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Talk:Letter frequency
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Actually, the source is Cryptographical Mathematics, by Robert Edward Lewand and it does not state the sample size. The 15000 word sample is from someone named Tom's apparnetly independent analysis. hnw555, 11/28/06
The sources for the statistics are taken from: http://www.central.edu/homepages/LintonT/classes/spring01/cryptography/letterfreq.html And are based on a ridiculously small sample size (15000 characters). It might also be copyrighted information.
- Oh dear, I didn't notice that sample size. I think the thing to do is remove the data from this page and link to (preferably several) others with data. Objections? Frencheigh 03:23, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
I found a nice letter frequency calculator and I'm gonna give it input from a largish number of Wikipedia articles. It'll contain some bias from stub templates and things, but it should be a somewhat accurate estimate of the frequencies of letters in the English language. --Ihope127 19:37, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
- ...Whoops, it poofed. Ah well... --Ihope127 13:41, 10 September 2005 (UTC)
- Wikipedia is a very biased source, besides the templates, there are going to be many foreign words which will affect the frequency. For English you'll be better off getting 50MB of text files from Project Gutenberg. -- 6 October 2005
- ...Whoops, it poofed. Ah well... --Ihope127 13:41, 10 September 2005 (UTC)
- I don't think that sort of thing could be used here, as original research is not permitted on Wikipedia. (Wikipedia:No original research)
- I guess the results from Project Gutenberg that I just posted could be construed as original research. If so, I apologize, and I guess take them down. :-( I can provide detailed explanation of my methods and source code, as well as full result data, to anyone interested. Matt Whitlock 21:54, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
- Removed, for interested persons this is when they were added. Frencheigh 17:59, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
- I guess the results from Project Gutenberg that I just posted could be construed as original research. If so, I apologize, and I guess take them down. :-( I can provide detailed explanation of my methods and source code, as well as full result data, to anyone interested. Matt Whitlock 21:54, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
- Meanwhile, I've heard that plain-old data isn't protected by copyright. So instead of what I suggested above, I envision a table where each row is a letter and each column is a different study, and in the cells is the frequency of that letter as given by that study. That way the page would be immediately useful for what I bet is the main reason somebody would want to view it. Anyone know if that would be legal? Frencheigh 23:38, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
Well the data that is in there now doesn't seem terribly good, so much better would be to replace it with something else. There's got to be published sources that have used large representative samples. Any ideas of where to look? - Taxman Talk 18:38, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
Ok I did some searching and found corpus linguistics, which seems a much better way to do it. Summary statistics on the prominent corpus' such as the Brown Corpus and the British National Corpus seems much more valuable than what is in the article. Only I couldn't find them. All I could find when searching was this that lists some interesting letter frequencies in various languages, but they appear to be just from some guys webpage that calculated them. Help on finding summary statistics on the corpus' would be great. - Taxman Talk 22:02, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
You've all misunderstood the original quoted article. The frequencies given in the Wikipedia article are correct; note that they all match the second source quoted of British National Corpus to the accuracy given. The mistake was that the title "Tom's Letter Frequencies (in order)" in the center of the page is NOT the caption to the table above; rather, it is the heading for the paragraph and table BELOW. Note that the paragraph even says it is "below" and also that the second table, based on the 15,000 letter sample, is in "order" of frequency. Thus, the original Wikipedia article should stand as being accurate. (JPP)
- Is the factual accuracy still disputed? Argyriou 20:09, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
- It appears that the four following sections are still based upon that 15,000-char analysis. If there are no objections, I think I'll remove those four sections and attribute the rest above them to "Cryptographical Mathematics" by Robert Edward Lewand. Now, are we sure on the title? "Cryptological Mathematics" gets many more google hits. ([1], [2]). ((signature added later - comment by User:Frencheigh, PDT 15:59, 5 July 2006))
- I've removed the {{disputed}} label. The sections User:Frencheigh removed can be found at [3] Argyriou 21:58, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
- Directly above i was referring to the "Top 10 beginning of word letters", "Top 10 end of word letters", "Most common bigrams (in order)", and "Most common trigrams (in order)" sections, which were present during the above discussion, unlike the other Project Gutenberg ones I deleted recently (on account of their being OR, see farther up). I suppose I'll leave it for a bit again and clarify; I intend to remove all sections but "Relative frequencies of letters", "See also", and "External links", because the others are from the 15000-char analysis. Frencheigh 08:41, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
- Done. Frencheigh 20:15, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
- Directly above i was referring to the "Top 10 beginning of word letters", "Top 10 end of word letters", "Most common bigrams (in order)", and "Most common trigrams (in order)" sections, which were present during the above discussion, unlike the other Project Gutenberg ones I deleted recently (on account of their being OR, see farther up). I suppose I'll leave it for a bit again and clarify; I intend to remove all sections but "Relative frequencies of letters", "See also", and "External links", because the others are from the 15000-char analysis. Frencheigh 08:41, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
- I've removed the {{disputed}} label. The sections User:Frencheigh removed can be found at [3] Argyriou 21:58, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
- It appears that the four following sections are still based upon that 15,000-char analysis. If there are no objections, I think I'll remove those four sections and attribute the rest above them to "Cryptographical Mathematics" by Robert Edward Lewand. Now, are we sure on the title? "Cryptological Mathematics" gets many more google hits. ([1], [2]). ((signature added later - comment by User:Frencheigh, PDT 15:59, 5 July 2006))
When I was a kid, I read a book on cryptography (I think it may have been "The First Book of Codes and Ciphers," which you can see Neal Stephenson reading in his author photo in "Cryptonomicon"!) that gave the frequency list as ETAONRISHDLFCMUGYPWBVKXJQZ. Anyone else recognize this ordering? Anyone know what statistical source it might have come from? I'm obviously not the only one who's ever thought it was the authoritative ordering, since googling that string of letters produces 187 results. --Mr. A. 21:07, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
Chart ordered by frequency would be helpful[edit]
The chart shown graphing letter frequency vs. letter is ordered alphabetically. An additional chart ordering the vertical bars by frequency (rather than alphabetically) would enhance the presentation.
- I generated such a frequency-ordered chart on my Windows system using the Excel spreadsheet chart facility. I have not tried to add the result to the Wiki article because it's relatively ugly and because I couldn't figure out how to convert it to a .png file.
I've found an ordered letter frequency of the english language in this page: http://www.csm.astate.edu/~rossa/datasec/frequency.html The source of the table is: H. Beker and F. Piper, Cipher Systems, Wiley-Interscience, 1982. I don't know if it would be ok to put it here.
How about using this source:
Case-sensitive letter and bigram frequency counts from large-scale English corpora. MN Jones, DJK Mewhort - Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 2004
A link to it can be found here [4]
--Zip123 (talk) 16:37, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
CAN SOMEONE PLEASE ADD INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO GENERATE LETTER FREQUENCY TABLES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES (i.e. from texts that are loaded into a computer program)?!? [18.104.22.168]
I wrote a program that takes a file as input and generates a primitive frequency table...it won't work for Unicode, though. I have to fix that. If you want it, I can upload it to Wikipedia (is that legal?). 7 July 2006 - dargueta
I made a Mathematica Simple Code for this purporse. Save a text with only lower-case characteres and with only letters from a to z (don't use others characteres like á,à,ê etc). Save it with the name Liber. The code is the following.
Doc = Import["Liber.txt"]; Numb = Sum[StringCount[Doc, FromCharacterCode[i]], {i, 97, 122}]; K = Table[{StringCount[Doc, FromCharacterCode[i]]*(100./Numb), FromCharacterCode[i]}, {i, 97, 122}]; TableForm[K[[Ordering[100 - K]]]] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 14:59, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
Statistics from a larger sample size[edit]
In the book The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography by Simon Singh, I found the following table with a caption that reads:
- This table of relative frequencies is based on passages taken from newspapers and novels, and the total sample was 100,362 alphabetic characters. The table was compiled by H. Beker and F. Piper, and originally published in Cipher Systems: The Protection Of Communication.
Note that the values below add to 100.3 due to rounding.
The following table sorts the values given above in order of letter frequency.
- I took a little class on cryptology once, and The Code Book and Cryptological Mathematics were our textbooks. I'm pretty sure they have the same data, but in The Code Book it's rounded. --Ravi12346 19:40, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
sth is a surprise in a list of high-frequency trigrams. On its own it's an abbreviation of south, and I can think of a few words containing it, but not enough to account for its listing here. Can anyone tell me what it is I haven't thought of?
I grepped a dictionary and came up with 414 results... admittedly, almost all of them you wouldn't use in conversation (try "somesthetic" and "chromesthesia"), but there are a couple like 'firsthand' and 'guesthouse' that aren't so outlandish.
is as has was / this the that there they
Trigraphs ignoring spaces may not be of great practical use though. Uldoon 10:33, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
Given that this seems suspicious, and that we have reproducable numbers from PG, might this section (and sections 1-4) be gotten rid of? Onepairofpants 14:38, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
I agree that the top portion of the page should be deleted. The sample size of that portion is 15000 characters with only 2700 words. And the input is definitely biased (license agreement from Sun, teaching philosophy of a computer science professor, letter of recommendation). This is probably why "sth" appears in the results.
American English[edit]
contains a lot more "z"s than British English. 188.8.131.52 03:02, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
Mainly, I assume, thro' a preference for -ize as a suffix in the US rather than -ise; this despite the reverance in which the Oxford English dictionary is held, and its general preference for the former spelling.
Average Word length[edit]
I would be interested to know some more statistics about these letter frequencies, but I lack the skill to extract the relevant information from the PG archive's ample selection of texts; what is the average word length in english? I read somewhere that it was 4.26, though this was with a rather small sample size. Is the distribution of word lengths a standard distribution? if so, what is the std deviation? How does letter frequency vary with word length? obviously at words of 1 letter, the frequencies will be 0 apart from "I", "A" and possibly "O"... Would anyone have the ability and the capability to satisfy my curiosity? 22.214.171.124 20:59, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
Wheel of Fortune[edit]
So...H and D appear more than L, but the "gimme" letters in the last round of Wheel of Fortune are RSTLNE. That should appear somewhere towards the bottom of this article. --JD79 19:20, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
- Pure speculation here, but (1) I think those are the gimme letters because people had gotten the idea that they were a "good set" and guessed the exact same letters all the time, and the producers probably wanted to mix it up; and (2) if you've already guessed S and T, you can probably infer the locations of H's, as well as the likelihood of the last letter's being D (the past tense prefix no doubt being the reason why D is so common). --Mr. A. 04:21, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
"Text messages"?[edit]
From the article:
- "The frequency of letters in text messages has often been studied for use in cryptography..."
In the UK at least, the term "text messages" (SMS messages TO SOME DUMBASSES), and readers could hardly understand it to mean anything else. However, from the context it doesn't seem very likely that this was the intended meaning, at least not exclusively. If not then I suggest "text messages" is replaced by just "text". I won't change it just yet in case anyone has a good reason why it should read as it does. Matt 20:36, 21 April 2007 (UTC).
- I think you're absolutely right, and I've gone ahead and made the change. --Mr. A. 10:49, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
Hemingway and Faulkner[edit]
I've removed the Hemingway vs Faulkner section in Letter frequencies, again, because, aside from the quote about conventional use of punctuation, it's unreferenced, and may be original research. It's also not really germane to the article; showing that two particular works have different letter frequencies doesn't really say anything about those writers' styles - they may have chosen character or place names which account for the entire discrepancy. An analysis, to be meaningful, would need to show similarities across all of an author's works for several authors, and consistent differences between authors. If there is any published literature on the subject, then it would be appropriate to summarize it and include it in this article under a section heading such as letter frequency variation and authorial style. Argyriou (talk) 19:39, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
I recall having read a book that used an alphabet ordered by frequency, beginning with the letters above, that was useful in solving substitution ciphers. Searching for "etaonrish" on Google gets quite a few results, too, so I wonder why this order isn't discussed in this article. B7T (talk) 04:11, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
- This is the list that I mention at the end of the Dispute section above. I'd be interested in knowing where this list of frequencies came from. --Geenius at Wrok (talk) 10:41, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
- If the title in that section is correct, a query on Amazon.com suggest that the book in question may be a children's book, The First Book of Codes and Ciphers by Sam and Beryl Epstein, illustrated by Laszlo Roth, published in 1956, if anyone wants to try to find a copy to verify it; I'm fairly certain that I first heard of this sequence in a different book for young people. A search for "etaonrish" on Amazon.com yielded results of its mention in five other books in the context of ciphers or cryptography, none of which are children's books (although one is about activities to do with children). B7T (talk) 19:44, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
- If you ever figure it out, perhaps it would also be useful in the ETAOIN SHRDLU article. --184.108.40.206 (talk) 17:21, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
- The full sequence of the letters is ETAONRISHDLFCMUGYPWBVKXJQZ and can be found in a children's book by the name of "Alvin's Secret Code" 1963 by Clifford B. Hicks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 17:37, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
- This sequence is also mentioned in the children's book "Codes and Secret Writing" by Herbert Zim (1971). According to Zim, "Many studies of the frequency of letters in the English language have been made. Samuel Morse made such a study when he made his Morse Code. Edgar Allan Poe did too. Dozens of other studies are all in reasonably close agreement. The printer who sets up type knows this fact about our alphabet and uses it every day. The case in which he keeps his type is divided up into compartments. The letters used most get the largest boxes and those that are easiest to reach." (p71) Dabley2 (talk) 13:15, 2 May 2017 (UTC)
German ä, ö, and ü[edit]
This list is immediately suspect. Although I have no figures to back it up, I know enough German to wager that these three letters are nowhere near the given zero percent. Mamarazzi (talk) 05:35, 16 June 2008 (UTC)
- The appendix to Fletcher Pratt's classic Secret and Urgent also gives a frequency table for German that omits these letters; it notes that umlauted a, o, and u have been counted with the non-umlauted a, o, and u. The reason for doing this is not explained. Perhaps in telegraphy they were treated the same? 126.96.36.199 (talk) 12:30, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
- In The American Cryptogram Association's Xenocrypyts, umlauts and other diacritical remarks are stripped. Pratt does seem to have been a member:
- http://voynichcentral.com/transcriptions/Voynich-101/strong_letters.pdf.
- My guess would be that the frequency tables he printed had been compiled by members of the ACA.
- --jdege (talk) 22:18, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
Shouldn't we be warning readers about potential problems in the data? I know German but blithely copied the data without thinking, assuming them to be correct until I started seeing major anomalies in the statistical totals I was tabulating across languages! If I hadn't noticed this, it could have thrown my work way out!Matthew Slyman (talk) 09:07, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
- I've just noticed the discrepancy as well. It should be fixed since its incorrect and misleading. Both this page, and its German Wikipedia equivalent cite the same source but unfortunately, I do not have a copy the source available. The German page says that ä, ö, and ü were counted as if they were ae, oe, and ue (standard practice when those characters aren't available). It also states the ligature ſz (which would later develop into ß) is counted independently from ß itself, which suggests some older texts were used in the analysis. Ideally another source should be found if possible. Note I do in fact assume the German page is right, since its totals sum to around 100% while the English page sums to about 102 or 103%. 18.104.22.168 (talk) 03:45, 4 October 2013 (UTC)
This is a great article, but I would find it useful to include the apostrophe character in the list of characters for which data is gathered, sorted by frequency, etc. I recall that in some languages (including English?) the apostrophe has a higher frequency than a few other letters of the alphabet. I went to this Wikipedia page to check this, but couldn't find such information, because the apostrophe is not even considered. Even more importantly, in languages like Italian the apostrophe can be part of a word. Even in languages like English or German there may be scenarios where one could wish to include the apostrophe (as used in possessives and contractions) in such statistics. Hi-Toro (talk) 01:19, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
