text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 16, 1978
|Filing date
|Sep 21, 1976
|Priority date
|Jul 10, 1974
|Publication number
|Eric John Gargini
|Original Assignee
|Communications Patents Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (71), Classifications (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 487,190 filed July 10, 1974, now abandoned, which was a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 307,613 filed Nov. 17, 1972, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to wired broadcasting systems by which a number of television or other programmes may be transmitted through a distribution network to a plurality of subscribers who are able to select desired programmes.
Various systems have been proposed to make a number of television transmissions available to subscribers, and a system which has been developed by the applicants which offers a number of advantages over alternative systems is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,693,090 based on the use of programme exchanges serving a group of subscribers each of whom has his own individual vision circuit to the programme exchange, provided by a twisted pair of conductors with intersticial conductors associated with each pair for the transmission of signals for controlling switch means at the programme exchange whereby any of a number of programmes may be selected by the subscriber and applied to the twisted pair vision circuit for transmission to that subscriber. In general a number of such programme exchanges distributed over the network area receive a number of colour transmissions through a trunk network from a central programme station, commonly referred to as the transmitter.
Such a system is extremely versatile and may be used not only for the transmission of vision signals from the programme exchanges to the individual subscribers, but a wide range of other facilities can be provided. Thus for example information or instructions originating at the subscriber's premises can be transmitted through the programme exchanges to central equipment, and if required vision signals can be so transmitted. Systems of this kind could be used for simple selective signals to be passed from the subscriber to a central station, for example for alarm circuits or for remote reading of gas, electricity and water meters. Also signals may be transmitted to the subscriber for the control of heating, lighting and safety functions. Apart from these comparatively simple operations involving little more than signalling conditions, this equipment can also make use of the vision channels for subscription television, for assessing programme popularity, for subscriber polling purposes, and for computer assisted teaching and information retrieval systems, in which various signals have to be transmitted from the subscribers to a central station.
Certain of these additional facilities however require the transmission of more information than can easily be transmitted over the wired network by direct current signalling methods or by step-by-step switching methods, in which method signals are transmitted over the interstricial pair of conductors extending between each subscriber and the programme exchange to which he is connected.
Accordingly the present invention provides a wired broadcasting system in which each of a group of subscriber's stations is connected to a programme exchange through a signal path which comprises two pairs of conductors respectively for the transmission of high frequency television signals and lower frequency audio and control signals, controlling switch means coupled with the programme exchange and operable by control signals generated by a subscriber to make a programme selection and to apply to the subscriber's high frequency conductor pair any selected one of a number of programmes, means at said subscriber station for communicating control signals over said lower frequency conductor pair to operate said controlling switch means to select a desired one of said programmes at said programme exchange, a central data processing station for sending coded signal data to said programme exchange with the video signals of each of said programmes and coupled by said switch means through the higher frequency conductors to the subscriber station, whereby said coded data is sent to each subscriber station from said programme exchange over said higher frequency conductors along with vision signals of any selected one of said programmes, means located at subscriber's stations for modifying data received from said central data processing station with local data and returning said modified data over said high frequency conductors to said programme exchange at a frequency different from that at which data is received at said subscriber station, and means for returning to the central processing station from each subscriber station through further switch means at least a portion of said modified data.
The transmission of information between the subscriber's station and a central processing station is effected by the repeated transmission of a train of pulsed binary signals utilising frequency shift 0/1 signals transmitted over the vision network in a frequency band selected so that interference with the vision circuits is avoided or can be eliminated by suitable circuit devices.
The central processing station is arranged to transmit binary frequency shift signals into the vision trunk circuits at the nearest convenient point so that the signals transmitted by the central station reach every subscriber via the selection switch provided at the subscriber's terminal station, these signals in effect interrogating the subscriber's stations in every position of the subscriber's selector switches even with a particular selector switch in the off position in which no vision signal has been selected and the television equipment is out of use.
In order that the invention may be more readily understood, one embodiment thereof will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block schematic diagram of a wired broadcasting system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram, partly in block form of the directional coupler embodied in the invention;
FIG. 3 shows schematically, partially by block diagrams, subscriber station circuitry for deriving binary coded signals;
FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 shows in block schematic diagram, circuits at the subscriber station for processing and modifying coded signals;
FIG. 7 shows in block schematic diagram a frame snatcher arrangement for the subscriber station;
FIG. 8 shows in block diagram form coded signal processing and storage circuits at the subscriber station;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the central data processing station; and
FIG. 10 is a block circuit diagram of programme exchange circuit connections.
Referring to FIG. 1, the wired broadcasting system shown comprises a central programme station 1 connected to programme exchanges, two of which are shown at 2 and 3 respectively, by means of a trunk network which may typically comprise a plurality of co-axial cables four of which are shown at 4,5,6 and 7 although in a practical system many more, for example thirty five would be used. Each cable of the trunk network is arranged to convey one television programme between the central station 1 and each of the programme exchanges 2,3.
At each programme exchange a plurality of programme selection switches are provided. Each selection switch is connected to a respective one of a plurality of subscriber stations 8-15 by means of a respective one of a plurality of cables 16-23. Each of cables 16-23 has a twisted pair of conductors suitable for the transmission of high frequency television signals having associated therewith an intersticial pair of conductors suitable for the transmission of audio frequency and control signals.
The subscribers programme selection switches may be controlled by the subscribers to derive signals from any one of the trunk cables and are arranged to be connected to derive signals from one of the trunk cables whether or not the corresponding subscriber station is operative. Accordingly, signals injected into every one of the trunk cables will reach every subscriber station irrespective of the state of the subscriber station. A central data processing station 24 is arranged to inject information or data signals into the trunk network at any convenient point. As shown in the drawing this is, in this example, between the central station 1 and the first programme exchange 2. These information or data signals will be transmitted through the network to every subscriber irrespective of the state of his terminal equipment. The information or data signals comprise frequency shift binary representative pulse signals and after reception by the subscriber are returned in modified form to the data station 24 over separate cables 25,26 extending between the programme exchanges 2, 3 and said data station 24. Conveniently, the information or data returned by the subscribers equipment to the data station 24 has a frequency double that of the interrogating signal and modifies or adds thereto various characters as determined by the subscribers equipment and/or by the programme exchanges.
