electronic high quality high resolution coloured digital image in the form of a jpg file (pixel dimensions should be in the order of 2700 by 1800) showing the detailed bar marks on the face of the bar, the bar marks should be clear and in focus An electronic high quality high resolution coloured digital image in the form of a jpg file (pixel dimensions should be in the order of 2700 by 1800) showing the bar in three dimensional view with the bottom surface of the bar uppermost Three high quality hard copies of each of the above (not copies reproduced on ordinary quality paper using an inkjet printer) or alternatively three high quality colour photographs (size 18 cm x 12 cm) showing the face of the bar and three dimensional view as described above a fully dimensioned, black and white scale technical drawing on A4 size paper and in PDF format. This should show the location of the marks on the main surface and a detailed view of the marks. The drawing should include the height of the characters used for the bar number, assay and year marks. The drawing 1 * Refined refers to metal which has gone through a refining process, such as electrolysis, Miller Process or Aqua Regia refining. September,
16 Annex A Application Form must also include the radius measurements for any rounded corners or edges. Where bottom edges have rounded edges, the width and length measurements must be measured to the theoretical sharp edges. (see Annex J as an example) a detailed description of the applicant s logo appearing on the bars explaining what the individual characters and / or symbols represent a statement confirming whether bar numbers are re-cycled each year and an explanation of what the individual digits within the bar number represent. 9. Short DVD film (of approximately 10 minutes) showing the premises, equipment and refining operations used in the refinery. This should show in detail the process of casting large bars (including the pouring of the metal, the removal of the bar, a view of the top surface of the as-cast bar and any subsequent surface treatment). The footage of the assaying laboratory should show the equipment used for both instrumental and manual methods. The commentary or sub-titles must describe clearly in English the images that are being shown. 10. Sterling cheque for 2,000 per metal, plus VAT (as applicable) in favour of the London Bullion Market Association or confirmation of the payment direct to the LBMA s bank account. 11. For Gold Applicants, a letter on company headed paper confirming that the applicant has read and understood the content of the LBMA s Responsible Gold Guidance (which can be found on the LBMA website) and that it will arrange for a third party audit of its compliance prior to accreditation being granted. September,
17 Annex A Application Form DECLARATION (To be signed by a Director/Authorised Officer of the Applicant, as appropriate.) To: The London Bullion Market Association We confirm that we have read the LBMA paper on The Rules for Good Delivery Gold and Silver Bars which sets out the specifications and procedures applied by the LBMA for the examination of the assaying capability and the testing of bars of Applicants for Good Delivery status. We also agree that this procedure should be applied to assess our melting and assaying capability and that, in order to be included by the LBMA in the list of Acceptable Refiners, we must satisfy the Management Committee of the LBMA that we have met the criteria and requirements of the tests laid down in the Procedures. We agree to pay the initial application fee of the LBMA with this application, and those fees subsequently payable during the course of the testing procedures whether or not our application is successful. We agree that if accepted onto the Good Delivery List, we will respond appropriately to any complaints from the market about the quality of our bars. We agree that if accepted onto the Good Delivery List, we will submit to regular proactive monitoring. Please declare (a) or (b) (a) We are not a Member or Associate of the LBMA and agree to the payment of an annual monitoring fee in respect of continuing membership of the Good Delivery List (b) As a Member/Associate of the LBMA, we understand that the annual Good Delivery List monitoring fee will be included as part of the annual charge for Membership/Associateship For and on behalf of:... (Name of Applicant Company) Signature of Director/Authorised Officer... Name in BLOCK letters Date... This application, together with all supporting documents, should be sent to: The Chief Executive The London Bullion Market Association 1-2 Royal Exchange Buildings London EC3V 3LF United Kingdom LBMA Bank Account Details: HSBC Bank plc, 28 Borough High Street, London, SE1 1YB Account Name: London Bullion Market Association Current Account Number: Sort Code: IBAN Code GB87MIDL BIC Code MIDLGB22 September,
