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Age: 7 years
Sex: Spayed female
Weight: 25 lbs.
Kids: No
Cats: No
Dogs: No
Fenced Yard: No preference
Adoption Fee: $250
Keen-eyed observers may have noticed that Sunshine hopped back to the foster page for a wee while. She underwent a little testing. Here is what the medicos had to say:
Could you use some sunshine on a cloudy day? Or on your shoulder? How about in your pocket (so you can dance, dance, dance)? If so, you'll want to say good day to our newest available Frenchie—Sunshine!
Sadly, this ain't Sunshine's first rodeo. She was originally adopted in 2010, but came back to FBRN because the addition of a new baby wasn't sitting well with her. Turns out that Little Miss Sunshine doesn't want to share the spotlight with anyone else, be it baby or dog—she wants to be the center of her person's universe. What else would you expect from a dog named after the sun?
Sunshine has some congenital ailments that affect her mobility. She suffers from both hip dysplasia and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), a condition where the cushioning discs between vertebrae bulge and press against the spinal nerve. As a result, Sunshine drags her hind feet behind her when she walks. But in true canine fashion, she has no idea that anything is wrong with her, and is happy as happy can be! The conditions do not cause her any pain, and she joyfully waddles down the block, wearing little rubber booties to protect her toes and nails when she slides her feet along the sidewalk. Sunshine also suffers from allergies, but a high quality raw diet keeps her itchies at bay.
Sunshine might not like sharing her space (or food, or toys) with other dogs, but she absolutely adores her people and is eager for attention from everyone she meets! Luckily, when you have a face that sweet, admiration and head scratches come in spades. Sunshine has a generally low activity level (you're more likely to find her napping in a sunbeam than tearing through the house) but all bets are off when she hears the jingling of her leash—this girl loves her walks, in no small part because it gives her the chance to meet new friends and admirers! Care must be taken to ensure that she doesn't overexert herself, but Sunshine's new family will still want to invest in a new pair (or ten) of comfortable walking shoes.
Of course, there's more to this precious girl than just another pretty (smooshed) face. Like the fine French lady that she is, Sunshine's manners are impeccable. She walks beautifully on a leash and is friendly to every person who crosses her path. She has shown zero food aggression or resource guarding with her people (other dogs are a different story), and she is perfectly housebroken. Sunshine's surrendering family reported that she was crate trained, but since she's been in foster care, she hasn't shown any interest in her crate. She'd much rather sleep on the couch, nestled in a soft blanket, or in the bedroom with her people. (Or on her people, if given the opportunity.) And the only time she's ever been destructive is when she's chewing the holy sweet bejeezus out of her favorite bone!
Since she lives for human attention, Sunshine would prefer to have someone home for most of the day, so she can be properly loved and doted upon. But she understands if you have to work outside the home, and will happily snooze the day away by herself (so long as she gets a midday break). Accompanying her person to the office would also suit her just fine, so long as she doesn't have to share space with any other dogs. Most importantly, Sunshine's forever family must recognize her physical limitations and ensure that she does not suffer further damage to her hips and back. This means carrying her up and down stairs (and gating off any accessible stairways) and keeping her walks down to a reasonable length, no matter how much she tells you she wants to keep going. Since she needs a pet-free, child-free home, this next bit is less of an issue, but it's still important to know that Sunshine must not be permitted to roughhouse with other dogs, and small children must not be allowed to pick her up (even the most well-meaning of our young people are not immune to accidentally dropping a pet). Sunshine is also not very fond of car rides—she pants incessantly, from nerves it would appear—so applicants who want someone to be shotgun in their sweet ride should probably apply for a different dog. Finally, it is vital that Sunshine continue her raw diet, as she will otherwise suffer from terrible allergies.
It's not hard to see why this darling, cuddly girl has become the sunshine of her foster mom's life. She says, "Sunshine is a very special little lady. She is very sweet and loving. I hope she finds a home with someone who sees past her waddle and swing and can see what a great little companion she would be."
Are you ready to let the Sunshine in? If so, why not fill out an application by clicking on the link below? Just be prepared to travel—Sunshine is making people happy (when skies are gray) in the Garden State of New Jersey, and will not be shipped.
FBRN does not ship dogs as cargo. Except in rare or unusual cases, adopters are expected to pick up their dogs from their foster family. In rare or unusual cases, FBRN may be able to assist in transporting a dog to a volunteer near the adopter's home, but the expense of transporting the dog must be the responsibility of the adopting party.
FBRN dogs are in foster care in people's private homes. For the foster families' safety, we do not disclose specific locations, and we don't set up meet and greets prior to applications. For detailed information about the dogs in our care, please read the extensive bios on each dog.
Teresa Caudle
Good luck precious girl! Lay Jacobson
Best of luck from Rin & Crew
Wishing you the happiest holiday season. Love, Jenn and Simone
Patricia White
Sweet Sunshine, Here's a little something to help you with your bills. Maria T Burns
Keep your sunny disposition Sunshine :) ~ stacee & clive


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Hugo Boss Orange Jamen Belt in Brown. An authentic accessory crafted from high quality leather, offering a stylish grained leather finish and antique look buckle which carries the Hugo Boss branding. The striking orange stitching is boasted to the belt loop for a statement look.
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Yellow Arum
Vital Statistics
- Latin Name
- Zantedeschia Angustiloba
- Description
- The Yellow Arum is a perennial herb. The rootstock of the plant is a fleshy rhizome with several buds; the leaves appear in October. The flower spathe is a deeper, richer yellow than that of the cultivated yellow arum; the leaves are unspotted. No part of this plant is used for food or medicine. It flowers in November.
- Habitat
- Grows amongst rocks on dry hillsides at Tsolo, and also on Insizwa Mountain, at Mount Ayliff.


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Victory Home Health
Talk to a Family Advisor:
Reviews of Victory Home Health
Tanya8 May 11, 2015
I am/was a resident of this facility
Victory Home Health serviced me the after surgery, I am not elderly, but I had an extensive surgery. The services that they had were I have somebody to come in that helped me and assisted me from the hospital. She gets my prescriptions, she made sure that I had meals, she helped me bathe and takes care of my personal care. The caregiver and the people in the office were absolutely wonderful. I would definitely recommend them to anybody else.
Write a Review
About Victory Home Health
Victory Home Health is a nursing home in Houston, TX that provides patients with skilled nursing care as well as private or shared accommodations. Contact Victory Home Health for more details on housing, services, and rates.
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Care Assistant Job in Tewkesbury (HCA) - Free DBS & Uniform
- Recruiter
- Newcross Healthcare
- Location
- Tewkesbury
- Salary
- 13.07
- Posted
- 14 Mar 2017
- Closes
- 13 Apr 2017
- Sector
- Healthcare, Nursing
Care Assistant Job in Tewkesbury (HCA) - Free DBS & Uniform
We are seeking experienced Healthcare Assistants to join our Gloucester team working in the local area of Tewkesbury in care and nursing homes settings. You will need to travel between client locations for different shifts, so your own transport is preferred.
We have a variety of different shift patterns on offer including days, nights and weekends and for a limited time only we're offering a free DBS & uniform with this role!
You will be a permanent member of the healthcare team responsible for bringing the Newcross standard of excellence in care to every individual we care for.
The Healthcare Assistant Job Role:
Newcross relies on the commitment and dedication of our employees to make a difference in the lives of the individuals we care for. We take pride in the quality of our care, so we're looking for experienced care assistants with a genuine, caring approach as well as the skills to deliver person-centred care.
You will be involved in ensuring each service user receives an excellent standard of care that meets their personal care plan. Personal care including dressing, washing and enabling service users to live their daily lives as they choose is an essential part of this job.