The cables 24,26 linking each programme exchange 2,3 to the data station 24 are 12-pair cables each pair of which is used on a time division multiplex basis sequentially to transmit the signals from the subscribers of a group of say 28 subscribers connected to the programme exchange, assuming the case of a programme exchange intended to serve 336 subscribers in all.
At the programme exchanges 2,3, each pair of the 12-pair cables 25,26, is connected to the rotor connection of a continuously driven stepping switch shown diagramatically at 27,28, the stationary contacts of which are each connected to the control pair of a corresponding one of the 28 subscribers. The continuously driven switches 27,28, may have a number of unused positions, for example, eight positions in the case of a 36-way switch used with 28 subscribers, and these eight positions are adapted by connecting some of the stationary contacts to suitable potential sources to transmit a code signal into the respective pair of the 12-pair cable to identify at the central processing station 24 the particular group of 28 subscribers associated with that switch.
Thus the central processing station 24 interrogates all the subscribers over the vision channels at a very high rate and the signal received by each subscriber is stored together with any desired information from the subscriber, ready for transmission to the central processing station at that time when a transmission path extends back to it from that subscriber's station. The information or data signal fed into the trunk cable of each different vision programme differs in respect of the initial part of the message to define the programme channel. It will be appreciated that the information or data returned to the central processing station through the pairs of the 12-pair cable will thus identify the programme to which the subscriber is connected at the particular instant concerned, and additional information inserted by the subscriber's equipment will identify the particular subscriber, enabling computer-like systems at the central processing station to perform any required operation, for example, billing or programme popularity determination.
Even if the subscriber's equipment is switched off the equipment will still be switched to derive signals from one of the trunk cables so that an appropriate response continues to be received from the subscriber's equipment. The selector switches 27, 28, at the programme exchanges may be connected to each subscriber for say 250mS every few seconds, say up to 20 or 30 secs. and during this connection the central processing station is able to receive the return message set up by the immediately preceding interrogation of the subscriber over the trunk cable to which his equipment is switched. The subscriber's equipment includes means 29-36 for responding to and modifying the information or data signals. This equipment includes means to serve as a buffer store, for example, a magnetic core or solid state logic store or, in a simple arrangement, a switch or knob set by the subscriber in response to voting or opinion seeking or forming part of an instructional system.
A plurality of directional couplers 37-44 are provided for returning the signals from the subscribers responding equipment 29-36, and low pass HF filters 45-48 are provided to combine the outputs of the central data processing station with the TV signals on cables 4-7.
The frequency shift signals used may be as follows:
0 = 110KHz
1 = 140Hz
This frequency shift signal is doubled in frequency at the subscriber's station and it is these frequency shift signals which are returned on a time multiplex basis to the central processing station through the selector switches 27,28, at the programme exchanges and through the 12-pair cables 25,26. It will of course be understood that 12-pair connecting cables 25,26, may be replaced by a carrier wave system with say 12 carrier frequencies spaced by nominal 80KHz intervals carried by a single, common cable.
The message transmitted from the central processing station may comprise the following groups of signals or "words":
A = 3 bits, which is the master reset signal for subscriber located memory stores and may include a timing function for synchronising remote signalling oscillators.
B = 10 bits, including a parity bit, which labels the vision channel, e.g. 0 to 35 and also provides information on the type of television programme, e.g. free, educational, or fee-paying, and may also provide pricing information.
C = 16 bits, (including parity) which is specifically allocated to subscribers' addresses and also provides means for addressing students' "frame snatch" equipment in connection with teaching and library application, to permit a stationary picture to be held for study, or to permit a student to reply by selective switch operation.
D = 10 bits; this carries the basic instruction from the processing equipment to subscriber's local stores and condition the subscriber's equipment to deal with the specific function, i.e. any of the various services for which the equipment is designed.
E = 16 bits with parity; this is a data shift signal which empties or samples the subscriber's buffer store, which may be a core or solid state logic store, or may be a button set by subscriber in response to voting or opinion-seeking or teaching vision picture or sound messages.
The complete five word 55-bit message is accepted continuously by all subscribers' equipment but returned to the central processing station from each subscriber in 250mS dwell times repeated say every 30 secs. The minimum bit rate for at least two messages (one repeat) is therefore:
110/250 mS = 440 bauds
for any subscriber's output signal.
The minimum bit rate for signal processing equipment to sample say 30,000 subscribers for urgent functions with a 30 second recurring cycle is:
(55 30,000)/30 = 55,000 bauds
The central processing station 24 will produce and transmit a message sequence for each vision channel available. All messages at any moment will only differ in word B information (programme or channel labelling), i.e. words A and C to E will be common.
All returned signals to the central processing station pass through the selector switch 27,28, at the programme exchange and the multi-circuit cables 25,26.
The message sequence received at a particular subscriber will be modified in two ways before return to the central processing station via the programme exchange.
1. The carrier frequency is doubled,
2. The message format is modified by the information and instructions added by the subscriber or subscribers' equipment.
A typical message format will include the following words:
A. as transmitted.
B. a signal indicating that the subscriber's receiver is in use.
C. first 8 bits blank (awaiting labelling at exchange for selector identification) and the second 8 bits carry the information derived from the use of the subscriber's equipment.
D. as transmitted.
E. the data called up by D from the subscriber's store.
An overriding alarm facility to warn of damage to the cable in burglary or fire may be provided. This alarm operates automatically when a test programme fails to obtain any information from a particular subscriber when other subscribers in the same group of 28 subscribers are returning signals normally.
Having described the structure and operation of the system of FIG. 1 in general terms, components of that system will now be described in detail.
Referring to FIG. 2, the directional coupler 37 is illustrated and comprises terminals 49, 50 and 51 connected respectively to subscriber station 8, signal modifier 29, and cable 16. Data signals pass in each direction through terminal 51, received data signals passing to the subscriber station through terminal 49 and returning after modification through terminal 50. A band pass/filter 52 having a pass band of 220 to 280 KHz is located between the coupler and terminal 50 to prevent incoming data signals at 110-140 kHz and television signals in the band 3-10 MHz from "seeing" the output impedance of the equipment signal modifier 29. This prevents unnecessary attenuation and provides isolation between the go and return frequency shift signals.
Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, the detailed arrangement of the subscriber station 8 will be described. Incoming signals from directional coupler 37 are separated by a high pass filter 53 passing the television signals in the band 3-10 MHz and a low pass filter 54 passing the data signals at 110-140 kHz. The `0` data signals at 110 kHz and the `1` data signals at 140 are applied to band pass filters 55 and 56 respectively. The separated signals at 110 and 140 kHz are applied to simple frequency doublers 57, 58 respectively which operate in the same way as a bi-phase power rectifier to provide second harmonic return signals at 220 and 280 kHz respectively. Band pass filters 59, 60 are provided for these return signals in order to give them satisfactory spectral purity. The outputs of filters 53, 59, 60 are applied to the subscribers signal modifier 29 (FIGS. 4, 5 and 6). The separated data signals at carrier frequency provided at the outputs of filter 55, 56 are amplified and then applied to frequency dividers 61, 62 to provide inputs to an OR gate 63, the output of which is applied a further divider 64 as a 110 Hz controlling signal to a phase locked oscillator 65 comprising a comparator 66 and oscillation source 67. The output of the oscillator 65 is passed through a limiter 68 and the limited signal is employed as a clock.
The amplified data signals which are applied to dividers 61 and 62 are also rectified by diodes 69, 70 and applied through an AND gate 71 to the reset input of an address shift register 72. A further gate 73 is arranged in the reset input circuit to prevent false resetting during the transmission of bits 41-55 of the data. The data word A, which is the master reset and sync signal, consists of the simultaneous transmission of three noughts and three ones which therefore cause an output to appear at the reset terminal of the address shift register 72. The data pulse which is shifted through this register is generated from the reset pulse through a differentiator network 74 and applied to the data pulse input.
The word outputs from the shift register comprise bits 4-13 for word B, bits 23-30 for the second half of word C, the first half being generated at the exchanges 2 and 3 as will be explained later, bits 31-40 for word D and bits 41-55 for word E. The corresponding output terminals of the shift register are applied to OR gates 75-78 the outputs of which are applied as one input to respective subsequent AND gates 79-82. The other inputs of AND gates 79-82 receive generated data from terminal Q of a flip flop 83 which receives the rectified input data signals from diodes 69,70 at its input terminals R and S.
Details of the subscribers data responding and modifying equipment 29 are shown in FIGS. 5 to 8. The frequency doubled data signals provided at the outputs of filters 59, 60 (FIG. 3) are applied to relay contacts RLY 1 and 2 (FIG. 5) and are normally returned via OR gates 84, 85 and balun 86 to the directional coupler 37 (FIG. 2) and thence to the central data processing station. Throughout the duration of the word E the relay contacts RLY 1 and RLY 2 are actuated as a result of energisation of the relay coils RLY 1 and RLY 2 respectively by the rectified E word signal. The E word signal is applied to the relay coils via terminal 87 from the output of gate 82 (FIG. 4). When the relay coils RLY 1 and RLY 2 are actuated, the returning data is directed to a pair of controlling AND gates 88, 89 the other inputs of which are controlled by a shift register arranged to receive subscriber generated data by way of a keyboard and associated diode matrix 91 and non subscriber controlled data by way of a further diode matrix and television receiver on/off indicating relay 92. The shift register 90 receives clock pulses from the output of limiter 68 (FIG. 4) under the control of the D and E words applied to an OR gate 93 the output of which controls an AND gate 94 through which the clock signals are applied to the appropriate terminal of the shift register 90. The shift register 90 is also arranged to be reset by the reset pulse generated at the output of gate 71 (FIG. 4). It should be noted that as the E word comprises a simultaneous transmission of 0 and 1 data, parts of which are removed by the shift register controlled gates of FIG. 5 to provide the return data signal, the reset gate of FIG. 4 could see this simultaneous transmission as a start signal and thus reset the shift register 72 of FIG. 4. In order to prevent this false operation the E word is applied through an inverter 95 to the AND gate 73 arranged in the path of the resetting signal for the shift register 72.
As is apparent the shift register 90 of FIG. 5 is arranged to clock data both by the D word and the E word. The D word clocks out data generated automatically by auxiliary equipment at the subscribers premises whilst the E word enables data from the subscribers keyboard to be clocked out.
FIG. 6 shows the programme label display. This receives the B word from gate 79 (FIG. 4). Part of the B word is passed via AND gate 96 which also receives clock pulses into a first shift register, 97, which when full, enables, by means of an inverter 98 and an AND gate 99, a second shift register 100 to receive the remaining part of the B word. The data in the shift registers 97 and 100 is applied as B C D data to corresponding decoder and LED display modules 101 and 102 respectively. The module 101 associated with the first shift register 97 is arranged to display numerals so as to be capable of indicating the channel number of the programme being received, whilst the display module 102 associated with the second shift register 100 is arranged to display letter characters to indicate the class of programme, for example general off-air, pay television and cost class and educational. The register 97 and 100 and modules 101 and 102 are reset by the reset output from gate 71 (FIG. 4).
FIG. 7 shows a frame snatcher arrangement. In this the HF television signal is received at terminal 103 from filter 53 (FIG. 3) detected, and applied to a synchronising separator and television line counter 104 and a field number identifying gate 105. The field identifying number is applied to a counter 106 which is associated with a counter and register 107 arranged to receive the second half of the C word at terminal 108 from gate 80 (FIG. 4). Alternatively 107 may be set by a manual register set control 109 set to correspond with the number of the frame it is desired to snatch. The counter 106 and counter and register 107 have their outputs connected to a series of gates 110 so as to provide an output signal when the received frame corresponds with that directed to the student by a computer instructional programme or which corresponds with that chosen by the subscribers by operation of 109 to provide an enabling signal by means of which that frame of the television picture is snatched and placed in a television field store 111. This is a well known arrangement which can provide a repetitive output to a vision modulator 112 a signal from which modulator can replace the incoming television programme under the control of HF gates 113, 114 and 115. The modulator 112 receives the output of an oscillator 116.
