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Isn't it time you stop worrying about sales growth and have a Partner to help you?
At Berry Performance Marketing we take a surgical approach to helping you diagnose your sales systems and turn them into thriving, growth machines
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BUDGET supermarket chain Aldi is taking a green lead in phasing out phosphates from laundry detergents.
The decision, to be announced today, follows a long campaign by NSW Australian of the Year and founder of Do Something!, Jon Dee, to get supermarkets to clear their shelves of products containing phosphates because of their effect on waterways. All laundry detergents sold in Aldi's 250 Australian stores will be phosphate-free by 2013, the chain's buying manager, Stefan Kopp, said.
"This initiative will not only benefit the environment but also our customers, who are increasingly aware and concerned about the environmental impact of their purchasing decisions,'' he said.
Mr Dee said 308 million Americans could buy only phosphate-free laundry powder and asked why it could not be the same for 22 million Australians.
''Coles and Woolies are in a position to ensure all leading laundry detergents can go phosphate-free at no extra cost to consumers,'' he said.
Phosphates are used in detergents to help soften hard water and break down dirt, but when released in waste water they can cause algal blooms that starve aquatic life of oxygen.
ACCORD, the industry association that represents laundry powder makers such as Unilever and Colgate Palmolive, said the amount of phosphate released into Australian waterways was ''negligible''. ''The issue is, quite simply, a furphy,'' a spokesman said.
Unlike the US and Europe, where big population centres are sited on rivers, most Australian cities are coastal, so phosphates can be dispersed in the ocean.
However, Mr Dee cited an algal bloom in 1991, when almost 1000 kilometres of the Barwon-Darling River was described as ''a long ribbon of pea soup''.
Fish and hundreds of sheep and cattle died and tourism was damaged in what the CSIRO blamed partly on high phosphate concentrations, he said.
NSW Liberal MP Catherine Cusack, who is expected to be named environment minister this week, said Aldi's action was better than a regulatory approach.
It was a big step forward for a ''major chain to up the ante on the environmental credentials of what they are selling'', she said.
Dishwasher tablets are particularly high in phosphates, with some containing more than 30 per cent, but they are not included in Aldi's plan.
The European Commission has proposed a ban on phosphates in detergents by 2013.

subset: commoncrawl


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Rahyndee James Model
Brian BraffPhotographer Male Marina del Rey, California, US
My Website: Brian Braff - PhotographerMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/brianphoto
Mayhem # 50166
About Me
I'm mostly a photographer of people. Landscapes and objects are good too, but people are endlessly fascinating, expressive and surprising. If they feel safe they'll tell stories in front of a camera that they might be uncomfortable sharing elsewhere. They'll go to the edges of their behavior and allow themselves to be wonderfully vulnerable and human, and the camera is like an electrically charged conduit, receiving and amplifying their message.
I'm fortunate to shoot a lot of interesting, beautiful people. I'm grateful for the contributions they've made to my life, even beyond the photographs we've created together. They've been fun, profound, crazy, sexy, cool and very real.
I'm available for some TFP shoots. Feel free to contact me if you've got a good idea.
http://member.onemodelplace.com/photogr … P_ID=39087
Have you worked with Brian Braff? Add Credits for Brian Braff! >>
Rahyndee James Model
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Rafaell Le-Ross Model
Yuriy LightWriter Photographer
Kathrynn Gatton Model
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Valaida Snow
2 June 1905, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA, d. 30 May 1956, New York City, New York, USA. Born into an intensely musical family, Snow was taught by her mother to play cello, bass, violin, banjo, mandolin, harp, accordion, clarinet, saxophone and trumpet. She also sang and danced. By the time she was 15 years old she was entertaining professionally and had decided to concentrate on trumpet and vocals. Her sisters Lavaida, Alvaida and Hattie were also professional singers, as was a brother, Arthur Bush. In 1924 Snow was attracting favourable attention in New York in the Noble Sissle and Eubie Blake show, In Bamville (The Chocolate Dandies). Soon thereafter she was in London with Blackbirds, recording with Johnny Claes, Derek Neville, Freddy Gardner and others. She then worked in China for a time; on her return to the USA she headlined in Chicago and Los Angeles, then rejoined the cast of Blackbirds, this time in Paris. Tireless, she played in Liza across Europe and in...


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Brazil: Real Estate 2016
Five leading real estate lawyers are recognised for their outstanding work in the sector.
|Most Highly Regarded Individuals
|Fabio Perrone Campos Mello
|CMA Advogados, Rio de Janeiro
|Kenneth Clark
|Veirano Advogados, Rio de Janeiro
Fabio Perrone Campos Mello from CMA Advogados is praised by clients for his "in-depth knowledge" of Brazilian real estate law. His "top-tier practice" includes advising Brazilian and international companies across many industry sectors, with particular experience relating to the hospitality and leisure, infrastructure and transport sectors.
From Veirano Advogados Kenneth Clark receives praise for being "highly effective" and "very user-friendly" in relation to the structuring of complex real estate transactions.
Founding partner and key real estate expert Flávio Gonzaga Bellegarde Nunes is well thought of in the market. Clients say that he has "deep legal knowledge and provides impressive business oriented advise", and that "he is always committed to achieving the goals set out for him".
At Duarte Garcia Caselli Guimarães e Terra, founding partner Marcelo Terra is described as a "splendid professional". He advises clients on their real estate matters, combining "brilliant commercial acumen with insightful advice".
João Woiler of Woiler & Contin focuses on the structuring of real estate projects, developments and land partitions. He stands out in our research for his "excellent client manner".


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Survey for @ImmAdvocates on Increased Immigration Enforcement. Deadline 8/19!
The Immigration Advocates Network (IAN) is seeking input from advocates across the country on the impact of increased enforcement on immigrant communities and the challenges faced by the advocates and organizations who serve them. This information will be used by IAN and its partners to identify trends in immigration enforcement and to address gaps in training, advocacy and litigation.
Please submit the survey, which should take less than 10 minutes to complete, by Friday, August 19th. All survey participants will have an opportunity to enter to win a copy of Kurzban's Immigration Law Sourcebook (12th Edition), a $400 value!
To take the survey, please visit http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/KKTKQNC.


text: Houses Coloring Pages Buildings, Homes and Dwellings Home > Printable Activities > Coloring Pages > Homes, Houses, Dwellings Houses coloring pages suitable for toddlers, preschool and kindergarten. These coloring pages are an extension to homes and houses activities and crafts. Alphabet Printable Activities for a Home | House Theme Font types: GN = Generic DN = D'Nealian SB = Standard Block Activities & Crafts Color Poster Coloring Page Handwriting Worksheet H House Home GN GN DN SB I Igloo GN GN DN SB I Inn *Bible alphabet -- DN | SB DN SB N Nest Nest printable activities and crafts T Tower GN GN DN SB Coloring Pages Barn and silo Beehive Castle 1, 2CaveDog houseHaunted house House [home] 1, 2 > illustration above House [building a house] House pattern HutIgloo | Snowhouse LighthouseLog cabin and Abe Lincoln Log house or Log home Nest [various featured in tropical birds]Tepee or teepeeTent [camping] Tree hole owl, hoopoe, woodpeckerTree houseWindmill


