text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 9, 2009
|Filing date
|Dec 3, 2002
|Priority date
|Dec 3, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David Bengtson
|Original Assignee
|M/A-Com, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (73), Non-Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (1), Classifications (9), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to electromagnetic processing, and more particularly, the present invention relates to wideband signal processing.
Electromagnetic waves and signals (hereinafter "waves") are utilized for many different purposes. For example, electromagnetic waves may be processed in order to convey intelligence, such as by attenuating and/or amplifying electromagnetic wave characteristics, for instance, as is seen when modulating amplitude, frequency or phase of an electrical current or radio frequency (RF) wave to transmit data. As another example, power may be conveyed along a wave in a controlled fashion by attenuating and/or amplifying electromagnetic wave characteristics, such as is seen when modulating voltage or current in a circuit. Moreover, the uses may be combined, such as when intelligence may be conveyed through a wave by processing power characteristics.
Electromagnetic wave characteristic processing may be accomplished through digital or analog techniques. Digital and analog attenuation and/or amplification may also be combined, that is, the same wave may be subject to various types of digital and/or analog attenuation and/or amplification within a system in order to accomplish desired tasks.
However, processing electromagnetic wave characteristics may be difficult. For example, choosing an appropriate technique or component to modify a wave characteristic may be difficult for a number of reasons. One of those reasons involves the type of wave to be modified. For example, low frequency waves, such as 60 Hz power waves, may need different processing techniques than high frequency waves such as 24 GHz radar waves. It is common practice therefore to use different components, with different characteristics, for different waves. For example, a switching semiconductor used within a computer for 60 Hz power waves has different power handling characteristics from a power semiconductor used in a 24 GHz radar system.
One attempt at standardizing techniques and components that has recently been used is to use characteristics of the wave as information to modify the wave. For example, by translating a wave into polar coordinates with amplitude and phase characteristics, either or both characteristics may be used and/or manipulated in such a manner so as to provide standardized techniques for various wave frequencies. However such attempts to date have been constrained by application difficulties. For example, attempts that use multiple amplifiers have suffered from difficulties attendant to amplifier combining. Specifically, components, such as transformers or quarter wave lines, are used to sum the output of the amplifiers in order to drive the load. These components add to the cost and size of the amplifier array.
Accordingly, it would be helpful to the art of electromagnetic processing to provide efficient, and at the same time, accurate techniques for the processing of electromagnetic waves.
Embodiments of the present invention include apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for processing electromagnetic waves and signals. In one embodiment, an apparatus for electromagnetic processing is provided comprising a modulator for generating one or more elements representative of an input signal; a divider controlled by the one or more elements and receiving an electromagnetic wave to generate a modified signal; a comparator for comparing the modified signal to a reference signal and for generating a processed signal based upon the comparison; and a channel number calculator for selecting a channel for the processed signal, wherein the input signal incorporates the channel selection.
In another embodiment, a method of wideband processing a phase component signal is provided comprising generating one or more elements representative of an input signal; diving an electromagnetic wave based on the one or more elements to generate a modified signal; comparing the modified signal to a reference signal; and generating a processed signal based upon the comparison.
Embodiments of the present invention include apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture for processing electromagnetic waves and signals. For illustration purposes, an exemplary embodiment comprises a wideband modulator adapted for processing electromagnetic waves and signals. The wideband modulator as disclosed herein may be implemented in a wide range of applications, such as, for example, a transmitter, receiver, transducer, etc. For purposes of illustration, an exemplary transmitter is disclosed in
The exemplary transmitter 10 illustrated in
The term "signal" as is used herein should be broadly construed to include any manner of conveying data from one place to another, such as, for example, an electric current or electromagnetic field, including without limitation, a direct current that is switched on and off or an alternating-current or electromagnetic carrier that contains one or more data streams. Data, for example, may be superimposed on a carrier current or wave by means of modulation, which may be accomplished in analog or digital form. The term "data" as used herein should also be broadly construed to comprise any type of intelligence or other information, such as, for example and without limitation, audio, such as voice, text and/or video, etc.
As illustrated in
The data control signal generated by baseband processor 100 in this embodiment comprises an electromagnetic wave that contains data derived from the input signal. The data control signal is passed from baseband processor 100 to amplitude/phase signal processor 101. In one embodiment, I,Q data is converted by baseband processor 100 into a polar signal to create an analog or digital data control signal that contains the amplitude wave characteristic of the input signal, am, and an electromagnetic signal that contains the phase wave characteristic of the input signal, ap. For example, a rectangular to polar converter may be used to output polar coordinates in the form R, P(sin) and P(cos). The R coordinate represents the amplitude characteristic of the wave. The P(sin) and P(cos) coordinates represent the phase characteristic of the wave.
The amplitude and phase characteristics of the input signal may then be transmitted through separate paths to power amplifier 104. The amplitude characteristics of the original input signal may be modulated as a series of digital pulses comprising a digital word quantized into bits B0 to Bn-1, with a Most Significant Bit ("MSB") to Least Significant Bit ("LSB"). The digital word may be of varying lengths in various embodiments.
The phase characteristic, in turn, may be processed separately and then applied to power amplifier 104. One exemplary manner for processing of the phase characteristic is illustrated in
In the present embodiment, the phase data from the input signal is first preferably passed through a data scaling processor 120, which scales amplitude of the data signal appropriately. The change in signal amplitude produced by data scaling processor 120 is calculated to compensate for any gain in the output signal from the wideband modulator 102. The scaling of the signal may be accomplished through any conventional means compatible with the data format, such as, for example, in a preferred embodiment the phase data signal is digital and scaling may be accomplished by digital processing. In this embodiment, wideband modulator 102 is inherently a frequency modulator, so that translation of data for frequency and phase representations of the data occurs via dθ/dt 123 shown in
The phase component signal is then preferably passed through modulation compensation (equalization) filter 121, which is calculated to have a magnitude and phase response that is the inverse of the closed loop response of wideband modulator 102. As will be discussed below, in some instances, modulator 102 has an inherent design bandwidth to minimize noise in the signal. Limiting of the bandwidth in this manner, however, may cause a roll-off, that is, diminution, of the higher frequency components of the signal. Equalization filter 121 and overall modulation response filter 122 compensates for roll-off by increasing the gain of these higher frequency components, thus producing a more even (flattened) frequency response for the system and effectively extending the modulation bandwidth of wideband modulator 102. The equalization filter 121 is preferably implemented digitally, using a digital signal processor, although not limited thereto, and may be either a FIR (finite impulse response) or IIR (infinite frequency response) filter, as examples. The phase component data may also be passed through overall modulation response filter 122, which is calculated to set the overall passband response of wideband modulator 102 (e.g., 4 MHz). Overall modulation response filter 122, similar to equalization filter 121, may be an analog or digital FIR or IIR filter. Functionally, filters 121 and 122 may be combined into a signal filter where desired.