FIG. 8 shows an enabling system by means of which the various data stores at the subscribers ' premises can be conditioned as and when required to return their output signals to the central data processing station. This arrangement takes the D word from gate 81 (FIG. 4) at terminal 117 and passes the D word data to its own shift register 118. In order that the shift register 118 may be fully loaded before the enabling signals are generated, a signal detector and delay arrangement including single shot monostable 119 is provided from the D word input to one input of each of a series of gates 120 arranged of the signal lines of the shift register and a diode matrix 121. Thus only when the shift register 118 is completely full are its output lines connected to the matrix 121. This matrix 121 may be hard wired with the subscribers address and in respect of the various auxiliary functions which any particular subscriber may wish to use. The shift register 118 is cleared by a second single shot monostable 122 the output of which is applied to the register reset terminal through an inverter 123. The clocking of the shift register 118 is arranged to occur only at the desired times by applying the clock signal thereto through a NOR gate 124 which has associated therewith a pulse counter 125 which itself is cleared by the overall resetting pulse generated at the output of gate 71 (FIG. 4).
The outputs of the diode matrix 121, i.e. D1, D2, etc, are enabling signal inputs for the various subscribers input functions of FIG. 5.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the central data processing station. A programme labelling device 126 operates to label channels by the same technique as the subscriber generates his return data during E word (FIG. 5) except that at the data station the keyed signals are locally generated waves at 110-140 kHz. The programme labelling of each channel made available is controlled by a main processor 127 such as a DATA GENERAL SUPER NOVA mini computer having a 32,000 word core store including multiprogramme protection. This together with its associated equipment is standard computing apparatus. The main processor receives the group of sequential data from the switches 27, 28 and is linked to a Virtual Memory 128, for example a high speed fixed head per truck disc memory such as the PPL Series 100 Disc Memory marketed by Process Peripherals Limited, to peripherals 129 such as card readers, magnetic tapes, line printers and CRT terminal display and to a Data Base 130 formed for example by IBM compatible removable media movable head disc memory having for example 50m bit characters. All this apparatus is available from current production and can be connected together in a manner well understood by those familiar with computing techniques and hence no details are described herein.
Referring to FIG. 10, the exchange 2 comprises one set of selector switches 131, the set comprising four separate switches each capable of connecting to respective subscriber cable 16, 17, 18 or 19 to any one of the four channels 4, 5, 6, 7. Only four channels and four subscribers are shown to simplify the description. In a practical installation, twelve sets of selector switches would be provided per exchange, each set comprising 28 separate switches serving 28 subscribers and each switch enabling connection of its respective subscriber to any one of 36 channels.
When a subscriber wishes to view a programme on a particular channel, he applies control signals to his selector switch in the set of switches 131 in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,693,090 so that the switch moves to the selected channel. The selected HF television signal and the data signals which are applied to every channel are passed to the subscribers cable 16, 17, 18 or 19 via a 110-140 KHz band pass filter 132. Modified data signals returned to the exchange from the subscriber station are passed via a 220-280 KHz band pass filter 133 to the control switch 27 (FIG. 1).
The control switch 27 comprises a simple data signal generator which operates in the same way as the subscribers' equipment during E word. This data signal generator is caused to operate during the first half of the C word so as to label the signals returned from each subscriber receiving signals from that exchange with a code indicative of that particular exchange. This will indicate to the central data processing equipment the general location of the subscriber, the signals pertaining to any particular subscriber being resolved by the serial position of his message in the data returned from the control switch 27 to the data station. Each control switch 27 may comprise a motor driven reed switch of the same kind as is employed by the subscriber at the programme exchange for programme selection. The control switch also includes a store to convert the subscriber messages to a sequential stream which can be sent at high speed back to the central data processing station.
It should also be noted that the outgoing data signals from the central data processing station 24 are coupled to the signal lines 4 to 7 by means of band pass filters of the kind employed at the programme exchange 2.
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|Feb 8, 2007
|Jul 5, 2007
|Adc Telecommunications, Inc.
|Contention-based access to tones in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ofdm) waveform
|Feb 7, 2007
|Jul 12, 2007
|Adc Telecommunications, Inc.
|Multipoint-to-point communication using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
|Jan 14, 2008
|Sep 4, 2008
|Arad Measuring Technologies Ltd.
|Meter register
|Oct 28, 2008
|May 7, 2009
|Lodgenet Interactive Corporation
|Menuing system for controlling content delivery within a video distribution system
|Jun 23, 2010
|Dec 2, 2010
|Arad Measuring Technologies Ltd.
|Meter Register and Remote Meter Reader Utilizing a Stepper Motor
|Sep 29, 2009
|Sep 28, 2010
|Adc Telecommunications, Inc.
|System for multiple use subchannels
|Oct 9, 2009
|Mar 22, 2011
|Adc Telecommunications, Inc.
|Multiuse subcarriers in multipoint-to-point communication using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
|Jan 14, 2011
|Aug 27, 2013
|Htc Corporation
|Systems for synchronous multipoint-to-point orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication
|Aug 6, 1980
|Feb 18, 1982
|Siemens Ag
|Cable TV with subscriber fault interrogation - has microprocessor controlled fault monitor to digitally interrogate all line equipment over two-way transmission system
|Jun 10, 1981
|Dec 23, 1981
|ANT Nachrichtentechnik GmbH
|Service-integrated message transmission and communication system
|Aug 30, 1983
|Mar 21, 1984
|Thorn Emi Plc
|Television and distribution network
|Apr 9, 1997
|Oct 15, 1997
|Sony Corporation
|Information transfer method and apparatus
|Apr 9, 1997
|Nov 22, 2000
|Sony Corporation
|Information transfer method and apparatus
|Apr 23, 1990
|Nov 1, 1990
|Complan Network A/S
|Arrangement in a television communication system
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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The PSR-EW400 includes 758 high quality voices ranging from acoustic to electric instruments. The new Live! Grand Piano voice makes piano performances sound inspired and expressive. The PSR-EW400 also... Click To Read More About This Product
The PSR-EW400 includes 758 high quality voices ranging from acoustic to electric instruments. The new Live! Grand Piano voice makes piano performances sound inspired and expressive. The PSR-EW400 also features 8 Sweet! voices and 3 Cool! voices, which use Yamaha's advanced sampling technologies to capture the realism and specific characteristics of each sound. 76 keys and 48-note polyphony allow you to perform with greater expression and flexibility. You can play complex musical passages that have lots of sustained notes without dropping one of them.
12W + 12W amplifiers power the high-definition 12 cm Bass Reflexed speakers, delivering powerful, crystal clear sound, and offering solid support in standalone performance situations. If that's not quite enough volume, the PSR-EW400 features professional audio outputs for connecting to a PA system or studio hardware.