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What every best Cookware has:
- A useful assortment of pieces
- Good cooking performance.
- For nonstick cookware, a surface that is truly nonstick.
The All-Clad Stainless Steel 10-Piece Cookware Set is one of the top-rated stainless steel cookware sets we see at retail sites, which is pretty impressive for an item in this price class. Its cost doesn't deter too many people, who consider it practically an heirloom. All-Clad draws a few complaints from people who say food sticks and that this cookware requires some elbow grease to clean, but most are more than happy to put in a bit more work given its superior cooking performance. This set includes 8-inch and 10-inch fry pans, 2-quart and 3-quart sauce pans with lids; a 3-quart sauté pan with a lid and an 8-quart stock pot with a lid.
Flawless results from a high-end product. All-Clad's tri-ply construction -- two layers of stainless steel wrapped around an aluminum core -- delivers slow, steady heat in professional tests. Moreover, the pots and pans are fully clad with the aluminum core extending up their sides, helping promote a more even transfer of heat. According to owner reviews, this 10-piece cookware set is a top performer in any cooking situation. A number of reviewers say these pans have actually made them better cooks. There are a couple of complaints about sticking food, but most of those reviews have generated a number of replies from All-Clad enthusiasts with helpful tips for using the pans properly.
A soak and a scrub and its good as new. Because stainless steel is not nonstick, reviewers say there is a learning curve to using any All-Clad cookware properly. Fortunately, there are many resources for doing so from All-Clad fanatics. As with any stainless steel cookware, a crust, or "fond" will form in the pan (as it is intended to), which means it needs more scrubbing than a pan with a nonstick surface. Most owners say to either use Bar Keepers Friend (Est. $7 for 12 ounces) to scrub, or just soak the pan for a few hours or overnight and then wipe it out. The pots and pans are dishwasher safe, but most owners prefer washing them by hand. The stainless steel handles stay cool on the stovetop (but will get hot when used in the oven or broiler). A few owners are unhappy that this set does not include a 12-inch skillet (but one is available separately, and reviewed here (Est. $120)), but most experts and users agree that this 10-piece set has a good selection of pots and pans in general and they have a cooking surface that is true to each pan.
Professional testers name the All-Clad's construction "superb." Handcrafted in the USA, the All-Clad Stainless Steel 10-Piece Cookware Set is described in reviews as hefty and sturdily built. The pan's cooking surfaces are made of 18/10 stainless steel, which contains 10 percent nickel to improve corrosion resistance. The outer surface is made of magnetic stainless steel, which allows it to be used on induction cooktops. Many owners say their cookware still looks like new after years of use and quite a few say they hang their cookware to display, it's so attractive. This set is backed by a lifetime warranty, and unlike many manufacturers, All-Clad covers the cost of shipping damaged cookware back to them.
ConsumerReports.org includes the All-Clad Stainless-Steel 7-Piece cookware set in its kitchen cookware roundup. Sets are evaluated and rated on cooking evenness, speed of heating, ease of cleaning, and handle temperature, comfort and sturdiness. Although this has fewer pieces than our recommendation, that set can be expected to perform similarly.
Cooking enthusiasts Michael Zhao and Leslie Stockton choose the best skillet by hands on testing, research and speaking with experts. Ultimately, they choose the All-Clad 12-inch Stainless Steel Fry Pan. While this specific pan is not included in the cookware set we review in this report, it is the same material, so performance and value of the entire set should be similar.
The All-Clad Stainless Steel 10-Piece Cookware Set earns an overall rating of 4.6 stars out of 5 in around 100 customer reviews (though that also includes some feedback on five-piece and 14-piece assortments). All-Clad pots and skillets get high praise for even heating, stay cool handles and a very attractive appearance. Most add that cleanup is easier once you get accustomed to the pans, and many highly recommend Bar Keepers Friend for scouring.
In nearly 55 reviews the All-Clad Stainless Steel 10-Piece Cookware Set earns close to perfect ratings; 97 percent would recommend the product. Owners say the pans are terrific performers as well as beautiful to look at. The few dissenters say the pans are not easy to clean, or don't like the combination of pans included in the set.
The All-Clad Stainless Steel 10-Piece Cookware Set gets an overall rating of 4.7 stars out of 5 in more than 40 review here. In spite of the relatively high price tag, most say it's great cookware that is well worth the investment.
Updated July 20, 2017
Updated July 19, 2017
Updated July 18, 2017
Updated July 17, 2017
Updated July 14, 2017
Updated July 11, 2017
Updated July 11, 2017


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Product details
The Franke Moselle tap features the added function of a directional nozzle.
- Effects and finish: Chrome
- Features: Include swivel spout, perolator, directional nozzle, ceramic disc valves and 1/4 turn handles.
- Includes: Copper tails
- Guarantee: 5 year on parts, 1 year on finish
- Fitting instructions: We recommend that taps are fitted by qualified plumbers.
- Fixings: Included
- Valve type: Quarter turn ceramic discs
- Type: Mixer Tap
- Number of levers: 2
- Usage restrictions: For use with 1 hole sinks
Franke Moselle Tap - Chrome 910992
Select product options
Franke Moselle Tap - Chrome
Currently out of stock for home delivery
Franke Moselle Tap - Chrome is rated out of 5 by 1.
Rated 1 out of 5 by Anonymous from Expect to replace it! WET & NOT IMPRESSED! Just outside the 5 year warranty the tap started leaking from the bottom of the tap where it joins the body, it was leaking for 2 weeks so decided to replace the o ring, only to find that the metal had been worn away by the swivelling action of the tap. Strangely, the o ring was fine. The base of the tap was 80% worn through. Put it back together, ordered replacement but the next day in spite of minimal use, the tap sheered off from the body and I got drenched. Not impressed with the quality of this, although I liked the style and perlator nozzle.
Date published: 2013-02-03


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Bobbi Kristina Brown Cocaine
February 13, 2012 by staff
Bobbi Kristina Brown Cocaine, Whitney Houston and Bobby Brown's now 18 year-old daughter, Bobbi Kristina, was photographed apparently snorting cocaine in a series of pictures published in this week's National Enquirer, as we mentioned yesterday. I had the chance to read the article yesterday, and they have quotes from an ex boyfriend of Bobbi's, who had pictures of her doing coke at two different parties in Georgia near Atlanta. It's very obvious that's what she's doing both from her positions in the photos and other pictures with Bobbi in the background that clearly show white lines laid out on a tablet. Here's some of the excerpts from the article, and you can see the photos in this week's National Enquirer (with "Divorce Shockers" on the cover) and here.
18 year-old Bobbi Kristina Brown – known to friends as "Krissi" – is seen snorting lines of cocaine at two different parties.
The troubled teen – who was admitted to apsychiatric ward in 2008 after trying to kill herself – also smokes marijuana, guzzles beer and gets smashed on Everclear, a potent grain alcohol, a close source tells The Enquirer.
The source – a former boyfriend of Krissi – has come forward in a desperate bid to save her life, and to beg Whitney to get involved before it's too late.
"Krissi is addicted to cocaine. I've tried to stop her, but all she said was, 'I'm just like my mother!" the ex-boyfriend – who dated her for 2 1/2 years – told The Enquirer.
"Whitney needs to see what her daughter is doing to herself. If Krissi doesn't stop soon, this addiction to cocaine will kill her!"
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


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Need a cheap blood test in Fox Chapel, PA? Simply order online and get a cheap blood test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
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Wonder Ballroom (map) Northeast
Fri., Nov. 2, 9 p.m. 2012 21+
I'm trying very hard not to string together 11,156 "EEEE"s and exclamation points about reunited '90s wunderkinds the Afghan Whigs. Larynx-shredder Greg Dulli (!!) & Co. have been dishing out soul-infused rock in live shows that peel the paint from the walls and make crowds go apeshit. OMG! EEEEEEEEEEE!! PLAY "FOUNTAIN AND FAIRFAX"!!! COURTNEY FERGUSON Also, read our article on the Afghan Whigs.
128 NE Russell, Portland, OR 97212
Hours: Ballroom open for events only, Cafe open: Tues-Sat 5 pm-"late"


