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Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina 27708
Duke University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, North Carolina 27710
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) enables high-resolution and high-contrast imaging of the retina by employing spatial filtering for scattered light rejection. However, to obtain optimized image quality, one must design the cSLO around scanner technology limitations and minimize the effects of ocular aberrations and imaging artifacts. We describe a cSLO design methodology resulting in a simple, relatively inexpensive, and compact lens-based cSLO design optimized to balance resolution and throughput for a 20-deg field of view (FOV) with minimal imaging artifacts. We tested the imaging capabilities of our cSLO design with an experimental setup from which we obtained fast and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) retinal images. At lower FOVs, we were able to visualize parafoveal cone photoreceptors and nerve fiber bundles even without the use of adaptive optics. Through an experiment comparing our optimized cSLO design to a commercial cSLO system, we show that our design demonstrates a significant improvement in both image quality and resolution.
The confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) is capable of producing high-contrast retinal images by raster scanning a laser spot and detecting backscattered light through a confocal pinhole.1–3 High-contrast images are achieved because both the method of raster scanning and the use of a confocal pinhole allow for the minimization of optical cross talk, defined as unwanted light scattered from areas outside the focal volume.4
cSLO systems have been widely adapted for various clinical applications. The earlier diagnostic applications of cSLO included detection of the imaging biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy,5 age-related macular degeneration,6 and glaucoma.7 More recent generations of cSLO have enhanced and extended application of this imaging modality. For example, ultra-wide-field scanning laser ophthalmoscopes are used to evaluate ischemia in retinal diseases such as retinal vein occlusion.8 On another front, combined imaging of cSLO and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with separate9 or shared10 light sources has been demonstrated for enhanced image aiming, guidance, and motion tracking as well as optimal classification of disease imaging biomarkers. Finally, integration of adaptive optics with cSLO has enabled visualization of individual cone photoreceptors including those at the fovea where they are most closely packed,11–13 and more recently rod photoreceptors,14 which are smaller than foveal cone photoreceptors. Many of these exciting advances in cSLO application are achieved with relatively more expensive, complex, and larger-footprint designs (especially in the case of adaptive optics-based-systems). However, with less expensive, nonadaptive optics cSLO designs, several groups have been able to visualize cone photoreceptors, albeit with lesser resolution, in subjects with good eye optics, and sufficiently far away from the fovea.15–19 In this paper, we describe a low-cost, compact, nonadaptive optics, lens-based cSLO design that maximizes performance parameters such as field of view (FOV) and throughput while maintaining the resolution necessary to visualize cone photoreceptors as close to the fovea as possible without correcting for ocular aberrations.
One of the guiding principles behind the original design of the SLO is the inversion of the allocation of pupils according to the Gullstrand principle.3 In order to avoid strong artifactual reflections from the cornea, typical fundus cameras illuminate the retina through an annular aperture imaged into the pupil, while collecting reflected light only through the small central spot. On the other hand, the SLO illuminated through a small central portion of the pupil and collected over the entire remaining pupil. This allowed for much greater light collection efficiency while simultaneously reducing cross talk, and the cSLO further increased resolution and contrast through confocality. In our design described below, we employ a pupil configuration similar to the original SLO except that we illuminate through a larger portion of the pupil and collect over the entire pupil.
Although methods for building a functional cSLO1–3 or an optimized mirror-based adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (ASOLO)20,21 have been described in the literature, procedures for optimizing a lens-based cSLO optical design based on balancing fundamental optical trade-offs have not been addressed. In what follows, we first present fundamental cSLO design equations and describe their use in arriving at a first-order design. Next, we explain and characterize our detailed lens-based optical design that achieves near diffraction-limited resolution with minimized imaging artifacts. Finally, we show the imaging results of an experimental implementation of our cSLO design. These results include a study measuring the relationship between throughput and sharpness as a function of pinhole size and a comparison between images taken from our optimized cSLO design and a commercial cSLO system.
A generalized cSLO design is shown in Fig. 1 which is useful for deriving basic relationships between design parameters and cSLO performance. The generalized design includes separate optical pathways for illumination and collection through a common telescope whose function is to image the subject's pupil plane into the optical scanner aperture. Although practical cSLOs utilize paired scanners to construct a two-dimensional raster scan, it is typically the faster scanner which limits performance due to electro-mechanical trade-offs between scan frequency, scanner aperture, and maximum scan angle.22,23 Thus, we only include the limiting (i.e., fast) scan direction here and assume that the slow scanner is either placed close to or imaged onto it by use of a second telescope.
Generalized one-dimensional schematic of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) design showing both the illumination path (red) and collection path (blue) for zero scan angle. The purple lines indicate the chief rays of the optical return path at the extrema of the scan angle.
Fundamental cSLO performance parameters considered include the maximum FOV, optical throughput (T), frame rate (FR), and resolution. Note that the maximum FOV parameter corresponds to the maximum square FOV since it is very likely that the slow scanner can match and even exceed the maximum scan range of the fast scanner. These performance parameters depend upon design parameters such as the subject eye's pupil diameter (P), the cSLO telescope magnification (M), the pinhole size (PH), and the limiting scanner parameters, which are the fast scanner aperture (D), maximum optical scan angle (θ), and scan repetition frequency (freq). These basic parameters and components of the cSLO design are shown and labeled in the generalized cSLO schematic in Fig. 1.
The maximum one-dimensional FOV of the cSLO entering the eye is a function of the maximum optical scan angle and telescope magnification. Telescopes that de-magnify the object size also magnify scan angles, so the maximum FOV can be described as simply the maximum optical scan angle after angular magnification: Display Formula
The throughput of the cSLO is a function of the limiting (fast) scanner aperture and the collection beam diameter (M·P), which is in turn limited by the size of the pupil imaged by the telescope into the scanner plane. Reflected light which makes it back through the pupil but overfills the scanner aperture is clipped, reducing throughput, and exposing the subject to unnecessary light exposure. We quantify throughput as the ratio of the fast scanner aperture and the collection beam diameter: Display Formula
Interestingly, taking the product of throughput and maximum FOV gives an expression proportional to the scan-angle mirror-size product for the fast scanner (θ·D) [Eq. (3)]. Thus, the optimal fast scanner for cSLOs is one with the largest scan-angle mirror-size product at a given scanning frequency: Display Formula
The frame rate of the cSLO is limited by the desired number of lines per frame and the number of lines per unit time, which in turn is related to the scanning frequency of the fast scanner. If only one sweep of the fast scanner is acquired, the number of lines per unit time is equal to the scanning frequency. If both front and back sweeps are acquired, the number of lines per unit time is twice the scanning frequency. The frame rate is then the ratio of the number of lines per unit time and the number of lines per frame: Display Formula
The cSLO, like any linear imaging system, has a resolution that can be described by the full width at half maximum intensity (FWHM) of the intensity point-spread function (PSF) of the detected light from a point source object.24 More specifically, the theoretical resolution of the cSLO can be described similarly to that of a confocal scanning laser microscope25 because the cSLO is a confocal scanning laser microscope that uses the patient's eye as the objective lens.26 Thus, the equation for the PSF at the detector plane of the cSLO (PSFdet) can be described as Display Formula
The design procedure of our cSLO was driven by seven constraints that we set based on our desired application: a compact, low-cost, lens-based cSLO system. The inputs/constraints and the resulting design decisions are presented in the diagram in Fig. 2.
First-order design procedure for compact cSLO design.
To make our system as compact as possible, we chose to use a combination of a resonant scanner and galvanometer with the scanners placed as close as to each other as mechanically possible without risking damage to the scanners (∼8 mm separation). To minimize system cost, we chose to use off-the-shelf optics, to electronically filter with a low-cost, custom-fabricated amplifier, and to detect with an avalanche photodiode (APD) instead of a photomultiplier tube. To achieve 8 frames per second (fps) imaging speed with 500 lines per frame, we used a 2-kHz resonant scanner (Electro-Optical Products Corp., Glendale, New York, USA) and utilized both sides of the scan sweep to effectively scan at 4 kHz. The 2-kHz resonant scanner had a 20-deg peak-to-peak maximum optical scan range with an aperture size of 10×10 mm and a limiting aperture (D) of 7 mm due to the 45-deg tilt of the scanner. To maximize throughput (T=1) we used the expression for throughput (T) in Eq. (2) and solved for the magnification of the telescope (M) assuming a maximum (dilated) pupil diameter of the eye (P) to be 7 mm. This gave a design magnification (M) of 1. Using this magnification, we determined that the FOV of our system would be 20 deg from Eq. (1). To maximize lateral resolution on the retina, we chose to use a 2.5-mm illumination beam diameter at the pupil of the eye, which was determined to be the optimal beam diameter for lateral resolution based on the aberrations of 15 subjects as described by Donnelly and Roorda.30 This illumination beam diameter infers an Airy disk radius at the retina (assuming ideal ocular optics) of 7 μm.
We optimized the cSLO optical design using Zemax to achieve near diffraction-limited resolution across a 20-deg FOV. Achromatic doublet lenses were used to minimize chromatic aberration and lens splitting was utilized after the scanners to reduce spherical aberration. An effective focal length of 50 mm was chosen for each set of lenses in the cSLO telescope to balance device size and aberrations. The corneal reflection was minimized by constraining the system design such that the specular reflection from the cornea–air interface was well out of focus at the plane of the confocal pinhole; thus, strongly rejecting this backscattered light. Lens reflections were not optimally minimized through the optics since they are stationary with the system and did not saturate the detector, amplifier, or digitizer and so could be removed through background subtraction.
An overview of the optimized optical design of our cSLO is shown in Fig. 3. Spot diagrams, modulation transfer function plots, and an off-axis PSF plot were determined using a recent eye model from Goncharov and Dainty31 and are shown in Figs. 4, 5(a), and 5(b), respectively. The PSF plot was of a configuration demonstrating the largest FWHM of 7 μm. A fixation target to minimize patient eye motion was inserted by placing a dichroic mirror between the last two sets of lenses before the eye (see Fig. 3) in order to image the fixation pattern displayed by a 1 in. liquid crystal display (LCD) screen onto the retina. The lens closest to the eye was mounted on a knob-adjustable rack-and-pinion linear translator designed to allow for ±6 diopters of refraction correction. A photograph of the implemented cSLO design is shown in Fig. 6.
Schematic of the optimized cSLO as described in the text with the confocal pinhole at the end of the optical path from the eye with the illumination input (red), backscattered collection of light from the retina (blue), and backscattered light from the cornea (green).
Object plane spot diagrams for nine configurations spanning a 20-deg field of view (FOV) square on the Goncharov and Dainty31 model eye's retina demonstrating near diffraction-limited resolution for the illumination path. The Airy disk radius was 7 μm. The Strehl ratios for the center, top-bottom, left-right, and corner configurations are 0.981, 0.975, 0.944, and 0.674, respectively.
(a) Modulation transfer function (MTF) of the cSLO for configurations spanning 20-deg FOV on the retina. The black curve represents the diffraction limited MTF and the blue curves represent the MTFs for nine configurations spanning a 20 deg FOV on the retina. (b) Point-spread function (PSF) of the cSLO at the retina for one of the outermost configurations. The largest full width at half maximum (FWHM) across the diagonal of the PSF was 7 μm and the box containing the PSF was 32×32 μm2. The PSF appears different from the spot diagrams shown in Fig. 4 because in the Zemax® optical design software, the PSF takes into account diffraction while spot diagrams do not.
Physical implementation of the described cSLO design with subject at left. The focus adjustment knob is denoted by a yellow arrow.
The cSLO source was a superluminescent diode (Superlum, Cork, Ireland) operating at 840±25 nm. The detector was an APD (Hamamatsu, Shizuoka-ken, Japan) with fixed gain and a custom amplifier (40-dB gain and 2.75-MHz BW) was designed and used to amplify the detector signal such that the maximum signal amplitude from the retina plus that from lens reflections filled the dynamic range of the digitizer. The digitizer used was an NI PCI 6115 card (12 bit, 10 MS/s/ch) (National Instruments, Austin, Texas), and scanners were controlled separately with an NI PCI 6711 card (12 bit, 1 MS/s/ch) (National Instruments, Austin, Texas).
Raw images acquired with the PCI 6115 digitizer have a bit-depth of 12 bits (4096 gray levels); however, after background subtraction the resulting image bit-depth was normally reduced to ∼11 bits (2048 gray levels). The resulting bit-depth for low-reflectivity eyes (∼25% to 50% reflectivity of normal) was reduced to ∼9 to 10 bits (512 to 1024 gray levels). We were satisfied with this trade-off between dynamic range and background subtraction, but alternatively one could forgo background subtraction and let the lens reflections saturate the detector to avoid reducing the bit-depth of the retinal image. This could be done by using a higher-gain detector, applying a higher-gain amplifier, or reducing the dynamic range of the digitizer (possible with the PCI 6115 card).
