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Surface. Amplitude, Coherency, AVO, Volume Attributes, Complex Attributes. Associated. Attributes. Surface Rendered Attributes
- Kory Ellis
- 2 years ago
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1 Curvature Attributes and their Application to 3D Interpreted Horizons Andy Roberts Enterprise Oil Norge Ltd., Løkkeveien 3, P.O. Box 399, N-4 Stavanger, Norway Introduction The advent of the interpretation workstation has allowed the generation and analysis of horizon attributes to develop rapidly. These days it is common to find that a press of a button can produce over forty attributes. However, the skill is not in their production, but in their interpretation and integration with the rest of the data being analysed. Many attributes are introduced before their application is fully understood and commonly new attributes are just a minor modification of an existing one. So, why introduce yet more attributes? The reason is that curvature attributes are not new attributes at all, but already have a proven track-record in many other industries and disciplines outside of the oil industry e.g. medical brain scanners (Joshi et al. 995), Optometry (Daniel & Barsky 997) and Terrain Analysis (Wood 996). This paper gives a brief insight into these curvature attributes and discusses some of their applications. From the infinite number of possible curvature attributes, only a small subset is presented, which are found most applicable to seismic data. It is surprising that curvature analysis has found only limited use within the oil industry, as the technique enhances aspects of mapped surfaces which are not readily obtained from the attributes in common use today. A full suite of formulae have been included in the paper, to allow easy implementation of the method on any workstation, which will hopefully encourage the more wide spread use and acceptance of the method. Fig. explains curvature attributes in relation to the many other surface-related attributes. The purpose of a surfacerelated attribute is to enhance or bring out a particular aspect or property of a surface, which may otherwise be difficult or impossible to observe, without introducing artefacts. The term surface is taken to mean any surface, which is either flat, interpreted or used to control a window from which a volume attribute can be extracted. Surface-related attributes can be grouped into three main categories. Surface-associated attributes are those which use a surface to extract values from a secondary data source e.g. seismic amplitude, coherency cube, complex trace and AVO data. Surface-derived attributes are computed directly from the surface itself. The most common attributes in this category are the first derivative type, which include the dip, edge and azimuth attributes as well as other map derived attributes such as isochore, trend and residual maps (Brown 996, Chapter 8). Within this category, curvature falls into a separate group called second derivative attributes, which also includes Laplace-based methods. Both surfaceassociated and surface-derived attributes can be plotted directly to the screen or a plotter. The third category is called surfacerendered attributes. Rather than the conventional map view, a surface can be portrayed in three-dimensions using 3D visualisation and illumination techniques (Brown 996, Chapter 8). These types of displays can be very effective in identifying faults and other subtle map features, but can require extensive image manipulation in order to extract the full benefit. It is also possible to pass the other two attributes classes through this rendering process, as indicated by the dotted lines on Fig.. Input Surface Surface Associated Attributes Surface Rendered Attributes Surface Derived Attributes Amplitude, Coherency, AVO, Volume Attributes, Complex Attributes Shaded Relief, 3D Visualisation Fig. Classification of surface-related attributes. Surfacerelated attributes fall into three main categories : surfaceassociated, surface-rendered and surface-derived. What is curvature? First Derivative : Dip, Edge, Azimuth Second Derivative : Curvature Other : Residual, Isopach, Trend Curvature is a two-dimensional property of a curve and describes how bent a curve is at a particular point on the curve i.e. how much the curve deviates from a straight line at this point. For a particular point on a curve, its curvature is defined as the rate of change of direction of a curve. If we consider a point P on a curve (Fig.), then the curvature at this point is defined as the rate of change of angle dw with respect to the arc length ds. There also exists a circle, having a common tangent T at point P, which makes the greatest possible contact with the curve. This circle is called the osculating circle. The radius of this circle is defined as the radius of curvature, R. A circle is of course bent by the same amount all away around its circumference and therefore has constant curvature, K. We can use this particular property of a circle to derive the curvature relationship: dw p = = ds pr R () Curvature is simply the reciprocal of the radius of curvature. From this simple relationship we can see that the smaller the radius of curvature, the more bent the curve is and hence the larger the curvature. If we consider the limiting case where the radius of curvature is infinite, then locally the circle would approximate to a straight line and hence have zero curvature. The curvature can also be expressed in terms of derivatives (see Thomas, 97, ): d y dx 3 ( + ( dy dx) ) Display () Examination of this relationship reveals that curvature is closely related to the second derivative of a curve. Often the second derivative is used as a direct measure of curvature,
2 y R dw ds q P Fig. Mathematical definition of curvature. For a particular point P on a curve, the curvature can be defined in terms of the radius of curvature, R of the osculating circle. This circle possesses a common tangent T with the curve. N is the vector normal to the curve at point P, which defines the local dip angle q. The curvature at point P is defined as the reciprocal of the radius of curvature. See text for more details. N T Osculating Circle Curve x The two-dimensional concept of curvature can be easily extended into three-dimensions (Fig.4). A curve can be constructed by mathematically cutting the surface with a plane. The intersection the plane makes with the surface describes a curve from which the curvature can be calculated at any point along the curve. To help visualise this, consider the surface as the skin of an apple and the mathematical plane as a knife. The cut made by the knife into the skin of the apple represents the curve. Cutting the apple through the middle creates a circle, with its corresponding curvature. However, cutting the top off the apple results in a much smaller circle and hence larger curvature. There are of course an infinite number of cuts which can be made and hence an infinite number of curvatures which can be extracted. It is found that the most useful subset of curvatures are those defined by planes which are orthogonal to the surface and these are called normal curvatures. It is this type which form the bulk of the curvature attributes described in this paper. q N however it is only in the special case of zero dip that this assumption is strictly valid. However, for small dip values it makes a close approximation. K min Another way to visualise curvature is to consider a D crosssection through a particular mapped surface, as is displayed in Fig.3. In this figure the vectors, which are normal to the surface, are drawn in grey at regular intervals along the horizon. Where the horizon is either flat or planar dipping, the corresponding vectors are all parallel and thus the horizon has zero curvature at these locations. Where the horizon forms an anticline or ridge feature, the vectors all diverge and the curvature is defined as positive. Where the curve forms a syncline, the vectors all converge and the resulting curvature is defined as negative. This figure defines the curvature sign convention used in this paper. Different oriented cross-sections through the same point on the surface result in different curvatures. It is this potential variability in curvature, depending on the orientation of the cross-section, which necessitates an explicit definition of curvature for three-dimensional surfaces. K s P f K d K max Z Positive Curvature Anticline X Dipping Plane Zero Curvature Negative Curvature Syncline Zero Curvature Flat Fig.3 Sign convention for curvature attributes. The grey arrows represent vectors, which are normal to the surface. Where these vectors are parallel on flat or planar dipping surfaces, the curvature is zero. Where the vectors diverge over anticlines, the curvature is defined as positive and where they converge over synclines, the curvature is defined as negative. Fig.4 Curvature in three-dimensions. x and y represent the map axes, with z representing the time or depth axis. Note the intersection of two orthogonal planes with the surface, which describes the maximum curvature, Kmax and the minimum curvature, Kmin. Two other orthogonal normal curvatures, the dip curvature, Kd and the strike curvature, Ks are also drawn on the surface. See text for a more detailed description. N is the vector normal to the surface at point P, which makes an angle q with the vertical, called the dip angle. The orientation of any normal curvature can also be extracted, with the angle f being the orientation of minimum curvature. The location of the underlying gridded map surface has been added for reference, with the additional annotation of nine grid nodes. These represent the 3x3 grid cell used in the curvature calculation (Fig.9), where node 5 represents the point P whose curvature value is being calculated.