In the present embodiment, the baseband input signal may be modulated onto a carrier wave of a selected center frequency in wideband modulator 102. The center frequency about which a given signal is to be modulated is determined by a channel calculation, by which the carrier wave frequency (e.g., 1880 MHz) is divided by the frequency of the reference source to establish a channel for the signal.
In the present embodiment, the channel calculation yields a number that has an integer part and a fractional part. As shown in
SDM 125 may comprise, for example, a series of adders/accumulators and feedback components for inputting the fractional phase/channel number data (which may be an analog or digital signal) and outputting a digitized series of integers that equal the fractional input. The SDM 125 is preferably configured in the present embodiment in such a manner that the input range is sufficient for phase modulation data as well as the fractional portion of the channel number. In one exemplary embodiment, SDM 125 is a three bit system, which is thus capable of producing eight different output numbers (e.g., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4), although as should be understood, in other embodiments SDM 125 may comprise any desired number of bits or elements. In the present embodiment, SDM 125 preferably produces four output integers for each sample of the input, yielding an oversampling rate of four times the input. Sampling of the input modulating data in SDM 125 in this manner may introduce noise on the input modulating signal. Any such noise may be filtered by low-pass loop filter 131 in PLL 126.
The output of SDM 125 in the present embodiment is then combined with the integer portion of the channel number received from channel calculator 124. In the example discussed herein, the combination would produce a number from 20 to 28. The combination of the fractional and integer portions of the channel number is input to divider 128 in the present embodiment and used to lock PLL 126 to the desired RF carrier.
The PLL 126 in the present embodiment is preferably used to modulate a wave signal synthesized by an RF carrier wave signal source, such as carrier wave source 129, using the phase portion of the input signal. Carrier wave source 129 may be any source of electromagnetic waves that is capable for producing a carrier wave, such as a radio frequency voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).
As shown in
As shown in
As illustrated in
In the present embodiment, SDM 125 is being utilized to perform wideband modulation of the phase data input to SDM 125. Since the phase data input to SDM 125 is not constant, synchronizing SDM 125 to the output of divider 128 may introduce a frequency offset that is dependent on the modulation signal. Accordingly, it may be desired in certain embodiments that SDM 125 and divider 128 be synchronized by reference source 127. For example, buffering may be used between the output of SDM 125 and the input of divider 128, so that divider 128 may complete the divide count before updating with a new series of sample numbers.
As shown in
An exemplary embodiment of adaptive phase realignment component 103 is illustrated in detail in
DPLL 140 operates to align the ideal phase to real RF phase by removing any constant phase offset, Φ, and random drift, ωdrift, due to the delays through SDM and RF quantized demodulation process.
RF — VCO_Out=cos(ωc t+K tot(1+δ)d n ∫g(t)dt+ω drift t+Φ)
Reference error filter 142 operates to produce a reference phase-error waveform from estimated loop filter transfer function. This reference error signal serves as a basis function for the measured true phase error. By multiplying the true phase error signal with the reference error signal, the polarity of the PLL gain error preferably matches the polarity of the automatic calibration feedback output. In addition, the average of the automatic calibration feedback output is preferably proportional to the amplitude of the PLL gain error (regardless of the polarity of the phase information signal).
Carrier phase detector/track & hold 144 operates to provide for direct comparison of digitally summed carrier and phase (ideal) to sampled VCO RF true phase output. The carrier phase detector/track & hold 144 removes phase ambiguity, such as a 2p-radian phase ambiguity as an example, and provides phase/frequency detection.
Gain-error detector 146 operates to produce the estimated deltas of the PLL gain error and provides a correction signal to the PLL frequency phase detector to adjust the loop gain.
RF phase quantizer 148 is used to sample the RF carrier to extract the baseband phase information to retrieve the modulating signal. This function is realized using an A/D converter as an example.
Returning now to
In some embodiments, for example, with certain transmitter, receiver, and transceiver embodiments, the devices may be specialized for particular input signals, carrier waves and output signals, e.g. various types of cell phones, such as CDMA, CDMA2000, W-CDMA, GSM, TDMA, as well as various other types of devices, both wired and wireless, e.g. Bluetooth, 802.11a, -b, -g, radar, 1�RTT, radios, GPRS, computers and computer or non-computer communication devices, handheld devices, etc. Among the modulation schemes supported by the various embodiments include, for example, GMSK, which is used in GSM; GFSK, which is used in DECT & Bluetooth; 8-PSK, which is used in EDGE; OQPSK & HPSK, which are used in IS-2000; p/4 DQPSK, which is used in TDMA; and OFDM, which is used in 802.11.
Embodiments may utilize both analog and digital components, where desired, insofar as these embodiments manipulate waves and signals requiring both. For example, cell phone embodiments may utilize both analog and digital components. Various types of system architectures may also be utilized for constructing the embodiments. For example, embodiments or various components may be provided on a semiconductor device where desired, such as an integrated circuit or an application-specific integrated circuit composition; some examples include silicon (Si), silicon germanium (SiGe) or gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrates.
Having thus described a few particular embodiments of the invention, various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications and improvements as are made obvious by this disclosure are intended to be part of this description though not expressly stated herein, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. One of ordinary skill in the art will accordingly appreciate that embodiments of the invention or various components and/or features thereof may be entirely comprised of hardware, software and/or may be a combination of software and hardware. Accordingly each of the blocks of the drawings, and combinations of blocks of the drawings, may be embodied in many different ways, as is well known to those of skill in the art. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and not limiting. The invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and equivalents thereto.