- Frequencies are inherently a property of the specific type of text. The traditional letter frequency counts are from telegraph text - upper case, with numbers spelled out and punctuation either dropped or spelled out. Mixed case, with punctuation, and/or with spaces, and/or with umlauts/accents/etc., will all have different frequency counts. As will Baudot code, ASCII, every different flavor of Unicode, etc.
- We can't possibly include tables for them all.
- jdege (talk) 01:43, 23 March 2011 (UTC)
Move to "Letter frequency"?[edit]
Shouldn't this article be moved to Letter frequency per WP:SINGULAR? Leon math (talk) 21:47, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
From what it can be read, it might be either because English people do not know how to use a keyboard, or because dictionary spelling is not enforced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 22:29, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
French ë?[edit]
Why is the ë 0.000% instead of 0? Is there only one word in their entire language with it? And is it only used in certain times of year? (Noël) Is Noël the only example? Is it 0.000% because the percentage is less than 0.000% but greater than 0? Uber-Awesomeness (talk) 19:49, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
- Off top of my head, I can think of "canoë", "continguë", "ambiguë", "noël", "exiguë", "ciguë", "aiguë", and "Israël", "Staël", "Saint-Saëns". We also use "ü" in "capharnaüm", "Saül", "Esaü". And of course, we use lots of "ï" as in "ambiguïté", "exiguïté", "égoïste", "aïeul", "glaïeul", "haïr", "maïs", "coïncider", "inouï", etc... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 00:58, 16 April 2009 (UTC)
Diactric in english language[edit]
Why not to include in statistics English diacritics such as those within English terms with diacritical marks article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 22:23, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
Letter Frequency Not Reliable Enough?[edit]
I do not think that the English letter frequency on this page is very reliable. The source (http://pages.central.edu/emp/LintonT/classes/spring01/cryptography/letterfreq.html) only counted 15000 characters, which is not really enough to get a good picture of letter frequency. It only uses three documents, all of which are relatively specialized and so do not accurately represent letter frequency in the language as a whole.
Additionally, letter frequency from Project Gutenberg alone (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letter_frequencies&diff=48178370&oldid=45375638) is unreliable, as it only contains certain types of text and styles of writing. A combination of styles is necessary to be truly reliable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Humanperson0 (talk • contribs) 19:38, 28 June 2009 (UTC)
(http://letterfrequency.org/) cites letter frequency as "e t a o i n s r h l d c u m f p g w y b v k x j q z". I do not know how reliable that site is, but my own study of letter frequency (http://mtgap.bilfo.com/letter_frequency.html) – in which I used 750,000 characters and a variety of writing styles – came up with the same result so it's probably pretty reliable. Also, the site includes many different types of frequency (word frequency, letter frequency in religious writings, etc) which points towards the study being thorough.
I do not have the skill necessary to completely modify the English section of the letter frequency page, but I recommend that it be seriously modified. The letter frequency that is currently used is unreliable.
Humanperson0 (talk) 19:24, 28 June 2009 (UTC)
- I don't think we should be doing our own frequency counts. That would be original research. We should be referring to - and citing - frequency counts which we can can properly document via reliable sources. Yes, different sources have different frequency counts, but different kinds of text have different letter frequencies. We shouldn't try to hide that.
- --jdege (talk) 12:34, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
As someone who's interested in these frequencies in order to teach someone Braille, I'd like to point out that the deaf and blind folks have a slightly different ordering. Maybe it's worth it to mention, although, to be fair, they don't cite their sources either: http://www.deafandblind.com/word_frequency.htm for what it's worth Phillipkwood (talk) 22:39, 10 July 2009 (UTC)
The English letter frequency counts in the article from http://pages.central.edu/emp/LintonT/classes/spring01/cryptography/letterfreq.html (at the top of the webpage) as well as the bigram and trigram frequencies listed at the bottom of the webpage are from Cryptological Mathematics by Robert Lewand, pages 36 and 37 respectively (google books link:[5]) and are NOT based on the webpage author Tom Linton's own 15000 character sample. (Lewand's book is approaching letter statistics from the perspective of cryptanalysis of messages with all spaces stripped, which gives the odd distribution of trigrams: some like "edt" and "sth" are found mostly across word boundaries.) It seems more appropriate to cite Lewand's book rather than Linton's website for the numbers used in the article so as to avoid any confusion with Linton's own low-quality dataset. I'm not sure what corpus Lewand used, but it must have been much larger than 15,000 characters. Alternatively, if we could find a reliable source that actually states what corpus they used, that could be better. --Speight (talk) 02:36, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
Toki Pona[edit]
I must question whether Toki Pona — a constructed language of recent origin, with only a few dozen users, and intentionally designed not to be of general use as an international auxiliary language — is sufficiently notable to merit inclusion in the "Relative frequencies of letters in other languages" table. Comments? Richwales (talk · contribs) 06:11, 22 December 2010 (UTC)
There is absolutely no excuse for the obscure Toki Pona to be in this article. The language itself is not really notable enough to deserve an article (I'm shocked it has one). If the goal is to include a made-up language, I'd suggest Pig Latin. If the goal is to include a language with a very different distribution, I'd suggest Hawaiian. If it weren't such a pain to edit tables on Wikipedia, I would have ripped Toki Pona out already. Perhaps someone knows of an easier way to edit tables. RoyLeban (talk) 22:06, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
There is already a "made-up" language in the article, Esperanto. This designed language is in use by many people all over the word, so covering another made up language by including Toki Pona or Pig Latin isn't necessary unless those languages have interest in their own right. Decorian (talk) 13:12, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
My impression[edit]
I have always understood that - although, admittedly, there is dispute about this - the most common letters in English by popular consent are - in decreasing order of frequency - ETAONRISH
I am not sure what comes next in the list, but it would probably be D followed by U or L. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 17:22, 24 March 2011 (UTC)
Universal translator?[edit]
Is there a source for letter frequency by language more generally? (That is, for languages not tabulated here.) It seems to me it would be useful to mention or link to, for people wanting more information. TREKphiler any time you're ready, Uhura 16:29, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
Strictly WP:OR[edit]
Entirely original research, but if anyone is seeking independent confirmation of (approximate) letter frequencies, I'd recommend taking a look at their computer keyboard. My netbook - a few months old - had a matt surface on the keys. The well-used ones are now glossy... AndyTheGrump (talk) 03:15, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
At 7 paragraphs, the intro for this article appears to be excessive. Rather than deleting any content, perhaps some of the material could be moved into its own section or merged with others. I'd like to add a cleanup tag, called {{lead too long}}, to resolve this problem ... unless there are objections, or a specific reason for the verbosity? — VoxLuna ☾ orbitland 22:11, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
Data miscopied from source?[edit]
Upon comparing the letter frequencies in the first table of this Wiki article against the source citation [4], I find that the frequencies for the three letters K, V, W do not agree with the source, as follows:
|Freq in Wiki
|Freq in [4]
As verification, the sum of the frequencies of all 26 letters of the alphabet should add up to 1. The frequencies listed in the Wikipedia article add up to 1.00038. The frequencies listed in the source [4] add up to .99999 (differs from 1 presumably due to roundoff). I went ahead and revised the numbers for these three letters in the Wiki table to match those of the source [4]. AlanSiegrist (talk) 15:31, 14 October 2012 (UTC)
- Not sure what "[4]" source you were talking about last year, but the current article seems a little confusing, citing the 1982 Cipher Systems for the letter frequencies "listed below", then telling the reader that it differs from some Cornell table, then saying that the Concise Oxford dictionary includes some analysis, before finally saying that the Wikipedia list is using "this table" - sourced to some coder's personal website! The data seems to match the numbers on the coder's site, but he doesn't say where he got them from, only vaguely citing a 2000 textbook as "sources".
- I've tried to clean this up by cutting the first statement as false, moving the second after the table, leaving the third and explaining the fourth. But what do we think is the best source to use here? --McGeddon (talk) 18:53, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
Tables do not add up to 100%[edit]
The sum of the frequency of the letters for the languages English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Esperanto, Italian, Turkish, Swedish, Polish, Dutch, Danish, Icelandic, and Finnish are currently 100.00%, 99.16%, 102.36%, 104.47%, 104.09%, 99.99%, 101.14%, 94.01%, 100.00%, 108.01%, 101.59%, 100.00%, 100.00%, and 100.00%. Whilst I understand that frequencies may not always add up to 100%, I cannot imagine why they should ever exceed 100%. I cannot avoid the conclusion that some letters are being counted twice. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 14:08, 15 February 2014 (UTC)
- It's possible that the diacritics are being counted twice - checking a reference at random, the source for the Portuguese distribution differs slightly (it totals 100.01% versus this article's 104.09% - the .01% is presumably just a rounding error, although H, W and X have different values) and it says absolutely nothing about diacritics, so perhaps somebody just added them afterwards from a different source. --McGeddon (talk) 09:58, 21 February 2014 (UTC)
- Looks like these edits from May/June 2013 might be the culprit - an IP editor added more diacritic rows and updated the stats for every language, somehow bumping them up to three decimal places of accuracy despite the sources only using two. Assuming good faith, this could have been somebody running their own analysis of corpus texts and getting a finer level of accuracy, but it's left us with a lot of data that doesn't match its sources, and apparently doesn't quite add up. --McGeddon (talk) 10:05, 21 February 2014 (UTC)
Apparently corrupted data[edit]
On the 5th through the 8th of July 2014 three IP-numbers: [6], [7], [8] made unsourced changes in the article, mainly in the table with data from other languages, amongst them Polish, Turkish and Dutch data. For some of the data I can not read or understand the original language, from what I can read I discovered (intentional) errors. Today I'll revert only those from the Dutch language to the source data. --VanBuren (talk) 15:05, 16 July 2015 (UTC)
- Good catch. As the tag at the top of the table says, the numbers do not match the supposed sources. This is noticeable with the number of decimal places in the Dutch column, which are almost entirely given to only two decimal places in the cited source. We should change everything to match the sources. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 15:15, 16 July 2015 (UTC)
All of these languages use a similar 25+ character alphabet.[edit]
Why 25? This number seems a bit random. All aforementioned languages have 26 or more letters, the exception being Italian with only 21 official letters. 25 can't be the average either [French (26), German (26), Spanish (27), Portuguese (26), Esperanto (28), Italian (21), Turkish (29), Swedish (29), Polish (32), Dutch (26), Danish (29), Icelandic (32), Finnish (28), Czech (42)]. --188.8.131.52 (talk) 11:12, 5 March 2016 (UTC)
So... what is the list of most frequent first letters?[edit]
Quoted directly from the article:
The first letter of an English word, from most to least common, s a c m p r t b f g d l h i e n o w u v j k q y z x.[16]
The first letter of an English word, from most to least common, t o a w b c d s f m r h i y e g l n p u j k[17]
So which is the correct list? 22.214.171.124 (talk) 20:57, 31 May 2016 (UTC)
- I'm unsure, but the former may be a list of the most common words organized by word count. It might also refer to names and such, given the text above, which definitely refers to names. Still, 's' is almost certainly more common than eighth, right? The second one also does not list a few letters, but these are the quite rare 'v', 'q', 'x', & 'z', which might lend more credence to the source (the discrepancies are too insignificant), but at the same time might suggest that a small sample was use. I'm removing the former one, on the basis that it is probably about names, not words in text, but if anyone prefers the other, here is the source/code, with spaces in the < ref > tags. Alternatively, if someone has access to the source, could you please check if that has to do with names, and if so, add it in as such?
- The first letter of an English word, from most to least common, s a c m p r t b f g d l h i e n o w u v j k q y z x.< ref name="ohlman" >Herbert Marvin Ohlman. "Subject-Word Letter Frequencies with Applications to Superimposed Coding". [9] Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information (1959).</ ref >
- --Blanket P.I. (talk) 23:33, 6 July 2016 (UTC)
Uppercase/lowercase Frequency[edit]
This article only addresses the frequency of letters without distinction of whether they are occur in lowercase or uppercase in the corps of texts analyzed. For instance, in the books of Project Gutenberg (mentioned here), there certainly are enough words with uppercase letters - mainly at the beginning of a sentence - to make that distinction meaningful. In some applications, (e.g. text compression) this information is indeed valuable. Since the article is titled "Letter frequency" and uppercase letters are different from lowercase letters, I'd argue that addressing this point belongs into this article.Havajsky (talk) 19:57, 30 March 2017 (UTC)
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text:
Um, it just says he wants to play 2. How is this any indicator let along a rumor?
I found some decent replay value. Ive been looking for all the collectibles and achievements. DLC could make the game that much greater but it should be cheaper.
Same. I just hope these are episodes that last for hours and not just mini pieces. For $10, I want a new episode with multiple parts.
I wonder what soon is. Since Signal comes out in July, the next one must be later on if its going by the same time delay thing. They should be cheaper though, $10 is alot, depending on what we get though.
Thank you. People are so damn slow these days. Anything will be compared to anything.
Really guys? Grow up.
When ever I face a racist idiot online I go off on them, because 98% of the time they are incredibly stupid and can't argue without repeating my last said thing, and resorting to names.
I did like to see that there will be more suits, and that they really do know that people are scared about no fear in DS2. I trust Steve when he says that, hes really into horror, and Extraction was a great game.
Im a console gamer, and will most likely get this for 360, but damn, I really do want to play this with the best graphics possible.
I was glad to see not just some gray people necromorphs. Love the gore.
Its most likely Isabella. Capcom is corny that one. Just like we all knew it was Jill under that mask in RE5.
3 hours.
Very old news.
So its an article on something that everyone knows?
There are reports it may be a remake of SH 2. Fans will scream...
The whole 10 seconds ?! No way!
Conker 2 please!!!!!!!!
This news is like 2 months old. How quick people forget.
If you arent lying your ass off how is it worth it? Do you have Natal right now? Can you use your new party chat r expanded friend list? No. So you fail.
"The latency for the Playstation Move is under one frame" – Scott Rohde, vice president of product development, SCEA.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This is a lovely family run hotel. We ski every year and stay in 4 star hotels, this has been the best by far! We will definitely stay again. The owners are hands on and ensure everything is to their very high standard. The staff are incredibly helpful, nothing is too much trouble. From the moment we arrived it was clear they wanted our stay to be perfect.The restaurant service and food was first class. Silver, linen service with on the night choice of the most wonderfully prepared food and yet they catered for my teenage son who wanted chips or pasta. The pool, jacuzzi and sauna were together, good size and not busy, even in high season. The spa for over 16 year olds was tranquil with excellent facilities and everything you would expect of a true spa experience. Sass Fee is a picturesque, traditional village with atmosphere. All the shops had very helpful staff, they were actually pleased you were there! The skiing was really good, lots of excellent reds, ski school for beginners really good, a couple of very long flowing blues, and a few scary blacks! There are also sledge and toboggan runs, we did an awsome 6km sledge run, fantastic fun, a must do. If you want nice people, with lots to do, in a great hotel, book this one!!
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- A warm welcome in our Hotel Metropol Saas-Fee Arriving and feeling directly at home. Spread yourself out in our cosy and comfortable rooms. Find everything you need and even something more. The personal led 4-star hotel in the carfree village center of Saas-Fee offers you a perfect view to our majestic Glacier and Mountains. Get new energy in our holiday hotel with personal ambiance. Start your day with a big and well balanced breakfast buffet. After varied and active hours, relax in our Best Wellness or with a Massage. The Metropol also provide the only indoorski slope in Switzerland. ... more less
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Republican Gubernatorial Candidate Bill Brady today released the following statement on Quinn's deal with AFSCME;
"Like his former boss Rod Blagojevich, Pat Quinn has sold out the people of Illinois. After weeks of public denials to the contrary, Pat Quinn now admitted he long ago signed this eleventh hour, backroom deal with the same union leaders expected to pour millions of dollars into his campaign."
"I have repeatedly joined good government groups and editorial boards statewide in urging Pat Quinn not to sign this pay-to-play deal. It limits Illinois' options for solving our fiscal crisis, jeopardizes the long-term benefits of state rank and file employees, and costs taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars in the midst of the worst recession in our history."
"By refusing to immediately disclose any new contributions from the same union leaders with whom he's negotiated this state contract, Pat Quinn continues to place his own political crisis before our fiscal crisis."
Source: http://www.bradyforillinois.com/news/press-releases/288-brady-statement-on-quinn-deal-with-afscme