18 Annex B LBMA Vaults Annex B LBMA Vaults The term LBMA Vault refers to a Market Making Member of the LBMA which also provides bullion vaulting and clearing services to third parties. It should be noted that the LBMA does not approve physical vaults which may be used by the market. Annex F lists the companies which have been approved as weighers by the LBMA. Inclusion in this list does not constitute or imply any representation or warranty by the LBMA as to creditworthiness or as to the services or goods supplied or quality or compliance with any specification relating thereto. No liability for direct or consequential loss, howsoever caused, whether by negligence or otherwise, whether by use of this list or reliance thereon, is accepted by the LBMA. Company Barclays Bank PLC Address 5 The North Colonnade Canary Wharf London E14 4BB Deutsche Bank AG London HSBC Bank USA NA London Branch JP Morgan Chase Bank The Bank of Nova Scotia Scotia Mocatta UBS AG Winchester House 1 Great Winchester Street London EC2N 2DB 8 Canada Square London E14 5HQ 25 Bank Street Canary Wharf London, E14 5JP Scotia House 33 Finsbury Square London EC2A 1BB 100 Liverpool Street London EC2M 2RH September,
19 Annex C Referees Annex C Approved Good Delivery Referees The following companies have been appointed as Referees to the LBMA Good Delivery system. Inclusion in this list does not constitute or imply any representation or warranty by the LBMA as to creditworthiness or as to the services or goods supplied or quality or compliance with any specification relating thereto. No liability for direct or consequential loss, howsoever caused, whether by negligence or otherwise, whether by use of this list or reliance thereon, is accepted by the LBMA. Company Argor-Heraeus SA Metalor Technologies SA PAMP SA Rand Refinery Limited Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K. September,
20 Annex D Supervisors Annex D Approved Good Delivery Supervisors The following companies have been appointed as Supervisors to the LBMA Good Delivery system. The role of Supervisors in the Good Delivery system is to witness dip sampling operations for Proactive Monitoring and to report on these to the LBMA. Inclusion in this list does not constitute or imply any representation or warranty by the LBMA as to creditworthiness or as to the services or goods supplied or quality or compliance with any specification relating thereto. No liability for direct or consequential loss, howsoever caused, whether by negligence or otherwise, whether by use of this list or reliance thereon, is accepted by the LBMA. Company Address Contact Details ALS Inspection (Formerly Stewart Group Inspection and Analysis) Alex Stewart International Inspectorate International Limited Caddick Road Knowsley Business Park Prescot L34 9HP United Kingdom 20 Sefton Business Park, Aintree, Liverpool, Merseyside, L30 1RD United Kingdom 2 Perry Road Witham Essex CM8 3TU United Kingdom T: +44 (0) F: +44 (0) T: +44 (0) F: +44 (0) (Audrey Emans) T: +44 (0) F: +44 (0) For the attention of Paul Alston September,
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text:
Sweet potato
|Sweet Potato
| Sweet potato in flowerHemingway, South Carolina
Sweet potato in flower
Hemingway, South Carolina
|Scientific classification
|Binomial name
| Ipomoea batatas
The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), often incorrectly called a yam in the United States, is a crop plant whose large, starchy, sweet tasting tuberous roots are an important root vegetable. The young leaves and shoots are sometimes eaten as greens. The sweet potato is only distantly related to the potato (Solanum tuberosum). They are even more distantly related to the true yam (Dioscorea species).
The genus Ipomoea that contains the sweet potato also includes several garden flowers called morning glories, though that term is not usually extended to Ipomoea batatas. Some cultivars of Ipomoea batatas are grown as houseplants.
The plant is a herbaceous perennial vine, bearing alternate heart-shaped or palmately lobed leaves and medium-sized sympetalous flowers. The edible tuberous root is long and tapered, with a smooth skin whose color ranges between red, purple, brown and white. Its flesh ranges between white, yellow, orange, and purple.