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|Dec 3, 2002
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text:
Global and regional deficits in cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism have been reported in major depression, but there is limited information on the effects of somatic treatment and clinical recovery on these abnormalities.
We assessed cortical blood flow with the xenon 133 technique in depressed patients prior to a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 30 minutes before and 50 minutes after a single treatment, and during the week following ECT. Acute (preictal and postictal) effects of a single treatment also were studied in manic patients.
In the depressed and manic groups, larger blood flow reductions in the acute period, both globally and in particular patterns of brain regions, were associated with a superior clinical outcome following the treatment course. In depressed patients, similar patterns were observed for the blood flow changes over a full treatment course. Blood flow reductions in anterior cortical regions were strongly associated with a positive clinical response in both depression and mania.
The findings indicated that cerebral blood flow abnormalities in major depression were not reversed by successful treatment with ECT. Rather, particularly in responders, ECT resulted in additional perfusion reductions. The therapeutic properties of ECT are related to reduced functional brain activity in specific neural regions.
Nobler MS, Sackeim HA, Prohovnik I, Moeller JR, Mukherjee S, Schnur DB, Prudic J, Devanand DP. Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Mood Disorders, IIITreatment and Clinical Response. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(11):884-897. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950110044007
© 2017

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I know they are relatively inexpensive watches, but I have several Stauers. They seem to keep good time, I've gotten several compliments on them, and seem to be a good way to introduce yourself to automatic/self-winding watches. I am curious about other opinions on them. Good, bad or indifferent.
If you don't like them, why? The same for positive reviews, why?
Views: 65
Stauers (and their derivatives, all beginning with the letter S) do not have a good reputation on the watch collector boards, that is among the low-end of watch collectors. Reasons often cited include: Their advertising copy is made up out of whole cloth. The movements are rather cheap Chinese efforts which have (in other watches) gotten a reputation for poor workmanship and poor quality control. You can find similar ostentatiously-cased watches with Chinese or Russian movements for less. The designs of the cases tend to be pastiches of design elements from eighty or a hundred years ago.
If you like inexpensive automatic watches, the Invictas with Miyota movements and the Seiko 5 models are hard to beat in their price range. Search for Invicta automatic or Seiko 5 at Amazon or Long Island Watch. Their reliability coupled with the warranties of either brand are well worth the money. Orient (a Japanese watch company) makes its own auto movements which are highly thought of. You might Google "Russian wristwatch", and you will find some rather ornate models that may be interesting to you, though some would find the design rather gaudy--rather like baroque Stalinist.
If you like that sort of thing, you might look for something from Russia (ornate, somewhat better quality control and not so overpriced), Invicta (download a catalog, look for Lupah), the quality control is better, and the prices at e.g. Amazon are better. Also, Fossil has had some retro styled cases that are comparable, reasonably priced, and the Miyota automatic/Japanese quartz movements are better made and more reliable.


text:
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Sentence Writing: Toys
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The Gophers open the season against Wild prospect and former Shattuck-St. Mary's star defenseman John Draeger and the Michigan State Spartans this Friday (6 p.m.) and Saturday (8 p.m.).
The Gophers are 101-44-13 all-time against the Spartans, although they're just 4-4-5 since 2000-01. They were 0-1-1 in East Lansing last season.
Check out Thursday's paper for a feature on Nick Bjugstad.
The Gophers held media access this afternoon, and veteran coach Don Lucia, in search of career win Nos. 598 and 599 this weekend, addressed a few subjects:
On this weekend's lineup: "We'll do a lot of experimenting this weekend and probably try to play quite a few guys from Friday to Saturday night before we go to Michigan Tech the next weekend and we're limited to who we can take. Both goalies will play this weekend, and this is the first weekend we can start to find out more about our team."
Do you expect to rotate goalies Michael Shibrowski and Adam Wilcox the first couple weeks? "At least that's the plan right now. You look at October with this weekend, going to Houghton and then I think we have the U.S. [Under-18 Team] and Canisius, I think if you asked me today, more than likely we'd probably split the first three weekends and then head into November and see where we're at. But I think it's important to see your goaltenders at home, it's important to see how they react on the road and then if they both play well, they'll continue to play. I've had teams where we've rotated goalies all season long – I mean, right to the end – and I've had other years like last year where the goalie played every night. We'll have to wait and see how that plays itself out."
Do you look at Zach Budish playing with Erik Haula this year as opposed to last year when he played with Nick Bjugstad and Kyle Rau, and if so, how'd you come to that decision? "We looked at it as Erik's a good player, too, and sometimes Erik gets kind of forgotten. Everybody talks about Nick, but Erik did lead our team in scoring a year ago. When we looked at our team this year and who we felt the top four forwards were, we felt with Rau and Bjugstad and Haula and Budish. Well, if we can do it, it'd be nice to have two on two different lines rather than three on one. We could move [Nate] Condon up, but I liked the way Condon and [Travis] Boyd played together at the end of last year. It gives us a lot of comfort if we can spread the guys out a little bit with three lines that we can go into a game and really not worry which line's out against who. So that's why we're trying Christian [Isackson] up there with [Bjugstad and Rau]. Obviously it worked well in that first game [with a hat trick], but he's a guy that has to step forward and show us that he can play with those two. He's got the skill. He can make some plays. He has to continue to learn to play at a pace and compete on pucks. He did a nice job of that in Game One, but now he's got to continue to do that."
(Lucia said he may continue to juggle things around, but right now, Sam Warning will play with Budish and Haula; Lucia noted that Seth Ambroz played with Haula in junior hockey, so that's always a possibility, too).
Have you made a decision if you'll redshirt Blake Thompson? "No, we have not. We don't have to make a decision yet. We've talked to him about that, so it is an option. But it's an option we don't have to worry about for a few weeks. We'll see where we're at injury-wise, we'll see where we're at personnel-wise. Today, I think we feel comfortable with nine or 10 of our forwards in our lineup. Now the question becomes what else do we do with Forward 11 and 12? We got some freshmen, we've got Jared Larson, do we move a defenseman up? Those are some things that we're going to keep experimenting with because I don't want to have a guy sitting out that could help us even if it's a defenseman that has to move up."
