text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jun 3, 2003
|Filing date
|Feb 19, 1998
|Priority date
|Feb 21, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Simon Daniel Brueckheimer, David John Stacey
|Original Assignee
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (24), Classifications (9), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to digital communications systems and in particular to systems embodying asyncnronous transfer mode (ATM) technology.
The asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology is a flexible form of transmission which allows any type of service traffic, voice, video or data, to be multiplexed together on to a common means of transmission. In order for this to be realised, the service traffic must first be adapted typically into 53 byte cells comprising 5 byte headers and 48 byte payloads such that the original traffic can be reconstituted at the far end of an ATM network. This form of adaptation is performed in the ATM adaptation layer (AAL).
A recent development has been the introduction of the AAL-2 adaptation layer. This adaptation layer has been optimised to accommodate the demands of low bit-rate communications representing the increasing trend to greater voice compression. The adaptation layer is a multiplex of users in a single ATM connection where each user's information is carried in short packets or minicells each with a header identifying the user channel and incorporating ancillary control information. This constitutes a dynamic trunk group of users in a single connection.
As telecommunications networks increase in complexity and carry increasing volumes of traffic, the current procedures for setting up connections between subscribers are limiting the performance of these networks. In particular, congestion may be caused by attempting to connect to a subscriber who is already busy, or by attempting to choose a route through an already congested part of the network. Thus equipment and resources can be wasted in attempts to set up calls which cannot be completed. A further problem is that of scalability. As the network expands to accommodate increased traffic and a larger number of subscribers, there is an increasing need to facilitate integration of new equipment into an existing network without simply increasing the congestion problem. Moreover, careful planning is required to ensure that calls can be routed through the network. This requires an ad-hoc distributed routing decision policy which limits the flexibility of the routing process as the call routing must be co-located with the switching node fabric.
An adaptation layer switching network is described by O. Kure et al. in Proceedings of the IFIP TC6 International Conference on Information Networks and Data Communication, Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, Apr. 18-21 1994. A method of switching synchronous transfer mode cells in a circuit emulated ATM switch using a layered protocol model is described in specification No. WO95/34977.
Reference is here directed to our co-pending application (Reference S D Brueckheimer 19) of even date and which relates to the application of PNNI signalling to control an ATM adaptation layer switching network.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided an adaptation layer switching network in which functional partitioning provides a separation between service specific sublayers (SSCS), common part sublayers (CPS) and transport convergence whereby to support a range of SSCS functions via a common set CPS blocks.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided method of functional partitioning of an adaptation layer switching network by providing a separation between service specific sublayers (SSCS), common part sublayers (CPS) and transport convergence whereby to support a range of SSCS functions via a common set CPS blocks.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a telecommunications network comprising edge device nodes and adaptation layer switching nodes, wherein the edge nodes terminate the adaptation layer switching nodes to service access points, and wherein the adaptation layer switching nodes provide minicell switching points within the network.
The network architecture for adaptation layer switching is derived from AAL-2 technology. An adaptation layer switching network provides the capability to deliver a fully scalable network and nodal solutions that can utilise existing ATM infrastructure for transport. The use of AAL-2 technology and adaptation layer switching provides a network infrastructure suitable for carrying all delay sensitive and real-time services with a GoS (grade of service) that meets ITU standards for delay and distortion. The network can be constructed from two basic building blocks. These comprise edge devices and adaptation layer switches.
The arrangement and method exploit the ATM adaptation layer (AAL-2) to configure networks and switching functions. In particular, the AAL-2 adaptation switching function is employed to provide the ability to establish and control an AAL-2 minicell connection across many nodes thus forming an adaptation layer switching network. The network can readily be scaled to global proportions.
The arrangement and method also provide a functional partitioning of AAL-2 to realise the necessary functions for a switching network. These functions include a service specific convergence function (SSCF) and a minicell switching/relay function. The partitioning achieves a clear separation between the SSCS, CPS and transmission convergence (TC) sublayers, and enables a common CPS to support a multiplicity of SSCS functions and a full range of transmission media.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates the multiplexing of minicells into ATM;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an ATM network illustrating end to end minicell connection and traffic flow;
FIG. 3 illustrates AAL-2 functional partitioning to provide a service specific convergence function;
FIG. 4 illustrates data paths through the functional partition of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 illustrates the adaptation layer switching (ALS) network architecture;
FIG. 6 illustrates the modular partitioning of an edge device;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a core data path through an edge device of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing an ancillary data path through an edge device of FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing an alternative ancillary data path through an edge device;
FIG. 10 shows the modular partitioning of an ALS node of the network of FIG. 5;
FIG. 11 shows an ALS node data path;
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a stand-alone single node;
FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating the generic partitioning of the VLSI architecture;
FIG. 14 FIG. 14 which illustrates VLSI partitioning and minicell switching; FIG. 15 illustrates partitioning for synchronous and semi-synchronous ingress service specific co-ordination functions (SSCF);
FIG. 16 illustrates partitioning for synchronous and semi-synchronous egress service specific co-ordination functions (SSCF); and
FIG. 17 shows a common integrated common part sublayer (CPS).
Reference is first made to FIG. 1 which illustrates AAL-2 multiplexing and is introduced for explanatory purposes. The AAL-2 adaptation layer has been optimised to cope with the demands of low bit-rate communications, representing the increasing trend to greater voice compression. The adaptation layer is a multiplex of users in a single ATM connection, where each user's information is carried in a short packet or minicells, with a header identifying the user channel with ancillary control information. This is illustrated schematically in FIG. 1.
By sharing the fixed length payload of the ATM cell between users, the need to compromise by trading cell assembly delay for bandwidth efficiency is avoided thus overcoming a problem which would be acute at low bit-rates and on expensive leased lines. AAL-2 adaptation equipment performs a concentration function to ensure high utilisation, but can also limit the holdover delay of traffic when usage is low.
A further feature of minicells is that they may be of variable size, from 1 to 64 octets, to accommodate a wide variety of applications with minimal overhead. Thus the mapping to ATM cells is asynchronous and in fact quite independent of the length of an ATM cell. The boundary of minicells in the ATM cell payload is signified in every cell by a start field (STF), which specifies the offset, and thus minicells form a self-delineating flow.
The minicell is structured so that services of different types can be supported as Service Specific Convergence Sublayers (SSCS), all carried over the minicell Common Part Sublayer (CPS) identically. The minicell header includes channel identity, length and User-to-User Information (UUI), the latter allows the functions of an SSCS to be specialised according to purpose.
For example four successive samples of ADPCM at 32 kb/s could be packetised into a single mini-cell to provide a packetisation delay of just 1 ms. The octets could form a minicell payload directly, and in this case the SSCS has null functionality. Alternatively, data frames, such as GSM mobile packets, are typically much greater than 64 octets, so a Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) SSCS function supports such an application. The SAR function can be assisted by using the UUI field between adaptation entities to ensure proper sequenced reassembly of the data packet.
Minicells provide a universal adaptation medium able to support voice, video and data in a common ATM VCC.
The set-up, maintenance and clear-down of minicell channels in an AAL-2 connection, and the switching operation of the relay, is controlled by the AAL-2 Negotiation Procedures (ANP). AAL-2 connections are supported by in-band F7 OAM minicells, replicating for the adaptation layer the connection maintenance capabilities of ATM.
The AAL-2 standard specifies a feature that allows minicells to be relayed between connections, without the need to terminate the carried service. This is illustrated in FIG. 2 which illustrates end-to-end AAL-2 connections. The original objective of this capability was to solve a problem in wireless networking, whereby a mobile-to-mobile call is preferably established without transcoding to PCM, to avoid the detriment to quality and cost. The initial connection is established across a single relay or switching centre. However with the mobility of the terminal, the connection may proceed through a succession of hand-overs thereby requiring an end-to-end minicell channel connection through several nodes.
Having once established a minicell switching layer, then it is available to be used for many other applications. We have found that this capability can be exploited to provide the ability to establish and control a minicell channel (adaptation layer) connection across many nodes thus forming an Adaptation Layer Switching network.
This section describes a functional partitioning of AAL-2 technology that enables the service specific convergence function (SSCF)—adaptation of the user service to and from AAL-2 minicells—and a minicell switching functionality to be realised in an efficient and manner. Further this partitioning enables the SSCF and ALS switching functions to share much common technology.
FIG. 3 shows the AAL-2 functional partitioning which provides the two key functions required for an adaptation layer switching network: the SSCF and the minicell switching function. The data paths through the functional partition are shown in FIG. 4 which shows the SSCF and ALS functions. We have found that the use of this functional partitioning enables the two functions to share much common technology.
A description of the functional layers is listed below, explaining the key functions of each layer:
the physical interface between the ATM AAL-2 cells and the underlying physical medium, considered to be any suitable physical telecommunications bearer fit for the purpose.
assembly and disassembly of ATM AAL-2 cell payloads (ATM-SDUs or service data units) into ATM cells
includes the functions of ATM header generation and error protection and detection and translation/substitution of VPNC addresses.
assembly and disassembly of AAL-2 minicells into an ATM SDU
generation/extraction of the STF field (sequence number, parity and offset) and any other such standardised functions
segmentation/reassembly of minicells (minicells can be carried over successive ATM cells)
VC/CID translation function
minicell multiplexing and demultiplexing function
generation/extraction of minicell header CPS information (including minicell header error detection and protection)
maintains per VC/CID queue of minicells
minicells SDUs stored in a slotted shared memory or output queued paradigm
per VC/CID queue manager maintained for ingress and egress functions
minicell scheduling
either ingress or egress scheduler can operate in master or slave mode
in slave mode ingress scheduler (throughout this paper ingress denotes the side that generates ATM cells) is slaved to an ATM data request function issued by the ATM LAYER—in master mode the ingress scheduler generates ATM data ready instructions to the ATM layer
ingress scheduler maintains a per AAL-2 VC holdover delay timer to ensure a maximum CPS multiplex delay and QoS is met—can invoke an automatic payload padding function
in slave mode egress scheduler (egress denotes the side that receives ATM cells) is slaved to an SSCS scheduler—in master mode the egress scheduler generates minicell ready commands to the SSCS layers
per VC/CID queuing structure enables the ingress and egress schedulers to offer multi-priority AAL-2 connection ability to enable different QoS capabilities
minicell relay function
switches minicells from the egress to ingress functions in order to accomplish the adaptation layer switching function by making egress queues available to ingress so as to form a common memory switch in the adaptation layer.
SSCS Functions
assembly and disassembly of minicell data packets in a service specific manner (the service could be TDM, asynchronous packet or synchronous packet based).
generation/extraction of SSCS control information (e.g. UUI bits, length and OAM)
multiplexes/demultiplexes user minicell packets with control (ANP) and management minicell packets in synchronous or asynchronous form
an SSCS function can support synchronous (e.g. PCM), semi-synchronous (e.g. ADPCM with speech activity) and asynchronous services (e.g. GSM mobile packet)
several SSCS instances can operate in parallel each tailored to a particular service
some common SSCS functions (e.g. segmentation and reassembly—SAR—of long data packets) may be common to several SSCS functions
functionality of SSCS is dependent on the service supported but may include functions such as SAR, SAD, error coding and recovery (e.g. use of minicell sequence number and payload error protection), jitter compensation, plesiochronous frame slip/stuff operation, channel concentration, coding rate adaptation (e.g. 64 kb/s to 32 kb/s due to congestion), CDV compensation or any service specific error mitigation functions, or service related function
SAP—Service Access Point
describes the interface between the SSCS layers and the particular service delivery mechanism
In this section we describe the network architectures that can be configured arising from the functional partitioning discussed above. The adaptation layer switching network architecture is shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 highlights the adaptation layer nodes. The connectivity is provided by Switched and Permanent VCs (SVC/PVC) in the ATM layer, which has not been shown, but behaves as a virtual connectivity backplane.
As shown schematically in FIG. 5, the network is built using two types of nodes, an Edge Device (ED) node and an Adaptation Layer Switching (ALS) node. The ALS nodes perform a switching function in the adaptation layer and thus route AAL-2 minicells across the network. The minicell switching is performed in the adaptation layer and there is thus no service termination performed in the ALS. Service termination is performed in the ED nodes, the ED providing a service specific convergence function (SSCF) adapting the service to and from AAL-2. Using differing SSCF instances, the ED can simultaneously support many differing service types and the quality of service (QoS) provided to each user can be tailored to that user's service requirements. Thus the adaptation layer switching network forms a full service capable network which can support real time and non-real time services offering a QoS equivalent to current ITU networks.
ED and ALS nodes share much common technology and can both be configured from cascadable, collocated, and commonly controlled and managed physical devices. Large nodes (and hence networks) can be built using cascadable VLSI building blocks and hence an ALS network can scale from a small size to global proportions in a cost effective manner. Using 0.5 micron VLSI technology, ALS nodes that can support the order of a million 64 kb/s circuits and an order of 10s of millions of low-bit-rate voice connections can be built!
Many differing network configurations can be derived using the core ALS technology. Small networks can be configured by inter-connecting EDs to each other directly. The addition of the ALS switching nodes enables the network size to be dramatically scaled. It is possible to configure networks that utilise several stages of ALS (nodal) switching. However the inherent nodal and network scalability of ALS technology also means that it is possible to scale the network to global proportions (hundreds of millions of connections) by using just a via single stage of ALS switching as illustrated in FIG. 3. The simplicity and symmetry of the single-stage switching network shown allows straightforward congestion management using both load-balancing and rejection of blocked traffic at source as per co-pending PNNI case. This yields the highest bandwidth utilisation, from a minimum sufficiency of ALS nodes, to meet any QoS targets on call blocking. The ALS nodes can be designed to be fully non-blocking nodes to improve throughput, and ensure stable behaviour under overload conditions. A fully interconnected ED-to-ALS mesh has been shown in FIG. 3 however it is equally possible to configure networks that use a subset of this connectivity.
In this section we describe how ED and ALS nodes can be configured in a modular fashion using simple cascadable building blocks derived from the AAL-2 partitioning described above. The modular building blocks described below all share much common technology.
FIG. 6 shows the a generic modular partitioning of an ED node. It consists of a set of cascadable building blocks—service modules, voice processing modules, ALS core modules and PHY modules. The modules are interconnected using ATM transport. The ATM provides a virtual connectivity backplane which may be an active switch or passive connectivity.
The key building block in an ED node is the service module (SM) which performs the service specific co-ordination function (SSCF) providing adaptation of service information to and from AAL-2. In its simplest form an ED node could be configured using a single SM. Using 0.5 micron VLSI technology an SM that supports several thousand low-bit rate user channels can be integrated into a single component device. To increase the size of an ED node SMs may be cascaded together. To scale the node (and hence network), further ALS Core Modules (ACM) may be added. An ACM performs the minicell switching function, and using current (e.g. 0.5 micron) VLSI technology an ACM that supports tens of thousands on low bit rate channels can be integrated into a single component device. Again, ACMs can be cascaded together in parallel to increase the switching capacity. Using ACMs in an ED node removes the requirement to fully interconnect all SMs to all routes in the network by functioning as AAL-2 tandem switching points.
Also shown in FIG. 6 are physical medium dependent sublayer (PHY) modules that interface the node to the network transport medium (for example SDH or PDH), and optional voice processing modules (VPMs). The VPMs can be used to perform additional voice processing functions for example compression, echo cancellation and silence detection where the interface to the VPMs is via AAL-2 minicells using the appropriate SSCS function of VLSI.
FIG. 7 shows the core data path within an ED. User information is (de)adapted into minicells in a service specific manner. The minicells can be optionally routed to a VPM for additional voice processing before being routed to the ACM. The ACM routes the minicell into the network (via a PHY module).
The modular partitioning shown however provides the ED node with much flexibility and a number of additional data paths can thus be supported. FIG. 8 illustrates a first ancillary data path in an edge device and shows how the ED can be used to perform a 'grooming' function whereby incoming minicells are routed into an SM where an SSCF conversion is performed (mapping one SSCS to a differing SSCS) before re-routing the resultant minicell back to the network. Again optional additional voice processing functionality can be performed via the VPM.
FIG. 9 illustrates a further ancillary data path in an edge device and shows how the ACMs in an ED can be used to perform a network minicell switching function. In this manner a single physical ED node can perform the logical functionality of both the ED and ALS nodes. This is very useful particularly when configuring smaller network solutions.
To scale the network further (e.g. up to global proportions) a single stand-alone stage of ALS nodes can be added to the network. The generic modular partitioning of the ALS node is shown in FIG. 10. The node is shown 'unfolded' to illustrate the logical use of a double bank of ACMs (and associated PHY modules). This double switching bank enables very high switching fan out to be achieved—an incoming minicell on one of the VC supported on any one of the ACMs can be switched to any of the other ACMs (in the next bank) where it can be switched onto any one of the network facing VC's that it supports. This is illustrated in FIG. 11 which illustrates an ALS node data path between first and second PHY modules via first and second ALS core modules and the ATM virtual connectivity backplane.
The combination of SM and ACMs described above can also be configured to form a stand-alone single node solutions. The nodal configuration is shown in FIG. 12 and consists of a fully interconnected mesh of SM and ACMs. The fully interconnected mesh guarantees that load balancing can be applied across all VC's and thus the node provides strict sense non blocking performance. The configuration described above could be used as a plug-replacement for the connectivity provided by a current generation narrow band (synchronous) switch (and offers equivalent QoS for 64 kb/s). Further such a switch can also support a full mixture of soubrette and full rate services in an efficient manner, and can also support additional semi-synchronous and synchronous services. The inherent scalability of the modular technology enables a node that can support several hundred thousand narrow band connections to be supported.
In this section a generic VLSI solution that delivers the SSCF and minicell switching functions is described.
The VLSI architecture comprises the following principles:
a Service Access Point (SAP) that is the association between the adaptation layer and synchronous/semi-synchronous/asynchronous delivery of user information,
a Dynamic Circuit/Packet Switch that performs: a concentration function by dynamically mapping circuits or packets to/from AAL-2 VCs and mini-cell channels; a cross-connection function for exchange between optional voice processing devices; and a multi-casting capability (this is an SSCS function);
an AAL-2 Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) function that exchanges circuit/packet based user channels to and from the payload of minicells(this is an SSCS function);
a dynamic buffer management function that forms a common shared memory architecture to provide: a dynamic amount of buffering per AAL-2 VC and minicell channel; plesiochronous buffer control; cell delay variation compensation; and the adaptation layer space switching matrix (the dynamic buffer is part of the CPS);
an AAL-2 multiplexing, demultiplexing and switching control function that operates on the dynamic FIFO queues in the buffer (this is an CPS function);
and an ATM multiplexing, demultiplexing function that interfaces to the network or an ATM backplane and forms the ATM Service Access Point (SAP).
FIG. 13 shows a block diagram of the generic partitioning of the VLSI architecture. For clarity, only the core part sub-layer technology is shown in this diagram. The SSCS functionality is service dependent (an example SSCS partitioning for synchronous and semi-synchronous services is described in the following section).
The structure of FIG. 13 is split into three parts—the ingress side (generating ATM cells) the egress side (receiving ATM cells) and a common dynamic buffer and control. The dynamic buffer is used to store the minicells. It is organised as in-directed linked lists of equally sized slots of memory. The difference between the head and the tail of the list is effectively the amount of stored information per minicell channel ID per VCC. This can converted into units of time for synchronous services according to the service type, the packet size and bit-rate represented. A dynamic buffer is required for AAL-2 because, although for a DBR service the Cell Delay Variation (CDV) has a fixed maximum, the number of users per AAL-2 VCC is able to vary dynamically, so the buffer size is required to vary as a function of the number of configured users. For synchronous services a constant mean time difference is maintained between head and tail. For plesiochronous compensation, this is monitored for slowly changing trends and a slip or a stuff function by an amount appropriate to the service is invoked to meet standards requirements. For CDV compensation this is achieved by setting the time difference slightly in excess of the amount of configured CDV, and is monitored frequently. A training algorithm determines the smallest cell transfer delay (minimum CDV or earliest cell) which is unchanging under load. Thus only lost or late minicells need be compensated by detecting the onset of buffer under-flow, and using the previously described stuff mechanism (compensation is an SSCS function).
The minislot dynamic buffer is controlled by the Slot Allocation Module (SAM). This maintains a list of the free slots available in the buffer. New slots are assigned to the ingress and egress and old slots reclaimed through the use of a simple handshake procedure between the SAM and the ingress and egress queue managers respectively.
The operation of the egress and ingress processes are now described in more detail starting with the egress functionality.
ATM cells transporting AAL-2 minicells are received at egress. The ATM demultiplexing function strips the ATM header from the payload. The header HEC information is processed to ensure the header is valid—it is not the whole of the cell is junked. The header VCI/NPI information is processed and the VC identifier passed to the cell payload disassembly process (the architecture is capable of supporting many VC's in parallel). The ATM payload is also forwarded to the cell payload disassembly process.
The first function performed by the payload disassembly process is the CPS synchronisation function (CPS SYNC on the diagram). A key feature of AAL-2 is that minicells are transported asynchronously over the ATM payload so, in general, the start of a cell will contain the remainder of a minicell transported in the previous ATM cell (of that VC stream). The CPS SYNC function must thus ensure that the reassembly of the two minicell parts occurs successfully. Since the length of the minicell is always known (through the LI field of the header), the number of octets expected in the remainder is also known. However, ATM cell loss or error could cause misconnection of minicell parts to occur, so the AAL-2 process includes a start-field (STF) with every ATM cell to prevent this. The one octet STF contains an offset (effectively denoting the length of the minicell remainder in the ATM payload) and a single-bit sequence number to enable detection of lost ATM cells (the STF is error protected via a single bit parity). Thus the function of the CPS SYNC is to process the STF field and in normal operation it will verify that the minicell remainder is the expected remainder (i.e. it verifies that its expectation of the offset is the same as that sent in the STF). If an error is detected then an error status signal is generated, the part minicell stored in the dynamic buffer may be discarded and minicell disassembly begins at the next minicell boundary contained in the ATM cell payload. The error status allows an SSCS layer to mitigate the error in a service profile manner.
The disassembly of the minicells from the ATM cell payload is performed by the minicell delineation function (MCELL-DELIN). This processes the ATM payload, extracting the minicell packet header information and minicell payloads (SDUs).
The MCELL-DELIN performs error detection on the minicell headers—the remainder of the payload may be discarded on detection of an error. The detected minicell CID together with the VC is used to determine a unique identifier for the VC/CID combination (ICID). The ICID is used to store the minicell payload in the appropriate queue in the dynamic buffer (the buffer may maintain a queue for each VC/CID stream or use fewer queues depending on the service relationship between minichannels). The extracted minicell SDUs are written into the minicell buffer under control of the egress queue manager (EQM).
The EQM maintains the minicell queue for each VC/CID stream. New minicells are written to the tail of the queue and old minicells are read into the SSCS functions (or CPS if relay) from the head of the queue. The minicell SDUs are stored in the dynamic buffer. Thus the EQM must maintain a list of slot identifications (or buffer addresses) where the SDUs are located for each VC/ID stream. Additional control information is also stored in this list by the EQM including the length of the minicell SDU (LI), the user-to-user bits (UUI), and any error status. These fields are extracted from the minicell packet headers by the MCELL-DELIN function and passed directly to the EQM.
When a complete minicell packet has been written into the dynamic buffer the EQM signals this to the egress scheduler via the ICID and MCELL R, DY (minicell ready) flags. The egress scheduler can operate in either master or slave modes. In master mode, the egress scheduler schedules the dispatch of minicells into the SSCS functions. This is useful for asynchronous or semi-synchronous services which may perform their own buffering. The order of dispatch can of course differ to the order that minicells are received according to QoS criteria. To dispatch a minicell the scheduler sends a ICID and MCELL-RDY flags to the SSCS functions and simultaneously sends the ICID and a MCELL-REQ (request) to the EQM. The EQM will then control the reading of the minicell SDU from the dynamic buffer (the LI and UUI information is also passed across to the SSCS functions). The minicell is taken from the head of the relevant queue and once read the slot is relinquished back to the SAM. In slave mode, e.g. for synchronous or semi-synchronous services, the egress scheduler acts transparently—forwarding MCELL RDY and MCELL REQ flags between the EQM and the SSCS layers. (In slave mode the receipt of a minicell is indicated to the SSCS layer and the SSCS layers determine when to request this minicell—this enables the dynamic buffer to be used by the SSCS layers for compensation of CDV, jitter and plesiochronous behaviour when supporting synchronous or semi-synchronous services.
The ingress process shares much commonality with the egress process. It accepts minicell packets from the SSCS layers and assembles them into ATM cells for transport across the ATM network.
Again the dynamic buffer is used to store the minicells prior to dispatch. The SSCS signals the availability of minicell data to the ingress process via the ICID and MCELL RDY flags. The minicell SDU is written into the dynamic buffer under the control of the ingress queue manager (IQM). The IQM operates in a manner entirely analogous to the EQM.
The availability of a minicell is signalled to the ingress scheduler by the IQM. The egress scheduler resides in the ATM cell assembly block. Again the scheduler can operate in both slave and master mode. In slave mode the assembly of minicells is slaved to the ATM layer. Thus the ATM layer will request an ATM PDU for a particular VC and the scheduler will begin its assembly immediately. This mode is particularly useful if the VC connections are true CBR connections—thus ATM cells for a particular VC are dispatched at regular intervals irrespective of the minicell loading of that VC. In master mode the scheduler dictates the dispatch of ATM cells according to a pre-defined scheduling algorithm (according to QoS criteria). The scheduling algorithm will be designed to provide a desired per VC QoS. In general the scheduler will maintain timers per VC to ensure that the AAL-2 holdover delay parameter is met. Whether in slave or master mode the scheduler has the capability to instigate a padding function to allow the dispatch of partly filled ATM cells.
Under control of the ingress scheduler minicell SDUs are read from the dynamic buffer. Since the IQM maintains a per VC per CID linked list of available minicells with this architecture it is a simple manner to have many differing levels of minicell priority multiplexed into a single VC. The ATM payload is assembled in the cell assembly block which again shares much commonality with the cell disassembly block. In particular both a VC/CID lookup function is performed (to translate the ICID to the minicell CID) and a CPS-SYNC function that synchronises the segmentation of a minicell over successive ATM payloads. The assembly of the minicell packets and ATM payload is performed in the MCELL-STREAM function that performs the inverse of the MCELL-DELIN function found in the egress. The MCELL-STREAM generates the minicell packet headers from the CID, LI and UUI information (including EDC information), and multiplexes this with the SDU data to form the minicell stream which together with the STF field formed by the CPS-SYNC function forms the payload of the ATM cell.
The ATM payload together with the VO information is used to generate a complete ATM cell by the ATM cell multiplexing function.
In FIG. 13, the ingress and egress functions have been separated and shown independently. Further the a partitioning between the ATM cell assembly/disassembly and the CPS minicell relay/switch function is shown. Those skilled in the art will recognise that the ATM cell assembly/disassembly blocks could be replaced with blocks defined to support any other transport structure (for example MPEG-TS frames)—the minicell switch/relay block remains identical. Further the ingress and egress parts of the minicell switch/relay function can also be made into a single silicon macro sharing common blocks serving both flow directions.
The description above described the action of the CPS layers when implementing the SSCF function. However the technology is equally applicable to performing the minicell relay or switching function. When performing the minicell switching function the minicells received at egress immediately form the minicells being queued at ingress—effectively the IQM and EQM functions are collapsed into a single function by tying the ingress egress and ingress scheduler together. This is illustrated conceptually in FIG. 14 which illustrates VLSI partitioning. The minicell switch does not therefore need to maintain a separate ingress and egress queue when performing the minicell switching function.
The previous section described a general embodiment of the CPS partitioning suitable for supporting all service types. In this section we describe by way of example a specific embodiment of a VLSI chip to perform the service convergence function for synchronous and semi-synchronous sub-rate services. In particular (although not restricted to) the invention is designed to support ADPCM (at rates down-to 16 kb/s) with or without speech-activity-detection (SAD) according to ITU G.726. The ingress and egress functionality of the VLSI ASIC is shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 which illustrate partitioning for synchronous and semi-synchronous SSCF.
The ingress function is first described. Incoming service data is written into the ASIC in a synchronous manner and assembled into minicell packets under control of a connection map module (ICMM) mapping time slots to ICID. The synchronous user data is written into the payload of the relevant minicell packet. This process is controlled by the payload manager module (IPMM) which controls the minicell payload assembly process and performs additional functions including SAD. SAD is driven by the channel activity signal which signifies the silence/speech status. Minicells SDU are assembled in the payload RAM module (IPRM). This is a dynamic memory and a control module (IMAM) controls the allocation and de-allocation of slots, large enough for the largest minicell, in this memory.
Completed minicells are assembled into ATM cells under action of the scheduler module (ISCM). This block performs scheduling, CPS assembly, STF assembly, minicells multiplexing and the ATM cell header generation functions.
On egress ATM cells are demultiplexed in the egress scheduler module (ESGM). This controls the disassembly of minicells. Minicell SDUs are written into the payload RAM module (EPRM). The scheduler maintains a per CID linked list queue. The ESGM also performs the functions of STF verification and minicell header extraction.
Again the EPRM is a dynamic buffer and the allocation/reallocation of slots in this memory is controlled by the egress memory allocation module (EMAM). The dynamic buffer is used to store the received minicells—to absorb jitter, CDV and plesiochronous behaviour an elastic buffering function is performed per ICID under control of the EPMM.
The egress payload manager module (EPMM) controls the disassembly of the minicell SDUs to the synchronous time slots. A connection map (ECMM) identifies the minicell to time slot associations. The ECMM also performs ancillary functions such as SAD detection. If no minicells are available, or UUI bits indicate a silence period, then the channel activity signal is not asserted. ANP messages may readily use this channel activity to interface to a microprocessor such that available data may be read/written to a SDU and scheduled for despatch or consumed by the microprocessor.
FIG. 17 shows in block schematic form a common integrated CPS. Input to the CPS comprises minicells from either ATM or SSCS layers. The output also comprises minicells which are routed to the SSCS or ATM layers accordingly. Incoming minicells are written to the tail of the queue and outgoing minicells are read from the head of the queue. The scheduler controls these processes.
The functional partitioning described above achieves the separation of the functions of CPS packet assembly, switching and the convergence of the minicells stream onto the underlying transport structure. Thus those skilled in the art will recognise that the ATM layer can be replaced by any other regular transport layer (for example MPEG-TS frames). Thus using identical CPS assembly/switching functions one can adapt the invention to operate over any regular transport structure—the use of minicells is therefore not restricted to ATM.
It will be understood that the above description of a preferred embodiment is given by way of example only and that various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 13, 1993
|Apr 16, 1996
|Fujitsu Limited
|Cell multiplexing apparatus handling multiple items of information
|Feb 16, 1995
|Oct 29, 1996
|Fujitsu Limited
|System for transferring variable length cells under ATM
|Apr 1, 1996
|Jun 30, 1998
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Combined minicell alignment and header protection method and apparatus
|Jun 10, 1996
|Sep 1, 1998
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Multiplexing of voice and data minicells
|Apr 10, 1996
|Oct 13, 1998
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Minicell segmentation and reassembly
|Oct 23, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Telecommunication system and a method for transferring microcells therein
|Sep 24, 1997
|Mar 21, 2000
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Efficient transport of internet protocol packets using asynchronous transfer mode adaptation layer two
|Sep 22, 1998
|Dec 18, 2001
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method and network component for switching low bit rate connections between input modules and output modules in a communication network
|Jan 27, 1997
|Jan 22, 2002
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Mini cells with variable payload size
|Title not available
|May 22, 1995
|Dec 21, 1995
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Method and switch node for switching stm cells in a circuit emulated atm switch
|Kure, "An ATM Network Interface For An SCI-Based System", Proceedings of the IFIP, 4/18-21/94, pp. 203-215.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 13, 2000
|Apr 13, 2004
|Fujitsu Limited
|Cell multiplexing system and method for an ATM network
|Dec 30, 1999
|Aug 31, 2004
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Quality of service (QOS) enforcement method
|Sep 12, 2000
|Dec 7, 2004
|Lg Electronics Inc.
|AAL-2/AAL-5 processing apparatus in mobile communication system
|May 31, 2001
|Feb 28, 2006
|Turin Networks
|Distributed control of data flow in a network switch
|May 24, 2001
|Nov 14, 2006
|Juniper Networks, Inc.
|Transport networks supporting virtual private networks, and configuring such networks
|Feb 15, 2001
|Jun 19, 2007
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus for transmitting/receiving wireless data and method thereof
|Dec 16, 2002
|Aug 7, 2007
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Memory controller that tracks queue operations to detect race conditions
|Sep 23, 1999
|Jan 29, 2008
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for connecting communications terminals to a exchange via a communications network
|Dec 19, 2001
|Oct 28, 2008
|Lg Nortel Co., Ltd.
|Cell switching method and system
|Nov 19, 2004
|Dec 22, 2009
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switch and method for switching ATM traffic
|Sep 29, 2005
|Jul 2, 2013
|Apple Inc.
|Method and system for capacity and coverage enhancement in wireless networks with relays
|May 12, 2006
|Aug 6, 2013
|Apple, Inc.
|Method and system for packet scheduling
|Jun 8, 2007
|Jan 7, 2014
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Architecture for MANET over Bluetooth
|Jun 24, 2010
|Aug 11, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|On demand allocation of cache buffer slots
|Feb 15, 2001
|Dec 13, 2001
|Park Jeong-Hoon
|Apparatus for transmitting/receiving wireless data and method thereof
|Sep 10, 2001
|Mar 14, 2002
|Dawn Finn
|Method of managing voice buffers in dynamic bandwidth circuit emulation services
|Oct 24, 2001
|Sep 19, 2002
|Hiroyuki Akiyama
|Cell delay variation absorbing apparatus
|May 31, 2001
|Dec 12, 2002
|Steve West
|Distributed control of data flow in a network switch
|Dec 19, 2001
|Feb 6, 2003
|Lg Electronics Inc.
|Cell switching method and system
|Nov 5, 2003
|Aug 5, 2004
|Takashi Kokubo
|Communication device and communication method
|May 12, 2006
|Jan 25, 2007
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Method and system for packet scheduling
|Jun 8, 2007
|Jun 19, 2008
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Architecture for MANET Over Bluetooth
|Sep 29, 2005
|Oct 23, 2008
|Shalini Periyalwar
|Method and System for Capacity and Coverage Enhancement in Wireless Networks With Relays
|Jun 24, 2010
|Dec 29, 2011
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Dynamic re-allocation of cache buffer slots
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 13, 1999
Owner name: NORTHERN TELECOM LIMITED, CANADA
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Have you utilised the Sec 80C tax saving limit fully? Find out
|, ET Bureau
Jan 11, 2016, 10.36 AM IST
The tax planning season is in full swing. ET tells you how to figure out how much of your Section 80C limit has been taken care of and the other tax deductions you can claim.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
BERNARDSVILLE A Panasonic camcorder owned by a borough resident was stolen last Tuesday while the victim attended the Bedwell School's Halloween parade.
The camcorder, valued at about $800, was taken at about 2:45 p.m., police said, after the victim set it down near a bicycle rack in front of the school and left it there for a few minutes. When she returned, the camcorder was missing.
A leaf blower and tiller with a combined value of $600 were taken from a shed a t a Douglas Avenue home between Oct. 22-29. The shed was unlocked at the time of the theft, police said. The leaf blower was orange and made by Husky. The tiller was yellow and manufactured by Briggs & Stratton.
Vandals damaged two bricks with paint on the walkway to the new borough library's main entrance during the overnight period of Oct. 24-25. One brick had red paint on it while the other had graffiti written on it with white paint.
The passenger's side rearview mirror was reported broken on a vehicle parked near a Wesley Avenue home at about 10 p.m. on Oct. 24.
Mailboxes were damaged at two Post Kennel Road homes on Halloween Night, Tuesday, Oct. 31. Police discovered the damage at about 9:15 p.m.
A wire fence was knocked down in the rear yard of a Dobbs Street home during the overnight period of Oct. 29-30.


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*** No this is not Gandalf the Grey. Nor do everyday witches dress like this. But you get my point. You can order a fine reproduction of "The Good Witch" cartoon HERE.In the summer of '99 I went to see The Blair Witch Project. I have this interesting ability to sink right into a movie, and it terrified me. When I left the theater I had a curiosity about witchcraft. So I went to our local bookstore and a new release by Silver Ravenwolf, "Teen WItch: Wicca for a New Generation", was on the … [Read more...]
a comparison of Wicca with popular Christianity
October 4, 2013 by 119 Comments


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text:
The overwhelming Man of the Match for Newcastle yesterday in the 3-1 defeat at Southampton is new boy Andros Townsend, who scored a wonderful goal after 65 minutes – his second goal for Newcastle since he joined us in January.
has 68% of the vote and the lad gives everything he can for the club and he is a great example to other players
He was interviewed after the game yesterday when it was notable that no senior player offered himself up for interview.
Only 22 year-old Jamaal Lascelles volunteered and was the only other player interviewed and he was very honest after the game.
Andros and Jamaal seem to be two great guys.
Andros Townsend – brilliant goal yesterday
Second in the voting is goalkeeper Karl Darlow who again performed well for us, but he has no cover in front of him from our very dodgy Newcastle back four.


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One of my favorite things about Ptown is the vast array of local merchants and my favorite one of those is Now Voyager book store and Gallery, which caters to the GLBT community. Here's your opportunity to meet Mark, the owner of Now Voyager, who keeps readers supplied with the latest titles and generously hosts authors for signings throughout the year.
Now Voyager offers a fantastic selection of titles from Bold Strokes Books. Check out Now Voyager online at http://nowvoyagerbooks.com/


text:
|Reviews for Ten Twenty-Four
| marati2011 chapter 23 . 7/23/2013
I had with the soul in a thread this chapter and sorry for Elizaveta and Turmoil, but relieved to know that all is well
| purpledragon6 chapter 23 . 7/23/2013
I really thought she was going to kill her but I cant believe T-bone killed someone but that scene was just amazing.
| Roller77 chapter 23 . 7/23/2013
You lose, Turmoil... back to Alkatraz you go!
| Oni Mathier chapter 23 . 7/22/2013
Awe-some! Way to go Felina!
I love how you've built the plot of this story and how Felina's character has grown. I can't wait for the last couple of chapters.
Truly wonderful writing. Brava!
| marati2011 chapter 22 . 7/22/2013
Luckily Jake is alive, I hope Felina and he can save others
| Simon wanna be chapter 22 . 7/22/2013
Well the ending is predictable now...to be honest I was hoping that turmoil was going to be a good egg...I suppose that's not something that would ever happen. But on the bright side I know what felina is thinking about doing. The question is should I ruin it for everyone who hasn't figured it out who like to see what people write for each chapter. Oh what the hay I'll ruin it for everyone.
Felina will challenge turmoil to a sword fight for the right to win her city back. Something that turmoil even said she does following an old traditional status quo. However I wonder if it is going to be someone else that she will have to fight? Hmmm who knows. But I do know that feline will have Jakes device in her pocket or on her person and shut down the imitation turbo kats that shuts them down. It's a guarantee that felina will win. I mean come on its a 50\50 ending. So I'm betting It's a happy ending. Unless of course there's a compromise. Who knows. It's all been a very good story.
| purpledragon6 chapter 22 . 7/22/2013
Nice. Heres hoping their plan succeeds.
| An Amber Pen chapter 22 . 7/21/2013
ooooohhh...*sing-song voice* I know what's coming.
| purpledragon6 chapter 21 . 7/21/2013
Heres hoping she and Jake are able to save them in time.
| An Amber Pen chapter 21 . 7/21/2013
I am hopping up and down in my seat, this is so good! I'm dying to see what happens next!
| marati2011 chapter 21 . 7/21/2013
Hopefully Jake is well and save Callie, Chance, Ulysses and Mayor Manx
| Roller77 chapter 21 . 7/21/2013
Steele, you traitor! Now what are they gonna do?
| Cody Furlong chapter 20 . 7/20/2013
Poor Chance and Poor jake, Jake is near death, and Chance might be if he was left to bleed to death on that roof top. Looking forward to see what happens with them next, this is getting really good.
| marati2011 chapter 20 . 7/20/2013
Please do not Katy's mother dies
| purpledragon6 chapter 20 . 7/20/2013
Lovely. It was a simply lovely encounter between her and Katy :)


text:
Manufacturer: Sanify (Sanative)
Trade name: Radin 10
Strength: 10 mg
Type: Tablet
Active ingredient: Loratadine
Category: Antihistamine (H1-receptor blocker)
Pregnancy category: Loratadine belongs to Australia therapeutic goods administration (TGA) pregnancy category: B1 And US FDA pregnancy category B.
Uses: Radin 10 10 mg tablet is used to treat symptoms of hay fever and other allergies. Symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, hives, skin rash, itching.
How to use: Take Radin 10 10 mg tablet by mouth with or without food, usually once a day. If your symptoms does not improve aftr usage of this medication consult your doctor.
Side Effects: headache, dry mouth, sore throat, mouth sores, difficulty falling asleep, fatigue, stomach pain, diarrhea, red or itchy eyes
Sponsored Links
Dosage: Usual adult dose for alergy symptoms is 10 mg orally once a day.
Written by: : www.healthplus24.com team
Date last updated: March 26th, 2016
Sponsored Links
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text:
Freeport Harbour Company is privately owned and operated through a joint venture between Hutchison Port Holdings (HPH) and The Port Group (The Grand Bahama Port Authority). Freeport Harbour is one of the largest man-made harbours in the world and the deepest harbour in the region. The entrance channel and turning basin are dredged to a depth of 16m (52 ft.). There is also a huge expanse of sheltered waters. Businesses at the harbour include Cruise and Day Ferry visits, Roll-on/Roll-off facilities for containerised and LTL cargo, Car Transshipment, Wet Docking and Ship Repair Facilities. Freeport Harbour can accommodate three (3) cruise ships, five (5) roll-on/roll-off vessels, two 900-ft wet-docking berths. Vessels with a maximum draft of 30ft can be accommodated alongside. Cruise lines of up to 1000 ft., length overall, can be facilitated. Tugboat and pilot services are also available.
The $10.9 million dollar Lucayan Harbour Cruise Facility, situated on the water-ways of Freeport Harbour, continues to develop programmes in order to upgrade the cruise passenger terminal facilities, which processes under 1,000,000 visitors annually. The facility includes:
- Sheltered staging areas for the pick-up/drop-off of passengers
- A retail complex and a craft market featuring local straw work and other indigenous craft.
- Extensive landscaping and a more efficient ground transportation layout are major features of this facility.
- New tropical landscaping
- Two first class renovated cruise ship terminals with the ability to be combined to handle a 3,000 passenger homeport cruise vessel.


text:
BBB Accredited Business Directory
Businesses you can trust in Eastern Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island and Vermont
accredited-business-directoryAuto Search Auto Location
Better Business Bureau has accredited the following dentists including oral surgery, child dentistry and cosmetic dentistry. Check this directory for a dentist you can trust.
Filter results
Results for: DENTISTS in Eastern, MA
We did not find any BBB Accredited Businesses that match your search criteria. Please try again.
Try the same search again - searching our entire service area.


text:
Guardian of the Mountain
David Dalglish
This book is available for download with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device, and with iTunes on your computer. Books can be read with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device.
From the author of the Half-Orc Series comes a terrifying cross of horror and fantasy.
Discovering a mountain filled with gold, Jerek has little time to celebrate before others stumble upon his secret. Forging an uneasy alliance with the newcomers, Jerek agrees to share the wealth. But a creature guards the mountain's treasures, aided by an elderly elf. This creature of night wants more than blood; it wants Mira, a little girl with blackest eyes and a terrible power lurking in her veins.
GUARDIAN OF THE MOUNTAIN, a novella by David Dalglish.
Nature has given claws to the darkness…
Customer Reviews
Can't wait
Just got the book. Can't wait. Ready for book four in the half orc series to get to iBooks. Love Mr Dalglish's writing.
The guardian of the mountain
Kinda short and a bit predictable. Have loved the other books
Superb short story from the world of derel sorry if I bucherd the name there but if you liked the Half Orcs you would like this as well. Totally worth the money.
- $0.99
- Category: Fantasy
- Published: Sep 30, 2010
- Publisher: David Dalglish
- Seller: Smashwords
- Print Length: 55 Pages
- Language: English


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BPM Run - Winston/Salem, NC
NC Winston-Salem Fairgrounds
Sat 08/30/2014
5K, Elite, Military, Off-road/Trail
|Sat 08/30/2014
|BPM Run - Individual Walker/Runner
|Sat 08/30/2014
|BPM Run
BPM Run is a nighttime 5K fun run series. Line up at the start line where our first DJ is spinning the hottest hits and getting your pumped up. Once your runining you run through our custom worlds and experience the best run that you have ever completed. Walkers are welcomed too! BPM run is for everyone. When you reach the finish line (trust us, you will know) you will be rewarded with a massave finish line party. What a better way to cellebrate than a top DJ mixing hits and everyone so happy that they just finished their BPM run!Event schedule and timesCOme early to secure a spot near the front. Barracade lines will drop at 6:30PM and the race will start right at dark.
- Name:Landon Darr
- Email:
- Phone:3369054085
- Address:421 W 27th St
Winston Salem, NC 27105


text:
qContact Builder allows you to create contact forms quickly and easily. It's the best way to create a contact form in 3 minutes without reading any documentation. Beautiful and secure contact forms will be ready within a few clicks.
Version 1.2 – February 22, 2016
- adding social widget (facebook, youtoube, google plus, twitter)
- adding schedule widget


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Today would have been my dad's 66th birthday.
It's been almost four years since my dad left this world unexpectedly. And while I will forever remember that Friday afternoon in June when I last saw his face, it's his birthday that I choose to focus on and celebrate with my daughters.
My now eight-year-old was just four when her grandpa died, and she still hasn't grasped the complexities of a day that started with her hugging her grandpa and heading to the park to play, and ended with her mom telling her he was in heaven.
What kid would be able to process that?
The first year was the hardest on all of us; but especially a little girl who adored her big, teddy bear-like grandpa and wanted to continue to have a way to communicate with him.
Close to the first Christmas, Maggie begged me to write him a note. Just something small and sweet to say that she loved and missed him and would I please help her send it. How would I get a note to heaven? I didn't want to lie to her, but I had no clue how to explain that I didn't have a place to mail it to.
And then I had an idea.
Could we tape it to the outside of a giant helium balloon and "send" it to heaven that way? Would it work? There was only one way to find out!
Our first attempt at note sending was magical. She wrote her sweet note and we taped it gently to the outside of the balloon. After walking in to the middle of the cul-de-sac in front of our house, she closed her eyes, made a wish and let it go. It flew straight up, over our house, and disappeared just like it was sucked up in to the sky.
A tradition was born.
We've sent these sweet love notes from the kids every year on his birthday. The weather has always cooperated on this beautiful afternoon in April. Off to the local party store we go and I splurge on the biggest and most obnoxious-sized helium balloons in stock. (I've discovered over the years that the bigger the balloons are, the better they fly).
My youngest, Katie, is old enough now to write her own notes and tape them to her balloons.
Our launch pad is now the middle of the park next door to our house. Every year, the wind carries them away – two balloons with birthday wishes, little pictures and tons of love attached to them.
There is always a little scribble on the corner of a note from me too. After all, how do I know they aren't making their way to heaven?
P.S. Thanks, Dad, for getting the wind to kick up last year and pulling them from the tops of the trees. I was panicked for a second, but I know you are always with us.
Jennifer Evers is a 40-something blogger and small business owner living in the Chicago suburbs with her two young daughters and a DVR full of reality television shows. She blogs about her life at Me, Myself and Jen (www.memyselfandjen.com) - single parenting, recipes, crafts and home projects, crazy things her children do, travel, celebrity encounters, community events and those wacky "Real Housewives."
See more of Jennifer's stories here.
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Brian Gresko is the editor of the anthology When I First Held You: 22 Critically Acclaimed Writers Talk About the Triumphs, Challenges, and Transformative Experience of Fatherhood. His writing has appeared in numerous publications, including Salon, The Atlantic, The Rumpus, the L.A. Review of Books, and Poets & Writers magazine. He co-runs the esteemed reading series at Pete's Candy Store in Brooklyn, and teaches creative nonfiction for the Sackett Street Writing Workshop. For the past three years, Brian has conducted the Authors in Conversation series for Slice Literary Magazine, both in print and live at the Slice Literary Conference. He occasionally draws pictures, and can tear it up on the dance floor. Brian received his MFA in Creative Writing from The New School, and graduated from Oberlin College with a self-designed, cross-disciplinary major entitled "Narrativity in Film."
You can find Brian on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and once in a blue moon on Tumblr.
Brian is represented by Erin Harris at Folio Literary Management.


text:
You must Sign In to post a response.
- Category: India Educational Consultants
- #28595It is one course and can be combined with your Commerce Graduation parallel. It is very useful for commerce student, while studying alongwith commerce graduation. As you complete Graduation as well as ICWA you can go for Aricle Assistant under Charter Accountant for one year field experience.
- #28608Dear Sumanjali,
It is good to know that your brother is interested in doing ICWA. ICWA is one of the sought after course in the field of Finance. The job opportunity for ICWA holders are quite good.
Admision eligibility for ICWA Course.
There two categories of Admission.
(1) Foundation Course.
For foundation course the person shound be 17 years old and should have passed 10+2 examination.
(2) Intermediate Course
Person should have completed 18 years of age and passed graduation from a recognised University.
Examinations for both the admissions are held twice a year from 18th to 21st June and 26th to 29th December every year.
Students who pass Intermediate examination are required to take the Final examination for awarding the ICWA qualification.
For more details about the ICWA examination your could visit their web site.
With Regards and Best wishes,
"There is no substitute for hard work"
-Thomas Alva Edison


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The Governor of Ekiti State, Ayodele Fayose stopped his convoy to buy beans from a beans seller aka Iya Elewa while on his way to Oke-Ako Ekiti. Fayose helped himself with some of her beans and also prayed for the woman. See more photos after the cut.
Make Money Online in Nigeria... Click HERE To Start Now!


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Therapy Dog Calendars make a great gift and are a way to support our special programs. The 2018 calendar will be sold Nov. 1 through Dec. 31, 2017
below is a list of retail locations where you can buy them for only $10 each.
Email Sarah Kerry to sponsor the calendar or for more information.
Kalamazoo County:
Bark's 5th Avenue
Confections with Convictions
Happytail Boarding Kennel
Hospice Care of Southwest Michigan
Milan Salon
Nature Connection
Oakridge Feed
Pet Supplies Plus Westnedge/Gull Rd


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John Cox for President
For Immediate Release
Wednesday, September 20, 2006
Contact: Steven Kush, national campaign director, 847-513-7903; Stephen Abbott, New Hampshire State Campaign Coordinator, 603-785-7796
The John Cox for president campaign has released the following statement by John Cox on the current meeting of the U.N. General Assembly in New York:
"In the last two days, the world has witnessed speeches at the U.N. General Assembly by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez.
Both used harsh rhetoric to condemn the United Nations and the United States. Their tone and the content of their speeches belie their intentions, and they clearly do not wish to advance the cause of dialogue and peace among nations, as they claimed.
Ahmadinejad said Iran will "contribute to global tranquility and peace based on the two maxims of spirituality and justice as well as the equal rights of all peoples and nations."
I call on Mr. Ahmadinejad to live up to these lofty words and immediately recognize Israel's right to exist, and to renounce his calls for Israel and the Jewish people to be wiped from the face of the Earth.
Chavez said he uses his "independent voice" to "denounce persecution and aggression."
I call on Mr. Chavez to live up to his rhetoric in his own nation and stop efforts to control the media, end the oppression of opposition parties, halt the theft and redistribution of wealth, and stop funding terrorist guerrillas in Columbia.
Calling America "the devil" and "oppressors" is the mark of two insecure leaders, and only causes anger and division in the world, not peace and security.
America has and always will stand for peace and opportunity for all the world. True peace and opportunity come without threats and with self-determination by free people informed by a free press. That doesn't happen in those two countries with these two leaders who have come into our country to deliver such incendiary remarks."
John H. Cox, 51, is the first announced candidate of the 2008 presidential race. He lives in Chicago, IL with his wife and four daughters. His campaign is online at www.cox2008.com and www.nh4johncox2008.blogspot.com.


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QUOG STYLE ENTERPRISE GRAPHIC by S0LARBABYWatch
This is a graphic of the Quog enterprise from [link] I've just figured out how to created animated gifs with flash woohoo!
The field is at that degree not the power through the generators. I'm an animator not an engineer!
That's a really good Structural Integrity Field there, and some burned out generators too.
Hehe its actually for an animation I'm making. An alien power device has attached to the ship and increased power to the ships systems
Looking good.
Nice, Its All Like OMFG WE'RE ALL GUNNA FUKIN DIE!!!!!!!!


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Watch Alvin and the Chipmunks: Trick or Treason online free with HQ / high quailty. Stream movie Alvin and the Chipmunks: Trick or Treason.Alvin wants to join a gang that is well known for playing pranks on Halloween. Simon helps Alvin try to create a scare machine to present to the gang, in return Alvin does some chores for him. When none of their inventions work properly, the gang decides to target Micheal, a boy with a deformed face who Theodore befriends, to pull a prank on.


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President Obama is finalizing a new Afghanistan war strategy and will make an announcement "within days," spokesman Robert Gibbs said early this morning.
Gibbs did not specify a day, but said the announcement would not be before the Thanksgiving weekend. That points to a major speech early next week, perhaps Tuesday.
Obama has been considering several options, including a proposed strategy by U.S. Gen. Stanley McChrystal that would add up to 40,000 more troops to the war along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.
Last night, the president conducted his ninth national security meeting on a new war strategy -- and the last in a series, according to Gibbs.
"After completing a rigorous final meeting," he said in a statement, "President Obama has the information he wants and needs to make his decision and he will announce that decision within days."
Another factor in the decision: Money.
In the picture, note the fellow on the right hand side, two seats down from Hillary Rodham Clinton. That's Peter Orszag -- the budget director, who has not been seen at any of the previous Afghanistan meetings.
(Posted by David Jackson)
David's journalism career spans three decades, including coverage of five presidential elections, the Oklahoma City bombing, the 2000 Florida presidential recount and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. He has covered the White House for USA TODAY since 2005. His interests include history, politics, books, movies and college football -- not necessarily in that order. More about David
Follow the Oval on Twitter: @The Oval, @djusatoday.
Also contributing to the Oval: Richard Wolf @richardjwolf; Aamer Madhani @AamerISmad


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My health…it's not always perfect, but at least I'm still alive.
My Family…because they are always there for me no matter what, and I love them all.
My Friends (new and old)…because you support, motivate and love me regardless. I truly appreciate that.
My Special K (aka Babycakes)…for being so patient, loving, understanding, caring, and kind. Some qualities are hard to find. I love you!
My Job…because times are hard and everyone keeps getting laid off, I'm thankful to still have a job.
Technology…because if it wasn't for this I wouldn't be able to really communicate with blog readers all over the globe. It is truly amazing to have blog readers from Philippines, Australia, London, North of Wales, Brazil, Kansas, LA, Miami and of course NYC, etc…
My Blog Readers…because if it wasn't for you all I wouldn't be motivated to blog. Thank you for your comments, your subscriptions, your questions, your visits, and for enjoying my blog. You all rock!
I think that sums it up…
Don't just eat the food, but Give Thanks!
What are you all Thankful for?!
Please share in the comments section.


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If a member receives a payroll after the date of termination, send a memo or email explaining why he/she received this payroll (pay for work not previously reported, vacation, overtime, etc.) including a breakdown of the various dollar amounts and applicable pay periods. This information is needed for benefit calculation purposes when the member retires.
If a member abandons his/her job, please submit a Leave of Absence/Back to Work form online for the period between the time payroll runs out and the termination date.
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If you have an employee retiring directly from active employment, complete and submit a Termination of Employment form online.
Please submit the employee's termination form no later than the first week of the month in which he/she is retiring. As a general rule, we must have all of the employee's information entered in our system by the 9th of the month in which the employee is retiring. Retirement benefits cannot be verified until we have the employee's:
* SAM II - If you are under the SAM II payroll system, the sick leave balances will be reported to MOSERS automatically. If you are not under the SAM II payroll system, you should continue to include unused sick leave balances on the employee's termination form (even if the amount is "0"). These agencies include: House of Representatives, Senate, Legislative Research, Missouri Housing Development Commission, MCHCP, EIERA, Court of Appeals, Missouri Development Finance Board, and all regional colleges/universities. This also applies to the Department of Conservation. Payroll is not to be coded for retirement benefits if it is a nonrecurring lump sum payment (i.e. a payoff of accrued vacation time.)
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We have stayed at this hotel before and always enjoy our visit. We stayed 2 night, Firday and Saturday for our 35th wedding anniversary. The staff is always very helpful. We had made reservations for non-smoking room. When we got to our room it smelled like smoke and air freshner. I have trouble with smoke smells so my husband went down to front desk and requested new room. We were given a new room right away and the bellman ovd our bags. The first room was also alittle rundown. The couch had a big worn spot on front that was actually so thin it was a hole and the cushions were very thin. The second room was in better shape. The common areas of this hotel are wonderful but seens some of the rooms are in need of some updating. The cook to order breakfast is alway wonderful, plenty of food and the wait staff are very good at cleaning off tables quickly. We had champagne delivered to room by our children and it was kept cold for us since we were out. The desk clerks made a point of telling us happy anniversary. All in all it was a great stay and we love to come back to this Embassy Suites when we are visiting the Schaumburg area.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Our impressive all-suite hotel in Schaumburg offers value added amenities that will save you big; welcome to the Embassy Suites Chicago - Schaumburg/Woodfield. We're located just 9 miles from the Chicago O'Hare (ORD) airport, and just minutes from the infamous Woodfield Mall. We offer complimentary local area transportation to nearby business and attractions, within a 4 mile radius. Hotel guests can enjoy our complimentary cooked-to-order breakfast daily, and our complimentary evening reception. All of our 2-room suites come equipped with a refrigerator, microwave, coffeemaker, and WiFi. Groups and meetings can take advantage of our 8,000 sq/ft of flexible event space, perfect for weddings and business meetings. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Orbitz, Priceline, Hilton Hotels Direct, Hotels.com, Expedia, Travelocity, Hotwire, Cheap Tickets, HotelQuickly and getaroom.com so you can book your Embassy Suites by Hilton Chicago - Schaumburg/Woodfield reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Embassy Suites Hotel Chicago
- Schaumburg Embassy Suites


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Hostelworld poleca
Uwielbiamy ten hostel! Ma naszą pełną aprobatę za niezmiennie wysoką ocenę klientów i świetną jakość.
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Hostele które pokochasz
Ponad 9 millionów opinii od naszych podróżnych.
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Khweza Bed & Breakfast
Khweza Bed and Breakfast Nairobi is a homely, African decorated, budget B&B, located 5 minutes from Nairobi city center, offering magnificent views of the city and a warm welcome by our friendly s... Więcej...
Decasa Hotel
Newly established within the heart of Nairobi's CBD, Decasa Hotel has all the features of a modern city hotel and with its unique location you are guaranteed to achieve maximum comfort. The hote... Więcej...
Nairobi Transit Lounge
Nairobi Transit Lounge is Located only 6kms and 8mins drive from Jomo Kenyatta airport and against the heavy Nairobi traffic jam. Guests never go wrong for an overnight, a transit, a layover, a day ro... Więcej...
Cottage Nairobi
At Cottage Nairobi we offer quietness, with a relaxed comfortable and cosy stay in a secure, homely and natural environment away from the daily din and bustle.
We have two units, with a cottage and... Więcej...
Milimani Backpackers & Safari Centre Ltd
At Milimani Backpackers & Safari Centre we offer an inhouse restaurant and bar, with an open terrace which serves as a meeting point for our clients. We have barbecue nights as well as African nig... Więcej...
Wildebeest Eco Camp
Wildebeest Camp is an oasis in Nairobi the perfect place to relax during your Africa... Więcej...
Manyatta Backpackers
Our rooms comprise of Single, Twin, 6 persons dorm, with shared washrooms and 8 persons dorm which has it own wash room. We have a common comfortable living room and dining area. Outside the house... Więcej...
Nairobi Airport Homestay
Nairobi Airport Homestay is situated in Syokimau, off Mombasa Road on Muthama Access Road. We're away from the city noise and hustle, it is a homely place that is quite.
The nearest airport is Jomo... Więcej...
Fair Acres House
A luxury guesthouse located in the affluent Karen, Nairobi. The facility offers car rental but it's 3 minutes walk to public transportation, 2.5 KM to Galleria and Karen Shopping Malls, 15 KM from Nai... Więcej...
Bermuda Hotel
The Bermuda garden hotel is just a 5 minute drive from the city center, we are a truly comfortable hotel, affordable and appealing in all aspects.
It is an affordable, quality service hotel, establ... Więcej...
Gigiri Express
At Gigiri Express we offer a pocket friendly seamless stay in the dynamic city of Nairobi. Whether you visit us to relax, eat, or work, our facilities and teams are entirely at your service as part of... Więcej...
Mugambi's Homestay
We are in a safe and secure neighborhood and our property is in a very ideal location. We have 3 floors and on the first floor a balcony with a view of the neighborhood, a great place to sit relax and... Więcej...
The PrideInn Raphta Road
Located in one of Nairobi's prime suburbs, Westlands, PrideInn Hotel Raphta is only 6 minutes away from Sarit and Westgate Shopping Centre.
It offers Spacious and warmly decorated all air-condi... Więcej...
City Centre Gem
... Więcej...
Pacific Cottages
Pacific Cottages is a lovely house with 4 rooms available to stay. The rooms can take up to 8 people and is especially ideal for lone travellers, families, groups and couples. Two of the rooms have do... Więcej...
Mdawida Homestay
We have housing and homestay options for singles, couples, groups, volunteers and travelers you name it, we have a place for you.
(A Homestay is a form of tourism and/or study abroad program that... Więcej...
Milestone City Hotel Nairobi
Milestone City Hotel is located along Mfangano Street in Nairobi's CBD. Milestone City Hotel is a convenient choice for visitors to Nairobi looking for a budget friendly stay, since its located 30 min... Więcej...
Meridian Hotel
... Więcej...
Sweet Home Stay
Sweet Home Stay is in a well gated area with security being high on its priority and the house being well fenced to ensure you have your own privacy so you can sleep well. With enough space inside and... Więcej...
The Maple House
The Maple House is ideal for B&B, stopover, get away and a place to relax in a homely environment.
The Maple House is located in a safe and secure area outside Nairobi (Karen) off Langata Road... Więcej...
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BRIDGEPORT, Washington (AP) A wildfire in central Washingtonstate was threatening several homes after destroying two outbuildings, fire officials said.
The wind-driven blaze was burning over 8,000 acres, or more than 12 square miles. Itwas 25% contained Sunday evening, said Dan Johnson, aspokesman for the Washington State Patrol's fire protection bureau.
Stiff winds had calmed by Sunday evening, Johnson said.Officials expect to have the fire fully contained by Wednesday.
No evacuations had been ordered. The fire was about a half-mile from the threatened homes, Johnson said.
It started Saturday afternoon and is believed to have been sparked by a downed power line, said Melissa Gannie, a fire protection bureau spokeswoman.
The blaze was burning near Bridgeport, a town of about 2,000, in steep terrain in a narrow strip along the Columbia River.
About 100 firefighters were battling the blaze, Gannie said.
Meanwhile, California firefighters were in the final stage of surrounding one of the biggest blazes in state history, which has burned 254 square miles of brush and timber since erupting Labor Day.
A helicopter crashed while returning to pick up more fire retardant and water. Two pilots aboard walked away with minor injuries.
The fire was 95% contained, and officials expected to have it fully surrounded by Monday.
The fire, ignited by someone burning debris, burned mainly inthe Los Padres and Angeles National forests. At one point, it threatened the Ventura County communities of Ojai, Santa Paula andFillmore.
The fire destroyed one rural home and damaged another. It also burned a handful of structures including barns, sheds, an unoccupied cabin and a camping trailer.
Copyright 2007 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Halloween Spooktacular
This event has already taken place. Click here for the latest events.30-10-2012 12:00:00 30-10-2012 12:00:00 America/New_York Halloween Spooktacular | Tuesday-Thursday 10am-5pm; Friday, Saturday, and Sunday 10am-7pm The museum is totally transformed for festive Halloween celebration. Children can come in costume to trick-or-treat with costumed staff, decorate a pumpkin to take home, watch a Halloween puppet show, hear Halloween stories, and get their hands and face painted. Pre-registration is required. http://www.nymetroparents.com/2015neweventinfo.cfm?id=117195 New Jersey Children's Museum New Jersey Children's Museum
If you go: Please tell them you saw this event on


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- Description
Whether your style is traditional or modern, the stunning antique black finish with red rub through on this Anna Collection desk will blend seamlessly with your decor. Designed to be used as a writing desk or a laptop desk, it also features a storage drawer and spacious work top to have you organized and efficient in no time at all.Includes
1 Linon Anna Antique Black DeskDimensions
20.5"L x 47.25"W x 30.83"H
More from this collection: Anna
- Additional Information
Additional Information
SKU 13500248 MPN 86105C124-01-KD-U GTIN N/A Brand Linon Collection Anna Assemble Length No Assemble Width No Assemble Height No Assembly Required Yes Material Wood Finish Black Styles Contemporary Shipping Time 1-2 Weeks Free Shipping Yes
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Disclaimer: Pictures displayed may include optional products not included in the price. Computer monitors often display color variations. Color swatches are shown if alternative colors are available. Please call us or email us if you have any questions!


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Ladbrokes Mobile Betting
The Ladbrokes mobile betting experience is first class. They offer punters full access to their account and all betting markets through either the Ladbrokes mobile app or the Ladbrokes mobile website.
Users can download the Ladbrokes mobile app quickly and easily to their iPhone, iPad or Android device and once you have it, you'll have all your account features at your fingertips, no matter where you are. The app is easy to navigate around and it's fast and simple to check the odds and place bets across different sports and racing markets with a few simple taps.
When you are using the app to place a bet you'll find the bet slip is great to use – it's easily accessible and simple to edit or update. There are also some great Ladbrokes mobile betting promotions available to users of the mobile app.
For punters who prefer to bet through the website on their mobile device the Ladbrokes mobile website is available for all devices and it works in a similar way to the app, giving you full and complete access to your account and betting markets.
We think the Ladbrokes mobile app, and their mobile betting experience as a whole is one of the best in the market.
Ladbrokes Mobile Betting App
If you are a punter who loves your mobile betting and are looking for a brilliant mobile betting app, check out the Ladbrokes mobile app.
It is available for both Android and Apple devices and it is fast to download and simple to install to your mobile phone or tablet. Once you've got the app up and running on your device you'll have full access to your online betting account. This means you can use all the usual features you'd find on the desktop version, and you can keep up to date with all the latest sports and racing betting markets for events happening right around Australia and the world.
The app gives you a convenient way to place bets on the go. The Ladbrokes bet slip is really simple to use and it's also easy to edit and make changes. The app boasts fantastic navigation so you'll have no trouble jumping between different markets to place your bets and check the latest odds.
We think the Ladbrokes mobile app is one of the best mobile betting apps of any of the bookmakers in Australia and it's one of our top picks for all punters out there who enjoy mobile betting.
Ladbrokes Mobile App Download
If you are looking to download the Ladbrokes app, it's very fast and easy to do. The first thing you'll need is an online betting account with Ladbrokes – if you don't already have one you'll need to open one up. From there your account must be verified, and this can be done online in most cases.
Once your account has been successfully verified grab your mobile or tablet and type ladbrokes.com.au into your search engine on your device. This will direct you to the mobile website and once there, just select the Android or Apple icon at the bottom of the page, whichever matches your device, and this will begin the download.
It won't take long to download, and once it's done tap Ladbrokes.apk and "ok" to any messages that pop up to install the Ladbrokes app to your device.
Once the app is installed to your tablet or phone you can take advantage of the first class Ladbrokes mobile betting experience on offer to users and start betting! Both the Ladbrokes iPhone app and the Ladbrokes Android app work extremely well on all devices. The app gives you complete access to your Ladbrokes online betting account no matter where you are and it's one of our top picks.
Ladbrokes Mobile App Ratings
For those who appreciate a really good all-round mobile betting experience the Ladbrokes mobile app is sure to please. Not only is it quick to download and easy to install, it's also fantastic to use across all betting functions.
The exclusive mobile app promotions available to users of the Ladbrokes mobile app are an added bonus for punters, and there are some great specials regularly available.
The Ladbrokes mobile app download takes no time and once you have it installed on your phone or tablet you'll have all areas of your online account available to you anytime.
With Ladbrokes you'll find a unique mobile betting experience, whether you choose to download the app or use the Ladbrokes mobile website on your device. Both are fantastic to use and both are hard to fault. They make it easy to place bets and check the latest markets and promotions in a few simple taps.
We rate the Ladbrokes mobile app highly, and it's one of our top picks of all the bookmaker betting apps. It is a great betting app for any type of punter and if you like to bet on your phone or tablet, we suggest you check it out.


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John Elway's Political Ads Raise Hackles, Questions in Colorado
Getty Images/Westword Photo Illustration
In what is certainly the most divisive and hideous election season in modern memory, it's good to know that the powers-that-be in Colorado can still rely on one civic leader to be the voice of reason and fair play, to gently guide the voters through the murk to the right decision for them and their community. A voice that towers above the rest, a registered Republican but with an appeal that defies partisanship, Colorado's elder statesman and éminence grise, its Disraeli and its Talleyrand.
That would be the Duke himself, John Elway. The Denver Broncos general manager and Hall of Fame quarterback is now appearing in TV ads endorsing one of the state's ballot initiatives and denouncing two others.
Elway supports Amendment 71, which would make it more difficult and expensive for proposed constitutional amendments to make it on the ballot in the future — and which is largely financed by the fracking industry and other corporate interests. He opposes Amendment 69, which would create a state-operated health-care system, and Amendment 70, which would raise the minimum wage. "A lot of people know me as a football guy, but I'm a Coloradan first," he declares in one of the spots. "I love this state, and I'm worried about the games being played with our constitution."
The ads are an unsettling departure from Elway's past efforts to avoid hot-button political entanglements. Although he's been wooed more than once to run for state office or even a Senate seat, he has wisely demurred. From a ticket-sales standpoint, it wouldn't do to piss off large segments of Broncos Country by choosing sides on every little fractious, non-football-related political scuffle that comes along.
By taking the stand he's adopted on these particular ballot issues, everybody's favorite Stanford grad has opened himself to charges of being an elitist and a corporate shill. The pro-71 commercial, for example, is being funded by Protecting Colorado's Environment, Economy, and Energy Independence, one of several oil-and-gas front groups pouring millions into that campaign. The campaign against the health-care proposal is bankrolled by industry giants Anthem, Kaiser, United Health Care and HealthOne.
"Elway wants you to remain poor, get fracked, and not have health care," declares environmental activist Gary Wockner.
"When it comes to health care, John Elway is on the side of the multi-millionaires," adds author and journalist T.R. Reid, who's leading the Amendment 69 campaign.
His critics, though, may be underestimating the degree to which Elway feels passionately, as a Coloradan and an NFL general manager, about these specific issues. A case could be made, after all, that hiking the minimum wage encourages wage inflation all around. Keep that up, and pretty soon you have ho-hum quarterbacks like Brock Osweiler threatening to walk if you don't fork over $72 million. Good riddance to them. How are you ever going to achieve a Super Bowl threepeat if you don't hold on to basic principles like a tightly capped minimum wage?
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The same goes for "protecting the constitution," the ostensible goal of Amendment 71's effort to "raise the bar" on how signatures are collected for petitions seeking constitutional amendments. If you don't do something to keep the rabble from cooking up changes to the established order, you just might have them trying to dictate what you can name your stadium or even if you can use public funds to build a new one now and then. Citizen initiatives ought to be reserved for the citizens who can afford to get them on the ballot, like the Bowlen family.
And the state-run health-care system? I'm told the NFL has pretty good insurance — and no burning desire to have a bunch of outsiders tinker with its concussion protocols.
Then again, it could be that Elway has no hidden agenda at all. He just wants what's best, in his view, for the rest of us. That's his God-given right, just like the right to take a selfie of himself and his ballot if he chooses. Is this a great country or what?
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Adrien ADLX loves getting out and about at night to the local rest areas and gay pick-up locales to check out what's happening, and perhaps to pick up a hottie, or have anonymous sex with some random dude. So tonight, the French Dudes camera crew tag along and watch and film his technique for "luring" in the hot guys!
The scene starts off with Adrien sitting in his favourite spot, with his huge "lure" already rock-hard and out in the open, hopefully attracting the right sort of catch - and he doesn't have to wait long before super-hot hunk Alex Kiffeur shows up and gets down on his knees and starts to suck on Adrien's monster uncut cock (which has been reliably measured at 22cm guys!). Alex is an oral pro too, we watch in awe as he totally deep-throats Adrien's cock, which really is quite a feat! But Adrien wants more, and stands Alex up and gets him to drop his trousers and then bends him over. Then, while Alex worships and licks Adrian's Nike's, Adrien fingers and prepares the bottom-boy's arsehole for the ride of his life. Adrien enters Alex's tight hole in one full stroke, no slow fuck here guys, and Alex audibly grunts, groans and moans with the feeling of being filled so quickly. Adrien pumps his cock in and out of that hole while the cameras get some great penetration shots. Then Adrien moves Alex into the missionary position and continues to pound his hole while Alex jerks out his own cum load all over his pubes and abs. Finally Adrien stands up and jerks his own load all over Alex, covering his body with cum and leaving a real mess for Alex to clean up - and Alex loves it, but still gives Adrien the finger in mock protest!


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Sauron is the titular character and the primary antagonist of the epic fantasy novel, The Lord of the Rings, by J. R. R. Tolkien. In the same work, he is revealed to be the same character as "the Necromancer" from Tolkien's earlier novel, The Hobbit. In Tolkien's The Silmarillion, he is also revealed to have been the chief lieutenant of the first Dark Lord, Morgoth. Tolkien noted that the "angelic" powers of his constructed myth "were capable of many degrees of error and failing", but by far the worst was "the absolute Satanic rebellion and evil of Morgoth and his satellite Sauron."
In "Sibling Rivalry", he panics after losing his contact lens.
Sauron is voiced by Seth MacFarlane.


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Vladimir Belascu [1] is a Russian demonologist who performed exorcisms throughout Central Russia in the 1920s and early 1930s.
Primary CanonEdit
In 1933, Vladimir Belascu exorcised a very minor subdemon but it escaped into his beard, a massive and wild nest that stirred envy in most men. Vladimir was unaware of this development. After Vladimir died, the possessed beard left his face and stowed aboard a freighter to the Americas. The beard had a tendency to affix itself to the chins of unknowing victims while they speak in order to mock them, but rarely did any real harm.
Secondary CanonEdit
In 1909, John Horace Tobin journeyed to Russia to meet with Vladimir Belascu, in the Tunguska region. However, something terrible happened during the meeting and it would be later called the Tunguska Blast of 1909.
- Ongoing Series
- Issue #8
- "The Man Who Sought Death"
- Issue #8
- ↑ Mikhael Gallon (2012). IDW Comics- "Ghostbusters Issue #8" (2012) (Comic p.21). Mikhail writes: "...and had journeyed to Russia to meet with Vladimir Belascu."