Origin and distribution
Sweet potatoes are native to the tropical parts of the Americas, and were domesticated there at least 5000 years ago. [1] [2] They spread very early throughout the region, including the Caribbean. They were also known before western exploration in Polynesia. How exactly they arrived there is the subject of a fierce debate which involves archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence.
Sweet potatoes are now cultivated throughout tropical and warm temperate regions wherever there is sufficient water to support their growth.
According to 2004 FAO statistics world production is 127,000,000 tons [3]. The majority comes from China with a production of 105,000,000 tonnes from 49,000 km². About half of the Chinese crop is used for livestock feed [4].
Per-capita production is greatest in countries where sweet potatoes are a staple of human consumption, led by the Solomon Islands at 160 kg per person per year and Burundi at 130 kg.
North Carolina is the leading U.S. state in sweet potato production. Currently, North Carolina provides 40% of the annual U.S. production of sweet potatoes.
Mississippi is also a major sweet potato producing state, where they are grown on approximately 8,200 acres. Mississippi sweet potatoes contribute $19 million dollars to the economy of the state and around 150 Mississippi farmers presently grow sweet potatoes. Mississippi's top five sweet potato producing counties are Calhoun, Chickasaw, Pontotoc, Yalobusha and Panola. The National Sweet Potato Festival is held annually the entire first week in November in Vardaman, MS, which proclaims itself as "The Sweet Potato Capitol".
The town of Benton, Kentucky, celebrates the sweet potato annually with its Tater Day Festival on the first Monday of April.
The plant does not tolerate frost. It grows best at an average temperature of 24 °C (75 °F). Depending on the cultivar and conditions, tuberous roots mature in 2 to 9 months. With care, early-maturing cultivars can be grown as an annual summer crop in temperate areas, such as the northern USA. Sweet potatoes rarely flower when the daylight is longer than 11 hours, as is normal outside of the tropics. They are mostly propagated by stem or root cuttings or by adventitious roots called "slips" that grow out from the tuberous roots during storage. True seeds are used for breeding only.
Under optimal conditions of 85 to 90 % relative humidity at 13 to 16 °C (55 to 61 °F), sweet potatoes can keep for six months. Colder temperatures injure the roots.
Sweet potatoes are often considered a small farmer's crop. They grow well in many farming conditions and have few natural enemies; pesticides are rarely needed. They can be grown in poor soils with little fertilizer. Because they are sown by vine cuttings rather than seeds, sweet potatoes are relatively easy to plant. Because the rapidly growing vines shade out weeds, little weeding is needed, and farmers can devote time to other crops. In the tropics the crop can be maintained in the ground and harvested as needed for market or home consumption. In temperate regions sweet potatoes are most often grown on larger farms and are harvested before frosts set in.(CGIAR)
China is the largest grower of sweet potatoes; providing about 80% of the world's supply, 130 million tons were produced in one year (in 1990; about half that of common potatoes). Historically, most of China's sweet potatoes were grown for human consumption, but now most (60%) are grown to feed pigs. The rest are grown for human food and for other products. Some are grown for export, mainly to Japan. China grows 100 varieties of sweet potato.(JRT)
Sweet potatoes very early became popular in the islands of the Pacific, from Japan to Polynesia. One reason is that they were favored as an emergency crop that could be relied on if other crops failed due to typhoon flooding and the like. They are featured in many favorite dishes in Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines , and other island nations. Indonesia, Vietnam, India, and some other Asian countries are also large sweet potato growers. Uganda (the third largest grower after Indonesia), Rwanda, and some other African countries also grow a large crop which is an important part of their peoples' diets. North and South America, the original home of the sweet potato, together grow less than three percent of the world's supply. Europe has only a very small sweet potato production, mostly in Portugal.(JRT)(FAO)
Sweet potatoes were an important part of the diet in the United States for most of its history, especially in the Southeast. In recent years however they have become less popular. The average per capita consumption of sweet potatoes in the United States is only about 1.5-2 kg (4 lbs) per year, down from 13 kg (31 lb) in 1920. Southerner Kent Wrench writes: "The SweetPotato became associated with hard times in the minds of our ancestors and when they became affluent enough to change their menu, the potato was served less often."(NCSPC)
The roots are most frequently boiled, fried, or baked. They can also be processed to make starch and a partial flour substitute. Industrial uses include the production of starch and industrial alcohol.