3 These normal curvatures can be combined in a number of different ways, which define important curvature properties relating to all surfaces. Firstly, the average of any two orthogonal normal curvatures through a point on a surface is constant and is defined as the mean curvature, Km: K + K K + K = max m min (3) where K and K represent any pair of orthogonal normal curvatures. Secondly, from the infinite number of normal curvatures, which pass through a particular point on a surface, there exists one curve, which defines the largest absolute curvature. This is called the maximum curvature Kmax. The curve perpendicular to Kmax is called the minimum curvature, Kmin. These two surface attributes are called the principal curvatures. They represent the extremes of normal curvatures and are best explained in terms of Euler s curvature formula (Rektorys 969): K cos d + K i max min sin d (4) K K g min max (5) This type of curvature, sometimes referred to as the total curvature, is named after Gauss and his Theorema Egregium (Gauss 87), which means the wonderful theory. The theorem states that the isometric bending of a surface does not change the Gaussian curvature of points on that surface. In other words, if a surface is folded in some way, provided the surface is not broken, stretched or squeezed, then the Gaussian curvature remains constant. If we take a piece of paper and roll in into a cylinder or cone, then this operation does not alter the Gaussian curvature, as it remains unchanged and is always zero. A surface of this type is referred to as a developable surface. A flat surface has zero curvature in all directions, a cone has zero curvature in the minimum curvature direction and a non-zero curvature in the maximum curvature direction. Forming a cone or cylinder with a piece of paper only alters the maximum curvature, as the minimum curvature remains zero. Therefore, many shapes cannot be differentiated by Gaussian curvature alone, but require the addition of the mean curvature information. The detection of local shape from this combination of curvatures is summarised in Fig.6. where d is the angle between the plane of a particular normal curvature, Ki and the plane of the maximum curvature, Kmax. Eqn.4 states that any normal curvature, Ki at a point on a surface can be derived from the principal curvatures. A graphical representation of Eqn. 4 is illustrated in Fig.5, where the full set of normal curvatures have been calculated for five differently shaped surfaces. It is this combination of orthogonal curvatures which tells us something about the local shape of the surface. Gaussian curvature describes a third important property relating to the bending of a surface. It is defined by the product of the principal curvatures: MEAN CURVATURE Km > Km = Km < GAUSSIAN CURVATURE K g < K g = K g > K min = K max > K min < Ridge (Cylinder) K max > K min = K max = Flat or Planar K max < Saddle K min = K min > K max > Dome (Ellipsoid) K max < K min < Valley (Cylinder) Bowl (Ellipsoid) K min = + K min = +/ K max = + A B Fig.6 Curvature shape classification. Combination of mean curvature and Gaussian curvature allows the local shape of a surface to be described. Curvature, K i K min = K min = -/ K min = - Angle,d Fig.5 Graphical representation of Euler s curvature formula (Eqn.4). The normal curvature for all orientations is defined here for five differently shaped surfaces: A = Spherical dome; B = Elongated dome; C = Cylindrical ridge; D = Elongated saddle; E = Perfect saddle. All the surfaces in this diagram have an identical Kmax of +, with Kmin varying between ±. Note for a particular surface how the curvature is repeated every 8 and the average of any two curvatures, which are 9 apart, is constant. This constant is defined as the mean curvature, Km. The sphere is a special case where the minimum curvature and maximum curvature are equal and the same at all orientations. C D E 3 A brief history of curvature Curvature has only recently been exploited to its full potential, due mainly to the advent of computers. However, being intimately related to geometry, the history and development of curvature goes back a long way. It probably all began in the third century BC, when Apollonius of Perga applied simple methods to find the radius of curvature, which were similar to those used by Huygens and Newton some two thousand years later. It wasn t until the fourteenth century that the next advances were made. Oresme (who is accredited with the invention of the graph) described two curves having a common tangent at a point. The inner most curve is the one with the greater curvature. He also noted that the curvature of a circle is constant and is equal to the inverse of its radius (Eqn.). In the seventeenth century, Fermat, Descartes and Huygens made small additional contributions. What these scientists lacked was calculus, which was added by Newton and Leibnitz a few years later. Using calculus, Newton was able to describe the radius of curvature in terms of derivatives (Eqn.). It was in fact Leibnitz who came up with the name osculating circle, but his work was not given much recognition as he unfortunately made a fundamental error. In the eighteenth
4 century, Euler developed much more mathematically rigorous methods to describe curvature e.g. Eqn.4, bringing the understanding a further step forward. The nineteenth century brought a significant contribution to curvature, when Gauss published his work on the theory of surfaces (Gauss 87). Building on Euler s work, he realised that the total curvature of a particular point on the surface can be expressed as the product of the smallest and largest curvatures which pass through the point (Eqn.5). Since then, the contributions have mainly come in developing computer algorithms and finding useful applications. It is both interesting and humbling to note that some of the curvature related finite difference methods, which are now used in computer programs, were in fact developed in the early part of the last century (Marcus 93; Nielsen 9). Curvature attributes and their application Preparation and presentation Before calculating curvature or in fact most other map attributes, it is worth mentioning the two P s: Preparation and presentation. As curvature is closely related to the second derivative of the surface, its quality is very susceptible to the level of noise contamination. There are often many sources for this noise on a mapped surface, e.g. geological, processing, acquisition and the horizon autotracking process. It is therefore recommended to prepare the surface before the curvature is computed, by applying some form of mild two-dimensional spatial filter. This filtering can be performed in many different ways, for example, iterative median filtering (Gallagher & Wise 98) and weighted average filtering, where the weights can be distance related or a Gaussian type. It is often necessary to apply multiple iterations of the same filter before a satisfactory result is obtained. All have the effect of a highcut filter and attenuate the very rapid changes on the surface, most of which are probably due to noise contamination. Leaving high frequency noise in a surface can result in the real curvature being obscured. Filtering is often a compromise between trying to remove the noise effectively, without reducing the resolution and obscuring too much of the detail. This form of surface conditioning is a very important aspect of the curvature calculation process. Time invested in appropriate filtering of the surface will result in a much more satisfactory result. The second important point is presentation. All too often a particular attributes effectiveness is diminished by the use of an inappropriate colour scheme. Careful selection of the colour map for display on the screen can often make a tremendous difference to what the eye can see. Choice of colours is a very personal