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ACCORDING to the Bible, all humans descended from Noah. Chapter 18. How did all the different races arise (from Noah s family)?
- Pauline Gibson
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1 Chapter 18 How did all the different races arise (from Noah s family)? What is a race? How did different skin colours come about? What are the consequences of false ideas about the origin of races? re black people the result of a curse on Ham? What about Stone ge people? CCORDING to the ible, all humans descended from Noah and his wife, his three sons and their wives, and before that from dam and Eve (Genesis 1 11). ut today we have many races, with what seem to be greatly differing features; the most obvious of these is skin colour. Many see this as a reason to doubt the ible s record of history, believing that the various groups could have arisen only by evolving separately over tens of thousands of years. The ible tells us how the population that descended from Noah s family had one language and by living in one place were disobeying God s command to fill the earth (Genesis 9:1, 11:4). God confused their language, causing a break-up of the population into smaller groups that scattered over the Earth (Genesis 11:8 9). Modern genetics shows how, following such a break-up of a population, variations in skin colour, for example, can develop in only a few generations. There is good evidence ~ 219 ~
2 220 ~ Chapter 18 that the various people groups we have today have not been separated for huge periods of time. 1 What is a race? In one sense there is really only one race the human race. The ible teaches us that God has made from one man all nations of mankind (cts 17:26). Scripture distinguishes people by tribal or national groupings, not by skin colour or physical features. Clearly, though, there are groups of people who have certain features (e.g. skin colour) in common, which distinguish them from other groups. We prefer to call these people groups rather than races, to avoid the unfortunate evolutionary connotations associated with the word race. ll people can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. This shows that the biological differences between the races are small. In fact, the DN differences are almost trivial. The DN of any two people in the world typically differs by just 0.2%. 2 Of this, only 6% (i.e. a minuscule 0.012%) can be linked to racial categories; the rest is within race variation. nthropologists often classify people into several main racial groups: Caucasoid (European or white ), 3 Mongoloid (which includes the Chinese, Inuit or Eskimo, and Native mericans), Negroid (black fricans), and ustraloid (ustralian borigines). Virtually all evolutionists would now say that the various people groups did not have separate origins. That is, different people groups did not each evolve from different groups of animals. So they would agree with the biblical creationist that all people groups have come from the same original population. Of course, they say that such groups as the borigines and the Chinese have had many tens of thousands of years of separation. Most people believe that there are such vast differences between groups that there had to be many years for these differences to develop. 1. Worldwide variations in mitochondrial DN (the Mitochondrial Eve story) were claimed to show that all people today trace back to a single mother (living in a small population) 70,000 to 800,000 years ago. Subsequent findings on the rate of mitochondrial DN mutations shortened this period drastically to put it within the biblical time-frame. See Loewe, L. and Scherer, S., Mitochondrial Eve: the plot thickens, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12(11): , 1997; Wieland, C., shrinking date for Eve, Journal of Creation 12(1):1 3, 1998; creation.com/eve. 2. Gutin, J.C., End of the rainbow, Discover, pp , November However, people inhabiting the Indian subcontinent are mainly Caucasian and their skin colour ranges from light brown to quite dark. Even within Europe, skin colour ranges from very pale to brown.
3 How did all the different races arise? ~ 221 Human DN (3,000,000,000 base pairs) 85% Within local ethnic group variation (e.g. Cantonese) etween ethnic & linguistic groups, Within a 'race' (e.g. Cantonese & Japanese) 0.2% Variation between individuals 9% 6% etween 'races' (e.g. sian & Caucasian) The variation in DN between human individuals shows that racial differences are tiny. One reason for this is a false perception that different racial characteristics such as skin colour are due to profoundly different genetic make-ups. This is an understandable but incorrect idea. For example, it is easy to think that since different groups of people have yellow skin, red skin, black skin, white skin, and brown skin, there must be many different skin pigments. Different chemicals for colouring would mean different codes in the DN for each people group, so it appears to be a problem. How could those differences develop within a short time? However, we all have the same colouring pigment in our skin, melanin. This is a dark-brown pigment that is produced in different amounts in special cells in our skin. If we had none (as do albino people, who inherit a mutation-caused defect, and cannot produce melanin), then we would have a very white or pink skin colouring. If we produced a little melanin, we would be white. If our skin produced a lot of melanin, we would be black. nd in between, of course, are all shades of brown Other substances can in minor ways affect skin shading, such as the coloured fibres of the protein elastin and the pigment carotene. However, once again we all share these same compounds, and the principles governing their inheritance are similar to those outlined here. Factors other than pigment in the skin may influence the shade perceived by the observer in subtle ways, such as the thickness of the overlying (clear) skin layers, and the density and positioning of the blood capillary networks. In fact, melanin, which is produced by cells in the body called melanocytes, consists of two pigments, which also account for hair colour. Eumelanin is very dark brown, phaeomelanin is more reddish. People tan when sunlight stimulates eumelanin production. Redheads, who are often unable to develop a protective tan, have a high proportion of phaeomelanin. They have probably inherited a defective gene which makes their pigment cells unable to respond to normal signals that stimulate eumelanin production. See Cohen, P., Redheads come out of the shade, New Scientist 147(1997):18, 1995.
