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2 This volume contains Abstracts of papers presented at the 5th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design, held at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, July The event was sponsored by: Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian And supported by Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial Portuguese Association for Experimental Mechanics European Association for Experimental Mechanics Ordem dos Engenheiros de Portugal Câmara Municipal do Porto Empresa Metro do Porto TAP Portugal Airlines
3 MECHANICS AND MATERIALS IN DESIGN Edited by J.F. Silva Gomes & Shaker A. Meguid Edições INEGI (2006)
4 Published by INEGI-Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial Rua do Barroco, Nº 174, Leça do Balio, Portugal Tel: ; July, 2006 ISBN: Legal Deposit: /2006 Printed by: Claret-Companhia Gráfica do Norte Rua Venceslau Ramos, s/n Avintes, Portugal Tel: ; Fax: Cover design by Nelson Pereira (INEGI) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any other form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, optical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
5 PREFACE M 2 D 2006 is the fifth international gathering of scientists and engineers interested in the fields of engineering mechanics, design and materials engineering planned for July 24-26, 2006 in the beautiful city of Porto, Portugal. This is a well-established meeting with followers from some 35 nations. The first conference of this series was held in Toronto in 1996 and attracted over 150 delegates. The second was organized by Professors J.B. Hull and R. Gentle in Nottingham in The third was organized by Professor S.A. Meguid in Orlando in The fourth was organized by Dr. T. Mori and Professor H. Fujii in Nagoya, Japan in June These meetings resulted from the belief that of those disciplines associated with advanced product design and manufacture, engineering mechanics and materials engineering have made the most significant advance in recent years. Important and dramatic improvements in component design can be made by the use of the latest advances in mechanics and materials. Indeed, as a result of the activities in these three important fields: Mechanics, Materials and Design, the International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design was established in With Professor J.F. Silva Gomes being an important member of the Editorial Board and Professor Shaker A. Meguid being its Editor-in-Chief. It is with this in mind that this Fifth International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design is organized. The purpose is to bring together scientists and engineers from the mechanics and materials communities to present their latest results and discuss new advances over a broad range of topics dealing with analytical, numerical and experimental techniques in mechanics and advances in materials technology as well as case studies. We have done our best to provide the delegates with an environment conducive to exchange of knowledge, networking and making new friends. We take this to thank our colleagues who contributed considerably to the event by organizing topical symposia and by helping us to launch this important meeting. We are truly grateful for their efforts. We also wish our overseas friends to have a great time in Portugal. We wish you all a happy and successful stay in Porto. Shaker A. Meguid J.F. Silva Gomes v
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7 CONTENTS Preface List of contributions v vii REF: PLENARY PAPERS 1 A Nonlinear Analysis of Functionally Graded Shell Structures Using Tensor-Based Shell Element, by J.N. Reddy, and R.A. Arciniega A Bulk Metal Forming and the Flow Formulation, by J.M.C. Rodrigues, and J.M.C. P.A.F. Martins A Recent Trends in Gear Tribology: Surface Structure and Gear Performance, by Bernd- Robert Höhn, Klaus Michaelis, and Oliver Kreil A Quasi-static and Dynamic Collapse of Foam Filled Columns: Trends and Prospects, by Shaker A. Meguid A Biomechanical Investigations on the Total Knee Arthroplasty, by F. Fonseca, A. Completo, and J.A. Simões A Microscale Cutting of Metals and the Impact of Microstructure When Machining 1045 Steel Across Different Length Scales, by A. Simoneau, E. Ng, and M.A. Elbestawi CHAP I EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS AND TESTING IN DESIGN 15 A A Test Jig for Relay s Accelerated Life Testing, by Álvaro Abakerli, Pedro Sasseron, and Frederico Demolin A Data Analysis of Accelerated Life Tests Under Uncertainty Conditions, by Álvaro Abakerli, and Maria Papa A Monitoring of Workpiece Surface in Manufacturing Environment Using Acoustic Emission, by Paulo Aguiar, Eduardo Bianchi, Paulo Cerni, André Lima, and Fábio Dotto A Experimental Evaluation of Machine Parameters During File Cutting Edges, by Eurico Seabra, and Jaime Silva A Non-Destructive Mechanics Procedures of Failure Analysis on Risk-Based Inspection of Natural Gas Pipelines, by José R. Soares, Luís A. Ferreira, Marques Ferreira, A. Correia Cruz, Silvério Marques, and Francisco M. Melo A Techniques in Numerical Differentiation of Experimentally Noisy Data, by Hernâni Lopes, Rui M. Guedes, and Mário A.P. Vaz A Numerical Analysis of Geometrical Issues Concerning Split Hopkinson Tensile Test, by Y.E. Essa, and J.L. Pérez Castellanos A Failure analysis of Automobile Components using Hybrid Techniques, by Perrin Smith Neto, Hernani Palma, and Victor Bicalho A Description of a Synchronism System for Acquisition of External Data During Hopkinson Bar Tests, by R. Guzmán López, and J. L. Pérez-Castellanos A Low-Velocity Impact Analysis of Glass/Epoxy Plates, by Nuno F. Rilo, Luís M.S. Ferreira, and Rogério A.C.P. Leal vii