Custom software was developed in Labview (National Instruments, Austin, Texas) for image acquisition, scanner control, background subtraction, image dewarping, image interweaving, and gamma correction. Images were dewarped and linearly resampled due to the sinusoidal waveform of the resonant (fast) scanner. Image processing was done in real time with Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, Massachusetts) to provide correctly oriented, gamma-corrected images at 8 fps. The steps of background subtraction, dewarping, image interweaving, and gamma correction are illustrated with sample data in Fig. 7. Gamma correction was applied to enhance the contrast of features with intensity values closely spaced on a linear scale. The gamma correction algorithm used was Display Formula
Image processing steps for cSLO image acquisition on a 6.7-deg FOV image. (a) Raw image containing both forward and backward sweeps of the resonant scanner. The lens reflections appear saturated because they are the brightest features in the image, and the image was normalized to enhance visualization of darker parts of the image. (b) Raw image after background subtraction. (c) Raw image after background subtraction, dewarping, and interweaving image from both resonant scanner sweeps into a single image. (d) Image in part (c) after gamma correction with γ=0.5 showing nerve fiber bundles.
Image sharpness was quantitatively measured with a simple variation of the image focus measurement technique by Kautsky et al.,33 which is computed as the ratio of the L2 norm of the high-passed image region and the L2 norm of the low-passed image region as shown in Eq. (7). We explain our method for separating a given image region into high- and low-passed image regions in Sec. 3. The overall throughput was calculated by taking the sum of the pixels in the image region of interest as shown in Eq. (8): Display Formula
Single-frame cSLO images of a normal human subject for two FOVs (20 and 6.7 deg) and two digitally zoomed-in FOVs (3.3 and 1.3 deg) from an original 6.7-deg FOV image are shown in Fig. 8. The relative location of a retinal image is given by the eccentricity which is defined as the distance in degrees between the fovea and the center of the image. All images exhibited minimum corneal reflection and, after background subtraction, minimum lens reflections. Imaging was done in slightly dimmed lighting with nondilated pupils (∼3 mm in diameter) and with an incident power at the eye of 580 μW, which is below the maximum permissible radiant power for SLOs at 840-nm wavelength.34
Unaveraged retinal cSLO images (single frame each) from the described design at two optically zoomed in FOVs: 20 and 6.7 deg as shown in (a) and (b), respectively. The 3.3- and 1.3-deg FOV images in (c) and (d), respectively, were digitally zoomed from a 6.7-deg optically zoomed image and showed the cone photoreceptor mosaic. (a), (c), and (d) were focused on the photoreceptor layer and (b) was focused on the nerve fiber layer. Image eccentricities are given in degrees under the FOV for each image.
Larger pinhole sizes were used to image larger FOVs when image resolution was limited by the sampling rate as opposed to the optical resolution. We describe pinhole size in terms of the times-diffraction-limited spot size (TDL), which is the pinhole size normalized with respect to the Airy disc diameter of the collection optics (TDL=pinhole size/Airy disc diameter). A 100-μm pinhole (TDL=3.31) was used for acquiring 20-deg FOV images since the resolution for that FOV was ultimately limited by the number of lines per frame and sampling rate of our digitizer. A 20-μm (TDL=0.66) and 30-μm (TDL=1.0) pinhole were used for obtaining 6.7-deg FOV images because the resolution for that FOV was optically limited and those pinhole sizes provided a good balance of resolution and SNR. Images were taken at 8 fps with 500 lines per frame and a pixel density of 1000 samples per line.
In the second set of experiments shown in Fig. 9, a 6.7-deg FOV foveal image was taken with a 30-μm pinhole (TDL=1.0), and five 0.5-deg square FOV patches at 0.8-, 2.3-, 3.2-, 3.7-, and 4.3-deg eccentricity from the foveal center were digitally zoomed to qualify how close to the fovea photoreceptors were resolved, which appeared to be at retinal eccentricities ≥∼3.2 deg.
A 6.7-deg FOV cSLO image of the fovea showing resolution of cone photoreceptors at retinal eccentricities ≥∼3.2 deg. The large image is a single, un-averaged frame without background subtraction taken at 8 fps with a pinhole of 30-μm diameter or a times-diffraction-limited spot size (TDL) of 1. The cropped images span a 0.5-deg FOV.
In the third set of experiments, to determine the effect of the confocal pinhole on throughput and sharpness, five images containing a 0.4-deg area of the retina at 4.2-deg eccentricity of a subject's right eye was imaged with 6.7-deg FOV (see Fig. 10) for each of seven pinhole sizes. Pinhole sizes ranged from 10 to 100 μm in diameter with TDLs from 0.33 to 3.31. Image sharpness was quantified for each of the 0.4-deg areas using the image focus measurement technique as described previously [see Eq. (7)]. The filter used to separate the image region into low- and high-passed image regions was Gaussian with a 50% cutoff at the spatial frequency 1/12.2 μm−1. Spatial frequency was calculated by assuming the eye's second nodal point is approximately 16.5 mm from the retina,35 which implies that a 1-deg retinal region would be approximately 288 μm wide. Since the average cone spacing at 4.2-deg eccentricity is at a higher spatial frequency [∼1/8 μm−1 (36)] than the 50% spatial frequency cutoff of our filter (1/12.2 μm−1), we expect higher values of sharpness (at the expense of throughput) as the contrast and resolution of our system improves through the use of smaller pinhole sizes. The plot of the sharpness measurements and the observed throughput is shown in Fig. 11.
The location of the portion of the retina utilized for the sharpness metric across varying TDL spot sizes is shown by the red box marked in this 6.7-deg FOV image and is at approximately 4.2 deg eccentricity. This image was taken with a TDL of 1.3 and at a 7.2-deg eccentricity.
Plot of sharpness and throughput for varying TDLs at the location specified in Fig. 10. Red circles delineate TDLs used for retinal imaging outside of this experiment. Red circles with subscripts 1 and 2 correspond to TDLs 0.66 and 1.0, respectively, and were used to image at low FOVs where resolution was determined by optical resolution. The red circle with subscript 3 corresponds to a TDL of 3.31 and was used to image at high FOVs where resolution was determined by digital sampling frequency not optical resolution.
Finally, we compared the imaging results of our optimized cSLO design to that of a commercial cSLO system, the Heidelberg Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Vista, California, USA). With our optimized cSLO design, both 20- and 6.7-deg FOV images were taken at 8 fps with 500×1000 pixels per image. With the Heidelberg Spectralis, 20- and 15-deg FOV images were taken at 6.8 fps with 1024×1024 pixels per image and 8.8 fps with 768×768 pixels per image, respectively, using Heidelberg's "High-resolution" setting. We would like to note that a 6.7-deg FOV with the Spectralis is not possible so the 15-deg FOV setting, which is the lowest FOV setting on the Spectralis, was used instead. Results from the comparison are shown in Fig. 12.
Comparison of images from our optimized cSLO design and a commercially available cSLO (Heidelberg Spectralis). (a), (b), and (c) each show an 18.5-deg FOV image cropped from a 20-deg FOV image. (a) Single frame from our optimized cSLO design. (b) Single frame from the Spectralis. (c) One-hundred-frame average from the Spectralis. (d), (e), and (f) each show a 3.3-deg FOV image taken at a 6.3-deg eccentricity. (d) Single frame from our optimized cSLO design cropped from a 6.7-deg FOV image. (e) Single frame from the Spectralis cropped from a 15-deg FOV image. (f) One-hundred-frame average from the Spectralis cropped from a 15-deg FOV image.
We have demonstrated a simple, compact optical design for a cSLO that produces near diffraction-limited illumination on the retina across a 20-deg FOV with minimized imaging artifacts. With the experimental implementation of our design, we demonstrated fast, high-SNR, high-resolution retinal imaging to visualize micron-scale anatomical structures of the retina in vivo. At lower FOVs, by adjusting the focus to the respective retinal layers, we were able to visualize nerve fiber bundles throughout the retina and photoreceptors at eccentricities ≥∼3.2 deg with TDLs ≤1, without the use of adaptive optics. The theoretical resolution of our system (7 μm) supports the resolution of detected individual cone photoreceptors starting at approximately 3-deg eccentricity.36 In practice, we were able to visualize photoreceptors near this eccentricity (see Fig. 9).
Using various pinhole sizes, we quantified the relationship between the retinal image sharpness and the TDL. Experimental sharpness measurements (see Fig. 11) showed that as the confocal pinhole decreased in size, image sharpness increased while throughput decreased. However, pinholes smaller than 0.5 TDL resulted in very low SNR so sharpness appeared to decrease rather than increase.
Through an experiment comparing our optimized cSLO design to the Heidelberg Spectralis, we have shown that our design demonstrates an improvement in both image quality and resolution. This improvement is especially noticeable at a 6.7-deg FOV, in which our system can resolve parafoveal cone photoreceptors in a single frame, which is not possible with either a single frame or a 100-frame average via the Spectralis.
While adaptive optics based cSLO designs have superior resolution, this comes at the expense of cost, size, and system complexity. We have demonstrated high-quality retinal imaging of micron-scale anatomical features of the retina with a significantly more compact and affordable cSLO. Our optimized optical design for the cSLO may also be extended to OCT systems, in which the sample arm optics are nearly identical to cSLO optics.
We acknowledge Justin Migacz for his contribution to the custom amplifier used in this cSLO design. This work was supported in part by the John Chambers Fellowship (FL), NSF Grant CBET 0933059, NIH Grants R01EY014743, R21 EY02132, and R21 EY019411, and the North Carolina Biotechnology Center, IDG 2012-1015.
Francesco LaRocca ; Al-Hafeez Dhalla ; Michael P. Kelly ; Sina Farsiu and Joseph A. Izatt"Optimization of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope design", J. Biomed. Opt. 18(7), 076015 (Jul 17, 2013). ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.18.7.076015
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Typical Lengths
Both the menstrual cycle and the menstrual period vary in length, depending upon the woman. Although the terms are used interchangeably, they refer to different events in a woman's body. A menstrual cycle refers to the time frame between the start of one period and the start of the next, while the menstrual period refers only to the time frame that a woman bleeds. A menstrual period generally lasts three to six days, while the typical menstrual cycle lengths average between 24 to 37 days. No two women's menstrual cycles are the same in length, and some womens cycles are much longer, meaning that they have fewer periods per year. When dealing with changes in menstrual cycle lengths, the woman should compare the changes against what is normal for her body. Keeping track of each menstrual cycle through a diary or calendar can help determine what is normal for each individual woman's body and cycle.
Stress leads the way in causing changes to the menstrual cycle. When the body is under stress, it releases the hormone cortisol. Cortisol affects multiple areas of the body, including estrogen, and a change in estrogen levels alters menstrual cycle lengths. This pattern of cortisol affecting estrogen occurs regardless of the reason for the stress, which can include environmental factors, travel, job-related stress, death of a loved one and sickness are just some of the stress-causing agents that may alter the length of the cycle.
Excessive Alcohol
In addition to viewing alcohol as a stressor to the body, excessive consumption of alcohol can interfere with the body's ability to metabolize estrogen and progesterone, which in turn can alter the length of the cycle.
Other Factors
Although not technically caused by stress, the body will respond to certain drugs and medications, alcohol, caffeine and other stimulants in the same way that it responds to stress, triggering the cortisol-estrogen effect that alters cycle lengths. The same can be said of eating disorders, extreme weight loss, excessive exercise and dieting, though poor nutrition can further affect menstrual cycle lengths by altering proteins in the brain responsible for regulating the ovulation signals.
Medical Conditions
In addition to cortisol and estrogen, a woman experiencing changes in her cycle's lengths may have other hormonal imbalances. The body's hormones all affect the performance of each other, and if one hormone level is off, that can cause a chain reaction, which can culminate in changes in the menstrual cycle. Other medical conditions related to changes in the cycle include polycystic ovarian syndrome, uterine cysts and polyps, chemotherapy, child birth or miscarriage, breastfeeding and a change in birth control.
After the age of 30, the changes in the menstrual cycle lengths typically occur. Most commonly, either the menstrual cycle or the menstrual period reduces in length. Between the late 30s and mid 40s, the beginning stages of the transition to menopause begin, and the cycles lengths and regularity are usually altered. These natural changes in menstrual cycle lengths occur because the hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, change within the body with age.
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Big Lots has a Polaroid 7" tablet running ICS for $99 in current advertisement, specs from ad below. It's only single core, but I'm thinking for the price I'm going to grab one to play with and see how it compares to my Lenovo K1 and my Transformer Prime.
Keep in mind I get the ad from Big Lots a couple days early via e-mail.
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text:
Recalling an instance when South actor Sudeep (Phoonk fame) had gone to visit the Bollywood superstar, our khabru says, "A short while after Sudeep had arrived, Shah Rukh told a member of his staff to give him a guided tour of Mannat 'to see how rich I am'."
Our bemused informer jests that the jibe didn't matter to Sudeep for he had taken a photographer along to click pictures with SRK. However, the superstar doesn't have the same sense of humour anymore, asserts our jasoos.
Attributing the observation to a online tweet, he says, "Earlier this week, someone posted that according to a close friend of SRK, 'woh toh hasna hi bhool gaya hai jaise'." Hmmm... Uneasy lies King Khan.


