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Draft Plan of Action for Pillar Four of the Global Soil Partnership
- Diane Cross
- 2 years ago
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1 FAO GLOBAL SOIL PARTNERSHIP Draft Plan of Action for Pillar Four of the Global Soil Partnership Building an enduring and authoritative global system to monitor and forecast the condition of the Earth s soil resources Working group: Neil McKenzie, Rainer Baritz, Aracely Castro, Jon Hempel, Martin Yemefack, Rachid Moussadek, Ganlin Zhang and Ronald Vargas,, 23 rd May, 2013
3 1. Introduction Why do we need a global system for observing and forecasting soil condition?... 3 Application 1: Answer critical questions at the global scale... 3 Application 2: Provide the global context for more local decisions... 3 Application 3: Supply fundamental data sets for understanding Earth-system processes Decisions on system design... 5 Issue 1: Degree of integration between global, national and other systems... 5 Issue 2: Distributed versus centralized design... 6 Issue 3: Comprehensive versus harmonized minimum data sets... 7 Issue 4: Balancing the effort between mapping and monitoring... 8 Issue 5: Roles, responsibilities, and incentives for data providers... 8 Issue 6: Opportunities created by technical advances People and systems Context Leadership and technical support teams Training and capability development Spatial data infrastructure Data products The Global Soil Grid Option 1: Updated Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) Option 2: GlobalSoilMap 100m grid Option 3: ISRIC 1km grid Option 4: Hybrid Global Soil Polygons and Supporting Classification Soil profile and point data Tier 1: Comprehensive soil profile and analytical database Tier 2: World reference soil profile dataset Monitoring and forecasting Analysis and synthesis functions Reports on global soil health every five years Data provided to global reporting mechanisms Governance Appendix 1: Summary of recommendations Appendix 2: Proposed ISRIC 1-km grid Appendix 3: Structure and components of a Global Soil Information System... 29
4 1. Introduction The Global Soil Partnership (GSP) was formally endorsed by the FAO Council in December It has five pillars of action: 1. Promote sustainable management of soil resources for soil protection, conservation and sustainable productivity 2. Encourage investment, technical cooperation, policy, education awareness and extension in soil 3. Promote targeted soil research and development focusing on identified gaps and priorities and synergies with related productive, environmental and social development actions 4. Enhance the quantity and quality of soil data and information: data collection (generation), analysis, validation, reporting, monitoring and integration with other disciplines 5. Harmonization of methods, measurements and indicators for the sustainable management and protection of soil resources This report presents a draft plan of action for Pillar Four. It provides design options and pathways for building the global soil information system. The report is the primary outcome of a workshop convened by FAO in Rome during March The workshop considered the status of current methods for soil survey and monitoring, existing soil information systems, and future directions for Pillar Four (FAO 2012). The meeting commissioned this report and asked for the following topics to be addressed in relation to the establishment of Pillar Four: Governance and structural organization The links between global soil information and end-users Primary soil data and spatial data products including accuracy issues. Reporting on global soil health: soil capacity and functions. Technical monitoring Global monitoring network Archives, references and standards A representative group of experts was asked to prepare the report. The members were: Africa: Martin Yemefack Asia: Ganlin Zhang Europe: Rainer Baritz Latin America: Aracely Castro Middle East and North Africa: Rachid Moussadek North America: Jon Hempel Oceania: Neil McKenzie Secretary: Ronald Vargas The committee has prepared the report with careful attention being given to the mandate of the GSP which is to improve governance of the limited soil resources of the planet in order to guarantee healthy and productive soils for a food secure world, climate change mitigation as well as support other essential ecosystem services, in accordance with the sovereign right of each State over its natural resources. The issue of sovereignty extends to data and information insofar that the global soil information system has to support the integrity of national information systems but at the same time produce a harmonized global view. 1
5 The report begins with a summary of the primary reasons for having a global soil information system. This is followed by a set of design issues and key decisions that need to be made. In some cases, the preferred outcome is clear so the committee has simply provided a recommendation. In other cases, the decision is more complex and several options have been presented. Some of these options relate to priorities but others have significant implications for existing institutions involved in gathering and supplying soil information. In May 2013, a draft of this report was sent out for review to GSP partners of soil information institutions globally, and to the participants of the GSP Soil Information workshop (Rome, March 2012). In total, 260 comments, 45 text proposals and various editorials were received. Comments addressing similar issues were condensed, so that at the end 134 comments were processed. A protocol lists the changes done, and the responses of the writing team to each comment; those comments considered to be out of scope for this report were summarized in a short note to FAO. By necessity, this report presents preliminary design options and pathways for building the global soil information system. The potential investment necessary to build each component of the system is yet to be specified. Likewise, priorities and a detailed roadmap for implementation have not been proposed. These next steps depend on which recommendations proposed by this report are accepted by the ITPS.. 2
6 2. Why do we need a global system for observing and forecasting soil condition? There is a growing awareness that soil resources are finite and require careful management to ensure food security and maintain essential ecosystem services. A prerequisite for sustainable management is reliable information on soil resources and in particular, on how different soils respond to various forms of land use and management. Around the world, millions of people profitably use existing soil information to either produce more food or protect environmental assets or both. People currently gain access to soil information through a variety of channels and many countries now have district or national soil information systems, many of which are online. Each of these systems is tailored to meet the needs of users working across a restricted range of soils and land management systems. They employ a wide range of technical standards and often target specific scales. This raises the question: why do we need a global system for observing and forecasting soil condition if these systems are being developed for specific purposes? There are three compelling reasons or applications for such a system. Application 1: Answer critical questions at the global scale A global system for observing and forecasting soil condition is needed because there are critical questions that have to be answered at the global scale. There is a qualitative appreciation of the pressures on global soil resources but limited consistent evidence on their condition and trajectories of change. In short, the world s soils need to support at least a 70% increase in food production by 2050 but there are fundamental uncertainties: Is there enough arable land with suitable soils to feed the world? Are soil constraints partly responsible for the often large gaps between actual and potential crop yields? Can changes to soil management have a significant impact on the seemingly unsustainable global demand for nutrients? To what extent and cost can changes to soil management contribute to climate change adaptation, particularly at smallholder agriculture scale? Can changes to soil management have a significant impact on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases without jeopardizing other functions such as food and fiber production? How will the extent and rate of soil degradation threaten food security and the provision of ecosystem services in coming decades? Can water-use efficiency be improved through better soil management in key regions facing water scarcity? How will climate change interact with the distribution of soils to produce new patterns of land use? Application 2: Provide the global context for more local decisions A comprehensive global view is also needed to deal with the transnational aspects of food security and degradation of natural resources. Because of trade, most urbanized people are protected from local resource depletion. The area of land and water used to support a global citizen is scattered all over the planet. As a consequence, soil degradation and loss of productivity are not just local or national issues they are genuinely international. 3