thing, given the prevalence of colour-blindness and individual colour sensitivity. What one person may see may be almost invisible to the next. It is therefore worth investing a good deal of time in designing tailor-made colour tables for a particular attribute display. i.e. a surface with small curvature. At a position on or close to the mound, the individual stones can be resolved, indicating that the mound is a very rough surface, with a correspondingly high local curvature. If each individual stone is examined, some may be rough, some rounded and some flat i.e. all have quite different curvature values. Calculating the curvature of the mound of stones therefore depends on the scale at which measurements are taken. The sampling criteria used must therefore be consistent with the type of information being extracted i.e. large apertures for regional trends (long wavelength structures) and small apertures for local surface detail (short wavelength structures). The effective aperture size can be varied in a number of different ways. One method is to alter the number of grid nodes used in the curvature calculation. However, using too many grid nodes increasing the complexity of the calculation, which impacts the speed of computation. A simpler method is to increase the aperture size of filters used in the pre-processing and/or decimating the horizon grid in some manner i.e. using every nth line and nth trace. See Stewart & Podolski (998) for a more detailed description of this issue. Data set description The data set used in this study is a small subset of a large 3D survey, which is located in the North Sea. This subset volume is approximately 6km x 8km (3 lines x 35 traces) and was acquired in an east-west direction. The mapped surface displayed in was created in a two step process. Firstly, every th line and th trace was interpreted, with the remaining areas being infilled by a horizon autotracker. Secondly, the surface was filtered by a 3x3 iterative median filter, followed by a 5x5 distance-weighted average filter. All the curvature attributes presented in this paper are based on this filtered two-way-time surface shown in Fig.7. It is assumed that the time scale is interchangeable with depth. Examination of the seismic section A-B (Fig.8) indicates that the data is generally of good quality and continuity, with the mapped surface varying in time from 365ms to 395ms. Structural highs and lows, as well as a number of large and small faults punctuate the surface, although some of these faults are difficult to see on both the seismic section and the map display. Computing curvature There are many different ways the curvature of a gridded surface can be calculated, some of which are summarised in Stewart & Podolski (998) and compared in Flynn & Jain (989). As mapped surfaces created on interpretation workstations are in a gridded form, they are ideally suited for curvature calculation. The method used in this paper uses a least squares quadratic approximation to the mapped surface (Young 978; Evans 979; Wood 996). In order to calculate the curvature at a particular point, a local quadratic surface (Eqn.6) is fitted in a least squares sense by using the surrounding eight grid values (Fig.9). Using this 3x3 grid cell approach, the calculation of the coefficients in Eqn.6 reduce to a series of simple arithmetic expressions (Eqns. 7 to): Scale of investigation The mathematical definition of curvature for a continuous surface is explicit. However, most mapped surfaces are in a gridded form and introduce the complication of how the surface is sampled. This brings in the concept of the scale of investigation. In extracting curvature information from a surface, the sampling interval and hence aperture size must be defined. It is best described by the use of an analogy. Imagine a large mound of stones m across and m high. From a distance, this mound would look like a smooth hill 4 y = ax by cxy dx ey f (6)
5 A B A L H B L Mapped surface - TWT(ms) 36 H TWT (ms) L C.I.=5ms - 4 km N E km W Fig.7 Time structure map. This surface forms the input to all the attributes presented in this paper. a = b = z = x z = y ( Z + Z + Z + Z + Z + Z ) ( Z + Z + Z ) (7) - Dx 6Dx ( Z + Z + Z + Z + Z + Z ) ( Z + Z + Z ) (8) z c = = x y - Dx 6Dx ( Z + Z - Z - Z ) (9) Dx 4 Fig.8 Seismic section A-B. For line location see Fig.7. where Z to Z 9 refer to the surface grid node values as illustrated in Fig.9 and Dx is the distance between grid nodes. Larger grid cell sizes e.g. 5x5 can be used (Wood 996), but these require solutions to a large set of normal equations. Keeping the number of grid cells small allows for the rapid computation of curvature, comparable to the speed of calculation of the dip angle and azimuth attributes. All the curvature attributes presented in this paper are based on this approach and are described in more detail below. The coefficients from Eqn.7 to can also be used to derive the dip angle (Eqn.3) and azimuth (Eqn.4) attributes, which are plotted in Fig. and Fig. respectively. These figures have been included to allow comparison to the curvatureattributes. Both these attributes bring out some of the main lineaments contained within the surface. z d = = x ( Z + Z + Z - Z - Z - Z ) () 6Dx Z Z Z 3 z e = = y ( Z + Z + Z - Z - Z - Z ) 3 6Dx () Z 4 Z 5 Z 6 f = ( Z + Z + Z + Z ) ( + Z + Z + Z ) Z Z 5 () Z 7 Z 8 Z 9 Fig.9 3x3 grid cell. This is the aperture size used in the computation of all the curvature, dip angle and azimuth attributes. 5
6 Used in combination, these two attributes can be a useful aid to fault interpretation. Note the dip angle has been used in preference to the more common dip or slope attributes. This is because the dip attribute is potentially unconfined, whereas the dip angle is restricted between and 9, although visually the two attributes are almost identical. Dip Angle = tan d + e - ( ) - e tan æ ö Azimuth = ç è d ø (3) (4) Mean Curvature, Km Although the mean curvature represents an important surface property (See Eqn.3), it is in itself not a particularly useful visual attribute. This is because it tends to be dominated by and consequently visually similar to the maximum curvature. However, the mean curvature is very important because it is used to derive many of the other curvature attributes and is defined as follows (Rektorys 969): ( + e )-cde + b( + d ) 3 ( + d e ) a m + (5) Gaussian Curvature, Kg Gaussian curvature is defined as the product of the principal curvatures (Eqn.5) and is displayed in Fig.. It can be calculated using Eqn.6 (See Rektorys 969). 4ab - c g + d + e ( ) (6) Both Lisle (994) and Wen & Townsend (997) have suggested Gaussian curvature as a method to delineate faults. A comparison between Fig. and Fig. clearly shows that Gaussian curvature is not a good attribute for this type of operation. It is generally observed that many seismic-based mapped surfaces have minimum curvature values which are small and fluctuate around zero. Consequently, Gaussian curvature, being a product of curvatures, often exhibits rapid sign changes. Computing the absolute Gaussian curvature can alleviate this problem. Although this attribute has mathematical and geometrical significance, it has only limited application to mapped surfaces, but again forms an important component in deriving the other curvature attributes. Maximum Curvature, Kmax The maximum curvature of the surface is displayed in Fig.3. By combining Eqn.3 and Eqn.5 the following relationship for Kmax can be derived (Peet & Sahota 985): K + K - K max m m g (7) This curvature attribute is very effective at delimiting faults and fault geometries. A fault on this attribute is represented by the juxtaposition of positive curvature values (red/yellow) and negative curvature values (blue/green). Note the enechelon set of faults on the NW part of the map, indicated by ) in Fig.3. In addition, the curvature also defines the