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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
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After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
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- 70 years old
- Date of birth: Feb 19, 1942
- Date of passing: Jan 6, 2013
|Let the memory of James be with us forever
Years have passed without you and I miss you very much. So much has happened which I think you can see. I love you very much. All of us still text funny things u use to do and laugh so hard we cry. Daddy Cathy is having a hard time without u here and if u can really see us can u let her know that you are looking over her. Blessed be Daddy.
Well 2 years has gone by and each day you are remembered. I try to tell myself that you are working so I don't cry. People told me it will get easier as the days go by. Well 2 years have gone by, yes I miss you like the very 1st day that I heard that you left us. We made it Montana talking about Gods country it is beautiful here. The winters remind me of all of us back in Wisconsin. All my neighbors and even our landlord is from Wisconsin.All of my love daddy"
"Daddy, I had a dream about you and Jimmy. I woke up crying so hard and angry with you. You left me, I keep telling myself you are working cause I can't face the fact that you left us. Daddy, I wish you could come back to us. This is such an evil world the worse ones of all where your children. I know you see what your daughter is doing to us. We can't even morn u because of greed!"
"Dad,u are greatly missed!! No words can describe the emptiness without u.. I love u dearly and cannot wait until we are together again!! U were an amazing man who left so many special memories for me to remember. I know u are resting in peace and until we meet again I know u are watching over us. I love u dearly"
"Daddy, everyday you are missed and thought of. No one will replace your jokes or laughter you brought to 6 beautiful daughters and the most funniest son of all. We love you and we will see you soon."
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i get this on a workstation in the event viewer
Windows cannot access the file gpt.ini for GPO CN={6F4765FA-9609-4337-A869-70C3B2171768},CN=Policies,CN=System,DC=xxxxxxxx The file must be present at the location <\\xxxxxxx\SysVol\xxxxxxxxx\Policies\{6F4765FA-9609-4337-A869-70C3B2171768}\gpt.ini>. (The network path was not found. ). Group Policy processing aborted.
For more information, see Help and Support Center at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/events.asp.
have no idea how to fix this
5 Replies
Sep 23, 2011 at 10:49 UTC
Pittsburgh Computer Solutions is an IT service provider.
Can you access that path on the machine? Perhaps try removing/rejoining domain? Do you get the same errors when you run gpupdate /force?
Sep 25, 2011 at 3:49 UTC
yes i removed and joined the computer back to the domain and still get the same error. its says access denied in the gpt.ini file. its just one pc with this problem
Nov 15, 2011 at 11:01 UTC
I get the same and have tried the above troubleshooting with no luck. did you resolve this?
Nov 15, 2011 at 12:17 UTC
http://social.technet.microsoft.com/forums/en-us/winserverGP/thread/0CE58154-DBC3-4AE9-91EB-75ECDF5F1720 Give this a look to see if it helps any.
Nov 16, 2011 at 4:09 UTC
No i did not.i gave up and had to reinstall windows
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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login with
Meal ideas for a one year old!
I have thought of everything I can think of too feed Jayse for lunch or breakfast any ideas?
Children like repetition ... so do not be afraid to repeat a meal idea. just be careful to not get them stuck on an item...this makes life harder in the future!
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15Crawling/walking age for your babies
51Should babies be allowed to "cry it out"
27What are the best diaper rash creams
About Megan
Current: New Franklin, Missouri
Birth: September 09
On Moms.com since: Mar 1, 2014
I am a mother of two beautiful fun kids that drive me crazy at times but I love being at home with them and watching them grow.


text:
Updated link: https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/reports/2015-2.pdf
I don't believe in making up credence numbers, especially for an audience full of people who can't tell whether or not to trust my perspective.
The very reason that I am here is to get EAs sufficiently engaged with the right material so that they can approach these sorts of questions themselves, and then we can have a real discussion.
How do I define the potential global catastrophe and people killed? I think I've already answered that in my original post: nuclear war. Of course, there is debate about whether a nuclear war would be a global or local catastrophic risk, though HaydnBelfield's original post is subject to this same question.
Local ethnic cleansing is much more likely than nuclear war.
If you are looking to understand my priors, then imagine the breakup of Yugoslavia, but in the entire EU, not just the Balkans. And the EU is much more strategically relevant to the world's nuclear powers than Yugoslavia. The EU also contains over a million Russians, and Putin would be motivated to protect them if the EU started to collapse.
- Short explanation of the breakup of Yugoslavia
- The BBC's excellent documentary
- Comparison of Yugoslavia to European democracies
an audience full of people who can't tell whether or not to trust my perspective.
Statements like "There is a growing risk that European countries will fall into civil war" are very implausible to many folks here. So if you want people to take you seriously, you should at least show us that you sincerely believe this, by being willing to turn those statements into testable predictions. Your refusal to do this is part of the reason some of us don't trust your perspective.
Upon reflection, I agree with you. I haven't been using the "lactovegetarian" label much, both because few people know what it means and because there isn't much need to use it. But I won't be using it at all from now on.
Europe is a morass of ethnic conflict, terrorism, sexual violence, rising nationalist militias, and jihadism. There is a growing risk that European countries will fall into civil war. Civil war in Europe would be a catastrophic risk that could go global.
- What is your credence that at least one European country will fall into civil war in 2017?
- How do you define the global catastrophe that you believe could result from civil war in Europe? In particular, how many people would need to be killed for such an event to count as a global catastrophe in your sense?
I downvoted because I found the tone negative and hyperbolic. It won't kill the forum. I think a good norm the community is to always steelman before criticising. This would make us more welcoming and constructive.
I agree that, other things equal, we want to encourage critics to be constructive. All things considered, however, I'm not sure we should hold criticism to a higher standard, as we seem to be doing. This would result in higher quality criticism, but also in less total criticism.
In addition, the standard to which criticism is held is often influenced by irrelevant considerations, like the status of the person or organization being criticized. So in practice I would expect such a norm to stifle certain types of criticism more than others, over and above reducing criticism in general.
I'd like to contribute $1k. Would you like to coordinate together so we can meet the $5k threshold?
Edit: After further consideration, I decided to instead donate $500 to the donor lottery while increasing my direct donations elsewhere.
I have been put in touch with other donors that are each contributing less than $5k, but you can just team up with us. Email me at MyFrstName at MyLastName, followed by the most common domain extension.
Ideally there should be a better procedure for doing this; the associated trivial inconvenience may be discouraging some people from joining.
Cool. I'm in with $2k.
Two quick things. Firstly I think many people give to GiveWell recommended charities because they believe, rightly or wrongly, that a healthier population will spur economic growth, or political reform, or whatever else, which will improve the welfare of present and future generations of people in the country. That argument would apply to total utilitarians, though be swamped by arguments relating to existential risks.
Secondly, GiveWell at least does not claim that AMF is the 'most best charity', but rather that it meets their four criteria here (evidence, cost-effectiveness, room for more funding and transparency): http://www.givewell.org/how-we-work/criteria . But other people might accidentally start using loose language like 'best charity', and they probably shouldn't.
Firstly I think many people give to GiveWell recommended charities because they believe, rightly or wrongly, that a healthier population will spur economic growth, or political reform, or whatever else, which will improve the welfare of present and future generations of people in the country.
That argument, however, is vulnerable to the "suspicious convergence" objection.
I don't believe organizations should post fundraising documents to the EA Forum. As a quick heuristic, if all EA orgs did this, the forum would be flooded with posts like this one and it would pretty much kill the value of the forum.
It's already the case that a significant fraction of recent content is CEA or CEA-associated organizations talking about their own activities, which I don't particularly want to see on the EA Forum. I'm sure some other people will disagree but I wanted to contribute my opinion so you're aware that some people dislike these sorts of posts.
While I disagree with Michael and don't think we should discourage EA orgs from posting fundraising documents,* I'm disappointed that his comment has so far received 100% downvotes. This seems to be part of a disturbing larger phenomenon whereby criticism of prominent EA orgs or people tends to attract significantly more downvotes that other posts or comments of comparable quality, especially posts or comments that praise such orgs or people.
(*) I work for CEA, so there's a potential conflict of interest that may bias my thinking about this issue.
GWWC is not firebombing anything, happily. War crimes are obviously bad and need no counterfactual spelled out. The principle you outline does not apply to the pledge because many people (citation) don't think the pledge is obviously bad. To engage these people in productive discourse you need to suggest at least one strategy which could be better.
The principle you outline does not apply to the pledge because many people (citation) don't think the pledge is obviously bad.
AlyssaVance isn't outlining a principle. AGB made a general claim about criticism being useless without a counterfactual. AlyssaVance's mention of firebombing was meant as a counterexample to that generalization.
View more: Next


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Derek Gaspar
Dead Lenny
When mob mule Lenny (Steven Bauer) goes missing with $5 million of boss Tony Thick's (Armand Assante) money, Tony sends Shady (Steve Baker) to Los Angeles to track down the cash. Once there, Shady runs into all kinds of quirky characters who are also after the money. The greedy oddballs in this crime comedy include Lenny's ex-wife (Nicole Eggert), his mistress (Whitney Able), his neurosurgeon (John Heard) and his brother, Louis (Joe Piscopo).