Two assignable, real-time control knobs let you filter and adjust your sound just like an analog synthesizer. 10 brand new DSP effects can be assigned and controlled by the knobs for dynamic and expressive live performance. The Pitch Bend wheel adjusts the pitch of the sound bringing voices like the Guitar, Sax and Trumpet to life.
The PSR-EW400 features audio transfer through the USB TO HOST terminal. You can record your performance to your computer or smart device. Connecting to your iOS device adds a new dimension of MIDI control with apps. Connect an external audio player to the AUX IN jack and you can play along with your favorite tunes. The built-in, advanced Melody Suppressor lowers the volume of vocals and melody lines of the original recordings, leaving that part open for you to play.
Choose from the following Yamaha Warranties:
Pro Coverage gives you added warranty protection for your gear. Stepping in where the manufacturer's "normal wear and tear" coverage ends, our Pro Coverage program offers you upgraded coverage if your product ever fails Click To Read More About This Product.
Review Snapshotby PowerReviews
Best Uses
Reviewed by 4 customers
Best Uses
Comments about Yamaha PSR-EW400 76-Key High-Level Portable Keyboard:
This is a great keyboard at this price point, nice action on the keys and very nice sounds.
Best Uses
Comments about Yamaha PSR-EW400 76-Key High-Level Portable Keyboard:
When my Roland XP-50 synth died (after 20 years!), I needed something in the studio to get me back up and running. I listened to a lot of online examples of keyboards in my price range ($400 to $500), and this was the winner. Keyboard action isn't weighted, but it's good. The build quality is good. The unit feels solid, and the keys don't rattle the way the keys on the Roland did (even though the Roland was more than triple the price--in 1996). (A minor complaint: The highest and lowest notes' keys stick out from the casing. Your fingers can slip off the keys, and these 2 keys could more easily be damaged when you move the unit.) The basic sound editing functions are simple for me, though a beginner will have to experiment a bit. I've not had the time yet to explore the on board drum patterns and sequencing functions. I've always built my own from scratch, but I'll give these a listen.
The quality of the sounds vary. Some are impressive, with depth, sparkle, and realism. Others are awfully cheesy. Overall, I think you'll have to spend at least 50% more on a keyboard before you'll get better sound for your dough, unless you're looking specifically for a piano. The unit's 76 keys make this a better piano for live sounds than my Roland was. The unit offers layers and splits, and you can move the split point. It even has a pitch-bend wheel.
Overall, Yamaha has done a great job with this keyboard.
Comments about Yamaha PSR-EW400 76-Key High-Level Portable Keyboard:
Great for the price
Best Uses
Comments about Yamaha PSR-EW400 76-Key High-Level Portable Keyboard:
Too big size
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.

subset: commoncrawl


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News and notes from weekend spring football games:
Clemson: Running backs Demont Buice and Rod McDowell both gained 100 yards and D.J. Howard rushed for 97 yards as Clemson showed off the offense of new coordinator Chad Morris in the Orange and White game. Morris was hired from Tulsa, where his attack averaged 40 points and 500 yards last season.
The Orange team included Buice and McDowell defeated the White team, 25-13, in front of a crowd of about 25,000 at Death Valley. Buice and Howard each ran for a touchdown.
Coach Dabo Swinney divided his roster and ran 130 plays in the scrimmage.
Quarterback Tajh Boyd ran for one touchdown and threw for another. Boyd is expected to take over for Kyle Parker, who left after his second year to play baseball in the Colorado Rockies organization.
Freshman defensive end Corey Crawford had two sacks. He's expected to get a look at the spot vacated by junior All-American Da'Quan Bowers, who entered the NFL draft.
Colorado: Forget healthy competition. Given how this spring has gone, first-year Colorado coach Jon Embree will simply settle for a healthy team.
With nearly two dozen players sidelined by injuries, Embree hardly received an in-depth look at the Buffs in a spring game. This was a patchwork lineup at best, with numerous starters in street clothes.
The Buffs were hoping to create some buzz this offseason as Embree, a former standout player at Colorado, stepped in for Dan Hawkins, who was fired last November. Instead, Embree's squad has taken quite a beating with an increased intensity at practices. But there's nothing wrong with senior quarterback Tyler Hansen, who will go into the fall having all but locked up the starting job.
Florida: Florida has honored the school's three Heisman Trophy winners with life-sized statues outside the stadium. The Gators unveiled bronze statues of Steve Spurrier (1966), Danny Wuerffel (1996) and Tim Tebow (2007) during halftime of Saturday's spring game. The statues depict Spurrier passing, Wuerffel poised to throw and Tebow running with the ball.
Tebow says that's fine with him. He says "you have to change it up. We can't all be throwing." Spurrier thanked his alma mater in a videotaped message shown on the replay boards; he was in Columbia, S.C. for the Gamecocks' spring game. Wuerffel and Tebow were on hand for the presentation.
The game was less fun. Tebow's successor, John Brantley, completed 4 of 14 passes for 45 yards as the Gators opened coach Will Muschamp's era with a resounding thud. Brantley, who struggled most of last season, was paired with new offensive coordinator Charlie Weis and a more passer-friendly system. But Brantley's debut looked about the same as his first year as Florida's starter. He had two passes batted down and several overthrows.
LSU: Spencer Ware burst onto the scene with a 100-yard rushing game in LSU's Cotton Bowl victory against Texas A&M about three months ago. Ware, who is projected to be the Tigers' No. 1 rushing back this season, certainly did nothing to hurt his cause in the spring game. Ware accounted for 144 yards and scored two touchdowns to lead the White to a 22-7 victory over the Purple.
Ware rushed for 94 yards on 13 carries. He capped the White's first and last possessions with touchdowns. Ware ran for a three-yard touchdown in the first quarter and rushed 18 yards for a touchdown on the final play of the game.
"This is a real game and that's how you have to look at it," said Ware, who also caught two passes for 50 yards. "The spring game is for evaluation. I feel like I am going to do whatever I can to set myself above (the others).
"I'm a hard-nosed player. I like to go after it. Since I was little, I played up in age. I had to be physical. This is not little boys out here. It's a man's game."
