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Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment
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1 Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment Matthias Busse Carsten Hefeker HWWA DISCUSSION PAPER 315 Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv (HWWA) Hamburg Institute of International Economics 2005 ISSN
2 Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv (HWWA) Hamburg Institute of International Economics Neuer Jungfernstieg Hamburg, Germany Telefon: 040/ Telefax: 040/ Internet: The HWWA is a member of: Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (WGL) Arbeitsgemeinschaft deutscher wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Forschungsinstitute (ARGE) Association d Instituts Européens de Conjoncture Economique (AIECE)
3 HWWA Discussion Paper Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment Matthias Busse Carsten Hefeker HWWA Discussion Paper 315 Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA) Neuer Jungfernstieg Hamburg, Germany The paper was partly written while the first author was visiting the World Bank Development Economics Research Group Trade. The authors benefited from very helpful suggestions and comments by Michael Funke and Katja Michaelowa and would like to thank Lars Vogel and Silke Neuhaus for excellent research assistance. The usual disclaimer applies. Edited by the Department World Economy
4 HWWA DISCUSSION PAPER 315 April 2005 Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment Abstract The paper explores the linkages between political risk, institutions and foreign direct investment inflows. Using different econometric techniques for a data sample of 83 developing countries and the period 1984 to 2003, we identify those indicators that matter most for the activities of multinational corporations. Overall, 12 different indicators for political risk and institutions are employed in the empirical analysis. The results show that government stability, the absence of internal conflict and ethnic tensions, basic democratic rights and ensuring law and order are highly significant determinants of foreign investment inflows. JEL Classification: C31, C 33, F21, F23 Key Words: Political Risk, Institutions, FDI, Multinational Corporations Matthias Busse Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA) Department World Economy Neuer Jungfernstieg 21 D Hamburg, Germany Phone: Fax: Carsten Hefeker University of Siegen Department of Economics, Hölderlinstraße Siegen, Germany Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA)
5 1. Introduction The economic development of emerging markets and developing countries depends to a large extent on the possibility to make profitable investments and accumulate capital. Having access to foreign capital and investments allows a country to exploit opportunities that otherwise could not be used. Recent experiences with opening capital accounts in emerging and developing economies, however, have proved to be a mixed blessing, as it is becoming increasingly clear that not all types of capital imports are equally desirable. Short-term credits and portfolio investments run the risk of sudden reversal if the economic environment or just the perception of investors change, giving rise to financial and economic crises. It is therefore frequently advised that those countries should primarily try to attract foreign direct investment and be very careful about accepting other sources of finance (Prasad et al., 2003). Direct investments are much more resilient to crises, therefore the question is what countries can do to attract more of such capital flows. While the economic determinants of FDI flows to developing countries have been analysed to a considerable degree, it is rather astonishing that the importance of changes in political institutions and of other relevant policies in host countries have received relatively little attention. In the 1990s, most existing studies on the influence of policy-related variables on FDI flows consisted of international cross-country studies. Within this framework, it has been found, for example, that there is a negative link between institutional uncertainty and private investment (Brunetti and Weder, 1998), a positive relationship between FDI and intellectual property protection (Lee and Mansfield, 1996), and a negative impact of corruption on FDI flows (Wei, 2000). 1 Despite attempts to distinguish other influences, the results of these crosscountry studies may well reflect other non-measured influences, which vary across countries but not over time. For this reason, the results of such studies may not apply to relevant changes in policy-related variables over time. In principle, the bias in the estimates of such effects could be in either direction, and it is therefore important to supplement the cross-section studies with time-series estimates. The 1 Reviews of the literature can be found in Gastagana et al. (1998) and Busse (2004). Wheeler and Mody (1992), on the other hand, found a broad principle component measure of administrative efficiency and political risk to be statistically insignificant. The connection between institutions and investments more generally is explored in Keefer (2004), Stasavage (2002), and Faria and Mauro (2004). 1
