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The human population is projected to reach 9200 million
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1 Will the Oceans Help Feed Humanity? CARLOS M. DUARTE, MARIANNE HOLMER, YNGVAR OLSEN, DORIS SOTO, NÚRIA MARBÀ, JOANA GUIU, KENNY BLACK, AND IOANNIS KARAKASSIS Constraints on the availability of freshwater and land plants and animals to feed the 9.2 billion humans projected to inhabit Earth by 2050 can be overcome by enhancing the contribution the ocean makes to food production. Catches from ocean fisheries are unlikely to recover without adequate conservation measures, so the greater contribution of the oceans to feeding humanity must be derived largely from mariculture. For the effort to be successful, mariculture must close the production cycle to abandon its current dependence on fisheries catches; enhance the production of edible macroalgae and filter-feeder organisms; minimize environmental impacts; and increase integration with food production on land, transferring water-intensive components of the human diet (i.e., production of animal protein) to the ocean. Accommodating these changes will enable the oceans to become a major source of food, which we believe will constitute the next food revolution in human history. Keywords: aquiculture, food, animals, plants, bottlenecks The human population is projected to reach 9200 million by 2050 (UN 2007), which is within estimates of the maximum carrying capacity of the planet (Cohen 1995). A fundamental question for science is whether it is possible to increase food production to meet the demands of a human population of that magnitude. There is little room for optimism. Available water resources appear insufficient for agriculture to meet the food demands of 9200 million people (Cohen 1995, CAWMA 2007). The present population already experiences water stress (CAWMA 2007), which is exacerbated by the interactive effects of population growth and climate change (Vörösmarty et al. 2000). In addition, global fisheries landings have been declining since the mid-1980s (Pauly et al. 2003), contributing to the current food production crisis. Under this scenario, marine aquaculture (hereafter mariculture), the food-producing sector least dependent on freshwater availability (Verdegem et al. 2006), will be enlisted to help feed humanity in the 21st century (Marra 2005). Global terrestrial production and marine primary production are comparable in magnitude (Field et al. 1998), but marine food now contributes only 2% to the human food supply (FAO 2006a), as the development of controlled food production in the ocean lags several millennia behind that on land (Duarte et al. 2007). Aquaculture production currently faces important challenges (Diana 2009) that may hinder its future development. Because large-scale domestication of the ocean should be a mainstay of the response to future food crises (Marra 2005), it is imperative to determine what is required to bring about this domestication. Here we build on recent analyses (Diana 2009) to examine the prospects for mariculture becoming a major force to meet growing human food demands, and we analyze the bottlenecks and challenges mariculture must overcome. Ceilings to agricultural food production Food sufficiency requires some 900 cubic meters (m 3 ) of water per person per year (Falkenmark 1997), and about 9000 to 14,000 km 3 per year are available for human use (Cohen 1995). Thus, a maximum of 10,000 million to 15,500 million people can be supported. Indeed, estimates of the maximum human population that Earth can sustain range from 6000 million to 15,000 million, with a median of about 10,000 million people (Cohen 1995). Far fewer people can be supported if less water is available for agriculture and nutrient requirements particularly the fraction met by meat intake increase. Indeed, the percentage of total water use co-opted by agriculture declined from 90% to 70% during the 20th century (FAO 2006a, CAWMA 2007), and agricultural production of nonfood commodities, such as cotton and biofuel, is increasing (CAWMA 2007). Dietary shifts, forecasted to involve a per capita 25% increase in meat intake and a 10% increase in calories over the next decades (WHO 2003), result in more per capita water use, as meat production BioScience 59: ISSN , electronic ISSN by American Institute of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved. Request permission to photocopy or reproduce article content at the University of California Press s Rights and Permissions Web site at reprintinfo.asp. doi: /bio December 2009 / Vol. 59 No. 11 BioScience 967
2 requires about 10 times more water per calorie than does grain production (Cohen 1995). Climate change forecasts show an increase in the frequency of droughts and floods across regions and greater variability in water availability and food insecurity across the planet (Easterling et al. 2007, Lobell et al. 2008), and the combined effect of population growth and climate change on water resources may exceed their independent effects (Vörösmarty et al. 2000). Land availability may become a constraint even where water is sufficient. At current yields, crop and grazing areas will have to increase by 50% to 70% to produce the food required to feed the projected human population in 2050 (CAWMA 2007). Yet crop area declined from 0.5 to 0.25 hectares (ha) per capita between 1960 and 2000 (CAWMA 2007), and according to critical assessments, new, available, cultivable land falls short of furnishing the needed area, particularly considering the loss of cropland caused by soil erosion, salinization, and the expansion of urban and industrial land (Young 1999, Döös 2002). These calculations and trends depict a likely scenario in which Earth s capacity to support the human population may be reached within the next decades, at population levels below currently proposed estimates. Table 1. Annual production and current growth rates of agriculture, livestock, freshwater and marine aquaculture, and wild harvest of fisheries and aquatic plants. Production growth rate, Annual production in 2004 (percentage per year, Group (10 6 metric tons) plus or minus standard error) Land Agriculture (nonfood ± 0.1 items excluded) Livestock (meat) ± 0.1 Aquatic Cultured Freshwater animals ± 0.4 Marine animals ± 0.3 Marine plants ± 0.5 Wild harvest Fisheries ± 0.2 Aquatic plants ± 0.6 Note: The specific growth rate in food production was calculated as the slope of the fitted regression equation between the natural log of food production versus time. Source: FAO 2006c, 2006d. The rise of aquaculture Aquatic food production amounts to about metric tons per year, about 2% of total food production, and provides about 16% of the protein humans consume. Fisheries catches have been declining over the past two decades (Pauly et al. 2003), and many stocks are currently overexploited (Myers and Worm 2003, Naylor and Burke 2005). Indeed, the global fish supply per capita has declined, and, by some estimates, current harvests remain twofold above the levels considered sustainable (Coll et al. 2008). Analyses of possible future scenarios for fisheries conclude that the trend toward declining fisheries yield can be reversed by a set of policy actions, including reduced fishing effort, a shift of catch effort and human consumption patterns toward small pelagics, a major expansion of marine reserves, and incentives to achieve sustainable use; such policies may allow catches to remain sustainable or even recover to the levels of the 1970s, before the decline began (Pauly et al. 2003, Hilborn et al. 2005). In contrast, aquaculture production has grown steadily since its emergence as a significant food production sector five decades ago, at rates equivalent to about a doubling of production each decade; aquaculture now delivers 39% of aquatic food products (table 1, figure 1). The growth of aquaculture (> 7% per year; table 1) far exceeds that of population growth (0.5% per year; Lutz et al. 2001), as well as that of food production on land (about 2.0% per year; figure 1, table 1). Figure 1. Trends in the global production of agriculture (nonfood items excluded), livestock (meat), freshwater and marine aquaculture, and fisheries over the past 50 years. Source: Data derived from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2006a, 2006c, 2006d). Mariculture production is dominated, by weight, by algae (46.2%), followed by bivalves (42.9%), diadromous (5.3%) and marine (3.7) fishes, and crustaceans (1.8%; figure 2). Over the last decade, the production of crustaceans, cultivated 968 BioScience December 2009 / Vol. 59 No. 11