text:
A hundred years ago, primitive movie narratives would go back in time to show both sides of an event, as, for example, firemen called to a blazing house and the experience of the people trapped by the fire. Soon, with the discovery of montage, crosscutting and the flashback, the new language and grammar of film developed. By 1956, Stanley Kubrick's The Killing could jolt an audience by reverting to the primitive technique of turning back in time to show the roles of different participants during the course of a complex racetrack robbery.
There has, however, always been the possibility of simultaneous action being presented simultaneously by multiplying the images - Abel Gance experimented with a triple screen in Napoleon during the silent era; the short-lived Circlerama process had the audience promenading in an arena surrounded by a panorama of images; during the Sixties, a number of mainstream pictures (Frankenheimer's Grand Prix and Jewison's The Thomas Crown Affair ) used multiple images to rather chic effect; currently at the National Theatre, Alan Ayckbourn's House and Garden simultaneously cover two aspects of the same event in adjoining theatres with the same actors.
Now, Mike Figgis has had the idea of dividing the screen into four segments and following a group of characters over 90 minutes of unbroken time, using a digital video camera so that there are no cuts, thus going far beyond the elaborate 10-minute takes of Hitchcock and Miklós Jancsó. The experience is not unlike that of a security guard constantly having to keep an eye on a bank of screens to spot intruders or shoplifters, except that in this case everyone in sight has a familiar movie face and they're all carefully miked.
The time is an autumn afternoon in Hollywood. As the movie begins, in the top left-hand corner, a rich lesbian (Jeanne Tripplehorn) with a stretch limo, is taking her flighty Hispanic lover (Salma Hayek) to an audition. In the top-right frame, a distressed woman (Saffron Burrows) is talking of a failing marriage to her shrink (Glenne Headley). The bottom-left image takes in the lobby of the independent film company, Red Mullet Productions (the title of Figgis's firm), where a notice announces that auditions are being held for Bitch From Louisiana . The bottom-right screen shows an office where the studio's young executives wait the arrival of their inspirational chief, Alex (Stellan Skarsgard).
Over the next 90 minutes, as the characters criss-cross and collide, moving from one frame to another, we come to understand the relationships (for example, the woman in therapy is the producer's wife, who, in turn, is the lover of the Hispanic actress) and to recognise them as Tinseltown types - the coke-sniffing director, the alcoholic executive at the end of his tether, the disgusted wife, the suave agent.
That they carry conviction stems from the fact that the performers, who are ad-libbing, know these people and their jargon, though towards the end there are some awkward moments.
The action is punctuated by four jarring earth tremors (surely a record for one afternoon in LA) and like most Hollywood tales (Fitzgerald intended to conclude The Last Tycoon with Monroe Stahr's murder), the film leads towards a violent death.
Time Code is a virtuoso exercise of timing, lighting and planning; one marvels at the sang-froid of Figgis, his cast and crew. Though he constantly directs us to the dominant image of the moment by lowering the sound in the other panels, we're always watching what's going on elsewhere from the corner of our eye.
In the long take that opens Altman's The Player , several characters discuss the nature of the long takes in Welles and Hitchcock. In Time Code , a pretentious woman director, quoting Leibnitz, Borges, Eisenstein, and the Bauhaus theorists, makes a pitch to executives of Red Mullet about a film that uses multiple screens and continuous takes to tell a story in which 'the audience will provide the synthesis'. She's describing the film we're watching and though Alex the producer calls it 'the most pretentious shit I ever heard', they agree to green-light her movie.
Will Time Code lead some where or is it a one-off? The Danish films from the soon-defunct Dogme group made us reconsider the technique of current mainstream cinema and it may well be that this California syrup of Figgis may prove a useful intellectual purgative.
It makes us think about the way our perception of the world has been affected by film. But entertaining as it is, Time Code is physically taxing and one recalls those doctors in the early part of the last century who cautioned that the flickering screen could make you blind.
I admire this film, but emerged from it feeling exhausted, the way you do from a cocktail party where the chatter has been deafening and you've been anxiously glancing around, wondering whether conversation in other parts of the room was more interesting.