On being the preseason No. 1? "Last year we were No. 6 in the league, so what does it really mean? I think they should start taking polls after Thanksgiving when people have actually had a chance to play a game. You don't see preseason polls in the NHL, 'Here's 1 through 30.' You know, how do you know? Let's play some games. Some teams are going to get rated higher than they should and others lower than they should because you really don't know. We're rated where we are because of how we finished last year – good or bad. But we have to prove it. We haven't proven anything yet."
On his health: "I just got my last thing back from the Mayo today that I'm good to go, and everything came back great."
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More From Russo's Rants
On the Wild: Russo's offseason primer and current depth chart
Hockey writer Michael Russo is leaving town for a few weeks, so here's a look ahead at some things that may happen as well as a current look at the Wild roster.
Scandella lauds Minnesota, says 'I understand why the trade happened'
Former Wild defenseman Marco Scandella says he'll cherish his time in Minnesota, but is excited about the new chapter about to begin with the Buffalo Sabres.
Wild prospect Greenway returning to Boston U rather than turning pro
Greenway hopes to lead the Terriers to a national championship and represent the United States in the 2018 Winter Olympics.
Russian team official on Wild's Kaprizov: 'He will stay in Russia for next 3 years'
The three-year delay is a big blow to the Wild's prospect pool.
Get ready, hockey fans: Da Beauty League returns to Edina
The 4-on-4 league full of local NHL stars and elite amateurs begins Wednesday with all eyes set on the John Scott Cup.


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Characteristics and determinants of sexual behavior among adolescents of migrant workers in Shangai (China)
China is facing a critical challenge of rapid and widespread human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) increase. Rural-to-urban migration plays a crucial role in shifting the HIV/sexual transmitted infection (STI) epidemic. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of sexual behaviors and the correlates among the early adolescents of migrant workers in China.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 junior high schools from April to June of 2008. A total of 2821 adolescents aged 14.06 ± 0.93 years (8.9% of migrant workers vs. 91.1% of general residents) participated in the survey. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect information on knowledge, attitude, and behaviors associated with increased risk for HIV/STI.
The percentage of adolescents who ever had sexual intercourse or had sexual intercourse in last three months was 7.2% and 4.3% in adolescents of migrant workers, respectively; in contrast, 4.5% and 1.8% in their peers of general residents, respectively. 47.3% adolescents of migrant workers and 34.3% of those adolescents of general residents reported no condom use in sexual intercourse during last three months. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that migration was a independent risk factor for sexual intercourse in last three months in our sampled adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.72). In adolescents of migrant workers, factors such as lower family income (OR: 2.22, CI: 1.09–3.05 for low level; OR:1.25, CI: 1.04–1.59 for medium level), younger age at first sexual intercourse (OR: 1.24, CI: 1.09–1.57), lower knowledge on HIV/AIDS (OR: 0.93, CI: 0.90–0.97), and fewer communication on HIV/AIDS related issues (OR: 0.79, CI: 0.90–0.97) were related to sexual intercourse in last three months.
Based on these results, we advocated that heightened concerns targeting the adolescents of migrant workers be particularly necessary, given their higher level of sexual experience, lower socioeconomic status, restricted reproductive health information, and vulnerability to HIV/STI.
China is facing a critical challenge of rapid and widespread HIV/AIDS increase
Adolescents and youths are at serious risk for HIV, accounting for half of new HIV infection in China each year
Data also demonstrated that the so-called 'floating population' – the approximately 150 million migrant workers and 73% of them come from poorer regions of the country and work in the cities as laborers, restaurant workers and sex workers has acted as the 'tipping point' for the HIV/STI epidemic in China
In the past 15 years, the massive migration, mostly from rural to urban areas, especially large metropolises, has taken place in China, which constitutes what has been labelled the largest labour flow in human history
Under Chinese insurance system, migrants are mostly excluded from the urban employee's basic insurance scheme. Therefore, migrant workers face barriers to accessing education and healthcare, which was a major public concern in China. The same issue also existed in their second generation. For a long time, children of migrant workers were excluded from urban public school. Moreover, they also exposed other risk factors, such as lower socioeconomic status, special family environments, and frequent migration.
It was well known that different sociocultural groups (different age groups, different educational levels, different cultural background, from rural to urban areas, migrants and permanent residents) varied relative to their sexual attitude and behaviors
To our knowledge, this is the first study of HIV/STI-related risk behaviors in adolescents of migrant workers in China. In this article, we mainly address two questions:
◆ Prevalence: among adolescents in the sample, what proportion reported each HIV/STI-related risk behavior? Compared to adolescents of general residents, were HIV/STI-related risk behaviors in adolescents of migrant workers more prevalent?
◆ Correlating factors: what factors can predict sex behaviors? Were there differences in correlating factors of sex behaviors between adolescents of migrant workers and their peers of general residents?
Sample and Procedure
There are twenty districts in Shangai and migrant workers mainly live in six districts. From the six districts, two districts were selected for the study sample on the basis of cluster-stratified selection procedure, using geographic location, economic standard, and population density as criteria. For every district, 5 junior high schools with higher proportion of children of migrant workers were selected. All the students in selected schools yielded the study sample. Of 3104 students eligible for the study, 2821 (90.9%) returned completed questionnaires. The mean age of the final sample was 14.06 years (SD: 0.93; range:11.08–16.67 years); 48.5% were males and 51.5% were females.
This study was conducted from April to June of 2008. The research aims were explained to school principals and teachers of the target schools. Permission was obtained to carry out the study, which is the usual practice in China. An anonymous questionnaire was given to the students during counseling hours. Researchers explained the study purpose to the students and emphasized that participation was voluntary.
The study was approved by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.
HIV/STI-related risk behaviors
The Adolescents' Reproductive Health Questionnaire (ARBQ) was used to collect information on adolescents' knowledge, attitude, and behaviors concerning HIV/STI. The ARBQ was a self-administrated questionnaire, which was developed based on literature review
(1) Subscale of knowledge on sex/HIV/AIDS
To assess participant's knowledge level on information about HIV, ways by which HIV is transmitted, ways by which HIV is not transmitted, self-protection information, and progress in HIV prevention/cure/epidemic, 31 sex/HIV/AIDS related items were schemed in the questionnaire. For example, do you consider the more sexual partners, the higher risk of HIV infection? Do you consider using condoms in sexual intercourse can reduce the risk of HIV infection? and etc. Answer ranged by a 3-point scale: "yes", "do not know", and "no". Correct answers were credited with a score of one and incorrect answer or responding "do not know" with a score of zero. The subscale score was then calculated as the higher the score, the higher level the knowledge. The internal consistency of the subscale was Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.87.