Working in a Care Assistant job with Newcross, we can offer you:
Excellent pay rates up to £13.07/hr Weekly pay including holiday payFree uniform upon joining (limited time offer!)*Free criminal record check (DBS) for a limited time*Free training through credits earned as you workAgreed mileage payments for most clientsOnline account area and smartphone app to manage your availability, bookings and payslips24-hour support contact centre, open 365 days a yearLocal line manager and national Clinical Excellence Team supportRecommend a Friend scheme paying up to £500 per successful referral
In order to be considered for this care assistant job you will need the following:
Right to live and work in the UKAt least 3 months' previous paid experience working in a care or nursing home in the UK within the last 3 yearsReferee contact details for your current place of work, including a manager who can comment on your clinical ability, and for all employments in the past 18 months or your 3 most recent jobsA certificate confirming your participation in a practical moving and handling course in the last 12 months or willing to book onto a course with NewcrossNVQ2 / SVQ2 in Health and Social Care highly preferable.
Click the Apply Now button to begin your application.
If you cannot apply online, please call 0800 252 881. Newcross Healthcare Solutions is committed to promoting equal opportunities and nothing in this job advert is intended to discriminate against anyone in any way.


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Editor's Note: ESPN Insider has teamed with Blue Ribbon College Basketball Yearbook to provide a comprehensive look at all 326 Division I teams. To order the complete 25th anniversary edition of Blue Ribbon College Basketball Yearbook, visit www.blueribbonyearbook.com or call 1-866-805-BALL (2255).
(Information in this team report is as of October 1.)
The South Carolina State basketball program is in a bit of a drought. Yes sir, hard times have fallen on the Bulldogs, who haven't won the MEAC title in three years.
South Carolina State has been one of the top programs in the MEAC for the last 20 years. When former coach Cy Alexander came to Orangeburg in the summer of 1986, he took the Bulldogs places they could have only dreamed of previously. They played in five NCAA Tournaments, finished either first or second during the regular season 10 straight years and became a force in the MEAC. The Bulldogs didn't win the championship every year but they would have a lot to say who would.
Alexander left after the 2003 season when he led S.C. State to its last MEAC championship. It was a memorable one as the Bulldogs rallied from 20 points down to beat Hampton and advance to the NCAA Tournament one more time.


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the site.
This step is noncompulsory but will drastically raise your chances of getting interest from other over 50s members on the site. Introduce yourself, your interests and attach any nice photographs of yourself.
Use our website's state-of-the-art search to encounter over 50s members who satisfy your needs. Or just look through listings and encounter daters that appear interesting.
Located someone who ticks all the boxes? Drop them a line or just a wink and await their reply. With a little luck you'll be on your way to locating your perfect date.
It'll only take a few minutes


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Lex Levic Casting Director
Tiger New YorkModel Female Los Angeles, California, US
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/tigernewyork
Mayhem # 3155763
About MeI have been in the entertainment field for years. I have acted in many films in the mid west, New York and L.A. I have been an exotic dancer, mc, and most recently played an evil witch in a new musical. I have been in print and worked the runway.
I have traveled internationally for work.
I am very professional. I have hired and fired many talents and I know what it's like to be on the other side.
My biggest love is acting, but feel free to ask me about any other offers.
Thanks for stopping by! :)
P.S. I know a lot of other models that are not on here. Let me know if you need new talent. :)
Have you worked with Tiger New York? Add Credits for Tiger New York! >>
Lex Levic Casting Director
DEBRA A Model
cc production Photographer
Cavilon Photography Photographer
Johnny Bill Goode Model
C E Wiley Studios Photographer
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- Home
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Oklahoma Hunting Articles
An Introduction to Trail Cameras
You've seen his tracks and they're huge! Nearby scrapes and rubs suggest he could be a monster buck. Now it's decision time. Which stand do you sit? If only you could lay eyes on him, or better yet, figure out when he uses that particular trail . . . you'd have it made!
Preventing Tick-Borne Diseases
Most of us have encountered ticks on our wilderness treks and, like mosquitoes, give them little pause for thought. Very few of us seriously consider the little pests to be much of a threat, usually we just pull the tick off and continue on our way, not realizing the potential danger the tick may present. A simple tick can carry a variety of diseases, all of which can, at the least, make you very sick and in the most serious cases even cripple or kill.
Bowhunting for Prairie Goats
Somewhat vulnerable, I found myself crouching behind the silhouette of a young pronghorn buck. It can be a lonely feeling amid a vast expanse of prairie grassland, knowing full well, you're sticking out like a proverbial sore thumb. Somehow the mind-over-matter trick just doesn't cut it when all 175 lbs. of camo-clad hunter desperately attempts to convince himself he's part of the landscape.
A Field Dressing Guide for Elk and Deer
Field dressing game is as much a part of the hunt as target practice and scouting. Unfortunately, correctly field dressing game can be challenging and awkward for the inexperienced. If you have never cleaned out game in the field or have had trouble in the past this feature article walks you through how to field dress, debone, and pack out your next deer or elk kill.
Whitetail, Finesse 'em or Force 'em
When hunting whitetail afield a common strategy is to use noise to attract in a buck. Most hunters agree that anything from rattling antlers to grunting calls will work. However there is a considerable amount of debate on what intensity should be used when creating these sounds. Some have success with ear-splitting, aggressive bellows while others adamantly believe the only way to go is with gentle grunts. This month's article discusses how much noise you should make the next time you're closing the gap on a trophy buck.


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About Entrepreneur Home Business
Entrepreneur home business seems to be a great thing for those who want to start their own business in the comfort of home. Especially it is a great thing for homemakers. It seems very interesting to start a business from home as there will be no expense with regards to rent and other kind of commuting expenses but there are some things that you should know before starting your entrepreneur home business.
You will feel that it is great to start a business from home, as you will have your own time of work. In addition, you will be able to adjust your routine according to your requirements. There will be no dress code that you will have to follow and you will not have to miss your favorite TV shows. However, there are some things that you should get knowledge about before starting your entrepreneur home business.
The first and the most common hindrance that you will feel in your work will be distractions from your personal affairs. Suppose you have an important work of business to finish and just then, some important guest arrives at your home, now you will also have to look after your guests. It will create hindrance in your work. Not only this, there are several responsibilities of home that you cannot ignore even if you have an important job to finish. All this is a great hindrance in work and due to these reasons, it is always best to have your business place away from your home.
Some people think that the home insurance is enough when you start business from home, but it is not true. The home insurance policy is for meeting the requirements of home and it will be insufficient for meeting the requirements of business. You are therefore required to have special policy for your home business.
In some kind of business, you are also required to have permission from the local authority, as there are different zones for commercial and residential property. You should first of all make sure that you are following the government norms or you may face some serious problems in future. Some time you are required to pay some kind of fees for starting business from home. You should always follow government regulations regarding entrepreneur home business.
Some people think that they are not required to audit their accounts in case they are operating their business from home. However, it is not true. You are required to follow the rules of audit for your home office. There are some requirements for home office and these are that the home office should be used exclusively for business. You should operate your business for at least 10-20 hours for business purposes.
You should comply with all the rules before starting your entrepreneur home business.
Article Source:
About the Author:
To find out more, check out : http://www.honest-homebusiness.com Distributed by http://www.ContentCrooner.com


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While it's by no means all-inclusive, it does provide a substantial basis for our listeners to read for themselves the side the corrupt and ideologically-biased media specifically refuses to admit exists and actively lies about in their reporting. Unlike the biased media, we present the evidence and allow you to determine its veracity. We don't just say "listen and believe" us; we want you to KNOW and THINK for yourselves.