LSU is expected to be one of the top contenders for the national title in 2011. Quarterback Jordan Jefferson completed just four of 14 passes for 102 yards. He was sacked twice and threw an interception. Jefferson, who gained 43 yards on seven rushing plays, acknowledged that more improvement is needed.
"This was a pretty good scrimmage," Jefferson said. "The No. 1 offense did a pretty good job. We still have some work to do in the passing game. The completions were there. We just have to finish the plays. Some passes were in the hands of the receivers and sometimes I could have made better passes."
Mississippi State: Robert Johnson caught seven passes for 74 yards and a touchdown and quarterback Chris Relf rushed for a touchdown as Maroon beat White 23-20 at the Mississippi State spring game.
Relf, the unquestioned No. 1 quarterback, completed 4 of 8 passes for 68 yards and rushed for a 1-yard touchdown on the game's opening drive. Tyler Russell completed 15 of 26 passes for 210 yards, one touchdown and one interception while Dylan Favre completed 17 of 26 passes for 199 yards, one touchdown and one interception. Favre, Brett Favre's nephew, also rushed for 41 yards and led the Maroon team on its game-winning drive. The two are the main candidates to be Relf's backup.
North Carolina: Bryn Renner was the star of North Carolina's spring game for the second year in a row. But this time was different. He wasn't just a backup flinging the football around the field trying to make a name for himself.
Renner, who is replacing four-year starter T.J. Yates at quarterback, completed 9 of 13 passes for 123 yards and a touchdown. His 43-yard touchdown strike to Erik Highsmith was the major highlight of the day.
South Carolina: DeAngelo Smith caught four passes for 118 yards and three touchdowns to lead the Garnet squad to a 21-17 win over the Black team in South Carolina's annual spring game.
The Gamecocks took to the field without starting quarterback Stephen Garcia, and four backups got a chance to vie to be the suspended senior's replacement.
Last year's backup Connor Shaw finished 17-of-27 for 176 yards and a touchdown, but his Black team lost. Dylan Thomas was lead quarterback for the Garnet and was 6-of-13 for 168 yards and a touchdown, but he also had two interceptions. Andrew Clifford hit on 7-of-8 passes for 65 yards with one interception for the Garnet while Seth Strickland finished 6-of-8 for 80 yards with a touchdown and an interception.
Garcia was suspended indefinitely from the football program last week — less than two weeks after the quarterback guaranteed he would not get in trouble again. Spurrier wouldn't talk about the issues that led to Garcia's suspension.
Stanford: All those wondering what might change after Stanford's offseason coaching shakeup were given an emphatic answer: not much. Andrew Luck threw for 165 yards and three touchdowns in a familiar performance for the Heisman Trophy runner-up, leading the Cardinal to a 42-3 rout of the White in Stanford's annual spring game.
"There was a lot of points on the board, so I guess it worked out," Luck said, chuckling.
A clear, sunny day at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco's famous Golden Gate Park was a showcase for Luck and new coach David Shaw. This spring has been a transition for both of them since Jim Harbaugh left to coach the 49ers, and the game was the first chance to see what the offense would like under the new coach-quarterback duo. Turns out, it was almost a complete duplicate of the one Stanford used during last season's incredible run.
And Luck looked more comfortable than ever. He finished 16 for 22 passing and led the Cardinal to TD drives on all four of his possessions. He also found a new favorite target in tight end Zach Ertz, who caught all three touchdown passes and finished with 64 yards receiving.
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The coach has thumbed up his players for their on and off the ball behaviour which he attributed to Nigeria's victory against the Greens
Eagles moved four points clear at the top of the Group B World Cup qualifier after defeating Algeria 3-1 on Saturday evening at the Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, Uyo.
Rohr said he has really been impressed with the amount of work put in by every member of his squad both on and off the pitch insisting that the team's unity has been crucial to the Eagles' renewed zeal.
Rohr told journalists: "We made a very good first half just like we did in Zambia last month where we scored two goals.
"In the second half the Algerians came out with the ambition to score and we had to defend to protect our lead. There is something I have noticed in all our matches since I came in; it is the team's unity.
"Some players are definitely changing but there is something I like about my players. They all accept responsibilities and want to play as a team but out of the field and training sessions they live like a family and it has been strength to the team."
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Della Adventure
by: Plobal Tech • 31
All Android applications categories
by: Plobal Tech • 31
Della Adventure is India's Largest Adventure Park and Corporate Training Destination. We offer a wide array of adventure sports and activities, five multi-cuisine restaurants, one pure vegetarian restaurant, a 24 hour coffee shop, a mouth-watering bakery and Camp Della - our exclusive contemporary luxury resort with a spa, salon, gymnasium and swimming pool. Download our application to get directions, make reservations, view our packages and activities, stay updated on the latest events, offers and discounts and lots more.
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Blue Jay Way
Perched high in the prestigious Hollywood Bird Streets neighborhood, the Blue Jay Way Estate is a graceful and inviting presence on the hillside. It is an intimate and elegant retreat that takes maximum advantage of its site overlooking the City of Angels.
More on the boards
El Camino del Teatro
Located on the western hills of Mount Soledad in La Jolla, California, El Camino del Teatro Residence is a stylish home that is perfectly sited to take advantage of its surroundings. Its strong lines and significant volumes give way to majestic views and gentle landscapes.
Andreas Canyon
Nestled in one of California's most famous and desirable micro-regions, Palm Desert, the Andreas Canyon Residence is a welcoming and nurturing family retreat, as well as the ultimate entertainment enclave.
Edge Hill Winery
Established in 1867, Edge Hill was the first significant three-level, gravity-fed winery in Napa Valley, and by 1880, it was one of the four wineries responsible for over half of the valley's wine production.
First Street
Located in the hill section of Manhattan Beach, this home unfolds across three sloping properties with a main house, pool house, and guest house which are seamlessly connected by a series of landscaped terraces, water features, and gardens.
Blue Jay Way II
Perched high above the Hollywood hills the second Blue Jay Way residence represents refined contemporary living in the classic modernist style.
Hermosa Avenue
The resort lifestyle is the essence of the design inspiration for this home. Carved thick plaster walls are juxtaposed with steel doors and windows, wood elements, and louvered openings making for a unique and sophisticated home that is both effortlessly glamorous and approachable.
