text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 18, 2002
|Filing date
|Feb 13, 2001
|Priority date
|Feb 14, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Theodore D. Held, III, William E. Fristad
|Original Assignee
|Henkel Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (3), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority from United States provisional application Serial No. 60/182,324, filed Feb. 14, 2000, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention relates to processes useful in the assembly line manufacture of articles including organic surfaces and involving the repeated contacting of aqueous compositions with said surfaces at various points during a multi-step polymeric coating operation. This invention is particularly related to the field of coating plastic parts during the assembly of automobile bodies.
Historically, automobiles have been constructed of metal parts the outer surfaces of which have been coated to provide a smooth showroom finish. The materials used to coat the metal comprise predominantly organic polymeric materials, or paints, such as lacquers, polyurethanes, acrylics and such, all of which provide a durable and attractive finish. More recently, automobile manufacturers have incorporated plastic parts into the automobile assembly process to reduce weight and improve rustproofing properties. The introduction of plastic parts into automotive assemblies has presented the automotive industry with challenges including the ability to maintain a uniform, constant color showroom finish on the different substrate materials. Various methods have been adopted to achieve this goal.
Many of the parts making up a typical automotive assembly are not manufactured by the original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") but are produced by specialty suppliers at sites distant from where the final automobile assembly takes place. The plastic parts included in the assembly are normally molded and assembled at supplier facilities where their production and priming (in most cases) is also complex. In the case where plastic parts and sheet metal parts are not subjected to a common coating or painting operation, differences in color tone and/or "look" of the coating films between the two types of materials may remain after the finish coating. Furthermore, the parts are more likely to experience contamination, due to handling during assembly after such individual treatment. It may therefore be difficult to color match both types of parts in this type of operation and more difficult to ensure the quality of the finish due to handling contamination. Therefore, many automobile manufacturers choose to precondition the entire assembly of parts, and paint the completed assembly that includes the plastic parts and the sheet metal parts, referred to as the "body-in-white".
The assembly plant receives the finished plastic component, where it is included in the automotive assembly, after which such components may be subjected to a variety of processes at the same time as the metal parts. These processes include steps leading up to the application of the finish coating of paint to the plastic and metal parts. More specifically, the manufacturing facility assembles the metal parts and plastic body parts into the automotive body-in-white, sends the body-in-white through several pretreatment steps and corrosion resistance processes, and lastly applies the final finish using a series of coating steps. These basic steps encompass the spraying, or dipping, of the assembly with a sequence of aqueous compositions that are recycled in a continuous manner and thereby contact newly assembled plastic and coated metal parts with aqueous compositions that have been in contact with previously treated assemblies of parts. In particular, the pretreatment operation typically comprises the steps of a power wash, a phosphate treatment, and an electrocoating process, each of which may employ an aqueous spray and/or aqueous bath dip process.
The assembly line coating of sheet metal-plastic hybrid assemblies presents problems relating to the actual coating processes and conditions. Since the physical and chemical properties of the plastic parts differ significantly from those of the sheet metal parts, each step in the coating operation must be designed to be compatible with each type of surface. Furthermore, the end result, a showroom quality paint finish, must be practically identical for both the plastic and sheet metal parts. The final properties of color matching, color depth, smoothness, luster, reflectivity, among others, must be uniform through all visible surfaces of the finish coat assembly.
While manufacturers have been successful in designing a series of coating process steps applicable to both plastic and sheet metal parts to achieve the aforementioned goals, the automation of this process has not been altogether successful. One of the daunting problems in coating the plastic and metal parts-containing assembly has been the appearance of defects in the surface quality of the plastic parts and/or metal parts that are pretreated with one or more coatings of organic primer material. These defects manifest as surface irregularities in the final painted surfaces that detract from the acceptability of the end product. To achieve the desired factory fresh showroom finish, manufacturers find it necessary to employ time consuming manual labor to prevent these defects from appearing or to repair such defects after they appear. This of course increases the cost of the overall coating operation.
Reported Developments
Automobile manufacturers have addressed the problem of organic surface defects by incorporating into the automated coating process a labor intensive hand wiping of the plastic and/or coated metal surfaces prior to the final coating operation. Automobile technical bulletins [Brouder, E. "The Problem Recognized: Surface Treatment of Plastics Before Painting" Ind. Anz. 108 (37-38, May 13, 1986) recognized that dust and dirt, fingerprints and parting agents contaminated the surfaces of plastic automobile parts and prescribed a regimen of cleaning solutions containing surfactants and/or antistatic coatings to remove and/or avoid the contamination. This bulletin appears to refer to the treatment of plastic parts separately from sheet metal parts and the removal of contamination resulting from handling the parts during parts manufacture per se and subsequent assembly. The surface contamination problems arising during whole assembly coating are not addressable economically using the cleaning solution method, in view of the recycling of the cleaning solutions which themselves appear to be the source of the problem as discussed below. To this day, hand wiping of the assembly at various stages prior to final coating is the only way, inelegant, as it may seem, by which the industry has addressed the surface defect problem.
Although many sources of contamination resulting in the organic surface defects are possible, the present invention recognizes that the major source of contamination arises from the physical removal of uncured resin particles from the metal surfaces of assemblies undergoing the coating operation The inventors have found that these particles originate with the sealers, sound deadeners, mastics and/or adhesives applied to selected portions of parts, predominately the metal parts, used in the automobile body construction, are removed therefrom by the physical forces present during the aqueous pretreatment steps, and become suspended in the recycling aqueous compositions. The present inventors also believe that on application of the aqueous composition to the sheet metal-plastic assemblies, these particles are redeposited on the organic surfaces, or in other words are transferred from the resin-treated metal surfaces to the organic surfaces. Upon curing of the final coating, the redeposited particles cause surface irregularities or defects in the finish coat.
The present invention relates to a method for maintaining in aqueous suspension hydrophobic particles contacted with organic surfaces, comprising oxidizing said organic surfaces, contacting said aqueous suspension of hydrophobic particles with said oxidized surfaces, and removing said aqueous suspension from said surfaces.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method of preventing the formation of coating defects in polymeric coated surfaces in a coating process comprising a plurality of steps that occur prior to the polymeric coating of said surfaces and that contact organic and metal surfaces with a plurality of aqueous compositions in which accumulate in suspension resin particles released from said metal surfaces, comprising
(1) treating said organic surfaces with a flame,
(2) contacting said flame treated surfaces with a plurality of aqueous compositions containing said particles, and
(3) removing said surfaces from said plurality of aqueous compositions.
A further aspect of the present invention is an assembly line coating operation comprising the application of an hydrophobic sealer resin onto portions of metal parts combined with parts having organic surfaces in an assembly, contacting said assembly with a plurality of aqueous compositions, applying one or more finish coats to the surfaces of said assembly, and curing said finish coats, the improvement comprising
(1) flame treating the surfaces of said organic surface parts,
(2) contacting said assembly with a plurality of said aqueous compositions,
(3) removing said assembly from each of said plurality of aqueous compositions, and
(4) reusing said aqueous compositions with additional assemblies comprising said sealer treated metal parts and said flame treated organic surface parts.
(1) Definitions
The following terms are used throughout the specification and are intended to have the following meanings:
"Hydrophobic" as used herein means a material having little or no affinity for water.
"Hydrophilic" as used herein means the opposite of hydrophobic, that is a material having affinity for water.
"Flame treating" as used herein means the contacting of a surface with a high temperature gas combustion product of a mixture comprising oxygen and at least one fuel such as hydrogen gas or a hydrocarbon.
"Organic" as used herein means a chemical compound including carbon and at least one or more of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or silicon.
"Oxized" as used herein means that a material has increased its oxygen content by the introduction, into a material, of oxygen atoms in the form of molecular functional groups containing oxygen. Exemplary functional groups include hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, peroxy, oxy, siloxy, nitroxy, and the like.