7 A global context provides international organizations, governments and other stakeholders with an understanding of how land use decisions in one district, country or region have consequences elsewhere. Examples of policies that need this type of context include those relating to bio-fuels, carbon farming, urban expansion and any form of intervention that affects land use and relevant ecosystem services across large areas. In these issues, most local responses require global context. Application 3: Supply fundamental data sets for understanding Earth-system processes In terrestrial systems, soils play a central role in determining the stores, flows and transformations of energy, water, carbon, nutrients, solutes, contaminants and genetic material. An ability to estimate the functional properties of soils in time and space is therefore crucial to our scientific understanding of Earth-system processes. This process-understanding has scientific value in its own right. It also provides the essential foundation for managing the major natural resource issues facing the world (e.g. climate change, food security, biodiversity loss). At present, the scientific quality of global data sets on soils compares poorly with other fundamental data sets such as those for weather, climate, net primary productivity, biodiversity, land cover and geology. 4
8 3. Decisions on system design The three primary reasons for having a global soil information system are compelling. However, the design of the required system is far from straightforward. At least six broad issues need to be discussed and resolved. Issue 1: Degree of integration between global, national and other systems Soil data and information can be used for many purposes from local through to national and global scales. For efficiency, the systems of measurement and analysis need to be integrated across this hierarchy of scales so that data collected at lower levels feed through to analyses at the higher levels. The alternative of having a separate data gathering program for the global system is not desirable because it would be expensive and inefficient, but may result necessary if sufficient harmonization of methods and data across countries is lacking. The dramatic advances in web-based technology make the integration of local, national and global systems possible (see also Appendix 3). However, data and information have to be collected and managed according to consistent standards to enable integrated analysis. A central task for the GSP is to develop, manage and facilitate the use of these standards so that data can be shared at low cost most of this activity will be coordinated together with Pillar Five. The ability to incorporate local-scale information into the global system (and vice versa) is important but it does not mean that the global system should contain all the information held by these subsidiary systems. This would make the global system unmanageable. Furthermore, most soilrelated questions are strongly conditioned by local factors (e.g. particular types of soils and soil forming factors, systems of land use, availability of inputs) and many locally specific variables are recorded. Necessary requirements for documentation, harmonization, quality control and representativity might be the main factor that only a subset of this data eventually feeds into a global system (see Issue 3 below) but it is essential to have well-designed systems for aggregating between scales. It is important to differentiate the purpose of the global soil information system and the related within-country systems. A general operating principle is that a query requiring soil information should be handled by the smallest, lowest, or least centralized authority capable of addressing that matter effectively. Otherwise, unrealistic expectations will be placed on the global system and it will become unmanageably complex. The primary purpose of the global system is to address the three applications outlined in Section 2. Recommendation 1: The design and operation of the global soil information system will use data primarily from national and withincountry systems and will focus on delivering products and information services for regional and global purposes. Agreements about harmonization requirements to achieving comparability of measurements and observations as well as systems for aggregating data and information between scales are therefore essential. 5
9 Issue 2: Distributed versus centralized design The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) provides the forum and mechanisms for building global environmental information systems. 1 This includes achieving international consensus on system architecture, developing standards, and promoting the best practices for gathering, analyzing and supplying information on earth systems (e.g. oceans, atmosphere, land cover, forests and biodiversity). The soil community has been slow to engage fully with this major international effort while lacking global-scale projects and incentives for data holders. However, the development of Pillars Four and Five within the GSP now provides a natural mechanism for engagement. A clear consensus that has emerged through the work of GEO and related international initiatives was on the design and implementation of environmental information systems. The emphasis is on the interoperable systems and web-based delivery of information services. Interoperability here does not only refer to within-domain data sets (e.g. the match between soil mapping data along borders), but explicitly includes the possibility that data from different domains (soil, climate, land use) can be easily processed and queried together. The global soil information system can advance quickly by participating in the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS) and learning from closely related initiatives on Global Land Cover, Global Geology Data (OneGeology) and Global Forest Observation. The activities in these initiatives (including global soil data) were recently combined into Task IN-02-C2 Development of Regional/Global Information and Cross-cutting Datasets. 2 A recent key achievement, which also supports this task, is the development of ISO on the exchange of digital soil-related data. Recommendation 2: That the global soil information system and its associated Community of Practice formally joins and actively supports the much larger effort to build and maintain the Global Earth Observing System of Systems overseen by the Group on Earth Observations. The considerations of previous sections further specify the options for the design of the global soil information system. An independent global database without direct links to national or regional databases is not practical because countries are the main providers of data. At the other extreme, a federated international system with more than 190 nation states providing component data services without coordination is also unlikely to be successful. The main problem being that many countries still do not have the technical capacity and infrastructure for providing updated soil information and reliable web-services into the global system. A middle course is therefore necessary. It requires a federated system with a mix of arrangements for delivering data sets and web-services tailored to match the capabilities of data holders (e.g. research bodies, national facilities). In some parts of the world, good collaborative arrangements may allow a leading country or institution to provide the soil information system and services on behalf of several other countries. Such arrangements are to some extend already operational in Europe and are being developed for nations in the Pacific region with good prospects for similar arrangements in other parts of the world (e.g. Middle East, West Africa, Latin America). Brokering these arrangements is best done through the regional soil partnerships that are being developed through the GSP. There may still be the need for some global information services to be provided by a single agency (e.g. supply of a consolidated global data set such as the Harmonized World Soil Database). The OneGeology project provides a good model with several agencies taking responsibility for managing the world portal for geology data