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text: Des Moines, Iowa For six years in a row, Republicans in the Iowa House have broken state law and refused to set basic state funding for public schools. When session began, Republican leaders insisted they wanted to take quick action to resolve the school funding issue this year, but its clear that was just empty rhetoric. Republicans in the House have broken the law for six straight years and are refusing to set basic funding for public schools again this year, said House Democratic Leader Mark Smith of Marshalltown.Iowas school funding law says lawmakers must set K-12 school funding 18 months in advance to guarantee its the top budget priority and to give schools time to plan. It forces the Legislature to consider education funding first and then fill in the rest of the state budget later.When Republicans break the law and refuse to compromise, it comes at the expense of our kids. We know the constant delays and anemic state investment in Iowa public schools leads to higher class sizes, old textbooks, and outdated technology, said Smith. Republicans need to drop the excuses and start listening to school leaders, parents, and students. Its time to make public schools our top priority again.The Iowa Senate has approved a 4% increase in basic state funding for public schools on Tuesday.


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Presenting comfortable accommodation and excellent service in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere, this hotel is an ideal spot for guests to spend an enjoyable holiday. The hotel comprises a total of 64 guest rooms and features a hotel safe, lift access, an on-site bar and restaurant, laundry service and car parking.
Located on Quellenstrasse, this spa hotel is a 35-minute drive from the business metropolis. It enjoys an idyllic location in Zurzach on the edge of the Black Forest. The resort centre is just 200 metres away and there guests will find a number of tourist attractions. Links to the public transport network can be reached in just 5 minutes by foot, Zurzach Castle and the River Rhine are both 500 metres away and Baden is 20 km from the accommodation. Zurich International Airport can be reached in just over half an hour by car.
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Venue for Techorama 2017
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HELP! I Would Like Your Input...Scared of Rhinoplasty... - Newport Beach, CA
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I've always wanted a slight nasal modification. My nose is not a bad nose but has been on the larger side and I've been wanting it slightly softer/more feminine looking. Later in life, my septum also became deviated causing its own little annoyances on top of aesthetic discrepencies that I've had. The problem was, I hadn't found a Dr. who produced the natural results I was looking for. Finally, once I did, I was way too scared to actually go through with it...it's one of the hardest procedures to perform and its also a permanent change right on your face. It's intense! About 3 years after meeting Dr. John Shamoun and first speaking with him about my nose.. I had saved the money, done my BA with him to test the waters, established serious trust, got up the guts, and I booked the date for my rhinoplasty/septoplasty. The rest is history.
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MachineryGuide Offers Smartphone Guidance for Agriculture
MachineryGuide is a new GPS guidance system for Android that gives farmers the ability to use their smartphones for precision guidance. With the help of MachineryGuide, the cultivated area and overlaps can be displayed. The guidance application helps farmers in edging along the ideal track by gearing to straight reference lines. With the application and an antenna from MachineryGuide, farmers can... read more