3 mostly in brackish waters, has shown the fastest growth (23% per year), twice that of diadromous (11.5% per year) and marine fishes (10.5% year), and almost four times that of bivalves (6.2% per year; figure 2). The rise of aquaculture is a recent phenomenon facilitated by the rapid domestication of aquatic species (3% increase per year; Duarte et al. 2007) 449 species are domesticated, and there is ample market demand for the domestication of many more, as more than 3000 wild marine species are harvested for food (Duarte et al. 2007). The rapid, successful additions of newly domesticated species to the production process is apparent: The number of species contributing 90% of mariculture production increased from 14 to 20 between 1994 and 2004, compared with only 4 to 5 species delivering 90% of livestock production on land over the same time (table 2). The diversification of mariculture adds flexibility: It leads to diversification in the marine habitats and resources used to support production, and to a broad range of market prices for its products (Duarte et al. 2007), which have been in decline as a result of steppedup production and competition among producers and countries (Naylor et al. 2003). Freshwater aquaculture, dominated by Chinese carp aquaculture (FAO 2006a), represents 57% of animal aquaculture production. Despite considerable intensification (e.g., a 10-fold increase in the yield of Chinese freshwater aquaculture in 20 years; FAO 2006a), freshwater aquaculture is increasingly spatially constrained in the tropics and subtropics because of rapid human population growth and the concomitant high requirements for direct use of water and land (FAO 2006a), although there is still room for expansion in northern temperate regions. Freshwater aquaculture also requires large amounts of freshwater to compensate for large losses through seepage and evaporation, comparable to that required for animal production on land. Table 2. Number of species accounting for 50%, 90%, and 100% of global food production in agriculture, livestock, marine fisheries, and mariculture, and percentage change of species diversification during this period. Number of species Number of species Percentage change in 1994 in 2004 from 1994 to 2004 Group 50% 90% 100% 50% 90% 100% 50% 90% 100% Agriculture Livestock Marine fisheries Mariculture Note: A few of the items in FAO food production reports do not correspond to individual species, but rather to aggregates of an undefined number of species. Therefore, the actual number of species contributing 50% and 90% of food production should be slightly above the number that appears in this table. Source: FAO 2006a, 2006b, 2006c, 2006d. Figure 2. Global annual mariculture production of bivalves, crustaceans, algae, and diadromus and marine fish. Source: Data derived from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2006a). Thus, although there is still margin for significant growth in freshwater aquaculture (Diana 2009), such cultivation is unlikely to continue to grow in a future scenario of increasing water shortage (see Verdegem et al. 2006). Space and water constraints will most likely drive aquaculture growth toward mariculture in the long term (Verdegem et al. 2006, Olsen et al. 2008). Mariculture is on the rise: Growth rates almost doubled in 10 years, and production increased 10-fold in 30 years (figure 3, table 1). Animal mariculture is on course to exceed fisheries catches and animal-protein production on land within two and five decades, respectively. Although the scope for aquaculture growth is still high (FAO 2006a, Diana 2009), there are significant challenges ahead. The FAO forecasts that mariculture will reach 54 million metric tons to 70 million metric tons by year 2020 (Delgado et al. 2003), close to the production predicted from direct extrapolation of the current 7.5% per year growth rate (figure 3). Further growth will run into major bottlenecks concerning the availability, suitability, and cost of feed; space availability; and adverse environmental impacts, which must be overcome if mariculture is to December 2009 / Vol. 59 No. 11 BioScience 969
4 become a major component of global food production (Marra 2005, Diana 2009). The availability of feed for aquaculture Fish and crustacean mariculture currently depend on the use of feeds derived from wild fisheries, which constitutes a major vulnerability. The amount of fish and shellfish from capture fisheries that is used annually to produce fishmeal, oils, and other products not used as human food has increased from 3 million to 28 million metric tons in 50 years (FAO 2006a). It takes 20 million to 25 million metric tons of fishmeal to produce 30 million metric tons of fish and crustaceans (Tacon et al. 2006). The maximum possible yield of fishmeal and oil is estimated to cap fish and crustacean mariculture at 45 million to 50 million metric tons per year (figure 3; Olsen et al. 2008), a level that at current growth rates will be reached by 2040 (figure 4). A reduction in the use of fishmeal and oil can be achieved by substituting plant protein (e.g., soybean) for Figure 3. The time course of observed (brown triangles) and projected (green circles) marine food production and the bottlenecks and changes required to maintain growth. Observed marine food production includes mariculture products, wild fisheries, and harvest of natural macroalgal stocks (FAO 2006a). The projected food production was derived assuming wild fisheries and harvest of natural macroalgal stocks to be maintained at 2005 levels, and mariculture to maintain its current 7.5% per year growth. The figure shows the projected marine food production in 2020 (Delgado et al. 2003); the projected time at which fish feed to raise fish and crustaceans will be exhausted, estimated as the time at which the potential fish feed will be consumed; and the space occupied by mariculture, using present yields, at the projected production by animal protein in feed for salmon and carnivorous fishes (Bell and Waagbø 2008). However, this strategy renders fish mariculture dependent on agriculture, which therefore makes it vulnerable to the bottlenecks in freshwater and land availability that agriculture will encounter. Hence, mariculture must be rendered independent of the use of agricultural products. Large zooplankton, such as Calanus finmarchicus in Nordic seas and Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Southern Ocean, provide an untapped resource (Olsen et al. 2008). However, dependence on external feed subsidies will not permit sustained growth over decades, which is the time frame required for mariculture to be able to help alleviate global food shortages (Olsen et al. 2008). The absolute challenge that mariculture faces is to close its production cycle, as agriculture did in the 20th century; the food required to feed marine animals should be produced by mariculture rather than harvested from the wild or derived from agriculture. A first, most important step should be to boost the efficiency of aquaculture by lowering the trophic level of aquaculture products, as recommended for fisheries catches as well (Pauly et al. 2003). The efficiency of the use of feed to yield mariculture