8 Porto/Portugal, July 2006 A Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Bond Properties Between Reinforcement and Concrete, by Carlos Moreno, and Ana Sarmento Bastos A Two Way Shape Memory Effect in NiTi Alloy: Experimental Measurements and Numerical Simulations, by Andrea Falvo, F.M. Furgiuele, and Carmine Maletta A Implementation of a Structural Monitoring Network in the New Stone Masonry Bridge in Vila Fria, Portugal, by António Arêde, Aníbal Costa, Cristina Costa, Cristina Barbosa, and Pedro Costa (Invited Paper) A Elliptical Nucleous Optical Fiber Design Technique For Advanced Sensors, by Eric Fujiwara, Eduardo Ono, Robinson Braga, and Carlos Suzuki A Reliable Interpretation of Experimental Data in Health-Monitoring of Structures, by Karl-Hans Laermann A Hysteresis Compensation of an Open-Loop Piezoelectric Actuator for Interferometric Applications, by Luigi Bruno, and Carmine Maletta A Temperature Field Acquisiton During Gas Metal Arc Welding Using FBG Sensors, by Pedro Moreira, O. Frazão, S.M.O. Tavares, M.A.V. de Figueiredo M.T. Restivo, J.L. Santos, and P.M.S.T. de Castro A Residual Stresses Evaluation by the Incremental Hole-Drilling Technique: A New Computational Tool, by João Nobre, A.C. Batista, L. Coelho, and A.M. Dias A Residual Stress Assessment Using Optical Techniques, by João Ribeiro, Jaime Monteiro, M. A. P. Vaz, Hernâni Lopes, and Paulo Piloto A Scaling of Glass/Epoxy Laminated Plates Subjected to Transverse Quasi-Static Loading, by Nuno F. Rilo, Luís M.S. Ferreira, and Rogério A.C.P. Leal A Application of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry for Residual Stresses Measurement, by Otomar Sedivý, and Stanislav Holý A Shear Mode Resonance of Piezoelectric Ceramics, by M.A. Marques, V.B. Silva, J.A. Mendes, R. Silva, R. Ribeiro, and Mário A.P. Vaz A An Improved Sherography Technique for Spatial Differentiation, by Hernâni Lopes, Rui M. Guedes, and Mário A.P. Vaz A Application of Digital Shadow Moiré to Measurements of Human Body Perfilometry, by Perrin Smith Neto, Eric Fonseca, and Gabriela Freitas A A Sub-Pixel Corner Detector Using the Hilbert Transform, by Paulo Tavares, and Mário A.P. Vaz A Digital Holography Using a Photographic Camera, by Jaime Monteiro, Hernâni Lopes, and Mário A.P. Vaz A Complex 3D Shape Measurement with Structured Light Field Projection, by Paulo Tavares, and Mário A.P. Vaz A Behaviour of Embedded Bragg Grating Sensors, by J.L. Esteves, C.A. Ramos, and R. Oliveira CHAP II STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION IN DESIGN 73 A Robust Design Strategy, by Marie-Maud Chatillon, and Louis Jézéquel 75 A Aeroelastic Optimisation of a Tapered Composite Wing Structure, by Shinjun Guo, 77 and C.W. Cheung A Bias-Specified Robust Design Optimization Using a Regressive Updating Approach, 79 by Gunther Steenackers, and Patrick Guillaume viii Editors: J.F. Silva Gomes & Shaker A. Meguid
9 5th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design A Techniques Adopted in Integrating Structural Analysis with Numerical Optimization, by Marta Carvalho, José L. Vale, Luís T. Pinheiro, and Miguel M. Neves A Examples of Multilevel Optimum Design of Composite Structures, by Alexander Polilov, and N.A. Tatous A Design of a Multifunctional Panel for Railway Vehicles Using Topology Optimization of Structures, by Pedro Pinto, Arlindo Silva, and Paulo Fernandes A Artificial Neural Network Applied to Detection of Burning in Grinding Process, by Marcelo Spadotto, Paulo Aguiar, Ricardo Prazeres, Carlos Souza, and Eduardo Bianchi A A 3D Study for Thermal Optimization of Masonry Units, by Luisa C. Sousa, Catarina 89 C. Castro, Carlos C. António, and Hipólito Sousa A Study of Welding Temperature Distribution Using an Artificial Neural Net, by 91 Francisco Ilo Cardozo, José Carlos Belo, Francisco Belo, and Theophilo Maciel A Artificial Neural Networks and Metal Forming Optimization Using Genetic 93 Algorithms, by Catarina C. Castro, Carlos C. António, and Luisa C. Sousa A Multi-Objective Design in Nature and in the Artificial, by Amiram Moshaiov (Invited 95 Keynote Paper) A An Updating Conjugate Gradient Method for Design Optimisation, by Keith Davey 97 A Cross-Section of Composite Thin-Walled Beams Design Sensitivity Analysis, by João 99 Barradas Cardoso, and Aníbal Valido (Invited Paper) A Design Optimization of Mechanical Systems with Uncertain Input, by Artur Barreiros, 101 Paulo P. Moita, and João Barradas Cardoso A Uncertainty Analysis Based on Sensitivity, by Carlos Conceição António, and Luísa N. 103 Hoffbauer A Minimum Time Design and Control af Mechanical Systems, by Paulo P. Moita, Aníbal 105 Valido, and João Barradas Cardoso A Analysis of the Relationships Between Machine Settings, Process Parameters and 107 Quality Characteristics in Injection Moulding, by Paulo Pinto, António Osório, and José Sá Costa A Laser Ablation Modeling for CNC Machine Tool Application in Mould Manufacturing, by Giovanni Tani, Leonardo Orazi, Alessandro Fortunato, and Gabriele Cuccolini A Artificial Neural Network Based on Genetic Learning for Machining of Composite Materials, by Carlos C. António, J. Paulo Davim, and Vítor Lapa A Statistical Tolerance Transfer for Sheet Metal Part Forming, by Wang Rui, Georg Thimm, and Ma Yongsheng CHAP III PRODUCT ENGINEERING & DEVELOPMENT IN DESIGN 115 A A Different Look at QFD Based on Axiomatic Design, by António G. Coelho, and 117 António Mourão (Invited Keynote Paper) A Innovative Methodologies for Quality Design, by Leonardo Frizziero 119 A The Engine of Creation Inspiration, Dematerialization and Recombination, by José 121 Gaspar, Arlindo Silva, Elsa Henriques, and Hans Welling A Smart Materials Application in Outdoors Advertising, by Jorge Neves, and Francisco 123 M. Mesquita Contents ix
10 Porto/Portugal, July 2006 A Robust Approach to Problem Formulation: An Application in the Paint Industry, by Pedro Saraiva, Marco Reis, and Fernando Bernardo A Design Case Study Concerning the Structural Alteration of an Off-Road Vehicle, by Fernando Pina da Silva A Specially Designed Superstructure for Road Transportation of Gas Cylinders, by João Sabino A Study of Mechanical Parameters for a Vehicle-Based Obstacle Detection Laser Scanning Device, by A.A. Carabelas, and L.C. Tsatsaris A Redesigning Car-Bodies Using Advanced 3D-Scanning Techniques and Reverse Engineering, by José Carvalho Ferreira A Redesign of Mechanical Parts Integrating Reverse Engineering and Computational Mechanics, by José Carvalho Ferreira A D Digitization Solutions for Reverse Engineering and Inspection Applications, by Luís Rodrigues, Maciel Vieitas, and João Travassos A Mechanics and Materials in Developing Innovative Energy System for Deep Plan Constructions, by David M. Kennedy (Invited Keynote Paper) A A Design Approach for the Development of a Dedicated Meals Transporter Mobile Robot, by Fernando Carreira, Tomé Canas, Arlindo Silva, and Carlos Cardeira A The Portuguese Adaptive Unmanned Aerial Demonstrator, by António Costa, Carlos Silva, Afzal Suleman, and Bruno Rocha (Invited Paper) A Characterization of the Behaviour of a Variable Geometry Structure, by Luis M. Macareno, Carlos Angulo, and David López A An Engineering Design Case Study The 3in1 Travelling Case, by Henrique Almeida, and Paulo Bártolo A Wrinkling Analysis of Circular Annulus-Shaped Space Gossamer Structures