This post will be updated to add episodes with significant segments (i.e. more than just a few quick items) about #GamerGate.
Episode #59 - "Pizza Three-Way" originally aired 9/18/2014 - segment starts ~10m 45s thru 49m (38 mins).
Episode #65 - "Prom Queens of #GamerGate" originally aired 11/13/2014 - segment starts ~30m 15s thru 3h 45m (195 mins).
Episode #66 - "Daddy's Wheat Thins" originally aired 11/27/2014 - segment starts ~13m thru 23m (10 mins).
Episode #68 - "Kryptonite Butt Plug" originally aired 12/11/2014 - segment starts ~2h 09m 30s thru 3h 37m (88 mins).
Episode #73 - "Thud: God of Carboloading" originally aired 1/22/2015 - segment starts ~2h 7m 45s thru 2h 43m (36 mins).
Episode #78 - "Activism's Fattening" originally aired 3/5/2015 - segment starts ~56m 30s thru 2h 18m (82 mins).
Episode #81 - "Pedobear's Favorite Novel" originally aired 3/26/2015 - segment starts ~39m thru 1h 56m (77 mins).
Episode #87 - "Getting Madface About It" originally aired 5/7/2015 - segment starts ~1h 15m thru 2h 25m (80 mins)
Episode #98 - "The Greatest Terrible Movie Ever" originally aired 8/28/2015 - segment starts 1h 32m thru 3h 24m (112 mins)
Episode #98 - "The Greatest Terrible Movie Ever" originally aired 8/28/2015 - segment starts 1h 32m thru 3h 24m (112 mins)


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18K Gold Cross & Stars Cut Out Pendant with Lapis
$ 1,750.00
The cross is one of the oldest and most universal of all symbols and is said to protect against evil and is a source of strength and faith. Stars are a symbol of the celestial and denote honor, achievement and hope. The cross and stars are cut out of a recycled 18K gold rectangular pendant, measuring approximately 3/4" in length and 1/2" in width, and is backed with a Lapis slate, whose rich gold veined blue color shines through. The pendant is available in a 16" or 18" 18K gold extra fine chain with a hook and eye closure.


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Download the Game Design and Indie Game Marketing Freebook 07/19/17GameDev.net and CRC Press have teamed up to bring a free ebook of content curated from top titles published by CRC Press. The freebook, Practices of Game Design & Indie Game Marketing, includes chapters from The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses, A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing, and An Architectural Approach to Level Design. The GameDev.net FreeBook is relevant to game designers, developers, and those interested in learning more about the challenges in game development. We know game development can be a tough discipline and business, so we picked several chapters from CRC Press titles that we thought would be of interest to you, the GameDev.net audience, in your journey to design, develop, and market your next game. The free ebook is available through CRC Press by clicking here. The Curated Books The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses, Second Edition, by Jesse Schell Presents 100+ sets of questions, or different lenses, for viewing a game's design, encompassing diverse fields such as psychology, architecture, music, film, software engineering, theme park design, mathematics, anthropology, and more. Written by one of the world's top game designers, this book describes the deepest and most fundamental principles of game design, demonstrating how tactics used in board, card, and athletic games also work in video games. It provides practical instruction on creating world-class games that will be played again and again. View it here. A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing, by Joel Dreskin Marketing is an essential but too frequently overlooked or minimized component of the release plan for indie games. A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing provides you with the tools needed to build visibility and sell your indie games. With special focus on those developers with small budgets and limited staff and resources, this book is packed with tangible recommendations and techniques that you can put to use immediately. As a seasoned professional of the indie game arena, author Joel Dreskin gives you insight into practical, real-world experiences of marketing numerous successful games and also provides stories of the failures. View it here. An Architectural Approach to Level Design This is one of the first books to integrate architectural and spatial design theory with the field of level design. The book presents architectural techniques and theories for level designers to use in their own work. It connects architecture and level design in different ways that address the practical elements of how designers construct space and the experiential elements of how and why humans interact with this space. Throughout the text, readers learn skills for spatial layout, evoking emotion through gamespaces, and creating better levels through architectural theory. View it here. Learn more and download the ebook by clicking here. Did you know? GameDev.net and CRC Press also recently teamed up to bring GDNet+ Members up to a 20% discount on all CRC Press books. Learn more about this and other benefits here.
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About BraXi
BraXi replied to Nico_gamedev's topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingNeHe wrote nice tutorial about creating terrain from height maps, which was later ported to Java, you should probably read this: http://nehe.gamedev.net/tutorial/beautiful_landscapes_by_means_of_height_mapping/16006/
BraXi replied to BraXi's topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingNevermind, I found it was caused by other function in my engine.
BraXi posted a topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingHello, I've recently ran into trouble regarding rendering of Q3 BSP. So I've readen all important data from bsp and checked all pointers to data from mesh and I'm trying to render level with vertex arrays. Somehow, instead of level I'm seeing weird planes (picture below): http://s6.ifotos.pl/img/bug3JPG_xnaxrhn.JPG And this is what I'm trying to render: http://s4.ifotos.pl/img/radiantsh_xnaxsns.JPG At the rendering stage I'm rendering only brushes (polygon groups built from triangles) with this function:[CODE] void BSPMesh::RenderPolygonFace( int faceIndex ) { tBSPFace *pFace = &m_pFaces[faceIndex]; glVertexPointer( 3, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(tBSPVertex), &m_pVerts[pFace->startVertIndex].vPosition ); glTexCoordPointer( 2, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(tBSPVertex), &m_pVerts[pFace->startVertIndex].vTextureCoord ); glEnableClientState( GL_VERTEX_ARRAY ); glEnableClientState( GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY ); if(0) { glEnable( GL_TEXTURE_2D ); glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_textures[pFace->textureID] ); } glDrawElements( GL_TRIANGLES, pFace->numOfIndices, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, &m_pIndices[pFace->startIndex] ); glDisableClientState( GL_VERTEX_ARRAY ); glDisableClientState( GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY ); } [/CODE] I'm using OpenGL 2.0 on a Nvidia GF 7600GS - yeah it's pretty old card.
BraXi replied to BraXi's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingThank you wqking ;) I owe you one [img]http://public.gamedev.net//public/style_emoticons/default/smile.png[/img] Complete code and projects for VC++2010 are here: http://www.braxi.org/stuff/dll_library_cpp.rar
BraXi replied to BraXi's topic in General and Gameplay Programming@wqking I tried to make pointer but it seems i cannot cast value of getprocaddress to a pointer, it would require diferent cast and to be honest it can't compile on VC++2010. compiling failed with error message that it cannot be converted (i've changed my vars to pointers as well), error is highligted: GetAPI_t *GetAPI; [...] GetAPI [u][b]= (GetAPI_t*)[/b][/u]GetProcAddress( library, "GetAPI" ) At the moment I'm at school but i will upload my newer code as soon as i get back.