10 Recommendation 3: The global soil information system will be comprised of consistent spatial data sets and services provided by a mix of institutions with soil information facilities in place (research, industry, land owners). However, national soil agencies will play a predominant role as facilitators for the collection, management, quality assurance and provision of the diverse data collections and storage systems; in some cases, also organizations are important which act on behalf of other countries through mutual agreement. Issue 3: Comprehensive versus harmonized minimum data sets Soil is a complex material and hundreds of different soil properties can be measured according to an even larger number of measurement methods. This complexity has the potential to stall the global effort on improving access to harmonized soil information. On the other hand, there is huge missed potential if specifications for a global effort are too restrictive. There have been many proposals for standard data sets to be collected in soil and land resource surveys. Agreement on the ideal or optimum data set is rare, even for districts with a limited range of land uses. However, it is fairly straightforward to reach consensus on a minimum data set (Nix 1984). A major effort is required to define the minimum data sets for the global soil information system. This has already been done for some products (e.g. GlobalSoilMap). Even though these specifications were designed by a restricted group of main data providers world-wide, it does consider the current knowledge about the data requirements of methods for hazard assessments and soil biophysical modeling. The second issue relates to the multiplicity of measurement methods even for standard soil properties (e.g. approximately 20 methods are used to measure ph). Data products delivered by the global soil information system require an agreed measurement and correlation standard. The latter specifies how to translate data obtained using different methods onto a common basis provided sufficient documentation. This does not stop countries from using measurement methods that are locally appropriate. It simply requires the ability to translate results into a harmonized system. It does, however, require a worldwide reference database to support the harmonization process. Recommendation 4: The global soil information system intends to include a maximum amount of digital soil information, however, it must facilitate that information can be harmonized thus becoming comparable globally. Data from contributing organizations need to conform to mutually agreed standards set out according to an agreed measurement method, or can be transformed using a global reference system. This recommendation has far-reaching consequences. Some may interpret it as creating a barrier to information sharing, particularly with the increasing popularity of crowd-sourcing soil information and the rapid increase in methods for proximal sensing of soil properties. However, it is based on the experience of managing large national soil databases over long periods of time. Databases that do not have procedures for recording and translating between measurement methods quickly become unmanageable or only a small proportion of the data holdings can be used with confidence. Synergies with Pillar Five are expected, particularly in the development of models for data translation. A key requirement is the provision of robust and effective metadata to all users and stakeholders. 7
11 Issue 4: Balancing the effort between mapping and monitoring The global soil information system has to address questions with a geographic and temporal dimension. Detecting and forecasting soil change through time is technically more demanding than mapping (Section 7), but is of crucial importance for applications related to the major global multilateral environmental agreements like UNFCCC, CBD and UNCCD. Developing a comprehensive and operational monitoring capability within the global soil information system is still at an early stage of development. A balance has to be struck between the more operational aspects of delivering spatial information versus the development and design tasks needed before monitoring systems can be implemented based on current and available funding. Because different indicators and parameters have different change rates, and because of different responses to management and climate change, different requirements to measurement and sampling follow, which affects the design of a the monitoring systems (e.g. different levels of sampling intensity and different return intervals are needed). Recommendation 5: A stepwise approach is suggested for Pillar Four: First complete a reliable baseline for selected soil properties, and then build on it an operational global soil monitoring capability. Issue 5: Roles, responsibilities, and incentives for data providers The global soil information system is unlikely to be successful if national soil-information agencies are treated simply as data suppliers, and if potential other local data providers (industry, research, farmers) are excluded. Certainly, national systems are an important mediator for providing digital soil information according to agreed international specifications. Additional costs are certainly associated with the assessment of new data sets, data transformations, digitization, re-sampling, interlaboratory ring tests, quality checks and data delivery of such data from local (most likely national) systems into the global system. Costs are also involved with developing and improving new (global) data products. However, if managed well, the global program positively feeds back to participating institutions since more and more soil-related policies have transboundary dimensions (e.g. effects of land degradation on food supply, water management, climate change), and this provides the essential incentive for their engagement. Some of the primary benefits of being a partner to the global soil information system should include the following. Adoption of standards for system design and web-based delivery will save costs and avoid duplication for each country Adoption of data formats supported by the global soil information system will provide access to a range of third party tools such as farming systems models, hydrologic models and other apps for mobile devices Training and capability development delivered via Pillar Four (and Pillar Two) will directly strengthen national and local soil information delivery Participation in the broader international technical and scientific community involved in Pillar Four will also generate within-country benefits (e.g. more efficient adoption of best practices for all aspects of digital soil mapping) Countries will be able to ensure that the international assessments of soil health for their jurisdiction are based on the best available data rather than outdated or incomplete data sets (as is often the case now) Better decision making based on the knowledge of current and forecast soil conditions. 8
12 Recommendation 6: Aim to achieve net benefit for all partners involved in the global soil information system and monitor this through regular engagement and review. This report does not consider the investment and funding model for Pillar Four. However, it has been assumed that it will be similar to successful models used for related global systems (e.g. weather, climate, land cover, agricultural statistics). The initial investment would most likely come from a leading group of countries with the longer term funding being determined by the ability of countries to contribute. Issue 6: Opportunities created by technical advances There is a tremendous amount of soil information collected world-wide. At the same time, new technologies appear (e.g. remote sensing, on the spot soil conditions anaiysis, crowd sourcing), substantial progress in national soil information system development is observed, and specifications for soil data exchange have been developed (e.g. ISO). Despite these developments, harmonized data collections and repeated soil sampling (monitoring) is still missing at the global level; existing data sets are still far from meeting user requirements in terms of density and representation, quality and harmonization. There is no progress towards establishing a global soil observing system although there is continuous field work all around the world, and guiding reference material exists as well (standards for soil analysis, world reference system for soil classification, international field guide for soil profile description). Current local soil information is still poorly described and quality controlled, which prevents its use for improving global soil information. In the future, available soil data will likely depend less on governmental institutions; the spectrum of data providers will be more heterogeneous as the platforms and efforts for the exchange of digital data sets will be more easily accessible, the training of land owners will improve etc. More soil data from research and other disciplines such as spatial planning will be available. When looking at GEOSS and developments such as in precision agriculture, it also becomes clear that new analytical technologies, remote sensing and GIS will alter the quality and quantity of data sets about soils, and the tools for processing this information. These developments need to be considered in a growing global soil information system. Recommendation 7: Follow up developments in research and create a mechanism for incorporating new technical developments for further improving of the Global Soil Information System. 9