products varies across taxa, ontogenic status, and the protein content of the food. Considering the average growth efficiency in mariculture production to range from 15% to 35% (Welch 1968), a unit production of a given food web must be supported by about three to seven times as much supply of primary production as that required to achieve the same yield at a trophic position one step below. Mariculture production has a weighted mean trophic position of (table 3), well below the value of 3.20 estimated for capture marine fisheries (Pauly et al. 1998), but much greater than the value of 1.03 calculated for agriculture and livestock production (figure 4, table 3). These differences imply that the primary production required to support a unit of wild fisheries and mariculture production are 34 and 2.4 to 4.8 times larger, respectively, than that for a unit of food production on land (figure 4). A reduction in the weighted-mean trophic position of mariculture production can be achieved by increasing the production of macroalgae as food for humans and herbivore organisms, such as filter feeders and herbivorous fishes, which are indeed the fastest-growing components of mariculture production (FAO 2006a; see above). A modest 0.4 unit reduction in the mean trophic position of mariculture should allow a doubling of the production for the same use of marine primary production. An additional approach is to combine species in integrated multitrophic mariculture, which improves the yield of aquaculture while reducing its environmental impact (Neori et al. 2004, Zhou et al. 2006). For example, the yield of 970 BioScience December 2009 / Vol. 59 No. 11
5 bivalves and macroalgae can increase by 15% and 50%, respectively, when they are cultured near fish farms, converting waste into bivalve and macroalgal biomass (Neori et al. 2004, Zhou et al. 2006). The combination of these options reduction in the mean trophic level, use of alternative food products such as zooplankton and macroalgae, and integrated aquaculture can boost aquaculture production at least eightfold over present levels (figure 3). Space limitation The availability of suitable space is already becoming a problem for aquaculture, as it is for agriculture, and may represent a growing bottleneck as mariculture production develops (Marra 2005, Olsen et al. 2008). In contrast to agriculture developed along private property, mariculture growth generally depends on the use of public coastal space, which puts it in competition with other societal demands such as infrastructure and leisure. Using very conservative estimates for current aquaculture yield (e.g., 16 tons per ha of shellfish, excluding shell weight, which can reach up to 500 tons per ha in long-line, high-density rafts, and 25 tons per ha for fish; FAO 2006b), a shelf area of 26 million square km (km 2 ) could support mariculture and off-shore aquaculture production of to metric tons (figure 3). The space now used for mariculture production, estimated from the production and yield figures given above, represents about 0.01 million km 2, or about 0.04% of the shelf area. Hence, even a 20-fold growth of mariculture production would require the use of less than 1% of the shelf area. However, this calculation considers mariculture to be randomly distributed over the continental shelf, whereas mariculture production is concentrated in a selected number of countries (e.g., China, Spain, Greece, Norway, Chile, and Scotland), particularly in sheltered bays and lagoons. Technological developments needed to safely extend mariculture operations into highly exposed, offshore locations are already emerging (Marra 2005). In addition, new international governance frameworks must be developed to ensure the shared and equitable use of the oceans (Marra 2005), which calls for further development of the UN Law of the Sea. Environmental and health hazards The global spread of aquaculture has had negative effects on biodiversity (e.g., Naylor et al. 2000, Holmer et al. 2008), recently reviewed by Diana (2009). Mariculture may also involve health hazards to humans (Durborow 1999). Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals are found in fishmeals and oils, and they may accumulate in mariculture products, presenting a potential health risk to consumers (Holmer et al. 2008), although no more than does the consumption of wild marine predators. Reducing the dependence of mariculture on fish oils and fishmeal with closed-cycle and lower trophic-level mariculture will diminish the hazards associated with pollutants contained in fish feeds. Moreover, pollutants can be removed from fish oils by short-path solvent extraction, distillation, and adsorption onto active carbon, with only a minor impact on the price of the products (Maes et al. 2005). Marine bivalves and crustaceans may also contain pathogens and toxins that cause diarrhea in consumers (CNRS 2007). Most seafood-borne viruses probably originate from human sources (CNRS 2007), so reducing sewage inputs to coastal waters will also reduce health hazards from mariculture. Use of chemotherapeutants and nutrient supplements in mariculture feed leads to the input of these chemicals to the environment (CNRS 2007, Holmer et al. 2008), and anti- Table 3. Trophic-level values for aquaculture, livestock, and marine capture fisheries. Production in 2004 Trophic Species (metric tons) position Red seaweeds 4,044,142 1 Miscellaneous aquatic plants 2,601,787 1 Oysters 4,603,145 2 Mussels 1,856,072 2 Salmons, trouts, smelts 1,551, Scallops, pectens 1,166,756 2 Miscellaneous marine molluscs 1,064, Miscellaneous coastal fishes 554, Shrimps, prawns 316, Marine fishes not identified 215,978 3 Miscellaneous pelagic fishes 188,568 3 Crabs, sea spiders 187,031 3 Flounders, halibuts, soles 109, Sea urchins and other echinoderms 60,852 2 Miscellaneous marine crustaceans 47, Miscellaneous aquatic invertebrates 42, Miscellaneous diadromous fishes 41, Sea squirts and other tunicates 21, Miscellaneous demersal fishes 19,708 3 Green seaweeds 19,046 1 Pearl oysters 13,021 2 Tunas, bonitos, billfishes 11,508 5 Cods, hakes, haddocks River eels Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters 39 3 Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 13 5 Total mariculture 18,740, a Agriculture 7,100,000,000 1 Livestock 260,000,000 2 Total terrestrial food sector 7,360,000, Marine capture fisheries 87,424, b Note: The trophic position of the aquaculture production was calculated using a trophic level value of 1 for primary producers and average values drawn from the literature for each species group (Hobson and Welch 1992, Pauly et al. 1998, Froese et al. 2004, Kaeriyama et al. 2004) or rough estimates when we did not find specific references. Production values for the terrestrial food sector and for mariculture were obtained from FAOStat (FAO 2006c) and FishStat (FAO 2006d), respectively. a. Total mariculture trophic position was obtained as the weighted average of the trophic position of all species, weighted by their relative contribution to total production. b. The value used here was taken from Pauly and colleagues (1998). However, calculations done with 2004 capture fisheries data (FAO 2006d) yield a slightly higher value (3.2); but again, we estimated trophic positions for several species no modeling or direct evaluation with stable isotopes has been done. December 2009 / Vol. 59 No. 11 BioScience 971