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Liverpool Women, United States
I love life, I am a very easy going person who would like to meet the same.
Peter Hessler, 58 years old, United States
I am modest, kind, gentle, tender, hardworking, attractive, romantic. I am fond of extreme kinds of sports, I like to drive the automobile, I play on a piano. I like is tasty to prepare. I want to get acquainted with intelligent, formed by the man with sense of humour, attentive, kind, loving...
Uliya Akimova, 50 years old, United States
i need some to love
mary, 35 years old, United States
i am looking for a soul mate on here
Phoebe280, 34 years old, United States
Long term or marriage
White / Caucasian


text:
- {{matchup.date.fullday}}{{matchup.date.month + ' ' + matchup.date.day}}
Tampa Bay vs Columbus Wrap - Tampa Bay Wins 3-2
Tampa Bay skated to a 3-2 victory over Columbus on Saturday in NHL action at Nationwide Arena.
The Lightning were a +106 underdog in the win. The combined score dipped UNDER the total, which closed at 5.5.
Eric Brewer, Blair Jones, and Steven Stamkos each scored for the Lightning in the victory. Jones opened the scoring for Tampa Bay, finding the back of the net at 7:27 of the first period. The goal was assisted by Teddy Purcell.
Mathieu Garon turned in a 26-save effort for the Lightning.
Rick Nash and R.J. Umberger scored for the Blue Jackets, finding the net behind Mathieu Garon.
Steve Mason stopped 25 of 28 shots for the Blue Jackets, but it wasn't enough to earn the victory.
Tampa Bay scored 0 times on 3 chances on the power play, while Columbus went 1-for-5 with the man advantage.
Next game, Tampa Bay takes its act on the road to face San Jose looking for another win. For Columbus, they head on the road to face St. Louis.