BraXi posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingSo I was experimenting with DLL files and i though about sharing dynamic array of objects between DLL and EXE. The only thing worth studying was quake 3, which loaded DLL to call game rules and manage objects, while EXE was only providing some data-access functions (for example rendering). After studying the code I've written test application in C that would load DLL file and share specified variables with program. I was a bit confused when once set variables were unable to update, for example i've initialized myVar with value of 1 and later tried to change it 2. For some reason, value wasn't updated in EXE. I'd like to know how can i link dll dynamicaly so i can update variables in EXE with DLL. I will attach some code here to show what i mean. [CODE] //This code is shared by both DLL and EXE in a "shared.h" #include <iostream> #include <windows.h> using namespace std; typedef struct { void (*TestDLLFunc)(); int testVal; int *testArray; } libExport_t; typedef struct { int simpleVal; } exeExport_t; typedef libExport_t (*GetAPI_t) (exeExport_t); libExport_t DLLCode; exeExport_t EXECode; // DLL code #include "shared.h" void TestFunc() { printf( "This message was sent from DLL\n" ); printf( "EXECode.testVal = %i\n", EXECode.testVal ); //this printed value 2012 // this is supposed to update array for EXE DLLCode.testArray = new int[4]; //c++ for( int i = 0; i < 4; i++ ) DLLCode.testArray[i] = i; Sleep( 100 ); DLLCode.testVal = 2; } libExport_t GetAPI( exeExport_t import ) // dll's entry point { EXECode = import; //initialize exe functions for dll DLLCode.TestDLLFunc = TestFunc; DLLCode.testVal = 1; DLLCode.testArray = NULL; return DLLCode; } // EXE code #include "shared.h" HINSTANCE library; void LoadTestLibrary( const char *name ) { GetAPI_t GetAPI; printf( "Loading %s\n", name ); library = LoadLibraryA( name ); if( library == 0 ) printf( "LoadLibraryA(\"%s\") failed\n", name ); if( ( GetAPI = (GetAPI_t)GetProcAddress( library, "GetAPI" ) ) == 0 ) { printf( "Couldn't retrieve vaild adress\n", name ); } EXECode.simpleVal = 2012; DLLCode = GetAPI( EXECode ); if( !DLLCode ) printf( "DLL not loaded\n" ); } int main() { LoadTestLibrary( "test.dll" ); DLLCode.TestDLLFunc(); Sleep( 200 ); // just to make sure everything chaged if( DLLCode.testArray != NULL ) { for( int i = 0; i < 4; i++ ) printf( "array element is: %i\n", DLLCode.testArray[i] ); } // this should be 2 printf( "DLLCode.testVal = %i\n", DLLCode.testVal ); return 0; } [/CODE]
Yeah it worked ;) Occasionaly there's only a little diference in performance between my <poor> method and yours.
Thanks for feedback, I'm currently using pointers in my array and ATC your idea seems to fit into my engine. I can't write too much in this post now because I'm about to go somewhere. I will reply when i test your method. Thanks again ;)
[quote name='zacaj' timestamp='1348421540' post='4982974'] What exactly do you mean by array changing? [/quote] I mean changing item order, it could take some time if I'm right.
Thanks for idea but doesn't array changing result in performance drop?
BraXi posted a topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingHello, I have one concept idea for rendering and I'm not sure if it's good technique and if there any better. At initialization i made array with 4096 slots for objects that later will be rendered in 3D mode (players, monsters, props) and to add object to screen i use: (pseudo code) [CODE] Object *obj = spawnobject(); obj->origin = (0,0,0); obj->modelIndex = 4; <- the model i want render obj->show = true; obj->deleteTime = currenttime + 3000; <- time in miliseconds [/CODE] spawnobject() is searching for free slots in object array and returns pointer to object. That way i don't need to add objects to list each time i redraw scene, which i think is faster than creating array of objects each time. At rendering stage i do this: [CODE] for( i=0; i < max objects; i++, object++ ) { if( !object->used ) continue; if( object->deletetime >= current time ) { deleteobject( object ); continue; } <at this stage I'm determining which object is visible and if everything is ok i render actual model at given origin> } [/CODE] To delete objects i simply memset() all values and change object->used to false to free the slot. Is this method okey? Maybe you have better ideas? I wonder if there are better methods and i would like see your feedback.
BraXi replied to EngineProgrammer's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingI suggest you to start your work in following order:[list=1] [*]Simple window with initialized DX renderer [*]Image loader / Material Manager [*]Timer [*]Input [*]Camera [*]Model loader / Model Manager [*]Shader Manager (load & compile hlsl shaders and use then im rendering) [*]Collision detection/physics, i suggest You to use free physics library, Newton Physics is good and free for commercial products [*]Entity manager to dynamicaly create and delete objects (for example. guns, medkits, enemies etc), this should be running at constant 30fps so it will be easier to update games over network [*]User Interface (menus, huds...) [*]Sound engine, OpenAL should be good enough to give it a try [*]Particles & effects [*]Post processing [*]Networking and prediction [/list] This is enough to create a game, rest will depend on what else you need. I'm still creating engine for my game and so far it took me 5 months and im fighting with optimilizations and networking, networking is the worst thing you will have to deal with.
BraXi replied to jirri's topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingI've prepared simple code to help you with creating and rendering VBO, i hope this helps you. If it doesn't work then check your projection and modelview matrices and make sure you aren't using core profile of GL 3.0+. [source lang="cpp"]typedef struct vert //32 bytes per vertex { float origin[3]; float normal[3]; float uv[2]; } vert_t; #define BUFFER_OFFSET(i) (reinterpret_cast<void*>(i)) unsigned int vbo; //this is our vbo id void InitVBO() { int numVerts = 3; vert_t *verts = new vert_t[numVerts]; //add some verticles verts[0]->origin[0] = -2.0f; verts[0]->origin[1] = 0.0f; verts[0]->origin[2] = 0.0f; verts[1]->origin[0] = 2.0f; verts[1]->origin[1] = 0.0f; verts[1]->origin[2] = 0.0f; verts[2]->origin[0] = 0.0f; verts[2]->origin[1] = 3.0f; verts[2]->origin[2] = 0.0f; int size = (int)(numVerts * sizeof(vert_t)); //this is required by VBO // create and bind vbo glGenBuffersARB( 1, &vbo ); glBindBufferARB( GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, vbo ); glBufferDataARB( GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, size, NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW_ARB ); glBufferSubDataARB( GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, 0, size, &verts[0]->origin[0] ); //bind data to buffer // dont need verticles in ram memory anymore, unless you want to modify them at a later time delete[] verts; } // this is how we draw VBO // I didn't mention GL_COLOR_ARRAY but i think you will know how to implement it when you look at this code. void DrawVBO() { glEnableClientState( GL_VERTEX_ARRAY ); glEnableClientState( GL_NORMAL_ARRAY ); glEnableClientState( GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY ); glBindBufferARB( GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, vbo ); // bind our VBO for drawning glVertexPointer( 3, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(vert_t), BUFFER_OFFSET(0) ); glNormalPointer( GL_FLOAT, sizeof(vert_t), BUFFER_OFFSET(12) ); glTexCoordPointer( 2, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(vert_t), BUFFER_OFFSET(24) ); glDisableClientState( GL_VERTEX_ARRAY ); glDisableClientState( GL_NORMAL_ARRAY ); glDisableClientState( GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY ); } // delete vbo buffer when you don't need it anymore. void DeleteVBO() { if( !vbo ) return; glDeleteBuffersARB( 1, vbo ); }[/source]
BraXi replied to BraXi's topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingWell now i'm in another trouble, my objects became transparent, i like how the lights blend but the rest should be solid. btw. thank you Radikalizm for idea, i will try doing it your way. [img]http://s6.ifotos.pl/img/lightJPG_xprnxxh.JPG[/img]
BraXi replied to BraXi's topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingThanks Hedanito, it worked ;) This shows how i render the lighting: -[set blending] -[bind lighting shader] --[for each visible light] ----[send lightPos, radius and color to shader] ----[render quad] -[unbind shader] PS. sorry for double post, my connection lagged a bit.