6 Figure 4. A comparison of the trophic position of agriculture and mariculture products, including idealized parallels of terrestrial equivalents to high trophic positions harvested at sea, along with the weighted-mean trophic position of wild fisheries, mariculture, and agriculture products (see table 3). Abbreviation: TL, trophic level. biotic use may result in aquaculture reservoirs for antibioticresistant pathogens that may affect humans (CNRS 2007). The environmental costs of mariculture are typically assessed by comparison with undisturbed control sites, but they are rarely compared with those of terrestrial agriculture (Diana 2009). The impacts of mariculture are modest when compared with those of food production on land (Diana 2009), which include global impacts derived from the production and application of fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, and growth hormones, as well as from animal-released methane (Tilman et al. 2001). Agriculture has transformed about 40% of the surface of the planet (Foley et al. 2005), causing significant environmental impacts (Ojima et al. 1994), compared with the 0.04% of shelf area used by mariculture. Indeed, agriculture-derived nutrient inputs are, and will continue to be, the major driving force of coastal eutrophication globally (Tilman et al. 2001), far more so than nutrients emitted by mariculture. The global nitrogen-use efficiency in animal production is slightly more than 10% (5% for beef and 15% for pork; Smil 2002), rendering livestock production a major source of nitrogen inputs to the environment (Smil 2002). In contrast, marine animals have much greater nitrogen-use efficiency, at about 20% for shrimp (Jackson et al. 2003) and 30% for fish (Smil 2002), so for any given production, mariculture releases two to three times less nitrogen to the environment than does livestock production. Domestication of land animals has been a vector for major diseases and pests that have decimated human populations in the past (Diamond 2001), and disease outbreaks associated with animal husbandry (e.g., mad cow disease, influenza) remain a risk to human health (Cleaveland et al. 2001, Fouchier et al. 2005). In contrast, only 10% of all foodborne illnesses in the United States are attributed to seafood consumption, which makes it a relatively safe food commodity (CNRS 2007). Whereas livestock production continues to use huge amounts of antibiotics, the development of vaccination techniques has reduced the use of antibiotics in salmon mariculture by more than 90% (Tidwell and Allan 2001). This comparison suggests that mariculture has fewer impacts than agriculture, but the possible health and environmental hazards of mariculture are nonetheless vulnerable to misinformation, contributing to societal concerns and opposition from competing users of the coastal zone (e.g., the tourist industry), which act as significant barriers for mariculture growth (Holmer et al. 2008). The dioxin case Scottish salmon produced in aquaculture were reported to contain high levels of dioxin (Hites et al. 2004) created turmoil among producers, consumers, and competing sectors of the food industry until additional studies led the European Food Safety Agency to conclude that, with respect to their safety for the consumer there is no difference between wild and farmed fish (EFSA 2006). Mariculture has the potential to help correct these problems and produce some positive effects for the environment (Diana 2009). Fish aquaculture is currently supplementing rather than replacing wild catches (Naylor and Burke 2005, Diana 2009), but with its contribution of 30% of marine food production, mariculture is helping to meet consumer demands and potentially reducing pressure on wild stocks. Thus, mariculture is making sustainable fisheries and an increased seafood supply compatible targets. Evidence for mariculture s reduction of pressure on wild stocks is still sparse, although it has been documented that cultured Atlantic salmon is contributing to the rebound of some local stocks of natural populations (Diana 2009). However, the potential beneficial effect of such alleviation of pressure on wild stocks will be fully realized only when the production cycle is closed within mariculture. Mariculture has also been used to supplement wild stocks directly. For instance, the Alaska salmon fishery is highly dependent on the release of young fish reared in aquaculture (Tidwell and Allan 2001). However, there is evidence that such releases can affect the viability and productivity of supplemented populations (Reisenbichler and Rubin 1999). Mari- 972 BioScience December 2009 / Vol. 59 No. 11
7 culture s use as a tool to complement natural recruitment by helping the recovery of natural stocks and by catalyzing the recovery of endangered species should be developed further to reduce such impacts. Macroalgal production helps remove excess nutrients and replenish oxygen in water, and the production of filter-feeder organisms reduces excess plankton, thereby alleviating the effects of eutrophication on coastal ecosystems. For example, the spread of blue mussel culture has been proposed as a mechanism for remediation of Baltic eutrophication (Lindahl et al. 2005). Moreover, mariculture of fish and shellfish is threatened by anthropogenic contaminants and toxins from harmful algal blooms, so the mariculture sector exerts political pressure to reduce contaminant inputs and maintain good water quality (Olsen et al. 2008). Mariculture also helps maintain and improve human health. Important compounds specific to or abundant in the marine food web omega-3, iodine, selenium, and proteins, for example are recognized to convey health benefits, so a diet rich in marine food supports human health (Uauy and Valenzuela 2000, CNRS 2007). However, the World Health Organization s recommendation that humans ingest a median 450 grams of marine food per week (WHO 2003, CNRS 2007) means that the projected 9200 million people in the year 2050 would need 231 million tons of marine products annually, which is more than twice the amount that fisheries and marine aquaculture now produce. Although best practices can increase fisheries catches somewhat, only mariculture can deliver the major growth in marine food products required for a healthy diet. However, mariculture must remain closely connected to the marine food web if it is to continue to deliver the health benefits of a marine diet. Toward integrated land and marine food production Our analysis suggests that mariculture has the potential to help alleviate food shortages resulting from limited freshwater resources and arable land to support future agricultural growth, but to sustain its 7.5% per year growth rate, the sector must evolve beyond current practices and concepts to overcome the challenges and bottlenecks it encounters. The expansion of marine aquaculture over the next decades will require significant social, scientific, technological, and policy inputs (Marra 2005, Diana 2009). The use of fishmeal as fertilizer in agriculture or as food for livestock and in aquaculture should be abandoned. Moreover, the fish catches that support the production of fishmeal, such as sardines and anchovies, should be redirected to feed humans directly, thereby lowering the trophic level at which fisheries are harvested an important requisite for recovering fisheries catches (Pauly et al. 2003), which must support the food requirements of the vastly expanded human population of the future. This redirection may require innovations in the canning industry, because vegetable oils now used in canning may not be available in sufficient quantities in the areas where these fisheries are located (e.g., Peru). Likewise, mariculture should also abandon the use of agricultural products in marine animal feeds, which represents an indirect use of cropland and water and leads to competition between fish and humans for food. Mariculture should strive to close its production cycle and lower the trophic level of the production. These actions require a major expansion in the production of macroalgae, which is already taking place in some regions. For example, macroalgal production in China yields 1.5 million metric tons per year to be used as food for humans, feed for marine animals, and as industrial raw material. In one hotspot area in China, Sungo Bay (Shandong Province, eastern China), around 60,000 metric tons of the seaweed Laminaria japonica are produced (cf. Zhang et al. 2009). These cultivation systems are rapidly expanding and already extend to offshore locations up to 8 nautical miles offshore in Sungo Bay, where they are visible from space (figure 5). The increase in macroalgal culture is currently receiving an additional impetus from the emerging use of macroalgal crops for biofuel production (Hosain and Salleh 2008). Algae produce up to 250 times the amount of oil per unit of area as soybeans do (Hosain and Salleh 2008), and their production has none of the major problems that biofuel production from land crops entail (Groom et al. 2008). The drive toward intensive production of macroalgae for biofuels may help the development of improved models for the mass production required for closing aquaculture s production cycle. Mariculture must be driven toward a more sustainable model through governmental regulation to minimize impacts on biodiversity (Diana 2009) by closing production cycles, lowering the trophic level of aquaculture products, minimizing waste through integrated policultures, and using renewable sources of energy and freshwater. The integration of marine energy, a promising untapped source of energy (Scruggs and Jacob 2009), and desalination has the potential to greatly reduce the footprint of aquaculture on energy and water use. This integration may already be within our reach new systems that use ocean energy to desalinate water have just been developed (Fernández-López et al. 2009). The development of offshore mariculture will increase the energy demands of marine food production, calling for close monitoring of the energy efficiency of aquaculture production and the coupled development of technologies for offshore mariculture and for marine energy use. The spread of mariculture is occurring in the 21st century, an era of sophisticated scientific understanding and environmental awareness. It should therefore be possible to ensure that mariculture s development does not reproduce the errors associated with the expansion of agriculture after the Industrial Revolution (Duarte et al. 2007). To progress toward a sustainable model, mariculture must develop and adopt best practices to avoid inflicting the huge environmental damages that the intensification of agriculture did (Marra 2005). Neither land-based nor marine-based food production alone will suffice to feed humanity in the future. An intelligent integration of marine- and land-based food production is required to meet this essential goal. The optimal combi- December 2009 / Vol. 59 No. 11 BioScience 973
8 marine water at present delivers only about 10 km 3 of water annually, this figure is rapidly growing (von Medeazza 2004). Much of this desalinated water is allocated to domestic use, thus increasing the share of freshwater resources available for agriculture and further helping in the production of crops for food. Hence, the oceans are already helping to feed humanity not just by producing food but also by delivering water for human consumption. By 2050, the time the global human population is predicted to reach 9200 million, mariculture will have an even greater role to play in feeding humanity. Promoting the growth of mariculture is the responsibility of all of society. Society must therefore be prepared to face the major social changes that will be required to adapt to the forthcoming major revolution in food production: transferring the production of animal protein from land to the ocean (Marra 2005). In parallel, actions to restore declining fisheries yields should be adopted (Pauly et al. 2003, Hilborn et al. 2005) if we are to reap the benefits bestowed by the harvesting of wild stocks. These changes cannot be left to market self-regulation, which is flawed by hidden subsidies such as the costs of water use to agriculture and the costs of agriculture s adverse effects on the environment; instead, such changes depend on social and political leadership, informed by the best available independent scientific knowledge and prospective analyses. Marine aquaculture must meet these challenges for the oceans to become a major source of food for humans indeed, to become the next revolution in human food provision. Figure 5. Macroalgal farms extend eight miles offshore in Sungo Bay, China. Photograph: Yngvar Olsen; image at Google Earth. nation is one that allocates the water-intensive components of human food to the ocean. Although animal meat products represent only 3.5% of food production, they consume 45% of the water used in agriculture (CAWMA 2007). Thus, producing most of the meat component of the human diet in the ocean will greatly expand the scope for growth of land agriculture without exceeding current levels of water use. Indeed, using agriculture to deliver plant products and the oceans to deliver animal products (at lower trophic levels than mariculture or fisheries now produce) will be consistent with the structure of the land and marine food webs. Terrestrial food webs are pyramidal in shape and dominated by plant biomass. In contrast, the oceans contain only 2% of the plant biomass in the planet, and marine food webs support a large animal biomass dependent on a comparatively small pool of fast-growing plants (Gasol et al. 1997). Moreover, the oceans not only deliver water indirectly, embedded as marine food, to humanity; they also can supply humanity with a direct source of freshwater. Although desalinated Acknowledgments This research was funded by the project SAMI, sponsored by the Framework Program of the European Union. We thank John Marra, James S. Diana, and an anonymous reviewer for useful comments. References cited Bell JC, Waagbø R Safe and nutritious aquaculture produce: Benefits and risks of alternative sustainable aquafeeds. Pages in Holmer M, Black K, Duarte CM, Marbà N, Karakasis I, eds. Aquaculture in the Ecosystem. Springer. [CAWMA] Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. Earthscan. Cleaveland S, Laurenson MK, Taylor LH Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: Pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 356: Cohen JE How Many People Can the Earth Support? Norton. [CNRS] Committee on Nutrient Relationships in Seafood Seafood Choices: Balancing Benefits and Risks. National Academies Press. Coll M, Libralato S, Tudela S, Palomera I, Pranovi F Ecosystem overfishing in the ocean. PLoS ONE 3: e3881. doi: /journal.pone Delgado CL,Wada N, Rosegrant MW, Meijer S,Ahmed M Fish to 2020: Supply and Demand in Changing Markets. International Food Policy Research Institute, WorldFish Center. (28 October 2009; sites/default/files/publications/oc44.pdf) Diana JS Aquaculture production and biodiversity conservation. BioScience 59: BioScience December 2009 / Vol. 59 No. 11
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Science 323: Smil V Nitrogen and food production: Proteins for human diets. Ambio 31: Tacon AGJ, Hasan MR, Subasinghe RP Use of Fishery Resources as Feed Inputs for Aquaculture Development: Trends and Policy Implications. FAO Fisheries Circular no Tidwell JH, Allan JL Fish as food: Aquaculture s contribution. EMBO Reports 2: Tilman D, Fargione J, Wolff B, D Antonio C, Dobson A, Howarth R, Schindler D, Schlesinger WH, Simberloff D, Swackhamer D Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292: Uauy MD, Valenzuela A Marine oils: The health benefits of n-3 fatty acids. Nutrition 16: [UN] United Nations World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database. (27 October 2009; esa.un.org/unpp) Verdegem MCJ, Bosma RH, Verreth JAV Reducing water for animal production through aquaculture. International Journal of Water Resources Development 22: von Medeazza GM Water desalination as a long-term sustainable solution to alleviate global freshwater scarcity? 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text:
Investigators on Wednesday arrested a Baton Rouge man accused of conning customers at his flea market stand by selling knock-off apparel.