Under In- Plane Torsion, by Wang Changguo, Du Xingwen, and Wan Zhimin A Concept and Design Development of a Mechanical Fire Fighting Projectile, by Pedro Vilaça, Eduardo Dias, Quintino Portugal, Luís Quinto, and Francisco Lima A FEA of Two Engine Pistons Made of Aluminium Cast Alloy A390 and Ductile Iron Under Service Conditions, by Pedro Carvalheira, and P. Gonçalves A Intake Air Flow Simulations for Internal Combustion Engines, by Nicolae Filip, Nicolae Burnete, Emilian Borza A Design of Typical Fragments of Heat-Exchanger Multisupport Tube Bundles on the Base of Numerical Approach, by Saveliy Kaplunov, Tatiana Fesenko, and Sergey Koreckiy A Design of Glass Artifacts Through Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling, by Acácio Silva, F. Jorge Lino, and Rui J. Neto CHAP IV WELDS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE (WELDON) IN DESIGN 161 A Overview of the WELDON EU Project, by M.A. Gomes, A. Thomas, P. Seliger, S. Concari, B. Pathiraj, P. Veron, Adib Becker, and Thomas Hyde (Invited Keynote Paper) A Determination of Creep Properties for P91 Weldment Materials at 625oC, by Thomas Hyde, Adib Becker, W. Sun, A. Yaghi, J.A. Williams, and S. Concari A WELDON Overview of Industrial and Research Experience Related to Welds and Data Collation in the WELDON Databank, by S. Concari x Editors: J.F. Silva Gomes & Shaker A. Meguid
11 5th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design A Finite Element Creep Failure Analyses of P91 Large Tensile Cross-Weld Specimens Tested at 625oC, by Thomas Hyde, Adib Becker, W. Sun, A. Yaghi, A. Thomas, and P. Seliger A High Temperature Behaviour of Similar and Dissimilar Welded Components of Steel Grade P22 and P91, by P. Seliger, and A. Thomas A Simulation of Residual Stresses in Welded P91 Pipes, by A. Yaghi, Thomas Hyde, Adib Becker, W. Sun, J.A. Williams, and B. Pathiraj A Experiences with Dissimilar Welds at High Temperature During Manufacturing, by P. Veron A Life Assessment of Weld Joint in 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel in Creep Conditions, by T. Vlasák, J. Hakl, and J. Sobotka A Weldment of Cast Steel P91 Creep Testing and Microstructure Evaluation, by Dagmar Jandová, Josef Kasl, Václav Kanta, and Eva Folková A Creep and Fracture Behaviour of Dissimilar P91/P23 Welds, by Vlastimil Vodárek, Zdeněk Kuboň, and Denisa Toušová A Long-Term Creep Rupture Strength Predicition and Failure Mechanisms of Weld Joints of Boiler Tubes and Pipes, by Zdeněk Kuboň CHAP V VIBRATION MODELING AND TESTING IN DESIGN 185 A Free and Forced Vibrations with Viscous and Hysteretic Damping: A Different 187 Perspective, by A.M.R. Ribeiro, Nuno Maia, and Júlio M. Silva (Invited Paper) A On the Occurence of Spurious Optical Modes in Transient Dynamic Finite Element 189 Analysis, by Jiri Plesek, Radek Kolman, and Miloslav Okrouhlik A Influence of Initial Stress on Wave Propagation, by Alena Kruisova, Jiri Plesek, and 191 Jan Cerv A The Influence of Coupling in the Propagation of Waves in Linear Ferroelectro- 193 Magnetic Continua, by Grayson Bush, and Gregory Carman A Experimental and Computational Aeroelastic Scaling Models for a Joined-Wing 195 Aircraft, by Pedro Pereira, Luis Almeida, and Afzal Suleman A Multiscale Modeling Based on Nonlocal Hydrodynamics with Partial Control, by T.A. 197 Khantuleva A Passive Control of Blade Vibrations, by Johan Bratt 199 A On the Performance of Hybrid Active-Passive Damping Treatments Mechanisms for 201 Vibration Control of Beams Using Adaptive Feedforward Strategies, by C.M.A. Vasques, and José Dias Rodrigues A Particle Impact Damping, by Vikram K. Kinra, Kun S. Marhadi, and Bryan L. Witt 203 A Vibration Control of Ligthly Damped Bridges Through a Regenerative Device, by 205 Mohammed Ichchou, G. Chamberland, and Louis Jezequel A Seismic Response Analysis for Frame Structure Under the Control of SMA Damper, 207 by Peng Gang, Dai Huichao, and Liu Defu A Numerical Simulation of the Seismic Interaction Between Adjacent Buildings, by A. 209 Liolios, I. Rentzeperis, P. Panetsos, and D. Konstantinidis A Vibrodiagnostics of the Processing Accuracy of Machined Details in Metal, by 211 Gennady Aryassov, and Tauno Otto Contents xi
12 Porto/Portugal, July 2006 A Design and Manufacture of Hybrid Polymer Concrete Bed for High-Speed CNC Milling Machine, by Jung Do Suh, and DaiI Gil Lee A Coupled Flexure and Torsion Oscillations of an Urban Bus, by Antonio Gauchía, Vicente Díaz, José Calvo, Maria Jesús Boada, and Beatriz Boada A Sensitivity Performance of Input Shapers Applied to Command Profiles as Diagnostic Tool of Flexible Robots, by Geovanni Mimmi,Carlos Rottenbacher, and Manuel Regazzoni (Invited Paper) A Detecting Cavitation in Pumps Using Higher Order Derivatives, by Leo Teder 219 A Development of an Ultrasonic Piezoelectric Motor Actuated by Travelling Waves, by 221 A Basílio, R. Igreja, P Inácio, C. Dias, and José M. Mendes A Harmonica: Stepped-Sine Spectrum Analyzer for Transfer Function Measurement and 223 Non-Linear Experimental Assessment, by Diogo Montalvão, and Fontul Mihail A Flow Induced Vibration of Tube-bundles. Numerical Experiment Approach, by 225 Saveliy Kaplunov, Nataly Valles, and Dmitriy Zoubarev A Numerical Simulation of the Axial Impact on Thin Tubes Filled with Agglomerate 227 Cork, by Celina P. Gameiro, and José S. Cirne A Experimental Identification of Dynamic Properties of Cork Compound, by J.S.S. 229 Lopes, R.A.S. Moreira, and José Dias Rodrigues A Wind Dynamic Response of a Metallic Tower, by R.F. Almeida, and Rui C. Barros 231 A On the Structural Design of a Wind Offshore Tower, by Rogério Bessa, Carlos 233 Rodrigues, and Rui C. Barros A Staged Construction of a Seismically Isolated Asymmetric 3D Building, by M.T.B. 235 César, Rui C. Barros CHAP VI STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS SAFETY IN DESIGN 237 A Ultimate Limit State Design for Lateral Torsional Buckling of Partially Encased Steel Beams, by Paulo Piloto, L.M.R. Mesquita, and Ana Gavilán A A Non-Linear Masonry Infill Macro-Model to Represent the Global Behaviour of Buildings Under Cyclic Loading, by H. Rodrigues. Humberto Varun, and A. Costa A Fatigue Damage Under Block Loading, by Hélder Pereira, Abílio Jesus, António A. Fernandes, and Alfredo Ribeiro A A New Methodology for the Characterization of Mode II Fracture of Pinus Pinaster Wood, by Marcelo Moura, M.A.L. Silva, J.J.L. Morais, A.B. Morais, and J.L. Lousada (Invited Paper) A Stress Intensity Factors for Notched Round Bars Using FEM, by Elza.Fonseca, Francisco M. Melo, R.A.F.Valente A On the Evaluation of Shear Stress Amplitude and Assessment of Multiaxial Fatigue Damage, by Bin Li, L. Reis, and Manuel Freitas CHAP VII WEAR AND LUBRICATION IN DESIGN 251 A The Minimum Quantity Lubricant Technique - MQL in Machining Processes, by Eduardo Bianchi, Paulo Aguiar, Leonardo Silva, Sandro Santos, Alexandre Bezerra, and Wislei Sales 253 xii Editors: J.F. Silva Gomes & Shaker A. Meguid