Culinary Uses
Although the leaves and shoots are also edible, the starchy tuberous roots are by far the most important product. In some tropical areas, they are a staple food-crop. Besides starch, they are rich in dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin B6. All cultivars are more-or-less sweet-flavored. Despite the name "sweet", it is actually a good food for diabetics as preliminary studies on animals have revealed that it helps to stabilize blood sugar levels and lowered insulin resistance.<ref>Sweet potatoes</ref>
In 1992, the Center for Science in the Public Interest compared the nutritional value of sweet potatoes to other vegetables. Considering fiber content, complex carbohydrates, protein, vitamins A and C, iron, and calcium, the sweet potato ranked highest in nutritional value. According to these criteria, sweet potatoes earned 184 points, 100 points over the next on the list, the common potato.(NCSPC)
Sweet potato varieties with dark orange flesh have more Vitamin A than those with light colored flesh and their increased cultivation is being encouraged in Africa where Vitamin A deficiency is a serious health problem.
Candied sweet potatoes are a side dish consisting mainly of sweet potatoes prepared with sugar, marshmallows, maple syrup, molasses, or other sweet ingredients. Often served on American Thanksgiving, it represents traditional American cooking and indigenous food. Some Americans, including television personality Oprah Winfrey, are advocating increased consumption of sweet potatoes both for their health benefits and because of their importance in traditional Southern cuisine.
Sweet potato pie is also a traditional favorite dish in southern U.S. cuisine.
Baked sweet potatoes are sometimes offered in restaurants as an alternative to baked potatoes. They are often topped with brown sugar and butter.
Boiled sweet potato leaves are a common side dish in Taiwanese cuisine, often boiled with garlic and vegetable oil and dashed with salt before serving. They are commonly found at biàndāng restaurants, as well as dishes featuring the sweet potato root.
Steamed/Boiled chunks, for a simple and healthy snack, chunks of sweet potato may be boiled in water or cooked in the microwave.
Sweet potato chips, they can be sliced, fried, and eaten just like potato chips or french fries] like at the Taiwan chain of T.K.K. Fried Chicken International restaurants.
Shōchū' is a Japanese alcohol made from rice and sweet potato.
Non-Culinary Uses
In South America, the juice of red sweet potatoes is combined with lime juice to make a dye for cloth. By varying the proportions of the juices, every shade from pink to purple to black can be obtained. (Verrill p. 47)
All parts of the plant are used for animal feed.
Ethnomedical Uses
- The aerial roots are used as a galactogogue.
- The leaves are used to treat diabetes, hookworm, hemorrhage, and abscesses.
- The tuber is used to treat asthma.
The moist-fleshed, orange cultivars of sweet potato are often referred to as "yams" in the United States. One explanation of this confusion is that Africans brought to America took to calling American sweet potatoes Nyamis, perhaps from the Fulani word nyami (to eat) or the Twi word anyinam, which refers to a true yam. The true yam, which is native to Africa and Asia, can grow up to 2 m (6 ft) in length (sometimes with knuckle-like ends) and has a scaly skin, a pinkish white center, and a thick, almost oily feel to the tongue.
Later on many farmers and stores began marketing American-grown sweet potatoes as yams; the name stuck. In more recent times there has been an effort to stop the use of "yam" for sweet potatoes, but this has only been partially successful. USDA branding regulations require the word "yam" to be accompanied by the words "sweet potato" when referring to these moister sweet potatoes.