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Holland Patent teacher criticizes Superintendent for not considering...
There are 167 comments on the WSTM-TV Syracuse story from Feb 15, 2013, titled Holland Patent teacher criticizes Superintendent for not considering.... In it, WSTM-TV Syracuse reports that:
Parents and staff of the Holland Patent School District are at odds with the Superintendent's decision not to cancel school after the death of 16-year-old student Anusha Yagey on Tuesday .
Join the discussion below, or Read more at WSTM-TV Syracuse.
#148 Feb 27, 2013
The Town of Floyd used to plow from 291/365 intersection to Floyd. I'm not sure if the County plows that section now or not. The County still plows 365 from Barneveld to 291.
#149 Feb 27, 2013
i have lived in floyd since 1985 and i dont think floyd has plowed 365 since i have been here. county has plowed it. down to blinking light.
Since: Feb 13
Location hidden
#150 Mar 1, 2013
We think the county does plow it, however if the county has to take up the slack for the state plows when they pull their plows out of our area there should be some communication, some other plan to keep our roads safe and our schools safe along with our emergency facilities. What I am trying to accomplish here is to get a plan into effect so their is communication between these agencies and our schools to help minimize accidents. I do realize that accidents happen but it just seems unreal that there is no plan in place on what roads get plowed first.I guess I just believe all routes to all schools should be one of the first to get plowed and this should be written down. Like a drunk driver causing a tragic accident started the organization MADD...we should all take this opportunity to find out how our towns/cities procedures work when it comes to plowing schools. Lets help keep our children safe.What do you think?
#152 Mar 1, 2013
I think that the conduits carrying the most traffic should be plowed first and on down the line. If I lived in an area where my road is the last to be plowed then I would not send my children to school until there is safe passage. I'm just as capable of determining a snow day as anybody else. There are plenty of communication avenues already in place, so I'm not sure more interference is necessary or wise at this time. Getting children to school safely should be handled by busing and no student should be allowed to drive to school, except in special circumstances. These would include students who are also taking on-campus college courses, working after school or in extreme cases, medical/dental appointments.
#153 Mar 1, 2013
genius, that is how roads are plowed, retard.
#154 Mar 1, 2013
Thanks for agreeing with me, you lousy bass turd. seriously, you think that I didn't know that, talk about being retarded. Poster #150 asked for an opinion. You're so damn smart, "Where is NYS Rte. 920V?
#155 Mar 1, 2013
920v is in Remsen and runs to Prospect. Maintained by the State.
You're the same dumbass "Just Me" who spews the same crap on WKTV and the OD. comical!
#156 Mar 2, 2013
You have no concept of Freedom of Speech, ergo, you are a typical liberal bass turd.
#157 Mar 2, 2013
oh you have the freedom to spout off and look retarded, and you do it so well!!!
BTW, Free Speech is not guaranteed on sites like the Utica OD and WKTV since there are Terms of Service rules that dictate what you can and cannot post. Even Topix has a TOS governing posting. Your Freedom of Speech is constitutional protected that the Government cannot deprive you of, not private websites.
Epic lou sir fail!
#158 Mar 2, 2013
Wow take a look at wwww.publicschoolreview.com and look up Holland Patent. 96% graduation rate, 10% higher than state average. Sounds like we got a serious case of kids learning going on there. This is outrageous, we need to do something ASAP. We need to all meet up at Stewarts and figure out how we can bring this up at the next BOE meeting. We need to make signs that say Stop the Learning, Education Harms Children, Let's Bring Our Scores Down. Also I heard there might be a Sequester about to happen in the federal government, let's bring this up too.
#159 Mar 2, 2013
Since: Feb 13
#160 Mar 3, 2013
What's the average of those 96% graduates that go to college? Of those that do go to college how many graduate with a degree? Now here's the kicker, how many of those that got into college were prepared? Bring those stats into play. Tell the whole truth not just parts of it. Graduating is just the beginning. High school should teach you about life not how to breeze through. No child left behind has failed this country. Look into that.
#161 Mar 3, 2013
Oh Samantha. NCLB is a program for disadvantaged students. It was set up to make sure schools did yearly state assessments and that poor city schools performed well. It tagged and tracked s hools that were low performing and made them accountable. They were called in need of improvement. HP has never been on that list. Their scores are decent. NCLB was about state test performance.
If you look at state report cards for the school you hate, you'll find them pretty good! HP is a top performing school. And the stat is 97% graduated from H P last year. It was in the paper. Second best rate in Oneida county. It was on the HP website for a while. That rate isn't how many go to college, it's how many graduated.
#162 Mar 3, 2013
LOL aren't you a nasty cuunt!
Since: Feb 13
#163 Mar 4, 2013
So how about this, how many graduates were prepared for the "real" world? It's not about being disadvantage. Education is not about learning the facts, but training of the mind to think. Albert Einstein said this, the education now SUCKS. We have failed. The administration has failed its student. All students are being disadvantaged, every where not just HP. The state report cards are based on the state test that you are taught to. You are taught to take a test and get the best score so your school can get more aid. You wanna say that graduating high school means something, guess what... It doesn't anymore. I never said I hated my Alma Mater. I hate what it has become. I hate the people that are causing the school to have a bad name. I know people that have kids ready for school that moved out of the district to avoid their kids going to HP. What does that show? No matter what it says on a piece of paper, no matter what a rating says, oh and there are 4 schools that have been scores than HP, no matter what at this point and time something needs to change. HP needs to change. Though were but a country high school,
Of name unknown to fame
To our colors we are loyal,
Our heritage we claim;
We defend the gold and purple,
Wherever we may be,
Our hearts forever faithful
To the old school in H.P.
#164 Mar 4, 2013
Nobody reads posts longer than three sentences.
#165 Mar 4, 2013
Samantha, I have 3 children in HP schools right now. One is a senior and I have no doubt that she will do very well in college next year. I have absolutely no problem with the education they are receiving. My senior has taken MVCC and AP classes and has done extremely well. Nobody can plan on succeeding in life on just a high school education so there is no way for them to prepare you for the "real world" as you say.
#166 Mar 4, 2013
Was Phil Lucason really fired from HP?
#167 Mar 4, 2013
#168 Mar 11, 2013
Riding the bus to school is safer.
The state has several legal excuses -if you dont think the roads are safe keep youre child at home.
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Pictures in this gallery is available as Limited edition prints/canvases
Fine Art order are printed using stringent digital process, coloured profiled using archival pigment inks and archival paper, and it is the result of extensive in-house work to ensure that they are as true to the original as possible while meeting archival standards.
Michael AW oversees the entire printing workflow and signs each print.
To order, take note of the image name/file number
|+61 43083 3838