6 first attempt was made by Jun and Singh (1996), who regressed an aggregated indicator for political risk, based on a number of sub-components, and several control variables on the value of foreign direct investment inflows. For their data sample of 31 developing countries, the political risk index is statistically significant and the coefficient implies that countries with higher political risk attract less FDI. 2 Likewise, Gastanaga et al. (1998) examined the link between various political variables and foreign investment inflows. They found that lower corruption and nationalisation risk levels, and better contract enforcement are associated with higher FDI inflows. Yet they state that their findings do not always hold up, which may be due to the relatively small country sample of 22 developing countries. More recently, several studies have analysed the relationship between fundamental democratic rights and FDI: Using different econometric techniques and periods, Harms and Ursprung (2002), Jensen (2003), and Busse (2004) found that multinational corporations are more likely to be attracted by countries in which democracy is respected. Li and Resnick (2003), on the other hand, argue that competing causal linkages are at work. They found that democratic rights lead, above all, to improved property rights protection, which in turn boosts foreign investment. Apart from this indirect impact on FDI, increases in democracy may reduce FDI. These studies use pooled time-series analysis, but not all of them account for possible endogeneity of the independent variables. Moreover, they often concentrate their analysis on very specific indicators, such as democratic rights, leaving out a broader range of other elements of policy-related variables. The main purpose of this paper is thus to examine a much wider range of indicators for political risk and to identify the relative importance of these indicators for FDI inflows after controlling for some other relevant determinants of observed changes in FDI flows. More specifically, the effects of government stability, socio-economic conditions, investment profile, internal and external conflict, corruption, military in politics, religious tensions, law and order, ethnic tensions, democratic accountability, and the quality of bureaucracy are examined. 2 Apart from political risk, Jun and Singh (and most of the empirical studies mentioned in this section) have also examined the impact of other variables, such as work days lost or business operating conditions, on FDI. For the purpose of this paper, only the results with respect to political indicators are reported. 2
7 A number of these political risk components are also linked to the quality of political institutions. Above all, the quality of the bureaucracy is closely associated with the institutional strength of a particular country. Likewise, ensuring law and order and reducing corruption levels are important determinants (and effects) of high-quality institutions. They constitute relevant sub-components of an overall assessment of good governance (Kaufmann et al., 1999). We therefore empirically investigate the links between various components of political risk, institutional quality and foreign investment flows. Accordingly, the paper focuses on (1) whether changes in the above-mentioned policy-related variables increase or decrease FDI inflows significantly, and (2) which are the policy-related variables that have the biggest impact on FDI flows? Covering a time span of 20 years in our analysis, we find that only few indicators for political risk and institutions are closely associated with FDI. These are government stability, law and order, and quality of the bureaucracy. Employing a panel setting with two different econometric specifications, we establish instead a statistically significant link with a much larger number of indicators. In addition to the three mentioned indicators, we find that investment profile, internal and external conflict, ethnic tensions and democratic accountability are important determinants of FDI flows. Across different econometric models, the relative magnitude of the coefficients for these political indicators are largest for government stability and law and order, indicating that changes in these components of political risk and institutions are highly relevant for investment decisions of multinationals. The paper is structured as follows: The data set and the variables used in the regressions are explained in the following section. In Section 3, the estimation strategy and the specification of the model are explained. In order to mitigate problems arising from either pure crosssection or pure time-series analyses, we intend to use both methods to estimate the impact of policy-related variables. With respect to the panel analysis, we will employ two different econometric techniques, that is, a country fixed-effects model and the Arellano-Bond generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator. The panel data analysis with country fixed-effects approach allows us to distinguish more systematically between the effects of policy changes and other less variable elements of the investment climate on FDI over time as well as across countries. The Arellano-Bond GMM dynamic panel estimator addresses the problem of autocorrelation of the residuals, as the lagged dependent variable is included as an additional regressor, and deals with the fact that some of the control variables are endogenous. 3
8 By employing various econometric techniques, we also test the robustness of our results. Section 4 concludes. 2. Data and Variables The analysis comprises the period 1984 to 2003 for a sample of 83 developing countries, for which the linkage between political institutions and FDI is of particular concern (see Appendix C for the country sample). Included are all low- and middle-income countries with a Gross National Income per capita in 2002 of US $9,075 or less, for which data on all variables incorporated in the regressions are obtainable. 3 Information on political risk and institutions are taken from the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), provided by the Political Risk Services (PRS) Group. Since 1984, PRS Group (2005a) has provided information on 12 risk indicators that address not only political risk, but also various components of political institutions. They are defined as follows: 4 Government stability, called GOVST in the empirical analysis, measures the government s ability to carry out its policies and to stay in office SOCIO quantifies socio-economic pressures at work in society that might restrain government action or elevate social dissatisfaction and thus destabilise the political regime INVEST assesses the investment profile, that is, factors related to the risk of investment that are not covered by other (financial and economic) risk components, such as contract viability (expropriation), profits repatriation or payment delays ICONFL stands for internal conflict, measuring political violence within the country and its actual or potential impact on governance by focusing on, for instance, civil war, terrorism, political violence or civil disorder ECONFL weighs external conflict, namely the risk to the incumbent government from foreign action, ranging from non-violent external pressure, such as diplomatic pressures, withholding aid or trade sanctions, to violent external pressures, ranging from crossborder conflicts to all-out war 3 The income threshold is based on a definition by the World Bank (2005) for low- and middle-income developing countries and relates to current US $. 4