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Sia Reveals Past Struggles with Drug Addiction
Like many successful and creative artists, success and talent does not protect from the painful realities of addiction. While Sia often makes an effort to not reveal many details of her personal life, she has recently opened up about her struggles with addiction, and her present filled with hope and sobriety.
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The new racial name changes are clunky and do not roll off the tongue (if you can even get them rolling in the first place) It is an unnecessary and confusing alteration for older players (as well as new ones, I'm sure)
And just about every name I've heard in FFXIV sounds like it came from a fantasy name generator. (e.g. http://www.rinkworks.com/namegen/ )
Miqo'te? Roegadyn? Thaumaturge?


text:
In no way do I wish I were still in college, but I am envious when I hear of events like Adult Swim's Fall Block Party, which kicks off Sunday in Tallahassee, Fla.
The tour brings games, bands and free stuff to 10 college towns across the country. (Games have names like "Babies vs. Old People"; there's also a Children's Hospital-themed game and a booth for my new fave show, China, IL.)
The dates are below. And although the parties may be in college towns, they're free and open to everyone.
Oct. 16: Tallahassee, Fla., Freddie Gibbs
Oct. 21: Charlottesville, Va., Kylesa
Oct. 23: Muncie, Ind., Dam Funk
Oct. 27: Syracuse, N.Y., Twin Shadow
Oct. 30: Burlington, Vt., Black Moth Super Rainbow
Nov. 3: Carbondale, Ill., Kendrick Lamar
Nov. 5: Manhattan, Kan., TBD
Nov. 8: Stillwater, Okla., The Sword
Nov. 10: Ft. Collins, Colo., Tennis
Nov. 13: Lubbock, Texas, Main Attrakionz
Whitney has been writing about pop culture for USA TODAY since 1999, when Pop Candy began as a weekly column. Her interests include music festivals, mustaches, Lost, comic books and Andy Warhol. She lives in New York City. More about Whitney | E-mail Whitney