4 222 ~ Chapter 18 So the most important factor in determining skin colour is the amount of melanin produced. Generally, whatever feature we may look at, no people group has anything that is essentially different from that possessed by another. For example, the sian, or almond, eye differs from a typical Caucasian eye in having a tiny ligament that pulls the eyelid down a little (see figure 1). ll babies are born with the ligament, but non-sians usually lose it before 6 months of age. Some retain the ligament and thus have almond-shaped eyes like sians, and some sians lose the ligament and so have round eyes like most Caucasians. Melanin protects the skin from damage by ultraviolet light from the sun. Too little melanin in a sunny environment leads to sunburn and skin cancer. lot of melanin where there is little sunshine will make it harder to get enough vitamin D (which needs sunshine for its production in the skin). Vitamin D deficiency can cause a bone disorder such as rickets and has been linked with higher incidence of some cancers. Scientists have also discovered that UV light destroys folate, an important vitamin in preventing spina bifida. Melanin protects folate, so this is a further advantage of having dark skin in areas with high UV levels (the tropics and at high altitudes). 5 Melanin also protects against tropical skin ulcers. We are born with a genetically fixed potential to produce a certain amount of melanin, and the amount increases up to that potential in response to sunlight skin tanning. Could many different shades of skin colour arise in a short time? If a person from a black people group marries someone from a very white group, their offspring are mid-brown. It has long been known that when such brown-skinned people marry each other, their offspring may be virtually any colour, ranging from very dark to very light. This suggests Figure 1. Caucasian and sian eyes differ in the amount of fat around the eye, as well as a ligament called the epicanthus that is lost in most non-sian babies at about six months of age (arrow). 5. Jablonski, N.G., Sun, skin and spina bifida; in: ruce, N.W. (Ed.), Proc. 5 th nnual Conf. ustral. Soc. Human iol.. Centre for Human iology, Perth, ustralia, pp , 1992.
5 an answer to our question, but first we must look at some basic principles of heredity. Heredity How did all the different races arise? ~ 223 Each of us carries information in our body that describes us, like plans and specifications that describe a complex building. It determines not only that we will be human beings, rather than bananas, but also that we will have brown eyes, short nose, etc. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, all the information that specifies how the person will be built (ignoring such factors as exercise and diet) is already present. Most of this information is in coded form in our DN. 6 This is by far the most efficient information storage system known, greatly surpassing foreseeable computer technology. 7 This information is copied (and reshuffled) from generation to generation as people reproduce. Gene refers to a small part of that information that carries the instructions for only one type of protein. 8 For example, a gene carries the instructions for making hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in your red blood cells. If that gene has been damaged by mutation (such as copying mistakes during reproduction), the instructions will be faulty, so it will make a crippled form of hemoglobin, if any. (Diseases such as sickle-cell anemia result from such mistakes.) Genes come in pairs, so in the case of hemoglobin, for example, we have two sets of code (instruction) for hemoglobin manufacture, one coming from the mother and one from the father. n egg that has just been fertilized gets one set of genes from the father (carried in the sperm) and another set from the mother (carried in the egg). This is a very useful arrangement, because if you inherit a damaged gene from one parent that could instruct your cells to produce defective 6. Most of this DN is in the nucleus of each cell, but some is contained in mitochondria, which are outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. Sperm contribute only nuclear DN when the egg is fertilized. Mitochondrial DN is inherited only from the mother, via the egg. 7. Gitt, W., Dazzling design in miniature, Creation 20(1):6, 1997; creation.com/dna. 8. Incredibly, the same stretch of DN can be read differently, to have more than one function, by starting the reading process from different points, or editing the result of the reading process. The creative intelligence behind such a mechanism is astonishing.
6 Charcoal by Robert Smith Charcoal by Robert Smith 224 ~ Chapter 18 hemoglobin, you are still likely to get a normal one from the other parent that can continue to give the right instructions. (In fact, each of us inherits hundreds of genetic mistakes from one or the other of our parents, but these are often covered up by being matched with a normal gene from the other parent see Who was Cain s wife?, Chapter 8). Skin colour Skin colour is governed M=high levels of melanin =low levels of melanin by more than one pair of genes. For simplicity, let s assume there are M M only two, 9 located at M=high levels of melanin =low levels of melanin positions and on the chromosomes. One form of the gene, M, black gene combination. M says make lots of Figure 2. black gene combination melanin; another form of the gene, 10 m, says only make a little melanin. t position we could have a pair such as 11 M black M, gene M mcombination. or m m, which would instruct the skin cells to make a lot, some, or little melanin. Similarly, at position we could have the gene pairs, m or, instructing cells to make a lot, some, or little melanin. Thus very dark people could have M M (see figure 2). Since both the sperm and eggs of such people could only be M (remember, only one from each or pair Mgoes to each sper or egg), they could only produce children with the same combination of genes as themselves. So the children will all be very dark. Likewise, white gene combination. very light people, with m m, could only produce children like themselves (see figure white gene combination. 3). What combinations brown gene combination. brown gene combination. Figure 3. white gene combination 9. This simplification is not done to help our case the more genes there are, the easier it is to have a huge range of different colours. The principle involved can be understood by using two as an example. 10. Variant forms of a gene are called alleles, but that is not important here. 11. For the technically minded, this type of genetic expression, where allele dosage affects the trait, is called partial dominance.