13 5th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design A Influence of Grit Type in Force Evolution During Fine Grinding of a SiC-Aluminium Composite, by A. Aguiar Vieira, A. Monteiro Baptista, R. Natal Jorge, and M. Lages Parente A Wear of Diamond Coated Tools on Machining Graphite, by Gil Cabral, Pedro Reis, João Paulo Davim, and José Grácio A Image Analysis in Samples Characterization and Wear Prediction in Deep-Drawing, by Nicola Belfiore, F. Ianniello, D. Stocchi, F. Casadei, and I. Heikkila A Material Parameter Identification for Numerical Simulations of Deep-Drawing of Aluminium Alloys, by Bruno Chaparro, Dulce Rodrigues, Valdemar Fernandes, and Luís Menezes A Wear of Large Mold Steel Blocks, by I.J.M. Mateo, G.M. Nicolás, A.E. Jiménez, M. Dolores Mermúdez, D. Firrao, G. Silva, and M.R. Pinasco A Laser Remelting Process of Nickel Based and Molybdenum Based Plasma Sprayed Coatings: Problems and Solutions, by D. Felgueroso, R. Vijande, J.M. Cuetos, R. Tucho, and E. Fernández A Study of the Behaviour of W-Ti-N Sputtered Coatings: Micro-Scale Tests in Rolling 267 and Sliding Abrasion Contacts, by Amílcar Ramalho, P.N. Silva, and Albano Cavaleiro A Tribological Properties of Thick TiN Coatings, by Hua Xu, R. Wei, and X. Nie 269 A Industrial Applications of DLC and High Temperature Self Lubricant Coatings, by 271 Ricardo Alexandre A Self-Mated Sliding Behaviour of CVD Nanocrystalline Diamond Coated Silicon 273 Nitride Ceramics for Tribological Applications, by C.S. Abreu, M. Amaral, F.J. Oliveira, R.F. Silva, and J.R. Gomes A Tribological Behaviour of C-Alloyed Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMD) Coatings in Different Environments, by Manuel Evaristo, Tomas Polcar and Albano Cavaleiro A Innovative Prototype for Evaluation of Worn Garment Damage Caused by Pilling Formation, by Maria Lurdes Carvalho, R.A.L. Miguel, J.M. Lucas, P.T. Fiadeiro, and M.J.S. Silva A A New Method to Evaluate Worn Garments Damage Based on Gloss Formation, by J.M. Lucas, R.A.L. Miguel, P.T. Fiadeiro, M.J.S. Silva, and M.L.A.G. Carvalho A Study of Abrasion Resistance of Duplex Treated Steels, by Micro-Scale Tests, by David Braga, Amílcar Ramalho, and Albano Cavaleiro A Some Aspects of the Abrasive Polishing of Metal Surfaces, by Richards Underwoods, and R.S. Sayles A Wear Mechanisms in Fretting of AISI Steel, by M.C. Gaspar, and Amílcar Ramalho A Wear Mechanism of Basalt Spinning Rolls, by Andrzej Kilimpel, Aleksander Lisiecki, and Damian Janicki A Austempered Ductile Iron as a Novel Engineered Gear Material, by David M. Kennedy, Maurice Grech, and Zdravko Schauperl A Gear Micro-Pitting Performance of Mineral and Biodegradable Ester Gear Oils, by Ramiro Martins, and Jorge Seabra A Influence of Immersion Depth of DIP Lubricated Gears on Power Loss, Bulk Temperature and Scuffing Load Carrying Capacity, by B.R. Höhn, K. Michaelis, and H.P. Otto A Influence of Lubricant Type in Gear Scuffing, by Ramiro Martins, Nuno Cardoso, and Jorge Seabra Contents xiii
14 Porto/Portugal, July 2006 A Evaluation of Spur Gear Root Stress for Thin Rimmed Gear, by Sorin Cananau, and Thami Zeghloul A Influence of Friction on Gear Dynamics, by Paulo B. Fernandes, José Dias Rodrigues, Jorge Seabra, and Joaquim S. Domingues A The States of Oil Film Formation and Ball Motion in Ball Screw with Retainers, by Akira Nakajima, and Toshifumi Mawatari A Measurement of Film Thickness and Pressure Distribution in Rough EHL Contacts, by B.R. Höhn, K. Michaelis, and O. Kreil A Non-Newtonian and Thermal EHD Analysis of a Transmission Gear Oil (SAE 80W90), by Armando Campos, Alexandre Sottomayor, and Jorge Seabra A Influence of Grease Composition on Rolling Contact Wear (RCW), by Vitor Mota, and Luís A. Ferreira A Some Aspects of Oil Lubricant Additivation with ZnO Nanoparticles, by Antolin Hernández, J.E. Fernández Rico, Ricardo Tucho, J. Manuel Cuetos, and Rogelio Chou A Analysis and Discussion of Models for Non Conformal Contacting Cylinders, by Cândida Pereira, Amílcar Ramalho, and Jorge Ambrósio A A Three-Field Nonconforming Multidomains Strategy for Contact Problems, by José A. Rodrigues A Modelling and Simulation of Wear in Mechanical Systems, by Paulo Flores, J.C. Pimenta Claro, Jorge Ambrósio, and Hamid M. Lankarani A How the Releasing Moment of Conical Steel Couplings is Influenced by the Combined Effect of Adhesive and Interference, by Dario Croccolo, and Rossano Cuppini A Efficiency of Door and Seat Cables: Influence of Materials and Operating Conditions, by José Mendes, Pedro Lopes, Luís Magalhães, and Jorge Seabra A Thermal Behaviour and Performance Characteristics of a Twin Axial Groove Journal Bearing as a Function of Applied Load and Rotational Speed, by F.P. Brito, J. Bouyer, M. Fillon, and A.S. Miranda A An Improved Method for the Numerical Integration of the Dynamic Equilibrium Equation of a Squeeze Film Air Bearing Supported Member, by Eduardo M. Almas, F. Pina da Silva, and Nuno M. Maia A Experimental Analysis on Hydrostatic Compensation in Spherical Bearings, by Nicola Belfiore, F. Ianniello, F. Moretti, M. Presta, M. Scaccia, and L. Consorti A Behavior of Mineral Base Oils with PTFE Nanoparticles, by J.E. Fernández Rico, I. Minondo, R. Tucho, and D. Garcia Cuervo A The Effect of Shear Rate on Apparent Viscosity for Different Pulp Suspensions, by Álvaro Vaz, R. Simões, and J. Silvy A From a Roller Bearing Concept to a Snow Avalanche Protection Cell, by Fernando Pina da Silva A Analytical Techniques to Control Used Biodegradable Lubricants, by A. Marcaide, A. Arnaiz, J. Barriga, E. Aranzabe, A. Igartua, and H. Bock A Analysis of Lubricating Greases by Ferrography, by Beatriz Graça, Armando Campos, and Jorge Seabra A Condition Monitoring of Biodegradable Oils and Greases for Lubricated Machinery Maintenance, by Aitor Arnaiz, Eneko Gorritxategi, Eduardo Gilabert, Mike Burrows, and Tom Clayton A Wear Resistence of Different Matrixes Used for Abrasives, by J. Abenojar, R. Calabrés, S. Guzmán, F. Velasco, M.A. Martínez, and M. Mendoza xiv Editors: J.F. Silva Gomes & Shaker A. Meguid