Handbags, watches, sunglasses and other items sold by Cheikh Tidiane Kane, 40, weren't nearly as valuable as he claimed, the Attorney General's Office said Thursday in a news release.
The AG's Office said it recently seized from Kane nearly 1,400 counterfeit items falsely labeled as coming from the following brands: Michael Kors, Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Coach, Chanel, Rolex, North Face and UGG.
Kane was selling the items, including wallets, bracelets, backpacks and boots, at the Deep South Flea Market on Florida Boulevard near North Ardenwood Drive, the AG's Office said.
Kane was booked into East Baton Rouge Parish Prison on a count of illegal use of a counterfeit trademark. He posted $7,500 bail on Thursday and was released, Parish Prison records show.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Enter keywords, ISBN, author, or book title
Home > Resources: Author Profiles > Author Profile
Writer Cullen Bunn (SINESTRO) and artists Jesus Saiz (SWAMP THING) and others lead the Green Lantern Corps through an unknown universe and a frantic fight for survival. The Green Lantern Corps. They have survived Sinestro, the War of Light, the Third Army, Krona, Relic and the Durlans—all through sheer force of... Read more
The battle for the soul of The Green reaches its epic conclusion. Alec Holland knew little of the politics involved in becoming the The Green's Avatar, but since his role has been challenged, he must take a crash course in the politics and power of The Green. The mantle of Avatar... Read more
The Parliament of Trees has been destroyed, and now Alec Holland must be the protector of the Green as well as its avatar. It's almost too much for Swamp Thing to handle. Fortunately, at just the right moment, the Sureen appear to him. An ancient order dedicated to serving avatars, the... Read more
Witness the rise of the Machine Kingdom and the end of the Green as you know it in this heart-pounding collection from creators Charles Soule (SUPERMAN: DOOMED) and Jesus Saiz (GREEN LANTERN: LOST ARMY). A new Kingdom has emerged—a new form of life to stand alongside the animals of the... Read more
Some of DC's biggest heroes team up in this revamp of the BRAVE AND THE BOLD series from Hugo Award-winning author J. Michael Straczynski! First up, the best-selling scribe pairs Batman and the fan-favorite Dial H For Hero concept. And when an experiment meant to alter the speed of light... Read more
A New York Times Bestseller!Black Canary, Starling, Poison Ivy and Batgirl. Together, as Gotham City's covert ops team, they're taking down the villains other heroes can't touch. They are the Birds of Prey. The Birds face a multitude of threats from outside and in! A dangerous new villains threatens to expose Black Canary's... Read more
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This handy super-bright go-anywhere LED CELL PHONE FLASH-LITE easily attached to your cell phone... and more!
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The hotel has a meeting room and offers business services such as fax, copying, printing, and tourist information services. With convenient access to Shanghai via the Hangzhou express highway, the Ningbo express highway and the external express highway, this hotel is the optimal choice for all business and leisure travellers. Facilities available to guests at the 78-room eco hotel include 24-hour reception and check-out services, a breakfast room, conference facilities and a car park.
This eco hotel is located on Wuzhong Road in the town of Hongqiao, very close to the Guangda exhibition centre, Hongqiao shopping centre and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.
The hotel offers clean and comfortable guestrooms, all of which feature a double bed, a bathtub with 24-hour hot water, direct dial telephone, free high-speed Internet access, satellite TV, and individually regulated air conditioning and heating units as well as a host of standard furnishings and amenities.
The hotel's restaurant serves a Chinese and Western buffet breakfast every morning.
Diners Club, MasterCard and VISA are accepted as methods of payment.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Satellite cable TV
Internet access
Double bed
Individual airconditioned
Individual heating


text:
The propeller-shaped molecules of Alq3,which are used as an active constituent of organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays.
View full-size image
Electronic devices based on organic semiconductors such as Alq3 (tris[8-hydroxy-quinoline] aluminium) are revolutionising electroluminescent displays and large-area electronics.
These organics are economically favourable, can be easily processed in large areas, have tuneable electronic properties, and are simple to grow into high quality thin films.
Even though charge transport in such organic conductors is fundamental to their operation, many of its mechanisms are still only poorly understood. Progress in this area may be pivotal to utilizing these materials to their fullest extent.
Implanted muons provide a powerful local probe for studying the dynamics of mobile spins. Muon spin relaxation studies at ISIS have been used to investigate charge carrier motion in Alq3 as a function of temperature. The charge mobilities obtained in this way are significantly larger than those obtained from direct transport measurements in polycrystalline films and thus provide an estimate for the intrinsic upper limit for the mobility that might be achievable in high quality bulk material.
AJ Drew (University of Fribourg, Switzerland), FL Pratt (ISIS), NA Morley (University of Sheffield), P Desai (Queen Mary, University of London), R Scheuermann (PSI, Switzerland)
Contact: Dr AJ Drew, email@example.com, Dr FL Pratt email@example.com
Further reading: AJ Drew, FL Pratt et al, Phys Rev Lett 100 (2008) 116601
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I am considering putting in Comcast fiber to all four of our sites. This is their ENS, Ethernet network service and on the Internet side their EDIS, Ethernet dedicated Internet service products.
They put in the fiber and give you a RJ45 Ethernet jack at each location.
I guess what I will need to do is to put in a VPN/router in each location and setup a site to site or hub-spoke VPN.
One office has 30 some people, one has 20 some and the other two have less than 20.
Any suggestions on how and what vendors you might choose? Because of the small amount of users I don't want enterprise level devices or costs!! And I want stuff that is easy to manage.