Starchy, white-fleshed types are sometimes called batatas or boniatos, from generic Spanish terms for all types of sweet potato.
Substratum names used in local varieties of English include Kūmara (from Māori), as it was the staple food of the native Māori diet, in the UK and Australasia (although "sweet potato" is more common in Australia, at least in Victoria) (the term is also used in indigenous languages of Melanesia, as well as "peteita"), and camote (from Nahuatl camohtli via Spanish) in the southwestern United States.
In [[Hawaii|HawaiTemplate:Okinai]] substratum names are used for the yellow Japanese variety and the purple Okinawan variety, both of which are commonly available in the marketplace. The local Japanese names are widely recognized, with Satsumaimo "Satsuma potato" used by recent Japanese immigrant families and yamaimo ("mountain potato") by other groups. (Technically, yamaimo is the proper name in Japanese of the native yam; however, as in English, it is often used to refer to the sweet potato.) However, naming often depends on personal ancestry, with e.g. Sāmoan Template:Okinaumala among Sāmoans, Tagalog kamote among Filipinos, and Hawaiian Template:Okinauala among Native Hawaiians. The orange-fleshed variety common in the mainland US and sold alongside the Japanese and Okinawan cultivars is locally called "sweet potato" or "yam". The purple Okinawan sweet potato is sometimes confused with the purple yam called ube.
There are seven major varieties of sweet potatoes: Jersey, Kotobuki (Japanese), Okinawan (Purple), Papa Doc, Beauregard, Garnet, and Jewel. The last three varieties are regionally called "yams" in the United States.
A unique variety of sweet potato grown in New Zealand, originally grown by the indigenous Maori, is the Kumara, a red/purple variety with a unique flavor due to its isolation from other varieties.
References and external links
- Batatas, not potatoes
- The mystery of the sweet potato
- Sweet Potato Growing and Harvesting Information
- Purple sweetpotato Exotic sweetpotatoes can have purple flesh.
- Six Varieties of Sweet Potatoes Explanation of the six major varieties of sweet potatoes, with pictures of the exterior and interiors of four varieties.
- Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), "Sweet Potato"
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 1990, "Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition"
- The Japanese Society of Root and Tuber Crops (JRT), "Mini White Paper: Sweetpotato in Japan" 2000
- North Carolina Sweet Potato Commission (NCSPC)
- Verrill, A.H., Foods America Gave the World, 1937, Boston : L.C. Page & Co.
- Wrench, K., "The Sweet Potato Patch"
- Sweetpotato DiagNotes is a free comprehensive tool for sweetpotato management, providing information across the disciplines of plant pathology, crop nutrition, entomology and pest management, all integrated in a single expert system.
- Mississippi Sweet Potato Growers Association website highlights the efforts of Wardell Sanders and his pursuits in Mound Bayou, Mississippi. The SPGA serves to provide a lasting agri-economy, strengthen the area farming communities, heighten Mississippi Delta pride, and to include Delta youth in all phases of its operations.
Original Source
Original content from Wikipedia under GNU Free Documentation License. See full disclaimer.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Buy an Axon, Axon II, or Axon Mote and build a great robot, while helping to support SoR.
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for highest accuracy, a linear encoder would be best. your accuracy is the distance between each slot.
the type I use that I was referring to have infinite resolution - they're Linear Potentiometer Sensors
not sure how long the linear pots in the market can get . . .


text:
Its proprietary indicator, NESII, or the "surprise indicator", feels that optimism in the market has gone one step too far and a turning point could be inevitable
Quantitative easing is a powerful monetary policy tool to revive markets and the economy. However, recent analysis has shown that there is no difference on how it affects economy. If at all, central banks' policies has made markets more volatile than before with Warren Buffet stating that if QE is halted it will be the "shot heard around the world"
The CIC has directed the PIO of Western Railway to provide copy of service book of one of its ticket checkers after deleting his personal information