13 4. People and systems Context The global soil information system requires a full-time leadership and coordination team, resourcing for technical and scientific activities, and mechanisms for supporting the operational system. It will not evolve quickly enough through voluntary processes and in-kind support from various national institutions. Existing operational facilities at national, regional and global levels could play a predominant role for delivering the necessary coordination and supporting activities to a global system. Leadership and technical support teams At a minimum, the following teams are needed to develop and run the global soil information system. Executive leadership group responsible for strategy and governance and overall management (see Section 7) and with clear lines of accountability to the ITPS and other Pillars of the GSP. Communication and liaison team responsible for relationships with all participating organizations and clients Training and capability development team (see below) Small operational team running the facilities and providing technical services including those relating to information and computing technology, soil laboratories (e.g. advice on quality assurance and accreditation), and pedology. A broad support network of technical and scientific specialists based in contributing organizations. Recommendation 8: Immediately establish full-time leadership and technical support teams on the basis of the existing facilities of GSP members with sufficient resources to build the global soil information system by Training and capability development The technical capability for soil data acquisition and information delivery has to be rebuilt in most parts of the world. This involves education and training, provision of physical infrastructure (e.g. laboratories and computing systems), development of standards and establishing professional networks. The primary task is to establish technical teams with sufficient critical mass. Experience in successful programs around the world indicates the team requires skills in: Field survey and monitoring Laboratory measurement (including spectral analysis) Digital soil mapping and web-based services Land evaluation (especially in relation to agronomy and forestry) Communication and extension. The number of such teams per country depends on its size and complexity. In some regions, several small nations may be serviced by a single team if a suitable agreement can be reached (e.g. Pacific nations). Large countries may have five, ten or even more such teams. Experience has also shown that it is more effective to have a smaller number of permanent teams rather than a major project- 10
14 based effort with a large number of teams. This is especially critical to the success of monitoring programs. The regional teams need to be coordinated and financed by national and international scientific and technical agencies. The proposed education and training activities will produce a new generation of specialists inmapping, monitoring and forecasting of soil condition. As a consequence, partners of the global soil information system will have access to improved information on the distribution and trends in soil resources for their regions as well as global context to assist them achieve more sustainable systems of land use. Recommendation 9: Train a new generation of specialists in mapping, monitoring and forecasting of soil condition with an emphasis on countries where improved soil knowledge is essential for food security and restoration and maintenance of ecosystem services. Spatial data infrastructure Web-based delivery of soil information requires a significant investment into the expertise and facilities for analysing and managing large and complex information resources. Fortunately, the global soil information system can take advantage of the principles and practices developed by the Global Earth Observing System of Systems, but also other existing spatial data infrastructure while using OGC- and ISO-standards (e.g. INSPIRE in Europe). More specifically, the following elements need to be developed. Exchange Schema (SoilML): Build on the new ISO for the exchange of digital soilrelated data. This will allow owners of soil data to publish via the Web. This new standard still requires tests by a broader community of soil data holders in order to gain acceptance and to become routinely applied. This task is now also part of the work programme of the Working Group Soil Information Standards (WG SIS) of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS). Web Services: Establish web services for digital soil data and provide easy access to the standard data products specified below. Develop a dynamic web portal for global soil information: Such a portal provides best practice knowledge, metadata, links to data products etc. world-wide, and also hosts a world soil viewer. It provides information to the user in a seamless fashion that is customized to suit their needs. It includes not only global products, but acts as a hub for national, regional and other user-specific soil information. Build catalogs: These provide summaries of the availability of data at various sources and they are needed to ensure the web-based services are delivered efficiently. See also Appendix 3 for further technical requirements and specifications of a global soil data infrastructure. The general aim for building a global soil data infrastructure is to ensure that soil data and information are freely available on the web and in a format that can be readily used for a wide range of purposes. This availability will stimulate the use of soil information and result in many new applications. The web-based architecture will also create the opportunity for new sources of soil data to be efficiently shared (e.g. from new sensors such as infrared spectroscopy and in situ monitoring systems). Recommendation 10: Develop the spatial data infrastructure and information systems necessary for delivering consistent and reliable soil information products as web services. 11
15 5. Data products It is essential to have orderly specifications and delivery of global soil data products. This is especially important for users working on issues such as climate change, land use, farming systems and other topics where simulation modeling is used as the primary form of analysis (especially in the absence of soil observing and monitoring systems). There is also a vast variety of mostly local interpretative approaches including best management practices, building mostly on expert knowledge. The latter is very difficult to collect and synthesize for global purposes. Simulation modeling is essential for analyzing many of the complex issues relating to food security, ecosystem function and climate change. The data model for the soil component in most simulation studies (e.g. grid size, number of soil layers, soil variables) cannot be changed easily thus modelers need to have a clear understanding of the current and future data products so they can engineer their models accordingly. Three primary data sets form the core of the global soil information system and they describe soil grids, polygons and profiles. The following sections describe recommendations and tiers for developing these data sets. Other forms of soil knowledge are also important but they tend to have a more local or regional focus. The need to build a global system is less urgent for these forms of soil knowledge and in some cases, difficult to justify even though they may relate in various ways to the three applications outlined in Section 2. Examples include the following. Information on pedogenesis and landscape evolution provides essential context for natural resource management but the qualitative models, detailed process understanding and chronologies of landscape development often have a local or district focus. Documentation via scientific journal papers and technical bulletins is an effective mode of communication. Information on interactions between different forms of soil management and soil health is important for sustainable land management. Again the information is strongly dependent on local context and a range of economic, cultural and social factors. Publications on bestmanagement practices provide one means of information delivery. Preparation of a global knowledge base, while conceivable, is not the highest priority for Pillar Four. Traditional knowledge relating to the soil and land has great significance in regions where there is long cultural association with the land. Again, existing modes of investigation and information sharing are effective. Recommendation 11: That Pillar Four supports the ongoing development and maintenance of three primary data sets central to the global soil information system (global soil grids, polygons and profiles) to be defined according to specifications responding to end user needs. 12