15 5th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design A Study of Natural Slate Adhesion to Be Used as Coatings in Facades, by M.A. Martínez, F. Velasco, B. Ramos, and A. Sastre 341 CHAP VIII COMPOSITE AND FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS IN DESIGN 343 A Creep of High-Temperature Composites: Experimenting and Modelling, by Sergei T. Mileiko (Invited Keynote Paper) A Effect of Boundary Conditions on Optimal Composite Laminates Under Non-Uniform Buckling Loads, by Adali Sarp, and Izzet U. Cagdas A Analysis of Static Deformations and Natural Frequencies of Beams and Plates by an RBF-Pseudospectral Method, by António J.M. Ferreira, and G.E. Fasshauer A A Graphical User Interface for the FastComp Software, by Patrícia Gonçalves, João Tavares, and Pedro Camanho A Failure Mechanisms in Nanocomposites by Extended Finite Element (X-FEM) Simulation, by Vesselin Stoilov, and Siamak Tavoosfard A The Use of Nano-Reinforced Interfaces in Condition Monitoring of Aerospace Composites, by Shaker A. Meguid, and Y. Sun A Dynamic Behaviour of Alumina Matrix Composite Materials, by A. Khalifa, E. Barbero, P. Miranzo, and Carlos Navarro (Invited Paper) A Comparison of Two Numerical Solutions for Determination of Interlaminar and Circumferential Stresses in a Composite Curved Beam, by Afonso Leite, and João Travassos A Application of Composites Materials in Macpherson Strut Suspension, by Sérgio Santos, and Arlindo Silva A Cutout Reinforcements for Shear Loaded Composite Panels, by Shinjun Guo, L. Zhou, and C.W. Cheung A Discrete Layer Finite Element Modeling of Anisotropic Laminated Shells Based on a Refined Semi-Inverse Mixed Displacement Field Formulation, by C. M. A. Vasques, and J. Dias Rodrigues A Composites Drilling Simulation, by Luís Durão, Marcelo Moura, and António T. Marques A Compression Properties of Fibrous Preforms for Composite Applications, by Raúl Fangueiro, R. Araújo, Naveen Padaki, R. Alagirusamy, and B.L. Deopura A Comparison of Tool Effects on Hybrid Laminates After Drilling, by Luís Durão, João Tavares, António T. Marques, António M. Baptista, António G. Magalhães, and C.K.H. Dharan A Bending Stiffness of Aluminium Foam Profiles, by Tomislav Filetin, and Gojko Marić 373 A Effective Elastic Properties of Semi-Crystalline Polymers, by O. Gueguen, S. Ahzi, A. 375 Makradi, and S. Belouettar A Fracture Toughness in Hollow Glass Micro-Spheres Filled Composites, by C. Capela, 377 J.D. Costa, and J.A.M. Ferreira A Low Velocity Impact Failure of Aluminium Honeycomb Sandwich Panels, by Foo 379 Choon Chiang, Seah Leong Keey, and Chai Gin Boay A Numerical and Experimental Estimation of the Defect Depth in Carbon-Epoxy 381 Laminates, by Ana M. Amaro, and José S. Cirne A Delaminations Effect on Bending Behaviour in Carbon-Epoxy Composites, by Ana M. 383 Amaro, Paulo N.B. Reis, and Marcelo Moura Contents xv
16 Porto/Portugal, July 2006 A Damage Evolution in Engineering Composite Materials Under Stress and Environmental Attack: Modelling the Failure Processes, by Hideki Sekine, and Peter W.R. Beaumont A Single Crystalline Oxide Fibres Obtained by the Internal Crystallisation Method, by A.A. Kolchin, Sergei T. Mileiko, V.M. Kiiko, V.N. Kurlov, A.L. Tolstun, and A.A Serebryakov A Oxide Fibres for Smart Composites, by V.N. Kurlov, A.A. Kolchin, V.M. Kiiko, S.Z. Shmurak, S.A. Smirnova, and Sergei T. Mileiko A Characterization of the Fatigue Behavior of Elastomer Composites, by Zoltan Major, Z. Kovacevic, M. Cosir, A. Mesec, and R.W. Lang A Composite Materials Reinforced By Waste Fibers, by Maria Graça Gomes, Raúl Fangueiro, Gabriela Jubim, and C. Gonilho Pereira A Development and Investigation of Aluminum Matrix Boron-Containing Composites, by Viktor N. Gulbin, Vladimir A. Popov, and Nina N. Stepareva CHAP IX BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMATERIALS IN DESIGN 397 A Assessment of Femoral Hip Cement Mantle Strains Using Bragg Sensors, by A. Ramos, I. Abe, M.W. Schiller, P. Lopes, R. Nogueira, J.L. Pinto, and J. Simões A Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Femoral Stem Migration, by R. Rodrigues, Paulo R. Fernandes, J. Folgado, and José A. Simões A Finite Element Analysis of a Novel Distal Tibial Stem for Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty, by A. Completo, F. Fonseca, and J.A. Simões A A Prototype System for Acquisition and Analysis of the 3D Mandibular Movement, by Isa Santos, João Tavares, Joaquim Mendes, and Manuel Paulo A Effects of Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Composite Dental Restorative Material, by Amílcar Ramalho, P.V. Antunes, and M.D. Carvalho A Stress Analysis in Removable Dentures by Holography, Photoelasticity and Extensometry, by J.C. Reis Campos, A. Correia, and Mário A.P. Vaz (Invited Paper) A Measurement of Orthodontic Forces and Tooth Displacement Using Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors, by M. S. Milczeswki, J. C. C. Silva, J.A. Simões, A. S. Paterno, and H. J Kalinowski A A Hierarchical Model for Bone Adaptation, by P.G. Coelho, Paulo R. Fernandes, J.B. Cardoso, J.M. Guedes e H.C. Rodrigues A Numerical Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Cortical Bone Under Fast Rate Dynamic Loads, by Fernando Ferreira, Francisco M. Melo, Mário A. Vaz, and José A. Simões A The Thaw Time of Frozen Cancellous Bone for Mechanical Testing, by Cláudia Nabais, Rui M. Guedes, and José A. Simões A Mechanical Properties of Tendos/Ligaments Using the Neo-Hookean Material Model, by Pedro Martins, Renato N. Jorge, and António J. Ferreira A Experimental Measurements of the Lumbar Spine Kinematics and Stiffness, by Lenka Jirková, Zdeněk Horák, Radek Sedláček, Petr Tichý, and Jiří Michalec A Comparison of Thin-Shell and Thick-Wall Theories in Estimation of Aneurysm Rupture, by G.R. Zendehbudi A Analysis of Floor Suitability to Overcome Deficient Accessibility, by Ludmila Corrêa e Silva, Manuela S. Garrido, and Franco G. Dedini xvi Editors: J.F. Silva Gomes & Shaker A. Meguid