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Before Hurricane Katrina, the coast of Louisiana was disappearaing at a rate of up to 50 square miles a year. And now the news is out that, in one day, Katrina took another 118 square miles of coast away.
That is alarming. The more we lose, the more frequently we can expect to lose land in the future because there is less land to hold what is left in place.
The federal government was quibling about supporting a $14 billion plan to restore the coast before Katrina. Now it is planning to spend over $100 billion just to help restore what was lost in the storm. And that wont restore the coast.
A healthy coast for Louisiana would be the best levee system the state can have. Every 2 1/2 miles of wetlands reduces tidal surges during hurricanes by one foot. If the wetland disappearance continues, then all the levees in the world wont help us.
That $14 billion program was well planned. It could be implemented in coming years to protect the human and wildlife populations of south Louisiana that produce abundantly for our country.
Before the storm, the Bush administration offered to support a small part of the program over a 10-year period to help prove the overall plan would work before heading into the full $14 billion program. Considering the amount of destruction to our coast resulting from Katrina, we need to shorten that 10 years to only 2 or 3 if we are to pursue the program piece meal. And we dont need to study it 2 or 3 years before doing it. If there are any obvious changes that have to be made after Katrina, it can be done in a few weeks.
The program is already planned. Lets get on with it now.


text:
Alright so here's the deal. Reality-warping isn't something any person here has really touched upon, at least to my knowledge, besides well me. I've used it for the last four years as the trick that keeps Clara Mass alive. I don't think it's annoyed anyone since I don't think I've ever god modded someone to death unless they've asked for it. I'm merely making this thread since well I don't want someone complaining in the future about my get out of jail free card. And for starters I'd like to show my restrictions so far with the aforementioned.
- Killing characters - It has an expiration date. If Clara Mass kills you with her bare hands than you're as dead as disco. Resurrection is yours to handle. However, if she kills you with her own powers than you're on the shelf. In my eyes depending on the level of hatred and history the longer your gone. If you're a loved one or an important character well that'll have to be discussed. The shortest death and resurrection to date is Closure only because of his back story. I think this is sorta fair but I'm willing to converse about the ins and outs.
- Survival - At the moment Clara Mass is definitely mortal. She can perish but it's entirely difficult to hurt her. She can give herself powers but they're on a time limit. I think it's fair but she can be defeated. The most she can get is flight, invulnerability superior strength, x-ray vision, and telepathy.
- Side Effects - Think of medication. Clara uses her powers for to long she'll experience drowsiness, nausea, stomach pains, etc. At the moment she's trying to find loop holes to this but that won't be for a while. I'm wondering if I should add more.
NOW - This doesn't mean I'm gonna put a hundred and one weaknesses to ensure everyone is happy and has an easy way of ending her life, but I thought I'd show some respect and this over with. Let everyone get to know the character through blogs, get a gist of her motives, and now the power discussion. Maybe I didn't need to make this thread. Maybe I'm over analyzing the situation, but I thought I'd put it up just in case. I wanna here suggestions and come out of this happy and knowing everyone is okay with my product so have at it!


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The hotel features a sports bar, a heated outdoor pool and spa tub, and high-speed Internet access. Guests are welcomed into a lobby with 24-hour check-out service. The air-conditioned hotel also has a car park for those arriving by car.
The property is located just west of the Las Vegas Strip.
The property is a villas complex.
The lobby is very small.


text:
Welcome to the Western Branch Colts Team Site!
Chesapeake Virginia's premier youth football team comprised of young men between the ages of 10 – 13. We are extremely excited to take on yet another challenge as we fight for the 2015 city football championship!
You're Invited
We invite you to attend one of our games this year and enjoy a fun filled day of cheering and excitement! If you attend one of our games, please let us know in advance so that we can extend a warm Colts Family Welcome! Click here to view our 2015 game schedule.
Support the Western Branch Colts
Support the 2-Time city champs this year as we embark on yet another championship run for the 2015 football season. For more information on how you can show support, please click here.
Download The Western Branch Colts Team App
Stay connected with the Western Branch Colts! Receive news updates, important messages, schedule updates, last minute cancellations and everything in between. It's the ultimate communication app for parents, players and coaches!
Click here to download the team app now!
Coming Events
Uniform Items
To purchase uniform items, football gear and practice equipment at very competitive rates, visit the Football America website by
City Rec. Center
The Western Branch Community Center
4437 Portsmouth Blvd. Chesapeake, VA 23321
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
W.B. Colts Pride!
W.B. Colts Championship Spirit


text:
Template talk:Java Virtual Machine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|WikiProject Java
|(Rated Template-class)
I work on the IBM J9 VM, so obviously I'm biased, but would J9 not make a good candidate for inclusion in this template? It seems more notable (due to its widespread usage) than some of the others included here. In fact, it is one of only three JVMs mentioned on the Java Virtual Machine page itself. --Doradus (talk) 18:19, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
the template itself in one line is too messy and I think there is a need for change, it doesn't even serve the meaning of a template of easy navigation. --Ramu50 (talk) 20:27, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
- "Too messy" how? There is no need to categorise these links: there are too few to argue that a linear scan is inefficient compared to a two-dimensional one. You're the only one to have brought this up thus far. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 08:23, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
- How does one line will improve the purpose of an encyclopedia I don't really see that. It also doesn't serve the purpose of easy navigation. Organizing them can straight away let developers navigate very easily, maybe the sub-section of OS right now is not the best idea. Since come to think of it most of them are cross-platform, however, not all of them will support other products such as the various IDL. Also even if you wanted to make a list, its not even order in any way such as chronological, alphabeticallly...etc.
- --Ramu50 (talk) 19:00, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
- It doesn't need to be ordered. There are not enough items in the template to warrant organising it: a linear scan is sufficient. If a library contained ten books, you would not expect them all to be kept on separate shelves by topic. The same applies here. We're wasting horizontal space (doubling or triping the area of the template, while creating lots of empty space on the right-hand-side) for marginal improvement in navigation. This isn't worthwhile. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 09:33, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
Apache Harmony[edit]
Shouldn't this be moved to discontinued? --22.214.171.124 (talk) 12:02, 19 January 2013 (UTC)


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Why won't my heading image load on android devices?Asked by dgrote on December 04, 2015 at 08:10 AM
On my form I have a heading image that will not load on my android but will on my pc and iPad.
JotForm Support
I can replicate this using Chrome and the default android browser. The problem is with the file name. It has spaces. I've fixed it for you by renaming the file and uploading it back to your form.
Please contact us again if there are any problems.
JotForm Support
I dig deeper and used various images and actually, the issue is when you have a spacing in the file name and when using uppercase and when having more than two words in the file name.
Jotform Heading Image.png
Here's my test form: https://form.jotform.com/53373757516968.
I will create a separate ticket about this and submit it to our developers.