16 The Global Soil Grid Soil data in a grid format are important because they are compatible with other forms of biophysical data (e.g. land-cover, vegetation, terrain, remote sensing). There are several options, starting from the improvement of existing global data products towards high-resolution global soil property mapping using digital soil mapping. These options and the need for specific global data products are the results of the following processes: User experiences about the FAO world soil map and the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) Stakeholder questionnaire about data needs (basis for the FAO 2012 report on soil information needs) Experience from the discussions about the GEO task Global Soil Data. Experience gained through the development of the GlobalSoilMap initiative and pilot studies. Option 1: Updated Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) Recommendation 12 Option 1: Update the current Harmonized World Soil Database and use it as the de facto standard soil grid for the world until better products are released (see Options 2 4 below). A collaboration led by the FAO produced the HWSD several years ago at a resolution of approximately 1km 3. It is now widely used by the climate-change and other modeling communities. FAO will be updating the product within 12 to 15 months with the support of interested GSP Partners. The HWSD represents the soil with two layers down to a depth of 1m. The product provides a comprehensive set of soil attributes. The original HWSD did not incorporate data from several large countries and instead relied on interpretations of the FAO Soil Map of the World together with data provided by the European Commission, IIASA, ISRIC and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The update needs to include data from the countries that did not contribute so far. While the HWSD has been an invaluable first step in providing gridded data globally, it is constrained by the following: The two-layer soil model (topsoil, subsoil) is inadequate for many studies that involve simulation of the water balance, plant growth, greenhouse gases, susceptibility to mass movement, etc. Restricting soil data to 1 m is problematic, especially for hydrological and ecological studies where the dynamics of water, carbon, nutrients and solutes need to be considered to a much greater depth especially in more strongly weathered landscapes and when perennial vegetation is involved. Other applications need to know the depth of the soil (e.g. landslide prediction, landscape hydrology). The grid resolution of 1 km is useful for synoptic studies and sufficient for global-level presentations. However, the representativity of soil profiles and soil polygons, which form the HWSD data base, is still fairly insufficient and prevent reliable spatially-explicit conclusions and statistics. Uncertainties are unknown. Many applications now require soil data at resolutions that match digital elevation models and remotely sensed imagery (typically 100m or finer)
17 Option 2: GlobalSoilMap 100m grid Recommendation 12 Option 2: The global soil grid is produced according to the GlobalSoilMap specifications via web-services provided by national soil agencies or organizations acting on behalf of one or more countries through mutual agreement. In 2008, work began on the design and planning for a soil grid of the world at fine resolution (100 m) and this became known as GlobalSoilMap. Its purpose is to integrate the best available data from local and national sources and deliver the information online as part of the Global Earth Observing System of Systems. Soil information is to be available in a format and resolution compatible with other fundamental data sets on terrestrial systems (i.e. vegetation, land cover, terrain, remote sensing). GlobalSoilMap was catalyzed through an initial investment from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Their focus was Africa but they also established an international consortium with responsibility for the global effort. The technical and logistical complexity of the project is substantial but great strides have been made during the initial research phase of the project. 4 Achievements to date include: preparation of comprehensive and scientifically innovative technical specifications completion of proof-of-concept studies (USA, Nigeria, South Korea, Denmark, Australia) strong international collaboration and enthusiasm to produce the operational system. The product has a flexible method for estimating and extracting soil data for any depth or depthintegral. A variety of digital soil mapping methods is used to provide estimates of soil properties and these depend on local data availability. Estimates of uncertainty are also provided. The resolution of 100 m was selected because it matched the resolution of another key global data set the SRTM digital elevation model. It is also at the coarsest resolution for resolving hill slopes in many landscapes the scale at which a large amount of soil variation occurs. This resolution provides better support at local scales where most decisions are made. It should be noted that some countries are working at finer resolutions (e.g. 50m) and then supplying grid estimates at the 100 m resolution in accordance with the Technical Specifications. GlobalSoilMap is in its initial phase of product delivery. The GlobalSoilMap products can be aggregated and delivered in a wide range of formats and it forms the logical basis for the future delivery of gridded soil data. Once coverage is completed for a region, products at coarser resolution (e.g. 1 km, 10 km) can be produced (e.g. format of the HWSD) with ease but the opposite is not true. Key issues: Specifications for GlobalSoilMap need to be endorsed by GSP Partners and need to be critically scrutinized against actual user needs and an independent cost-benefit analysis. GlobalSoilMap is now at the point where the resourcing outlined in Section 4 is needed to scale-up the project and deliver on the original vision: otherwise coverage is unlikely to exceed 50% by See and Arrouays et al. (2013). GlobalSoilMap: towards a fine-resolution global soil map. Advances in Agronomy [in prep]. 14
18 Pillar Four provides a logical institutional home for GlobalSoilMap but this requires support through the current planning process for Pillar Four and endorsement by the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils Some countries do not have institutions or the capacity to provide inputs to GlobalSoilMap so an alternative process is needed for producing the grid across these areas. If the GSM work is not accompanied by improving a world soil profiles data base (either centralized, or via web feature services) with original analytical data, then the input data used for GSM will not be available as input to other communities (to fulfill possible future information needs). Option 3: ISRIC 1km grid Recommendation 12 Option 3: ISRIC produces a 1km global grid within 12 months using its own data holdings with a view to developing the Global Soil Information Facility in the longer term including updates to this grid. In response to the urgent need by global soil data users for an updated global soil grid, ISRIC has proposed that it generates a 1km grid (SoilGrids1km) with the first version being delivered by the end of The proposal is outlined in Appendix 1. It closely mirrors the GlobalSoilMap product except for its mode of production and resolution. Unlike GlobalSoilMap, SoilGrids1km is produced centrally using environmental covariates (mostly at 1km resolution) and soil profile data held by ISRIC. For additional information, see Appendix 2. Key issues: Quick delivery of the needed soil data and information at global scale in a format suitable for most current applications. The soil profile data held by ISRIC is still substantially less than that held by soil information institutions around the world. Transfer of the latter (or parts of it according to agreed specifications and harmonization requirements) to ISRIC would require a clear commitment of the GSP community to build its system on ISRIC tools. Currently, there is no other set of global data management tools and global soil portal functionalities. There might be the issue that institutional hurdles due to IPR issues restrict the transfer of national data into the ISRIC system. That might change if this is continued under the GSP Pillar 4 umbrella. The grid product is produced centrally rather than as a compilation of national grids. There is a chance for inconsistencies between the global grid and national products following the same specifications, especially for countries that produce their own grids using data that are not available to ISRIC. Mechanisms for overcoming this issue are being considered but the details would require agreements with the relevant countries. There is a perceived inconsistency between this centralized approach and the GSP s emphasis on the sovereign rights of countries and its desire to build technical capability in member nations. On the other hand, the feasibility of fully decentralized systems for timely producing global products is also questionable. It appears that the development of the WISE data base at ISRIC (and the experiences going along with it, e.g. plausibility testing) represents a key component of any future global soil information system. Some national institutions are concerned that rapid production of the 1km grid will diminish the momentum for GlobalSoilMap 100m. While this product maybe suitable for modelling and describing regional trends, it is too coarse to resolve average-sized farms, especially in developing countries. 15