9 CORR assesses the level of corruption MILIT represents the influence of the military in politics, which could signal that the government is unable to function effectively and that the country might have an unfavourable environment for business RELIG measures religious tensions, stemming from the domination of society and/or governance by a single religious group seeking, for instance, to replace civil by religious law or to exclude other religions from the political and social process LAW quantifies law and order, that is, the strength and impartiality of the legal system ETHNIC assesses the degree of tensions among ethnic groups attributable to racial, nationality or language divisions DEMOC relates to the democratic accountability of the government, that is, the responsiveness of the government to its citizens, but also to fundamental civil liberties and political rights BUR stands for the institutional strength and quality of the bureaucracy, which might act as a shock absorber tending to reduce policy revisions if governments change Each indicator is assessed on a scale from 0 to 12, with higher values indicating less political risk and better institutions. 5 In general, these indicators are widely recognised (and used) as high-quality measures of political risk and institutions. 6 Obviously, all 12 indicators are related to each other by varying degrees, as they all assess political risk and institutions but from a different point of view. For instance, democratic accountability of the government and the influence of the military in politics are closely related, as the military is (usually) not elected by the citizens and on average less accountable to the citizens. The partial correlation between DEMOC and MILIT is 0.63, as can be seen from Table 1. Similarly, law and order is closely related to both government stability and internal conflicts with partial correlations of 0.60 and 0.74, respectively. Moreover, most of the indicators for political risk are fairly strongly related to income (GNI) per capita, indicating that richer countries possess less political risk and have better institutions. 4 See PRS Group (2005a) for details on sub-components and aggregation procedures. 5 In the original PRS Group data set, the last 7 indicators are scaled from 0-6 or 0-4. To ensure an easier interpretation of the results, these indicators have been re-scaled to In recent years, they have been used, for instance, by Harms and Ursprung (2002), Bolaky and Freund (2004), Rodrik et al. (2004), and Noguer and Siscart (2005). 5
10 Table 1: Correlation Matrix Variable log GNI log GNI 1.00 GOVST SOCIO INVEST ICONFL ECONFL GOVST SOCIO INVEST ICONFL ECONFL CORR MILIT RELIG LAW ETHNIC DEMOC BUR Note: All correlations reported relate to averages for the entire period 1984 to CORR MILIT RELIG LAW ETHNIC DEMOC BUR In general, we would expect that all 12 indicators are positively related to FDI flows, as less political risk and better institutions may attract foreign investment due to a lower risk premium, for instance, by enforcing property rights and contracts. Also, the quality of institutions may be closely related to reducing information asymmetries, as high-quality institutions channel information about market conditions, goods and participants, which in turn could foster (domestic and foreign) investment in the country (WTO, 2004). Yet we do not know the exact impact of these indicators on FDI flows. As the dependent variable in the following regressions, FDI net inflows per capita in current US dollars (FDI) will be employed. Using per capita figures allows us to take the relative country size into account. Regarding the independent variables of foreign investment, a standard procedure would be to use a common theoretical model for the determinants of FDI flows, integrate political risk indicators and then estimate the effects. Unfortunately, we do not have such a model. Most researchers who undertake empirical work on the determinants of FDI flows use a rather ad-hoc specification, that is, they try various indicators that may explain differences in FDI flows across countries and use those that are most suitable for the purpose of their research. 7 7 Chakrabarti (2001) and Asiedu (2002) provide surveys of the literature. 6
11 Evidently, some of the results from past studies are contradictory. For instance, the impact of labour costs on FDI flows is anything but clear: The results by Schneider and Frey (1985) and Jun and Singh (1996) showed a negative impact of labour costs on FDI flows, while Wheeler and Mody (1992), Loree and Guisinger (1995) and Lipsey (1999) indicated that there might be a positive or no significant influence. Despite these contradictory results, we do observe that a considerable number of variables show relatively persistent results with respect to their influence on foreign investment. Above all, market size, measured as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, is probably the most important factor in explaining foreign investment (Chakrabarti, 2001). 