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|Mark Allen Pinnell
Mark Allen Pinnell, Oregon's oldest death row inmate, died in custody Monday morning, about two months after the governor denied his request to spend his final days outside of prison in hospice care.
Pinnell, 67, died of natural causes about 10:55 a.m. in the Two Rivers Correctional Institution's infirmary, according to the Oregon Department of Corrections.
He'd been suffering from severe chronic pulmonary disease, his lawyer said.
In mid-October, Gov. Kate Brown denied Pinnell's request to move off death row and spend his last days in hospice outside of prison. He cited his deteriorating condition.
In a letter typed a day later, Brown wrote that an immediate commutation of Pinnell's sentence wasn't warranted.
"The power to grant executive clemency is a responsibility that I take very seriously,'' Brown wrote. "I believe that a Governor's clemency power should be exercised sparingly. The separation of powers inherent in our system of government and respect for the workings of the judicial system require that the Governor's clemency power be used in only the most extraordinary of circumstances.''
Pinnell was among the first to seek clemency after former Gov. John Kitzhaber declared a moratorium on executions in November 2011. He has been on death row since 1988.
Pinnell and co-defendant Donald E. Cornell both robbed and killed 65-year-old John Wallace Ruffner in his Tualatin apartment in 1985. Cornell is a free man, having left prison in 2011 after serving nearly 26 years behind bars.
Most recently, Pinnell had been at Two Rivers' infirmary, receiving palliative care, said Betty Bernt, spokeswoman for the Oregon Department of Corrections.
He was placed in his own room that's larger than a cell, with a hospital bed and walls with murals, Bernt said. He had access to immediate health care, but security was present anytime anyone was in the room with him, she said. The prison's superintendent and medical services manager were monitoring his situation weekly, she said.
Kitzhaber in February denied Pinnell's clemency request, saying he was unable to review Pinnell's application before the end of his term. Pinnell renewed a clemency request to Brown in August, and her office responded that a review could take up to six months.
Pinnell's August request for clemency, titled "Mercy for a dying man,'' noted that he was rushed to Salem General Hospital twice in July for extended stays. His lawyer provided the governor's office with medical records that reflected his dire prognosis and argued that the prison was incapable of providing the "escalating care and equipment'' that Pinnell's condition required.
In his own letter to the governor on Aug. 5, Pinnell wrote, "I am a weak, old man. I pose no threat to society. I am very ashamed and sorry for what I did. I'm asking for mercy. Please release me from prison so that I can spend my last days near my family rather than at the Oregon State Penitentiary.''
Source: oregonlive.com, Maxine Bernstein, December 15, 2015
North Carolina: Williams dies on death row
|James E. Williams
According to a press release from the N.C. Department of Public Safety, James E. Williams, 53, died Friday in Central Prison in Raleigh after being hospitalized for several weeks. He was convicted in Randolph County in November 1993 and sentenced to die for the Feb. 14, 1991, murder of Elvie Rhodes of Trinity.
The case made headlines after Rhodes' badly-beaten body was found in a thicket near Farmer.
Williams became a suspect when investigators talked to his mother, Julia Brooks, a friend and co-worker of Rhodes. An autopsy determined the cause of death as strangulation.
A woman characterized as Williams' girlfriend was also convicted of robbery and murder in connection with the case. Bernice Nobles Sikes was found guilty but, because of her testimony during Williams' trial, was not sentenced to die.
Sikes testified that she had been outside Rhodes' home while Williams was inside. After hearing a thump, Sikes said, she knocked on the door and Williams pulled her inside.
"I saw Mrs. Rhodes laying on the couch," Sikes said. "Her face was all bloody and her eyes were swollen shut.
"He went down the side of her face with his hand, and then he licked the blood off his fingers," Sikes continued. "Then he kicked Mrs. Rhodes in the side and he slapped her."
Sikes also described Williams "beating Rhodes with his hands and a wooden stick." She accused Williams of stomping on Rhodes before using a drape cord to strangle her.
The couple then wrapped Rhodes' body in a quilt, put it in the trunk of her car, stopped at a Hardee's drive-thru to order breakfast, then dumped the body in a thicket of briars and honeysuckle in the Farmer community.
Williams received the death penalty. He was one of eight men from Randolph County on death row.
Source: The Courier-Tribune, Larry Penkava, December 15, 2015
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In addition, the Padres 2006 minor league award winners were also honored during the ceremonies. Outfielder Will Venable was named Minor League Player of the Year, while right-handed pitcher Mike Ekstrom earned Pitcher of the Year honors. In addition, Carlos Lezcano received the Jack Krol Award for contributions in player development and Ash Lawson was named Scout of the Year.
Gonzalez, 24, finished the season with a .304 batting average (173-for-570), 38 doubles, 24 home runs, 82 RBI and 83 runs scored in 156 games. He led the Padres in numerous offensive categories, including batting average, hits, home runs, doubles and slugging percentage (.500). Acquired by the Padres from the Texas Rangers on January 4, Gonzalez played in over 50 Major League games for the first time in his career. His breakout year was highlighted by a stellar July in which he hit .362 (38-for-105) with eight homers, 25 RBI, nine doubles and a .676 slugging percentage in 26 games. His outstanding play in the month culminated in a National League Player of the Week honor for the span of July 17-23, when he led the league in average (.607), slugging percentage (.964), on-base percentage (.645), hits (17) and total bases (27). In the month, Gonzalez also recorded his second, team-high 17-game hitting streak of the season (May 17-June 9 and July 6-26).
Hoffman reached several milestones during the 2006 season while posting the second highest save total of his career, converting a National League-best 46-of-51 save opportunities (.902). The 39-year-old finished the year with an 0-2 record and a 2.14 ERA (15 ER/63.0 IP), holding opponents to a .206 average (48-for-233). With a perfect ninth inning September 24 vs. Pittsburgh, he passed Lee Smith to take sole possession of the all-time saves record, which now stands at 482. Hoffman also extended his Major League record for 40-save seasons to eight, while passing Smith for the most 30-save seasons by recording the 11th of his career. Hoffman has now been named San Diego's Pitcher of the Year a team-record eight times and is the first recipient of the Fireman's Award, recognizing the Padres top relief pitcher. The inaugural Fireman's Award was presented by San Diego Fire and Rescue Battalion Chief J.T. Thomson.
Peavy received the Chairman's Award, presented annually since 1995 to the Padre who best exemplifies the community spirit of club Chairman John Moores and his family. Peavy was instrumental in bringing a Teen FOCUS camp to San Diego in 2006. A program he supported in Mobile, Alabama, the organization provides mentors for teenage boys who are without fathers. Peavy also established a ticket program this season, purchasing tickets and five-dollar food vouchers for 1,150 kids and chaperones. Additionally, the right-handed pitcher participated in the "Channel 4 Celebrity Pour" which benefited the Padres Foundation, and Strike Outs for the Troops, in which he donated money for each of the 215 strikeouts he recorded this season to benefit injured service personnel.
Venable, 24, hit .314 (148-for-472) with 11 home runs, 34 doubles, 91 RBI and 86 runs scored in 124 games with Double-A Fort Wayne in 2006. Named a reserve outfielder on the Midwest League's Eastern Division All-Star Team and a Midwest League Postseason All-Star, Venable paced the Wizards in several offensive categories while also finishing among the league leaders in average (second), runs (T-first), RBI (second), hits (third), doubles (fourth) and on-base percentage (.389, third). Originally drafted by the Padres in the seventh round of the 2005 First-Year Player Draft, he is the son of Padres minor league coach Max Venable.
Ekstrom, San Diego's 12th-round selection in the 2004 First-Year Player Draft, began the season at Single-A Lake Elsinore where he went 7-4 with a 2.30 ERA (21 ER/82.1 IP) in 14 starts. His win total tied for the team-high as he helped to lead the Storm to a 36-34 first half record. After a promotion to Double-A Mobile, Ekstrom went 3-7 with a 3.84 ERA (36 ER/84.1 IP) in 14 starts for the BayBears. The 23-year-old right-hander tossed four complete games between his two stops in 2006, including two shutouts. He combined to record 117 strikeouts and only 40 walks in 166.2 innings of work.
The recipient of the Jack Krol Award, Lezcano managed the Peoria Padres to a 36-19 record (.655) and an Arizona League Championship. After finishing with a league-best 18-10 first-half record, the Padres went on to post an 18-9 second-half mark. The team captured the title on August 31 with a 5-2 win over the Tempe Angels. Led by Lezcano, the Padres paced the Arizona League in average (.290), walks (305) and on-base percentage (.391). The 49-year-old completed his fourth year as the manager of San Diego's Rookie-level affiliate and 14th as a minor league skipper. Prior to joining the Padres in 2003, he managed in the Milwaukee Brewers (1999-2002), San Francisco Giants (1996-98) and Seattle Mariners (1992-94) organizations. Lezcano, who owns a 635-570 (.527) career record as a manager, was named the 1996 California League Manager of the Year with Single-A San Jose (Giants).
Lawson, recipient of this season's Scout of the Year award, has covered the mid-Atlantic states for the past three years. Among his contributions to the Padres in 2006, he is credited with signing San Diego's first-round draft pick, infielder Matt Antonelli, and supplemental first-round pick, outfielder Kyler Burke. Lawson is the 13th scout all-time to receive the prestigious award, named in honor of longtime Padre scout Denny Galehouse.