19 It must also be tested by direct comparison in test cases, what the reliability and the benefits of this option are for users, compared to a revision of the HWSD (Option 1). It was also raised during the initial review of this Pillar 4 concept that options are needed to obtain quick results if new data is supplied by countries. This argument supports options 3 and 4. It seems that various countries will require and wish to use tools such as ISRIC s GSIF to produce 1 km, or even 100 m coverage, depending on the data available. Option 4: Hybrid Recommendation 12 Option 4: The global soil grid is produced using a hybrid approach involving SoilGrids1km and GlobalSoilMap under the direction and governance of the GSP and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils. The first data release would be on World Soils Day in December With this option, SoilGrids1km would provide the default grid data wherever nationally produced grids were not available. The launch date for the initial product would be World Soils Day in December The extra time is needed to establish the governance structure necessary to deal with the national and institutional matters that will need to be resolved prior to any data release. Key issues: The hybrid approach may still be perceived as being a centralized approach with the same issues outlined as for SoilGrids1km The hybrid approach may not allay the concerns of national institutions over the potential loss of support for the higher resolution product ISRIC and the GlobalSoilMap Consortium would have to relinquish a degree of independence by coming under the governance structure for Pillar 4. GSP needs to keep the momentum for developing 100 m coverage, a resolution requested by many stakeholders. Advantage to use ISRIC tools is the existing experience for global data handling. ISRIC pursues a multi-participant, collaborative approach even if evaluations/modeling and development of web services for data products is implemented centrally. 16
20 Global Soil Polygons and Supporting Classification There is reasonable agreement on the design of hierarchical polygon systems at the national and global level. Some would argue that polygon-based are outdated and need to be replaced by gridbased systems. However, polygons and grids are complementary and both are needed for the following reasons. Many soil surveys were conducted at times with sufficient personnel and funding. Upon available documentation, this information is valuable because the same intensity of field work will not find support anymore. Traditional soil surveys provide landscape boundaries according to scale-dependent rules for soil formation and soil association building. Information about the spatial distribution of soils and its properties based on data bases which store sets of typical soil profiles allows for a global spatially explicit view on the resource soil (allowing 2.5-D evaluations). Many decisions on land use and management require the delineation of areas with sharp boundaries either for legal or practical reasons Soils are natural bodies of material and in some landscapes they are best delineated using polygons because this accurately depicts physical reality (e.g. distinct sedimentary bodies such as alluvial terraces) There is educational value in being able to identify landscape units with distinctive patterns that reflect landscape evolution and pedogenesis Stratification of landscapes into zones with a similar evolutionary history is also valuable for digital soil mapping because the relationships between environmental covariates and soil properties are often conditional on this history the polygons can be used as a nominal environmental covariate. A global soil polygon map is needed and can be easily applied because of its simple 2- dimensional format. Based on the experience with the coarse 1.5 Mio global soil map of FAO, a very broad community of stakeholders including other GSP pillars is in demand of a revised and improved global soil map (see also FAO ). Recommendation 13: Replace the FAO/UNESCO Soil Map of the World by completing the SOTER coverage for the world by incorporating the missing coverage from North America, Oceania and Europe using revised technical specifications. Many countries have national soil information systems based on conventional methods of soil survey and land evaluation. These systems typically have a hierarchy of soil and land mapping units with descriptions of soil properties and soil classes. Many have interpretations of land suitability derived using some variant of the FAO Guidelines for Land Evaluation (FAO 1976). The de facto global standard for soil polygons is provided by SOTER (notionally at a cartographic scale of 1: ). The coverage provided by SOTER-compliant databases is incomplete. While the urgency for completing the SOTER coverage is not as immediate as for the gridded soil data, there are good reasons for completing the global coverage. The key tasks are as follows. Prepare specifications for an electronic SOTER (esoter) product based on those for SOTER with particular emphasis on specifying the taxonomic requirements (e.g. consider addition of the proposed Universal Soil Classification) and terrain characterization (where digital elevation models can now be used). 5 FAO (2012). State of the Art Report on Global and Regional Soil Information: Where are we? Where do we go? Global Soil Partnership Technical Report. FAO, Rome,
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subset: commoncrawl


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Fans of the Aussie thriller Wolf Creek have a good reason to get excited today. The flick has found funding, and that means it will be slashing its way to American shores soon!
According to Variety Wolf Creek 2 was one of more than a dozen projects announced by Screen Australia topper Ruth Harley at the Melbourne Intl. Film Festival during the weekend.
Harley said the location of the announcement — Melbourne is the capital of the state of Victoria — was relevant to the new "compelling slate of screen productions."
"Three of the new features hail from Victoria, including director Greg McLean's film 'Wolf Creek 2,' which will once again bring horror, action and suspense to the Outback, as well as the directorial debuts of Boyd Hicklin with the comedy bromance 'Save Your Legs' and David Pulbrook's political drama 'Last Dance,'" Harley said.
Released in 2005, the original Wolf Creek was a small budget affair with a price tag of $A1 million ($1.1 million), which took more than $50 million in worldwide B.O. The sequel is likely to be a bigger budget pic and veteran thespian John Jarratt will once again reprise the role of serial killer Mick Taylor.
Lured by the promise of an Australian holiday, backpackers Rutger, Katarina, and Paul visit the notorious Wolf Creek Crater. Their dream Outback adventure soon becomes a horrific reality when they encounter the site's most infamous local, the last man any traveler to the region ever wants to meet; Mick Taylor (John Jarratt).
As the backpackers flee, Mick pursues them on an epic white knuckled rampage across hostile wasteland. Only one will remain to be dragged back to his lair to witness the true magnitude of his monstrosity. And if the last man standing is to have any hope of surviving where no one else has survived before, he'll have to use every ounce of cunning to outwit the man behind the monster and become every bit as ruthless as the monster inside the man.
Got news? Click here to submit it!
Visit the Outback in the comments section below!


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Rule Allowances: Age older than or equal to 4 and younger than or equal to 6. The date used for calculating the age is Item Begin Date.Rule Allowances: At least 1 current membership per family member from this pass code list: AARCA (AA-Rec-AD), AARCJ (AA-Rec -YT JR), AARCN (AA-Rec-NR), AARCP (AA-Rec -PS), AARCS (AA-Rec -SR), AARCY (AA-Rec -YT), CWRCA (CW-Rec-AD), CWRCJ (CW-Rec -YT JR), CWRCN (CW-Rec-NR), CWRCP (CW-Rec -PS), CWRCS (CW-Rec -SR), CWRCY (CW-Rec -YT), SGRCA (SG-Rec -AD), SGRCJ (SG-Rec -YT JR), SGRCN (SG-Rec -NR), SGRCP (SG-Rec -PS), SGRCS (SG-Rec -SR), SGRCY (SG-Rec -YT), valid on transaction date.Rule Allowances: Family Member Feecode of NR,RES.Transaction Date/Time on or after 01/01/2017 @12:00 am.Transaction Date/Time on or before 03/22/2017 @12:00 am.Interface Type of WebTrac.
Location Details: Facility: Outdoor Grounds Location: Kiest Recreation CenterAddress: 3080 S. HamptonDallas, TX, 75224Phone: (214)670-1918
Comment(s): Improve your T-Ball skills in this instructional course for players of all skill levels. Participants will receive individual attention as well as group work in the fundamental areas of T-Ball to include technique,Ācatching, throwing, hitting, hand/eye coordination, sportsmanship and more.