8 The size of a particular market may indicate the attractiveness of a specific location for the investment, in the case that the multinational corporation aims to produce for the local market (horizontal or market-seeking FDI). Though there are a few studies that indicate that the link between income levels and FDI may not be that close, an overwhelming majority of empirical studies confirm the importance of that linkage. Likewise, high (GDP or GNI) growth rates may signal high investment returns and, hence, may attract further (foreign) investment. Yet we have to keep in mind that high growth rates (and thus income levels) may be boosted by FDI, indicating the problem of endogeneity in the empirical analysis (Carkovic and Levine, 2002). Another determinant that is likely to have an impact on FDI is openness to trade, usually measured by the ratio of imports and exports to GDP. This ratio is often interpreted as a quantification of trade restrictions. 9 In general, the impact of openness to trade is linked to the type of foreign investment (Asiedu, 2002). Horizontal FDI may be attracted by higher trade barriers, as they also protect the output of the foreign investor in the local market against imports of competitors (tariff-jumping hypothesis). Conversely, multinationals engaged in export-oriented investment, called vertical FDI, may favour investing in a relatively open economy, since trade barriers increase transaction costs. Also, trade restrictions may be linked to other forms of policy imperfections, particularly in developing countries, such as exchangerate controls, leading to a reduction of foreign investment inflows. Overall, openness to trade 8 Note that we are using FDI per capita figures as the dependent variable. Thus, we have to use GNI (or GDP) per capita too. 9 See Gastanaga et al. (1998) for a discussion of different indicators to measure the degree of openness. 7
12 may thus be positively or negatively associated with FDI, depending on the country sample. The empirical evidence, on the other hand, suggests that a positive link can be expected (Chakrabarti, 2001). The attraction of a particular market is further enhanced if a country has a consistent macroeconomic policy in place. Apart from boosting growth rates, a good macroeconomic policy, that embraces (or leads to) small budget and trade deficits and low inflation and interest rates, is likely to reduce the risk premium for foreign (and domestic) investment, decrease transaction costs, and may thus boost FDI. As a (rough) measure for various forms of macroeconomic imbalances, we added the inflation rate to the regressions, as it can be expected to be closely linked to a range of forms of policy distortions, such as fiscal or monetary imbalances. 10 With this background, we use the following four control variables in the regressions: 11 (1) Gross National Income per capita in (current international) PPP US dollars (GNI) to control for the market size (2) the real growth rate of GNI per capita in per cent (GROWTH) for market growth and potential (3) the ratio of imports and exports to GDP (TRADE) to control for openness to trade and (4) the GDP deflator (INFLATION) as a proxy for (macroeconomic) policy distortions The first three variables are expected to be positively associated with FDI inflows, whereas for INFLATION we would assume a negative linkage. 10 That macroeconomic volatility has a negative influence of multinationals profits and thus on investment decisions is shown by Aizenman (2003). Easterly (2004), however, argues that institutions are behind macroeconomic volatility as well and that country growth is thus mainly due to the influence of institutions. 8
13 3. Empirical Specification and Results Following the introduction of the variables, we now turn to the empirical linkages between political risk, institutions and FDI flows. We start with the cross-sectional technique, using averages for the entire period Similar to most studies in the empirical literature on FDI flows, the logarithm for investment flows and the independent variables is used. 12 The exception is GROWTH, since there are a number of negative real per capita values for GNI growth rates, which would have reduced the country sample. Moreover, to avoid the problem of multicollinearity, the 12 indicators will be singly added to the benchmark regression, which is written as follows: log FDI i = ß 0 + ß 1 log GNI i + ß 2 GROWTH i + ß 3 log TRADE i + ß 4 log INFLATION i + ß 5 REGIONAL + ß 6 POLITICAL i + e i (1) where ß j are the estimated parameters, REGIONAL stands for a set of six regional dummies (to control for regional characteristics), 13 POLITICAL i stands for one of the 12 indicators for political risk and institutions, and e i is an error term. As can be seen from the results for the benchmark regression, reported in column 1 of Table 2, all control variables have the expected sign and are significant at the 1 per cent level. 14 The exception is the coefficient for INFLATION, which is positive but not significant. The overall fit of the benchmark regression is reasonable, considering the heterogeneous set of developing countries included in the analysis. In the next 12 columns, the indicators for political risk and institutions have been added in addition to the control variables. The results show that government stability, law and order, democracy and the quality of bureaucracy have a positive impact on FDI inflows, as the coefficients are positive and statistically significant at the 5 or 10 per cent level. In other words, countries with a lower political risk and better institutions related to these three indicators received ceteris paribus more FDI per capita in the period 1984 to See Appendix A for data sources and Appendix B for descriptive statistics. 12 An appropriate Box-Cox test showed that a double-log specification would be preferred. 13 The set-up of the regional dummies is based on the World Bank (2005) classification of regions. See Appendix A for details. 14 The cross-sectional data sample drops from 83 to 81 countries, since (average) FDI values for two African economies, Gabon and Sierra Leone, were negative for the period 1984 to