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A Levels (2 year course)
Entry Requirements
6 GCSEs grade A*-C (grade 9 - 4) in academic subjects, although some subjects may require grade A*-B (grade 9 - 6). If you havent taken traditional qualifications, or have not studied in the UK, we may be able to offer you a place based on performance in an entry test. To progress to the second year, students need a minimum of grade C in AS. A satisfactory reference may be required.
Who is the course for
This programme is suitable for students who wish to study a range of different subjects and intend to progress onto A2 Levels and into higher education.
Course Content
If you wish to study a range of different subjects and intend to progress to higher education, this course is for you. In A Level subjects which have been reformed as part of the national programme of changes to A Levels, you will take the new two-year linear A Levels. You will also sit the new free-standing ASexams at the end of your first year. In those subjects which have not yet been reformed, you will complete your AS in the first year before progressing to A2 in your second year. Subjects include:
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All students will study for AS Levels in the first year of their A Level course. Students normally take three or four subjects.
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The AS (Advanced Subsidiary) Levels are composed of two exams which are taken in June. To complete a full A Level (A2), a further year of study is required, in which time an additional two units will need to be completed. Again, these exams are taken in June. In some subjects there is also a coursework component.
Where next - Further Studies
Depending on the grades achieved, students can progress onto a university degree or a BTEC Level 4 HNC Diploma/Level 5 HND Diploma course at a higher education institute.
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47.1 acres in Young County, Texas
PRICE REDUCED!! Located on FM 61, a convenient 7 miles northwest of Graham near Ft Belknap, this property is in an area rich in history and natural beauty. With several large hills and the Brazos River to the south, a future owner could build a home on the property taking advantage of the slight rise in elevation on the front of the property to soak in the beautiful sunsets and surrounding sights. The outdoorsman could take advantage of the thick cover on the property and the excellent game in the area. Deer, dove and hog populations are very healthy having benefitted from the spring rains. The rancher/farmer could utilize the pens to work cattle or produce hay on the north end of the property that has an excellent stand of coastal Bermuda. With so many potential uses and just a short drive to Graham, this versatile property will not last long on the market, don't let it get away!
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House Sitter in Nacogdoches
I can pet and house sit in exchange for room and board, am great with pets, have also cared for plants in the past, and can do general home maintenence, ie: cleaning, laundry, vacumming, washing, scrubing, limited handyman type activities- ie: fixing door jambs when they are pulled out of place, painting, some kinds of construction type work, etc... can do interior design.....
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Item description for The Prodigal Project: Numbers (The Prodigal Project, 3) by Ken Abraham, Daniel Hart & Dick Hill...Overview
From the author of the bestseller "Let's Roll with Lisa Beamer" comes the tautly written story of Special Agent John Jameson and his newest assignment--take out the vicious leader of a militant Islamic mujahideen menacing the world. Abridged. 3 CDs.
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Permission to eat lobster (and look good doing it).
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by Kim
(Honolulu, Hawaii)
Lord tonight I sit in the dark and I can't sleep because my mind is full of sadness and my mind is filled with thought hurts. My heart feels so heavy and it aches so bad! I hate feeling like this. I feel betrayed by my some of my family members and a couple of friends. It just seems as though I am being punished by them when all I try to do is live with compassion, love, support, grace, caring and honesty towards these people and all they do is hurt me with their actions. I try so hard to ignore it and not let it bother me or get to me but it is just too much! I feel like I am stoned and blamed for things I did not do. I need strength lord, I need your guidance and protection to not have a heavy heart or have my heart be filled with hate because that is not what I want and that is not what you thought me. I am confused and wonder why, why am I being treated so bad. Why am I so misunderstood. Lord I want you to know that I appreciate all of your blessings even in this time of frustration and hurtfulness. I am so very thankful for all that you give me lord. Thank you for my very loving and supportive husband and we are so very bless with your loving hand on him daily. Thank you Lord for my two beautiful and healthy girls, please continue to bless them and keep them safe from harm and illness. I usually look to them for strength because they remind me of your presence on a daily basis, but lately Lord it has been very hard with all this obstacles that is in front of me and I don't know what else to do and I feel I don't have strength Lord.
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Moneymakers: The Wicked Lives and Surprising Adventures of Three Notorious Counterfeiters - gebrauchtes Buch
The lively and enthralling tale of three notorious counterfeiters offers insights into the makings of the American financial mind. In "Moneymakers," Ben Tarnoff chronicles the lives of three colorful counterfeiters who flourished in early America, shedding fresh light on the country's financial coming of age. The speculative ethos that pervades Wall Street today, Tarnoff suggests, has its origins in the craft of counterfeiters who first took advantage of a turbulent American economy. Few nations have as rich a counterfeiting history as the United States. Since the colonies suffered from a chronic shortage of precious metals, they were the first place in the Western world to use easily forged paper bills. And until the national currency was standardized in the last half of the nineteenth century, the United States had a dizzying variety of banknotes, making early America a counterfeiter's paradise. In "Moneymakers," Tarnoff recounts how three of America's most successful counterfeiters-Owen Sullivan, David Lewis, and Samuel Upham- each cunningly manipulated the political and economic realities of his day, driven by a desire for fortune and fame. Irish immigrant Owen Sullivan (c. 1720-1756) owed his success not just to his hustler's charm and entrepreneurial spirit, but also to the weak law enforcement and craving for currency that marked colonial America. The handsome David Lewis (1788-1820) became an outlaw hero in backwoods Pennsylvania, infamous for his audacious jailbreaks and admired as a Robin Hood figure who railed against Eastern financial elites. Shopkeeper Samuel Upham (1819-1885) sold fake Confederate bills to his fellow Philadelphians during the Civil War as "mementos of the rebellion," enraging Southern leaders when Union soldiers flooded their markets with the forgeries. Through the tales of these three memorable counterfeiters, "Moneymakers" spins the larger story of America's financial ups and downs during its infancy and adolescence, tracing its evolution from a patchwork of colonies to a powerful nation with a single currency. It was only toward the end of the Civil War that a strengthened federal government created the Secret Service to police counterfeiting, finally bringing the quintessentially American pursuit to an end. But as Tarnoff suggests in this highly original financial history, the legacy of early American counterfeiters lives on in the get-rich-quick culture we see on Wall Street today. Moneymakers: The Wicked Lives and Surprising Adventures of Three Notorious Counterfeiters Tarnoff, Ben, Penguin Press
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Moneymakers: The Wicked Lives and Surprising Adventures of Three Notorious Counterfeiters - gebunden oder broschiert
[EAN: 9781594202872], [PU: Penguin Press HC, The], This Book is in Good Condition. Clean Copy With Light Amount of Wear. 100% Guaranteed. Summary: "What an ingenious idea for a book and what a rousing story! A truly gifted writer, Ben Tarnoff has brought to life three unforgettable characters while at the same time providing a window onto the tumultuous financial situation that characterized early American life." -Doris Kearns Goodwin, author of Team of Rivals "Lively and insightful, Moneymakersmakes the most out of the entertaining tale of three master counterfeiters, using their careers to open an unexpected window on the making of the American economic imagination." -T.J. Stiles, author of The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbiltand Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War "Ben Tarnoff's tales of financial skullduggery in early America are fascinating. Moneymakersis history as it should be written, brimming with the sort of vivid details that makes the past come alive." -Liaquat Ahamed, author of Lords of Finance "Ben Tarnoff captures the wild early years of America's financial system through a delightful angle: the escapades of three counterfeiters. It's a colorful tale but also an enlightening one. It helps us understand our financial culture back then-and even today." -Walter Isaacson, author of Einstein: His Life and Universeand Benjamin Franklin: An American Life "I've always had a soft spot in my heart for counterfeiters, ever since my father, a Secret Service agent, told me stories about how hard it was to catch them. Tarnoff tells the story of three colorful and almost lovable practitioners of the trade, in prose that is always accessible and sometimes downright lyrical. Along the way he drove me to the conclusion that all paper money is sorta fake. Tarnoff himself strikes me as the genuine article. I welcome his voice to that tiny chorus of writers who can make American history come alive without dumbing it down." -Joseph J. Ellis, author of Founding Brothersand First Family: Abigail and John
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A line level mixing desk that satisfies the highest professional standards. Two different modes of operation are possible: dual or mono. In dual mode, a total of four stereo sources can be mixed down to one stereo output; in mono mode there are eight inputs available, which can be mixed down to two outputs. All inputs and outputs are balanced with high-quality transformers and designed for professional line levels. The input gain is adjustable up to a maximum of 20 dB. An LED for each channel indicates when the working level of +6 dBu has been reached. The output gain is also adjustable and delivers an additional boost of 10 dB max., for a total possible amplification of 30 dB through the PRM-SIGMA 8.2. A five-point LED strip provides reliable optical monitoring of output signal strength. All inputs and outputs are equipped with a ground-lift switch. Additionally, it is possible to isolate the case from the electronics ground.