(2) Subscale of attitude toward sexual/drug-use behaviors
Eight items were used to evaluate participant's attitude toward sexual/drug-use behaviors, including premarital sex, multiple-partner sex, injection drug use, alcohol drinking, and etc. Answers ranged by a 3-point scale: "disagree", "somewhat disagree", and "agree". For each statement, "disagree" was scored with two point, "somewhat disagree" was scored with one point, and "agree" was scored with zero. The subscale scores were then calculated as the higher the score, the more positive and conservative the attitude. The internal consistency of the subscale was Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.86.
(3) Subscale of attitude toward person with HIV/AIDS
This subscale was programmed to evaluate participant's attitude toward person with HIV/AIDS. Items, such as whether or not willing to study/eat together with person with HIV/AIDS, whether or not willing to keep secret for person with HIV/AIDS, and etc, were included in the subscale. Answers ranged by a 3-point scale: "agree", "somewhat agree", and "disagree". For each statement, "agree" was scored with two point, "somewhat agree" was scored with one point, and "disagree" was scored with zero. The subscale score was then calculated as the higher the score, the more friendly the attitude. The internal consistency of the subscale was Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.48. 0.48 is not high enough for the internal consistency. However, based on the following two reasons, we thought to keep the subscale of attitude toward person with HIV/AIDS in the final ARBQ: i The items of the subscale could provide information on Chinese adolescents' attitude toward person with HIV/AIDS; ii From the point of statistics, 0.7 and above was acceptable for the internal consistency of a scale. However, clinical significance must be taken into account when we select or omit a item. To the best of my knowledge, some scales or questionnaires have subscales with internal consistency under 0.7, even under 0.5
(4) Subscale of exposure to sexual/drug-use behaviors
There were 9 items respect to sexual and drug use behaviors in the questionnaire. In addition, we also examined alcohol and cigarette use because they can lower inhibitions and increase the likelihood of sexual and drug use behaviors (2 items). The internal consistency of the subscale was Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.73.
(5) Subscale of self-protection efficacy
Four items were used to evaluate participant's self-protection efficacy. For example, if unwilling to have sex, are you able to refuse? Are you able to adopt measures to protect yourself from pregnancy and infection during sex intercourse? and etc. Answers ranged by a 3-point scale: "yes", "do not know", and "no". For each statement, "yes" was scored with two point, "do not know" was scored with one point, and "no" was scored with zero. The subscale score was then calculated as the higher the score, the higher level of protection self-efficacy. The internal consistency of the subscale was Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.59.
(6) Subscale of communication about sex/HIV/AIDS issues
Communication about sex/HIV/AIDS issues was measured by inquiring how often the participants discussed sex/HIV/AIDS issues with parents, peers, teachers, and doctors/health experts? Answers were on a 3-point scale, with 3 being "usually", 2 being "sometimes", and 1 being "rarely/no" The subscale score was then calculated as the higher the score, the higher level of communication. The internal consistency of the subscale was Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.78.
Sociodemographic characteristics
This section consists of participant's gender, age, grade, parents' education levels, household income [RMB(yuan)/person/month], parents' relationship, and family structure (i.e., single parent family, nuclear family, or large family). The score of each sociodemographic characteristic are demonstrated in Table
Table 1
The score of each sociodemographic characteristic of the sampled participants
Sociodemographic variables
Family income #
Medium (1000–2499)
(≥ 2500)
Family structure
Single parent family
Nuclear family
Large family
Parents' relationship
Not bad
Father's education level
Middle school
High school
College and above
Mother's education level
Middle school
High school
College and above
#Family income was expressed in RMB(yuan)/person/month
In our study, a family including children, parents, grandfather and/or grandmother, who live together, was defined as a large family; a family including children and parents was defined as nuclear family; and a family only including children and father or mother was defined as a single-parent family.
In China, there are no established systems to assess the socioeconomic status (SES) of individual family. Therefore, parental education levels and household income were used as indicators of the family SES.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical descriptions were made by use of the mean, standard deviation and percentages. Demographic differences between study groups were analyzed by Independent-samples t test and the Chi-square test. Independent-samples t test and the Chi-square test were also used to compare score differences and prevalence of sexual/drug-use behaviors between study groups, respectively.
Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the correlating factors of sexual intercourse within last three months, with the dependent variable designated as "1" if there was sexual intercourse within last three months and "0" if there was no sexual intercourse within last three months. The final multivariate model included variables retaining significance after a forward likelihood-ratio stepwise elimination procedure. Statistical tests of regression estimates or OR were based on Wald statistics.
All analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 12.5. In the calculation and presentation of the results, the statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 (two tailed).
Demographic characteristics of the study sample
In China, under the current
Of our sample, adolescents of migrant workers referred to those adolescents who came from the rural region and his/her mother or father served as migrant workers in the city. Our study revealed that 8.9% of the sample (n = 252) belonged to the defined subgroup. Of all these adolescents, 10.4% stayed in Shangai for less than one year, 14.1% stayed for 1–2 years, 75.5% stayed for 3 or above years.