text:
I read somewhere in the news a couple of days ago that a few hackers got together to create a news network for humanitarian projects and it triggered my imagination.
Is there are times where you feel little useful or totally useless (both at work and home)? That happens a lot to me, probably because I have little satisfaction from my work and a lot of free time at home and few good friends.
So 10 years ago, I started practicing languages as a way to become more active and meet new people. I realized lots of people in my town needed tutoring for languages and I started a web site to organize non-for-profit language exchanges meetings. This week, after helping nearly 1000 people, I'm taking a few days to decide if I bring the project down, stopping all activities. The reason: I didn't have a team (marketing, site designers, etc) to make the project more popular and better organized (hand-on) and no one was interested. I wanted to switch it to profitable but didn't know how.
My questions:
- Do you guys have a sideline outside of your day job and making money?
- If so, what is it or what are they (excluding hobbies)?
- Do you have that kind of free time (2-3 hours on week days + 3-4 hours on weekends) to dedicate to a second more motivating occupation?
6 Replies
Dec 6, 2011 at 2:55 UTC
I wouldn't necessarily call it more motivating but I buy broken game consoles, repair them, and sell them online. It was a lot of fun for a while working through the different issues and finding fixes at the component level.
However after 2 children back to back and increased work load at my full time job I've cut back and haven't worked on a game console in a few months. It's one of those "when I have time" sort of gigs but all in all I do make an extra 15K give or take yearly doing it.
Dec 6, 2011 at 3:10 UTC
I have 2 side jobs. I do some IT Consulting on the side, albeit pretty rarely. But more often I work for a DJ Company doing Mood Lighting for weddings and corporate events. It's nice to get out of the IT industry sometimes and get creative and play with some cool new equipment.
Dec 21, 2011 at 8:17 UTC
I have two thoughts to add to this. I LOVE arcade games. I recently started buying them and putting them in neighborhood bars and love doing it. It's good money and who doesn't mind having a game or two in the garage!
Second, Rackspace has a new Start-up program to help people that are starting something new. It's basically free hosting. Check it out here: http://www.rackspacestartups.xn--com-0da;
Let me know if I can help get anyone's side projects off the ground.
Dec 21, 2011 at 10:43 UTC
I do photography and graphic design.
My photography is a multi-faceted hobby that involves exploring abandoned buildings and documenting the history or role the building has played in our built environment. I am fascinated by the history and I get to share my explorations through my photography.
Graphic design is more of a hobby but I was doing flyers for my friend's band for free just to build my portfolio and get my name out there. I hope to be able to take it out of the hobby phase one of these days.
I started a home recording studio but I quickly learned that having to babysit a bunch of people in your house for several hours just to get some unusable recordings is not ideal. You'd think people would be thoroughly practiced and know exactly what they're doing before they go into the studio. So I no longer pursue that as a viable business strategy. Though I still get to utilize the studio and satisfy my gear-head/techno-lust tendencies in a non-IT role thereby.
Dec 21, 2011 at 11:44 UTC
I have studies system analyst and design which enables me to collaborate somehow in the design of a project. However, I feel none of my project can be accomplished by only one person.
I spend a great deal of my free time playing computer games (LOTRO, StarCraft) but I wish I could participate in building a project -aside from my main job - with other IT people.
Causes that interest me:
- Improving clean water distribution and irrigation of land in dry countries
- Improving access to basic education
- Improving civil security and access to justice
- Facilitate distribution of supplies in case of disaster such as earth quakes, wild fires, tsunamis, etc
A GPS based interactive map as well as a database linked to a web server could be use for most of these projects.
I really only want to work on one of these issues or anything better that might come up in this thread. Does anything else comes to your mind?
Dec 30, 2011 at 2:32 UTC
I have two thoughts to add to this. I LOVE arcade games. I recently started buying them and putting them in neighborhood bars and love doing it. It's good money and who doesn't mind having a game or two in the garage!
Second, Rackspace has a new Start-up program to help people that are starting something new. It's basically free hosting. Check it out here: http://www.rackspacestartups.xn--com-0da;
Let me know if I can help get anyone's side projects off the ground.
Shortly after reading your post, I wrote to Rackspace, out of curiosity. I wish I could copy and paste the message here but Rackspace use an embedded html form and doesn't send you a copy. Anyhow, I haven't heard from them until today, after I decided to write them again. Here's the response:
"Thanks for your interest in the Rackspace Startup Program. We partner with an ever-growing list of incubators, accelerators, universities, investors and others who work with startups. We provide discounted services as well as mentoring to those companies in the program. If you are working with a particular business, we would be happy help point you in the direction of a partner or partners that may be able to assist the business as it's getting started.
Thanks again for contacting us."
So, I don't think they want to deal with starting projects directly.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 25, 1997
|Filing date
|Jul 28, 1995
|Priority date
|Jul 28, 1995
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Daniel M. Dobkin
|Original Assignee
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (41), Classifications (9), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to techniques for characterizing electron plasmas. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel method and apparatus for plasma characterization which employs broadband microwave spectroscopic measurements.
II. Description of the Related Art
Measurements of the density of electrons in a plasma, as well as of the spatial distribution of electron density within a plasma, are required in a variety of industrial and scientific applications. For example, such measurements are employed in the semiconductor processing industry to facilitate fabrication of integrated circuits and related electronic devices. Within the semiconductor industry, the increased use of plasmas of high electron density under controlled chamber conditions has increased the need for real-time plasma characterization. In particular, real-time monitoring and control of the spatial distribution of electrons in the plasma will likely be necessary to meet the uniformity requirements relating to processing of the next generation of integrated circuits. It is desirable that the measurements required for plasma characterization be performed with minimal disturbance to the plasma; that is, that such measurements be done without invading the plasma chamber.
Accordingly, various techniques employing microwave measurements have been developed to enable noninvasive plasma characterization. For example, electron density and electron collision frequency of the plasma have been ascertained by observing change in the resonant frequency and quality factor (Q) of microwave chamber resonances, respectively. Interferometric techniques have also been employed to estimate electron density through measurement of the phase change of a microwave beam propagating through the plasma. A brief description for the basis for such microwave plasma characterization techniques will now be provided.
Within an unmagnetized, collision-free plasma of moderate electron temperature, the velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave therein may be expressed as:
V.sub.φ =c(ω2 /(ω2 -ωp 2))1/2 1!
where V.sub.φ is the phase velocity of the wave of frequency ω, c is the velocity of light in vacuum, and ωp is the plasma frequency. The plasma frequency, ωp, is given by:
ωp = (q2 ne)/(εo me)!1/2 2!
where q denotes the magnitude of the charge of an electron, ne is the density of electrons within the plasma, me is the mass of an electron, and εo the dielectric constant of free space.
Considering now equation 1!, for ω>>ωp the phase velocity of electromagnetic energy through the plasma is approximately equal to the phase velocity in free space (i.e., v.sub.φ ≈c). That is, the plasma has minimal effect upon the phase velocity v.sub.φ. As the frequency, ω, of the electromagnetic energy coupled into the plasma is reduced to near ωp, the propagation velocity v.sub.φ increases toward a maximum value. For electromagnetic energy below the plasma frequency (ω<ωp), the energy does not propagate through the plasma and decays exponentially upon being introduced therein.
Various techniques for characterizing plasmas are predicated on these relationships between plasma frequency, ωp, and electromagnetic phase velocity v.sub.φ. Given that the plasma frequency for typical plasmas generated under laboratory conditions ranges from a few hundred MHz to about 30 GHz (i.e., ne ≅109 to 1013 electrons/cm3), such techniques typically involve the introduction of a microwave beam into the plasma. Existing microwave plasma characterization techniques generally fall into one of two categories: (i) techniques in which the phase shift of the introduced microwave beam due to propagation through the plasma is measured using, e.g., interferometric methods, and (ii) methods in which the perturbation, due to the presence of a plasma therein, of the microwave resonant frequency of a single mode of a resonant cavity is detected.
Interferometric approaches rely upon the principle that the phase velocity of a microwave beam introduced into a plasma is altered during propagation therethrough in roughly linear proportion to the plasma's electron density. The phase shift experienced by the continuous-wave beam during propagation within the plasma is compared, using interferometric techniques, to the phase shift of the wave occurring during propagation through free space. Average electron density within the plasma is then estimated based upon the differential phase value obtained as a result of this comparison. Unfortunately, interferometric approaches typically involve use of continuous-wave microwave beams having frequencies which are considerably higher frequency than ωp, and having wavelengths which are small relative to the physical extent of the plasma. That is, interferometric approaches are typically of limited utility in characterizing plasmas of large physical dimension or high electron density.
When interferometric methods are employed, microwave radiation of a frequency several times larger than the plasma frequency must be used in order that the measured differential phase value be small compared to π, thereby preventing ambiguities from arising during its measurement. Additionally, in order to ascertain the spatial distribution of electrons within the plasma, the microwave beam must unfortunately be physically shifted from one place to another within the plasma. Moreover, the beam must be small in extent compared to plasma nonuniformities in order to avoid refractive effects.
The use of perturbation techniques involves confining electromagnetic waves within metallic boundaries (cavities), thereby forcing the confined electromagnetic energy to oscillate in specific resonant modes at corresponding well-defined resonant frequencies, ωr. Perturbation techniques rely on the fact that the presence of a plasma within a cavity leads to a change in the resonant frequency of each mode. For low plasma densities (i.e., for ωr >>ωp), or for plasmas of small spatial extent relative to the cavity dimensions, the shift in frequency is linearly related to the average electron density. For relatively simple cavity geometries the patterns of the "unperturbed" fields may be determined, which allows this shift in frequency to be determined using perturbation theory. Particular perturbation methods have employed narrow-band microwave radiation as a means of exciting a single mode of a resonant cavity, and are based upon determination of the shift in resonant frequency of the mode due to the presence of a plasma within the cavity. That is, the degree of this shift in resonant frequency is typically determined by comparing the resonant frequency measured in the presence of a plasma to the cavity's nominal resonant frequency in the absence of a plasma. In general, perturbation techniques have been used with resonant cavities of relatively simple geometry, hence permitting estimation of the electromagnetic field configurations within the cavities using conventional analytical techniques. Such estimation of field configurations is necessary in order to determine the expected frequency and spatial characteristics of the resonant modes under observation. Although such conventional analytical techniques have allowed perturbation approaches to be used with more complex cavity geometries, the application of perturbation approaches to arbitrarily complex cavity geometries has been not generally been possible given the incapability of conventional analytical techniques to accurately predict the resonant characteristics of such complex geometries.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a technique for plasma characterization which may be employed using arbitrarily complex cavity geometries.
It is another object of the present invention to use broadband microwave measurements to simultaneously measure resonance spectra at a plurality of frequencies, and to employ multivariate techniques to analyze the measured spectra in order to facilitate plasma characterization.
It is yet another object of the present invention that to provide a technique for plasma characterization in which such multivariate techniques may be applied to plasmas of relatively large physical extent or high electron density.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of plasma characterization which enables estimation of electron distribution within the plasma without the need for introduction of an electromagnetic beam into the plasma from multiple locations.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method of plasma characterization in which it is unnecessary to analytically predict the field distribution associated with particular resonant cavity modes.
In summary, the present invention provides a novel method and apparatus for accurately characterizing the electron density and distribution of a confined plasma on the basis of high-frequency, broadband electromagnetic measurements. The diagnostic techniques presented herein are apposite not only to plasmas of uniform electron distribution and larger physical extent than the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic (e.g., microwave) energy, but may also be employed to characterize plasmas of low density and limited spatial dimension.
The novel method of plasma characterization described herein involves noninvasive, broadband measurement of electromagnetic transmission through a plasma. In one implementation, multivariate analysis techniques are employed to correlate features of the resultant spectra with plasma characteristics such as electron density or electron distribution. Alternately, such techniques are used to correlate the resultant spectra with parameters relating to conditions under which the plasma is generated.
More specifically, the quantitative plasma characterization technique contemplated by the invention involves generating a set of broadband calibration spectra by measuring transmission of electromagnetic energy through a calibration plasma. Each broadband calibration spectrum is obtained using a different set of reference parameters being related to predefined quantitative characteristics. The reference parameters may comprise known values of quantitative characteristics of the calibration plasma including, for example, electron distribution or electron density. Alternately, the reference parameters may comprise known values of operating conditions within the chamber. In the latter case the reference parameters may bear a predetermined empirical relationship to particular plasma quantitative characteristics.
A reference parameter transformation, which relates measured spectra of electromagnetic energy transmitted through the calibration plasma to values of the reference parameters, is derived on the basis of the broadband calibration spectra. A test spectrum is then obtained by measuring transmission of electromagnetic energy through a subject plasma. Values of the predefined quantitative characteristics of the subject plasma are then determined by analyzing the test spectrum using the reference parameter transformation.
Additional objects and features of the invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description and appended claims when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a plasma measurement apparatus utilized in a particular implementation of the plasma characterization technique of the present invention.
FIGS. 2A and 2B respectively provide perspective and cross sectional view of an antenna assembly of the type used for coupling electromagnetic energy to and from the resonant chamber of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary calibration spectra and nominal chamber response measured in the presence and absence, respectively, of a plasma within the resonant chamber of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 graphically depicts the spectra corresponding to a group of three principal components derived from the set of 16 calibration spectra compiled above in (3).
I. Overview of Measurement Apparatus
Referring to FIG. 1, the present invention provides a novel method and apparatus for accurately characterizing plasmas confined within a resonant chamber 10. The inventive plasma characterization technique involves broadband measurement of scalar microwave transmission coefficients of the confined plasma. As is discussed below, the measurements are "broadband" in the sense that transmission of electromagnetic energy through the plasma is measured over a frequency range encompassing a plurality of resonant frequencies of the resonant chamber 10. The resonant chamber 10 is intended to represent a fully functional plasma reactor of conventional design. For purposes of clarity, various ancillary equipment (e.g., sources of RF power and pressurized gases) operative to create a plasma within the chamber 10 are not depicted in FIG. 1.
The measurement apparatus of FIG. 1 includes an exciting antenna 16 and a sensing antenna 18 for coupling a broadband microwave signal to and from, respectively, the plasma chamber 10. In an exemplary implementation the exciting and sensing antennas 16 and 18 are not disposed within the vacuum-sealed interior of the resonant chamber, but are coupled thereto through pre-existing dielectric windows in the wall of the chamber 10. Such physical separation of the exciting and sensing antennas 16 and 18 from the interior of the chamber 10 advantageously reduces the likelihood of contamination thereof by the external atmosphere, and eliminates exposure of the antennas 16 and 18 to corrosive species within the interior of the chamber 10.
The exciting and sensing antennas 16 and 18 may be realized as short dipole or loop antennas, since coupling between the antennas 16 and 18 and electromagnetic fields within the resonant chamber 10 will be amplified due to resonance within the chamber 10. For a chamber of 10 having conductive walls, the resonant modes will be distributed throughout the resonant chamber 10. This obviates the need for the exciting and sensing antennas 16 and 18 to be disposed proximate opposing surfaces of the interior of the chamber 10. For example, if the exciting antenna 16 couples into the chamber 10 through wall 20, the sensing antenna 18 may be disposed proximate an adjacent chamber wall 22. The exciting and sensing antennas 16 and 18 will preferably be mutually separated by a distance sufficient to ensure that the measured transmission of electromagnetic energy therebetween will be approximately zero over frequencies at which resonance does not exist within the chamber 10.
As is indicated by FIG. 1, the measurement apparatus further includes a conventional wideband microwave source 26 and scalar network analyzer 28. Microwave energy produced by the wideband microwave source 26 is coupled with minimal attenuation to the exciting antenna 16 through a directional coupler 32 and input transmission line 34. Similarly, the directional coupler 32 couples an attenuated level of power from the source 26 to a standard detector element 36 linked to the scalar network analyzer 28. Another standard detector element 37 is interposed between sensing antenna 18 and the scalar network analyzer 28. In an exemplary embodiment the wideband microwave source 26 and scalar network analyzer 28 are realized using instruments such as, for example, a Hewlett Packard HP8350B and HP8757A, respectively.