Old Agoura Hills
Upon approach, between two oak canopies, a quaint bridge guides you over a natural creek bed to this home in Old Agoura Hills. Dubbed "Dirty Modern" by our clients, the modern rustic sensibility encourages a natural flow of circulation and provides multiple transitional spaces between indoor and outdoor.
17th and The Strand
With sweeping views of the Pacific Ocean, this coveted corner lot engages the neighborhood on two sides, the busy pedestrian Strand and 17th Walkstreet, and the resulting home design was conceived to embrace the bustling beach community, while still offering a private retreat.
Alma Avenue
The Alma Avenue residence is a family village overlooking the Pacific Coast. The effortless horizontal and vertical flow takes its cues from mid-century modernist L.A. architectural history with a heavy concentration of the melding of indoor and outdoor.
Aspen Residence
Nestled in the snow covered valley of Aspen, Colorado, at the base of the ski slopes, lives KAA's newest snowy getaway. At first glance, one might never know that this warm modern home was once an 80's duplex and faced very stringent renovation design codes.
3rd and The Strand Residence
This relaxed yet strong family retreat, built to withstand "a herd of elephants," will serve as a headquarters for a large, close-knit family and a constant flow of friends. Lively and comfortable, this beach oasis is designed for nurturing memories and celebrating of life.
Portfolio To Go
Build a custom portfolio Take examples of KAA Design work with you by customizing or downloading pre-made portfolios that match your interests.
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Emerald Bay Residence Featured on ArchitecturalDigest.com February 22, 2017
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text: Buffs or Nerfs on Who: I am newer to this wiki. So i am going to make a general post and see if I can make points to show im just not that other person on Wiki. So in League of Legends there are alot of unbalance in some ADC's for their cost and what they can do compared to others? So i must ask... What champs need buffed or nerfed any role.....any champ and why? Because people complained that Darius was too OP but now people are like now he has a cooldown he's not good.......He did 1000 base damge but if he failed dunked he had a cooldown and mostly every other champ has a cooldown so why did this make him so bad? Gragas does the same damge to a group of people and can stun if they hit terrain and has like 45 sec ulti cooldown? So once again I'll leave the question at the end.. Who needs nerfed or buffed and why do you think that *please no..."oh cause he used to be good" please use legitimate facts or senarios. Thank you :)


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Begonia 'Joe Hayden' is a taller growing cultivar that has slightly orange colored stems and a very dark burgundy to black foliage.
Begonias are very popular plants for both indoor and outdoor gardeners due to their wide variety of colorful foliage and ease of care. These colorful, quick growing, broad leaved plants are also called Rex Begonias with hundreds of hybrids that come in many varieties that are often chosen more for their leaf color than insignificant blossoms. They prefer shaded but humid conditions with rich soil. They tend to rot in soggy soil, so keep them well drained. Their leaf size varies per type but generally reach up to 9" long and 5" wide. They are most often a bushy growing plant that will reach about 12-18" tall and wide, making them a great candidate for a small patio bush in either a pot or hanging basket or also as an accent houseplant.
USDA Hardiness Zones 10-12
Container Gardens/Terrariums/Houseplant:
For the above reasons, this plant is an excellent candidate to keep as a house plant. At smaller sizes like Josh's Frogs sells it at, the plant will also do well in a container garden or terrarium for quite a while before it will have to be taken out and transplanted.
Josh's Frogs offers a wide variety of glass terrariums, container garden soils, drainage layers and other supplies for all of your indoor gardening needs.
Vivariums/Animal Terrariums:
This plant is a very popular vivarium plant when purchased at a small size like Josh's Frogs offers. Since it does well in moist, humid conditions, Begonias do well in a vivarium and will create a nice thick foliage that can be placed in the middle-back areas of the tank. Their broad leaves allow many creatures to take cover underneath.
As good practice, Josh's Frogs recommends washing all plants thoroughly removing as much soil as possible with dechlorinated water before placing them in their final home. Live plants from Josh's Frogs are treated only with products that are OMRI Listed© for use in organic production. Live plants may vary in color, size and appearance.
The plant pictured is in a 2.5" pot.
Tropical Vivarium Plant Overview
Background Plants in the Vivarium
Foreground Plants in the Vivarium
How to Plant Epiphytes in a Vivarium
Carnivorous Plant Care
Growing Moss Like a Boss
How to successful with succulents
Succeeding with Semi-Aquatic plants
Most orders placed by 4pm EST (Monday-Friday) will ship same day depending on your choice of shipping carrier. To know when your order will ship, refer to our complete live product shipping schedule below.
To get a shipping quote for your order, add the items to your cart and click on "Shipping Estimator" in your cart. Shipping prices are based on distance the package will travel and the weight of the total order.
Our policy covers all live plant shipments that fall under the following requirements:
If live plants shipped via 2-3 day service:
If live plants shipped via 1 day service:
Due to the the nature of the product Josh's Frogs does not consider minor issues to be reason for a claim. Claims should only be placed for dead or heavily damaged plants. Josh's Frogs requires the following when placing claims on plants.
For our full policy visit the Live Product Guarantees section of our website.
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Hello,every one,I'm from chinese, my dream is study in a University in Europe and do business with European. However, my English is so poor, so I can't comunicate with English speaker freely. But I want to change this situation, so maybe I can maker friends with you everbody so that we can teach each other and maker progress together. My email is firstname.lastname@example.com, If any one want to makes friends with me ,he/she can sent me an email.
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Peter Gordon to host series of events at Jones the Grocer
Peter Gordon to host series of events at Jones the Grocer
Chef, restaurateur and writer will facilitate cooking demos, masterclasses and two exclusive dinners
August, 2016 – Known as the 'godfather' of fusion cuisine, chef Peter Gordon is coming to the UAE this September to host a series of gastronomic events at Jones the Grocer. Whether you are an aspiring foodie or a full blown epicurean, there will be something to suit your palate during his visit.
Included in the line-up of events are; Two exclusive four-course meals prepared with Peter at the helm of the Jones kitchen; A cooking demonstration, featuring three signature dishes from Peter's newest recipe collection; A masterclass where Peter will be working hands-on with attendees to prepare two different dishes; Various book signing opportunities; And a special menu created exclusively for Jones the Grocer featuring dishes from the newly released book SAVOUR: Salads for all Seasons, on offer throughout eight different Jones locations in the UAE and Qatar.