14 The finding regarding democracy is in line with the results reported by Harms and Ursprung (2002), Jensen (2003), and Busse (2004), who all found a statistically significant link between fundamental democratic rights, such as civil liberties and political rights, and foreign investment inflows. Moreover, our results with respect to the quality (and institutional strength) of the bureaucracy and law and order supports those reported by Gastanaga et al. (1998), who established a statistically significant (negative) link between FDI flows and bureaucratic delays (that is, lower bureaucratic quality is associated with lower FDI inflows) and a positive link between contract enforcement and foreign investment. Yet only 4 out of 12 indicators for political risk and institutions have a significant impact on FDI flows. Moreover, three of them (GOVST, LAW and DEMOC) are barely significant at the 10 per cent level. One reason for this outcome might be the fact that we computed averages for the period 1984 to In case of significant deviations of FDI or other variables from the mean, this approach neglects changes within that period. For example, Brazil had an inflation rate of some 2,500 per cent in 1990, but single-digit figures since Taking the average for the 20-year period yields 552 per cent, which is still a very high number. On the other hand, FDI flows to Brazil have increased significantly in the 1990s, which, in turn, boosted average FDI inflows and leads to the (wrong) impression that higher inflation is associated with increased FDI inflows over a period of 20 years. Likewise, this problem could apply to various indicators of political risk and institutions, questioning the reliability of the cross-country results. 10
15 Table 2: Cross-Country Analysis, Average Political risk variable (POLITICAL) Government stability Socioeconomic conditions Investment profile Internal conflict External conflict Dependent variable: log FDI Corruption Military in politics Religious tensions Law and order Ethnic tensions Democratic accountability Quality Bureaucracy Variable: GOVST SOCIO INVEST ICONFL ECONFL CORR MILIT RELIG LAW ETHNIC DEMOC BUR Independent (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Variables log GNI 0.93*** (4.95) 0.79*** (4.08) 0.73*** (3.16) 0.81*** (3.00) 0.89*** (4.94) 0.87*** (4.39) 0.86*** (4.29) 0.98*** (4.67) 0.92*** (4.75) 0.86*** (4.86) 0.92*** (4.89) 0.83*** (4.27) 0.63*** (2.67) GROWTH 0.19*** (2.70) log TRADE 1.41*** (4.16) log INFLATION Regional dummies 0.04 (0.45) 0.15** (2.20) 1.31*** (4.16) 0.05 (0.59) 0.16** (2.21) 1.33*** (3.97) 0.08 (0.82) 0.17** (2.40) 1.32*** (4.10) 0.06 (0.65) 0.18** (2.47) 1.34*** (3.86) 0.06 (0.68) 0.22*** (2.87) 1.42*** (4.33) 0.07 (0.79) 0.18*** (2.61) 1.36*** (3.85) 0.04 (0.41) 0.20*** (2.70) 1.47*** (3.56) 0.19*** (2.60) 1.38*** (4.30) 0.16** (2.25) 1.36*** (3.91) 0.19*** (2.60) 1.42*** (4.21) 0.19*** (2.81) 1.34*** (3.88) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes POLITICAL 0.35* (1.66) 0.24 (1.41) 0.16 (0.73) 0.10 (1.18) 0.16 (1.42) R No. of obs Notes: t-values, reported in parentheses, are based on White s (1980) correction for heteroskedasticity; multicollinearity has been tested by the creation of variance inflation factors (VIF); all regressions pass at conventional levels; to save space, the coefficients for the regional dummies and the constant terms are not shown; *** significant at 1% level; ** significant at 5% level; * significant at 10% level (0.99) 0.04 (0.41) (-0.39) 0.04 (0.40) 0.03 (0.45) 0.06 (0.62) 0.10* (1.71) 0.05 (0.55) 0.03 (0.58) 0.04 (0.43) 0.11* (1.67) 0.18*** (2.63) 1.36*** (4.14) 0.05 (0.54) 0.13** (2.22) 11
16 As a remedy, we add a cross-sectional time-series analysis, using an unbalanced panel for the 83 countries in the sample. The basic set-up of the panel, however, does not comprise of 20 annual observations for all variables. Partly due to one or a few large investment projects, FDI flows can vary significantly from year to year, which may lead to misleading results in a panel setting. This applies in particular to relatively small developing countries, which make up a considerable share of our country sample. 15 Also, using a log-fdi model can be problematic, since FDI flow data on an annual basis can be negative. By using the logarithm, the number of observations would drop by one tenth. More worryingly, excluding only those observations for a country and time period for which FDI inflows are zero or negative is likely to bias the country sample. To deal with both problems, five 4-year averages for the period from 1984 to 2003, that is, , , and so on, are used instead of annual data, which yields a very high number of positive FDI observations. 16 While a suitable F-test suggested not using a common intercept for all countries, the statistics from the Hausman (1978) test suggest using a fixed-effects instead of a random-effects model. The specification of the fixed-effects model is as follows: log FDI it = ß 0 + ß 1 log GNI it + ß 2 GROWTH it + ß 3 log TRADE it + ß 4 log INFLATION it + ß 5 POLITICAL it + e it (2) where ß 0 is the country-specific fixed effect and, again, POLITICAL it stands for the 12 indictors for political risk and institutions (for country i and period t), which will be singly added to the benchmark regression. The results of the benchmark equation are reported in column 1 of Table 3. Now, all four control variables have the expected sign and are statistically significant at the 1 per cent level. Again, the overall fit of the (panel) model is reasonable, taking the diversity of the 83 developing countries into account. We then added the 12 indicators for political risk and institutions one by one to see whether they explain any variation in FDI in addition to the control variables. The results show that, apart from corruption, military in politics and religious tensions, all indicators are positively associated with FDI flows. The exception is SOCIO, which has a negative sign, meaning that an improvement in the socio-economic 15 In 2003, 31 out of 83 countries in our sample had a total population of less than 10 million people. 12