text:
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text:
Request For "cage Fighting" Cake....
Decorating By kimbm04r Updated 3 Nov 2010 , 11:33am by peg818
I have a request to make a birthday cake for a 17 year old boy that likes to watch Cage Fighting. Does anybody have a suggestion on how to go about this? I am thinking about using a hexagon pan for the cake and putting a cage on top of it but I am not sure how to go about making the cage. Any suggestions would be appreciated. TIA.
Cake boss actually made a cage fighting cake. You could maybe see if you can find it on the net. They made a hexagon shaped base, had te cage round it (not sure what they used) an made some
fighters from modelling chocolate x
What if you made the cage in panels of piped chocolate?? Or out of gumpaste with a clay extruder? Making a solid type frame around each panel to hold the wire cage??
Quote by @%username% on %date%


text:
|#10 Times change, Flame dosen't
|Hosted By
|Writer of Episode
This episode of Fandeomnium contains all the stuff the other dids, but you probably wouldn't be reading this unless you read episode 9 which had swearing anyway so you probably don't care. Also sexual references
LAST TIME ON FANDEMONIUM ML and Steel devised a clever plan to destroy the universe (or get paid, same thing) and Hiro burped quite a lot
Heart: So... what are we doing now?
PKB: Dunno
ML: Well, me and Steel are off to get
laid the producers to pay us
Steel: So, just don't break the house and if you have an exciting plot twist, set the camera's up first
Pesh: So you're literally suggesting that the show film itself?
ML: I suppose so
Heart: To the bedroom!
PKB: Okay
Flame: Oh god no that's disgusting
Heart: What?
Flame: You're going to the bedroom with a turtle
Heart: Uhh, I practically live in the bedroom of this mansion. At least I can talk to PKB without constant interrupt-
McBoo: THE ICE CREAM MAN!
Everybody runs out of the house, and attempts to run across the road to get to the icecream man until they all slam into the forcefield
ML: I knew it would be worth installing that
Pesh: I thought you were out arguing with the producers?
Steel: We were, until Hiro burst in and shot them all
Everybody: .....
Steel: I was only joking
ML: We're here to ask about our pay.
Producers: The show has been absoloutely horrible, we're losing money from making it, why would we pay you?
Hiro: HAHA MOTHERF***ERS I'M GONNA F***ING KILL YOU THEN I'LL BURY YOU IN A PILE OF DOG S***
Steel: Hey, we're only supposed to have a bit of swearing
Hiro: Well there hasn't been any oher swearing for the whole episode so, y'know
ML: Right...
Suddenly Hiro pulls out a gun and shoots the producers
Steel: You've saved the day!
Hiro: Hmm? Darnit wrong people (turns around to look at ML and Steel)
ML: *girl scream*
End flashback
ML: Yeah... joking... *attempts to hide the bullet holes all over him*
YoshiEgg: Yup!
Bloop: YoshiEgg wants to know why you're covered in bullet holes, Locke
ML: I... uhh... an old lady shot me!
YoshiEgg nods with statisfaction
Clyde: Since when do old ladies carry around guns?
3.14: Observing the unique nature of these bullets, one would be able to assume that they were fired from a machine gun, with the accuracy of a drunk as is evidenced by the fact that all of the collisions of the bullets with Locke seem to have been made relative to a central aiming location
Heart: I have no idea what he just said
Henrydamoose: I think it would be better if nobody did
Will they discover what 3.14 means?
Will the contestants discover that Steel was lying about lying about Hiro shooting the producers?
How is the show supposed to run without any producers?
Will Jesse write another episode?
You probably won't find the answer to any of those in Fandemonium/Eps.11 but read it anyway!


text: Matt is a Librarian at W. Dale Clark Main Library, where he sings silly songs with preschoolers and challenges teens to Mariokart races. He used to like to read stories that take place in the American West but lately he won't read anything but spy novels. Matt has been trying to learn to paint, speak Spanish, and run a marathon for most of his adult life.


text:
The St. Louis Blues continue to roll behind a stingy effort in net.
Nashville Predators goaltender Pekka Rinne has certainly picked up the pace following a recent rough stretch.
With both teams riding four-game winning streaks, the Blues visit the Predators in a Central Division showdown Saturday night.
St. Louis (18-9-3) defeated the New York Rangers 4-1 on Thursday, improving to 8-1-1 over its last 10 matchups. The Blues have maintained their season average of 2.5 goals in that span, but they've surrendered just 16 - including a minuscule nine in the eight wins.
"It's a testament to the team," said Brian Elliott, who made 25 saves Thursday. "They're blocking shots I can't see and ones that I can, there's no second opportunities and they're clearing it out.
"That's huge for a goalie. I think both (Jaroslav Halak) and myself can say thanks to the guys in front of us because it makes it a lot easier on us."
In addition to recording an NHL-best 1.43 goals-against average, Elliott's .867 winning percentage leads all goalies with at least 15 games played. He's won nine of 10 starts, 13 of 15 overall and his four shutouts are tied for the most in the league.
Though Rinne's numbers don't compare, he's rebounded nicely from a career-worst six-game skid (0-5-1) Nov. 19-Dec. 6. Rinne has started every game during Nashville's season-best winning streak, posting a 2.25 GAA - significantly lower than his season mark of 2.54.
Rinne was terrific in Thursday's 4-3 come-from-behind win over Detroit, turning away 37 of 40 shots.
"I thought (Pekka) was really sharp. I thought he showed a lot battle in him," coach Barry Trotz said. "They know that he's an elite goaltender in this league."
While Rinne more than held his own, captain Shea Weber also came through when the Predators (16-11-4) needed him most. After his power-play goal tied the game with under five minutes remaining, Weber scored the game winner with 1:36 to play.
"In big moments, you need your top players to step up, and Shea stepped up in a huge way," Trotz said.
The Predators, who have scored a power-play goal in seven consecutive games, have converted an NHL-best 14 of 43 chances (32.6 percent) on the man advantage since Nov. 19. Continuing that success, however, could prove difficult versus a Blues team that has killed 16 of its 18 penalties over its last six road games.
"We're lucky to be at home right now for this stand. We gotta use that to our advantage," center Nick Spaling said. "Obviously we know they're playing good right now but we just gotta keep going and focus on them."
St. Louis, which hasn't won five straight since Dec. 21-31, had taken three consecutive contests in this series before falling 4-2 on Oct. 8. Despite stopping just 12 of 15 shots in that game, Halak is 4-1-1 with a 0.98 GAA and three shutouts over his last six games versus Nashville.
Elliott is 1-1-0 with a 2.03 GAA lifetime against the Predators.
Rinne, who made 31 saves in the Oct. 8 victory, has gone 8-4-1 with a 1.74 GAA during his last 13 meetings with the Blues.
Weber has totaled just one goal and eight assists in his last 21 games against St. Louis.