"Peter Gordon's unique cooking style and approach to international cuisine has made him one of the most diverse chefs in the market. These events are a great opportunity for the UAE to experience world class taste and talent on their doorstep" according to Alex Ferriss, Group Executive Chef at Jones the Grocer. "We are excited to host these events together and look forward to working with him in our kitchens."
Chef Peter Gordon has two restaurants in Auckland, New Zealand (Bellota and The Sugar Club) and one in London, United Kingdom (The Providores / Tapa Room). He has written eight cook books, the most recent being SAVOUR: Salads for all Seasons which will be on offer exclusively at Jones the Grocer. Originally from Whanganui, New Zealand, Peter has been a chef for over 35 years and is truly passionate about culinary diversity and fusion cuisine.
Full schedule of events:
Four-course meal prepared with Peter Gordon at the helm of the Jones kitchen
Wednesday 21 September at Jones the Grocer Al Manara, Dubai and Friday 23 September at Jones the Grocer Khalidiya, Abu Dhabi for AED 380, with an optional grape pairing for an additional AED 150 (subject to licencing restrictions). Dishes from Peter's newest cookbook SAVOUR include; Crusty baked wasabi mushrooms, spinach, tomato, orange, dill and grated egg. Baked ricotta and carrots, figs and smoky almond brittle. Seared salmon, nori sauce, crispy buckwheat, gomasio and avocado. Cardamon lamb ribs, mango-cashew rice and red onions. Pomegranate panna cotta with pear and basil jelly.
Cooking demonstration, featuring three signature dishes from Peter's recipe collection
Thursday 22 September at Jones the Grocer Raha, Abu Dhabi which includes tasters of the dishes being prepared is offered at AED 195. Optional grape pairing is an additional AED 100. Dishes include; Baked ricotta and carrots, figs and smoky almond brittle; Lamb loin, crispy kale, aubergine, shiitake, mint, yogurt and sumac; And Pomegranate panna cotta with pear and basil jelly.
Hands-on masterclass with Peter Gordon
Thursday 22 September at Jones the Grocer Khalidiya, Abu Dhabi where you will get to experience chef Peter Gordon's cooking techniques on a more personalized level including preparation instruction on; Freekeh, walnut, Swiss chard, mushrooms and tahini mascarpone; And Seared salmon, nori sauce, crispy buckwheat, gomasio and avocado. The masterclass also includes a signed copy of SAVOUR: Salads for all Seasons. It is priced at AED 695, with an optional grape pairing for an additional AED 100.
A special menu created exclusively for Jones the Grocer
This bespoke menu, featuring dishes from Peter's new cookbook SAVOUR, will be on offer between 5 September – 2 October at eight different Jones locations in the UAE and Qatar. Dishes include; Millet, roast veggies, Pietro's egg and pomegranate; Creamy chicken, mushroom and parsnip pie; Pumpkin, ginger, chickpea and cheese soup; Miso-baked aubergine, dates, feta, crispy buckwheat and tahini yoghurt; Poached salmon, almond and grapefruit couscous. Roast chicken, kumquats, black garlic, kale and avocado; Spiced quince and pineapple oat crumble; And Pear and kiwifruit lassi.
Book signing opportunities
Peter's recently released book: SAVOUR: Salads for all Seasons will be available exclusively in all Jones the Grocer stores during the month of September. It can be purchased for AED 190 and Peter will be on hand to sign it at the following locations:
Wednesday, 21 September at Jones the Grocer Al Manara, Dubai from 17:30 - 18:00.
Thursday, 22 September at Jones the Grocer Al Raha, Abu Dhabi from 10:30 - 11:00 and at Jones the Grocer Khalidiyah, Abu Dhabi from 17:30 - 18:00.
Friday, 23 September at Jones the Grocer Khalidiyah, Abu Dhabi from 17:30 - 18:00.
About Jones the Grocer
Jones the Grocer is a food emporium stocking a range of hand selected specialty products, a signature walk-in cheese room, charcuterie and deli, all of which are amongst a contemporary café setting. Established in 1996 with the launch of the flagship Australian store in Woollahra, Sydney – jones the grocer has now has 19 stores across Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, Qatar, Bahrain and the UAE.


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Our defense: who dresses and depth chart
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Originally Posted by
So over the course of a few weeks since opening night, the defensive picture is a little more clear. Brian Strait is a pleasant surprise. Although he's only played two games, Hickey is looking like he will be a very nice pickup as well. Both of these guys are intelligent puck movers. Finley looks like he can serve a sole purpose of backing up Carkner. When Carkner can't go and the staff feels his muscle needs to be replaced in the lineup, Finley can step in. Otherwise, let him go protect the kids at Bridgeport.
If Visnovsky comes back with the right attitude and gives 100%, we have enough skill and depth on the blue line to push for a playoff spot.
I know we're not looking at Kenny Jonsson or Adrian Aucoin, but who would have ever thought our D would be 8 or 9 players deep WITHOUT Donovan, De Haan or Wishart??? These pickups won't bring us the Cup, but if we are seriously in the playoff hunt until the end, it should make for a fun season...
Not bad:
Streit Hamonic
Viznovsky McDonald
Strait Carkner
Martinek Finley
***Donovan and De Haan, see you at training camp next season...
I don't think you're going to see the A Mac and Harmonic pairing broken up. And Strait is the perfect guy to play with Streit, just plays solid D and stays back to cover for Streit. I wouldn't be surprised to see Viz start off with Carkner. Anyway I think if they stay healthy those top six can play against anyone.
I like the way Hickey has played but there's no way he bumps Strait out of the lineup. He's just too small and it showed against the Jets.
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Mahabharat Episode 32 Star Plus Download Mahabharat in HD
Mahabharat Episode 32: This damsel was Ulupi, daughter of the SarpRaj (Snake king), who used to rule the underworld kingdom- Patala. The following day, when Arjuna went to the bank of the river for the bath, she caught hold of his legs and dragged him under water, to her world. Arjuna was shocked to find himself in Patala. He asked Ulupi, "Who are you and why have you brought me here?" Ulupi replied, "I am Ulupi, daughter of the SarpRaj. You are in the land of the Nagas (Snakes).
Click Here to Download Mahabharat Episode 32