orientation of these faults, as positive curvature values represent the upthrown side and the negative values the downthrown side of the fault. Curvature Positive Negative Fig.4 Fault delineation. Due to filtering and quadratic approximations, the surface used in the curvature calculation represents a smoothed version of the original surface. This has the effect of introducing anomalous curvature values over the fault, with high positive curvature on the upthrown side and high negative curvature on the downthrown side. Note that the zero crossing curvature point represents the centre of the fault plane. Thus, these particular faults all downthrow to the SW. This fault delimiting property is in fact an artefact of the curvature calculation process, which is illustrated in Fig.4. The prefiltering and least squares approximation have an effect of smoothing over the abrupt changes which are associated with the faulted surface. Essentially the curvature algorithm sees a smoothed version of the continuous surface, which was created by the autotracker. Although the input surface has almost zero curvature over the fault zone, the smoothed version introduces higher positive curvature values on the upthrown side and larger negative values on the downthrown side. It is this reversal in the curvature values which enables the direction of throw of the fault to be determined. These faults are also seen on the dip angle map (Fig.) as simple lineaments of higher angle. However, it is not possible to differentiate between a fault and a lineament, such as a ridge, with this type of first derivative based technique. Curvature has the advantage of containing shape information, allowing the faults to be differentiated from other surface lineaments. Lineaments, such as ridges and valleys, are represented by an isolated colour, examples of which are indicated by ) and 3) respectively in Fig.3. In addition to the orientation of faults, the magnitude of each fault is also described by the maximum curvature. This situation is illustrated in Fig.5, where the low Kmax values have been greyed-out from the colour table. All that remains in the figure are the larger Kmax values, which are associated with the larger faults and lineaments contained within the surface. Minimum Curvature, Kmin The minimum curvature of the surface is displayed in Fig.6 and is defined by Eqn.8: K - K - K min m m Autotracked surface Curvature surface g (8) Comparisons between the scale bars in Fig.6 and Fig.3 7
7 -5-5 Curvature ( x -4 m - ) Curvature ( x -4 m - ) km CN Fig.5 Maximum curvature with low curvature values greyedout. Only the larger faults and surface lineaments are now visible. km Fig.6 Minimum curvature, Kmin. N Curvature ( x -4 m - ) Curvature ( x -4 m - ) km CN Fig.7 Most negative curvature, K-. The white dashed box represents the location of the enlarged display in Fig.5A. km CN Fig.8 Most positive curvature, K+. 8
8 indicate that the Kmin values are significantly smaller than the Kmax values. When the Kmin values are very small or zero, this indicates that the surface is a developable surface. Where Kmin are large, this potentially indicates locations where non-isometric distortion of the surface has occurred i.e. where the surface is potentially faulted and fractured. Although visually this attribute can often appear noisy, it can sometimes be diagnostic in identifying fractured areas and is used to compute other curvature attributes. Most Positive and Negative Curvatures, K + and K - The first derivative based attributes (dip, edge and azimuth) are used mainly to detect edges, which are associated with asymmetric (faults) and symmetric (ridges/valleys) surface features. The maximum curvature attribute (Fig.3) contains a great deal of information that can sometimes be confusing. An edge-type display can be derived by searching all possible normal curvatures for the most positive or most negative values. This can be readily obtained by setting the coefficients d (Eqn.) and e (Eqn.) to zero in Eqns.7 and 8 (Young 978). The resulting attributes are called the most positive curvature, K + and the most negative curvature, K - ( a + b) + ( a - b) c (9) + + ( a + b) - ( a - b) c () + - It is now possible to see almost every single lineament contained within the surface, with the faulting and lineaments taking on a polygonal appearance. The magnitude of the lineament is also preserved, allowing better lineament discrimination. However, the shape information is not preserved in this attribute, making it comparable to the first derivative methods (See attribute comparison discussion below). The east-west lineaments observed in Fig.7 and Fig.8 might be interpreted as an acquisition or processing footprint. However, this is a regional phenomena which is also observed on an overlapping 3D survey, located to the east, which was acquired at a different orientation. This type of attribute can be easily incorporated into a 3D visualisation display and this is illustrated in Fig.9. Incorporating the curvature in this way exaggerates both the fault and smaller linear features on the surface, making curvature a useful addition to this type of surface-rendered method. N Fig.9 3D visualisation of curvature. The most negative curvature is incorporated as an intensity overlay on a 3D rendering of the time structure surface. This has the effect of exaggerating the faults and lineaments contained within the surface. Note the areal extent of this map is slightly larger than the time map displayed in Fig.7, whose extent is indicated by the white box. Structural highs are indicated by yellow/red and lows by blue/purple colours. R h/ h/ Curvature and stress Many authors have used curvature or curvature related attributes to predict fracture intensities over mapped structures (Lisle 995; Murray 968; Stewart & Podolski 998). This correlation between curvature and fractures relates to the stresses experienced when a bed is folded or buckled. These induced stresses are illustrated in Fig., where anticlinal folding alters the bed length and induces stresses throughout the layer, with expansion increasing towards the top and compression increasing towards the base. The neutral surface is a special case where no stresses occur. This type of deformation can result in complex fault and fracture geometries (See Price & Cosgrove 99 p ), caused by differential stresses and hydraulic fracturing. The stresses experienced at the top of the layer can be calculated using Eqn. (See Price & Cosgrove 99, p. 9): Stress, s h E h K E = = R () Fig. Curvature and stress. As a geological layer of thickness h is folded, the zone above the neutral surface experiences extension, as opposed to compression below this surface. The neutral surface is a surface which experiences no stress. where h is the thickness of layer, E is the Young s modulus of the material and R the radius of curvature with a corresponding curvature, K. In three-dimensions, K would represent the maximum curvature. Eqn. states that for rocks having a similar Young s modulus, the stresses within a layer depend on the amount of curvature and the distance from the neutral surface. This type of layer or beam bending also represents an important area in engineering and the reader is referred to Timoshenko & Woinowsky-Krieger (959) for a more detailed treatment. Unfortunately, geological formations are not simple beams. The curvature of a mapped surface can be created by effects other than folding e.g. erosional unconformities and 9
9 o Bowel - Orientation (Degrees) 45 o 9 o 35 o Valley Flat Ridge -/ +/ 8 o Dome + N Fig. Orientation of maximum curvature, Omax. Note that the orientation angle is only defined between o and 8 o. km C Fig. Shape Index Si. km CN 3 Curvature ( x -4 m - ) Curvature ( x -4 m - ) Valley Ridge km CN km CN Fig.3 Dip curvature, Kd. Fig.4 Strike curvature,ks with time contours overlaid. See text for details.