text:
Last Month at the Federal Circuit - November 2002
Judges: Dyk (author), Rader, and Bryson
In Inverness Medical Switzerland GmbH v. Princeton Biomeditech Corp., No. 01-1188 (Fed. Cir. Oct. 31, 2002), the Federal Circuit vacated the district court's judgment of noninfringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 5,622,871; 5,602,040; and 5,656,503, and remanded the case for further proceedings. The Court held that the phrase "mobility . . . is facilitated" must be given its ordinary meaning of the capacity to make movement easier at any stage. Under this claim construction, issues of material fact remained regarding infringement. Unipath Diagnostics, Inc. ("Unipath") is the assignee of the three patents, which relate to a pregnancy-testing device. Unipath initiated an action against Princeton Biomeditech Corporation ("Princeton") for infringement of the claims of the three patents. Princeton later filed a motion for SJ of noninfringement, which was initially denied. On reconsideration, the district court granted Princeton's SJ motion, finding that the accused product did not infringe the claims because it did not facilitate mobility at the point of release, as claimed. The Federal Circuit determined that the sole issue of claim construction concerned the proper interpretation of the phrase "mobility of said labeled reagent within said test strip is facilitated by . . . a material comprising sugar, in an amount effective to reduce interaction between said test strip and said labeled reagent." Unipath asserted that mobility need only be facilitated either at the time of release or during the subsequent transit of the reagent, i.e., at some time during the operation. The claim construction adopted by the district court, however, required the sugar to help or improve the release of the labeled reagent from the test strip. The Federal Circuit looked to the dictionary to determine the ordinary meaning of the word "mobility." Finding multiple definitions, the Court compared these definitions to the specification and determined that the word "mobility" means "the capacity or facility of movement." Based on this meaning, the Federal Circuit determined that the ordinary meaning of the phrase "mobility . . . is facilitated" is properly interpreted as the capacity to make movement easier. The claim language relied upon by the district court was not directed to the recited facilitation of mobility in the presence of sugar and, therefore, did not limit the meaning of "mobility." Moreover, the construction of "mobility" in the independent claims, as determined by the district court, was found to be wholly inconsistent with the use of the term in the dependent claims and the specification. Looking at two particular instances in the prosecution history of the patents, the Federal Circuit found that neither the patentee nor the PTO interpreted the term "mobility" as meaning the same as "release." Accordingly, the Court vacated the judgment of the district court and remanded the case for consideration in view of the revised claim construction. In a related decision, Inverness Medical Switzerland GmbH v. Warner Lambert Co., No. 01-1147 (Fed. Cir. Oct. 31, 2002), the Federal Circuit again vacated a SJ of noninfringement on these same patents based on erroneous construction of other claim terms. The second issue of claim construction related to the proper interpretation of the phrases "said labeled reagent is dry on said test strip" and "drying said labeled reagent onto a portion of said test strip." The district court construed the phrases to require disposition "in contact with the top or outer surface of said test strip." On appeal, Unipath asserted that the phrases should be more broadly construed to include disposition of the labeled reagent within the test strip. The Federal Circuit found that the district court had erred in its claim construction because the ordinary meaning of the terms was supported by dictionary definitions, the specification, and the prosecution history. Upon finding multiple dictionary definitions for the word "onto," which has as its ordinary meaning two relevant alternatives, the Court determined that the word must be construed to encompass both alternatives. However, to confirm that the word encompasses both alternatives, the Court looked to the specification and the prosecution history to determine if only one of the multiple meanings was intended. The specification was not so limiting, teaching only a preferred embodiment, not a restricted scope. Moreover, the Court was not convinced that the prosecution history foreclosed the broader dictionary definition that encompasses both surface and internal positions. For this reason, the Court held that the ordinary meaning of "on" and "onto" must control, wherein disposition of the labeled reagent "on" or "onto" the test strip means disposition as a surface layer or within the test strip.


text:
Tales of the Apolitical
Version of Record online: 15 MAY 2013
© 2013 The Author. Political Studies © 2013 Political Studies Association
Political Studies
Volume 62, Issue 2, pages 452–467, June 2014
Additional Information
How to Cite
Dean, J. (2014), Tales of the Apolitical. Political Studies, 62: 452–467. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12035
Publication History
- Issue online: 25 APR 2014
- Version of Record online: 15 MAY 2013
- Manuscript Accepted: 19 AUG 2012
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text:
Applying | Calendars | Contact
| News & Events
the College
Teaching &
to Vet Med
Veterinary Health Center
Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (VMDL)
CVM Employment
Veterinary Medical Library
Course Materials
Dr. Lisa Britt Competes
in Transplant Games
Lisa Britt, DVM, MS, and her children, Benjamin and Jennifer Middleton, pose with Blaze in Houston. Blaze, a phoenix, is the mascot of the Transplant Games of America.
Britt's team, Team MO-KAN from Kansas and western Missouri, placed fifth in the Team Cup Award out of more than 40 teams.
Britt and the family of her heart donor, Jennifer Renee Davis, have stayed in touch in the 23 years since Britt's transplant. "I would do anything in the world for those people," Britt said.
Lisa Britt was a second-year veterinary student preparing for a final exam the weekend her heart failed. She had been experiencing fatigue for months, but had written it off as stress from school and deaths in her family, or maybe a virus. The cause turned out to be idiopathic cardiomyopathy, an enlarged heart due to failure of the heart's muscle.
After months in the hospital, she received a life-saving heart transplant in September 1991.
Today, Britt, DVM, MS, is an assistant teaching professor of radiology at the MU College of Veterinary Medicine. Britt is married to John Middleton, DVM, PhD, a professor of food animal medicine and surgery at the college, and they have two children, Benjamin and Jennifer Middleton.
In addition to her work at MU, she serves as an ambassador for Midwest Transplant Network, which is the organ procurement agency for Kansas and western Missouri, to increase awareness about the need for organ and tissue donors. In this role she works to educate the public about the benefits of organ donation to both recipients and donors, answer questions and dispel myths about organ donation, and lobby the legislature.
In 1996, while doing her residency training at Washington State University, Britt heard about the Transplant Games of America and decided to enter. Held every two years, the games are a multi-sport festival event aimed at spreading awareness about organ and tissue donation.
"After receiving my heart and realizing the extent of the limited energy I had been dealing with, I was eager to take on new challenges," she said.
That year she competed in the games in Salt Lake City, participating in the 5K walk, 25-meter freestyle swim and 1,500-meter racewalk, as well as running a leg of the 100-meter relay for a sick teammate.
"In 1996 the TGA meant so much to me because I finally felt completely normal and absolutely unremarkable for the first time in five years," Britt said. "Even when you are as eternally grateful as I was and am, a 24- to 29-year-old craves being looked at as just like everyone else — not the 'miracle friend.' At the '96 games I did not know to expect that, wasn't looking for that, but reveled in that feeling of being average again."
After facing acute abdominal pain that resulted in emergency surgery in October, Britt decided it was time to return to the games this year.
"It did serve as a further reminder that even when you are feeling great and in good overall health there are no guarantees for tomorrow," she said. "Therefore, I realized there would never be a good time to take off and go to the Transplant Games, so I decided that this was the year I did not let other things get in the way and to commit the money and time to return to the games."
In this year's competition, held in Houston, she walked in the 5K road race, an event open to the public, along with her husband and children. She also competed in the 1,500-meter race walk, in which she placed fifth in her age group. Unfortunately, she suffered a severe muscle strain at the start of the 100-meter sprint, her best event. Britt didn't place but finished the race, not realizing until later how significant her injury was.
Her team, Team MO-KAN from Kansas and western Missouri, placed fifth in the Team Cup Award out of more than 40 teams.
The games had more than 6,500 people in attendance.
While competing in the games in 1996, Britt felt her first real hope for longevity after meeting a competitor who had received a kidney transplant 25 years earlier, she said.
The Need for Organ and Tissue Donors
Right now in Kansas and Missouri, 2,600 people need lifesaving organ transplants. Thousands more await tissue or corneal donations that can dramatically improve their lives. Across the nation, 18 people die every day awaiting a transplant they so desperately need. The Midwest Transplant Network is determined to meet those needs by encouraging more people to sign up as donors.
Everyone is an ideal donor – it doesn't take a perfect body to become someone's perfect match for organ and tissue donation. Factors like age, weight and even health conditions do not rule out anyone's potential to save or improve lives, so every "yes" carries the hope of a second chance.
To join the effort to increase donor registration in Missouri and Kansas, sign up online at YesTheyWantMe.com.
— Midwest Transplant Network
"This year I had another unique experience, which was to be able to give that example of a long future to several other people, including a newly transplanted young lady who looked up at her husband with hope when I pointed out my two healthy children busy playing that I had after receiving my transplant," she said. "This year I was both excited knowing that at the next games I will get to join the 'Quarter Century Club' and somber realizing that there are not that many heart transplant recipients attending the games that are out past 23 years."
She hopes to compete again in 2016 in Cleveland.
Britt has maintained contact with the family of her donor and visits them periodically.
"I would do anything in the world for those people," she said. "If it weren't for my heart donor, Jennifer Renee Davis, and the love of her mother and father, Rosita and Ronnie Davis, I certainly would not have been there and my children would not even exist. I wore a button with my donor's picture on it and was asked often if I was a donor mom. I replied that I was merely a recipient, and a very grateful mother."
Return to News and Events home
Last Update: February 29, 2012


text:
Nairobi, Kenya – A meeting took place on 28 February to discuss the EALA Capacity Development Programme. Attendees included: representatives of the Embassy of Sweden and the Embassy of Norway; Hon. Margaret Zziwa, Speaker of the East African Legislative Assembly (EALA); and Dr. Jeff Balch, Director of Research and Evaluation, AWEPA. During this meeting, the progress and results of the Programme in 2013 were reviewed and the work plan for its implementation in 2014 was presented and discussed.
EALA Speaker, Hon. Margaret Zziwa, presented the AWEPA delegation with the newly produced Strategic Plan for 2013-2018, which AWEPA's programme will contribute to implement.
Later in the afternoon, a separate meeting gathered representatives of the Embassy of Sweden and AWEPA to discuss the progress and planning of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) programme.