"Plastic" as used herein means an organic material that at one point in time is capable of attaining a desired shape through processing such as molding, casting or extrusion, and which may retain its moldable properties or thermoplastic properties or lose those properties and become fixed or thermoset. Exemplary plastics include naturally derived and synthetically produced polymeric materials.
A "plastic composition" may include one or more additives, such as reinforcing elements or fillers, such as glass fibers, pigments such as calcium carbonate, or plasticizers, UV-light absorbers and mold release agents. Exemplary thermoset plastic compositions may comprise reaction injection molded (RIM) polyurethane polymers, and compression sheet molded compound (SMC) unsaturated polyesters and injection-molded bulk-molding compound (BMC) unsaturated polyesters.
"Polymer" as used herein means a high molecular weight organic molecule consisting of straight chains or branched chains or mixtures thereof, made up of repeating monomeric units linked together with covalent bonds. The term includes homopolymers, where the repeating unit is identical throughout the polymeric chain, co-polymers, where more than one type of monomeric units is present by design or randomly throughout the polymer chain, or block copolymers, where sections of the polymer can be predominantly of one type of monomeric unit. The polymers may be derived from natural sources such as rubber or produced synthetically through polymerization reactions known in the art. Exemplary polymers used to produce parts or to coat metal surfaces to be treated according to the present invention include polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polymethylpentene; mixtures of polyolefin polymers and copolymers of olefins; polyolefin copolymers containing olefin segments such as poly(ethylene vinylacetate), poly(ethylene methacrylate) and poly(ethylene acrylic acid); polyesters, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene phthalate) and poly(ethylene naphthalate); acetates such as cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate and cellulose acetate/butyrate; polyamides such as poly(hexamethylene adipamide); polyurethanes; polycarbonates; acrylics such as poly(methyl methacrylate); polystyrenes and styrene-based copolymers; vinylics such as poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidone dichloride), poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl butyral); ether oxide polymers such as polypropylene oxide), poly(phenylene oxide), poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methylene oxide); ketone polymers such as polyetheretherketone; silicones such as polydiorganosiloxane-based elastomers; epoxies; polyimides; fluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene; mixtures thereof, or copolymers thereof.
"Polymeric material" as used herein means a material comprising a polymer, polymer blends or polymer matrix compositions.
"Resin" as used herein means a nonvolatile, solid or semisolid organic substance that may be prepared from polymerization of simple molecules. A "resin composition" may include one or more additives, such as reinforcing elements or fillers, such as glass fibers, pigments such as calcium carbonate, or plasticizers, UV-light absorbers and mold release agents, as well as blowing agents and curing agents.
"Uncured Resin" as used herein means a resin that may flow and be readily divisible in the form of a powder, colloidal suspension, emulsion, or liquid, and that is capable of being transformed into a thermoset solid polymeric material upon treatment with energy in the form of heat or radiation, or when combined with a curing agent.
"Surfaces" as used herein means that part of an object that affects or can be affected by its environment. In other words, surfaces comprise the outer boundary of an object that may be immediately contacted by the environment. Polymer surfaces are unique among solid surfaces in that polymeric chains near the surface can be mobile and resemble in many respects a viscous liquid.
(1) Description of the Automotive Coating Process
The coating of automobile assembly parts varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, but the problems associated with coating an assembly consisting of sheet metal and organic surfaces is present in all such operations. This is particularly true in cases where the manufacturer uses resinous sealers, mastics, sound deadeners, and adhesives that are cured only after the finish paint has been applied. As noted above, the surface defect problem associated with the practice of such assembly line coating operations on organic surfaces is believed to occur as a result of the redeposition of uncured resin particles suspended in the aqueous compositions contacted with the organic surfaces of parts prior to curing. The opportunities for this redeposition are more clearly understood by reference to the following generic automotive coating operation.
The formed sheet metal parts, usually sheet steel, galvanized steel, or aluminum, are typically treated on selected surfaces, such as joints, edges and unseen surfaces, prior to the assembly operation. These portions of the metal parts are treated with sealer compositions, such as vinyl plastisols, sound deadener resins, and a variety of mastics or adhesives. These resinous materials are predominantly hydrophobic in character, and are applied in a form of a thickened liquid or caulk which is uncured, that is not "set", or in a partially cured state. Upon subsequent chemical treatment or physical conditioning, such as the application of heat or radiation, the uncured material will set up or fully polymerize or solidify and form a substantially continuous solid layer of cured hydrophobic material. These materials may be applied to the metal parts prior to assembly, or after assembly of the parts into the body-in-white. These materials may be applied to the selected surfaces by brush, applicator, spraying, dipping, electrostatic or electrocoating.
The assembly containing the treated metal parts, organic coated metal parts and plastic parts is then subjected to a variety of process steps including one or more of the following treatments: a washing treatment which may be carried out in a spray system; a degreasing or cleaning treatment which may employ singly or jointly a spray system and/or a dipping system using a formulated aqueous solution including for example, surfactant and other organic and inorganic compounds such as phosphates and/or silicates; a cold washing treatment using a spray system; a chemical conversion treatment spraying with or by dipping in an aqueous solution of metallic phosphate; which may be followed by a cold washing treatment using a spray system and/or a dipping system. In all these foregoing processes, the aqueous compositions applied to the assembly surfaces may be filtered, may have chemicals added periodically to make up for depletion, and are reused in the assembly line process.
The pretreated assembly is then subjected to an electrocoating process that applies a paint layer or undercoating layer primarily to the sheet metal surfaces; however, electrically conductive plastic materials may also be used and coated as well (see for example the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,974,307). Dipping the assembled parts into an electrodeposition cell may apply the electrodeposition coating. The coating ingredients may thereby be applied substantially uniformly onto the surfaces of the sheet metal parts and, optionally, of any electrically conductive plastic parts, to produce a relatively uniform coating film. The coated assembly may then be subjected to elevated temperatures to cure the coating onto the sheet metal, and optionally onto the electrically conductive plastic parts, into a continuous paint film having high adhesiveness. Alternatively, the electrocoated assembly may proceed directly through the finish coating operation, and all coating layers cured in a single step.
In the succeeding coating operations, one or more coatings may be applied before the finish is cured. An optional second protective coating process may be employed followed by the final finish coating, or the final finish coating process applied without a second protective coating. Conventional spray coating or electrostatic spray coating, followed by curing, may apply the second protective coating, and the finish coating. The cure step may either utilize normal temperature drying or more commonly baking in a curing oven, depending on the type of coating selected.
The present invention prevents the redeposition of hydrophobic particles that become suspended in the aqueous treatment compositions onto the organic surfaces of the parts with which said compositions are contacted. The redeposition phenomenon is believed to arise as the result of the attraction and adhesion of the hydrophobic particles, in aqueous suspension, to the organic surfaces of the parts, which are themselves hydrophobic. Any surface, whether it is a plastic part or an organic coated metal part, will experience the redeposition phenomenon and act as an attractant for the hydrophobic particles suspended in the aqueous compositions used in the automotive coating process.
The present invention solves the redeposition problem by maintaining the suspended particles in the aqueous phase during the contacting with the treated organic surfaces. The process reduces the hydrophobic attraction between the particles and the organic surfaces by modifying the properties of the organic surfaces to increase the hydrophilicity thereof. As a result, the modified surfaces do not function as a hydrophobic attractant and the aqueous compositions can be removed from the assembly without depositing substantially any particles onto the modified organic surfaces. The only surfaces that thereafter act as an attractant for the suspended particles are the same surfaces from which the particles had been detached, the surfaces treated with sealers, mastics, sound deadeners and adhesives, or any organic surfaces that has not been treated according to the process of the present invention. The aqueous compositions removed from contact with the automotive assemblies thereafter contain amounts of hydrophobic particle suspendant that result from the net loss of uncured particles from the remaining hydrophobic surfaces on the assembly.