7 Father Charcoal by Robert Smith black gene combination. M How did all the different races arise? ~ 225 M would result from brown-skinned parents with M m Figure 4. brown gene combination (the offspring of an M M and m m union, for example; see figure 4)? We can do this with a diagram called a punnet square (see figure 5). The left side shows the four different gene combinations possible in the sperm from the father and the top gives the combinations possible in the eggs from the mother (remember that a parent can only pass on one of each pair of genes to each sperm or egg). We locate a particular sperm gene combination white gene combination. and follow the row across to the column below a particular egg gene brown gene combination. Mother M possible egg gene combinations M M M possible sperm gene combinations M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Figure 5. square showing the possible offspring from brown parents with M m genes
8 226 ~ Chapter 18 combination (like finding a location on a street map). The intersection gives the genetic makeup of the offspring from that particular sperm and egg union. For example, an M sperm and an m egg would produce a child with M m, the same as the parents. The other possibilities mean that five levels of melanin (shades of colour) can result in the offspring of such a marriage, as roughly indicated by the level of shading in the diagram. If three gene pairs were involved, seven levels of melanin would be possible. Thus a range of colours, from very light to very dark, can result in only one generation, beginning with this particular type of mid-brown parents. If people with M M, who are pure black (in the sense of having no genes for lightness at all), were to migrate to a place where their offspring could not marry people of lighter colour, all their descendants would be black a pure black line would result. If white people (m m ) were to migrate to a place where their offspring could not marry darker people, a pure (in the same sense) white line would result they would lose the genes needed to produce a large amount of melanin and so could not produce black children. It is thus easily possible, beginning with two middle-brown parents, to get not only all the colours, but also people groups with stable shades of skin colour. ut what about people groups that are permanently mid-brown, such as we have today? gain, this is easily explained. If those with genes M M or m m no longer intermarry with others, they will be able to produce only mid-brown offspring. (You can work this out with your own punnet square.) If either of these lines were to interbreed again with the other, the process would be reversed. In a short time their descendants would show a whole range of colours, often in the same family. If all people were to intermarry freely, and then break into random groups that kept to themselves, a whole new set of gene combinations could emerge. It may be possible to have almond eyes with black skin, blue eyes with black frizzy short hair, etc. We need to remember, of course, that the way in which genes express themselves is much more complex than this simplified picture. For example, sometimes certain genes are linked together so that they tend to be inherited together. Even today, within a particular people group you will often see a feature normally associated with another people group. For instance, you will occasionally see a European with a broad flat nose, or a Chinese
9 person with Caucasian eyes. Most scientists now agree that all humans are genetically extremely similar (unexpectedly so for evolutionists). This argues strongly against the idea that the people groups have been separated for a long time. What really happened? We can now reconstruct the true history of the people groups, using: How did all the different races arise? ~ 227 Figure 6. Nottingham s amazing two-tone twins show how different combinations of existing genes from the parents gives variety in the offspring. the information given by the Creator Himself in the book of Genesis the background information given above some consideration of the effect of the environment. God created the first man, dam, from whom all other humans descended years after Creation, a worldwide Flood destroyed all humans except Noah, his wife, his three sons, and their wives. This Flood greatly changed the environment. God commanded the survivors to multiply and fill the earth (Genesis 9:1). The people disobeyed God and united to build a city, with the Tower of abel as the focal point of rebellious worship. Genesis 11 indicates that up to this time there was only one language. God judged the people s disobedience by imposing different languages, thus stopping their work against God and forcing them to scatter over the earth as God intended. So all the people groups have come into existence since abel. Noah and his family were probably mid-brown, with genes for both dark and light skin, because a medium skin colour would seem to be the most generally suitable (dark enough to protect against skin damage and folate destruction, yet light enough to allow vitamin D production). dam Gary Roberts worldwidefeatures.com Image by Keaton Halley
10 228 ~ Chapter 18 and Eve would most likely have been mid-brown as well, with brown eyes and brown (or black) hair. In fact, most of the world s population today is mid-brown. fter the Flood, until abel, there was only one language and one culture group. Thus, there were no barriers to marriage within this group. This would tend to keep the skin colour of the population away from the extremes. Very dark and very light skin would appear, of course, but people tending in either direction would be free to marry someone lighter or darker than themselves, ensuring that the average colour stayed roughly the same. The same would be true of characteristics other than skin colour. Under these sorts of circumstances, distinct, consistent differences in appearance will never emerge. To obtain such separate lines, you would need to break a large breeding group into smaller groups and keep them separate; that is, prevent interbreeding between groups. This is true for animal as well as human populations, as every biologist knows. The effects of abel This actually happened at abel. God s imposition of separate languages created instant barriers. Not only would people tend not to marry someone they couldn t understand, but groups that spoke the same language would have difficulty relating to and trusting those that did not. Thus, they would move away from each other, into different environments. God intended this so they would fill the earth. It is unlikely that every small group would carry the same broad range of skin colours as the original, larger group. One group might have more dark genes, on average, while another might have more light genes. The same thing would occur with other characteristics: nose shape, eye shape, etc. nd since they would intermarry only within their own language group, these differences would no longer be averaged out as before. s these groups migrated away froabel, they encountered new environments. Consider a group of people who moved to a region with little sunlight. Here, the dark-skinned folk would not be able to produce enough vitamin D, and thus would be less healthy and have fewer children. So, in time, the light-skinned members would predominate. If several different groups went to such an area, and if one group happened to be carrying few genes for lightness, this particular group could in time die out. Thus, natural selection acts on the characteristics already present, and does not create new ones. The Neandertals of Europe, now extinct but recognized as fully human, show evidence of rickets, a symptom of vitamin D deficiency. In fact, this, plus evolutionary prejudice, caused them to be classified as apemen for a long time. They could well have been dark-skinned