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Conceived and designed the experiments: RE VC NF OB. Analyzed the data: OB RE. Wrote the paper: OB RE JI NM VC. Collected the data: AD NM SBB. Revised the manuscript: RE NF VC NM JI AD OB.
Vector control is a major step in the process of malaria control and elimination. This requires vector counts and appropriate statistical analyses of these counts. However, vector counts are often overdispersed. A non-parametric mixture of Poisson model (NPMP) is proposed to allow for overdispersion and better describe vector distribution. Mosquito collections using the Human Landing Catches as well as collection of environmental and climatic data were carried out from January to December 2009 in 28 villages in Southern Benin. A NPMP regression model with "village" as random effect is used to test statistical correlations between malaria vectors density and environmental and climatic factors. Furthermore, the villages were ranked using the latent classes derived from the NPMP model. Based on this classification of the villages, the impacts of four vector control strategies implemented in the villages were compared. Vector counts were highly variable and overdispersed with important proportion of zeros (75%). The NPMP model had a good aptitude to predict the observed values and showed that: i) proximity to freshwater body, market gardening, and high levels of rain were associated with high vector density; ii) water conveyance, cattle breeding, vegetation index were associated with low vector density. The 28 villages could then be ranked according to the mean vector number as estimated by the random part of the model after adjustment on all covariates. The NPMP model made it possible to describe the distribution of the vector across the study area. The villages were ranked according to the mean vector density after taking into account the most important covariates. This study demonstrates the necessity and possibility of adapting methods of vector counting and sampling to each setting.
Malaria is still a major public health issue in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2010, this region bore 91% of the global disease death burden estimated to 655,000 deaths [1]. Studying the risk of vector transmission is at the basis of every survey about the importance of malaria in a given zone. The overarching goal of vector control is to decrease the transmission of the malaria parasite Plasmodium spp to humans by mosquito vectors of the genus Anopheles. Among the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) to fight malaria, the deployment of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) at national scale has shown important reductions of malaria burden although evidences of malaria resurgence have been recorded in several African countries [1], [2].
The most common indicator to evaluate vector control interventions such as LLIN and IRS relies on malaria transmission through estimation of the Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR). EIR is the product of the Human Biting Rate (HBR; number of bites of malaria vectors per human per unit time) and the prevalence of Plasmodium infection in mosquitoes. HBR is usually measured using the Human Landing Catches (HLC) counting technique that is the method of reference to quantify the human-vector contact [3].
In 28 villages of Southern Benin, a recent cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) aiming at comparing the efficacy of combined LLIN and carbamate IRS or carbamate-treated plastic sheeting (CTPS) with a background of LLIN coverage did not show benefits of the combination for reducing HBR and EIR [4]. In the study area, high variations in the density of malaria vectors were observed in time and space [5] and there were many localities with zero mosquitoes collected during several nights.
The most ancient and popular statistical distribution used to describe count data is the Poisson distribution that assumes equidispersion of the counts. However, in real datasets, these counts are often overdispersed [6]–[8] and there are various means to demonstrate it [9]–[11]. Among the causes of overdispersion is the excess of zeros. Within the context of malaria vectors counts, the excess of zeros may result from the absence of mosquitoes at some locations (houses, village…) or during some period of time (dry season, cold temperatures…).
To deal with such overdispersed data with excess zeros, Johnson and Kotz [12] introduced the zero-inflated Poisson model (ZIP); i.e., a Poisson mixture model that combines a point mass at zero with a Poisson count distribution. Later, Lambert [13] extended this model to allow for covariates. Another way to deal with count overdispersion is the use of the negative binomial (NB) model or, better, the zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model constructed on the same principle as that of the ZIP.
Besides these well-known models, other finite mixture distribution models have been proposed (e.g., McLachlan and Peel [14]) and have been the object of numerous applications. In fact, these models extend the previous ones; instead of considering a mixture of two distributions as with the ZIP or the ZINB, they consider a mixture of three or more Poisson or NB distributions. In addition, a non-parametric approach of the maximum likelihood introduced by Aitkin [15] has shown to be an excellent tool to allow for overdispersion. An extension of this approach by the same author [16] allowed its application to repeated measurements. Thus, a non-parametric mixture of Poisson model (NPMP) seems adapted to take into account the frequent changes in vector counts in various sites of a study zone.
In the present work, we assessed the ability of Poisson, NB, ZIP, ZINB and NPMP to fit the distribution of counts of malaria vectors measured in 28 villages in southern Benin where a clinical trial was implemented to evaluate the efficacy of vector control interventions for malaria prevention [4]. Using a multivariate NPMP, we introduced a classification of the villages based on the mean vector density after adjustment for a set of environmental and climatic covariates. Then, we assessed the relationship between this classification and the vector interventions implemented in the villages. The results of this work will help design site-specific malaria vectors sampling.
The data analyzed in the present study stem from mosquito collections carried out every 6 weeks between January and December 2009 (i.e. 8 surveys) in 28 villages of the sanitary region of Ouidah-Kpomassè-Tori (OKT) in South Benin. Of the 58 villages screened at the baseline, 28 were enrolled. The other villages were excluded because they did not fulfill inclusion criteria i.e. distance between two villages >2 km, population size between 250 and 500 inhabitants with non-isolated habitations and absence of any local health care centre.
Entomological surveys were performed using the HLC technique, on two successive nights (22:00 to 06:00) at four sites (both indoor and outdoor) per village. Collectors were hourly rotated along collection sites and/or position (indoor/outdoor). Malaria vectors collected on humans were identified using morphological keys [17]. Only Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus mosquito counts were considered in the present work because these are the main malaria vectors in West Africa [18]–[20] and practically the only present in the study area [5].
These villages were divided into four groups (seven villages per group) where four different vector control measures were implemented (see Corbel et al. [4] for details): i) targeted-coverage LLIN (TLLINs) destined to protect pregnant women and children <6 years old (the reference group); ii) universal-coverage LLIN destined to protect sleeping units (ULLINs), iii) TLLINs plus full IRS of carbamate every eight months (TLLIN+IRS), and ULLIN plus full CTPS taped to the upper part of the walls (ULLIN+CTPS).
The IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) Ethics Committee and the National Research Ethics Committee of Benin approved the study (CNPERS, reference number IRB00006860). The study was also registered with Current Controlled Trials, number ISRCTN07404145. All necessary permits were obtained for the described field studies. No mosquito collection was done without the approval of the village chief, the owner and occupants of the collection house. Mosquito collectors gave their written informed consent and were treated free of charge for malaria presumed illness throughout the study.