The surface modification of the present invention results preferably from an oxidation reaction. Techniques of oxidizing organic surfaces, such as those used in the manufacture of automotive assemblies, are well known in the art, and include chemical oxidation such as chromic acid etching, corona discharge treatment, plasma treatment and flame treatment. Flame treatment is a well known method to oxidize polymeric material surfaces and has been described in the literature as a method of modifying the surfaces of polymeric films, as well as molded or extruded plastic articles, and to metal surfaces that have been coated with a polymeric coating. The resulting films and articles are described as providing a surface with improved adhesion to overcoatings of polymeric materials such as in painting and adhesive bonding.
The preferred method of oxidizing the organic surfaces of the assembly parts is flame treatment. A preferred method according to the present invention comprises the contacting of the plastic surface with a flame at a temperature, distance and length of time to oxidize said surface to a depth sufficient to convert any hydrophobic character thereof to a hydrophilic character but not deep enough to alter the physical properties of the plastic part. Flame treatment has the advantage of being controlled such that oxidizing the organic surface may be effected to a depth of only a few angstroms, more particularly between about 40 and about 90 angstroms (see Briggs et al, Journal of Materials Science, 14 (1979) 1344, at 1347). This level of treatment is sufficient to modify the surface characteristics as required by the present invention to act as a hydrophilic surface as opposed to a hydrophobic surface without adversely affecting the shape, strength or other physical properties of the article.
Flame treating has been reported in the prior art to improve the wetting and adhesion properties of polymer film surfaces in general and of polyolefin film surfaces in particular. Many types of flame treatment processes and equipment are available. Typically, flame treaters use premixed flames, i.e., the fuel and oxidizer are thoroughly mixed prior to combustion and the rate of combustion is controlled by the rate of chemical reaction that occurs in the flame. In a premixed flame, the luminous region is that portion of the flame where the temperature rise is the greatest and where much of the reaction and heat release occur. During a flame-treating process, one side of a polymer surface is passed in close proximity to a flame. The other side of the polymer surface may require cooling although such cooling is not necessary for plastic parts that are as thick as typically used in automobile assemblies.
Flames are commonly described in terms of two characteristics: by the flame power and by the molar ratio of oxidizer to fuel. The flame power is the product of the volume of fuel burned per unit time and the heat content of the fuel. Typical units for the flame power are W or Btu/hr. In flame treating, the flame power can be normalized to account for the dimensions of the burner, leading to units such as W/cm2 or Btu/hr-in2. The exact ratio of oxidizer to fuel needed for complete combustion is known as the stoichiometric ratio. For example, the exact amount of dry air necessary for the complete combustion of methane is 9.55 volumes per volume of methane; so the stoichiometric ratio for an air: methane flame is 9.55:1. The equivalence ratio is defined as the stoichiometric oxidizer: fuel ratio divided by the actual oxidizer: fuel ratio. For fuel-lean, or oxidizing, flames, there is more than the stoichiometric amount of oxidizer and so the equivalence ratio is less than 1:1. For oxidizer: fuel mites at the stoichiometric ratio, the equivalence ratio is equal to 1:1. For fuel-rich systems, the equivalence ratio is greater than 1:1.
Virtually all industrial flame treaters use a premixed laminar (as opposed to turbulent) flame with air as the oxidizer and a gaseous hydrogen containing fuel. Typical fuels include hydrogen and hydrocarbons such as natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, butane, ethylene, liquefied petroleum gas, acetylene, or blends thereof, and city gas, which is often composed of a mixture of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and nitrogen. Halogen and halogen-containing compounds have also been disclosed as oxidizer: fuel mixture additives to increase the adhesivity of polyolefin films to subsequent coatings.
Hydrocarbon flames enriched with up to 5 percent additional oxygen by volume, up to 5 percent steam by weight and a few parts per million of alkali or alkaline earth metals have demonstrated increases in wetting values on polymer films (American Standard Test Methods (ASTI standard wetting test) of up to 2 mJ/m2 relative to a non-enriched flame process. Surface modification of a polymer surface has also been reported by flame treatment where a flammable third component that is neither a fuel nor an oxidizer is sprayed into the flame. The listed third components are polymers such as cellulose, protein, silicones or polyethers, and inorganic materials such as carbides, nitrides, metal salts or metal oxides.
The temperature and time of contact of the flame with the organic surface being treated are variables determined by those skilled in the art. These variables are expected to change slightly depending on the organic surface being treated and the composition of the fuel used in the flame treatment device. Heating of the organic surface is generally regarded as undesirable and unnecessary to achieve the chemical reaction of the organic surface with the high-energy oxygen radicals present in the flame. In all cases, the flame temperature and time of contact with any particular section of the organic surface should be such as to oxidize the surface to an extent to render it hydrophilic, and not cause any undesirable consequences such as melting, deformation, charring or structural weakening of the part.
From the scientific literature, it is known that as a result of the fluid nature of polymeric surfaces, oxidized surface functional groups of polymeric materials appear to turn inward from the surface over time. The result is a loss of hydrophilic surface characteristics over time. Although the flame treatment process used in the present invention may be implemented in the assembly line such that little time would pass between flame treatment and contact with the aqueous compositions in the pretreatment process, the process may be implemented for some or all of the plastic parts at distant facilities requiring the effects of the treatment to be more or less permanent. If the OEM chooses to combine pre-flame treated plastic parts with the metal parts into the automotive assembly, then the flame treatment must take advantage of techniques that preserve the hydrophilic character of the modified polymeric surfaces.
The prior art discloses a variety of methods to maintain the oxidized, and hence, hydrophilic nature of flame treated polymeric surfaces over time.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,753,754, 5,891,967, 5,900,317, hereby incorporated by reference, teach the modification of the combustion to include either silicon-containing compounds, oxygencontaining compounds or nitrogen-containing compounds to deposit onto the surface chemical species possessing the required hydrophilic character required over time.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,757, hereby incorporated by reference, teaches the application of an organofunctional coupling agent such as an organo-functional silane, organo zirconate, organo titanate, organo tin or organoaluminate, to an oxidized surface simultaneously with the application of a static or high frequency alternating physical field such as an ultrasonic, microwave or radio frequency field. The resulting surface is described as having improved adhesive properties.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,161, hereby incorporated by reference, teaches the application of a solution of a multifunctional amine containing organic compound to the oxidized surface to attain improved adhesive properties and modify the hydrophilicity of polymer coated metal products.
The following examples describe an assembly consisting of steel or other sheet metal and plastic parts being coated in an assembly line manufacturing operation.
Sheet steel, galvanized steel and aluminum parts are combined with organic surface parts to form the automobile body-in-white. The sheet metal parts are treated at various stations of the assembly plant with a variety of materials including sealers for selected portions of the metal parts, such as joints, metal edges susceptible to chipping and cracking, sound deadener compositions for the undersides of the carriage and wheel wells, etc., and adhesives and mastics for a variety of purposes. The body-in-white enters the flame treatment station where the organic surface parts are flame treated before entering the pretreatment station consisting of the power washing, phosphate and electrocoating operations. The organic surface parts to be treated are situated in an accessible manner to permit flaming by a robotic apparatus programmed to selectively contact the flame with only the target organic surface parts at pre-selected flame condition, for a defined time and at a defined distance. The robotic operated flame device is programmed to avoid contact with bare metal surfaces to prevent the oxidation or varnishing of oils or other surface contaminants which would inhibit their subsequent removal by the washer and, consequently, interfere with the zinc phosphate and electrocoating operation. The robot may be programmed to flame a surface more than once to ensure the completeness and uniformity of the treatment.
In an automotive assembly including an organic-surfaced hood assembly, the hood is propped open, as the automobile assembly is viewed in car position, and the hood surfaces robotically flame treated with enough precision to avoid flame contact with the adjacent metal skin. The propped open hood is either lowered or left in the propped open condition for transit through the following power wash-phosphate-electrocoat stages. The robotic apparatus is programmed to process the flame tips of the flame apparatus over substantially 100% of the hood's externally visible surface. All organic surface parts that remain visible to the consumer are so treated with the robotic flame device in a similar manner. An alternative strategy is to flame the organic-surfaced part in such a way as to leave a small "edge" of untreated area as a practical compromise to complete flame treatment.