10 depositional features such as dunes, clinoforms and offshore tidal bars. The seismic data, from which the surface has been mapped, can also contain false curvature features e.g. velocity pull-ups and push-downs and apparent faulting created by noise contamination (Hesthammer 999). It is therefore important to calibrate the curvature attribute to known fracture intensities. This calibration requires comparison of the fracture data to a suite of curvature attributes. This suite is derived using different aperture widths, in order to establish the scale or wavelength at which the extracted curvature correlates best to the fracture data. The effective aperture can be varied by a combination of smoothing and decimation (See discussion on scale of observation). Faults are also stress relief features and as discussed above, these can contaminate the local curvature values. It may therefore be appropriate to remove the effects of the faults on the mapped surface before a calibration is attempted. Dip Curvature, Kd Extracting the curvature in the direction of maximum dip defines the dip curvature (Eqn.3), which is illustrated in Fig.3. This curvature is a measure of the rate of change of dip in the maximum dip direction and is called the profile curvature in Terrain Analysis (Wood 996). Both the magnitude and direction of faults is preserved with this attribute. The black/white colour table used in creates an image similar to a shaded relief type of horizon display. This curvature method tends to exaggerate any local relief contained within the surface and can be used to enhance differentially compacted features, such as channelised sand bodies and debris flows. ( ae - cde + bd ) ( + )( + ) s d e d + e (3) Orientation of minimum and maximum curvature, Omin and Omax The azimuthal orientation of minimum curvature and maximum curvature can be extracted and are called the principal directions. The definition of the orientation of minimum curvature, Omin is illustrated in Fig.4. An example of the orientation of maximum curvature, Omax is displayed in Fig.. Note that these two orientations will always be 9 apart. Examination of Euler s curvature formula (Eqn.4) displayed in Fig.5 shows that this orientation only needs to be defined between and 8. If the curvature can be calibrated to the stress state of a surface, then this type of attribute can help define the orientation of the minimum and maximum stress. These stress states may for example be related to an open fracture system. Once a successful calibration is achieved, then maps of Omin and Omax can be used to help optimise the trajectory of a horizontal well, maximising the intersection with the open fracture system. As with the azimuth attribute, Omin and Omax are very sensitive to noise and other rapid fluctuations in the surface. Consequently, the surface may require additional filtering and smoothing in order to obtain a more stable result. Other methods of display for this type of attribute are also used e.g. the orientation of curvature at each grid node is represented by a line rather than a colour code (See Figures and 3 in Lisle 995 ). Shape Index, Si Fig.6 illustrates how combining curvature attributes allows the local surface shape to be defined. This type of approach results in only a qualitative description of shape. The maximum and minimum curvatures can be combined using Eqn. (Koenderink & van Doorn 99) to derive the shape index: S i = * tan p - ( K + K ) min max ( ) é ê ë K max - K min ù ú û (5) This allows an elegant quantitative definition of shape, which describes the local morphology of a surface independent of scale. In other words, a bowl is a bowl whether it is the size of a soup bowl or a radio telescope. The attribute is colour coded to reflect the local morphology in terms of bowl, valley, flat, ridge and dome shapes and this is illustrated in Fig.. Because this attribute is not affected by the absolute magnitude of curvature (with the exception of planar surfaces), very subtle fault and map lineaments can be enhanced, as well as other surface patterns. Strike Curvature, Ks Extracting the curvature in a direction which is at right angles to the dip curvature i.e. along strike, gives us the strike curvature (Eqn.4). This is sometimes referred to as the tangential curvature (Mitasova & Hofiefka 993) and describes the tangential morphology or shape of the surface. ( ae - cde + bd ) ( d + e )( + d e ) s + (4) It separates the surface into areas of valley shapes (blue/green colours) and ridge shapes (yellow/red colours), as indicated by ) and ) respectively in Fig.4. This type of attribute is used extensively in Terrain Analysis, particularly in the area of gravity-driven processes, such as soil erosion and drainage (Moore et al. 993). Turning this upside-down, this method can be used to examine the influence a top surface map may have on buoyancy-driven processes, such as hydrocarbon migration and production drainage efficiency. It is not just the local morphology that is important, but how that morphology is connected. For example, note how the ridges are connected on the flanks of the large anticline, which creates a dendritic drainage pattern indicated by 3) in Fig.4. In defining this connectivity, this type of display can help in understanding regional hydrocarbon migration pathways, together with areas of possible bypass. The magnitude of the dip curvature is also important, as higher values imply better developed local ridges or valleys. Note that computing the average of the strike curvature and dip curvature will result in the mean curvature (Eqn.3), as they are orthogonal curvatures. Contour Curvature, Kc Although contour curvature (sometimes referred to as plan curvature) is not a normal curvature, it is often used in other disciplines. Examination of Eqn.5 (Mitasova & Hofiefka 993) shows that is very similar to the strike curvature (Eqn.4) and effectively represents the curvature of the map contours associated with the surface, created by cutting horizontally through the surface. Although this attribute is visually similar to the strike curvature, the contour curvature values are not well constrained and consequently very large values occur at the culmination of anticlines, synclines, ridges and valleys. ( ae - cde + bd ) 3 ( + d e ) c + (5)
11 3 3 Curvedness, Kn The curvedness attribute, defined by Eqn.6, describes the magnitude of curvature of a surface independent of its shape (Koenderink & van Doorn 99). n æ + ç è K max K ö min ø A Fig.5 Comparison of attributes. A and B are enlarged versions of Fig.7 and Fig. respectively. ) Minor east-west oriented lineaments are more clearly defined on the curvature attribute. ) Comparing the data within the white rings show that curvature reveals many more surface lineaments. 3) Illustrates the problem of dip saturation. The north-south oriented lineaments, clearly observed within the black ring on the curvature attribute, are totally obscured by the high local background dip present on the dip angle. (6) curvature value remains unchanged, even if the surface is rotated or tilted. This is not the case with the first derivative methods, where tilting or rotation clearly changes the attribute values. Consequently, the ability of the first derivative methods to adequately detect faults depends on the specific geometry of the fault and these limitations are summarised in Table. This table suggests that dip and azimuth attributes, even when used in combination, will not necessarily detect all fault geometries. On the other hand, curvature copes well with all these cases. B Describing the curvature in this absolute sense gives a general measure of the amount of total curvature present within the surface. Comparison with existing attributes Curvature attributes can reveal a lot of additional information relating to faults, lineaments and local shape contained within a surface. The edge, dip and azimuth attributes, as well as other methods such as the coherency cube (Bahorich & Farmer 995), are the most common techniques used by seismic interpreters to identify faults. However, the first derivative methods only delineate lineaments and cannot differentiate between asymmetric features, such as faults or rapid dip changes, and symmetric features, such as ridges or valleys. This is because these attributes contain no shape information. Consequently, it is difficult to make direct comparisons of these techniques to many of the curvature attributes, with the exception of the most negative and most positive curvatures. Fig.5 is a comparison between the dip angle attribute and the most negative curvature. This figure indicates that curvature is better at detecting surface lineaments and does not suffer from the problem of dip saturation. This effect often occurs in areas of higher dip, where the high background dip values obscure the smaller faults and lineaments which may be present within the surface. Curvature is surface orientation independent, which means that provided the surface is adequately sampled (unaliased), then the Illumination or shaded relief attributes also appear to be a good delimiter of faults and lineaments (Brown 996). Unfortunately these methods are sensitive to the position of the sun source and require a certain degree of user interaction to optimise the display. Situations where faults and lineaments occur along many different orientations often require multiple displays with differing sun source locations. Curvature, being surface orientation independent, allows almost all of the information to be captured in only one display. Increasing dip Flat Steep Fault Type Dip/Edge Azimuth Curvature Good Variable Good Good None Good Good Good Poor None Good Poor Good Good Good Table. Summary of fault delineation ability of attributes. With the exception of curvature, the ability of an attribute to detect faults depends on the geometry of the fault.