FIGS. 2A and 2B respectively provide perspective and cross sectional views of the exciting antenna 16, wherein the sensing antenna 18 will typically be implemented in a substantially identical fashion. The exciting antenna 16 includes a short dipole or loop antenna element 50 disposed within an external cavity defined by a closed conductive cylinder 54. The antenna element 50 is coupled to the input transmission line 34 through a conventional coaxial transition element 58. Specifically, the coaxial transition element 58 electrically connects the center conductor of transmission line to antenna element 50, and electrically connects the outer conductor of coaxial cable 34 to cylindrical wall 66. The conductive cylinder 54 includes a mating flange 62, the cylindrical wall 66, and a top plate 68, each of which is comprised of a conductive material (e.g., aluminum or copper) selected to minimize resistive losses. These constituent components of the conductive cylinder 54 are joined by conventional means to form the cylindrical cavity in which is disposed the antenna element 50. The conductive cylinder 54 is mounted upon the chamber 10 by a pair of screws 70 and 72, which are seen to pass through a pre-existing port flange 76 prior to being received by an outer wall 78 of the chamber 10.
Energy radiated by the antenna element 50 into the chamber defined by the conductive cylinder 54 impinges upon a pre-existing dielectric window 86 after passing through apertures (dashed lines) defined by the mating flange 62 and port flange 76. This energy is then coupled into the interior of the chamber 10 through the dielectric window 86. The apertures defined by the flanges 62 and 76, together with the aperture (dashed lines) defined by the wall 78 immediately adjacent the dielectric window 86, effectively form a waveguide segment which will not propagate frequencies lower than a waveguide cut-off frequency thereof. Since this waveguide cut-off frequency sets a lower bound upon frequencies capable of being coupled into the chamber 10, it will typically be desirable that the apertures defined by the flanges 62 and 76 be at least as large as the dimensions of the dielectric window 86.
The plasma characterization technique of the present invention is primarily pertinent to the characterization of "low density" plasmas. As used herein, the term "low density" plasma refers to a plasma of a plasma frequency (ωp) much less than the lowest resonant mode frequency (ωr) of a resonant mode set up within the chamber 10.
II. Low Density Plasma Characterization
When the frequency of a plasma (ωp) within the chamber 10 is well below the lowest resonant mode frequency (ωr) excited therein, the frequency of each resonant mode excited within the chamber 10 will be slightly perturbed from the frequency at which it would be otherwise excited in the absence of a plasma. The perturbation of these resonant frequencies has been found to be a function of operating conditions within the chamber (e.g., applied RF power, gas pressure), which may be related to physical characteristics (e.g. electron density) of the plasma using any of various empirical techniques described hereinafter. By varying these operating conditions and analyzing the resultant variation in the measured chamber resonant frequencies in the manner described herein, the present invention facilitates determination of a relationship between values of these operating conditions and the spectrum of measured chamber resonant frequencies. In accordance with the invention, this relationship may then be employed to ascertain unknown operating conditions and/or physical plasma characteristics on the basis of the spectrum of chamber resonance frequencies measured under such unknown operating conditions. Prior to describing this plasma characterization technique more fully later in this section, a brief summary is provided immediately below.
As an initial step in the inventive plasma characterization technique, a set of calibration spectra are compiled by measuring transmission coefficients through a calibration plasma within chamber 10 over a predetermined spectrum of calibration frequencies under known chamber operating conditions. The value of each transmission coefficient within each calibration spectrum is determined by the scalar network analyzer 28 in the usual way; namely, by comparing the microwave power delivered by the microwave source 26 at a specific resonant frequency of the chamber 10 to the power measured at that resonant frequency by the network analyzer 28. The known operating conditions in existence during compilation of each calibration spectrum form the "reference parameters" associated with the spectrum. Since the chamber operating conditions may be related empirically to physical characteristics of the calibration plasma, the reference parameters may alternately comprise such physical characteristics.
A transformation for each reference parameter (i.e., a "reference parameter transformation") is then determined on the basis of the calibration spectra using multivariate analysis techniques described further hereinafter. In particular, a principal components analysis is employed to derive a set of a relatively few principal spectra. The principal spectra so derived possess the property that each of the calibration spectra may be at least approximately constructed from a linear combination thereof. Linear regression techniques are then employed to relate the set of principal spectra to each reference parameter, wherein the resulting set of linear regressions comprise the reference parameter transformations. In essence, each reference parameter transformation comprises a linear expression useful for estimating the value of a particular reference parameter in existence at the time any subsequent "test spectrum" is measured through a subject plasma within the chamber 10. In this regard each such test spectrum is obtained by measuring the transmission coefficients through the subject plasma over the spectrum of calibration frequencies when the reference parameters are of unknown values. In order to determine these unknown values of the reference parameters, the test spectrum is projected onto each principal spectrum of the reference parameter transformation derived for the given reference parameter. The resulting projections are then linearly combined in accordance with this reference parameter transformation, thereby yielding the value of the given reference parameter in existence during measurement of the test spectrum.
Referring to FIG. 1, the network analyzer 28 determines each calibration spectrum by measuring the transmission amplitude or coefficient through the calibration plasma within chamber 10 at each of a set of N (e.g., N=300) different calibration frequencies spanning a predetermined calibration spectrum (e.g. 3-6 GHz). Hence, each calibration spectrum may be represented as an N�1 column vector comprised of N amplitude values, each amplitude value corresponding to one of the N calibration frequencies. Again, each calibration spectrum is compiled with a different set of reference parameters in effect. As a specific example, each calibration spectrum could be compiled using a different combination of the reference parameters comprised of: (i) the RF power and (ii) oxygen flow provided to the resonant chamber 10, and (iii) the gas pressure within the chamber 10. A data matrix X is then formed by concatenating the column vectors representing each of P (e.g., P=20) calibration vectors. In this way the data matrix X maps the space of P calibration vectors to the space of possible spectra of dimension N.
The N�P data matrix X may be decomposed into the orthonormal matrices U and V, and a diagonal matrix D such that,
X=UDVt 3!
The matrix U is of the same dimension as the matrix X; the matrix V is a square matrix with the same number of columns as the matrix X; and the matrix D is a square P�P matrix. The columns of the matrix V may be termed "principal components" of the matrix X, in that these columns form a set of principal axes capable of representing information inherent within the matrix X in a lower dimensional space. More specifically, the diagonal elements of the matrix D, once found, are representative of the extent of the contribution of each column vector of the matrix V to the variation among the calibration vectors of the data matrix X. For most practical applications, it is anticipated that a substantial portion of this variation may be attributed to the vectors corresponding to relatively few (e.g., 3 or 4) of the largest diagonal elements of the matrix D. This advantageously allows the variation of the calibration spectra within N dimensions to be closely approximated using only a small set of the principal components of the matrix X. That is, a relatively large space of dimension N may be reduced through matrix decomposition into a space capable of being represented using a relatively few (e.g., 3 or 4) "dominant" principal components. It is noted that other potentially useful techniques of matrix decomposition are described generally within, for example, B. Everitt and G. Dunn, in Applied Multivariate Data Analysis; Oxford University Press (1992); chapters 4 and 13.
Once a set of the dominant principal components of the matrix X has been identified, linear regression techniques may be employed to relate these dominant principal components to the reference parameters in existence during the measurement of each calibration spectra. For example, letting V1, V2, and V3 respectively represent the dominant principal components of the matrix X, each calibration spectrum (i.e., each column Xc of the matrix X) may be decomposed into its projections upon V1, V2, and V3. Each such projection, Vip, is defined as:
Vip =Xc �Vi, for i=1, 2, 3 4!
A conventional multiple linear regression may then be performed using the calibration spectra in order to derive a set of expressions relating the dominant principal components to the reference parameters, RPn. More particularly, coefficients Ai, Bi, and Ci are determined by linear regression such that:
RPi =Ki +Ai �V1p +Bi �V2p +Ci �V3p
For the specific case in which three reference parameters are varied during compilation of the calibration spectra, equation 5! yields the following set of linear relationships, which are hereinafter denoted as "reference parameter transformations":
RP1 =K1 +A1 �V1p +B1 �V2p +C3 �V3p 6!
RP2 =K2 +A2 �V1p +B2 �V2p +C3 �V3p 7!
RP3 =K3 +A3 �V1p +B3 �V2p +C3 �V3p 8!
The reference parameter transformations of equations 6!- 8! enable current reference parameter values to be determined on the basis of one or more subsequent "test spectra". Specifically, each test spectrum is collected by measuring transmission through a subject plasma in the chamber 10 over the frequency range used during compilation of the calibration spectra. The N�1 test vector (i.e., a column vector of amplitudes measured at N different frequencies) corresponding to each test spectrum is then projected onto each N�1 dominant principal component by taking the inner product therebetween.
When the reference parameters comprise operating conditions under which the plasma is confined within the chamber 10, physical characteristics of the plasma may nonetheless be obtained from the calculated values of the reference paramaters (i.e., from RP1, RP2, and RP3). As was suggested above, this entails utilization of conventional methods (e.g., Langmuir probe techniques) to establish an empirical relationship between the operating conditions within the chamber 10 and the values of such physical characteristics (e.g., electron density, electron distribution).
In practice, the average transmission amplitude through the plasma will be subtracted from each calibration spectrum prior to compilation of the data matrix X, since only variation in the data matrix X as a function of the values of the reference parameters is of interest. The eigenvectors of the matrix XT X, or equivalently the principal axes of the data matrix X, are representative of the variation in the set of calibration spectra in proportion to their associated eigenvalues. Again, it has been found that a substantial percentage of the variation in the set of calibration spectra is reflected by a few of the dominant eigenvectors of the matrix XT X.
Exemplary Measurement Procedure for Low Density Plasma Characterization
In order to illustrate the application of the principles set forth in the preceding section, a sequence of steps involved in performing low density plasma characterization in accordance with the invention is identified and explained below.
(1) Select a Set of Reference Parameters Upon Which to Base the Calibration Measurements
As was mentioned above, the selected reference parameters may correspond either to operating conditions within the chamber 10, or alternately to physical characteristics of plasma confined therein. In the former case, operating conditions such as applied RF power, gas pressure and gas mixture are varied in the manner prescribed by (2) below between measurement of each calibration spectrum. Selection of chamber operating conditions as the reference parameters may be appropriate when, for example, it is desired to track variation of such parameters during subsequent chamber operation. This facilitates identification of drift in chamber operating conditions, and allows measures to be taken to correct for such drift.
Since physical characteristics of the plasma (e.g., electron density) may not in general be directly controlled as required by (2) below, when such physical characteristics comprise the reference parameters an empirical relationship is necessary to be established between these characteristics and chamber operating conditions. As an example, consider a chamber of circular cross section in which the reference parameters of interest are electron density in the center of the chamber, and the first moment of radial electron distribution.
ne (r)≈ne0 +ne1 (r/R)2 9!
wherein ne (r) denotes the radial distribution of electron density, ne0 represents the electron density in the center of the chamber, ne1 is a coefficient of radial variation, r corresponds to the radial distance from the center of the chamber, and R corresponds to the interior radius of the chamber. An empirical relationship between controllable chamber operating conditions (e.g., RF power, oxygen flow) and the quantities ne0, ne1 may be obtained by fitting equation 9! to measurements of electron density, ne (r), taken conventionally for several values of r.
(2) Perform a Set of Calibration Measurements Using Different Combinations of Values of the Reference Parameters
It is desired that the values of the reference parameters be set differently during measurement of each calibration spectrum. In a preferred embodiment, the variation of the reference parameters over the set of measured calibration spectra is chosen to be "orthogonal". That is, the variation in the value of each reference parameter is designed to be independent of the variation of the other reference parameters. Considering again the example of (1) in which the reference parameters comprise electron density and the first moment of radial variation, suitable combinations of reference parameter values are set forth below for use during measurement of six different calibration spectra:
______________________________________Calibration Measurement Ne0 Ne1______________________________________1 0 02 + +3 + -4 - -5 - +6 0 0______________________________________
where +, 0, and - denote the high, medium, and low values of the reference parameter respectively.
This particular assignment of values to the reference parameters ne0 and ne1 values may be characterized as being of the two-level, full-factorial type. Procedures describing construction of larger orthogonal sets of values are set forth in, for example, G. Box, W. Hunter and J. Hunter, Statistics for Experimenters; Wiley Press, New York (1978).
(3) Generate a Set of Calibration Spectra by Measuring Microwave Transmission as a Function of Frequency for each Combination of Reference Parameter Values
Using the apparatus of FIG. 1, microwave energy over a predefined calibration spectrum (e.g., 3 to 6 GHz) is provided to the interior of the resonant chamber 10 via exciting antenna 16. In the preferred embodiment the calibration spectrum is selected to encompass multiple resonant modes of the chamber 10, which are coupled to sensing antenna 18. The transmission measurements comprising each calibration spectrum are conducted for a different one of the combinations of reference parameter values set forth in (2). Each calibration spectrum may be represented as a column vector, where the entry within each row corresponds to the transmission amplitude measured at a particular frequency within the calibration spectrum. Each column vector will generally be normalized by subtracting the average transmission value from each amplitude entry.
In a specific experimental implementation, a set of calibration spectra were obtained for various combinations of gaseous pressure, RF power, and oxygen flow into the chamber 10. The values of the reference parameters were varied during the calibration procedure as follows: gaseous pressure ranged from 20 to 75 mTorr, RF power ranged from 75 to 200 Watts, and gas flow from 0 to 8 standard cm3 /minute. In this case sixteen calibration measurements were performed yielding sixteen calibration spectra, each comprised of the amplitude values corresponding to a collection of frequencies between approximately 4.7 and 5.2 GHz. FIG. 3 depicts one of the sixteen calibration spectra (dashed line), together with a response (solid line) collected in the absence of a plasma within the chamber 10.
(4) Analyze the Set of Calibration Spectra Using Principal Components Analysis or Similar Technique for Simplifying High-Dimensional Data
As was described above, a data matrix X is compiled by concatenating the normalized column vectors comprising the calibration spectra obtained in (3). Again considering the specific implementation set forth in (3), the data matrix X is constructed so as to be comprised of 16 columns and 307 rows. The sixteen eigenvectors of the matrix XT X were then determined, and are identified in TABLE I e1, e2, . . . , e16. TABLE I also sets forth the eigenvalue associated with each eigenvector, as well as the proportion of the squared variance in the set of calibration spectra ("Variance Proportion (%)") found to be represented by each eigenvector. TABLE I further indicates the proportion of the squared variance in the set of calibration spectra cumulatively accounted for by a given number of the eigenvectors ("Cumulative %").
TABLE I______________________________________Eigenvalue Variance Proportion (%) Cumulative (%)______________________________________e1 (V1) 9.854 61.6 61.6e2 (V2) 3.709 23.2 84.8e3 (V3) 0.756 4.7 89.5e4 0.486 3.0 92.5e5 0.401 2.5 95e6 0.214 1.3 96.3e7 0.191 1.2 97.5e8 0.134 0.8 98.3e9 0.090 0.6 98.9e10 0.069 0.4 99.3e11 0.041 0.3 99.6e12 0.030 0.2 99.8e13 0.011 0.0 . . .e14 0.009 0.0e15 0.006 0.0e16 0.000 0.0______________________________________
It is observed that the eigenvectors associated with the three largest eigenvalues, i.e., the eigenvectors V1, V2 and V3, or equivalently the principal components of the data matrix X, account for approximately 89.5% of the squared variation in the set of calibration spectra. That is, any of the calibration spectra could be decomposed into a sum of the spectra represented by the eigenvectors V1, V2 and V3, together with a residual term equivalent to approximately 10% of the squared variation in the data. A higher percentage of the squared variation in the calibration spectra could of course be accounted for by including more than three eigenvectors within the set of primary eigenvectors. FIG. 4 provides a graphical depiction of the spectra corresponding to the eigenvectors V1, V2, and V3 derived from the set of 16 calibration spectra compiled above in (3).
Rather than decomposing the calibration spectra into principal components (i.e., into the eigenvectors e1, e2, . . . , e16) as described herein, techniques of factor analysis may alternately be employed in analysis of the calibration spectra. Such factor analysis techniques do not involve the intermediate step of fitting primary eigenvectors to reference parameter values via linear regression, but instead directly fit the measured variation in the spectra to the reference parameters.
(5) Determine a Reference Parameter Transformation by Correlating the Primary Eigenvectors with the Value of each Reference Parameter
Since each of the eigenvectors of TABLE I are mutually orthogonal by construction, the relationships specified by equations 6!- 8! may be determined between the value of each reference parameter and a linear combination of the primary eigenvectors V1, V2 and V3. For the specific experimental implementation of (3) and (4), the following relationships were derived using the aforementioned linear regression techniques:
Gas Pressure≈28.9+2.69�V1p +12.6�V2p -51.6�V3p 10!
RF Power≈143.145+9.41843�V1p -81.6080�V2p -50.8129�V3p 11!
Oxygen Flow≈2.41399-8.90668�V1p -3.50084�V2p +1.58140�V3p 12!
Where, again, V1p, V2p and V3p respectively represent the normalized inner products between the primary eigenvectors V1, V2, V3, and any test spectrum subsequently obtained under unknown conditions.
Accordingly, the value of each reference parameter (e.g., Gas Pressure, RF Power, Oxygen Flow) during subsequent measurement of a test spectrum may be estimated using equations 10!- 12! by making use of the projections (i.e., the normalized inner products V1p, V2p and V3p) of such a test spectrum upon the primary eigenvectors V1, V2 and V3.
The previous description of the preferred embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. The various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of inventive faculty. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
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|Oct 16, 1995
Owner name: TRIELECTRIX, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DOBKIN, DANIEL M.;REEL/FRAME:007678/0699
Effective date: 19951009
|Jun 19, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 26, 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 29, 2002
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20011125