Enrollment Counts: Overall Max Count: 10Min Count: 1Overall Total Enrolled: 0On Waitlist: 0
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Cleans up nicely for cocktail hour.
We'd never thought to use a cloth napkin at cocktail hour before -- but now we'll never go back to paper. Now pass us a mint julep, please.
Sourced from: Heirloomed
Topics: Cocktails
Our return policy.
Photography by James Ransom.
Machine wash cold. Gentle cycle. Lay flat to dry. Iron as needed.
nancy brown
Amanda Hesser
Jacob Capra
$35 Exclusive!
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Get the recipes and features that have us talking, plus first dibs on events and limited-batch products.
(Oh, and $10 off your order of $50 or more in the Food52 Shop, too.)


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By C.V. Hunt
Copyright 2011 C.V. Hunt
Smashwords Edition
This is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places and incidents either are the product of the author's imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental unless specified in acknowledgements.
Copyright © 2011 C.V. Hunt
Smashwords Edition
All rights reserved.


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Gabby Quinteros Mega Collection
28 Videos | 13.55 GB
Gabby Quinteros (AKA Mrs. G. Rollins) is a gorgeous Latina MILF who joined the adult entertainment industry in 2008. Gabby was born in Mexico, but was raised in the US. Gabby's website says that she is bilingual and bisexual. Come on Gabby, it's not like you can get any hotter! She is widely known for her personal website in which she releases hot footage regularly. Since her debut, Gabby has been credited in 15 different films. She can mainly be seen within the lesbian and facial genres. She does have one hot solo performance which can be seen in the film Masturbation Nation 10, and we have to admit that Gabby gives one hell of a show! During her time in the industry Gabby has worked alongside sensational porn stars like Mr. Pete and Christian XXX. You can see two of her naughtiest facial performances in the films Seasoned Players 13 and Big Titty MILFs 11. Gabby is at her finest when she is ass up and face down. This babe's gorgeous Latina ass looks absolutely fantastic while she is getting fucked from behind by a nice big porn cock! Gabby has a gorgeous 36-26-36 frame with a fantastic set of nice big D cup tits, and a nice big round bubbly ass. She stands at an itty bitty 5'1″, and weighs only 112 lbs. Gabby might be pint sized, but this chick has curves in all the right places! It isn't every day that we get the chance to check out a sexy Latina MILF who loves to get dirty on camera. Luckily for us, Gabby Quinteros has given us this opportunity! If you're craving some spicy Latina action from a hot curvaceous cougar who loves to fuck, Gabby might be the answer to all of your dirty dreams.


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Funding Sources
The Heartland Chapter is honored by the trust that people touched by Parkinson's, their families and others who donate have in our services.
The National Parkinson Foundation is dedicated to maintaining transparency and responsibility in all fiscal matters and in using resources wisely. Detailed information is located on their website.


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We help you find a Nethy Bridge recorder teacher. Recorder tuition are the perfect way to learn a stimulating new hobby, pick up a new talent and gain confidence with recorder. Try our service to search for Nethy Bridge recorder teachers and choose which best suits your requirements so you can begin your recorder lessons in Nethy Bridge straight away!
This is the fastest way to find Nethy Bridge recorder teachers in the UK, helping you find Nethy Bridge recorder lessons close to you and Nethy Bridge teachers to help with any instrument such as piano, violin or guitar. We can help you find Nethy Bridge recorder lessons or a one-to-one Nethy Bridge recorder tutor to prepare for recorder grades and improve your recorder skills! Our search will order Nethy Bridge recorder teachers near you by their tuition charges and distance from you.
If you are a recorder teacher wishing to offer recorder lessons in Nethy Bridge or anywhere else across the UK, please register with First Tutors: Music or learn about us here. Becoming a Nethy Bridge recorder teacher is a fantastic way to improve your own knowledge by providing recorder lessons while helping others, all in Nethy Bridge!


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Question about 1987 Subaru Gl 4WD
I have a 1987 gl10 turbo 4x4 and when i drive it acts like it isnt getting fuel. it jerks really hard and i cant even get it to 20 miles an hour. we put a new fuel pump and fuel filter in it and ran perfect for two weeks and now its doing the same thing. does anybody have any ideas? i am completly stumped.
Posted by esteskyle on
Check for water or rust in the fuel tank. You can do this by removing the new filter and carefully dumping its contents into a clear glass jar. Let it settle and see what you have. If it is clear with no water or sediment, then your fuel problem is somewhere else. Keep me posted. Good luck. Chip
Posted on Oct 05, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
a 6ya expert can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
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Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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Apr 04, 2014 | 1987 Subaru Gl 4WD
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A cute slogan bodysuit is great statement for baby! Match with lots of bottoms for easy outfits. Also makes a fun gift for any new niece.
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The Week in Photos 2/21/2017
Barbara Fritchie, Royal Delta, Buena Vista, General George, Bayakoa, Razorback, Southwest, and more.
Barbara Fritchie, Royal Delta, Buena Vista, General George, Bayakoa, Razorback, Southwest, and more.
Among the 15 individuals arrested in connection with an alleged drug trafficking and money laundering conspiracy in the Southwest are three men accused of using a horse sale to evade income reporting requirements.
Fred Taylor Jr. makes ownership affordable through Mojo Racing Download Now
Oklahoma telecom mogul hits with Caleb's Posse, takes equity interest in Three Chimneys Stallions Download Now
Theresa Moore goes from owner to breeder to developer of Harmony Training Center. Download Now
Southwest Stakes (gr. III) winner Archarcharch posted his first workout since finishing third in the Rebel Stakes (gr. II) March 29 at Oaklawn Park.
Texas horsemen gear up for last, best run at video lottery terminals
Harold Forman's Copper Crowne wows 'em in Cajun Country Download Now
Recapturetheglory, thought to be nothing more than a pacesetter, jumped to the early lead and never gave it up, powering home to a commanding four-length victory in the $500,000 Illinois Derby (gr. II) April 5 at Hawthorne Race Course.
The most accomplished entrants in the $200,000 San Felipe Stakes (gr. II) March 15 have done all their work sprinting. So the question is which of them is ready to stretch out in Southern California's last major prep race before the April 5 Santa Anita Derby (gr. I).
Coming off his Delta Jackpot win, the Dixie Union colt looks to solidify Derby position Feb. 18 at Oaklawn Park.