17 conditions is negatively associated with FDI inflows. Though surprising at first glance, a closer look at the underlying sub-components shows that SOCIO comprises of the unemployment rate, consumer confidence and the poverty rate. These indicators are not necessarily associated with an increase in foreign investment inflows, as the impacts of FDI on labour markets or income distribution depend on specific country circumstances, which would be relatively difficult to assess. Apart from SOCIO, CORR, MILIT and RELIG, all other estimated coefficients are significant at least at the 10 per cent level and have the expected positive sign. GOVST, INVEST, ICONFL, LAW, ETHN, and DEMOC are even significant at the 1 per cent level, indicating a particularly close positive linkage with FDI flows. The estimated coefficient for investment profile, for example, means that an increase in INVEST by one point is associated with an increase in net FDI inflows by US $1.55 per capita. Though this might appear as a small number at first glance, the total impact can be quite significant for individual countries. For instance, based on figures for the period 2000 to 2003, annual average net FDI inflows to India would increase by almost 50 per cent. Among the political indicators that are statistically significant, the estimated coefficients for government stability, investment profile, law and order and democratic accountability of the government are somewhat larger than those for the other indicators. The relative importance of the investment profile is hardly surprising, given that INVEST contains key subcomponents, such as contract viability, expropriation of assets or the ability of multinationals to repatriate profits. Obviously, these sub-components are extremely important for multinationals decisions on where to invest. The results for government stability and democratic accountability of the government show that foreign investors are also highly sensitive to changes in political stability and the framework in which governments operate. Fundamental democratic rights, like civil liberties and political rights, do matter to multinationals operating in developing countries, even when we control for other factors that affect FDI flows. This result is in line with the findings by Harms and Ursprung (2002), Jensen (2003) and Busse (2004), who all showed that basic 16 Likewise, 4-year averages for all other variables are used in the regressions. 13
18 democratic rights are positively associated with FDI inflows, even if the specifications of their models differ. Consequently, we do not support the findings by Li and Resnick (2003), who obtained the opposite outcome. At the same time, they argue that improvements in democratic rights lead to an improved protection of property rights, which in turn increases FDI. Apart from this indirect impact, democracy may have a negative influence on foreign investment. This different outcome could be explained by the particular data set used by Li and Resnick. They include 53 developing countries and focus on the period 1982 to The results might change significantly, however, if we expand the time period (and the number of countries included in the sample), as there has been an enormous increase in FDI flows to developing countries (and improvements in democracy) since the mid-1990s. 17 Similarly, multinational corporations seem to care about internal and external conflicts that affect the host country of their investment, as it increases economic and political instability. The threat of incidence of civil wars, political violence, trade sanctions or an all-out war increases the risk premium of investment projects, thus reducing overall investment. 18 Interestingly, changes in corruption do not significantly affect FDI inflows, though the coefficient has the expected positive sign. This result is at odds with those results reported by Wei (2000), who found a statistically significant link between corruption and foreign investment in a cross-country analysis. Likewise, the influence of the military in politics does not affect FDI. In contrast to tensions among religious groups, the degree of conflicts among ethnic fractions (ETHNIC) is significantly associated with FDI. The outcome is basically in line with studies that examine the linkage of ethnic tensions and economic growth, indicating that a high degree of conflicts attributable to racial nationality or language divisions might on average negatively affect economic development. For example, Easterly and Levine (1997) found that ethnic diversity helps to explain cross-country differences in public policies and several economic indicators. 17 See Busse (2004) for a detailed analysis on changes in the investment behaviour of multinationals in developing countries. 18 As these events create higher uncertainty, they reduce foreign capital flows. Moreover, such conflicts have a strong negative impact on a country s growth rate (Alesina et al., 2003), thus making investment less attractive. 14
19 This applies in particular to sub-saharan Africa, where ethnic fragmentation is much larger in comparison to other regions. It might be argued that multinational corporations will respond only partially to changes in political (and economic) variables in the short term. Investment decisions may take time due to physical and procedural constraints (Jun and Singh, 1996). Hence, we have lagged all independent variables for one period, that is, four years, to allow for an adjustment in FDI flows. Yet the results with respect to sign, significance and the (absolute and relative) size of the estimated coefficients are almost identical. Due to reasons of space, the results are not reported. 19 The exception is the impact of socio-economic conditions, as SOCIO has a positive sign in these results, but the coefficient is not significant. So far, we have assumed that both the control variables and the political risk indicators are exogenous. In the case of openness to trade this is obviously an unrealistic assumption, as FDI inflows are highly likely to affect the overall trading volume, if they import raw materials and/or semi-manufactured goods and export processed commodities. Likewise, depending on the exact country circumstances, FDI may increase the host country capital stock, bring in new technologies and boost GNI growth rates (and hence GNI per capita). Consequently, we have to add an instrumental variable approach, such as the generalised method of moments (GMM). 19 The complete results for these further regressions as well as all other regressions can be obtained from the first author upon request. 15