text:
Decadence Sinfully Delicious Desserts
de Beth Young and Christina Børding
Acerca del libro
A dessert cookbook by pastry chef Beth Young and food photographer Christina Børding.
The book contains recipes for impressive desserts that everyone can make and is richly illustrated with color photos.
All measurements are listed in both the metric and the imperial system of measurement, and the book is full of serving suggestions and tips and tricks to help you succeed in creating your own impressive desserts.
Características y detalles
- Categoría Cocina
Vertical estándar, 20×25 cm
40 Páginas
- Fecha de publicación jul. 21, 2009
- Etiquetas food photography, dessert cookbook, dessert recipes, impressive desserts, sinfully delicious desserts, cookbook, cakebook, desserts, recipes, food, cake, cooking, baking, decadence
Acerca del creador
Photographer located in Oslo, Norway. I specialize in food photography, wedding photography, portraits and artistic nude photography. On my own time I love to photograph abandoned places and try to see beauty in places other people don't.
Inicia sesión o crea una cuenta para publicar un comentario.
2 Comentarios
Christina Børding, Xtina Foto Thank you very much! :)
Janet Humble The photographs are beautiful and the desserts sound scrumptious ! You made my stomach growl.


text:
2005-05-28 at 12:08:00 pm #9425
Green Fingers Come out Again at Fuji Xerox Printers
Green Fingers Come out Again at Fuji Xerox Printers
Improving Sydney's water quality with the planting of 500
SYDNEY, Australia – May 2005 – Fuji Xerox Printers, the
leading provider of quality print solutions, is continuing its ongoing
commitment to environmental initiatives, via a partnership with Greening
Australia to plant five hundred native trees and shrubs in an effort to improve
the quality of Sydney's water.
Involving a team of 40 community volunteers and FXP staff
members, the planting will occur on Wednesday, May 25 at Arthursleigh Farm,
Marulan, near Goulburn – a site badly affected by erosion causing serious
turbidity of water flowing into the nearby Wollondilly River and directly
impacting Warragamba Dam, which stores approximately 80 per cent of Sydney's
water supply.
"The main objective of the Arthursleigh planting project is
to reduce the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and ultimately the
Greenhouse effect," said Brian Cumberland, Operations Manager for Greening
Australia. "We're extremely pleased by the involvement of both the University of
Sydney who own the site and the Fuji Xerox Printers team, as they are making a
contribution to a land care issue which impacts so many."
"We were very impressed with the success of last years'
planting at Holdens Creek, an area that was badly degraded in the Canberra
bushfires of January 2003. The survival rate is running at 88 per cent, which is
excellent especially given the dry conditions," Cumberland continued.
"While planting is only one of many initiatives FXP
undertakes each year to support the environment, it's certainly one of the most
rewarding when we hear of results like this," said Peter Diprose, Regional
Environment Manager, Fuji Xerox Printers. "We are excited to have the
opportunity to assist with the drainage line erosion on Arthursleigh,
particularly because it impacts on our water supply and Sydney, Illawarra and
the Blue Mountains are currently experiencing drought conditions."
An eco-friendly company, Fuji Xerox Printers achieved the
following in 2004 as a result of the environmental initiatives:
Achieved AELA Good Environmental Choice certification for 8
printers CO2 Reduction (-37.2% or 57.04 Tonnes) Tree Planting – 6000 trees and
native flora planted during FY04 (~107 tonne CO2 absorbed … carbon neutral apart
from SCM) Significant reduction in paper consumption (-19% approx 240,000 pages)
Recycled media usage increased (from 13% to 44%) Conversion of fleet vehicles to
LPG or 4 cylinder vehicles (73%) Recycling and reuse of packaging materials
FXP has also committed funds for Greening Australia to direct
seed 7,500 native trees and shrubs via 22.5kms of tree line in spring 2005 to
ensure ongoing support of the area.
Photography of the tree planting will be available 26 May
2005. For photography, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call
02 9954 3492.
About Greening Australia:
Greening Australia works in partnership with landholders, the
community, government and business to tackle environmental degradation in a
practical, a-political, and scientific way. For more information visit
About Fuji Xerox Printers, Australia:
With its Australian and New Zealand headquarters in Sydney,
Fuji Xerox Printers is a world leader in printing solutions. Emerging with a new
lease of life from the merger of Xerox ONP Systems with Tektronix, some 4 years
ago, Fuji Xerox Printers continues to build on Tektronix' 15 years of
market-leading research and development combined with the Xerox know how and
respected quality. Fuji Xerox Printers offer a complete range of colour and
black and white printers. Working through an extensive reseller channel the
company offers a comprehensive range of printing solutions across the market for
work-groups, departmental solutions, individual applications and even home
office use. With their award-winning speed, quality, unmatched reliability and
usability, Fuji Xerox printers are setting NEW performance standards for
printing solutions in three key markets: Office (including work group &
departmental requirements), graphic arts (from desk top to pre-press proofing)
and on-demand printing. For information on Fuji Xerox Printers, Australia,
simply call 1300 793 769 or visit http://www.fxprinters.com