12 Conclusion Curvature attributes potentially offer a powerful insight into mapped surfaces. It is surprising that the oil industry has been slow to utilise curvature attributes and this may partly stem from our rather limited exposure to disciplines other than our own. It is interesting to note that the dip and azimuth attributes, which appeared just over ten years ago (Dalley et al. 989), were already well-established in other disciplines at that time e.g. Terrain Analysis (Young 979). The advent of the internet will hopefully change this for good, as it probably offers the best vehicle for scientific ideas and techniques to be readily exchanged between a wide spectrum of disciplines. Curvature is a second derivative based method and consequently is sensitive to any noise contamination which may be present within the surface. This often necessitates the surface to be pre-processed using some form of spatial filter, which can be iterated. The scale of investigation is another important consideration in the computation of curvature. The scale is controlled by the aperture and sampling interval sizes. These are selected based on values appropriate for the scale of the problem being investigated i.e. larger apertures for regional effects or smaller apertures for local surface detail. The curvature attributes presented in this paper, although they represent only a small subset, have been selected based on their applicability to seismic interpretation. Each of the individual curvature attributes all give a slightly different insight into the mapped surface. For example, maximum curvature offers a number of additional benefits over the first derivative based methods (dip, edge and azimuth), which are commonly used in fault delineation. Curvature contains the added dimension of shape, allowing faults, fault orientations and fault geometries to be delimited, as well as discriminating faults from other linear surface features. Comparisons between the dip angle and most negative curvature indicate that curvature can delineate many more surface lineaments, without suffering from the problem of dip saturation. Curvature avoids this problem because it is surface orientation independent. Strike curvature describes the local surface morphology in terms of ridges and valleys, which can be used to visualise drainage patterns, with potential applications in understanding well drainage efficiency and in the mapping of hydrocarbon migration pathways. Shape index allows a quantitative description of local surface shape, with a more qualitative description being derived from a combination of mean curvature and Gaussian curvature. With careful calibration to well data, curvature can be used to understand the stress regime of a surface and help predict the distribution of fracture densities as well as the orientation of the principal stress directions. Curvature can also be computed in the volume sense, although this particular aspect is beyond the scope of this paper. In calculating this type of volume attribute, the success of the algorithm depends mainly on the ability to define an accurate local surface for each sample within the volume. The curvature of this local surface can then be easily computed using an approach similar to those presented in this paper. It must be stressed that no surface attribute, including curvature, should be used in isolation. All map attributes should be interpreted with reference to the original seismic from which the surface was created. In general, a large part of any gridded surface does not usually represent a continuous manual interpretation, but data created by an horizon autotracker. The process of checking the attribute against the original seismic data is often the only possibility to check both the input mapped surface and the attribute results. This type of quality control often requires that additional manual interpretation be carried out, but results in a better understanding of the data problems (noise), as well an improved final attribute. References Bahorich, M. and Farmer, S. [995] The coherence cube. The Leading Edge, 4, No., Brown, A. [996]. Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data. 4th Edition. AAPG Memoir 4. Dalley, R.M., Gevers, E.C.A., Stampfli, G.M., Davies, D.J., Gastaldi, C.N., Ruijtenberg, P.A. and Vermeer, G.J.O. [989] Dip and azimuth displays for 3D seismic interpretation. First Break, 7, No. 3, Daniel, M. and Barsky, B. [997] Discrete Gaussian curvature for analysis of a B-spline modeled cornea", SIAM Conference on Geometric Design, Nashville, Nov. 3-6, 997. Evans, I.S. [979] An integrated system of terrain analysis and slope mapping. Final report on grant DA-ERO G4, University of Durham, England. Flynn, P.J. and Jain, K.J. [989] On reliable curvature estimation. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Diego, -6 Gallagher, N.C. and Wise, G.L. [98] A theoretical analysis of the properties of median filters. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ASSP-9(6), Gauss, C.F. [87] Disquisitones generales circa superficies curvas (General investigation into curved surfaces). Hesthammer, J. [999] Improving seismic data for detailed structural interpretation. The Leading Edge, 8, No,, Joshi, S. C., Wang, J., Miller, M. I., Van Essen, D. C., and Grenander, U. [995] On the differential geometry of the cortical surface. Proceedings of the SPIE's 995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation. Vision Geometry IV, 573, Koenderink, J.J. and van Doorn, A. J. [99] Surface shape and curvature scales. Image and Vision Computing, (8), Lisle, R.J. [994] Detection of zones of abnormal strains in structures using Gaussian curvature analysis. AAPG Bulletin, 78(), Lisle, R.J. [995] The Mohr circle for curvature and its application to fold description. Journal of Structural Geology, 7(5), Marcus, H. [93] Die Theorie elastischer Gewebe. nd edition, Berlin. Murray, G. H. [968] Quantitative fracture study Spanish Pool, McKenzie County, North Dakota. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 5(),
13 Mitasova, H. and Hofierka, J. [993] Interpolation by regularised spline with tension : II. Application to terrain modeling and surface geometry analysis. Mathematical Geology, 5, Moore, I.D., Gessler, P.E., Nielsen, G.A., and Petersen, G.A. [993] Soil attribute prediction using Terrain Analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57, Nielsen, N.J. [9] Bestemmelse af Spændinger i Plader. Copenhagen. Peet, F.G. and Sahota, T.S. [985] Surface curvature as a measure of image texture. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, PAM-7(6), Price, N.J. and Cosgrove, J.W. [99] Analysis of geological structures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Rektorys, K. [969] Survey of applicable mathematics. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA ; Iliffe Books Ltd. Chapter 9. Differential Geometry, Stewart, R. and Podolski, S.A. [998] Curvature analysis of gridded surfaces. In: Coward, M.P., Daltaban, T.S. and Johnson, H. (eds) Structural Geology in Reservoir Characterization. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 7, Thomas, G.B. [97] Calculus and analytical geometry. Fourth edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Timoshenko, S. and Woinowsky-Krieger, S. [959] Theory of plates and shells. nd Edition. McGraw-Hill.ISBN Wen, R. and Townsend, C. [997] Seismic attributes for mapping small scale faults in reservoirs. 59th EAEG conference in Geneva. Presentation C. Wood, J.D. [996] The geomorphological characterisation of Digital Elevation Models, PhD Thesis, University of Leicester. Young, M. [978] Statistical characterisation of attribute matrices by computer. The fifth progress report on Contract DA-ERO G4. U.S. Army European Research Office, London. Report 5, -6 4
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The hotel is air-conditioned and comprises a total of 19 rooms, a lobby area, a bar, an Internet connection, and a TV lounge. Those arriving by car may make use of the car park.
This hotel is located around 200 m from the harbour, about 40 m from the beach, and about 4 km from the town of Alonissos.
The air-conditioned rooms all come with an en suite bathroom with shower. Additional fittings include a direct dial telephone, a TV, a small fridge, and either a balcony or terrace.
It is possible to book bed and breakfast. Breakfast is served on the terrace in the big comfortable yard.
From Patitiri port just turn left. The hotel is about 200m from there.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Mini fridge
Individual airconditioned

subset: commoncrawl


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Right well seeing as open Beta is tonight, I figured I'd try and see how this whole 'xbox controller meets PC' thing works...and as of yet I still can't figure out why it won't work!? I'm testing it out on Just Cause 2, but my Windows 7 doesn't seem to pick it up...I plugged it in via the USB port and it automatically downloaded the right drivers etc, but it doesn't seem to work..is anyone experienced in the area? You'd really be helping this n00b out :)
So apparently the microsoft play and charge kit won't work on a pc..it only charges..never mind, back to mouse and keyboard i guess!