text:
A recent piece by Pamela L. Gay on "The Unacknowledged Costs of Academic Travel" got me thinking once again about one of the things I most dislike in academic life: traveling to conferences.
22 July 2017
Against Academic Conferences
A recent piece by Pamela L. Gay on "The Unacknowledged Costs of Academic Travel" got me thinking once again about one of the things I most dislike in academic life: traveling to conferences.
posted by Matthew Cheney
Labels: academia, conferences
15 July 2017
Why I Killed My Best Friend by Amanda Michalopoulou
A hazard of doing intense academic work all about novels and novelists and The Novel and the novelties of novelism, etc. etc. etc. ad noveleam, — as I have been doing for a few years now — is that you stop being able to enjoy novels. (Or maybe not you. Maybe this is just me. I long ago learned that I cannot binge on particular genres, whether novels or stories or poems or essays. After working as the series editor for the three Best American Fantasy anthologies, for instance, I hardly read any short fiction for a few years.)
I didn't realize I wasn't enjoying novels until recently when, after not enjoying yet another book that had been highly praised and/or recommended by friends, I asked myself what the last novel I actually enjoyed was. I had to think long and hard. The answer: Universal Harvester by John Darnielle, from February. (Before that, Garth Greenwell's What Belongs to You, December 2016.) Not that long ago, but given how many novels I read or tried to read after Darnielle's, it felt like a looooong time. Sickness can mess up any sense of time, and when you're book-sick, days feel like weeks, months, years.
Anyway, that's all over now, at least for the moment. After tossing one book after another aside, I more or less randomly picked up Why I Killed My Best Friend by Amanda Michalopoulou, translated by Karen Emmerich. I liked the bright pinkish-purple cover and the title, so I thought I'd give the first few pages a shot.
Reader, I hardly put the book down until I was done with it.
It's not that I thought it was the greatest novel ever written. I enjoyed it, admired much of it, but like many books, its later chapters can't live up to the promise of the earlier. The elements that unambiguously worked, though, really appealed to that readerly pleasure center, whatever it may be, and that's what I want to outline here. The parts of the book that didn't work for me were the final two chapters, and I didn't realize quite how much they didn't work for me until I'd made my way through them and could reflect on the novel as a whole. And by "not work" I don't mean they were terrrible; there's much of interest in them, but the feeling of disappointment and even frustration was acute because everything leading up to those last 50 pages felt just about perfect. In a mediocre book, those final chapters could have been the best things about it, but this is not a mediocre book.
posted by Matthew Cheney
Labels: endings, Greece, narrative, novels, Open Letter Books, politics, translation
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text:
Do you take photos of yourself at the gym? Do you use the hashtag "#blessed"? Then I'm sorry to say that you are 'basic'.
"Basic" is the new insult in the fashion lexicon and it is more cutting than "trashy" and more biting than "you look last season".
While it is a quintessentially American term, the same rules of engagement can be applied in Australia.
Being basic, or a "basic bitch", essentially means appreciating things and trends that the masses love ... everything from French manicures, Pinterest, selfies, kale and using the words "like" and "literally" a little too frequently.
The "basic bitch", as described by Thought Catalog website, "knows how to find pleasure in the little things: a perfectly Instagrammed latte, the crisp feel of a freshly laundered yoga pant hugging her ass, an inspirational Marilyn Monroe quote displayed on her Twitter feed".
"She thinks her scarf from Forever 21 is vintage. She knows nothing of philosophy, politics, fine arts, business, science, language or style. Her only area of study is pop culture, and even that she has yet to master as she mistakenly uses 'turn up' as a noun," wrote editor of The Harvard Lampoon, Alexis Wilkinson for Opening Ceremony's spring/summer 2015 show program.
Basic is not a female phenomenon, it extends beyond gender lines. Male identifiers share similar characteristics with their ladylike counterparts but are expressed differently. Basically, he is every footballer who is not Sam Burgess or Adam Goodes.
"Basic boys think their feverish grip on antiquated concepts of masculinity somehow makes them different, or more real, than guys who don't need to brawl or watch sports to feel like valid humans," Wilkinson said.
The antithesis of basic – founder of fashion blog Man Repeller and emerging new media empress, Leandra Medine – has been waxing lyrical about this ambiguous microcosm of Western, white and well-off society for several months and points out that the term "basic" is just American for "cashed-up bogan".
"Basic has a lot of negative connotations in the US, so we try not to use it that frequently, even though we have instituted some things like the 'Basic Project' and we've done basic diets, but it's essentially just easier to describe her by example," Medine said during her recent trip to Brisbane for Resort on James Street.
"I don't understand the nuances of Australians, but in New York, a basic woman will wear exercise gear when she's not exercising, she drinks smoothies, she loves FroYo [frozen yoghurt], she watches House of Cards and she has a cat, so these are all things that are very indicative of the basic girl from New York."
Symptoms of a basic Australian:
* You wear head-to-toe Lorna Jane gym gear, with a full face of make-up ... to the cafe ... which you drive to.
* You (or you boyfriend) have a sleeve tattoo that includes, but is not limited to, a quote about inner strength, your star sign and a sketch of a family member/pet.
* You use the hashtag "#blessed".
* You think Ebola is a new weight loss drug the Kardashians are flogging.
* You have eyelash extensions that are so long they make you look like a cow, literally..
* You use the word "literally", like, all the time.
* You think the Herve Leger bandage dress is still on point (it's not). Can they be locked out of Kings Cross, too, please, Mike Baird?
* You own a pair of Christian Louboutin pumps you can't walk in because they have a 16-centimetre high heel.
* You have a beard reminiscent of Ned Kelly.
* You call Yellowglen "champagne".
* You drink out of jam jars, which you purchased from Big W.
* You post photos of cronuts and gelato all over social media, nom nom – no.
* You are a WAG who says your red carpet gown was designed "in collaboration with [insert Australian designer here]".
* You wear a Camilla kaftan, then get angry when your boyfriend/husband/lover refuses to have sex with you because you look like a tent from Woodstock.
* You post photos of yourself working out online looking anything but hot and sweaty. I would prefer fitness tips from Sally Pearson, not a socialite.


text:
Beet Brownies
Recipe by smiles4u
I got this recipe from my mom. These are rich, chocolaty, incredibly moist absolutely some of the best tasting brownies I have ever tried. This is the only brownie recipe I use anymore. They are known around my house as "Mom's Brownies" to not give away the secret ingredient. They always disappear fast and no one ever knows they have beets in them!
Top Review by dukeswalker
Super good! I did adjust the recipe a bit to make it healthier. I used 3/4 c. egg substitute for the eggs: .5 c virgin coconut oil & .5 c. natural applesauce for the veggie oil: 4 roasted and pureed beets with water added to = 2 cups: 7 T dry cocoa powder for the cocoa: 1/2 whole grain spelt and 1/2 light spelt for the flour: Devils Food pudding mix and also added 1 T instant coffee granules. My pan was larger, so they were thinner. I baked them for 20 minutes and covered them with the suggested glaze. I cut them into 20 pieces and they are 200 calories each! PERFECT!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 3 eggs
- 1 1⁄2 cups sugar
- 1 cup vegetable oil
- 1 (15 ounce) can beets, pureed (juice and all)
- 2 ounces cocoa
- 1 (3 ounce) package instant chocolate pudding mix
- 1 1⁄2 cups flour
- 1 1⁄2 teaspoons baking soda
- 1⁄4 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
Directions See How It's Made
- Beat together eggs and sugar.
- Add oil, beets, cocoa and pudding, mix well.
- Blend in vanilla, flour, soda and salt.
- Bake in greased and floured 11 x 15 x 1" sheet cake pan for 30 minutes at 375.
- Top with chocolate icing or glaze such as Nana Lee's #155392.