11 How did all the different races arise? ~ 229 people who were unfit for the environment into which they moved because of the skin colour genes they began with. Notice (again) that this natural selection, as it is called, does not produce skin colours, but only acts on the created capacity for making skin pigment that is already there. 12 Conversely, fair-skinned people in sunny regions could suffer from skin ulcers, skin cancer and folate deficiency. Thus, in these regions dark-skinned people would come to predominate. Of course people are intelligent and would come to associate dark or light skin with being healthy in the different environments. Thus, marriage choices would come into play: black is beautiful in the tropics, whereas white is beautiful at high latitudes. This intelligent selection would accentuate natural selection, speeding up the development of racial differences. So we see that the pressure of the environment, plus human choice, can (a) affect the balance of genes within a group, and (b) even eliminate entire groups. This is why, to a large extent, the physical characteristics of people tend to match the environment where they live (e.g. Nordic people with pale skin, equatorial people with dark skin). ut this is not always so. The Inuit (Eskimo) have brown skin, yet live where there is not much sun. Presumably they all have a genetic makeup such as M M, which would not be able to produce lighter or darker skin. The Inuit fish diet also provides plenty of vitamin D, so that they can be healthy without much sunlight. On the other hand, native South mericans living on the equator do not have black skin. These examples confirm that natural selection does not create new information if the genetic makeup of a group of people does not allow variation in colour toward that colour desirable for that environment, natural selection cannot create such variation (and nor can human choice). Pygmies live in a hot area, but rarely experience strong sunshine in their dense jungle environment; yet they have dark skin. Pygmies may be a good example of another factor that has affected the racial history of man: discrimination. People different from the norm (e.g. a very light person in a dark people group) have historically been regarded as abnormal and rejected by the group. Such a person could fail to get a marriage partner. This would further tend to eliminate light genes from 12. Indeed a mutant form of the MC1R gene has been found in Neandertal fossils a mutation that causes red hair due to depressed production of normal brown melanin. So it seems that at Neandertals could have had the range of colouration seen in Europeans today. See Carles Lalueza-Fox, C. et al., melanocortin 1 receptor allele suggests varying pigmentation among Neanderthals, Science 318: , 2007; DOI: /science
12 230 ~ Chapter 18 a dark people, and vice versa. In this way, groups have tended to purify themselves. lso, in some instances, breeding within a small group can accentuate a commonly occurring unusual feature that would otherwise be swamped by marriage outside the group. There is a tribe in frica whose members all have grossly deformed feet from such inbreeding. If people possessing genes for short stature were discriminated against, a small group of them might seek refuge in the deepest forest. y marrying only each other they would ensure a pygmy race developed. The fact that pygmy tribes speak dialects of neighbouring non-pygmy tribal languages suggests that this happened. Certain genetic characteristics may have influenced people groups to make deliberate (or semi-deliberate) choices concerning the environments to which they migrated. For instance, people with genes for a thicker, more insulating layer of fat under their skin would tend to leave areas that were uncomfortably hot. Common memories The evidence for the ible s account of human origins is more than just biological and genetic. Since all peoples have descended from Noah s family a relatively short time ago, we would expect to find some memory of the catastrophic Flood in the stories of many people groups. In fact, an overwhelming number of cultures do have accounts of a worlddestroying flood. Often these have striking parallels to the true, original account, such as: eight people saved in a boat, the sending out of birds, a rainbow, and more. Conclusion The dispersion at abel broke up a large interbreeding group into small inbreeding groups. The resultant groups would have different mixes of genes for various physical features. y itself, this dispersion would ensure, in a short time, that there would be certain fixed differences in some of these groups, commonly called races. In addition, the selection pressure of the environment would modify the existing combinations of genes so that the physical characteristics of each group would tend to suit their environment. There has been no simple-to-complex evolution of any genes, for the genes were present already. The dominant features of the various people groups result from different combinations of previously existing created genes, plus some minor degenerative changes, resulting from mutation (accidental changes which can be inherited). The originally created (genetic) information has been either reshuffled or has degenerated.
13 How did all the different races arise? ~ 231 Consequences of false beliefs about the origin of races Rejection of the Gospel The accuracy of the historical details of Genesis is crucial to the trustworthiness of the ible and to the whole Gospel message. So the popular belief that people groups evolved their different features, and could not all have come from Noah s family (contrary to the ible), has eroded belief in the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Racism One of the biggest justifications for racial discrimination in modern times is the belief that people groups have evolved separately. So, different groups would be at different stages of evolution, with some more backward than others. Therefore, the other person may not be as fully human as you. This sort of thinking inspired Hitler s gas chambers, aiming to establish the master race. 13 Sadly, some Christians have been infected with racist thinking through evolutionary indoctrination that people of a different colour are inferior because they are supposedly closer to the animals. Such attitudes are completely unbiblical (e.g. cts 17:26, Col. 3:11), although out-of-context ible verses are sometimes misused to justify racist views (see ppendix I). ad influence on missionary outreach The spread of evolutionary belief has negatively impacted missionary activity. The idea of savage, half-evolved inferior peoples somehow does not evoke the same missionary urgency as the notion that our cousins, closely linked to us in time and heredity, have yet to hear the Gospel. 14 Even many of the finest of today s missionary organizations have been influenced, often unconsciously, by deeply ingrained evolutionary ideas about the origin of other peoples and their religions. ll tribes and nations are descendants of Noah s family! The ible makes it clear that any newly discovered tribe ultimately goes back to Noah. Thus their culture began with (a) a knowledge of God, and (b) technology at least sufficient to build a boat of ocean-liner size. 13. ergman, J., Darwinism and the Nazi race holocaust, Journal of Creation 13(2): , 1999; creation.com/holocaust. 14. For example, Grigg, R., Darwin s quisling, Creation 22(1):50 51, 1999; creation.com/ kingsley. See also creation.com/racism.
14 232 ~ Chapter 18 Romans Chapter 1 suggests the major reason for this technological loss and cultural degeneration (see ppendix II). It is linked to the deliberate rejection by their ancestors of the worship of the living God. So the first priority in helping a backward people group should not be secular education and technical aid, but first and foremost the Gospel. In fact, most primitive tribes still have a memory that their ancestors turned away from the living God, the Creator. Don Richardson, missionary of Peace Child fame, has shown that a missionary approach unblinded by evolutionary bias, and thus looking for this link and utilizing it, has been very effective in rescuing people from the squalor of animism, for example. 15 Jesus Christ, God s reconciliation in the face of man s rejection of the Creator, is the only truth that can set men and women of every culture, people group or colour truly free (John 8:32; 14:6). ppendix I. Is black skin due to the curse on Ham? lack (really dark-brown) skin is merely one particular combination of inherited factors. These factors, though not in that combination, were originally present in dam and Eve. The belief that the skin colour of black people is a result of a curse on Ham and his descendants is nowhere taught in the ible. Furthermore, it was not Ham who was cursed, but his son, Canaan (Genesis 9:18, 25; 10:6). nd Canaan s descendants probably had mid-brown skin (Genesis 10:15 19), not black. False teaching about Ham has been used to justify slavery and other non-biblical racist practices. It is traditionally believed that the frican nations are largely Hamitic, because the Cushites (Cush was a son of Ham: Genesis 10:6) are thought to have lived where Ethiopia is today. Genesis suggests that the dispersion was probably along family lines, and it may be that Ham s descendants were on average darker than, say, Japheth s. However, it could just as easily have been the other way around. Rahab, mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew 1, was a Canaanite. descendant of Ham, she must have married an Israelite. God approved of this union, which shows that the particular race she came from was not important it mattered only that she trusted in the true God. Ruth, a Moabitess, also features in the genealogy of Christ. She expressed faith in God before her marriage to oaz (Ruth 1:16). 15. Richardson, D., Eternity in Their Hearts, Regal ooks, Division of Gospel Light, Ventura, C, US, 1986.