26 Replies
Jul 12, 2010 at 3:02 UTC
Try a Linksys RV082 router, we just purchased 2 of them for create vpn's between 2 cable modem connections, and it works pretty well. It should work great if it is connected by fiber.
Jul 12, 2010 at 3:02 UTC
I'm partial to the Cisco ASA series. A 5510 at the central site and 5505's at each branch location is a pretty scalable approach. ChristopherO is doing it with MANY more VPN's (though less users, mostly).
Jul 12, 2010 at 3:04 UTC
Untangle, pfsense, Vyatta, Cisco ASA, Cisco Router, or Juniper
Lots of choices, all will do what you need.
Jul 12, 2010 at 3:07 UTC
Here is some information on the Rv082
Jul 12, 2010 at 3:18 UTC
I cannot recommend these guys enough: http://www.endian.com/
Specifically it sounds like your main site could use an Endian Mercury, and the other three would be ok with Endian Minis.
In my current company I replaced a SonicWall unit, an IPCOP machine, and three Linux (security services) boxes with a Mercury unit.
The level of granularity in the Endian product is AWESOME, and the VPN stuff is super simple to configure and use (you'd want site to site VPN setup for the scenario you describe).
The guys at Endian US are really helpful, and if you let them know when you plan to do the deployment, they will set up to have an engineer available to assist you in your timeframe.
I deployed on a Friday night, and had a couple minor issues on Saturday morning (my mistake, I just needed clarification on a couple things), but everything was up and working perfectly by Saturday afternoon.
Oh and the backup and restore process is easy as pie, and is not hardware dependent! I did my initial configuration on a Macro, and restored a backup from that to a Mercury with no issues.
Jul 12, 2010 at 3:19 UTC
How many IP addresses are they giving you per site?
Have you ever done this before?
Do you want them all to see each other (Not usually necessary)?
Do you need them just to see the Corp Office Network (More likely the norm).
Are they going to logon to a domain?
Jul 12, 2010 at 3:19 UTC
I'm mainly using Cisco devices because I can get them for very little cost at TechSoup. I'm liking the look of Astaro devices ATM, though still looking for some answers to a couple of questions before trying them out.
Whatever you go for, make sure it's something that you can buy more of in the future - VPN's should work cross-vendor, but sometimes it's a big pain to do so. I'm doing Cisco ASA 5510 at the main site, Pix 501's at other sites (main reason I'm looking - Pix's are getting a bit long in the tooth). About 19 VPN links, using cable/DSL connections, most sites have 10-20 users, a couple with 40-50 users, and about 10 sites have less than 10 users. VPN's are as stable as the internet connections are.
Jul 12, 2010 at 3:26 UTC
I'm using an ASA5510 I have 16 sites all but 3 use Cisco.
The others are Edgemarc, Trendnet and HP Pro Curve <-- may be the norm from here out.
Cisco devices are 170x, 180X and 1812's with a mix of T1 and just moved a few to Cable since it's cheaper and faster.
Edgemarc, Trendnet and Pro Curve all have QOS and traffic shaping etc...
Jul 12, 2010 at 4:39 UTC
Thanks for all the input.
I like Untangle -- just not sure i want to do it all on my own though. But I do like it.
I have a site to site VPN now. We presently have a MPLS WAN from a vendor, who shall remain nameless (Paetec/Mcleod -- oops) and I have no control over the router so I had to setup this fifth office on a VPN, blah, blah, blah... not here.
So, yes, I've done some but I'm no expert.
I want everyone to see everything if possible. I have four DCs and DFS-replication running. I want site to site between them all.
I like the Endian. Wonder how much it costs?
I'll look at the Ciscos also. I just hate the typical Cisco interface...
Jul 12, 2010 at 6:52 UTC
I did some more looking at Astaro today, and I'm really liking what I see so far. Bit kickers for me are redundant Internet connections, and the ability to have all of the site to site VPN connections failover and fallback. Easy to use QoS also looks nice, and a centralized "command center" to boot!
Jul 13, 2010 at 8:59 UTC
Here is some information on the Rv082
Man those are inexpensive! I can't believe it. I will be looking at these. I wonder what their peak throughput is?
I'm assuming the other Cisco boxes are the "real" Cisco boxes. Looks like the Rv082 had a Linksys interface.
Jul 13, 2010 at 9:00 UTC
I did some more looking at Astaro today, and I'm really liking what I see so far. Bit kickers for me are redundant Internet connections, and the ability to have all of the site to site VPN connections failover and fallback. Easy to use QoS also looks nice, and a centralized "command center" to boot!
Those are nice looking. I've requested a quote. Similar to the Endian products.
Jul 13, 2010 at 9:01 UTC
I'm using an ASA5510 I have 16 sites all but 3 use Cisco.
The others are Edgemarc, Trendnet and HP Pro Curve <-- may be the norm from here out.
Cisco devices are 170x, 180X and 1812's with a mix of T1 and just moved a few to Cable since it's cheaper and faster.
Edgemarc, Trendnet and Pro Curve all have QOS and traffic shaping etc...
Which Pro Curve models? I have ProCurve switches (love them) but figuring out the HP catalog is a nightmare. Way too many choices.
Jul 13, 2010 at 9:02 UTC
I second the choice of an RV-0X2 (4 port or 8 port versions are available). We have 4 of these in use at a couple different clients, and they're working flawlessly so far.. While they may not provide the feature level of a full-on cisco, for 95% of needs out there, they are perfect!
Jul 13, 2010 at 9:38 UTC
Here is some information on the Rv082
Man those are inexpensive! I can't believe it. I will be looking at these. I wonder what their peak throughput is?
I'm assuming the other Cisco boxes are the "real" Cisco boxes. Looks like the Rv082 had a Linksys interface.
I believe their peak throughput is 200Mbps. The Rv082 does have a Linksys interface, but they get the job done for a cheap price.
Jul 13, 2010 at 10:14 UTC
Hp Pro Curve 1700-24 and a 2610-24
There are cool addon's appliance modules for Wireless and management of multiple switches
Jul 20, 2010 at 2:35 UTC
we use cisco Pix
Sep 7, 2011 at 11:01 UTC
1st Post
I know this is an old topic but I am about ready to go from an expensive 4x T1 MPLS network to a Time Warner 20Mbps Fiber connection. I want to setup site-to-site VPNs at my 3 locations. Dan what did you end up buying?