text: Body ContentAbout Rent SafeThis government scheme provides potential tenants information on landlords that are registered or accredited and an overview of the number of properties they have and how many have reached the minimum standard required for 3, 4 or 5 stars.By using an accredited landlord you know, before looking at the property, that the landlord takes action to resolve issues quickly and works to make sure the property continues to meet minimum housing standards. Star ratings These are the standards landlords need to meet to gain the following star ratings: Number of stars Standards5The property meets the Rent Safe standard, paperwork is beyond legal requirement and energy efficiency measures are in place.4 The property meets the Rent Safe standard. Paperwork is beyond legal requirement.3The property meets the Rent Safe standard. The paperwork meets minimum legal standards. 0, 1 and 2 starsRent Safe is a voluntary scheme for landlords to demonstrate they take their tenants welfare seriously. If a property doesn't meet the minimum standard the landlord is not allowed to enter the scheme.Those landlords who are working to improve each of their properties to meet the minimum prescribed standard can register their interest in the scheme as a 'Registered Landlord'.Three star ratingsLandlords must make sure properties, access routes, gardens and yards don't have any hazards that could affect the health and safety of tenants. The property should:be in a good state of repair both inside and outside and be free from health hazardsbe free from damphave enough natural light to allow the tenant(s) to carry out domestic tasks easily and safelyhave enough space for tenants to move around safely not be overcrowdedhave a heating system that heats the whole home and is economical to run and capable of maintaining an adequate temperature throughout the homehave enough ventilation to keep residents fresh, free from excess moisture / condensation and cooking smellshave correctly installed electrical items and appliances, maintained in a safe condition, and have enough sockets to prevent plugs overloadinghave a suitable working fire detection and alarm systemhave secure windows, doors and any other access points, and lockable ground floor windowsbe adequately insulatedbe free from tripping and falling hazardsIf you can't find the name of someoneIf you can't find the name of a landlord, letting agent or managing agent, they may not be registered with the scheme. This may be because they either don't meet the minimum standard or they have chosen not to register. Report an issueIf you are a tenant and you have concerns about the condition of your property you can report this to Environmental Health.When reporting concerns to Environmental Health, you need to include: your nameaddresstelephone numberbrief description of the problemAn officer will contact you to discuss your problem and arrange a home inspection if needed.Email Environmental HealthRent Safe scheme standards