15 God warns about inter-faith marriage but not inter-racial marriage. 16 ppendix II. Stone ge people? rchaeology shows that there have been people who lived in caves and used stone tools. There are still people who do the same. We have seen that all people on Earth today descended from Noah How did all the different races arise? ~ 233 Contrary to popular stereotypes of cavemen, people who dwelt in caves were not brutish, ape-like or unintelligent. In a harsh climate, such as during the Ice ge, cave-dwelling would make sense. and his family. efore the Flood, Genesis indicates, people had enough technology to make musical instruments, farm, forge metal implements, build cities, and build a huge seaworthy vessel. fter the dispersion from abel, the hostilities induced by the new languages may have forced some groups to scatter rather rapidly, finding shelter wherever they could. In some instances, stone tools may have been used temporarily, until their settlements were fully established and they found and exploited metal deposits, for example. In others, the original diverging group may not have taken the relevant knowledge with them. sk an average family group today how many of them, if they had to start again, would know how to find, mine, and smelt metal-bearing deposits? Obviously, there has been technological (cultural) degeneration in many post-abel groups. In some cases, harsh environments may have contributed. The ustralian borigines have a technology and cultural knowledge which, in relation to their lifestyle and need to survive in the dry outback, is appropriate. This includes the aerodynamic principles used in making boomerangs (some of which were designed to return to the thrower, while others were not). Sometimes we see evidence of degeneration that is hard to explain. For instance, when Europeans arrived in Tasmania, the borigines there 16. Wieland, C., The ible and interracial marriage, Creation 34(1):20 22, 2011; creation. com/interracial. Image by Caleb Salisbury
16 234 ~ Chapter 18 had the simplest technology known. They caught no fish, and did not usually make clothes. Yet recent archaeological discoveries suggest that earlier generations had more knowledge and equipment. rchaeologist Rhys Jones believes that in the Tasmanian borigines distant past these people had equipment to sew skins into complex clothes. This contrasts with the observations in the early 1800s that they just slung skins over their shoulders. It also appears that they were in fact catching and eating fish in the past, but when Europeans arrived, they had not been doing this for some time. 17,18 So technology is not always retained and built upon, but can be lost or abandoned. nimist peoples live in fear of evil spirits and often invent taboos against healthy practices like washing, and eating various nutritious foods. gain this illustrates how loss of knowledge of the true Creator-God leads to degradation (Romans 1:18 32). For much more on race, culture, racism, slavery, etc., read Dr Carl Wieland s book, One Human Family, Creation ook Publishers, Commenting on Dr Wieland s book, Dr Felix Konotey-hulu concluded: the best in-depth account of racism I have ever read. The book has information that will surprise, if not amaze, most readers. Dr Jonathan Sarfati commented: I can confirm the book is a masterpiece; a great advance on previous works on races, by including vital topics like slavery, apartheid, and race relations in [the US], cultural history, economic history and how the most productive economies have a Christian underpinning. It avoids the twin problems of non-judgmentalism (too many Christians haven t read John 7:24) about past evils, and political correctness that blames the West for everything. 17. Jones, R., Tasmania s Ice-ge hunters, ustralian Geographic 8: 26 45, Jones, R., The Tasmanian paradox; in: Wright, R.V.S. (Ed.), Stone Tools as Cultural Markers, ustralian Institute of boriginal Studies, Canberra, 1977.
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Full Paper
Large-Scale Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Surface Patterns Using Template-Defined Electrochemical Deposition
Version of Record online: 13 SEP 2012
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201201466
Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Advanced Functional Materials
Volume 23, Issue 6, pages 720–730, February 11, 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Yang, S., Lapsley, M. I., Cao, B., Zhao, C., Zhao, Y., Hao, Q., Kiraly, B., Scott, J., Li, W., Wang, L., Lei, Y. and Huang, T. J. (2013), Large-Scale Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Surface Patterns Using Template-Defined Electrochemical Deposition. Adv. Funct. Mater., 23: 720–730. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201201466
Publication History
- Issue online: 11 FEB 2013
- Version of Record online: 13 SEP 2012
- Manuscript Received: 31 MAY 2012
- Abstract
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water quality microbiology Events
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Thailand LAB INTERNATIONAL is organized by VNU Exhibitions Asia Pacific Co., Ltd. a joint venture between Jaarbeurs from the Netherlands and TCC Exhibition and Convention Center from Thailand. VNU Exhibitions Asia Pacific develops, with industry partners and exhibition organizers from around the world, executes and internationalizes trade show and conferences from animal production and ...
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Lorelei Lee – The Cheating Wife
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text: At 1:02 it shows the weapon in effect and it seems the zombie was turned into a human any thoughts? I think this should be edited into the new wonder weapon page if I wasn't seeing anything haha. Maybe thats what it does when you Pack a Punch it? Who knows biut I want to see more of this gun:D


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ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
Castle Dental (Bright Now)5601 Brodie Lane, Suite 1325 Austin, Texas USA
Castle Dental (Bright Now) Dental Work without Approval not covered by Insurance Austin Texas
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This dental office performed services without authority from me, without explanation, which were not covered under my dental insurance. I went in to have a tooth pulled after cracking a crown. The dentist was extremely unprofessional, and the staff was rude. The services, bone grafts, are specifically for tooth implants, and the services rendered will have no benefit to me since I expressly told them I did not want a tooth implants. I have no recourse other than to advise others to avoid this dental group. I am 64 years old, and have gone to the dentist since I was 6 years old. I have never had an experience like this. Avoid Castle Dental (or Bright Now).