Edited, Sep 1st 2010 4:21pm by SpikeoElward


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Culinary Arts
The Culinary Arts program will provide an extensive study experience in sanitation and safety at the beginning of the first year, then after completing the ServSafe unit, students will operate and manage a model restaurant; "The Starting Place". All students will have an opportunity to work in a wide variety of restaurant positions gaining valuable work experience in career ready practices and employability skills, customer service, team work, commercial food production and the hospitality industry. At the end of the first year, a student can test for certification in ServSafe. The second year is for a student considering a career in Culinary Arts focusing on management, advanced food preparation, time management and career exploration.
Student Organizations
Classroom Links
Community Links
|Classroom Syllabus
|Michigan SkillsUSA
|The Starting Place
|Virtual Business
|Baker College Culinary Arts
|Ferris State University
|Sullivan University
|Grand Rapids Community College Secchia Institute
|Indian Cooking Survey
|Korean Cooking Survey
Culinary Arts


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As soon as information of a new Grand Theft Automobile Match became reality and also the San Andreas version lastly grew to become obtainable within the market place the entire world of World-wide-web car or truck online games modified forever GTA 5 Money Cheat.
The new Grand Theft Vehicle activity, San Andreas, was released over the market place in its PS2 edition in late 2004 in North The united states, Europe and Australia as well as in early 2007 in Japan. The Xbox and Home windows variations were being launched in 2005. Whilst it is actually comparable in structure towards the previous Grand Theft Car game, the San Andreas is more substantial than everyday living in possibilities. The game now covers a whole condition consisting of 3 distinctive metropolitan areas: Los Santos which corresponds to Los angeles, Las Venturas modeled immediately after Las Vegas and San Fierro which is the virtual equivalent of San Francisco with this new Grand Theft Car recreation.
The characters can now walk, jump, operate, climb as well as swim and there is a a great deal broader listing of weapons accessible towards the player. Since the potential for violence and crime is lifted noticeably the authorities tend to be more specialised: the minor infractions are still managed by the police, but whenever a criminal offense is committed the army, the FBI plus the SWAT teams just take about. The checklist of cars which you can use would seem endless. From athletics cars and trucks to trucks, limousines and tanks, busses, coaches, helicopters or airplanes, you may surely fin your favorite means of transportation listed here.
The sweetness from the new Grand Theft Car activity is the fact a participant can choose to easily disregard the missions and just go driving all-around town, swimming while in the ocean or traveling a helicopter. This enjoyment cruise, even so, will not assist him advance on the upcoming volume of issues of the match or make him any factors. Moreover towards the missions, this Grand Theft Vehicle sport also offers a lot of minigames which you could play at your leisure: pool, basketball, video online games and even gambling.
Complete with awesome graphics, this new Grand Theft Vehicle game is bound to deliver you with countless several hours of wicked enjoyment.
Hello! welcome to my blog.
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Sitter in Hanahan
I'm looking to watch a few kids in my home.I'm avaible day and night and even weekends! I'm very flexible on rates. Weekly and Bi-Weekly payments are accepted! I offer help with potty training and educational learning! I'm in the goose creek area near NWS. My rates are $35-50 a week (5 days) per child each additional child is $15 (you must provide food or prices will increase) I also am available for date nights and just an occasional sitter. Rates are negotiatable! Im CPR and first aid certified! I can provide references at your request!
Sitter Details
|Email Address
|Phone Number
|843-441-... Confirmed
|Provider Type
Children's Crafts
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Get Noticed in Five Words (or less)
Attendees will receive tips and strategies for uncovering the best words to expand market share and revenues
Join us for a free, 60-minute webinar to learn how B2B companies can position themselves for growth in 2017 by combining the right business strategies with the right words. Craig Otto, Director of Brand Development at Elliance, will tap into his 35 years of marketing experience to give attendees tips and strategies for uncovering the best words to expand market share and revenues. Attendees will learn how one well-known Fortune 500 company went from a struggling business unit to a global leader by capturing a new idea in just four words that ultimately transformed its future in remarkable ways. The webinar is tailored to manufacturing and B2B professionals working in marketing, sales, communications and management.
B2B Webinar January 26, 2017Read More


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Supplier: Safemaster Height Safety Solutions
Rest platform and supports.
Price Guide: POA
Required when ladder exceeds 6m. (Cat D)
Rest Platforms | Climb2 Fold Down Midway Rest Platform
Access Ladders | Climb2 Ladder Section
Abseil Gutter Protection Bracket | Connect2
Engineered Davit Abseil/Rescue Systems
Modular Roof Platform for Plant Equipment | Access2
Suspended Roof Walkway Platforms | Access 2
Horizontal Lifeline Anchoring Device | Vertic
Portable Abseiling System | Abseil2 Roof Jockey
Retractable Fall Arresters | CatchU
Height Safety Course & Training Program | R11OHS204A
Important changes to manufacturing requirements for safety anchors
Engineered lightweight modular platform systems
Dangers of caged ladders and egressing from such ladders
Evolution of the Unique Serpentine Energy Absorbing Properties
Universal LifeRail System by Safemaster
Unique Horizontal LifeRail System by Safemaster
Heavy duty stainless steel anchor point systems
New surface mount anchor points
Connect with 600,000 industrial buyers annually


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From Nike comes the Karst Command Backpack which is perfect for everyday use thanks to multiple compartments and lash tabs for extra storage. Thanks to the 100% water resistant polyester fabric this will remain dry in the elements and offers extra comfort in the form of cushion back panels and adjustable straps.
Shop all Nike SB bags here.
UK Delivery (click here for full details)
Courier orders placed before 3pm Monday - Friday will be delivered next working day.
European and International delivery
We ship all over Europe and Worldwide from £9, this rate depends on the weight of the parcel and your location, for an exact quote add items to your basket and select your country.
For full delivery details click here
We offer FREE Returns* when you return your item via Doddle.
You have 28 days* to return your item for a refund or exchange.
If you need to return your purchase for a refund or exchange, we have made the process as easy as possible.
Please click here for full details.
We aim process your return within the same day of it arrives at our premises.
Payment can be made online by any credit or debit card, or by Paypal.
Our site uses the latest 128 bit SSL security, complying with and exceeding all necessary security requirements to protect your details. We do not store any sensitive information (card number, etc).
SSL encrypts your order online to avoid any decoding of that information of anyone other than the necessary processing parties. To check the security of your connection, look at the status bar of your browser window after accessing the server. If you see an unbroken key or a closed lock then, depending upon your browser, SSL is active. You can also double check by looking at the URL line of your browser - while accessing a secure server the first characters of the address will change from HTTP to HTTPS.


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Vizio is known for delivering inexpensive TVs that still manage to perform well, and the bigger sizes in its E series continue the trend.
Check prices
Vizio's E series is a tale of two picture qualities, and the smaller models, while still very good values, don't match the image quality of the bigger ones.
Check prices
Doing its best in its struggle against the Sonos juggernaut, the Bluesound Pulse Flex is a slice of streaming hi-fi in an affordable package.
Check prices
Samsung's most powerful phone means more than its rumored dual cameras and stylus with a built-in speaker.
Moto Z's newest modular accessory is a high-priced way to take 360 video on the go.