The following data were collected: the average distance (in km) from each village to the nearest freshwater body (Toho lake), the presence of market gardening 2 km around each village, the presence of cattle farms inside the village, the presence of water conveyance in the village, and the population density. The layout (or structure) of each village was described by the distribution of its clusters of houses, these clusters being separated by vegetated strips. Two modalities were then considered: single-cluster vs. multi-cluster villages. Daily rainfall data from 8 weather stations were spatially interpolated to compute the cumulated rainfall (in mm) and the number of rainy days in each village during the 15 days preceding each survey. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was derived from a "Satellite pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT-5)" satellite image acquired on 12/28/2003. The mean NDVI was computed in a buffer area of 50 m diameter around each mosquito collection site (house).
The mean-variance relationship regarding the number of collected malaria vectors was analyzed graphically to explore data dispersion. A linear relationship of slope 1 (variances equal to means) indicated a Poisson distribution without overdispersion whereas a linear relationship with slope >1 or a quadratic relationship indicated overdispersion. We also assess the "excess of zero" through a graphical representation of the distribution of vector counts.
The approximations of the distribution of the number of collected malaria vectors by the Poisson, ZIP, NB, ZINB and NPMP distributions were compared using the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. Poisson, ZIP, NB and ZINB models were fitted using the function nlm [21], [22] in the 'R' software version 2.14.0. Parameters of the NPMP model were estimated with the function alldist [15], [23] which used an EM algorithm [24]. In this approach, the dispersion of the data is described by a probability law that does not take into account the hierarchical structure of the data. This is thus a "marginal" model. A graphical representation of comparison results is used to show the counts as well as the predictions given by each of the above-cited distributions.
Given the hierarchical structure of the data collection system, another NPMP model was considered to allow for various components of the variance of the counts. In this model, the counts of malaria vectors were assessed according to environmental and climatic covariates with the "village" as a random effect. It is thus a "conditional" model (on "village"). The latter model allows for the following variables: average distance to Toho lake (in km), water conveyance (0=absence, 1=presence), market gardening (0=absence, 1=presence), cattle farms inside the village (0=absence, 1=presence), the layout of the village (0=multi-cluster, 1=single-cluster), population density (inhabitants per 100 m2), both the mean cumulated rainfall over the 8 surveys (in mm) and the deviation from this mean at each survey, both the mean cumulated number of rainy days over the 8 surveys and the deviation from this mean at each survey, both the averaged NDVI over the 4 collection houses per village and the deviation from this average for each house and, finally, the specific collection site (0=inside of the house, 1=outside of the house).
According to the current recommendation for the use of hierarchical models, each covariate was centered on its mean before introduction into the model [25]. Variable "survey" was introduced into the model as a fixed effect. Mosquito collections made inside or outside each house of each village were considered as repeated measurements within that village.
In the NPMP conditional model, the number of malaria vectors collected at a given site of a given village during a given night is supposed, conditionally to "the village", to follow a mixture of four Poisson distribution. Each Poisson distribution has a mean so that . Note that is the vector of values taken by the covariates, the corresponding fixed effects, the random intercept specific to each village so that , with probabilities [25]. The values taken by are called "latent variables"; c indicating each latent class, here fixed to four. Hence, the density function of the model can be expressed as where is the density function of a Poisson distribution with mean . Thus, a non-parametric mixture model may also be called "latent class model". The four values exp() (one value for each latent class) are the predicted mean numbers of malaria vectors collected whenever all the model covariates, centered on their means, are equal to zero.
Function allvc [16], [23], a variant of alldist adapted for hierarchical data, was used for the latter model implementation in R software.
For each village, a posteriori probability of belonging to each class after adjustment on all the covariates is estimated by the NPMP conditional model. Here, "a posteriori probability" means the conditional probability for a village to belong to a given class, given the data. For a village and a latent class, this probability can be expressed: . In this expression, is the vector of observations in the village and the probability of assuming membership in class .
Hence, each village is assigned to one of the classes based on the maximum of the a posteriori probabilities (MAP). This provides a classification of the villages according to the average number of malaria vectors collected at a given site over a given night after adjustment on all the covariates.
In order to assess the impact of TLLIN, ULLIN, ULLIN+CTPS and TLLIN+IRS vector control strategies, the village grouping for implementation of these vector control strategies and the classification resulting from the NPMP conditional model were compared using a Kruskall-Wallis test.
The relevance of a NPMP model also called Poisson latent classes model, be it marginal or conditional, depends jointly on its ability to provide a close distribution to that of the observed counts and on its ability to assign each count one of the classes. Essentially, two criteria contributed to the choice of the number of classes: the closeness of the predicted values to the observed ones, which is the deviance expressed under the form of a Bayesian Information Criterion [26]; and, the ability of the model to assign each count one of the classes, which is expressed by the Entropy [27]. The Integrated Complete-data Likelihood (ICL-BIC) [28] is a combination of these two criteria; precisely, the BIC plus two times the entropy. Hence, the number of classes chosen for a latent class model is the one that maximizes the likelihood with low entropy equivalent to a minimum ICL-BIC.
Total of 2,994 malaria vectors were collected during 3,584 human-nights of mosquito collection. This corresponded to an average HBR of 0.835 bites per human per night. Among these vectors, 1,872 belonged to the An. gambiae complex and 1,122 belonged to the funestus Group. The density of anopheline collected changed over space and time (Figure 1). Indeed, the mean HBR in OKT ranged from 0.070 to 4.219 bites per human per night when the standard deviation ranged from 0.286 to 5.812. In most villages, high standard deviations corresponded to high means and between surveys the number of malaria vectors collected varied.
Village, survey, and village-survey mean numbers of malaria vector collected per night on humans were plotted with their corresponding variances in Figures 2A, 2B and 2C respectively. The assumption of mean-variance equality of the Poisson distribution was not met. Indeed, the variances were much higher than the means and the slopes of the linear relationships were >1 showing even quadratic relationships. This indicates overdispersion of the data.
Frequency plot of the collected malaria vectors is shown in Figure 2D. The cases for which zero malaria vectors were collected represented 74.7% of the total. Table 1 shows the parameters for Poisson, ZIP, NPMP (the marginal model), NB and ZINB distributions. Based on the Poisson distribution with a mean of 0.835, we would expect 43.4% of zero (Figure 3A) which is significantly lower than that observed in the dataset. In contrast, ZIP, NB and NPMP models well predicted the proportion of zero (respectively 74.7%, 74.9%, and 74.7%; Figure 3). Excluding the sites where no anopheline were collected, the ZIP model estimated the mean number of collected anopheline per site per night at 3 but this does not solve the problem of data overdispersion. The NPMP model suggested that, in the study area, the sites where the anopheline counts over a single night would be generally high (mean 24.48) were rather rare (nearly 0.4%). However, the model estimated at 63% and 30%, respectively, the proportions of counts with 0 and 1 as the mean number of collected anopheline per night. The dispersion parameter estimated by the NB model was 0.156 indicating high overdispersion. Since the NB model allows for the excess of zeros, the proportion of zeros estimated by the ZINB model is nearly null. The NB and the ZINB models are therefore equivalent.
There were a significant decrease of the model deviance when a ZIP model was used instead of the standard Poisson model and also when the NPMP was used instead of the ZIP model (Table 1). The NB and ZINB fitted the data as well as the NPMP (deviance were not significantly different). Figure 3 shows the bar diagrams and the expected density probability curves of the counts with the Poisson, ZIP, NPMP and NB models. The curves relative to the NB and to the NPMP models are very similar and fit well the observed data distribution. Conversely, the curve relative to the standard Poisson model does not fit the observed frequency of counts between 0 and 10. Aside from the proportion of zeros, the ZIP model was not able to reproduce the observed proportions of counts ranging from 1 to 10.