text:
An orphaned boy often loitered at Felix' wine shop in Rome, begging from the customers.
When the Fifth Doctor, Felix and Thrasyllus became involved in the plans of an alien to alter Earth's history, the boy helped by disabling the alien's guards (giving them wine mixed with olive oil) and threw a wine jug at the alien.
At the end of the adventure, Felix promised to take the boy in. (PROSE: Rome)


text:
We went to Banyan Tree for two days. We had a two Bedroom Banyan Pool Villa.
Nice place, nothing to to. Just relax, read a book and just stay for maximum two days. The brakfast was very nice and maybe the best meal you can get in Banyan tree Bintan
You will have a pleasant stay.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Close to Singapore lies a sweep of brilliant Indonesian islands, the most spectacular of which are found in the Riau Archipelago. Bintan Island has long been one of the region's most popular destinations. Banyan Tree Bintan occupies 240 hectares on the sea front and is comprised of 72 villas modeled on traditional Balinese architecture, all beautifully located in virgin forest. The resort's Jacuzzi villas have jacuzzis built into their sun decks whilst the two-bedroom pool villas have their own plunge or swimming pools and are particularly suitable for families. Culinary variety is the name of the game with "Crossroads" offering Western cuisine in an air-conditioned or al fresco setting while the Saffron Restaurant serves Thai and South East Asian specialties. You can also dine in your own villa - simply order from the a la carte menu or make a selection from the BBQ dinners cooked in front of your eyes. The new food and beverage outlet, "The Cove," is modern and up-tempo; Mediterranean cuisine is prepared here to perfection. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com, Booking.com, Orbitz, Expedia, Travelocity, TripOnline SA, Cheap Tickets, Hotwire, Cancelon, HotelQuickly, HRS and Evoline ltd so you can book your Banyan Tree Bintan reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Banyan Tree Bintan Hotel Bintan
- Banyan Tree Hotel Bintan
- Bintan Banyan Tree
- Banyan Tree Bintan Bintan Island, Riau Islands


text:
Ripped Pants and Other Episodes is a fan-fiction VHS/DVD Release featuring one The New Adventures of Winnie The Pooh episode, one Pokemon episode, one T.U.F.F. Puppy episode, one The Penguins of Madagascar episode, one Thomas and Friends episode, one Sonic X episode, one SpongeBob SquarePants episode and one Fanboy and Chum Chum episode.
- Party Poohper (The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)
- It's Mr. Mime Time (Pokemon)
- Cruisin For A Bruisin (T.U.F.F. Puppy)
- Fit To Print (The Penguins of Madagascar)
- Buffer Bother (Thomas and Friends)
- Desperately Seeking Sonic (Sonic X)
- Ripped Pants (SpongeBob SquarePants)
- The Frosty Bus (Fanboy and Chum Chum)
- Distributed by USA Home Entertainment.
VHS/DVD Artwork
Front Cover
- Top: SpongeBob (without his pants)
- Bottom: Bill and Ben from "Buffer Bother"
Back Cover
- Stella from "It's Mr. Mime Time"
- Pooh from "Party Poohper"


text:
VideoHive Earth Socials 3233643
After Effects Project \ Openers \ Space
After Effects Project - Earth Socials 3233643 by kurbatov @ VideoHive
After Effects Project \ Openers \ Space
After Effects Version: CS5, CS5.5, CS6; File Size: 226mb; Requires Plugins: No; Resolution: 1920x1080.
Here is a beautiful 3D animation of Earth Socials Logo Opener in broadcast style.
But all elements are rendered in real 3D package. You only need to place your logo and render it. Also you can edit social icons.
So I hope you are gonna love it!
- CS5 compatible
- Full HD resolution (1080p)
- CycoreFX plug-ins needed
- 15 seconds long
- Tutorial included
- Audio is not included. You can get it here: http://audiojungle.net/item/mind-explosion/152311
Please rate if you like it
P.S. If you need 3D sources write me on e-mail.
Another digital globes.
Keywords: broadcast, business, computer, connection, data, digital, earth, globe, internet, landscape, map, network, social, space, world.
Download Link


text:
Data Entry
Buget €30-250 EUR
I am searching for a data entry operator. There are around 2K data that you have to enter. You need to scrap them and past into excel. That is what the work is all about. I am planning to pay 200 Euro for this project. If you complete this project successfully, then I have more data to enter.
66 freelanceri ofertează în medie 152€ pentru acest proiect
Hello, I am ready to scrap data from WEBSITE using python/scrapy/django and put in excel. Please send me website so i can check all security issues and can write code and run script so i can submit sample before sta Mai multe
Hi, Thanks for the opportunity to bid on this project. I have done such data gathering and research in the past for various clients so that I will provide good service. Regards, Jai
Hi, I have read & understood everything about your project. I am ready with my Team with 5 peoples for your work. You will be very happy to work with me. Trust me. This is very easy work. If you want, please message Mai multe
Hi, I am working as a freelancer since 12 years and completed 1500 projects. I assure you 100% accuracy in the delivered work. I look forward to work with you. Please provide me an opportunity to get started and prove Mai multe
Hi My team is ready for your data project. We can start right now. PLEASE contact with me for discussion. We will provide you 100% accurate data. Thank you.
Hi, I have good experiences and skills needed in this project and very interested to be part of it. Could you explain more about it please? Looking forward for your kind reply. Thanks! Hanna
I have gone through the description. I am very much interested to work on your project. I'll provide you the work as per your requirement with in a particular time frame. So let's start
Hello Greetings!! I have read your requirement and very much confident that I can do this job for you. I have 3 years experience in data entry, web research, classified posting, e-commerce product uploading, ZOHO Mai multe
I have expertise in this domain. Client's satisfaction is my first priority and believe in long-term relationship with clients. Thank you..
Hi I'll do it, I am expert on this job. Please award me the job and I'm ready to start it right now. I look forward to hearing from you. Regards Asif
Hey, I will do it in Java. I have 4 years of experience in Java . I have recently scraped several websites for my clients. You can check below link . This is the latest scraping I have done. https://drive.google.com Mai multe
Hello Sir, I am a Data Entry operator. I would like to work on your project. I can ensure you that I will complete the task with in targeted time and without any error. Looking forward to hearing from you. Thank you Mai multe
Hello, I am Giorgi from Georgia. I would like to work with you. I have a big experience working in MS Office, Web searching and Data Entry. I am a really good worker, please hire me. Thank you!
Greetings! I have read and understood this instruction. I have strong documentation, data search and analysis skills. I have an experience of extracting information from website like this. I can do the sample work. I c Mai multe
Hello, I can provide you' My price is low Please give me a chance for your work. Thanks mostafappp Waiting for your replay........
Hi, Greetings of the Day!!!, My name is Umesh Joshi, a management professional by profession & I would like to know the details of the project. I have more than 8 years of experience in the field of Data Proce Mai multe