The flame treated assembly is passed into the power wash station and contacted with a sequence of aqueous wash compositions. The assembly is first contacted with an optional pre-wash composition using tap water or a slightly alkaline composition at high spray pressures. The next stage contacts the assembly with an aqueous alkaline degreasing cleaner at elevated temperature (115-130 degrees F.). The cleaner includes surfactant, alkaline sodium or potassium phosphate salts, silicates and stabilizers. The assembly exits the degreasing station, is rinsed with aqueous rinse compositions and misted until it reaches the phosphate station. The aqueous wash compositions used in the foregoing steps are recycled time and again in this operation, during which particles, ranging on the order of 1 cm and diameter or less, of uncured sealer, sound deadeners and other materials are detached from the treated metal surfaces and suspended in the compositions.
The power-washed assembly enters the phosphate treatment station and is contacted with an aqueous conditioning composition including complex titanium phosphate salts, and optionally, water softening agents. The conditioned assembly is then contacted by spraying or immersion into an aqueous composition including zinc, manganese, nickel and iron phosphate compounds designed to impart a crystalline phosphate coating to metal surfaces of the assembly. The phosphate treated assembly is treated with one or more aqueous rinses, optionally containing soluble chromium compounds or other compounds, and in cases where the rinses contain such compounds, a deionized or other purified aqueous rinse. During this process, the aqueous compositions take into suspension particles, ranging on the order of 1 cm and diameter or less, of uncured sealer, sound deadeners and other materials that are detached from the treated metal surfaces and/or brought into the station from contact with the previous washer composition. The assembly exits the phosphate station and the aqueous compositions recycled to treat the bodies-in-white that follow in the assembly line.
The phosphate treated body-in-white enters the electrocoating station, where a rust inhibitor first primer resin material is applied. The body-in-white is lowered into the electrocoating bath containing the paint resin particles suspended or in emulsified form, along with pigments such as carbon black and one or more corrosion inhibiting and/or filler pigments. A voltage is applied for a predetermined period of time to transfer a coating of resin particles to deposit onto the metal surfaces, and the assembly removed. The electrocoating composition is applied principally to the electrically conductive assembly parts, which are the metal parts, but may also include specially prepared plastic parts in which electrically conductive materials are impregnated. The electrocoated assembly is then contacted with one or more aqueous rinses. During this process, the aqueous compositions take into suspension particles, ranging on the order of 1 cm and diameter or less, of uncured sealer, sound deadeners and other materials, which are detached from the treated metal surfaces and/or brought into the station from contact with the previous washer and/or phosphate station compositions. After the assembly exits the electrocoating station, the aqueous electrocoating station compositions are used again to treat the bodies-in-white that follow in the assembly line.
After the electrocoating treatment, the assembly proceeds to the curing oven where the assembly is dried and baked until the electrocoated resin, and all the resin materials applied to the metal parts are cured into thermoset materials. After the undercoating is cured, the assembly proceeds to the final coating operation where it receives a uniformly applied primer, color coat and clear coat. This is followed by a second curing process that involves drying, baking and optionally UV radiation treatment. The coated surfaces of the metal and plastic parts making up the finished automotive assembly are smooth, lustrous and surface defect free.
In the above example, the organic-surfaced parts are not flame treated. The following subsequent process step must then be added.
After the electrocoating station but before the electrocoat cure oven, the organic surface parts are hand wiped with solvent soaked cloths by two or more factory workers to remove particle debris picked up from the wash, phosphate and electrocoating aqueous compositions.
When the hand wiping of Example 2 is not used to remove the hydrophilic particles from the automotive assembly parts, the resulting finish coat exhibits surface bumps that reflect light in an unappealing manner.
The plastic and organic coated metal parts used in the assembly are flame treated prior to the assembly into the body-in-white. This completely avoids adversely affecting any metal surfaces, simplifies the flame application programming for the robotic apparatus, and avoids the necessity of propping up the organic-surfaced parts so that they could be flamed after assembly.
The organic-surfaced parts are flame treated at a special facility before delivery to the assembly plant or treated at the facility where the part is originally manufactured. This technique of off-site flaming provides better control, cleaner facilities, and more readily as. available floor space for handling and storing the parts. To prevent the decay of the hydrophilicity of the organic surface parts during storage and transportation prior to entry into the pretreatment process, the flame treatment process incorporates one or more fuel additives in the flame fuel as taught by one or more of the prior art patent disclosures referred to above.
Alternatively, the surfaces are contacted, by spraying or dipping, with a less than 5% aqueous solution of a multi-functional amine-containing compound, such as a polyethylene imine, as taught in the prior art referred to above or with other molecular species with an ability to react with the active sites created on the organic surfaces by the oxidation treatment. Excess chemical reactant is removed by air knife blow off, rinse, or other method. The multifunctional chemical is allowed to react with the grafted oxygenated sites on the organic surfaces by time, heat cure, or oscillating field cure, or a combination of these methods.
Using either process described above, the flame treated organic surface part retains its hydrophilic character so as to avoid attracting the redeposition of hydrophobic particles from the aqueous compositions used in the wash-phosphate and electrocoating stages of the automotive assembly coating operation.
It has been further discovered that the rate of degradation of the hydrophilic character of the organic surfaces treated in accordance with the present invention varies depending on the particular organic material comprising the surface. Reversion to hydrophobic character may be observed in some cases within minutes of subjecting the oxidized surface to high humidity conditions, while other oxidized organic surfaces retain their hydrophilicity for days and weeks after treatment. Surprisingly, it is possible to refresh the hydrophilic character of the oxidized surfaces that have reverted to hydrophobic character by contacting the degraded surfaces with an aqueous alkaline composition. Exemplary aqueous alkaline compositions include the alkaline wash solutions used in the automotive coating operations described herein.
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|Mar 9, 1999
|Commonwealth Of Australia Scientific And Research Organisation
|Surface treatment of polymers
|Oct 20, 1997
|Apr 6, 1999
|Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company
|Flame-treating process
|Sep 13, 1996
|May 4, 1999
|Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company
|Flame-treating process
|May 5, 1997
|Jul 6, 1999
|Aluminum Company Of America
|Method for coating a metal strip
|Jun 28, 1996
|Jul 13, 1999
|Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation
|Surface treatment of polymers
|Automotive Technical Bulletin, Brouder, E., The Problem Recognized Surface Treatment of Plastic Before Painting, May 13, 1987, pp. 37-38 (w/translation).
|Briggs, et al., Journal of Materials Science, 14 (1979), "X-ray photoelectron spectrocopy studies of polymer surfaces", pp. 1344-1347.
|Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Second Edition, (1989), Supplement Volume, Wiley-Interscience, pp. 674-689.
|Journal of Adhesion Science & Technology, vol. 9, Stobel, et al, A Comparison of Gas-Phase Methods of Modifying Polymer Surfaces pp. 365-383, 1995.
|Macplas Int., Nov. 1990, Maltese et al., "Surface Treatment and Finishing", Nov. 1990, pp 87-90.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 2, 2004
|Aug 25, 2009
|Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien (Henkel Kgaa)
|Increasing and maintaining the hydrophilic nature of an oxidized plastic surface
|Aug 3, 2007
|Jan 1, 2013
|Terry J. Hobbs, SR.