Figure 4 shows for the NPMP model conditional on "village", the progress of the BIC, the entropy, and the ICL-BIC according to the number of classes. Starting from 4 classes, the BIC became very low. The entropy augmented together with the number of classes. Their combination ICL-BIC was at its minimum with 4 classes. Therefore, the model with 4 latent classes was used to assess the number of malaria vector caught on humans according to climatic and environmental factors.
Table 2 shows the relative risk of the fixed effects as estimated by the model. Presence of market gardening, population density, mean cumulated rainfall over the 8 surveys, mean cumulated number of rainy days over the 8 surveys and outdoor position were positively associated with the number of malaria vectors caught on human. On the other hand, distance to a freshwater body, presence of water conveyance, presence of cattle, single-cluster village houses, mean NDVI and deviation at each survey from mean cumulated number of rainy days over the 8 surveys were negatively associated with the number of malaria vectors caught on human.
Table 3 shows the random effects of the model. These are the predicted mean number of collected malaria vectors per night for each of the four latent classes when all the covariates are at their mean values. This table shows also the final classification of the villages according to their respective MAP. The mean number of malaria vectors collected ranged from 0.050 vectors per human per night in the 1st class (with only one village: Hekandji) to 0.713 in the 4th class (with 8 villages).
A Kruskal-Wallis test did not show a significant association between villages classification obtained from the model and the villages grouping for vector control strategies (Chi2=2.029, p-value=0.566). Thus, according to HBR, a significant difference in term of impact of vector control strategies (TLLIN, ULLIN, ULLIN+CTPS and TLLIN+IRS) is not showed.
Knowledge of malaria vector density in a given area is often needed for implementing and evaluating vector control interventions. This requires vector counts at several sites of the area and statistical analyses of these counts.
McCullagh and Nelder [29] asserted that whenever the variable of interest is a count, its distribution is often an overdispersed Poisson distribution. The present data are another illustration of this assertion. The first part of this work aimed at comparing which distribution among Poisson, NB, ZIP, ZINB and NPMP better fit on counts of malaria vectors recorded using the HLC technique. Both NB and NPMP models dealt with the excess of zero, with overdispersion and provided the best predictions of the distribution of the observed data. However, unlike NB model, the NPMP does not do any further assumption about the distribution of the means of malaria vectors counts. Besides, the hierarchical structure of the observed data was taken into account by a NPMP model conditional on "village". Based on a posterior probability criterion, the NPMP model allowed ranking the villages in four latent classes according to the mean of vector density after adjustment on environmental and climatic covariates. The optimal number of latent classes was established on conventional criteria. Furthermore, the part each covariate played in the variability of malaria vector density in the area was estimated by the fixed effects of the model. However, the present study could not take into account all the possible hierarchical levels of the data because of the limits of software R in dealing with latent classes. Indeed, function allvc of package "npmlreg" cannot deal with more than two levels. We considered thus the catches at all sites of the same village as repeated measurements of the same variable. Therefore, we were not able to take into account the possible correlation between the counts from houses within the same village [30]. "Human bait" is another level that could induce correlation in the data but there is no sufficient information about all mosquito collectors. Besides, the rotation of the collectors during data collection reduces considerably such a correlation. "Season" could be another possible level of correlation; it was taken into account through rainfall data which is the main seasonal factor in the context of malaria vector density.
Moreover, the numbers of collected vectors during the 8 surveys are assumed to be uncorrelated although one may speculate about a correlation structure along time. Nevertheless, the correlation between mosquito counts from successive surveys is deemed to be very low because the time span between two successive surveys is 6 weeks whereas the lifespan of the vectors is only 3 to 4 weeks. Studying the correlation between counts from two nights during the same survey may reveal interesting results.
In southern Benin, both spatial and temporal heterogeneities in vector densities were mentioned by Djènontin et al. [5]. This can be explained by some factors we found associated with the density of malaria vectors. Firstly, cumulated rainfalls during the 15 days preceding the catches were positively associated with vector density as previously reported in Benin [30]. Moreover, the mean number (over all surveys) of rainy days was positively associated with the vector density whereas the deviation at each survey from this mean was negatively associated with the vector density. This suggested that high frequency of rainy events might flush out vectors breeding sites [31]. The vector density was lower in villages with water supply; this could be due to the absence of water storages that could have provided breeding sites for malaria vectors [32], [33]. Moreover, the presence of irrigated market gardening could have provided breeding sites [34], [35] and then, increased the density of vectors in villages closed to this activity as previously observed in Benin [36]. Permanent freshwaters of the Toho Lake could also have provided breeding sites for both An. funestus and An. gambiae [37]–[39] that are both present in our study area [5]. This explains why the vector density decreased when moving away from freshwater bodies as showed by Amek et al. [40] in Western Kenya. The presence of cattle was negatively correlated with vector density suggested that a part of the vector population could have bite on cattle instead of human. More vectors were caught in multi-cluster villages than in single-cluster villages. This might indicate that a multi-cluster village layout might increase the attractiveness of the village for malaria vectors because of the extra vegetation surrounding houses. Thus, the attractiveness of a multi-cluster village may be higher than that of a single-cluster village of same size. Catches were also more abundant outside than inside the houses. This indicates an exophagic behavior of malaria vectors in the study area. As suggested by two studies in the OKT region [4], [41], a part of the exophagic population of vectors could have avoided indoor residual insecticides.
One unexpected finding of the present study was that the NDVI was negatively correlated with the density of malaria vectors. This finding contrasts with several studies that used satellite imagery at a lower resolution [42], [43] but agrees with a study carried out in Burkina Faso that used the same SPOT images than ours [44]. In this study, the authors found a negative relationship between the larval productivity in ponds and the NDVI calculated from high resolution SPOT images. Indeed, a high NDVI might reflect the presence of submerged vegetation or water covered with vegetation that are usually related to very high Anopheles larval densities [44]–[46]. Moreover, the NDVI usually decreases with freshwater and unvegetated surfaces likely to provide breeding sites for the malaria vectors [37], [47]. Nevertheless, the discussion about the NDVI effect can be more complex because of the co-existence in the region of two major malaria vectors with different breeding-site requirements.
In this work, villages were ranked into four classes of increasing mean malaria vector density but we were not able to find any relationship between this grouping structure and the vector control intervention implemented in the village. This confirms the finding of Corbel et al. [4] who demonstrated with the same data, that vector density was not significantly different between treatment arms (TLLIN, ULLIN, TLLIN+IRS, and ULLIN+CTPS).
In conclusion, we found that the NPMP model was useful to assess the relationships between vectors density and villages or environmental characteristics. It might therefore be an efficient tool to compute risk maps of the host-vector contact. Moreover, the NPMP model provided a classification of the villages after taking into account some covariates. Such a classification could be used at a pre-study step to improve the study design of mosquito collection and adapt the sampling effort according to the village characteristics, especially in region with high spatial and temporal heterogeneities of mosquito density, like in the OKT region. Furthermore, NPMP model could help in the study design of RCT when a stratified sampling is needed. The same model may be adapted and used in other settings for the study of the distribution of vectors of other diseases.
We thank the populations and authorities of the OKT district for their kind support and collaboration. We also thank Pr. Jean-François Etard for his helpful contribution to the conception and design of the present study.
The Ministère Français des Affaires Etrangères (MAEE) supported the project FSP/REFS N°2006-22 that generated the data analyzed in this paper. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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This page documents the events of the Holy Roman War in the Night of the Living Alternate History map game.
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