text:
We're a 645 acre heritage farm, built in the 1760s on the historic Rappahannock River near Fredericksburg, Virginia. A real working farm, with grain crops such as corn, wheat and soybeans — and who can forget the pumpkins! Open for selected special events during the Spring … and open during the Fall for an old-fashioned Harvest Festival!
Announcing a special Spring Season of events to celebrate Easter, Mother's Day (May 13+14) and Memorial Day Weekend at the farm! Entertainment, food, fun and farm attractions! Click on the blocks to get details of all these events … and also see Spring Specials for ticket options, Spring Passes and more!
The biggest harvest at Belvedere Plantation is family down-on-the-farm memories — and we offer them fresh each season!
We are getting ready for our Spring Special Events! Join us on Facebook and Instagram for lots of news, contests and fun while we plant posies and lay eggs for Easter!


text:
Step 1. The meaning of this front tread is to transport you stern to world. You must cognise just how more than legal tender you owe and to whom you owe it.
* Collect all of you charitable bills and any new confirmation of your unsettled debts.
* List respectively outstanding legal instrument on the identical side of newspaper. In break up columns, view the receipt or side number, amount due, autograph of the creditor, and the day of the month the instrument can be compensated in overfull minus acquisition further finance charges.
* Total the magnitude due column.
* Total the figure of creditors.
* Total the cipher of bills.
Are you gobsmacked or shocked? Of course, furthermost will be shocked by the compass of their indebtedness. Regardless of your reaction, you now (perhaps for the prototypical instance) have an verbatim explanation of your in progress debts. Debt assistance Considers this to be your guide, because it shows exactly how untold investment you presently owe, and by what date you essential pay.
Step 2. This maneuver employs a effectual visualization technique that truly enables you to imagine an end to your ongoing debts.
* Mentally consolidate your bills. Do not estimate of your financial obligation as a order of distinctive bills. Consider all your bills as one extended legal document to be repaid. As you tirelessly refund each constituent bill, your tremendous bill becomes lesser.
* Mentally unite your payments. Do not meditate on your individual payments towards disjunct bills, write off as them one whacking compensation towards your one full-size official document.
* Debt aid shows why you essential continue fashioning the same sized payments unheeding of how many an bills are repaid. As bills are compensated in full, more fortune is free to pay other bills, but one and only if your payments delay leaving the self.
* You essential pay your bills in the charge of their upmost monthly payments. This allows you to apply the peak magnitude of cache to the adjacent legal instrument and reduces your debts in the short magnitude of example.
If your heroic official document becomes littler respectively circumstance you brand a contribution while the largeness of your payments deposit the same, the net event of this scheme is that each successive recompense has a greater impinging upon the sized of your liability.
Debt Example: Say you have two bills, one for $250 and one for $750. Together they entire $1000. You can afford to pay $500 per period of time. If you pay $250 towards all bill, the slender instrument will fade away after the prototypal fee and the bigger bill is shrivelled to $500. You lifeless have $500 available for the adjacent cost. If you declare the one and the same vastness payment, you will abundant eliminate the lingering official document with the close clearance.
Step 3. Now it is juncture for a course of instruction improvement - you essential change your outflow customs. Regardless of the cause, be it tribulation debt or incorrigible debt, you must be liable to translate your outflow traditions and if necessary, critically change your way.
* Establish your semipermanent commercial enterprise goals. It took months or years to arrive at your up-to-date plane of financial obligation. Since you cannot wish yourself out of indebtedness nor can you measure on winning the lottery, you must adopt, intelligent commercial enterprise goals. The more than you custom jamboree even controlled financial goals. The more cheerful and in dependability of your duration you will grain. This in swivel enables you to touch longer-term goals gloriously.
* Establish believable short goals. Short-term channel tomorrow! During the adjacent 24 work time you are not to subject any new liability.
* retributive get finished one day, afterwards another. You get the view. The striking of this - track by occurrence - is to without hesitation reinforce your authority by preventing your financial obligation from increasing. This prepares you for the serious sincerity to downright indebtedness cut rate in the lead of you.
* Establish practical halfway occupancy goals. These goals should brainstorm you becoming inviting with the rudiments of financial obligation weakening. Your goals are to instrumentation the plan, spring more cheerful as you timekeeper your debts develop small and switch on to know that you can get debt relieve.
* Establish, all right defined, prolonged word goals. As you master these debt decrease techniques, you will be closely sworn to effecting, indissoluble accident in your business enterprise hesitation. Not with the sole purpose can you see yourself indebtedness release sooner, but also you can realistically see yourself accumulating wealth. You are in take over of your economic capably self. You are no longest a human - near financial obligation lend a hand you are on the street to all-out liability freedom!
* Prioritize your outlay. Eliminate motive purchases. Buying on craze addresses your wishes not your inevitably. Seek alternate methods to pay for products and services:
* Barter: You may be able to interchange anything of value plus your time, for something of advantage to you.
* Learn to live in near little. you must learn to singing beside the exceedingly fixed financial raw materials you have available, instead of the never-ending ones you false you had. Remember, a human activity is a tradeoff. You administer up something now; you are rewarded future. Denial, on the different hand, has no price. it is fine.
Step 4. Remove accession to any acknowledgment you may increasingly have. During this whole financial obligation slackening system you essential swot to counselling unobstructed of bad behaviour. You should no more try to defeat financial obligation piece you have entree to credit, than you would airman a rowboat through with a storm.
* Lockup, return, revoke, cancel, undo or other receive exclusive to you all the outstanding sources of credit: commendation cards, rotary lines of thanks and gratitude extensions.
* If you cognisance you obligation to maintain a recognition paper for authorization purposes specified as once you pay by check, consequently opt for the paper with the smallest unclaimed approval enduring on it.
* Become your own supporter. Do not get your record on your human being. Write yourself one order of payment all period of time. This is your part. Cash the cheque and before a live audience on it.
* Every occurrence you receive an present of acknowledgment in the mail, without beating about the bush slit it up and propulsion it away. Do this even if you have to bring in a signal lose your footing to the furnace or the dumpster in the centre of a blizzard!
Consumer appreciation is the furthermost insidious style and the record Difficult to offer up. As you know, you will be incessantly bombarded beside new offers of easy, regularly pre-approved gratitude. You essential do by them at all outlay. By this near surgical mining of your admittance to thanks you will locomote to agnize the propulsion of the speech NO! And you will get much cosy spoken language it.
Step 5. Use Cash Only!
* Pay brass for everything. If you do not have ample hard currency to pay for an item, you cannot drop it. Anticipate your costs now, so that you will have adequate currency on appendage.
* Now if you do not have sufficient hard currency on hand, past hard currency a draft at your mound or make a draw back from your reserves article. Either way, you will stipulation to straightaway compute the magnitude from the left over balance.
* If your business relationship is overdrawn at the bank, indulge lessen writing checks straight away. If you do not cognize how to match your checkbook, do not write out any checks until you larn how to do it. You essential be surely positive location is satisfactory booty in the narrative to surface both order of payment issued. Under no event may you snap a bill of exchange. Aside from any offender susceptibility and refusal thanks newspaper journalism you may be subjected to, you will have to pay an draft reproach. This may be as such as $50 and will be subtracted involuntarily from the set off in your tale. You besides may be apt for a merchants come flooding back cheque fee. Which can be as illustrious as $25 to $50 per order of payment.
* Do not utilise for draft resistance at your bank. Because this is a column of recognition beside a advanced a little something rate, you will be tempted to verbal abuse it.
Living on lolly teaches you to prioritise your disbursement. Since you can no longer buy thing you privation whenever you poverty it, you must centering on what you genuinely demand. Ask Yourself: Since I am paid cash, is this thing I certainly essential have? Am I genuinely fain to relinquish something other in lay down to pay for this portion now? Learn not to surface denied. Instead, suppose of the sacrifices you are production to bring about your long liability exhaustion goals. In demand to destruct your debts, you must soothe your needs not your wishes. There will be event to buy what you privation after you are in reliability of your financial side.
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Mitch's Family Restaurant will be the place for the 50th Anniversary of The Clock. Festivities start with dinner and also feature a number of speeches, stories, and performances by Clock Staff or Alumni. Alumni can participate in this aspect of the evening by contacting The Clock (firstname.lastname@example.com) and let them know what they'd like to share, be it memories/stories/experiences or a talent completely non-related to The Clock. We will have access to audio/visual equipment, so musical performances are more than acceptable.
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As people of faith, we think Governor Sarah Palin's joke last weekend at the National Rifle Association conference went way too far. To compare the water boarding of terrorists to the Christian sacrament of baptism is beyond the pale. We call on Governor Palin to apologize and set the record straight: baptism is a sacrament, while water boarding is a crime.
Update: Now FOX News personality Sean Hannity has come to Sarah Palin's defense.