I am surprised so many people said the Cisco RV series since wouldn't each location need a firewall for internet activity? What about Web Filter? Are there any network performance quirks with site to site vpn vs mpls? I know there is overhead with encryption/decryption and authentication but how much does that affect the network speed? Any tools you recommend to monitor performance?
Sep 7, 2011 at 1:32 UTC
LSU, I ended up with Comcast fiber Ethernet. It is their business metro Ethernet product. And I can tell you it is FANTASTIC. I got a good deal. Costing us about $1000 more a month then what we had (T3 + 3-T1's). Now I have 20 M site to site and 30 M to the Internet.
I bought (4) Cisco 892 routers and a Cisco ASA5505 for the firewall (Internet all comes through my office). I had to learn a lot of Cisco 'crap' but I got through it. Speed is unbelievable. Service is stellar. I actually like my Cisco hardware. Not real expensive and not too hard to maintain. I will tell you that Cisco's service is outstanding. I think I've only had one English speaking tech but despite that they are courteous and extremely helpful. Sometimes due to the language barrier they just "fix" your problem without giving you an explanation but that's okay. Have to learn sometime.
I love being able to control my own firewall and routers. Oh, BTW don't need a firewall at each location because it is layer 2 Ethernet. We are VLAN'd off on our own. I'm using routers because I kept the existing subnet architecture. It was actually seamless. Totally NO problems in the transfer.
I don't know what the overhead is with MPLS but it must be a lot. Most days 20 M feels more like a LAN then a WAN. I've not even turned any QoS on at all. Don't need it.
I can totally see my VMware VDI solution happening now.
Sep 7, 2011 at 1:56 UTC
Awesome. That is what I am trying to implement now but I am also worried about DR. We are a bank so downtime = loss of money and bad reputation. If my branches can operate independently, that is the way I need to go. It sounds like your situation is a little bit different. While they don't need their own internet, they do need their own static ip and the ability to get out to the internet in the event of a disaster. Do you think that is just a flip of a button or something more complex. Thanks for your input. I really appreciate it!
Sep 7, 2011 at 4:18 UTC
If all you need is an IP how about a cable modem / DSL backup solution. I used that for three years to supplement my Internet usage here. Had a makeshift proxy server in each office and routed all Internet traffic over those. We have had one fiber cut in Chicago. Were out for over three hours I think. Still I didn't think that was too bad.
On the other hand you might be able to have an Internet connection at each site with the fiber. Don't know what the cost difference would be. I know that was an option for us, well I sort of knew that. We never even quoted it that way.
Of course that way you'd have to have an ASA at each office. The ASA's are awesome devices. And they do have a web front end if you want it.
Sep 7, 2011 at 4:30 UTC
Cool I appreciate the information. I am not sure what I am going to go with yet. My guess is fiber at each office with sonicwalls because that is what I have here but I am not sure yet.
Nov 1, 2011 at 11:12 UTC
1st Post
I know I'm also awaking the dead on this thread now that it's over a year old but I just have a quick question since i'm considering the move as well.
We have 5 locations that would be connecting to the ENS. We already have a router at each location, and each location has a bonded T1 line back to our main datacenter. With ENS I was thinking of routing between branches by setting up 5 /29 subnets, and each location would have a subinterface that is a direct connect to each location. For instance
interface GigabitEthernet0/0.100
encapsulation dot1Q 100
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.248
interface GigabitEthernet0/0.200
encapsulation dot1Q 200
ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.248
interface GigabitEthernet0/0.300
encapsulation dot1Q 300
ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.248
interface GigabitEthernet0/0.400
encapsulation dot1Q 400
ip address 192.168.4.2 255.255.255.248
interface GigabitEthernet0/0.500
encapsulation dot1Q 500
ip address 192.168.5.2 255.255.255.248
Did you do something similar? I was thinking this might be the best bet to assure that we don't have one central point of failure for routing and route distribution.
Nov 1, 2011 at 11:35 UTC
I'm not sure of the commands but yes, all my offices can see each other, all the time, even in the event of a fiber failure at one location.
In other words I have a router (Cisco 892) at each office and each one is "independent" of the other - if that makes sense. I don't know what the encapsulate command does sorry. Since my Comcast connection is isolated from the world I have no security on the 892s. That's what the ASA5505 is for.
I guess you would say the office to office connections are fully meshed?
Anyway there is an additional fiber connection in my office and that's Internet. So, the 5505 connects to that and then all the 892's connect to it.
For a backup, in case this office goes down, we're keeping the cable Internet in another office with my makeshift proxy server. If this office is "gone" then the other offices can just change their browsers to point to that proxy server and we can insert a route statement into DHCP. I know that works - that's the way we were doing it pre-Comcast.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
Mak Fyfe
UKM: The Ultimate Killing Machine
After a bar brawl, two friends (Mak Fyfe and Steve Arbuckle) make a deal with officials that changes their lives forever in this gritty horror flick. Facing a prison sentence, they agree to participate in an Army-sponsored medical experiment in exchange for their freedom. But they soon discover the doctor plans to turn them into human killing machines. Now, they're in the fight of their lives as they try to stop the program and save themselves.


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I'm a new local business in Dallas/Fort Worth Texas, called datawizard computing, and as you might guess I'm the Datawizard. My services include, pc repair, virus removals, general pc clean up and maintenance, building computers, ect. Prices very on what you need done. I grew up around computers and was taught all about them for 7 years.
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Tuesday, 19 Jan 2010 05:49 PM
Partial list of winners for the 67th annual Golden Globe Awards, announced Sunday in Beverly Hills, Calif.:
—Actress, Musical or Comedy: Meryl Streep, "Julie & Julia."
—Supporting Actress: Mo'Nique, "Precious: Based on the Novel `Push' by Sapphire."
—Animated Film: "Up."
—Original Score: Michael Giacchino, "Up."
—Original Song: "The Weary Kind" (theme from "Crazy Heart"), (written by Ryan Bingham, T Bone Burnett).
—Actor, Drama: Michael C. Hall, "Dexter."
—Actress, Drama: Julianna Margulies, "The Good Wife."
—Actress, Musical or Comedy: Toni Collette, "United States of Tara."
—Miniseries or Movie: "Grey Gardens," HBO.
—Supporting Actor, Series, Miniseries or Movie: John Lithgow, "Dexter."
Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award: Martin Scorsese.
© Copyright 2017 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Newsmax, Moneynews, Newsmax Health, and Independent. American. are registered trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc. Newsmax TV, and Newsmax World are trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc.