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How to Develop Stylesheet for XML to XSL-FO Transformation
- Merilyn York
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1 How to Develop Stylesheet for XML to XSL-FO Transformation July, nd Edition Antenna House, Inc. Copyright Antenna House, Inc.
2 Table of Contents Preface... 1 Step for XSL-FO Transformation... 2 SimpleDoc Organization... 3 Hello! World... 5 Simple Example of Transforming SimpleDoc into XSL-FO... 5 Stylesheet Structure... 6 Block Elementand Inline Element... 6 XSL-FO Tree Structure... 7 Developing a Practical Stylesheet... 8 Printing Form Specification... 8 XSL Stylesheet Organization... 9 Page Layout specification Page layout of Cover/Teble of contents Body - Change Page Layout on Right and Left pages Index - Two-Column Layout Output Control as a Whole Cover Table of Contents Templates for Creating a table of contents Templates for Creating Lines of TOC Counting the Nest Level Setting properties according to the nest level Getting page numbers fo:leader Example of the generated contents Body Templates for Processing a Body Page Number Setting Page Footer / Page Header Page Footer Output Page number Running Footer Page Header Output Title Thumb index Head Style Conditions of the Head Templates for Processing Heads Example of a Generated Title... 34
3 Processing Inline Elements Templates that Process b, i, em, code Elements a (anchor) Element note Element br Element span Element Processing Block Elements p Element figure Element program Element div Element Processing Table Elements Comparing SimpleDoc Table with XSL Table Templates that process tables Example of Table Construction Processing List Elements Comparing the List of SimpleDoc with the List of XSL Templates that Process the Ordered List Specifying the positions of label and body Label Format Example of Ordered List Templates that Process the Unordered List Specify characters for label of line An example of unordered list Templates that Process the Definition List Templates of definition list Example of a definition list Functions for creating PDF PDF document information Creating a bookmark Link setting Reference to Appendix Index Creating keys Creating an index page Grouping and taking out the index elements Node set output Miscellaneous Using modes Appendix Source Information Update History... 74
5 1 Preface Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) (Source Information [1]) has been brought to the attention of a wide audience as a specification recommended by W3C on 15th October, 2001 for displaying and printing the XML document. The following is the general process to transform the XML document into XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO) and print it. 1. Develop the stylesheet that conforms to the DTD of the source XML document to create the target output. 2. Input the XML document and the XSL stylesheet to the XSLT processor to create XSL-FO. 3. Get the target outputs such as paper-based output, PDF output, by the XSL-FO processor. XML Document/ Data XSLT Stylesheet Display/Print Media Format/Output Display XSLT Processor XSL-FO XSL Formatting Engine Transformation Printer PDF Generating XSL-FO and Display/Print by XSL Formatter The knowledge about XSLT and XSL is necessary to develop XSLT stylesheet. The knowledge about XSLT and XSL is necessary to develop XSLT stylesheet. As for XSLT, many reference books has been published other than the specification (Source Information [2]). Probably, XSLT is already much more familiar one, since it is often used for the conversion from XML to HTML. The XSL specification (Source Information [1]) has a huge amount of contents, it has over 400 pages. It is pretty hard to understand this specification. But basically it is intended for implementers. It is not necessary for XSLT stylesheet designers to understand everything. You can fully write stylesheet by knowing some regular contents and patterns. This report explains how to edit stylesheet which is used for transforming XML documents into XSL-FO according to the example of SimpleDoc. SimpleDoc is made for this report as a format to write a simple document. This is based on PureSmartDoc (Source Information [4]) presented by Tomoharu Asami. To make it a simple, the number of the elements is reduced and the useful functions for writing and formatting documents are added. This report explains how to edit a stylesheet which is used for transforming a SimpleDoc document into XSL-FO. This report itself is the instance XML document of SimpleDoc.dtd, and it is then ready to be formatted by Antenna House XSL Formatter with the stylesheet which transforms the SimpleDoc document explained here into XSL-FO. Preface 1
6 2 Step for XSL-FO Transformation Now, what steps are necessary to develop XSL stylesheet? These steps are explained briefly as below. Steps Know the structure of the XML document Specify a printing form Apply a printing form to formatting objects Develop an XSL stylesheet Contents First, the information about the structure of XML source documents is required. XSLT processor can transform XML document into XSL-FO without a DTD. But the information described in the DTD such as types of elements, contents of elements, appearing order of elements and values of properties are necessary for developing a stylesheet. This is the printing form as a final output, in other words the output specification. XSL is a formatting specification. Printing forms has various range of specifications such as sizes and layouts of printing paper, layouts of head and body, deciding whether or not to output index, table of contents, and so on. After determining the specification of printing, you have to know what XSL formatting objects and properties are applied in order to print in this style. It is better to practice how to specify by referring to a simple stylesheet. Put the instructions to the stylesheet in order to transform XML source documents into the target printing form. Map the XML source document to XSL formatting objects that can generate the output specification. The stylesheet have the similar aspect as the general programming languages, while it may be difficult if you do not understand the feature of the XSL. (1) (1) Refer to the definition list template in this report. In XSL, Structure for control of the conditional branch can be made, but it is impossible to assign a value to a variable. The technique to realize by calling loops recursively is necessary. 2 Step for XSL-FO Transformation
7 3 SimpleDoc Organization The following table shows the structure of SimpleDoc treated in this report. For more detail, refer to SimpleDoc.dtd. Element Meaning Definition a group of block elements a group of inline elements p figure ul ol dl table program div a note span b i em code br doc root element (head, body) head header (date author abstract title)* date, author, abstract, title header elements, date, author, abstract, title (#PCDATA a group of inline elements)* body body (chapter part section a group of block elements a group of inline elements) * part part (title, (chapter a group of block elements a group of inline elements)*) chapter chapter (title, (section a group of bock elements a group of inline elements)*) section section (title, (subsection a group of block elements a group of inline elements)*) subsection subsection (title, (subsubsection a group of block elements a group of inline elements) *) subsubsection subsubsection (title, (a group of block elements a group of inline elements)*) title title (#PCDATA a group of inline elements)* p paragraph (#PCDATA a group of block elements a group of inline elements)* figure figure (title?) Specify a file by the src property. ul unordered list (li*) Specify a character for label of line by the type property. ol ordered list (li*) Specify format of number in the label by the type property. dl definition list (dt, dd)* Specify whether to format the block in horizontal way or in vertical way by the type property. dt definition term (#PCDATA a group of block elements a group of inline elements)* dd description of details (#PCDATA a group of block elements a group of inline elements)* table entire table (title?, col*, thead?, tfoot?, tbody) Specify whether to make auto layout or fixed by the layout property. Specify the width of the entire table by the width property. col column format EMPTY Speciry the number of the column by the number property, the width of the column by the width property. thead table header (tr*) tfoot table footer (tr*) tbody table body (tr*) tr table row (th td)* Specify the height of the row by the height property. SimpleDoc Organization 3
8 3 Element Meaning Definition th table header (#PCDATA a group of inline elements a group of block elements)* Specify the number of the columns to be expanded across, the number of the rows to be expanded vertically by the colspan and rowspan properties. The align property allows horizontal alignment to be set to left, right, or center. The valign property allows vertical alignment to be set to top, middle, bottom or baseline. td table data (#PCDATA a group of inline elements a group of block elements)* Specify the number of the columns to be expanded across, the number of the rows to be expanded vertically by the colspan and rowspan properties. The align property allows horizontal alignment to be set to left, right, or center. The valign property allows vertical alignment to be set to top, middle, bottom or baseline. program program code (#PCDATA title)* div general block element (title, (general block element general inline element)*) The div element expands the type by the class property. a anchor(link) (#PCDATA a group of inline elements)* Specify URL as the value of href property. note note (#PCDATA a group of inline elements)* b bold typeface (#PCDATA a group of inline elements)* i italic typeface (#PCDATA a group of inline elements)* em emphasis (#PCDATA a group of inline elements)* code program code of the in-line elements (#PCDATA a group of inline elements)* span general in-line element (#PCDATA a group of inline elements)* br line break EMPTY The features of SimpleDoc are: You can start writing a document from part, also start from section. It has a flexible structure so that it can map to various kinds of documents. The number of the block element and in-line element are reduced to a minimum amount. The div in the block element and the span in the in-line element are defined to give various extensions. The br element is defined so that you can break lines inside of the lists, or the cells in the table, also inside of the paragraph without ending the paragraph. Output format of the list and table can be specified by the attributes. The problem is that the content and style is mixed. 4 SimpleDoc Organization
9 4 Hello! World Simple Example of Transforming SimpleDoc into XSL-FO Now, we show the simplest simple stylesheet that transforms SimpleDoc to XSL-FO as follows. Source XML Document (Hello.xml) <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?> <doc>  <title>simple</title>
hello World!

this is the firstsimpledoc
  </doc> XSL Stylesheet(Simple.xsl) <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/xsl/format" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/xsl/transform"> <xsl:output method="xml" version="1.0" indent="yes" /> <xsl:template match="doc"> <fo:root xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/xsl/format"> <fo:layout-master-set> <fo:simple-page-master page-height="297mm" page-width="210mm" margin="5mm 25mm 5mm 25mm" master-name="pagemaster"> <fo:region-body margin="20mm 0mm 20mm 0mm"/> </fo:simple-page-master> </fo:layout-master-set> <fo:page-sequence master-reference="pagemaster"> <fo:flow flow-name="xsl-region-body" > <fo:block> <xsl:apply-templates select="body"/> </fo:flow> </fo:page-sequence> </fo:root> <xsl:template match="body"> <xsl:apply-templates /> <xsl:template match="p"> <fo:block> <xsl:apply-templates /> <xsl:template match="b"> <fo:inline font-weight="bold"> Hello! World 5
10 4 <xsl:apply-templates /> </fo:inline> </xsl:stylesheet > Generated XSL-FO <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?> <fo:root xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/xsl/format"> <fo:layout-master-set> <fo:simple-page-master page-height="297mm" page-width="210mm" margin="5mm 25mm 5mm 25mm" master-name="pagemaster"> <fo:region-body margin="20mm 0mm 20mm 0mm"/> </fo:simple-page-master> </fo:layout-master-set> <fo:page-sequence master-reference="pagemaster"> <fo:flow flow-name="xsl-region-body"> <fo:block> <fo:block>hello World! <fo:block>this is the first <fo:inline font-weight="bold">simpledoc</fo:inline> </fo:flow> </fo:page-sequence> </fo:root> The above XSL-FO is formatted/displayed as follows. Hello World! This is the first SimpleDoc Stylesheet Structure The above Simple.xsl and XSL-FO show the following facts: A stylesheet is a set of templates. The descendant of the root element, xsl:stylesheet consists of xsl:template elements. Each xsl:template is applied so that the xxx tag of the source XML document may be processed by match="xxx". Formatting objects and the XML source text in each template are output to result XSL-FO tree. Then, templates that match to the descendant elements are called by an instruction of xsl:apply-templates. XSLT processor loads the source XML document, starts processing from the root node. It finds the templates that match each node, and processes them as described in the templates. The processor processes child elements recursively, continues until the processor returns to the root element and there are no more templates to be processed. Block Elementand Inline Element Please note how the XSL stylesheet maps block elements and inline elements in source element to formatting objects. In the stylesheet, p elements are transformed into fo:block objects, b elements are transformed into fo:inline objects. The base of XSL-FO transformation is to map the elements of the source XML document to either fo:block elements or fo:inline elements according to the layout instruction. The elements that intend to break lines by the end tag normally can be mapped to the fo:block objects. the elements of which the end tag do not intend to break lines can be mapped to the fo:inline objects. The attributes of source 6 Hello! World
11 4 elements specify properties of formatting objects. In this case, the b element means emphasis and property of the inline object generated from b is specified as bold. XSL-FO Tree Structure Next, please pay attention to the XSL-FO tree structure. The following illustrates the structure of the XML document. doc head body title p p 'sample' 'Hello World!' 'This is the first' b 'SampleDoc!' Hello.xml Tree Structure In contrast, the tree structure of XSL-FO is as follows. The root of the XSL-FO tree is fo:root, which has two children, fo:layout-master-set and fo:page-sequence. Fo:layout-master-set defines the page layouts and fo:page-sequence has a flow of contents arranged in in pages. fo:root fo:layout-master-set fo:page-sequence fo:simple-pagemaster fo:flow fo:region-body fo:block fo:block fo:block 'Hello World!' 'This is the first' fo:inline 'SampleDoc!' XSL-FO Tree after XSL Processing fo:layout-master-set that defines the page layouts should precede fo:page-sequence(preceding-sibling)that is an actual content of pages. XSL processor processes the XML source document from the root element, seeking the templates (xsl:template) to be matched. Therefore, fo:layout-master-set element should be an output from the template that processes the root element of the XML source document. In this case, <xsl:template match="doc"> takes this processing. The following node of the fo:flow is the same tree structure as the original document though the element names has changed. The nodes existed in the original document are transferred as it used to be, using <xsl:template match="xxx">...<xsl:apply-templates;> The result has the same tree structure. In the Simple.xsl, the information described in ... of source XML document is not output. It is because the child element is specified to be applied but  element is omitted according to the instruction of <xsl:apply-templates select="body" /> Hello! World 7
12 5 Developing a Practical Stylesheet Printing Form Specification We can get only a simple output when an XML document is processed according to the sample in the previous chapter. In order to get more rich outputs, we add the following specification. Page Format Item Paper size Orientation Writing mode Organization Header, Hooter Letter size (8.5in x 11in) Portrait lr-tb Specification cover, table of contents, the text, and index are proceseed in order from the top. Specify the header, footer regions. Do not set text inside the whitespace on the both side of the body. Cover/Table of Contents Margin of paper Item Specification Top: 25mm, Bottom: 25mm, Left: 25mm, Right: 25mm Body Region Margin Content Writing mode Item Column 1 Default font size Text align Other conditions Header Region Specification Margin top: 20mm, bottom: 20mm, left: 0mm, right: 0mm Consists of head, table, list, paragraph and image. lr-tb 10pt justify Place a header region and a footer region. The content of the footer region is fore-edge justified and changed by right and left pages. Place a borderline between a footnote region and a body region. The borderline is a solid, the length is one-third of the region body, left justified. Extent Writing Mode Content Item 10mm lr-tb Specification Print the title Font size is 9pt. Center aligned in the inline progression direction, bottom aligned in the block progression direction. Create an index on the upper part of a page. 8 Developing a Practical Stylesheet
13 5 Footer Region Extent Writing Mode Contents Index Item Specification 10mm lr-tb Print a page number and a sub-title of the current page on the fore-edge side. Item Specification Margin Margin top: 25mm, bottom: 25mm, left: 25mm, right: 25mm Column 2 Column rule 20mm XSL Stylesheet Organization XSL Stylesheet consists of the following 5 files. File Name SD2FO-DOC.XSL attribute.xsl param.xsl index.xsl article.xsl Contents/Usage Main body of the XSL Stylesheet The file which defines the property of XSL-FO collectively. The file which defins values, such as paper size, as a parameter. The file which defines the processing of creating an index collectively. The stylesheet for a document format without a cover, a table of contents and an index. SD2FO-DOC.XSL consists of the following top level XSL elements. XSL elements xsl:include xsl:param xsl:attribute-set xsl:template match="xxx" xsl:template name="yyy" xsl:key Contents/Usage Includes the stylesheets divided according to the function. Specifies the value of paper size, etc. in the whole stylesheet as a parameter. Groups and defines the property, such as block and inline, for every object of XSL-FO to output. Defines the template for transformation described to every element of an XML document ("xxx"). It is called by <xsl:apply-templates /> A subroutine of templates which is explicitly invoked by <xsl:call-template name="yyy"/> Generates a key for an index. How to make an index is explained later in this document. xsl:param and xsl:attribute-set are defined in param.xsl and attribute.xsl respectively, and are included in SD2 FO- DOC.XSL. xsl:param and xsl:attribute-set are not necessarily required, but they have the following advantages: The stylesheet can be easy to see, easy to be handled by separating their roles. Properties of formatting objects are defined by xsl:attribute-set, while the transformation are defined by xsl:template. xsl:param provides a parameter at the time application calls the XSLT processor. It is possible to control a stylesheet processing externally depending upon the value of xsl:param. An example of using xsl:param  <xsl:param name="toc-make" select="false()"/> Developing a Practical Stylesheet 9
14 5   <xsl:param name="paper-width">8.5in</xsl:param> <xsl:param name="paper-height">11in</xsl:param> An example of using xsl:attribute-set   <xsl:attribute-set name="p"> <xsl:attribute name="text-indent">1em</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="space-before">0.6em</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="space-after">0.6em</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="text-align">justify</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="keep-together.within-page">always</xsl:attribute> </xsl:attribute-set> From here, the stylesheet is explained along with this SD2 FO-DOC.XSL. 10 Developing a Practical Stylesheet
15 6 Page Layout specification The page layout of SD2 FO-DOC.XSL has the following features: The page layout includes a cover, a table of contents, the text, and indexes. The page layout for indexing a cover, a table of contents places neither a page number nor a document name. Therefore, it does not have header/footer regions. The page layout for the text is different by right and left pages, and aligns the content of the footer region to the fore-edge side. The top page of the body text is made as the 1st page. Only the index page has two columns. Therefore, 5 types of page layouts, a cover, a table of contents, the text (left), the text (right), and an index are required. The definition method of each page layout is described henceforth. Page layout of Cover/Teble of contents Page layout of Cover/Teble of contents is shown as follows: Page Layout specification 11
16 6 25mm 25mm 10mm Header Region 5mm 20mm Body region Inline progression direction Block progression direction Margin of the Region body Margin of the paper 297mm 11in Progression direction The borderline between footnote and body footnote 10mm Footer Region 20mm 5mm 210mm 8.5in The layout of Cover/Teble of contents The page layout is defined as page master. Specifically, it's described as follows using the fo:simple-page-master element. Definition of the page layout in the stylesheet <fo:simple-page-master margin="25mm 25mm 25mm 25mm" master-name="pagemaster-cover"> <xsl:attribute name="page-height"> <xsl:value-of select="$paper-height" /> </xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="page-width"> <xsl:value-of select="$paper-width" /> 12 Page Layout specification
17 6 </xsl:attribute> <fo:region-body margin="0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm" /> </fo:simple-page-master> <fo:simple-page-master margin="25mm 25mm 25mm 25mm" master-name="pagemaster-toc"> <xsl:attribute name="page-height"> <xsl:value-of select="$paper-height" /> </xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="page-width"> <xsl:value-of select="$paper-width" /> </xsl:attribute> <fo:region-body margin="0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm" /> </fo:simple-page-master> Although the specified value is the same, the page master is prepared for each considering the possibility of any changes. Master name properties of fo:simple-page-master are set as follows: master-name Usage Refered Template PageMaster-Cover For a cover <xsl:template match="doc/head"> PageMaster-TOC for a table of contents <xsl:template name="toc"> The next figure shows the XSL-FO tree structure in the site of where to define these page masters and where to refer to. fo:root fo:simple-page-master master-name= "PageMaster-Cover" fo:layout-master-set refering to master-name= "PageMaster-Cover" fo:page-sequence master-reference= "PageMaster-Cover" front cover fo:page-sequence master-reference= "PageMaster-TOC" table of contents fo:page-sequence master-reference= "PageMaster" body fo:simple-page-master master-name= "PageMaster-TOC" fo:simple-page-master master-name= "PageMaster" refering to master-name="pagemaster-toc" refering to master-name="pagemaster" FO tree structure relating to page layout Body - Change Page Layout on Right and Left pages In this document, the page layout changes by right and left page. In XSL-FO, the layout change on right and left page can be made by grouping the even-page layout and odd-page layout, then changing by turns. Create two fo:simple-page-master, one for left pages and another for right pages, and groups them by fo:pagesequence-master. fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives is used for repeating two page layouts by turns. The odd-oreven property of fo:conditional-page-master-reference is used to specify the conditions on which the selection of the alternative is made. It is described in the stylesheet as follows: Page Layout specification 13
18 6 FO tree structure relating to page layout <fo:simple-page-master margin="10mm 00mm 10mm 00mm" master-name="pagemaster-left"> <xsl:attribute name="page-height"> <xsl:value-of select="$paper-height-default" /> </xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="page-width"> <xsl:value-of select="$paper-width-default" /> </xsl:attribute> <fo:region-body margin="15mm 25mm 15mm 25mm" /> <fo:region-before region-name="left-header" extent="10mm" display-align="after" /> <fo:region-after region-name="left-footer" extent="10mm" display-align="before" /> <fo:region-start region-name="left-start" extent="20mm" /> <fo:region-end region-name="left-end" extent="20mm" /> </fo:simple-page-master> <fo:simple-page-master margin="10mm 00mm 10mm 00mm" master-name="pagemaster-right"> <xsl:attribute name="page-height"> <xsl:value-of select="$paper-height-default" /> </xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="page-width"> <xsl:value-of select="$paper-width-default" /> </xsl:attribute> <fo:region-body margin="15mm 25mm 15mm 25mm" /> <fo:region-before region-name="right-header" extent="10mm" display-align="after" /> <fo:region-after region-name="right-footer" extent="10mm" display-align="before" /> <fo:region-start region-name="right-start" extent="20mm" /> <fo:region-end region-name="right-end" extent="20mm" /> </fo:simple-page-master> <fo:page-sequence-master master-name="pagemaster"> <fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives> <fo:conditional-page-master-reference master-reference="pagemaster-left" odd-oreven="even" /> <fo:conditional-page-master-reference master-reference="pagemaster-right" odd-oreven="odd" /> </fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives> </fo:page-sequence-master> Index - Two-Column Layout The page layout of an index is two-column layout. In XSL-FO, the number of column is specified to the columncount property of fo:region-body.in other word, although column layout can be specified per page, the number of columns cannot be changed in the middle of a page. However, the block object can be arranged as span -all layout by the span="all" property. The column gap can be specified by the colomn-gap property belonging to fo:region-body. These page layouts are described in the following stylesheet. Definition of page layouts in the stylesheet <fo:simple-page-master margin="25mm 25mm 25mm 25mm" master-name="pagemaster-index"> <xsl:attribute name="page-height"> <xsl:value-of select="$paper-height-default" /> </xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="page-width"> <xsl:value-of select="$paper-width-default" /> </xsl:attribute> <fo:region-body margin="00mm 00mm 00mm 00mm" column-count="2" column-gap="20mm" /> </fo:simple-page-master> 14 Page Layout specification
19 7 Output Control as a Whole FO tree is generated in order of fo:page-sequence of the front cover, fo:page-sequene of the table of contents, fo:page-sequence of the body of document. The front cover and the table of contents cannot be created by the stylesheet made in order of the XML source document, so you have to make the subroutine templates that create the front cover and the table of contents. These processings are controlled by the templates that process the doc element, that is the root element. The templates that process the doc elements created according to the requirement for processing conditions are shown below. As required they are creaged in order of fo:layout-master-set outputs, a front cover, a table of contents and the body text. It is possible for the attributes of doc elements to control whether to make these or not. It is possible to control whether to output a cover/a table of contents or not by specifying the properties of the doc element or the external parameters. For example, a cover is not outputted by specifying <doc cover="false">. A table of contents is not outputted by specifying 'false' to the value of toc-make. Templates that process the doc elements <xsl:param name="toc-make" select="false()"/> <xsl:param name="cover-make" select="false()"/> <xsl:template match="doc"> <fo:root xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/xsl/format"> <xsl:call-template name="xml-lang" /> <fo:layout-master-set>  </fo:layout-master-set>  <xsl:if test="$cover-make <xsl:apply-templates select="head" /> </xsl:if>  <xsl:if test="$toc-make <xsl:call-template name="toc" /> </xsl:if>  <xsl:apply-templates select="body" /> </fo:root> Output Control as a Whole 15
20 8 Cover Output title, date and author to a cover page. which are children of the head element in the cover page. but not output the abstract. The width of the block that contains the title is 130mm, the height is 30mm, and the block must be centered, using gray for the background color, dark gray for the border color. The title is placed 25mm down from the margin top, and make a 122mm height space between the title and the author to be written next. Use the font size 24pt, font style sans-serif. the text must be centered inside the block. The width of the block that contains the date is 160mm and the block must be centered, using no background color, no border. Use the font size 14pt, font style serif. Make a 5mm height space between the date and the author. The width of the block that contains the author is 160mm and the block must be centered, using no background color, no border. Use the font size 14pt, font style serif. When an image of logotype is specified to the author, place it preceding the author. The cover is created by the templates that process the head. The layout specification of a title portion is arranged by the portion of name="cover.title" in xsl:attribute-set. Layout specification of title, author, date.  <xsl:attribute-set name="cover.title" > <xsl:attribute name="space-before">25mm</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="space-before.conditionality">retain</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="space-after">122mm</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="font-size">24pt</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="font-family">"sans-serif"</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="text-align">center</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="text-align-last">center</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="start-indent">18mm</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="width">130mm</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="height">30mm</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="background-color">#eeeeee</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="border-style">outset</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="border-color">#888888</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="padding-top">5pt</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="padding-bottom">5pt</xsl:attribute> </xsl:attribute-set> <xsl:attribute-set name="cover.date" > <xsl:attribute name="space-after">5mm</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="font-size">14pt</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="font-family">"serif"</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="text-align">center</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="text-align-last">center</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="width">160mm</xsl:attribute> </xsl:attribute-set> <xsl:attribute-set name="cover.author" > <xsl:attribute name="font-size">14pt</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="font-family">"serif"</xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="text-align">center</xsl:attribute> 16 Cover
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Stayed at the Comfort Suites for 4 nights. Arrived on a Sunday.
The Good:
It was great having access to the Atlantis resort amenities. Breakfast included and free wifi. No surprise charges. The staff was also very helpful. The ice machine, fridge and storage.
The Bad: Checkin took longer then I would have liked. Also, the room smelled slightly from humidity. Not sure if this is the norm, because we are from CO were it is a lot dryer.
The size of the room was great for us (my wife, myself and my son). King size bed and fold out couch. We really didn't spend a lot of time in the room. We brought a small cooler bag with us, and put some drinks and Ice in it each day before heading to the Atlantis. On the first day, we bought some lunch with softdrinks also. We kept the paper cups and used them all week at the resort.
The walk to the Atlantis wasn't long at all.
The biggest issue was with dining options. We had some really good food in town at the fish fry. Anthony's (near the Comfort Suites) was good, but service wasn't great.
Most of the other restaurants in the Marina area, there were very long waits, the service was poor, the food was average, and the price was high. It's funny, but the best service and shortest wait we had was at Johnny Rockets. I would never have gone there, but everything else had such a long wait.
Like other people have said, stay off the waterslides until 5pm. From 5pm-7pm all the cruisers go home and the slides are empty. That was the best part of our day.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with BookIt.com, Hotels.com, Expedia, Choice Hotels, Booking.com, Orbitz, Travelocity, Hotwire, Cancelon, Evoline ltd, TripOnline SA, HotelQuickly and getaroom.com so you can book your Comfort Suites Paradise Island reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Comfort Suites Paradise Island Hotel Paradise Island
- Comfort Suites Bahamas
- Paradise Island Comfort Suites
- Comfort Suites Atlantis
- Comfort Suites Nassau
- Comfort Suites Paradise Island Bahamas

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Managing your finances following the death of a spouse is often an uphill battle. Thankfully, surviving spouses are entitled to many significant tax breaks under the tax code. Understanding these benefits can help maximize your tax return this year and ensure you manage your assets so as to limit your tax liability in the future.
Filing Your Return
A surviving spouse may file a joint return in the year of their spouse's death, provided that the taxpayer did not remarry within that year. Additionally, if the widow or widower still has dependent children at home, they may file jointly in each of the next two years following the death of their spouse. Filing jointly is beneficial for many reasons. Notably, doing so increases the taxpayer's standard deduction.
A surviving spouse filing jointly (and only if the executor has not named a personal representative) should sign the tax return and write in the signature area "filing as surviving spouse." The final tax return should have the word "deceased," the name of the deceased spouse, and the date of death written across the top of the tax return.
Selling Property
For most American families, their biggest asset is their home, but when one spouse dies, the surviving spouse often sells the family home for financial or personal reasons. Generally, any capital gain made on the sale of property (the difference between the amount paid to acquire the property and the amount it was sold for) is counted as taxable income. Fortunately, the sale of one's primary residence gets beneficial treatment under the current tax law. Single filers can exclude from taxable income up to $250,000 of capital gain, and married filers can exclude up to $500,000 of capital gain.
Because surviving spouses can file jointly even after the death of their spouse (see above), you might be able to use the full $500,000 exclusion. However, this benefit is only available if the following conditions are met. First, both you and your deceased spouse must have used your home as your primary residence for at least two out of the five years prior to the death of your spouse. Second, either you or your deceased spouse (or both of you) must have owned the home for at least two out of the five years prior to the death of your spouse. Third, for the two-year period prior to your spouse's death, neither one of you could have taken the exclusion on another residence.
Your home, as well as other appreciated assets, such as rental property, stocks and mutual funds, also qualify for a "step-up" in tax basis. This means that when determining capital gain, the value of the property when inherited, rather than the amount originally paid, is used.
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text:
Gabrielle Union Looks Elegant at the 2014 BET Awards
Beautiful and elegant, Gabrielle Union sure knows how to arrive at a red carpet in style ahead of the 2014 BET Awards on Sunday evening (June 29).
Everyone on the red carpet took notice as the "Think Like a Man Too" lady pranced around in her designer finery and posed for a few photos before heading inside.
It's going to be a great night filled with inspired speeches and plenty of glitz and glamour as BET welcomes performers like Robin Thicke, Usher, Nicki Minaj and Lil Wayne to the stage.
Furthermore, Lionel Richie will be honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award for his generous musical contributions to the industry over the past five decades.


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Client support: Phone: (+357) 22314160
FX & CFD trading involves significant risk
U.S.: Total Net TIC Flows, February 33.5
U.S.: Net Long-term TIC Flows , February 72 (forecast -32.2)
Wall Street. Major U.S. stock-indexes little changed
European stocks close: stocks closed lower on the Chinese economic data
European stocks closed: FTSE 6343.75 -21.35 -0.34%, DAX 10051.57 -42.08 -0.42%, CAC 40 4495.17 -16.34 -0.36%
European Central Bank President Mario Draghi: the Eurozone's economy continued to recover
Bank of England appoints Michael Saunders as an external member on its Monetary Policy Committee
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Christine Lagarde is sceptical the Greece will meet its budget target
Bloomberg Consumer Comfort Index: consumers' expectations for U.S. economy increase to 43.6 in in the week ended April 10
St. Louis Fed President James Bullard: the Fed should continue to raise its interest rate
Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan preliminary consumer sentiment index falls to 89.7 in April
U.S. industrial production slides 0.6% in March
U.S.: Reuters/Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index, April 89.7 (forecast 92.0)
WSE: After start on Wall Street
Option expiries for today's 10:00 ET NY cut
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Talk:Artificial induction of immunity
|Artificial induction of immunity was a good articles nominee, but did not meet the good article criteria at the time. There are suggestions below for improving the article. Once these issues have been addressed, the article can be renominated. Editors may also seek a reassessment of the decision if they believe there was a mistake.
|WikiProject Medicine
|(Rated B-class, Mid-importance)
This is a working title. One might say induction of prior immunity, or medical induction of immunity, the key point in a title being that it is immunity produced by means other than waiting to catch the disease and hoping to survive it.
- The unique element of the article is to tie variolation and vaccination and modern immunisation into one process, with the (potential?) artificial production of antibodies as still part of that process.
- Providing a bit of context eg germ theory etc is a secondary intention. It doesn't seem to me an article that should go into detail about the individual processes, otherwise it could get very long and duplicate them.
Why (separate)
The argument against merging it with one or several of the articles linked to is that it has that unique element that is not provided by the other separate articles.
Dive in... Midgley 13:45, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
Article name[edit]
- I'll await to see how this article develops, but a change of name is likely indicated. This is supposed to be an umbrella article which introduces a number of topics covered more extensively in their own articles. It is a sort of mini-subproject within the project of clinical medicine and just as that has a name that people would not immediate know to search for (Wikipedia:WikiProject Clinical medicine), nor does this need a "perfect" name.
- However whilst this article name tries to distinguish itself from "naturally acquired immunity" (following infection from the native disease), would a better name be "Medically induced immunity" or just "Induced immunity", else "Stimulated immunity" ?
- Whilst there is a Category:Vaccination (which rightly does not include variolation), the next level up is Category:Immunology which seems too high a level (autoimmune disease have no direct link to stimulating disease immunity - PS I note Variolation is not in this category either). Clearly these categories wont work as they are and either:
- A new category is needed (ugh - each vaccine really does not need yet another category), or
- Category:Vaccination is renamed to make it a little more encompassing, e.g. Category:Induced immunity, that would allow variolation etc to be included within it ?
- Thereagain, who wants germ theory being directly categorised under a vaccination category (might as well have every single microbiology article included too).
- So perhaps a new category of our own would allow us to select the appropriate inclusion criteria ? David Ruben Talk 01:02, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
- This is all eminently sensible. I'm going to sit on my hands so far as this article goes, for a while, I believe it has some slight merit, but it will be better if others take it out of the rough. I suppose an assertion whcih could be made would be that there are several ways of articially inducing immunity ... which might make a category ... I'm not sure how comfortably the members would sit next to each other or how useful it would be to readers. This article's content-based name should really be Artificial induction of specific immunity which is clearly not as snappy as one would like. Midgley 01:35, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
Time to revisit the name I should admit I'm happy with the existing one, but would put forward no effort to keep it. This is a stable article now, and evolved as they should, it really ought to do for good article status I think, or at least be reviewed for it. "Therapeutically induced immunity" is one reasonable title, adding "specific" as th epenultimate word would leave it long, but correct. Are there any others worth considering? Midgley 02:23, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
Onesimus and Boston[edit]
I meant accounts other than the one about Lady Motagu, but agree that was a superfluous expression. Onesimus is noted in the NIH on-line presentation on variolation cited already. Cotton Mather claimed to own him. Midgley 05:17, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
Readability Edits[edit]
Hi -- just FYI, I've just made several large (but hopefully content-sparing) edits just for things like grammar, flow, and readability. Haven't done the last section yet -- need to go to bed.
Regarding the title -- I like the title "Therapeutic induction of immunity", as it's more specific and makes some reference to the purpose of the procedure. Still a mouthful, though. Scot →Talk 10:20, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
- That seems an adequately good title. Therapeutically induced immunity is one word shorter and a little tighter. Midgley 11:00, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
By the way, I love the picture of the platypus -- nice touch! Scot →Talk 02:15, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
A malapropism unless we use Roman Numerals[edit]
In teh introductory paragraph:-
"a widening number "
IIII is indeed wider than III but I think in MMVI we can have "a widening range", or "an increasing number", or at a pinch "more and more". Pick one, someone. Midgley 02:26, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
GA failure[edit]
Reasons :
- This is a historical overview, and an introduction to a collection of detailed articles on the main topics. – doesn't make any sense in an encyclopaedic article.
- No lead, see WP:LEAD.
- Anthrax is now known to be caused by a bacterium, and rabies is known to be caused by a virus. The microscopes of the time could reasonably be expected to show bacteria, but imaging of viruses had to wait until the development of electron microscopes with their greater resolving power in the 20th century. – doesn't go with there rest of the text in the Germ theory section.
- The article doesn't flow … there is no logic in the section order.
- Sounds POV in some sentences.
- Needs more citations for this kind of subject.
Lincher 14:58, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
- The germ theory section points out that the people developing that theory could _see_ Anthrax bacteria, but had to _infer_ the unseen Rabies agent, and that going from that to a vaccine against it, on the basis of the germ theory, was rather clever. Later, one of the demonstrations of correctness was that the virus could be seen with increased magnification with the EM. Perhaps it could be made more clear. My feeling remains that htis should not be a long article. Midgley 21:48, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
- Section order ... I don't follow that argument. The sections follow the chronological order of development of understanding of, and artificial induction of, immunity against disease. What other order could they be in? I think that criticism is entirely mistaken. Midgley 21:48, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
- References: There could be more, but each main article has many, and repeating them here is not ideal. Midgley 21:48, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
Citations and other improvements[edit]
Per the request of Midgley, here are some of my concerns with this article. This will deal primarily with citations, but there is one very glaring problem I'll mention first. Here goes!