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VideoHive Halloween Party 3267249
After Effects Project \ Titles \ Holidays
After Effects Project - Halloween Party 3267249 by Dimasta @ VideoHive
After Effects Project \ Titles \ Holidays
After Effects Version: CS5, CS5.5, CS6; File Size: 74.3mb; Requires Plugins: No; Resolution: 1920x1080.
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Keywords: cemetery, dark, fear, ghosts, graveyard, halloween, holiday, horror, party, pumpkin, smoke, titles, trailer.
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Hi Guys
I've hit a dead end with Apple and EMC with this, so I'm hoping there might be a brain here that might be able to help.
We have a number if CIFS shares on our EMC SAN ( using SMB ), which are accessed by PC and MAC users. Since we did a rollout with some new iMACs and rebuilding the older machines, we can no longer copy folders to the CIFS shares. ( deleting folders is also an issue )
Leopard 10.5.8 is still fine, and so are the windows machines. Nothing has changed on the SAN ( all our branches are experiencing this ) - the only change is snow leopard, and the new iMACs do NOT support anything earlier than snow leopard ( 10.6.2 ) - thanks apple ;-)
It seems that any 10.6.2 machines cannot copy folders to the shares anymore. They all the an error code ( -50 )
If the folders are manually created and the files under these folders copied, the files copy correctly, but as soon as a folder is involved the error appears. I have seen this with external HDDs as well.
I have tested this with an empty folder and the same thing happens.
I have tried the solution of clearing the ._ files in the folder ( no use )
I have downloaded the path finder app and copied the folder this way. This appears to copy the folder without any error and it can see the files under the folder on the destination, but when trying to view the folder in the destination with finder – it's greyed out. Beside this paying $40 per machine, of which we have over 300, is not an option.
I am copying from an mac os journaled fs.
I found this on the same forum
Which seems to work. So this definitely appears to be an OS issue....
"I too started getting this error copying files to a Windows 2008 Server after upgrade to Snow Leopard - everything was fine with Leopard 10.5.x. Most frustratingly, the copy is fine if you use terminal:
cp -R <file_or_folder> /Volumes/<share>/<file_or_folder>
which suggests, at least to me, that this is a Finder problem, not something more fundamental."
EMC are stating that it's an apple issue ( which is true ) and that they need a reference number from Apple - which I cannot get because my country ( South Africa ) falls outside of Apple's support coverage and they are ignoring me outright. Please tell me there's something else I can do besides twiddling my thumbs and waiting for apple to release yet another update?!!!!
9 Replies
Mar 5, 2010 at 7:39 UTC
Just throwing something out here as I've read through those links you've supplied and it does sound like an Apple bug. Can you create a share on your EMC SAN as an AFP share rather than SMB? If you can, try copying that way see if it works?
Perhaps also try copying to and from SMB shared folders between the Macs running 10.5.8 themselves as a test?
I'll try this at home as I've got a Mac running Snow Leopard and a couple of NAS's, although to be honest I copied 57gb last night to a SMB share on one of them without errors.
Mar 5, 2010 at 8:58 UTC
Thanks bobster
I have tried creating an SMB share on 10.6.2 and the copy works between 2 of these workstations. There's something to do with the EMC share that 10.6.2 doesn't seem to like for some reason. I have asked them if they can create an AFP share for me to test - I'm not sure if the SAN will allow for this, but will let you know what the outcome is.
Mar 5, 2010 at 8:58 UTC
I maintain a small network in a church. We were having problem with Snow Leopard machines copying to WSB 2003. I was unable to find a permanent solution. It was resolved by adding an Apple Mini Snow Leopard Server to our network. It has been very quiet since! Don't be fooled by Apple's marketing. Configuring the Snow Leopard server is not easy if you want to use all of the features that are available. File transfers are easy.
Mar 5, 2010 at 10:28 UTC
i'm not certain that this problem is related but this thread might help. we had some issues with snow leopard on windows shares as well.
Mar 8, 2010 at 8:21 UTC
Hi Guys
Thanks for all the tips. I have managed to roll back a new machine to 10.5.8, and the SMB copying is working fine. Below is the latest correspondence from my local Apple reseller / support. I'm trying to get hold of a copy of this release to see if it works, otherwise if the update is not successful, I will have to roll back all the machines to 10.5.8....
Apple seeded a new build of OS X 10.6.3, build 10D567. The last seed, build number 10D561, was just released on February 24, 2010.
The 10.6.3 Update is recommended for all users running Mac OS X Snow Leopard and includes general operating system fixes that enhance the stability, compatibility, and security of your Mac, including fixes that:
- improve the reliability and compatibility of QuickTime X
- address compatibility issues with OpenGL-based applications
- address an issue that causes background message colors to display incorrectly in Mail
- resolve an issue that prevented files with the # or & characters in their names from opening in Rosetta applications
- resolve an issue that prevented files from copying to Windows file servers
- improve performance of Logic Pro 9 and Main Stage 2 when running in 64-bit mode
- improve sleep and wake reliability when using Bonjour wake on demand
- address a color issue in iMovie with HD content
- improve printing reliability
- resolve issues with recurring events in iCal when connected to an Exchange server
- improve the reliability of 3rd party USB input devices
- fix glowing, stuck, or dark pixels when viewing video from the iMac (Late 2009) built-in iSight camera.
Build 10D567 comes just over a week since the last release. As before, the builds of OS 10.6.3 seem to be releasing very close to each other, sometimes less than a week apart.
Mar 8, 2010 at 11:50 UTC
Well, good to see there's an internal resolution. Although, I hadn't personally experienced this outside using MS-Office 2008, I've seen a lot of complaints about it. Interest that changing the owner of the share to the Network Service fixes this problem apparently (according to Gandalf50).
Mar 8, 2010 at 11:55 UTC
Interesting. Their response says 10.6.3 should have been out by 2/24, but I'm at 10.6.2 and software update says, I'm up to date. There's no download on the support page for 10.6.3 either.
Mar 9, 2010 at 1:07 UTC
This release is a dev build, so it's not available to us "commoners" yet. I want to get my hands on a copy anyway just to test the SMB issue. The problem we've had is not with office 2008, but with folder copies and deletes off the shares. I tried the network service fix but it didn't seem to help in our case :-(
Our EMC support contact is also not biting on the AFP share issue, but if the 10.6.3 update resolves this then it wont be necessary.
Mar 18, 2010 at 11:23 UTC
For what it is worth:
AFP is the proferred protocol on Mac's. They do NFS and SMB but usually not without some issue/s.
With that said unless you feel like addressing the issue's that tend to pop up with using either SMB or NFS, AFP should be the way to go (That's is not to say that there aren't or haven't been bugs with AFP)
If you chose to use AFP then you either find a product with native AFP capabilites like FreeNas, ReadyNas, Linux with the AFP daemon installed, or Mac OSX/Server(Services for Mac on a Windows Server is not a good solution). If you have and existing storage environment that you are trying to work within then you are either looking resharing with AFP an NFS mount from the exsiting storage or in my mind installing ExtremeZip (3rd Party AFP solution for Windows) from Group Logic on an Windows server that can already address the storage. With ExtremeZip you should be able to make the share available to Mac and Windows clients simultaneously.
Is your SAN deplopyed using Fiber Channel or ISCSI connections? I have hosted with GlobalSan's ISCI software, a Dell Equallogic SAN device with a Mac Sever running SMB/CIFS and AFP, without a problem.
Are Mac Server/s a possiblity?
If not a Windows server with ExtremeZIp for AFP connectivity would be my recommendation.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart at The Premiere of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2
The lovely British accent just can't make up for that flat ironed goofyface.
Good luck on the renewed romance. I'm sure that will last.
Some say the best way to get your next movie role is at the premiere of your current one. I see she came dressed for the occasion.
She's super meh.
Hey Steph try losing some weight. Its not like you cant afford a trainer you lazy woman


text: ComatoseRank 0/2Requirement40 points spent in this lineDescription:Enhances Stunning Punch combo by increasing the amount of time the victim is stunned for. Retrieved from "http://aoc.wikia.com/wiki/Comatose?oldid=17971" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Feats Barbarian Feats Add category Cancel Save


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Magnum posted a topic in Sim RacingNot really mainstream here...but a good sitting in a doctor's office, or waiting for a wife to finish shopping, or on the ^#%*ter... lol... game... "GRID Autosport is primed to arrive on iOS this spring. The complete experience of the desktop game is coming to both iPhone and iPad."


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Journal Article
Review: Golden Dreams: California in an Age of Abundance, 1950-1963 by Kevin Starr
Reviewed Work: Golden Dreams: California in an Age of Abundance, 1950-1963 by Kevin Starr
Review by: Abraham Hoffman
The Journal of American History
Vol. 97, No. 2 (September 2010), pp. 568-569
Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of Organization of American Historians
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40959881
Page Count: 2
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