17 5th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design CHAP X ENGINEERED & TECHNOLOGICAL MATERIALS IN DESIGN 427 A The Centrifugal Effect Over Mechanical Properties on Aluminium Castings, by George Chirita, I. Stefanescu, D. Cruz, D. Soares, and Filipe S. Silva A Development of Continuous Belt Furnace for the Production of Metal Foams Components, by Isabel Duarte, Manuel Vide, António J. Ferreira, John Banhart, and Mário Santos A Progressive Dynamic Collapse of Foam Filled Columns, by Mohammad S. Attia, and Shaker A. Meguid A Selective Laser Melting of High Aspect Ratio 3D Nickel - Titanium Structures Two Way Trained for MEMs Applications, by Adam Clare, P.R. Chalker, S. Davies, C.J. Sutcliffe, and S. Tsopanos A Effect of Some Technological Factors on Low Cycle Fatigue Strength of Titanium Alloys, by Henrikas Medekshas A Microstructure Features of Failure and Mechanical Properties of Ultra Fine Grained Ti- 6Al-4V ELI Alloy at K, by Elena Tabachnikova, Vladimir Bengus, Aleksey Podolskiy, Sergei Smirnov, Mikhail Bidylo, Kornel Csach, Josef Miskuf, Lilya Saitova, Irina P Semenova, and Ruslan Z. Valiev (Invited Paper) A Study of Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine Grained HSLA and Ti-IF Steels, by Janusz Majta, Krzysztof Muszka, and Monika Stefanska-Kadziela A Structural Evaluation of Direct Laser Sintered M3/2 HSS Powder, by Luís Esperto, Isabel Martins, Resina Domingues e Mário Santos A Laser Surface Remelting and Post-Thermal Treatment of the Duplex Stainless Steels, by Alex Nascimento, Maria Clara Ierardi, Maria Aparecida Pinto, and Sérgio Tavares A Measurement Methods of Strain Induced Martensitic Evolution in Austenitic Foils, by Jerzy Kaleta, and Bartłomiej Fassa A Electrical Performance of Non-Conventional Electrode Materials, by António Rodrigues, José Dias Gomes, Luís Esperto, Isabel Godinho, Mário Santos, and Maria Martins A In Situ Observation of Deformation Modes and Quantitative Assessment of Micro/Nano Mechanical Properties, by Lukas Rohr, and Johann Michler (Invited Paper) A Microstructure Design Using Statistical Correlation Functions, by H. Garmestani 453 A Damage Nucleation and Lifetime Estimation: Microstructural Aspects, by Valeri Lepov 455 and Valentin Alymov A Modelling of Grain Growth in Nano-Polycrystalline Materials, by Tomasz 457 Wejrzanowski, and Krzysztof J. Kurzydłowski A Modelling and Simulation of Deformation Behaviour and Texture Evolution in HCP 459 Materials: Design of Processing Paths for Titanium and Magnesium, by S. Ahzi, S. M Guil, and H. Garmestani A Fracture Resistance of Bi-Material Interfaces: A Hybrid Finite Element Approach, by Marco Alfano, Franco Furgiuele, Alessandro Leonardi, and Carmine Maletta A Microstructure Evolution of AlSi Nano-Composite Under Shear Load, by Vesselin Stoilov A GF/PP Towpregs Production, Testing and Processing, by J.F. Silva, J.P. Nunes, P. Vieira, and A.T. Marques A The Effect of Binder Layer on the Magnetostriction of the Magnetostrictive Composite, by Yongping Wan, Zheng Zhong, and Jinhao Qiu Contents xvii
18 Porto/Portugal, July 2006 A Fracture Toughness of Space Shuttle Insulation Foam, by Atul S. Ganpatye, and Vikram K. Kinra (Invited Paper) A Nanostructured Silica-Based Glass for Engineered Photonic Products, by Carlos Suzuki, Juliana Santos, Rodrigo Tomazi, Edmilton Gusken, and Eduardo Ono A Mechanical Properties of Coating Particleboards and Composite Materials Obtained by Continuous Stiffness Measurement Indentation Technique, by Manuel Fonte A Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Ceria-Yttria Stabilized Zirconia, by Marco Alfano, Leonardo Pagnotta, Giovanni Stigliano, Giovanni Girolamo, and Caterina Blasi A Mechanical Behaviour of Clay Structural Ceramics Containing Solid Wastes, by 477 Regina Monteiro, M. Margarida Lima, and Sandra Alves A A Critical Review of Soil Improvement by Impact Load, by Mansour Parvizi 479 A Soil Dynamic Stress Measurement: Earth Pressure Cell, by Mansour Parvizi 481 A A Comparative Study on Grab and Stripe Methods to Assess Fabric Breaking Strength, 483 by R.A.L. Miguel, J.M. Lucas, M.L. Carvalho, M.J. Santos Silva, and A.M. Manich A Engineering Design of the Thermal Properties in Smart and Adaptive Knitting 485 Structures, by Maria José Geraldes, Lubos Hes, Mário de Araújo, Mário Nunes, and Nuno Belino A Design Epoxy Resins Based Composites for Rapid Tooling Applications, by Pedro V. Vasconcelos, F. Jorge Lino, Rui J. Neto, and Ricardo Paiva CHAP XI COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS IN DESIGN 489 A Generic Road Vehicle Model for Crashworthiness, by Jorge Ambrósio, Marta 491 Carvalho, Nuno Ruben, Paulo Veríssimo, and Luís Sousa A Some Progress on Computational Analysis of Drapes, by K.Y.Sze, and X.H.Liu (Invited 493 Paper) A Modelling the Interaction Effects of the High-Speed Train Track Bridge System 495 Using ADINA, by Constança Rigueiro, Carlos Rebelo, and Luis Simões Silva A Aircraft Structural Analysis with FEM Application, by Aomar Abdesselam 497 A Limit Equilibrium of Ground Loaded Masses. A General PC Program for the Factor of 499 Safety by Rigid-Plastic Methods, by Júlio B. Martins A Modelling Fatigue Crack Propagation in CT Specimen, by R. Branco, F.V. Antunes, R. 501 Martins A Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Thin-Walled Laminated Beams Accounting 503 Warping, by Nuno Benedito, Aníbal Valido, and João Barradas Cardoso A Analysis of Thin Cylindric Long Covers Subject to Circumferential Exterior Load by 505 Transfer-Matrix Method, by Mihaela Suciu, Liviu Suciu, Gheorghe Panoiu, Gavril Balc, Mihai Tripa, Lucia Ghioltean, Daniela Paunescu, Anton Popa, Mircea Bejan, and Augustin Cretu A Stress Analysis of Long Rectangle Plates Subject to a Trapezoidal Load Using Transfer-Matrix, by Mihaela Suciu, Liviu Suciu, Gheorghe Panoiu, Gavril Balc, Mihai Tripa, Lucia Ghioltean, Daniela Paunescu, Anton Popa, Mircea Bejan, and Augustin Cretu A A Mixed Formulation Solution in The Stress Analysis of Curved Pipes with Tangent Terminantions Under In-Plane Forces, by Luisa Madureira, and Francisco M. Melo (Invited Paper) xviii Editors: J.F. Silva Gomes & Shaker A. Meguid
19 5th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design A Numerical Studies of 2D and Plate Problems Using a New Meshless Method, by Jorge Belinha, and Lúcia M.J.S. Dinis A Stress and Limit Angular Velocities in a Rotating Elastic-Plastic Annular Disk with Variable Thickness, by Nelli Alexandrova, and Paulo Vila Real A Incremental Sheet Forming Process Modelling Limitation Analysis, by Meelis Pohlak, Jüri Majak, and Rein Küttner A A Fast Algorithm for Modelling a Coupled Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Rotomoulding, by Anton Ianakiev A End Forming Operations of Thin-Walled Tubes Using a Die: Expansion, Reduction and Inversion, by B.P.P. Gouveia, M.L. Alves, P.A.R. Rosa, and P.A.F. Martins A A Thermal Integrated Model for EDM Based on the Joule Effect, by J. Marafona, and H.Branquinho A Comparison Between Time-Independent FE-Simulation and Measurements for Two Types of Rubber, by Christian Feichter, Zoltan Major, and R. W. Lang A Nonlinear Analysis of Service Stresses in Reinforced Concrete Sections Using Closed Form Solutions, by