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 02/21/2014 12:47 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/castle-dental-bright-now/austin-texas-78704/castle-dental-bright-now-dental-work-without-approval-not-covered-by-insurance-austin-t-1125452. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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If you are not 100% satisfied with your purchase, you can return your order to the warehouse for a full refund (Bottles must be unopened, in the state you received them, and in the original packaging). We believe that in order to have the best possible online shopping experience, our customers should not have to pay for domestic return shipping. So if you're not happy with your purchase, just contact us right away and we will provide you with details for returning the unopened bottles - your domestic shipping costs are prepaid by us.
With the WineChateau.com 365 day return policy, there are no special catches or exceptions. All we ask is that you send the items back to us in the original packaging, unopened, and in the same condition you received them.
Have questions? Prefer to order by Phone? The Wine Chateau Customer Loyalty Team (WCCLT) is happy to help!
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Pinot Noir specialist James MacPhail has complete control over the creation of Sequanaa s single-vineyardwines. Grapes were hand-picked and hand-sorted, then cold-soaked prior to fermentation to maximizeflavor and color extraction.In small open-topped tanks, each block was fermented separately, using primarilynative yeasts. Other lots were fermented with yeasts unique to each individual lot.Hand punch-downs extracted and elevated the Pinot Noir flavors and the wine wasaged sur lie in French oak barrels for 11 months.Displaying the classic qualities of the Santa Lucia Highlands, this silky Pinot Noirhas pretty floral and citrus aromas. Warm Asian spices accompany bright, lastingflavors of citrus, rose petal and cherry
Rich, warm spice aromas introduce complex, blue fruit flavors. Juicy blueberry and plum balance fine tannins and bright acidity. Deep and intense, the wine's layers of flavor continue through the lasting finish.
Technical Notes
Rich, warm spice aromas introduce complex, blue fruit flavors. Juicy blueberry and plum balance fine tannins and bright acidity. Deep and intense, the wine's layers of flavor continue through the lasting finish.


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12月 14, 2014 合計視聴数:: 6235 今日は: 1
Hotel Riad Alkantara Fès, Located in the medieval city of Fez, Riad Alkantara is a luxury guest house composed of 5 Riads with different architectures set around gardens and terraces. All suites are well equipped and you will also have welcome products in your room. The garden has a big swimming pool and places where you can relax. The Riad Alkantara proposes a wide range of tastes to try in different setting with a charmed atmosphere. Discover the Maghreb cuisine in the gastronomic restaurant of the hotel. Additional features include a lounge bar, smoking area on the shaded terrace, an exhibition centre and creative workshops. (Hotel Riad Alkantara Fès hotels 予約).


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So Good (For You) Oatmeal Cookies!
Recipe by MamaMeag
Due to making a deal with my sister to not have any SUGAR, I was forced to recreate some of our favorite treats, using natural alternatives! I'm happy to say...I like these better than the REAL DEAL! They are packed full of "good stuff", so you can eat them, guilt free (for the most part). In fact, my kids say that it's just too hard to only eat one! :0) They come out moist and chewy. You could, also, easily turn these into a great oatmeal chocolate chip cookie! So, have fun experimenting, and let me know what you think!
See Discussion:
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1⁄4 cup butter (1/2 a stick)
- 1 cup honey
- 1⁄3 cup unsweetened applesauce
- 4 ounces vanilla yogurt (I use the organic vanilla at Trader Joe's)
- 2 teaspoons vanilla
- 2 eggs
- 1⁄4 cup flax seed meal
- 1 cup whole wheat flour
- 2 cups old fashioned oats
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄2 teaspoon baking soda
- 3 teaspoons cinnamon (we let the kids shake in as much as they like)
- 1 -1 1⁄2 cup raisins (put in as much as you like!)
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
- Cream together butter and honey.
- Add applesauce, yogurt and vanilla. Mix until fully combined.
- Add eggs, one at a time, until they are fully incorporated.
- Add in flax meal.
- Add in whole wheat flour, oats, salt, baking soda and cinnamon. Mix until fully combined. ***Dough will seem a little runny.
- Add in raisins.
- Place spoonfuls onto a cookie sheet and bake for 10-12 minutes.
- Let cool, and enjoy!


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01392 882 321
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Water testing laboratory in Devon
If you have your own water supply from a well, spring or borehole, Oakwater Laboratories can provide laboratory analysis to assess the quality of the water you are drinking.
Our services
Provide chemical analysis and bacteriological examination facilities to establish suitability of private water supplies for domestic, farming, building construction, brewing and other uses.
Advise what treatment is necessary to bring water supply to an acceptable standard.
Investigate problems of discolouration, corrosion or complaint of taste/odour.
Examine ground waters, cellar waters and other ingress waters to identify sources.
Undertake water quality checks on hotels, nursing homes, swimming pools, bathing/showering facilities including legionella testing if required.
Mail: email@example.com
Phone: 01392 882 321
Why choose Oakwater Laboratories?
Completely independent - we don't sell treatment equipment and we have no advantage from finding anything wrong with your water supply.
Able to draw on a wealth of experience and local knowledge gained from many years of working in the consultancy business.
Knowledgeable staff, well-trained to give advice and guidance following analysis.
No ties to local authorities or other water treatment professionals, but we do work closely with them to ensure the treatment processes you may require are satisfactory.
Our reports are readily understood and will enable you to approach water engineers with confidence.
Mail: email@example.com
Phone: 01392 882 321
For more information on water testing in Devon, please call Oakwater Laboratories
01392 882 321
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The Big Short
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Plot: When four outsiders see what the big banks, media and government refuse to see, the global collapse of the economy, they have an idea: The Big Short. Their bold investment leads them into the dark underbelly of modern banking where they must question everyone and everything. Based on the book by Michael Lewis.
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How to buy in-person at the Box
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2. Tap RENT & BUY GAMES
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3. Tap FOR SALE
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Modern Times Beer Booming Rollers
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Craft Beer
Modern Times Beer
Booming rollers is one craft beer that definitely goes BOOM. Hop slammed with Citra, Motueka and Centennial hops - this is what the kids call "juicy." The tropical hops make this beer perfect for crushing in the SoCal heat.