Table 2
Demographic characteristics of study participants by study groups
Adolescents of migrant workers
Adolescents of general residents
Age (years, mean ± SD)
14.17 (1.03)
13.99 (0.92)
3.28** a
Gender (%)
Family income (%) #
181.59** c
Low (<1000)
Medium (1000–2499)
High (≥ 2500)
Family structure
3.23* c
Single parent family
Nuclear family
Large family
Father's education level (%)
305.89** c
Middle school
High school
College and above
Mother's education level (%)
420.16** c
Middle school
High school
College and above
#Family income was expressed in RMB(yuan)/person/month
a Independent-samples t test
b 2*2 Chi-square Test
c K*2 Chi-square Test
Prevalence of sexual/drug-use behaviors in the study sample
Table 3
Prevalence of HIV/STI-related risk behaviors: differences by study groups
Adolescents of migrant workers (N = 252)
Adolescents of general residents (N = 2569)
I Sexual intercourse in lifetime (%)
3.52* a
Ever had
Never had
II Age of the first sexual intercourse (%)
4.95* b
11–12 years
13–14 years
≥ 15 years
III Sexual intercourse in past 3 months (%)
3.45* a
Ever had
Never had
IV Among sexual intercourses within past 3 months
1. Partners >1 (%)
Ever had
Never had
2 Unprotected sexual intercourse (%)
6.31** a
Ever had
Never had
3. Sexual intercourse while drunk (%)
Ever had
Never had
4. Sexual intercourse with high-risk partners (%)
Ever had
Never had
V Substance use
1. Injection drug use (%)
Ever had
Never had
2. Oral/rhinal drug use (%)
Ever had
Never had
3. Cigarette smoking (%)
7.06** a
4. Alcohol drinking (%)
Unprotected sexual intercourse refers to the sexual intercourse without condemn use
High-risk partners refer to people with HIV/AIDS/STI, people with drug use, and people with
multiple sexual partners
a 2*2 Chi-square Test
b K*2 Chi-square Test
In contrast, sexual intercourse in lifetime (7.2% vs. 4.5%,
Scores in knowledge, attitude, protection self-efficacy, and communication in the study sample
Table 4
Scores in knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and communication: differences by study groups (mean ± SD)
Adolescents of migrant workers
Adolescents of general residents
Scores in HIV/AIDS knowledge (% in total score)
15.40 ± 6.10 (46.77)
18.89 ± 6.20 (60.93)
16.12 ± 6.50 (52.00)
18.77 ± 6.47 (60.55)
14.34 ± 5.46 (46.25)
19.20 ± 5.67 (61.94)
Scores in attitude toward sex behaviors (% in total score)
14.52 ± 2.62) (90.75)
14.27 ± 2.86 (89.19)
14.01 ± 3.21) (87.56)
13.82 ± 3.22 (86.38)
15.05 ± 1.72) (94.06)
14.73 ± 2.35 (92.06)
Scores in attitude toward person with HIV/AIDS (% in total score)
10.07 ± 2.73 (71.93)
10.01 ± 2.82 (71.50)
10.20 ± 2.55 (72.86)
10.02 ± 2.91 (71.57)
9.98 ± 3.01 (71.29)
10.04 ± 2.75 (71.71)
Scores in protection self-efficacy (% in total score)
5.41 ± 1.54 (67.62)
5.30 ± 1.39 (66.25)
5.26 ± 1.74 (65.75)
4.99 ± 1.63 (62.38)
5.60 ± 1.31 (70.00)
5.62 ± 1.04 (70.25)
Scores in communication on sex/HIV/AIDS issue (% in total score)
0.89 ± 1.47 (11.13)
1.08 ± 1.50 (13.50)
0.91 ± 1.54 (11.38)
1.04 ± 1.54 (13.00)
1.03 ± 1.39 (12.88)
1.10 ± 1.46 (13.75)
Scores in HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude toward sex behaviors, attitude toward person with HIV/AIDS, protection self-efficacy, and communication on sex/HIV/AIDS issue were normally distributed with statistics of Shapiro-Wilk = 0.93 (
a Independent-samples t test
Among all adolescents, compared to males, females tended to have higher scores in attitude toward sexual behaviors (15.05 vs, 14.01, t = -2.32, p < 0.05 for adolescents of migrant workers; 14.73 vs, 13.82, t = -8.15, p < 0.01 for adolescents of general residents) and among adolescents of general residents, females tended to have higher scores in protection self-efficacy (5.62 vs, 4.99, t = -11.14, p < 0.01).
Correlating factors of sexual intercourse by study groups
Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the correlating factors of sexual intercourse in last three months in adolescents by study groups (see Additional file
Additional file 1
Factors predicting sexual intercourse during past 3 months by logistic regression models: differences by study groups. The data provided the results of Multivariate logistic regression analyses regarding correlating factors of sexual intercourse within last three months in adolescents of migrant workers and their peers of general residents.
Click here for file
After controlling for some cofounders, multivariate logistic regression analyses found that migration was a risk factor for sexual intercourse in last three months in our sampled adolescents (OR = 1.23, p < 0.05). Five factors were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of sexual intercourse in last three months in adolescents of migrant workers: older age (OR = 1.51, p < 0.05), lower family income (OR = 2.22, p < 0.01 for low level; OR = 1.25, p < 0.05 for medium level), younger age of the first sexual intercourse (OR = 1.24, p < 0.05), lower scores in knowledge (OR = 0.93, p < 0.05), and lower scores in communication (OR = 0.79, p < 0.05). For adolescents of general residents, five factors were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of sexual intercourse in last three months: older age (OR = 2.04, p < 0.01), higher frequency of antecedent sexual behaviors (OR = 3.21, p < 0.01), higher frequence of alcohol drinking (OR = 2.23, p < 0.01), lower scores in attitude toward sexual/drug-use behaviors (OR = 0.88, p < 0.01), and lower scores in protection self-efficacy (OR = 0.75, p < 0.01).
The present study found that, compared to their peers of general residents, adolescents of migrant workers were more prevalent in sexual intercourse during lifetime (7.2% vs, 4.5%) and sexual intercourse during the last three months (4.3% vs, 1.8%). Among the adolescents with a history of sexual intercourse in last three months, more adolescents of migrant workers reported unprotected intercourse (47.3% vs, 34.3%). Moreover, our study demonstrated that, compared to their peers of general residents, adolescents of migrant workers tended to have sexual intercourse in younger age and more frequent cigarette smoking (as shown in Table
A number of studies in China revealed that the prevalence of lifetime sexual intercourse ranged from 1.3% to 4.8% in general junior school students
Previous studies revealed that many factors were associated with adolescents' sexual intercourse: age, ethnicity, gender, substance use, family structure and socioeconomic status
To best address sexually related public health concern for adolescents, it is crucial to reveal the correlating factors, especially for higher-risk groups, in China. Consistent with previous studies, our study found that sexual behaviors were a multifactorial issue. In the present study, it was demonstrated that five variables were significantly associated with sexual intercourse in last three months for adolescents of migrant workers: older age, lower family income, younger age at first sexual intercourse, lower knowledge on HIV/AIDS, and fewer communication.