M.H.F.M Barros, and R.A.F. Martins (Invited Paper) A A Parametric Study on the 2nd Order Behavior and Carrying Capacity of 3D Asymmetric Steel Frames, by M.T.B. César, Rui C. Barros CHAP XII TEACHING MECHANICS & MATERIALS IN DESIGN 529 A Interdisciplinarity in Engineering Education, by José Couto Marques (Invited Keynote Paper) A A Didactic Test Frame for Structural Mechanics, by José Couto Marques, Carlos Moreira da Silva, Raimundo Delgado, and Maria Teresa Restivo A On Advancements in Engineering Education: A Canadian Perspective, by M.A. Elbestawi (Invited Paper) A ICTs in Remote Assessment, by Maria Teresa Restivo, Maria Fátima Chouzal, Celina Pinto Leão, Filomena O. Soares, Lígia Teixeira, José Creissac Campos, and César Analide A Remote Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures Ongoing and Future Contributions of LESE, by António Arêde, Aníbal Costa, Maria Teresa Restivo, Joaquim Mendes, Luís Noites, Paulo Martins, and António Costa A A Novel Approach to Educational Engineering Projects, by A. Barbedo Magalhães (Invited Keynote Paper) A E-Teaching Labs, by Maria Teresa Restivo, Maria Fátima Chouzal, Fernando Gomes Almeida, Joaquim Mendes, and António Mendes Lopes A NTU s Aerospace Degree Program: A Multitude of Highly Creative Ideas & New Concepts, by Shaker A. Meguid (Invited Paper) A Software Tools to Support Teaching of Signal Processing and Filtering in a Course about Measurement Systems, by M. C. Gameiro da Silva A Remote Thermography of a Heat Pipe Demo Bench, by António M. Cardoso, Joaquim Mendes, and José M. Martins Ferreira A Remote and Virtual Laboratories for Engineering Education, by J.E. Villate (Invited Keynote Paper) Contents xix
20 Porto/Portugal, July 2006 A A Michelson Interferometer for a Virtual Laboratory, by D.D. Teixeira, F.J.L. Pereira, J.F.B. Carvalho, S.M.B. Leitão, R.A.G. Bencatel, J.E. Villate, Maria T. Restivo, M.F. Chouzal, and F.G. Almeida A Machine Elements Demonstrator for the Practical Teaching of Machine Theory, by J.L. Muñoz Sanz, P. Lafont Morgado, P. Leal Wiña, J. Echávarri Otero, L. Valdivieso Blanco, J.M. Munoz-Guijosa, and H. Lorenzo A E-Teaching Mechanical Material Characteristics, by Maria Teresa Restivo, Joaquim Mendes, António Mendes Lopes, Carlos Moreira da Silva, Ricardo Magalhães, and Maria de Fátima Chouzal A Enhancement of Teaching About Measurement Systems in a Graduation Course of Mechanical Engineering, by M. C. Gameiro da Silva Authors Index 561 xx Editors: J.F. Silva Gomes & Shaker A. Meguid
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- A very elegant piece of fine jewelry
I absolutely love this ring. It is so beautiful. The stones sparkle with beautiful color and it is very comfortable. A ring you can wear everyday. Just the perfect amount of sparkle. It reminds me of sparkling silver spider webs when you see them first thing in the morning when there is dew still on them with the rising sun shining through.

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Family Child Care
The State of Minnesota requires persons caring for more than one unrelated family to have a license. Minimum standards have been set and are defined in MN Rules Chapter 9502 (also known as Rule 2.) The Commissioner of MN Department of Human Services (DHS) issues the licenses and has delegated the licensing of child care to counties. Isanti County Family Services is the authorized representative of DHS for providers who live in Isanti County. Isanti County Family Services processes applications, monitors compliance with rules and statutes, makes recommendations to DHS, and enforces DHS decisions.
Family child care licensing regulates child care providers in a setting other than a child care center, usually the provider's residence, for fewer than 24 hours per day.


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UM, weren't they punished with grid positions already. F1 is stupid. In no other sport do they hang a punishment over your head for weeks. This is the Stewards fault. In every other sport the refs determine cheating during the game. F1 is really stupid. They don't interview a player for their story. They judge an action on the field/track and penalize accordingly. This whole thing is kind of funny. Do children run this organization or what. Championships are not won on the track anymore and that is a shame. MOTOGP rules.


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The smoke from a wood-fire oven enhances meat with complex flavors and can create a smoke screen so that no one sees you eat an entire roast boar. Pig out with this Groupon.
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- $10 for $20 worth of grilled meats, burgers, sausage and beers
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The Butcher Shop
Meat and beer. It's that simple at The Butcher Shop, where patrons can either get their cuts prepared and served in the handsome beer garden. Just because the idea is simple doesn't mean it isn't executed thoughtfully, though. The butchers are very particular about their meats, using high-quality cuts such as hormone-free chicken breast, premium Kurobota pork, and USDA Prime Black Angus beef that's dry-aged for 21 days or more. Customers can approach the butcher counter to select a burger, sausage, steak, or fish for custom preparation, or simply grab a seat on one of the beer garden benches to order from a menu that includes everything from Spanish chorizo sandwiches to frisee and duck-confit salad.


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Good thinking maybe Marquis will get.....
I miss Austin Kearns.
They're so bad right now that it doesn't even hurt. Comfortably numb ....
Getting one hit by an absolute scrub. Riggleman is to blame. Sitting down our hottest hitter.
I'll bite ... Who?
I prefer to think of it as a late season run at 100
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Himal Eco Treks (Himalayan Ecological Trekking) is a company of travel and trek professional's devoted to the provision of good customer service. Our clients come from all around the world. We know the importance of preserving our cultural diversity and natural heritage. We organize treks and tours on all the popular routes and many places off the beaten track.The company established in 1995, registered on government bodies. Himalayan Ecological Trek (HET) is thankful for all our past and present customers and patrons who put our company recognized as a leading Trekking Company in this tiny landlocked country – Nepal which is the gateway to Tibet.