20 16 Table 3: Panel Analysis, Country Fixed-Effects, (4-Year Intervals) Political risk variable (POLITICAL) Government stability Socioeconomic conditions Investment profile Internal conflict External conflict Dependent variable: log FDI Corruption Military in politics Religious tensions Law and order Ethnic tensions Democratic accountability Quality Bureaucracy Variable: GOVST SOCIO INVEST ICONFL ECONFL CORR MILIT RELIG LAW ETHNIC DEMOC BUR Independent (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Variables log GNI 2.70*** (11.34) 1.96*** (7.03) 2.63*** (11.04) 2.01*** ( *** (9.75) 2.38*** (8.93) 2.70*** (11.18) 2.69*** (11.14) 2.65*** (10.82) 2.40*** (9.72) 2.49*** (10.07) 2.42*** (10.46) 2.61*** (10.82) GROWTH 0.07*** (3.46) log TRADE 0.97*** (3.65) log INFLATION -0.17*** (-4.03) 0.05*** (2.87) 1.09*** (4.23) -0.14*** (-3.18) POLITICAL 0.14*** (4.52) 0.07*** (3.72) 1.03*** (3.88) -0.19*** (-4.34) -0.10** (-2.09) 0.05** (2.39) 1.19*** (4.56) -0.12*** (-2.66) 0.19*** (4.59) 0.06*** (3.18) 0.89*** (3.32) -0.16*** (-3.79) 0.08*** (2.57) 0.06*** (3.12) 0.90*** (3.38) -0.18*** (-4.23) 0.08** (2.46) 0.07*** (3.42) 0.97*** (3.59) -0.18*** (-4.07) 0.02 (0.57) 0.07*** (3.40) 0.99*** (3.72) -0.18*** (-4.06) (-0.32) 0.07*** (3.41) 0.99*** (3.69) -0.17*** (-4.02) 0.02 (0.41) 0.06*** (2.98) 0.89*** (3.38) -0.16*** (-3.72) 0.12*** (3.42) 0.06*** (3.23) 1.00*** (3.78) -0.18*** (-4.23) 0.09*** (2.54) 0.05*** (2.93) 0.97*** (3.84) -0.15*** (-3.53) 0.17*** (5.65) R 2 (within) R 2 (between) Durbin-Watson No. of groups No. of obs Notes: t-values reported in parentheses; *** significant at 1% level; ** significant at 5% level; * significant at 10% level. 0.07*** (3.45) 0.91*** (3.40) -0.16*** (-3.71) 0.06* (1.76)
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Welcome to POL's festive Holiday Feature - a wonderful guide to gift giving ideas, entertaining, and holiday themed entertainment. Look for caterers, invitations, stocking stuffer suggestions, and more. Buy tickets for favorite holiday events like McCarter Theatre's 'A Christmas Carol.' Online donation links, and helpful articles that will get you through the busy season and into the holiday spirit. Ho Ho Holiday!
Local restaurants are serving delicious food and holiday spirits for hungry shoppers and families that need a break from the action in the stores. Shop LOCAL this holiday season on Palmer Square - it will bring a twinkle to the eye and warmness to the heart!
New this year, choose between an afternoon or evening performance! 4 and 7pm. Performance held at Richardson Auditorium.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Flexsteel Industries, Inc. (NASDAQ: FLXS) … The Board of Directors of Flexsteel Industries, Inc. declared a quarterly dividend of $0.10 per share, a 33% increase, payable October 6, 2011 to shareholders of record as of September 22, 2011. The Board of Directors emphasized their commitment to improve shareholder value through increased dividends based upon sustainable earnings per share. Flexsteel has paid cash dividends each year since 1938 on its common stock. This is the 279th consecutive cash dividend. The Company has no restrictions on the payment of dividends. The Company believes that its cash flow and operating income levels are supportive of the current dividend. Flexsteel Industries, Inc. is headquartered in Dubuque, Iowa, and was incorporated in 1929. Flexsteel is a designer, manufacturer, importer and marketer of quality upholstered and wood furniture for residential, recreational vehicle, office, hospitality and healthcare markets. All products are distributed nationally.


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Hi, I love the weather! I live here in the Chicagoland area, and we get lots of interesting weather. We have 4 wonderful seasons, so we get it all, from hot summers to very cold winters. Hope you like the pictures! Create your own visitor map!
Naperville Riverwalk Flooding
Uploaded by: Hammelmom
Sunday April 21, 2013
Woodridge, IL (Current Weather Conditions)
Caption: Entrance to the lower walkway at the riverwalk impassible still as it is still flooded today.
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If an item you ordered from TextbookRush does not meet your expectations due to an error on our part, simply fill out a return request and then return it by mail within 30 days of ordering it for a full refund of item cost.
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Description: In the first full-scale biography of Mary Stuart in more than thirty years, John Guy creates an intimate, gripping portrait of one of history"s greatest women and depicts her world and her place in the sweep of history with stunning immediacy. Bringing together all surviving documents and uncovering a trove of new sources for the first time, Guy dispels the popular image of Mary Queen of Scots as a romantic leading lady--achieving her ends through feminine wiles -- and establishes her as the intellectual and political equal of Elizabeth I. Through Guy"s pioneering research and "fabulously readable" prose, we come to see Mary as a skillful diplomat, maneuvering ingeniously among a dizzying array of factions that sought to control or dethrone her. An enthralling, myth-shattering look at a complex woman and ruler and her time, Queen of Scots "reads like Shakespearean drama, with all the delicious plotting and fresh writing to go with it" (Atlanta Journal-Constitution).