Among all the factors identified associated with sexual intercourse in last three months for adolescents of migrant workers, poor family income had the highest OR. Our survey showed that nearly one-half of families lived in extremely poor condition, with an average family income < 1000 RMB (yuan)/person/month. Such lower economic status could undoubtedly prevent children from having basic health care and educational improvement. Under the current educational system in China, education in primary school and junior high school was free-feed and compulsory, however, for a long time, children of migrant workers were excluded from the compulsory educational scheme in urban area. Although the problem was gradually resolved from last year in Shangai, children of migrant workers still face barriers to accessing regular education because of parents' frequent migrant. Therefore, although most schools provide HIV/STI education, children of migrant workers are unlikely to receive school-based intervention. That may be why our study found that lower knowledge on HIV/AIDS and fewer communication were strong factors associated with sexual intercourse in last three months for adolescents of migrant workers.
There are several limitations that should be considered in interpreting these results. Firstly, social-desirability bias and inaccuracy may be existed in answering the questionnaires despite guaranteed anonymity. Secondly, because the sample was not large enough, the analyses were not conducted by dividing the sample by age. As the age-range is quite spread, it would be possible that different factors are associated to risk sexual intercourse according to the age. Thirdly, China is a multi-ethnical country (56 ethnic groups) with a population of 1.3 billion (90.56% Han ethnicity vs, 9.44% other ethnicity named ethnic minority, such as Muslim ethnicity, Mongolia ethnicity, Uighur ethnicity, and etc). It is possible that, although may be very small, migrant workers were likely to be from ethnic minority. It was a pity that our study did not investigate the information on ethnicity of sampled participants. The forth limitation lies in the fact that our findings regarding migrant adolescents were much more so within the local-national environment and may not reflect the practice in other countries. In addition, the sample of adolescents of migrant workers was small, which may weaken the strengths of the study. The fifth limitation existed in study design. The cross-sectional nature of the study made it difficult to determine a causal relationship. Finally, our sample limited our analyses of demographic subgroups and can not be generalized to other population.
It was a strength of the present study that we firstly focused on adolescents of migrant workers, an understudied subgroup with potentially greater risk for HIV/STI in China. Our study not only examined the characteristics of sexual behaviors in the subgroup but also explored the correlating factors. The results can provide data to promote specific intervention for improving their behavioral and sexual health. In addition, the comparative study between adolescents of migrant worker and their peers of general residents entailed an unusually rich data-set for interpreting the topic of adolescents' sexual behaviours in China.
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; STI: sexual transmitted infection; AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; WHO: the World Health Organization; UNAIDS: the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; ARBQ: the Adolescents' Reproductive Health Questionnaire; SES: socioeconomic status; SPSS: the Statistical Program for Social Sciences; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; NS: no significance.
Conflicts of interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed the design of this research. SL drafted the manuscript and has been involved in the interpretation of the data. HH performed statistical analyses. GX, YC and FH played a major role in the field survey. XS made a substantial contribution to the interpretation of the data and has been involved in revising manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was funded by Grants from Shangai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health (06DZ22024), National Natural Science Foundation of China (30700670), Innovation Program of Shangai Municipal Education Commission (09YZ92), Program for Excellent Young Teachers in Shangai (jdy-07011), and Chenxin Award Project for Young Scholar in Shangai Jiaotong University (08–10).
Overview of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, scientific research and government responses in China
Sex, drugs, and HIV/AIDS in China
HIV/AIDS epidemiology and prevention in China
Cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and dependent areas, 2005
Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000
Characteristics of Chinese rural migrants: 2000
China's floating population and the potential for HIV transmission: a socialbehavioural perspective
HIV-related sexual behaviour among migrants and non-migrants in a rural area of China: role of rural-to-urban migration
Sexual behavior among employed male rural migrants in Shangai, China
Migration and privatization of space and power in late socialist China
HIV/AIDS-related sexual risk behaviors among rural residents in China: potential role of rural-to-urban migration
The age of migration in China
The working and living spaces of the 'floating population' in China
China's Floating Population: New evidence from the 2000 Census
Adolescent sexual behavior in two ethnic minority samples: the role of family variables
Ethnicity in 25 years of published sexuality research: 1971–1995
Influences on adolescents' decision to postpone sexual intercourse: a survival analysis of virginity among youths aged 13 to 18 years
Initiation of sexual intercourse among middle school adolescents: the influence of psychosocial factors
Factors predisposing out-of-school youths to HIV/AIDS-related risky sexual behaviour in northwest Ethiopia
Study on sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of adolescents
Investigation on adolescent health risk behaviors in Guangzhou city
Sexual behaviors and correlating factors in adolescents and youths in HaiDian district of Beijing city
Dimensions of sexual orientation and HIV-related risk among adolescent females: evidence from a statewide survey
A longitudinal study of the prevalence, development, and persistence of HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors in delinquent youth: implications for health care in the community
HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk Behaviors in Delinquent Youth With Psychiatric Disorders: A Longitudinal Study
Developmental relationships between adolescent substance use and risky sexual behavior in young adulthood
The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children
The household registration system and social stratification in China:1955–1996
Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States, 2007
Meanings of sexual intercourse for Italian adolescents
Inconsistent reports of sexual intercourse among South African high school students
HIV/AIDS and Sexual-Risk Behaviors among Adolescents: Factors influencing the use of condoms in Burkina Faso
Predictors of early sexual initiation among a nationally representative sample of Nigerian adolescents
Sexual attitudes and risk-taking behaviors of high school students in Turkey
Prevalence and correlates of condom use at last sexual intercourse among in-school adolescents in urban areas of Uganda
Differences of sexual behavior predictors between sexually active and nonactive female adolescents in congested communities
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


text:
Brown Beanie w/ Grey Accents - Baby 6-12 Mo.
Chestnut Brown w/Dark Grey Pin-Striping 100% New Pure Wool Baby Beanie Hat Classic Wool is a nice soft wool. Washing Instructions: Hand wash ONLY, and lay flat to dry. Yarn used is FSC Certified (Forest Stewardship Council Canada) Made in Canada Sized to fit: Approx. 16-18 inch head Length: 6 inches Perfect for 6 to 12 month old baby!