- 16 oz Can
- 96 Points Rate Beer, 93 Points Beer Advocate
Inside The Cellar ships to the following states: AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DC, GA, FL, ID, IA, IL, IN, LA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, NV, NY, NM, NC, OH, OR, RI, SC, TN, TX VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, and WY.
Orders are shipped within 3 business days of being received, unless otherwise notified.
All orders require an 21+ adult signature at the time of delivery or will call pick-up. If there is no adult signature - your order will not be delivered. Please plan accordingly. (We cannot ship to PO Boxes).
Inside The Cellar ships via FedEx Ground. Rates are calculated at the time of checkout and include a $3.00 FedEx adult signature charge.
Will Call orders must be picked up at 13017 La Dana Ct., Santa Fe Springs, CA, 90670.


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Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
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Running Time: 105 minutes
Released: 08/2014
Studio Name: Doghouse Digital Mile High Media
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26 Swallowtail Avenue, Success WA 6164$470 P.W
- Available from Thursday, 10 November 2016
- Bond $1880
Step inside this fully tiled property and indulge in the space it provides. Boasting 4 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms, with the 2nd toilet located in the laundry. Good sized living areas and room to move outside in the low maintenance back yard. Features include - Fully tiled throughout - Gas cooking - Air conditioning throughout - Quiet neighbourhood - Walk in robe to the main bedroom - Built in robes to other rooms - Large Study - Large theatre room or 2nd Lounge Available: From 10th November 2016 on a 12 month lease Pets: Sorry no pets Bond: $1,880.00 Total cost to move in: $2,820.00 De Freitas & Ryan Property Consultants does not accept online applications through 1Form. Properties must be viewed and an application form collected upon viewing. *Information Disclaimer: This document has been prepared for advertising and marketing purposes only. It is believed to be reliable and accurate, but clients must make their own independent enquiries and must rely on their own personal judgment about the information included in this document. De Freitas & Ryan provides this document without any express or implied warranty as to its accuracy or currency. Any reliance placed upon this document is at the client?s own risk. De Freitas & Ryan accepts no responsibility for the results of any actions taken, or reliance placed upon this document by a client.
- Property type: House


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Appends the request URL to SQL statements in Django.
A Django application to store your previous history and action in your session engine
A reusable application to create your own badge engine using Django
A generic application to manage your newsletters
Export asynchronously your data from your Django models
Messaging system for your users
Standalone Django application to like any content types you want
Events watcher is an event packaging library for Django to track changes made in your models.
A generic application to invite your contact from facebook, google, etc.
An integration of python-leetchi with Django framework
An application to manage translations in Django models
Attach metadata to any Django models using redis
A reusable Django application to control the currency rate and favorite language code, inspired by etsy
Fork of django-oauth-toolkit
Standalone Django application to know if a django user is online or not.
simple Python library based on rq to store emails sent by Django and process them in the background with workers
Generic Django application for safer user accounts
Custom field for Django to separate multiple values in database with a separator and retrieve them as list
A Django application to implement a follow system and a timeline using multiple backends (db, redis, etc.)
Slug your multiple models and manage redirections
JSON formatter meant for logstash
PyBB modified. Django forum application
Leetchi API implementation in Python
A client library written in python to work with mangopay v2 api


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Herbie Hancock for the developing band? Yes! From Hancock's famous Headhunter recording, here is a great opportunity to play the biggest jazz-rock hit of all time. The melody is first played by alto, tenor,
If you've got a strong bassist, this is your showstopper! This chart, made famous by bass virtuoso Jaco Pastorius, gets kicking with a killer gospel chorale, but is soon interrupted by one of the funkiest
Rippin' 'n Runnin' is a funky chart at about 176 beats per minute with a classic Gordon Goodwin piano introduction. This chart has solo space for alto 1, tenors 1 and 2, trumpet 4 and trombone 1.
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Arts, Literature, Education, Language CoursesFollow
Build your vocabulary with Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day! Each day a Merriam-Webster editor offers insight into a fascinating new word -- explaining its meaning, current use, and little-known details about its origin.
November 29th, 2015
Episode 386 of 923 episodes
Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for November 29, 2015 is: emeritus \ih-MEH-ruh-tus\ adjective 1 : holding after retirement an honorary title corresponding to that held last during active service 2 : retired from an office or position converted to emeriti after a plural Examples: A letter decrying cuts in staffing at the university was signed by 42 professors emeriti. "Additional members were named at the annual meeting to the 2015-16 board of directors, which now includes 22 members and four directors emeriti." Jenn Smith, The Berkshire Eagle (Pittsfield, Massachusetts), 28 Sept. 2015 Did you know? The adjective emeritus is unusual in two ways: it's frequently used postpositively (that is, after the noun it modifies), and it has a plural formemeritiwhen it modifies a plural noun in its second sense. If you've surmised from these qualities that the word is Latin in origin, you are correct. Emeritus, which is the Latin past participle of the verb emereri, meaning "to serve out one's term," was originally used to describe soldiers who had completed their duty. (Emereri is from the prefix e-, meaning "out," and merēre, meaning "to earn, deserve, or serve"also the source of our English word merit.) By the beginning of the early 18th century, English speakers were using emeritus as an adjective to refer to professors who had retired from office. The word eventually became applied to other professions where a retired member may continue to hold a title in an honorary capacity.
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Welcome to the Brain Training Podcast, the daily audio workout for your head. In this podcast we have two games for you, each with three rounds which get progressively harder. To enjoy the full experience, relax, and avoid distractions whilst you listen.