In one of the first hurdles of the Triple Crown campaign, Teuflesberg wins the $250,000 Southwest Stakes at Oaklawn Park, paying $48.80. The heavy 1-2 favorite, previously unbeaten Hard Spun, finishes fourth.
Hard to believe that it's been precisely a year since Smarty Jones scored a hard-fought victory in the $100,000 Southwest Stakes at Oaklawn Park.
Trainer Tim Ritchey confirmed Monday morning that Afleet Alex, runner-up for the 2-year-old championship, will have his first work of his 3-year-old season later this week at Oaklawn Park.
Someday Farm's heavily-favored Smarty Jones ran his undefeated record to four Saturday, holding off the rallying Two Down Automatic and Pro Prado for a three-quarters of a length victory in the $100,000 Southwest Stakes for 3-year-olds at Oaklawn Park.
|Neil R. Morris
|Jacob Roberts
|Magalen O. Bryant
|Lazy Lane Farms, Inc.
|Southwest View Five-Cross Pedigree
|Caro (IRE)
|Ride the Trails
|Summer Delight
|Quiet American
|Cap Rouge
|Sale / Hip
Hip 1833
|Mill Ridge Sales, agent
Prices in parentheses indicate a horse did not sell because it did not meet its reserve price.
|Princess Victoria
|Cool Catomine
|Always Dreaming
|Abel Tasman


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Listing Courtesy of Jillian Prall of Carpenter, Realtors
Listing information
- Stories: 0
- Lot Area: 9.55
- High School: Bloomington North
- School District: Monroe County Community School Corp.
- Style: Land (Residential)
- New Construction: No
- Lot Size: 9.55
- Middle School: Tri-North
- Status: Active
- Foreclosure: No
- Estimated Annual Taxes: $190
- Elementary School: Marlin
Auction Y/N No
Can Property Be Divided? No
Curb Y/N No
DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE None
Easements No
ELECTRICITY TYPE None
FUEL TYPE Other
Leased Acres Y/N No
Other Approx. Lot Size SqFt - 415998
PARCEL DESCRIPTION Partially Wooded
Planned Unit Dev. Y/N No
Property SubType Residential Land
PROPOSED FINANCING Cash, Conventional
Rail Siding Y/N No
REO Y/N No
Road Access Easement
Road Frontage Easement
Road Surface Gravel
SEWER TYPE Septic
Structure/Bldg Imprvmnts No
TYPE USE Agriculture, Residential
WATER FEATURES None
WATER UTILITY None
Waterfront Y/N No
Listing Courtesy of Jillian Prall of Carpenter, Realtors


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Located in the leafy sleepy suburbs of Cala Blanca a short walk from the beautiful sandy beach of Santandria and handy for the resort centre this inviting row of neighbouring modern villas borders countryside lending them a peaceful aura that will have you relaxed in no time. Built on two storeys and decorated in a contemporary style with neutral colours the villas are all laidout in a similar style and offer a great blend of comfort and space making them a lovely homeawayfromhome. Airconditioned throughout walk inside and you will find cool and airy spaces with white walls tiled floors and cheerful splashes of colour. At the heart of each villa is a modern and wellfitted kitchen and attractive sitting room furnished with taste and offering a light and airy ambience. Outside you will find plenty of space to unwind the rectangle pool has Roman steps and sits alongside a partially covered terrace which is excellent for enjoying barbecuecooked alfresco meals and offers a shady hideaway from the midday heat. Around the pool are ample sunbathing terraces and the wellkept lawns palms and shrubs offer more shade for those wanting to cool off from the sun. Further space is supplied by the first floor balcony where you can contemplate the views and bask in the calm and quiet all day long. The Angels all lie within leisurely walking distance of Cala Santandria beach with its fine selection of chillout bars and restaurants and close to the famous Sa Quadra restaurant which is set in its own cave at the side of the Cala. The villas are also one of several properties owned by the nearby Hotel Sagitario so staying here entitles you to use all of the hotel facilities including its pool and entertainments which are located close by. Note: The photographs we have shown are of just one of the Villa Angels each villa may look slightly different.
Note: :Some facilities and activities may incur a local charge
Villa Angels
C des Pardal SN
Urb Cala Blanca
Cala BlancaCiutadella
3 twin bedrooms
2 bathrooms
First cot FREE 2nd cot charge payable locally
Private swimming pool: 8 x 4 metres
Satellite TV limited English channels
DVD player
Washing machine
Beach: 700 metres
Resort: 700 metres
Supermarket: 600 metres
Barrestaurant: 700 metres
Car Hire Optional
Villa Location:
Beach: 700 metres
Resort: 700 metres
Supermarket: 600 metres
Barrestaurant: 700 metres
Car Hire Optional


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Evangelical Manor is listed as a retirement community in Detroit, MI.
Contact Evangelical Manor to discuss your retirement living needs in the Detroit, MI area at (313) 837-0450 or schedule an appointment to visit the facility located at 6720 West Outer Drive Ofc, Detroit, MI 48235.
Published by User Uploaded
Evangelical Manor, managed by National Church Residences and sponsored by Evangelical Homes of Michigan, provides affordable housing for seniors age 62 and older. Evangelical Manor has an on-site service coordinator who helps residents obtain personal and/or public services needed in order to continue to remain self-reliant in their home and community.
Evangelical Manor is located at 6720 W Outer Dr, Detroit, MI. This location is in the Greenfield neighborhood. This business specializes in Religion & Spirituality, Rental Agencies and Apartments.


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High Tide: From BAE In London Court To An FCPA Birthday
China allegedly pays off the Nepalese police to find Tibetans trying to flee over the border. In a London court, BAE is going to admit to keeping inaccurate records from 1999 to 2005 over a sale of a radar system to Tanzania that included the use of a local agent. The E.U. and U.S agree on new Iran sanctions, which have caused the country to eliminate food and energy subsidies.


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Tuesday, April 6, 2010
Citysearch Hits iPad
West Hollywood-based CitySearch said Tuesday that it has rolled out a new application for the Apple iPad, called cityseries. According to Citysearch, the new app allows users to find restaurants, bars, shopping, spas and other businesses in the top metro areas of the US. The firm said the new app will be in a "digital magazine" format, and will be free to users. The app is available in New York, San Francisco, Chicago, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Washington D.C. and Seattle.


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6262 JACKET-DRESS ENSEMBLE: spencer jacket. The softest dress is enhanced with the newest Spencer jacket. Pretty low neckline on the dress frames the face. Skirt has unpressed pleats. Deep wing-sleeved spencer jacket nips the waist. (A) Make a contrasting jacket.
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