text:
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 nights
Vacation rental on All Sports Lake George. Semi private wooded location with 110' of sandy waterfront. There is a boat dock, swim platform, and paddle boat for your use. The cabin includes all you will need for your vacation: gas grill, lawn chairs, dishes, and firewood for the fire pit. There is cable TV and high speed internet. The only thing not provided are bedding and towels. Lake George is 135 acres in size located 15 minutes northwest of Clare, MI. Soaring Eagle casino is located 30 minutes away in MT Pleasant.
We stayed a week and it was nice could of had better weather but made the best of it. Scott is very easy to work with. Thanks again for sharing this awesome place.
We were looking for a get-away, and we found it. We've already discussed going back next year. During the week it was quiet and the fishing was good. The holiday weekend came and watch out! There were boats and people everywhere. The cabin was just that, a cabin. It had everything we needed and totally met our expectations. It was really nice to have our own beach, raft and dock. It kept our personal space, well....personal. The owner was good to deal with and very fair.
There is little to no signal there, so if you are planning on texting and emailing your trip away, that won't happen.
Book it, sit back and enjoy!
This was our first trip to the area and we will be back. The cottage was well equipped and clean. Water was an issue so be sure to bring in lots of bottled water. :-) Loved the deck, loved the picnic table, loved the dock and the fire pit!!! Fishing was great and so was the swimming. Even though the houses were a little close for our liking we never had an issue. It was quiet and cozy. I was not sure what to expect when we arrived but it was an awesome week and we plan on a return trip next summer. Thanks for sharing your "HomeAway" from home with us!!!!
We loved the cottage, it was worth every penny. We plan on coming back every year!
What a wonderful cabin for a couple or a family. Two rooms, one with a full bed and the other with a full and a twin. The couch also pulls out. The living room has french doors leading to a deck over looking the lake. Very peaceful and quiet. The owner lets you use his paddle boat or row boat for no fee and we had a great time paddling around on lake George. Fishing was also wonderful. Caught some nice size large mouth bass and some Northern Pike. Gas station a few minutes away sells worms. Clair is also close with some wonderful restaurants and a bakery called Cops and Donuts, which has wonderful donuts and fantastic coffee. Overall a wonderful place. The only downfall is the well water so remember to bring your own. Looking forward to staying again. The owner is very friendly and makes himself available if you need him, but is not overbearing either, so if you like your privacy he will allow you to have it. Overall I can't wait to stay again!
The lake and the scenery was absolutely beautiful. We loved watching all the water sports on the lake. Very clean comfortable beds and everything you would need. Looking forward to coming back next summer and even possibly this winter thanks for such a great time
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
My Standard Rate
7 night minimum stay
|Refundable Cleaning Fee


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Independent retail week has been and gone and it definitely got me thinking about how hard things must be for independent businesses of any kind these days. That's why it's so encouraging to see independent shops doing well. One shop in particular which has become a bit of a Belfast institution for all things desirable when it comes to home and kitchen ware is Equinox Shop and Cafe. Continue reading
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Are you independent..?
Leave a comment | tags: Belfast, Bridgestone Guide, brunch, Brunch in Belfast, coffee, Equinox Shop and Cafe, Independent shops, lunch in Belfast, smoked salmon | posted in Uncategorized
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Either her handlers are holding their heads in their hands because the San Fran Ding Bat let the cat out of the bag again or they are in the same bind because she knows nothing about some dirt from Newt's past.
The "knows nothing" reference is more likely because it is Nancy Pelosi dishing alleged secret dirt on Newt Gingrich. And in Washington, the accusation alone is just as serious as the facts.
In any case, keep flapping those gums Nancy. What a fundraiser for Newt you are.
Then again, Nancy Pelosi has a few resources for dirt on Newt most people do not have. Remember she was on a House Ethics Committee of some sort which looked for any dirt they could find on Newt when he was in Congress.
Come to think of it, Nancy Pelosi must also have access to the FBI files Hillary had her thug steal when she was in the White House. Apparently, Hillary and Bill had more than an open marriage. They had an open filing cabinet agreement as well.
Remember Hillary "Security Thug" Craig Livingston and the 900 stolen FBI files which turned up in Hillary's White House office? You think they have gone away? You don't steal 900 FBI files on Congressmen and not use them. You squirrel them away for future use.
What better time then now?
Come on Nancy, dish, dish, dish. Its too late to turn back now.


text:
Univ. de Sherbrooke (Canada)
Ultrasound damage detection using built-in piezoelectric transducers is a promising technique because it can automatically inspect and interrogate structural damage in hard to access areas. Although numerous efforts have been devoted to the application of the structural health monitoring (SHM) concepts to real world problems; there is a shortage in the modeling tools specifically tailored for rapid computer aided design of SHM applications. This is due to the fact that the finite element method, which is the dominant method in the simulation of the wave propagation problems due to its geometric versatility and the capability to simulate complex boundary conditions as well as coupling effects, lacks the required computational efficiency for the structural health monitoring applications. This is because of the high frequencies usually utilized is SHM, posing a huge burden on the mesh size to minimize the errors. Spectral element method (SEM), a variant of the p/FEM, combines the fast convergence rates associated with the spectral methods with the geometric flexibility of the finite element method, thus allowing for more computationally efficient simulation, leading to fast product design cycle. Recently, these advantages have drawn the attention of the different researchers in the field of the SHM. The advantage of the SEM as a high accuracy solution method enables the refinement and the testing of different concepts of SHM. One of these concepts is the main focus of the current paper. The presented work is a parametric study of the effect of the piezoceramic actuator thickness on the fundamental Lamb waves S 0, and A0 using a tailored SEM solver. In order to illustrate the reduction of the computational costs the running times of the SEM solver were compared with the running times for some of cases solved using commercial FEM solver (ANSYS), as well as the results are compared with analytical results based on a widely accepted model from the literature. Additionally, the cases were validated experimentally, showing a good agreement with the simulation results.
Ramy Mohamed ; Dominique L. Demers and Patrice Masson"A parametric study of piezoceramic thickness effect on the generation of fundamental Lamb modes", Proc. SPIE 7984, Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems 2011, 79841Y (March 31, 2011); doi:10.1117/12.880616; http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.880616
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