- This article lacks a lead. - The very first sentence should define "artificial induction of immunity." The rest of the lead paragraph should discuss how it is done, why it is done, and what the goals of the treatment are. The three to five major points of the article should each get a phrase, half-sentence, or full sentence in the lead paragraph.
- Each statement of fact in the article should have its own citation. - Referring readers to citations in other articles on Wikipedia is not appropriate. If a citation in another article supports the statement of fact in this article, go steal it and add it to this article. Be bold!
- Do not break the "third wall". - The sentence which begins "This article places the development of techniques..." should be eliminated. Wikipedia's Manual of Style generally precludes articles from addressing readers directly, and precludes articles from using such self-referential statements. (Self-referential statements are common in scientific periodicals, but this is not a scientific periodical.)
- I have noted various issues with the lead, as currently written. These include:
- "Since Pasteur..." - A citation is needed which indicates that Pasteur was the person who provided support for the germ theory of disease. I would also suggest that the sentence be changed to read "...Pasteur and others" (since many people contributed to this theory).
- "...we have increasingly induced immunity..." - Who is "we"?
- "...we have increasingly induced immunity against a widening" - Give a citation to the fact that the number of diseases against which induced immunity is applied is widening.
- "...against a widening range of diseases..." - Only diseases? The implication from the prior clause is that only germ-caused diseases are the object of induced immunity, but that is perhaps incorrect. A citation would help clarify this for readers.
- "...to prevent the associated risks from the wild infections." - A "wild infection" is an unclear term. Do you mean an untamed infection? An infection which is out of control in the body? A zoonotic infection? (If this is a scientific term, perhaps it should be defined in a footnote, and a citation provided for that definition.) What are "associated risks"? (If this is a scientific term, perhaps it should be defined in a footnote, and a citation provided for that definition if possible.) Is prevention the key word, or can "control" be included? (Most induced immunities do not prevent infection, but rather arm the body to effectively fight infection so that illness does not occur.) Lastly, if this is the goal of artificially induced immunity, it should have a citation that says so.
- "It is hoped that further..." - "It" is a weasel word. Who says this? If physicians and biomedical researchers say this, then the sentence should read "Physicians and biomedical researchers hope that further..."
- "...understanding of the molecular basis of immunity will translate to improved clinical practice in the future." - This needs a citation. And if both "physicians and biomedical researchers" are used as the noun in this sentence, then the citation should say that as well.
- Thank you. Do feel free to write some of it. To answer a couple of questions, we are the human species. If anyone else has been doing it, they have not published, so far as I know. Pasteur developed the germ theory. Before him it was not clear, after it was. Hence, since him ....Midgley (talk) 22:53, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
- The box at the bottom deserves a moment's attention before the nature of this article is radically changed. Midgley (talk) 22:57, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
Tetanus toxoid[edit]
The original description of this made the importance of the time-coruse - the speed at which immunity can be generated to the natural toxin clear. THe current one has lost that. Midgley (talk) 11:40, 27 September 2012 (UTC)
External links modified[edit]
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David Ferrer beat Mardy Fish 7-5, 7-6 (3), 5-7, 7-6 (5) to clinch a 3-1 victory for Spain over the United States in the Davis Cup quarterfinals.
Ferrer, who beat Andy Roddick on Friday night, fell backward when Fish's final shot sailed wide, then jumped into the arms of Spain captain Albert Costa. The win gave Spain, seeking a third Davis Cup title in four years, an insurmountable 3-1 lead and a spot in the semifinals against France.
Playing without world No. 2 Rafael Nadal, resting after losing the Wimbledon final, Spain went 3-0 in singles. Spain had to overcome a rowdy pro-American crowd to earn its first Davis Cup victory in the U.S. After Ferrer's victory, Sunday night's scheduled match between Roddick and Feliciano Lopez was canceled.
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"It was a very long match, a very tough match," Ferrer said. "It's a very special moment for me."
After hugging Costa, Ferrer was surrounded by teammates and team staff. Fernando Verdasco stood up and pumped his fist toward the small but loud contingent of Spanish fans who had supported their team with chants of "Ole!" and "Espana!" for three days. The Spanish team then danced on the court while Ferrer went to sign autographs.
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"For us, this is a historic match," Spain captain Costa said. "The guys, they are giving everything. It is a pleasure to be their captain."
Spain had already turned Nadal's absence into an afterthought when Feliciano Lopez beat Fish in the first singles match Friday and Ferrer whipped Roddick in straight sets in front of a stunned home crowd.
"Spain is probably the deepest team out there right now in men's tennis," Jim Courier said following his first defeat as U.S. captain. "Playing Spain home or away is going to be tough, with or without Rafa."
The U.S. hasn't won the Davis Cup since 2007, and Roddick had lobbied to have this quarterfinal played in his home town. Austin responded with a rowdy reception for the Spaniards, waving American flags and peppering the matches with chants of "U-S-A!"
Roddick's wife, model and actress Brooklyn Decker, wore red and blue and waved a red-white-and-blue pom-pom. One sign held up after a Ferrer miss on Sunday read "Rafa would have made that!"
But none of the rousing cheers could push the Americans to a singles victory.


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