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Traverler's Choice Beside-U Haleigh Crossbody Bag, Black
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Item Features
- Top zip closure
- Front zip pocket
- Front magnetic hidden pocket for quick access
- Two inside slip pockets and pen loops
- 7.5″x3.25″x8″
Item Information
Complete your ensemble with this attractive and compact nylon cross body bag from beside u. Designed in California, the beside u Haleigh nylon cross body bag is professionally hand-sewn and made of 100% soft-touch nylon with high density 260t micro fabric that enhances tear and abrasion resistance for long-lasting performance. The fabric has non-woven backing which reinforces durability and provides a rich hand-touch. Treated with water-repellent coating, the fabric can withstand the permeation of dripping water. The fully-lined interior includes multiple slip pockets, pen loops, and a zip pocket for personal items. Top zip closure, front zip-around pocket, front magnetic hidden pocket for quick access, front zip pocket, back zip pocket, tw
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Zipper Bags
We color-code the paragraph and the essay. The kinesthetic approach to learning is well documented and helps students to master content. We asked one seventh-grade boy why he liked using the colored pens. He said, "They help me remember what kind of thoughts I need to include and where to put them."
There are many ways to organize the pens. Our preferred approach is to put the pens in the zipper bags for each student. Some teachers number the baggies with a Sharpie and assign each bag to a specific student each class period or block. We leave the bagged sets in a basket by the door and train our students to pick one up each day when they come in and return it to the basket on their way out.
Deborah Louis assigns Materials Managers each cycle. These students not only pick up the zipper bags five minutes before the bell without being told, checking to make sure all pens are accounted for, but also she has them pass out papers, pick up papers, run administrative-type errands, and block the door so no one will interrupt (Just kidding on "blocking the door." We sure would like to do that sometimes, wouldn't we?)


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Oshi-Ta is an androgynous creator deity worshipped by the Hyach.
The name roughly translates as "the Seed and the Egg". A serpentine figure, Oshi-ta incorporates a balance between both male and female aspects and it is the belief of all followers that Oshi-ta tells all Hyach to live long, be wise and die happily so as to continue the cycle anew. Though there are a few fringe cults that go against the conventional worship of Oshi-Ta, none have any significant impact on Shir-shraba.[1][2]


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Please see some similar alternatives below
Versace design house launched Bright Crystal in 2006 as a light floral fragrance for women. The creator is perfumer Alberto Morillas. This soft and light scent represents pure sensuality. Versace Bright Crystal is described as a fresh, floral fragrance that is perfect for Versace woman who symbolises strength and confidence yet feminine, sensual and always glamorous. This sensual scent features delicate tastes of colourful and juicy pomegranate grains, iced accord and yuzu mixed with peony, lotus flower and magnolia, wonderfully combined with musk, plant amber and acajou. It is presented in a beautiful pink glass bottle topped with a huge diamond-cut stopper. This magical scent is perfect for women of all age, to be worn during the daytime.


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Metaphysical-World -( Part 3 ): The Carbon Atom, Vortex Math, and the Scarab Beetle
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thalamus (n.)
1753, "the receptacle of a flower," Modern Latin, from L. thalamus "inner chamber," from Gk. thalamos "inner chamber, bedroom," related to thalame "den, lair," tholos "vault, vaulted building."
Thalamus=Atlas Hums lol! (axial tilt and frequency and (haarp)) ARC(degree)angles harp.
"Through the thalamus, music enters the human body. Thalamus is part of the brain that is the main relay station for all emotions, sensations, and feelings. Thus, music affects moods, creates changes in metabolism, circulation, blood volume, pulse, blood pressure, and hormones related to stress."
link to www.techthefuture.com
"Once a frequency is detected, which resonates positively – in for example the amygdala(MAGDALE(y)Na), which in its simplest form is the main emotion center of the brain (through a combination of fMRI and EEG) – this frequency can be used to stimulate the related brain area again with the recorded frequency......
This triggers the release of hormones in the Hypothalmus, which in previous conjunction with the thalamus has learned a connection of music frequencies and hormone stimulation.
Therefore improving the quality of life in a wide clinical population with music, shows that it does not only stimulate the brain, but can also teach it how to change."
The ARC(degree) of the covenant and noah's ARC(degree) are metaphors for the microcosm of the brain, precession and the music of the spheres(frequency). [
link to thehiddenlighthouse.blogspot.com
Some random syncs-
The Scarab beetle has blue blood and so does the Crab(Cancer). High copper content.
Copper is a key. The Anhk, the alchemical symbol for copper and Venus(femiNINE) are the same. [
link to www.online-utility.org
69 (symbol for Cancer(the Crab)). Tesla, Hendrix....Leedskin.
Thread: Ed Leedskalnin's Secret Anti-Gravity Technology
Anonymous Coward 28466199
Speaking of ATLAS, this is a quote from Manyly P Hall's The Occult Anatomy of Man:>
The same is true of the manna that descended to feed the Children of Israel in the wilderness , for this manna is a substance which comes down the Spinal cord from the brain. The Hindus symbolized the spine as the stem of the sacred lotus;therefore the skull and contents are symbolized by the flower. The spinal column is Jacob's ladder connecting heaven and earth, while its 33 segments are the 33 degrees of Freemasonary and the 33 the number of years in the life of the Christ. Up these segments the candidate ascends in consciousness to reach the temple of initiation located on the top of the mountain. It is in this domed room with a hole in the floor (Foramen Magnum) that the great mystery initiations are given. The Himalaya mountains rise above the Earth, representing the shoulders and the upper half of the body. They are the highest mountains of the world. Somewhere upon their summit stands the temple , resting (like heavens of the Greeks) upon the shoulders of Atlas.
It is interesting to note that th ATLAS is the upper vertebra of the human spine upon which the condyles fo the skull rest.
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Featured Collection
School Pictures, Photos and Images
Get the Grade you Need with EyeEm's Charming School Photography
Our school days are meant to be some of the best days of our lives, and here at EyeEm we've got the school images to prove just that. Our school stock photos show many different sides to our educational life - backpacks are hung up in cloakrooms, groups of pupils gather in the playground, and we also have many shots of teachers leading lessons. Our fantastic range and diversity of our images can be used in so many different places; we know you'll be inspired with ideas on how to use your school pic just from browsing through our curated albums.
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