|Cap for caulking cartridge or similar container
|Dec 2, 2004
|Jun 8, 2006
|Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien (Henkel Kgaa)
|Increasing and maintaining the hydrophilic nature of an oxidized plastic surface
|U.S. Classification
|427/223, 427/409, 427/419.2, 427/322, 427/430.1, 427/412.1, 427/435
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 13, 2001
Owner name: HENKEL CORPORATION, PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HELD, THEODORE D. III;FRISTAD, WILLIAM E.;REEL/FRAME:011604/0007
Effective date: 20010209
|Mar 4, 2003
|Certificate of correction
|Oct 26, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 25, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 18, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees


text:
Franklin ResourcesOwners of Franklin Resources (NYSE: BEN) shares as of market close today will be eligible for a dividend of 29 cents per share. At a price of $149.14 as of 9:35 a.m. ET, the dividend yield is 0.8%. The average volume for Franklin Resources has been 729,200 shares per day over the past 30 days. Franklin Resources has a market cap of $31.7 billion and is part of the financial services industry. Shares are up 17.1% year to date as of the close of trading on Friday. EXCLUSIVE OFFER: Jim Cramer's Protégé, Dave Peltier, only buys dividend stocks that have the potential for a 3% to 4% yield and 10% growth. Get his best picks for less than $50/year. Franklin Resources Inc. is a publicly owned asset management holding company. The firm provides its services to individuals, institutions, pension plans, trusts, and partnerships. It manages, through its subsidiary, separate client-focused equity, fixed income, and balanced portfolios. The company has a P/E ratio of 16.26. Currently there are 9 analysts that rate Franklin Resources a buy, 1 analyst rates it a sell, and 6 rate it a hold. TheStreet Ratings rates Franklin Resources as a buy. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its revenue growth, solid stock price performance, growth in earnings per share, good cash flow from operations and expanding profit margins. Although no company is perfect, currently we do not see any significant weaknesses which are likely to detract from the generally positive outlook. You can view the full Franklin Resources Ratings Report now.
- See our top-yielding stocks list.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
December 2010 |briefing
| mail |
interviews | articles | psorchat | don't say this |flaker creativity |
flakers' jargon | spouses' corner |other places |archives |send mail |ed dewke | acknowledgments |legal stuff |Flake:
Confessions of a Psoriatic |
©2010 FlakeHQ, Inc.
(To browse mail as far back as 1997,
go to Archives
to search for a particular subject, use "Search" on the upper right of
pages linked in the bar, above)
December 2010
Case of Bad
Conscience About Expensive Biologics
from Sadie F.
September-October 2010
Starting Systemic Meds - An
Anxious Prospect
from Lee Ann
Starting Stelara
from Mike B.
New Supervisor Too
from Lilly S.
July-August 2010
Any Connection Between
Psychotherapy and Psoriasis?
from Cynthia T.
Dietary Approaches,
Immunosuppressants, and his Feet
from Mike B.
Sulfodene May Not Be Safe
from Tiamae
May-June 2010
On Stress and Immune
from Mike B.
Allergies and
Psoriasis? It Might be Simpler than You Think
from Jean K.
Drinking Water is Her Trigger
from Christina
March-April 2010
Soriatane Side Effects Lingering 5 Years After the Fact
from Ran
Hassles with Caremark regarding Raptiva
from Nancy M.
Cancer Fear on Enbrel
from Elena M.
Dr. Tirant and the Psoriasis & Skin Clinics™
from David C.
from Kimberly
January-February 2010
Believes Enbrel Caused
His Leukemia
from Mike S.
Why Does Derm Say My P
Doesn't Warrant a Biologic?
from Celia M.
Are We Going to
Discover a Cure in This Decade?
from William F.
Why Was I Switched from
Methotrexate to Cyclosporine?
from Jim B.
Is Lover's Story About
Genital P for Real?
from Fearful Next Morning Ms


text:
Bike Blog - BAC in Action
After seven months of discussion, organization, gestation and planning, the efforts of the Bicycle Action Committee are coming together. From maps to action plans, the BAC's goal to make Miami a "Bicycle Friendly" city by the standards of the League of American Cyclists will soon be underway in a visceral, hold-in-your-hand-and-weep-with-glee kind of manner. An official Action Plan, given a season of drafting, revision, redrafting, rerevision, and further draftvisions, will be readable, presentable and available within the foreseeable future. What does that mean for the Miami cyclist, beyond being the promise of supportive paperwork?
One aspect you will be able to take on your ride will be a map demonstrating friendly routes and facilities. I've been involved with the mapping process in the form of our surveys, mentioned in last month's Bike Blog, as well as with trying to gather community support. This is an ongoing process, and the map may be dependent to some degree on the sponsorship of local bicycle shops. Any interested parties would receive advertising space and location markers on the final map, given a not-unreasonably priced sponsorship fee.
Another exciting aspect of the plan pertains to bicycle education. While the dream of dramatic increases in bicycle traffic is inspiring, the downside to this savory vision is the potential for equally dramatic increases in roadway disasters. I hate to be a killjoy, but frankly road conduct in Miami sucks. That goes for motorists and bicyclists. There is a substantial governing body over the intricacies of vehicular law, and guilty parties range on both sides of the divider line, drivers and riders alike. The Plan calls for the certification of bicycle instructors, and regular courses will be held throughout the year to make everyone on the road a little savvier.
These are just facets of the overall endeavor. Look to future updates as the plan reaches its final drafting stages over the next couple of weeks and transitions into city-wide execution. In the immediate future, you can learn a little bit more about the who's and what's of the BAC by tuning into the City of Miami's TV Station this Thursday at 4 p.m. The show Inside Miami will be interviewing several BAC members in order to get the skinny on what we're doing for you and why we love doing it. Tune in and safe riding!
-- Adam Schachner
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Look Alikes
Under construction
Welcome to the page where we do more indepth and educational identification of some plants, their relatives and what beginners call look alikes. If you look real close there are few true look alikes.
{ 4 comments… read them below or add one }
- February 1, 2016 at 22:56
Hi Dean. I'm in Australia and there was a discussion on an edible weeds list here about how caustic creeper can be mistaken for Purslane. They look quite similar. Not sure if you have it in the US and other than the milky sap whether there's another other way to tell them apart in your experience?
- September 3, 2012 at 13:05
Dean, I attended your class in Gainesville last month. I would like to get a book on plant identification for north/central Florida. Do you have any reccomendations? Thanks, Pat
- October 10, 2012 at 10:18
peterson field guide: Edible Wild Plants
Eastern/central North America
This is a great book with illustrations and great descriptions. A lot of the plants you find from North to South on the Eastern side of the U.S. are in this book with great info on them. I live in South Florida and many of the plants here are in it. You should be really good for north/central florida. The Florida Audobon is another good guide for identification. It doesn't explain edibles, however is great for all areas of the outdoors. It covers plants/trees/mammals/fish/shells/snakes/lizards etc…Hope this helps
Leave a Comment


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Journal Article
Review: The Unknown Degas and Renoir in the National Museum of Belgrade by Momcilo Stevanovic; Denis Rouart
Reviewed Works: The Unknown Degas and Renoir in the National Museum of Belgrade by Momcilo Stevanovic, Denis Rouart; Drawings from the Clark Institute by Egbert Haverkamp-Begemann, Standish D. Lawder, Charles W. Talbot, Jr.
Review by: Ronald Pickvance
The Burlington Magazine
Vol. 108, No. 754 (Jan., 1966), pp. 42-43
Published by: Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd.
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/874770
Page Count: 2
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Wood Christmas Tree Ornament - Joy Peace Believe Christmas
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How long will it take to receive my order?
- Most orders shipped within the United States from our Kirkwood Mo. location will ship within 3-5 business days.
- Shipping costs are based on the dollar amount of your order.
- The shipping charge for orders in the United States that are $1.00 - $25.00 is $4.95.
- The shipping charge for orders in the United States that are $25.01 - $50.00 is $6.95.
- The shipping charge for orders in the United States that are over $50.01 is $7.95.
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- Please allow 14 business days for orders to Canada.
- The shipping charge for International orders is $18.95.
- Please allow 24 business days for international orders. The United States Post Office does not offer tracking or delivery confirmation services for international deliveries.
- All International customers please note: We are required by law to complete all customs forms accurately. You are responsible for any duties, taxes, or custom fees upon delivery.
We ship all packages worldwide with the United States Post Office - USPS.
Your shipping charges will be displayed on your invoice before you confirm your order.
We are not responsible for any orders that are lost or damaged once the package leaves our Kirkwood Mo. location.
Joy, Peace, Believe, Christmas - A DIY wood Christmas Tree Ornament.
click here: Let it Snow Stamp Kit click here: Christmas Wood Sprinkles
- There are 5 wood pieces to this Christmas Tree Ornament.
- A dab of glue on each "word branch" is all it takes to make this wood ornament.
- The overall size of the tree is 5-1/2" x 4-1/4".
- Made in the USA of quality natural wood.
How to make the Christmas Tree ornament:
- Paint the engraved wood "branches" with dark green acrylic paint - let the paint dry.
- Paint - dry brush - the wood branches with light green acrylic paint - let the paint dry.
- Paint - dry brush - the wood branches with antique white acrylic paint - let the paint dry.
- Sketch around the edges of the branches with our favorite white and black pens.
- Glue the branches to the trunk.
- Embellish with stamped wood sprinkles, santa hat brads, and gems.


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Anniversary Cruise: Carnival Fantasy Cruise Review by Boris-n-Natasha
Overall Member Rating
Anniversary Cruise
Destination: Bahamas
Embarkation: Charleston
We arrived the evening before our departure date and spent a wonderful evening in Charleston walking around and relaxing. Got up had a nice breakfast and then headed over to the parking area. It can be a little confusing at first, but it actually runs very smoothly. you basically follow the car in front of you around the cone lanes they have set up. The police check your paperwork and you pull forward, drop off your checked bags and then move forward and wait for the parking to open. While waiting they come around and collect your parking fee, they take cash or credit card, then you are directed around to the warehouse to park inside. I understand the over flow is outside but most parking is inside.
From here you walk over to the shuttle bus and it takes you to the front of the terminal for check in. The process seemed to be moving very quickly - you get your More sign and sail card and are directed up the stairs to have your picture taken. Then it was up the gangway and onboard. Since we were told our cabin would not be ready till 1:30, we headed to Windows by the Sea and had a small lunch. From entering the parking lot to finishing lunch was less than an hour and a half, we decided to go check on our room and it was ready for us.
Our bags arrived safely, just not all at the same time - we unpacked what we had and went walking around the ship to get our bearings. We went back to the room to see if the rest of our luggage had shown up, it had so we finished unpacking. We then went up to the sun deck to watch Charleston disappear in our wake.
Since it was our first cruise I don't have anything to compare to, but here is our impression.
Food - lots of it, we did anytime dining and it worked flawlessly for us - had same wait staff every night except one. The food was really good in the MDH, the burgers on the Lido deck were good. My only complaint about the food is the pizza - it wasn't good. I can however highly recommend the chocolate melting cake.
Cabin (Upper deck, port side w/wondow) - it was clean and comfortable, plenty of space for 2, much more than that and it would have been tight. I was disappointed that the window was dirty, you could see out and we enjoyed it - just wish they could do a better job cleaning the outside of it.
Common Areas - I must say for being as old a ship as it is they do a great time keeping it up. Crew were constantly cleaning - I watched them clean places daily that I know would not have been cleaned in many hotel properties but once a month or so.
Crew - with one exception, everyone was fantastic! The one exception get a pass on this one because anyone can have a bad day. Our stewaard was great, there when needed but not in the way ever. Our team leader in the Celebration Dining Hall Iputu was freaking awesome. The cruise director (Risa) was great and had chocolate covered strawberries delivered to our cabin for us to share on our anniversary.
Activities - well, there are lots of things to do, in fact we missed a few because we just could not work them into the day. The Lido deck and pool area are a bit crowded, but it is a good crowded - stuff going on, laughter and relaxation. The shows were pretty good, the comedians were funny - we attended 4 comedy shows and 2 musical shows. We went to the "Newly Wed Show" and won a 24 gold plated plastic trophy. If you want to have fun you certainly can. We enjoyed the serenity deck as well. Played putt putt, or tried - it was pretty windy up there.
Ports of call -
Nassau, we had booked a snorkeling excursion through Carnival (Catamaran Sail & Snorkel). The snorkeling was good, the crew on the catamaran could have done better - they basically herd you on the boat and you sail to your spot - they did not talk, if they had we probably could have heard them the PA system sucked. You are told we are here, thats where the reef is your time starts now. I was pretty disappointed with the excursion other than the actual in the water time, oh well.
Freeport, we took a cab to the casino and walked around a while - did a little shopping - it was okay, nothing special then cab ride back to the ship. This is where we should have stayed, there is a small straw market for shopping. Now this is where things got interesting, we had heard about Senor Frogs so we stopped in and are we ever so glad we did. The place is so much fun, the staff or should I say our new friends, make you have fun. We had a few drinks, some food, conch fritters and had the best guacamole (made right at your table) ever. I assure you when we go back to Freeport we will be returning to the Frog.
Debarktion - was really smooth, I had been worried because we had never done it and it is silent. They deliver everything you need to know the night before. We got up a little early, had breakfast and started our debarktion at 8:15am and by 9:30 we were on the interstate heading home - could not have been easier or much fater IMHO.
Bottom Line
It was a great trip and anniversary, we have already decided to take the Fantasy again, but will be bringing the kiddlings along this time. As with most things in life it is what you make of it - the Fantasy crew have everything ready for you to have fun, it's up to you. I see where some people complain about little things - it is a vacation, lighten up and enjoy yourself. We would give the trip 2 thumbs up and recommend it to anyone. Less
Published 09/17/13
Cabin review:
Upper deck Ocean view midship - plenty of room for 2 people, only one electrical outlet (we had power strip so no big deal), clean, bathroom light a little dim. This will be our go to cabin type.
Port and Shore Excursions
Shopping limited - Senor Frogs OUTSTANDING
Disappointing crew
Read Cruise Critic's Carnival Fantasy Review >>
Multiple levels of disappointm...
Not too pleased
Good Cruise but be aware of so...
Don't have overly high expecta...
Lots of Shenanigans
Lots of winners and few losers...
Not bad for what it is
Sponsored Links


text:
In yesterday's "Outlook" section of the Washington Post, Notre Dame's Scott Appleby wrote about why the cardinals should consider electing an American pope. The points he makes are, well, so American and so very distant from what it seems to me was the whole point of Benedict's teaching, indeed the whole point of the Council. Appleby focuses on human traits and skills, American "know-how" if you will, but the whole point of the Council was to invite the entire Church to focus on Christ, on the animating beliefs of our faith, to reclaim some of the wonder and richness of faith in an increasingly utilitarian world. Yes, grace builds on nature, and yes, nature reveals grace. But, any true renewal of the Church will not be brought about by better management, but by better prayer.
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cinepremiere.com.mx was registered 1 decade 4 years ago. It has a alexa rank of #55,322 in the world. It is a domain having .com.mx extension. This site has a Google PageRank of 5/10. It is estimated worth of $ 150,480.00 and have a daily income of around $ 209.00. As no active threats were reported recently, cinepremiere.com.mx is SAFE to browse.
|Daily Unique Visitors:
|Daily Pageviews:
|Income Per Day:
|$ 209.00
|Estimated Worth:
|$ 150,480.00
|Google Indexed Pages:
|Yahoo Indexed Pages:
|Not Applicable
|Bing Indexed Pages:
|Google Backlinks:
|Bing Backlinks:
|Not Applicable
|Alexa BackLinks:
|Google Safe Browsing:
|No Risk Issues
|Siteadvisor Rating:
|No Risk Issues
|WOT Trustworthiness:
|Very Poor
|WOT Privacy:
|Very Poor
|WOT Child Safety:
|Very Poor
|Facebook Shares:
|Facebook Likes:
|Not Applicable
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|H4 Headings:
|Not Applicable
|H5 Headings:
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|Not Applicable
|Total IFRAMEs:
|Not Applicable
|Total Images:
|Not Applicable
|Google Adsense:
|Not Applicable
|Google Analytics:
|Not Applicable
|Domain Registrar:
|NIC Mexico
|Registration Date:
|2002-08-20 1 decade 4 years 10 months ago
|Last Modified:
|2012-12-14 4 years 7 months 15 hours ago
|Expiration Date:
|2017-08-19 4 weeks 7 hours 4 minutes from now
|IP Address
|United States
|United States
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|Plastic + Copper
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|Warm white
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Gives much light in a nice warm color. Can be used with a 700mA currentsource wich can deliver 40 VDC. The big unit needs further cooling but is , because it is quite big itselve not so fast ghetaing up as the 50 watt . So... Read more
The light output of this LED is enormous. I could not measure the lumens, but I think it's "very" bright... The copper plate is... Read more
The LED matrix is made very much qualitatively. Phosphorus layer uniform in structure and thickness. Heat conductivity of the base more I... Read more
That LED is very good, i use it to lit a room when i am on computer. In combination with driver SKU: 132974 it is great combination. With... Read more
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View your Favorites X
Collage PowerReclineXR® Reclina-Rocker® Recliner
Style Number: P10734
Collage is a tried-and-true chair. You can count on it for comfort year after year. And not only does it rock, you can independently adjust the back and legrest at the touch of a button. Enjoy!
Body Depth: 36.0
Body Height: 39.5
Body Width: 29.5
Seat Depth: 18.0
Seat Height: 18.5
Seat Width: 18.5
Product image may differ from actual furniture item. La-Z-Boy products are hand crafted and variations from standard dimensions and appearance can occur. Constructions differences in upholstery covering (cloth and leather) can cause variances in dimensions.
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For Renew covers the leather fiber content varies by pattern. See store for details.
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Electronics/Gadget Review writing - Bahasa Indonesia - repost
Budget $8-15 USD / hour
I need rating and review writing on electronics/gadgets in Bahasa Indonesia.
This project is for writers who love electronics and knows a lot.
Rating: 8-10 ratings per item by choosing a number from 1 to 5 (ex. design, durability, etc.)
Review: 60-70 words per review, 20 reviews per day, 25 days per month. (600 review per month)
*Items to be reviewed will be specified.
*Basically daily reporting, but flexible work may be possible.
*It's a trial for a month. Extension is available according to work quality.
Waiting for your bid.


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We can achieve this by using one simple query.
First of all let me show you how my product archive and single product pages look like.
Here is my product archive page:
And product page looks like:
Now we need to change product status to out of stock.
Here is the query that will do the job for us:
Update wp_postmeta Set meta_value = 'instock' Where meta_value = 'outofstock' And meta_key = '_stock_status'
You can implement this query either through phpmyadmin of your site or by using any other GUI DB tool like SQLYOG.
Write and execute this query in the terminal.
Here is the terminal of phpmyadmin:
After executing the query, go to product listing and product pages and you'll notice all the products of your site are out of stock now.
Now your archive product page will look like this:
And your single product page will look like this:


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The Abbott government has finally reinstated a subsidy scheme for airlines flying on marginal regional routes following pressure from carriers such as Regional Express.
However, the $1 million a year the federal government is setting aside for the subsidy pales in comparison to the $6 million the Howard government was willing to dole out annually.
The Gillard government removed the enroute rebate scheme in 2012 when it established the carbon tax. Regional Express, the country's largest independent regional airline, was one of the most vocal critics of the decision, and repeatedly demanded the Abbott government reinstate the subsidy.
The new scheme will subsidise navigation charges on low-volume routes to regional areas.
Federal Transport Minister Warren Truss said part of the assistance would go towards supporting new routes to regional communities that did not have air-passenger services.
"It can take years for new regional routes to establish sufficient support to become viable, which is why we are providing this additional support for up to three years," he said.
The government will provide $1 million each year over the next four to assist scheduled passenger services. The funding is on top of $1 million allocated each year to aero-medical services such as the Royal Flying Doctor Service.
A spokesman for the minister said there was not the scope for the generous scheme provided by the Howard government given "the parlous nature of the books the Coalition inherited".
Under the scheme, airlines can apply for assistance for flights on routes carrying up to 15,000 passengers each year using aircraft with a maximum take-off weight of 15 tonnes.
Early this year, Regional Express demanded the Abbott government live up to its promise to reinstate the enroute rebate scheme for flights on new or low-volume routes to regional Australia.
After large losses by Qantas and Virgin Australia, Rex warned last month that regional aviation was in worse shape by highlighting the collapse of two small airlines within nine months. Darwin-based Vincent Aviation was the latest to be placed in receivership in May.


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It's not the size of the gift that matters, but how it contributes to a Dream. Every dollar given, resource donated, minute volunteered and story shared adds largely to our overall efforts to enhance the quality of life for patients and their families. Dream Foundation is proud to maintain a Charity Navigator's 4-star rating for sound fiscal management, its highest, so you know you can trust us to manage your investment wisely. If you Dream of making a difference, here are some ways you can give back, provide employee opportunities or make a meaningful social impact:
Make a Financial Contribution
A final Dream helps Dreamers and their families make the most of the most of the days they have left. Every contribution—in any amount—is a tremendous gift to our Dream-granting mission. Make your contribution today!
Leave a Legacy
Make a gift now in honor or memory of a loved one, or make a provision in your estate plans to leave a future gift that will carry on the work of Dream Foundation after you are gone. Building a legacy of Dreams ensures that we can make Dreams come true for eternity.
Donate Airline Miles
Give Dreams the gift of flight. Our established airline partnerships allow you to contribute airline miles directly to our Dream families. Whether it's a bedside reunion, a vacation with children, or a trip to the ocean, your donated miles will make Dreams come true.
In-Kind Contributions
In-kind contributions are critical to Dream Foundation's mission. Whether it's travel resources that allow families to connect and create happy memories, or basic needs items that provide simple comfort in end-of-life care, these gifts make Dreams come true.
Dream Foundation has nearly 2,000 volunteers serving our mission; enhancing our program efficiency and instilling the spirit of giving in the schools, neighborhoods, and communities in which they serve. Become a volunteer today and experience the gift that is discovered in giving back.
Become Part of the Dream Photography Network
Our Dream Photography Network is comprised of professional photographers from around the country who donate their time and talents to capture Dreams through their lenses. Learn more about photographing Dreams in your local communities.
Join the Dream Team Council (DTC)
Get involved in Dream Foundation's Dream Team Council (DTC)—a national committee comprised of high school student leaders who are committed to bringing Dream Foundation's mission to new generations.
Connect and Share
Visit us on social media and read about how we are putting your contributions to good use. Share our Dreamers' stories and help others Dream too.


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So Ive read through a few very interesting and informative threads on this site about other moms dealing with their own battles with the Preggo Acne. So glad (not glad for our faces!) to know Im not alone. But, after reading all of your posts I have a few more questions;
For those moms who are further along in the journeys, or even finished, how long did your preggo Acne last? Am I to fear that this will continue for the entire 9 months? Leaving my poor once pretty skin riddled with battle wounds? What was your experience?
What about those of you who tried the Raw Honey method? How did that work for you? What was your acne level before pregnancy? Mild? Severe? How long did it take for it to show a difference in your skin? If you used the Raw Honey method, had you tried anything ELSE before this trick, or was this the first option for you?
How many of you moms have tried ProActive? Did this work or not?
What about those of you who had changed their diets? What did you change and how did that help you?
Troll? Here's me...
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I use African Black soap (all natural and made in Ghana), tea tree oil and a good moisturizer. I've never tried the honey method, but I've heard great things about it! My advice with any natural acne cure is to view it just like a good diet: it may take a little while longer to see the results, but those results will be lasting and are better in the long run than some crash diet (or acne regimen like proactive)
Good luck and remember this too shall pass
my skin reacted really well to cutting out all products. no face wash, no moisturizer, just a gentle scrub in the shower once a day with a clean wet washcloth. I've still got some whiteheads, but they seem to be shrinking and drying up. using my regular routine (Cetaphil wash at night, ponds cold cream before bed, neutrogena daily defense spf 50 in the morning) was freaking my skin out. Acne, blotches, flakiness, all sorts of horrible stuff.
I am pregnant with #3 and suffer with HORRIBLE acne every time. Pre/post pregnancy my skin is flawless, but as soon as we conceive my skin acts like a teenager again. I have huge zits on my cheeks and usually a very oily 1st trimester.
*Nothing* has helped me except delivering my baby :)
Happy wife of Mr. Rabbit; proud momma to DS1 (07.07.09), DS2 (02.11.11) and expecting baby #3 01.27.13.
I get these random large, painful pimples that take forever to form a popable head and take forever to go away. I carpet bomb them with spot treatement and then follow up with polysporine (well, generic anyway) to help them heal. I use neutrogena's fight and fade gel to help minimize discoloration and so far it seems to be working.
Like others I am finding that the less I put on the better it is. My normal nightly routine before was to cleanse with a baby wipe (cheaper than special face ones and gentler), toner, eye cream, anti acne lotion, then regular lotion. Now I usually just cleanse, spot treat, and use my eye cream. It seems to help even though I hate not moisturizing at night.
So far, I have stopped using Proactive. Im very angry at it. (horrrmonesss) I feel like I have tried it all.
My current method (trying the less is more thing too) (and by less I mean less chemicals and more naturals)
A gentle Cetaphil Antibacterial bar soap to remove makeup (ughhhhhh I hate makeup passionately!!!!!)
A raw honey soak
Brown Sugar scrub 2x a week (yum)
Witch Hazel/Apple Cider Vinegar toner (burns)
Tea Tree oil (burns, not sure if this is good for me)
and Im trying something new, something I havent seen anyone else mention;
Pau D'Arco tea. I wish I could explain its properties and benefits, but google will do you one better. My boss, a health nut guru and Health Food Store owner suggested I take the tea, soak it, and place it on said evil bumps for an hour a night. I suppose....why not eh?
I, once a vivascious, beautiful, flirtatious, fun loving, out going, adventurous, makeup rebel!, clean skin'd girl, now sit inside my home, locked away, with shades drawn. Begging to the sun gods nobody comes over. Dreading any trips into town, or heaven forbid, a store. I havent seen friends in months. I do NOT go to social get togethers. The only thing I am willing to do outside is hike, and bike, and kayak. These activities are loner activities (for me anyway) and my self esteem is shrinking by the minute. My ****ing face HURTS!
A sickening gut feeling (no not MS) is creeping up, pulling at my heart, saying "child, give up, its not going to get better".
I'm now 6 w pp (nursing) and still have acne. It got a lot better in the 3rd trimester, almost gone and I'm actually convinced that what I have now on my face is directly because of skin sensitivity to makeup, less than actual hormonal acne. Specifically, I had chest/back breakouts at the beginning of pregnancy too and now that skin is totally clear (cleared 3rd tri). I was clearing up on my face, and had been using only Jane Iredale pure pressed base when I needed makeup, but we had a maternity photo shoot and I wore liquid base (hd) and my skin went nuts after that. I found very little safe products for pregnancy and the natural remedies (acv, honey, clay) did nothing or made it worse. I just ended up trying to avoid makeup except when necessary, since that really is the worst and using the safe cleansers/meds that were least irritating/toxic: a small amount of clindamycin gel mixed with finacea and to wash Paula Begoun's Earth Sourced Perfectly Natural Cleansing Gel.
Best wishes with the pregnancy (and the acne battle).
Andaluza (36) & dh (39), married 11 years! M 8/23/12. One
Starting at 11 weeks on the dot with my 1st pregnancy, my skin freaked out and never got better...and, I hate to be the bearer of bad news, but it didn't start clearing up until DS started nursing a little less (around 1.5 years postpartum). During pregnancy, I got deep, painful cystic acne on my chin, forehead and back (ugh!), and pretty much every single pore on my face was clogged in some way. BUT, I've always had acne-prone skin. Compared to the general acne-prone population, in reality it is pretty mild and mineral makeup has been a good friend of mine, but I can relate to your feelings of wanting to hide and it affecting your general lust for life nonetheless!
Now that I'm pregnant with #2, so far things are looking much better (knock on wood...I'm only 15 weeks) I've wondered about this because I fully expected another acne-filled pregnancy. What I've found that has worked for me thus far is 1) to really just accept that I will never have flawless, I-can-live-without-makeup skin all of the time. Easier said than done, but the more I've always messed with it, the worse it has gotten. 2) I wash with a hemp oil cleanser and moisturizer (the Wonder Seed brand), and occasionally I will use a sulfur mask (I think the brand is Dermify). All products are 100% natural if not organic. And that is IT. The less I use, the better things seem to be.
Also, so far this pregnancy, I haven't eaten nearly as much dairy as I did the first time around. To get enough protein, I was eating skyr yogurt every day, making whey protein shakes, etc. This time I'll have an occasional yogurt and am focusing more on quinoa, lentils, etc. and making hemp protein shakes...so I wonder if there's a connection there. I also wonder if my issues are related to my body's way of detoxing to have a healthy babe...and maybe I detoxed so much the 1st time around through pregnancy and nursing that there's less to rid this time around...just a little theory of mine.
I have back-ne this pregnancy (ugh! like I haven't since I was a teenager!) and use glycolic acid, which helps significantly but not completely, and is pregnancy-friendly. That's most of what I'm doing, as salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide are sketchier. I DO only VERY rarely use the tiniest bit of benzoyl peroxide directly on a really, really angry and painful zit if it's in a prominent place, but only for one or two days. I've probably done this twice in 20 weeks.
I would avoid using tea tree oil regularly, as it has been linked to some sex-specific issues in baby boys (I am not finding out the sex of the baby, so just covering my bases). Hormonal disruption or something... I'm sorry I don't have the links, but Google should be helpful.
WAHer & Wannabe, Wife to DH 1998, Mama to Buko, Born at Home March 2013
with my first 3 pregnancies i had horrible pregnancy acne - the entire 9 months, the first 2 pregnancies it spread to my neck/back in the late 3rd trimester .. but it cleared up quickly after birth and i had clearer than normal skin while BFing full time..
however, with some serious diet changes, this pregnancy (#4) I have ZERO acne.. none. i'm 22 weeks and still nothing.. i've cut out caffeine completely (months before i got pg), all HFCS and refined sugar .. and most dairy and gluten.. i can't help but think one of those things caused my acne .. or something.. cause seriously, the difference is night and day. I also use less stuff on my face now than i did in previous pregnancies .. i use dr. bronners tea tree soap twice a day and a 'natural' witch hazel based toner .. i do not wear any foundation I used some powder for a wedding in august and that led to my only breakout this pregnancy..
i really hope it gets better for you.. i know you probably hate me now but i have totally been there and it sucks :(
- Staci, Mommy to Mollie (3/06), Jamie (5/08), Annie (9/10), Bently (2/13), Robin (11/15)... and SURPRISE! (3/18)
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Marie Turnor - The Lunch Clutch in Black Pebble
Marie Turnor - The Lunch Clutch in Black Pebble
Inspired by a classic brown paper bag, Marie Turnor's The Lunch clutch has garnered a cult following for the playful handbag style. Perfect for going day to night with ease. Just toss in your wallet, lipstick and keys, roll the top and go. The black pebble leather finish lends a cool feel to a chic shape. Made in California. Product Details: Lunch bag clutch, unlined, with an interior pocket and hidden magnet fastening . Genuine leather . Measures 10" x 7" x 3".
Rebecca Bree
Rebecca Bree is stocked with fashion-forward brands such as A.L.C, IRO, R13 and 10 Crosby Derek Lam displayed between luxurious French Provincial finishings, bouquets of roses and gorgeous extras from Lulu Frost and Tocca. Always keeping their eye out for the next big thing, they choose chic statement pieces and effortless wardrobe staples for a tightly edited collection of the most coveted and cutting-edge international designers.
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