A shatter-resistant screen, mods and dual cameras: our first impressions (and drops) of the Force.
The Wallflower is a $170 Wi-Fi-enabled device that sends you alerts when the stove is on and you're not home.
The Buick LaCrosse gets a bit sporty for this year, but why can't it understand simple voice commands?
Could a Nokia 8 superphone put Nokia back on the map?
The over-the-ear headset still has 10 speakers and brings you immersive audio with pinpoint accuracy.


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Soaker doubled -- use?
Reading about amylase enzyme activity online, it seems the ideal temperature for its activity of converting starches to sugars is around 30C / 86F, thereabouts. So I tried it. Yesterday I mixed a preferment using my starter (100% hydration) keeping it at 10C, and separately, a flour soaker (80% hydration), with a pinch of salt and keeping it at 30C / 86F. Both have been at it for about 20 hours so far. When I just checked them, the starter-based preferment had doubled in size, maybe a bit more. To my surprise, so did the Soaker. Both have risen about the same size.
This surprised me a bit, as I have done flour soakers before at normal room temp (20-21C), and have never seen it rise at all. Plus, I added some salt to this soaker. The soaker is full of bubbles, it looks almost identical to my starter-based preferment. Both are a mixture of whole-wheat + spelt flour that I milled.
Since it appears I basically created the beginnings of a new sourdough culture, it was not what I intended. I only wanted the amalyze activity, not any yeast or any other "beasties" going on. It doesn't smell foul, but not the same pleasant "earthy whole grain" as I am normally used to with a soaker.
I had planned to mix them both together in a couple hours and make bread out of it, but now I'm not sure if it is "safe" to consume this soaker, if there is now a wide-range of stuff growing in there, that hasn't yet equalized out to a natural balance.
Any suggestions? I'll probably go ahead with it anyway, the high heat of the oven should kill off everything that might be undesired (if any).


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Spending Habits - Do You Tell Your Spouse About Every Purchase? Would They Know If You Didn't?
So recently I have been thinking about doing a complete redesign for Pretty Pink Momma. I know what your thinking - "didn't you just redesign it a few months ago?", at least that's what my husband thought. Its true, I did have the design itch awhile back but it was more like nine months ago, which in blog terms seems like ions. This time however I am talking way more than a theme update or or background change. I want a completely new look and on top of that I want to switch from Blogger to WordPress. It would be a huge change and that change doesn't come cheap. My need versus my husband's interpretation of my need are two totally different opinions when it comes to this matter.
See, the hubs and I have a deal. I can only spend on my blog what I make from it. Which is great and all during normal circumstances because I typically don't spend much enhancing it on a regular basis. But this redesign will be quite a big chunk of change and I don't always have that much coming in. But I REALLY want to do it. Like, A LOT. So the other day, I decided to put faith in my blog and commit to this redesign without my husband's permission under the assumption that by the time I would need the other half of the deposit I would have earned it.
Besides.... if I hadn't told him what I had planned to do with our money he would be none the wiser.
Because even though he is the official breadwinner of the family I am the unofficial accountant for the family. I do all the budgeting, grocery shopping, bill paying, frivolous spending, etc.. for our family. Not to mention the biggest headache of them all - our taxes. He just brings home the money but I decide where, why and how much gets delegated to what. It's a stressful job but SOMEBODY has to do it.
If you ask me I think he prefers his ignorant bliss. That way when we are short on cash or can't pay a bill he can give me his high and mighty attitude and lecture about all of our crazy spending habits and why its my fault that we're in whatever pickle we're in at that particular moment . Which I think is total BS because I think if he really cared what was going on with our money situation he would make a conscious effort to sit down and learn to pay the bills with me when I do it. Which by the way I have offered to teach him several times throughout the course of our 13 year relationship.
But if he did that then he might have to get off of his high horse and take some responsibility for our overspending.
Luckily for me, the very next morning after I had decided to take matters into my own hands I was asked to take part in a couple of blog projects that will essentially pay for the entire redesign. So, problem solved. I'm happy. My husband's happy. All is right in the world.
But it got me thinking...
How many women out there have total control of the family finances? How much do we spend that our husband's don't know about? Is it justifiable because they choose to let us take the reigns? So we indulge ourselves from time to time with a new purse, or new outfit or in my case - a new blog design. All the while telling ourselves what they don't know won't hurt them.
I admit I am 100% guilty of taking advantage of my husband's trust of our finances. I may not tell him everything, like about those new earrings or that $20 in scratch lotto, but I do tell him about the really important things. Like how much money we have until pay day. Or if I am planning on making a big purchase that its a joint decision not just my own. Or if a credit card isn't paid on time because I forgot to send the payment. Those things he is well aware of. And he even knows when I go on a shopping spree and come back with bags of new clothes.
For the most part my husband wants me buy the things that make me happy - if we can afford them that is. But because I handle our finances ultimately its up to me to decide if we can spare the extra or not. Which sometimes means that I will put out the cash for something I think is really important and he doesn't.
In my opinion, I think that its a consequence of his deliberate decision to exclude himself from the daily task of keeping up with our finances. Therefore he doesn't have a leg to stand on when he complains about the situation. Especially when he knows I am prone to weakness when I spot a great bargain and I know that I could justify the splurge.
I know that some couples have totally different bank accounts and then a joint that they both contribute to for joint bills. However, I only think that this system works if both parties are working and have income coming in. In our case the only extra money I bring in is from blogging and it ain't much! Besides, we have always had one bank account between the two of us. From the moment we moved in together, even though we both worked full time, we shared an account and it has stayed that way.
Obviously money management is a big stressor in many marriages because no matter what system works for you and your spouse it always seems like there is never enough cash flow for each person to spend it exactly as they would want to. I mean really, have you ever heard of a couple fighting because they had too much money and they couldn't agree on how to spend it? I aspire to be that wealthy some day. If only money really did grow on trees!
So what's your take on this subject? Are you in charge of the finances in your relationship? Is your spouse involved in every aspect of the household budget or does that fall only on your shoulders? Do you indulge yourself without your partner's knowledge? Tell me!


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Seafort's Hope(1995)
An omnibus of novels by David Feintuch
October 12, 2194: The UNS Hibernia was bound from Earthport Station to the Hope Nation Colony, a cruise slated to take eighteen months. Seventeen-year-old Midshipman Nicholas Seafort was proud to be aboard. Though he'd done well at the Academy and was ranked senior middy, he knew he had a lot to learn - skills he'd never perfect by the book alone - and he looked forward to serving under Captain Haag. The stop at the derelict Celestina changed everything. Hibernia's launch exploded, killing Haag and two of his three lieutenants. Lieutenant Malstrom assumed the Captaincy, but when cancer claimed his life there was no senior line officer left. So according to the regs, Nicky Seafort reluctantly took command - a young man whose training hadn't prepared him for such daunting possibilities, let alone the crisis that followed - insubordination, an attempted highjacking, and lethal aliens.
Used availability for David Feintuch's Seafort's Hope
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Hardback Editions
August 1995 : USA Hardback
|Title: Seafort's Hope
Author(s): David Feintuch
ISBN: 1-56865-154-6 / 978-1-56865-154-5 (USA edition)
Publisher: Guild America
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
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