HET always remains sincere to its promise to protect our fragile nature and keep it intact whenever trekkings and expeditions either to the Himalayas or Trans-Himalayan regions are organized. So that our children and grandchildren won't be deprived from the pleasure what their ancestors used to have by getting so close to wilderness. HET keeps on putting every ounce of efforts to safeguard the fragile environment by conducting various social and environmental awareness programs for locals and staff members where first priority is given to sustainable tourism development.
HET acknowledges that each year the company recruits new human resources. Therefore, conducting frequent training is a must for us to narrow down the ignorance and widen the awareness. With time - old perishes, young gets old but HET always remains young for its energetic missions and treasures the old.
Yet there is still a long way to go, we highlighted here some of the most noticeable steps we initiated, and achievements we made so far in social welfare activities. Every individual and organization who is interested to learn more about our future projects is welcome to contact us.
Mission Statement:
- To provide high quality service to our clients and satisfy their needs for a happy holiday in Nepal.
- To demonstrate our Company's sense of responsibility in respect to social issues of the local people, as well as all aspects of good ecological practices.
HET's Affiliations:
1. Himalayan Rescue Association (HRA)
2. Kathmandu Environmental Education Project(KEEP)
3. Trekking Agents Association of Nepal(TAAN)
4. Nepal Tourism Board (NTB)
5. Nepal Mountaineering Association(NMA)
6. International Porters Protection Group ( IPPG)
7. Porters Progress Nepal (founder member)(PPN )
Government authorized agent with the register number: ...
Ecological & Environmental responsibilities:
The increase in numbers within one species has its own impact upon the numbers of other species. As long as Nature worked unmolested by man, proper balance among the constituents of the living world was maintained.
But when man began to bend nature to satisfy their needs and, their fancy, they introduced an element of imbalance into its working. When forests yielded place to farms, it was not the landscape alone that suffered. The trees no doubt disappeared but wi also disappeared the deer, the tiger, the beetles, the birds, the lichens, the mosses, the mushrooms and a host of other forms of the living world.
In order to safeguard the balance HET has taken following steps:
1. All HET staffs have been taken part on the various training programs on sustainable tourism courses held by KEEP, ACAP, TAAN, NTB & IPPG in this regards.
2. HET provides, bio-cooking gas during its trekking operation.
3. HET provides organic product foods on its trekking.
4. HET provides the best quality trekking equipments available during trekking.
5. HET trek groups never leave rubbish behind in the mountains.
6. Each HET Camping group cleans one camping ground in remote area.
7. HET try to employee more and more local people in each area
8. HET provide as much as local foods and deduct of overseas foods.
9. HET provides Life, Medical and emergency rescue insurance to its all the trekking crews.
10. HET has found a clothing bank (porter's Progress Nepal), where it's porters
11. HET provides best quality camping gears on trekking.
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text: TheFlyingDutchman September 24, 2016 6:58 PM Last Edited 2 days ago ElbowDown93: Go for it .Hit the front. Get that hat-trick. Make the championship more interesting. You keep saying the same thing every weekend though...Hope your rider(not 93 thats for sure) doesn't take a tumble because of Karma. Those who wishes riders to crash out to make things "interesting" are no fan of Motogp and should be ashamed Reply Report abuse 36 agree 10 disagree


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Dining in style
Tips for creating today's versatile dining room
Published: Saturday, January 15, 2011 at 6:01 a.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, January 12, 2011 at 6:43 p.m.
For generations, families ate in their kitchens and only ventured into their dining rooms on special occasions. The dining room was a place for guests, where stiff-backed chairs and fragile china kept everyone on their best behavior.
But as our lives have changed, so have our dining rooms.
Today's dining rooms are used in more ways than ever before, says HGTV host Genevieve Gorder. They merge comfort and beauty to create a space where people want to linger.
Gorder and interior designers Brian Patrick Flynn of decor demon.com and Betsy Burnham of Burnham Design in Los Angeles share the trends they've spotted and offer tips to create a perfect — and perfectly useful — dining room.
Multi-tasking at the table
Many home-owners now see the dining room as a flexible space where meals are not the only priority. In many homes, the dining room table is the go-to location for working on art projects, wrapping gifts and doing homework, says Flynn. So people are seeking durable tables that can withstand plenty of attention, rather than carefully polished ones that are easily scratched.
Dining room storage has also changed: The dining room may double as a home office, with a laptop and paperwork stashed in the sideboard during meals.
Many people have moved their formal dishes to kitchen cabinets, where expanded storage space allows the good china to be stored alongside the everyday dishes and displayed in glass-front kitchen cabinets.
Dining room storage may now be filled with anything from office supplies to children's toys.
Mixing instead of matching
The days of the perfectly matched suite of furniture are over. In designer-decorated homes, you're more likely to see deliberately mismatched chairs and a table that contrasts starkly with the room's other furniture.
People are also mixing materials and textures: "The dining table may be some type of stone and the chairs some type of wood," Flynn says, "and the sideboard may be made with mirror or metal or clad with a decorative finish.
Flynn likes to buy "six or eight chairs that are all different, or maybe just two or three are the same," he says. "Then I strip them myself with sandpaper, add spray primer, then spray on a glossy spray-paint" to make every chair the same color. He upholsters all the chairs in the same fabric to bring a cohesive look to this eclectic mix of furniture styles.
Using mismatched china is also big, Gorder says, including "mixing a few pieces of Grand ma's china" with sleek modern dishware.
Table linens can be a broad mix of casual cottons and formal linens layered together.
The dining room can be a perfect place to let your creativity run wild, Burnham says. If you don't spend extended hours there during a given week, then bolder colors and patterns work well.
Dining without fear
We've moved away from "the severity of antiques we're afraid to touch," Gorder says, and moved towards "the rustic elegance" of the big farmhouse tables you might find in Provence or Italy.
As comfort has become a priority, pretty but unforgiving chairs are definitely out. Burnham advises testing out new dining chairs before you buy them, since you want your table to be a place where people will enjoy lingering for hours.
The goal is a comfortable, welcoming space that is special but not intimidating. Flynn likes to create new pieces that give a nod to the formality of the past: "For a custom-looking sideboard," he says, "find an old dining room table at a flea market" that has some ornate woodwork. "Saw it in half the long way, directly down the middle and fix it to a wall, and paint it a bold color."
Embracing the cooking
In the past, "cooking wasn't something to be looked at" when guests came over, Gorder says. "Now it's become a performance," so people are knocking down walls to give the dining table a better view of the kitchen.
"The kitchen is now the stage, where everything happens, where everyone wants to be," she says.
The popularity of open-plan houses has meant that separate, formal dining rooms are less common. "There are still dining rooms in older homes that are completely separate and complete ly wonderful," Gorder says, but they aren't the only option.
Over the decades, one detail hasn't changed: Warm, soft lighting in a dining room remains important. In addition to an overhead fixture, Burnham likes including a lamp or two to bring a gentle, flattering glow.
"It's always kind," Burnham says, "to make people look good."
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Cagney, "You dirty rat!" 1932 MP3
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You Dirty Rat MP3
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