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List price: $17.95Copyright year: 2004Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyPublication date: 10/12/2005Binding: PaperbackPages: 608Size: 5.25" wide x 8.00" long x 1.50" tall Weight: 1.386Language: English
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Title: how to install towel racks
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TOP Downloads how to install towel racks:
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2/25/2009 · How to Install a Bathroom Towel Rack. You can't install a bathroom towel rack the same way you hang a picture or put up your toilet paper holder. Since …7/9/2008 · Loose or broken towel racks can be quickly and easily repaired. Learn DIY home repair tips on how to install or repair a towel rack in this free online ...4/25/2006 · Loose or broken towel racks can be quickly and easily repaired. Learn DIY home repair tips on how to install or repair a towel rack in this free online ...How to Install towel hooks when remodeling your bathroom How to Install towel hooks when remodeling your bathroom Towel Hooks add ...Installing a bike rack on your vehicle may seem a daunting task, but if you follow these simple steps, you can get it done in under 10 minutes.A towel rack doesn't have to hold a lot of weight, but over time, especially in the damp environment of a bathroom, an improperly hung rack can sag or even fall off ...10/12/2013 · For more information or a written out step by step you can stop by http://www.thediyguy.net/2013/10/how-... . A video on how to install a replacement towel ...1. Hold your towel bar up against the wall to decide on the height and best location for the bar. Typically, a towel bar is set at 48 inches above the floor for ...The Honda Odyssey offers a great deal of interior space for both passengers and cargo, but the addition of a roof rack will multiply one's cargo options in very ...1. Remove the bar section of the towel rack by pulling one side in if it's a tension bar. If it's plastic built into the rack, saw through the middle of the bar with ...
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Criminal Law
Criminal Law Questions? Ask a Criminal Lawyer.
Thanks for your question.
I used to be a magistrate in mayors court in Ohio, so I'll be glad to help you.
Whenever a criminal charge involves possible jail time upon conviction, my thought is that a defendant should be represented by an attorney. Mayors courts can sentence convicted defendants to jail time, similar to the municipal and common pleas courts in Ohio. However, in my experience, they try to avoid sentencing defendants to jail time, since the village where the mayors court is located must pay part or all of their jail fees. But, it can and does happen that convicted defendants are sentenced to jail in mayors court, so if it were me, I wouldn't take my chances by going in without an attorney.
With a theft charge, the prosecution must prove that you knowingly took the item, without the owner's permission. Most theft cases turn on this particular element of the law -- that is, whether the defendant *knowingly* took the item, or whether it was an unintentional, absent-minded accident.
If your case would happen to go to trial, you would probably be more successful with an attorney in putting forth your defense that you took the laxative by accident rather than intentionally. If you intend to plead guilty or no contest to your charges, you would probably also be more successful in getting a better sentence if you had an attorney.
Just my two cents worth -- the decision of whether to have an attorney represent you is ultimately for you to make. Good luck.


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Ladies and gentlemen stop carrying around junk you don't need, especially credit cards and blank checks. If your purse or wallet is lost or stolen you will surely regret carrying around a bunch of unnecessary junk. There is no way I need to have three debit cards in my wallet and several credit cards. If you are going to use them, use them and take them out and put them away. Please don't carry around your social security card or PIN (personal identity number) numbers. As far as PIN numbers select something that is super easy for you to remember, but not easily evident to someone else.
Recently my debit card was compromised. See I was really going somewhere with this story. I didn't realize it until I tried to make a small purchase and was denied. Talk about embarrassing to be denied for a $3 purchase. Lucky for me I was in the grocery store that also has a branch of my bank. I popped over to the teller and found out that my card had been part of a compromise at a merchant or an ATM, my card had been closed and a new one was overnighted.
A compromise can mean hackers or the possibility of a device called a skimmer on the front of an ATM or maybe a skimmer was discovered at a business that I had paid a visit to recently. Fortunately, in my other world (day job) I work with debit card fraud. Funny I never thought I would be a victim. Because I know the threat of cyber thieves I check my account a minimum of twice a day to see if there are unauthorized transactions. I was only inconvenienced for a short period of time and thanks to FEDEX, my GPS and a lead foot I was able to pick up my new card that night and get back in the spending business before the night was over.
(Email the columnist at email@example.com)


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The RCP/LM runs a school
A subscriber tells us that the RCP/LM has now branched out into running a school, the East London Science Academy [1], set up in 2012 by long-time sect member/supporter David Perks, a search for whom on Spiked brings up scads of hits. He's a little more circumspect in his personal sites, with his WordPress site being blank, and his Twitter account being "protected" for approved eyes only (which is just soooooooooo RCP, my dear). However, the always excellent Powerbase has two short but informative articles on Perks and his wee project:
Powerbase: East London Science School
RCP/LM oldies, including Dennis Hayes, James Woudhuysen and Jenny Davey (aka Jenny Perks, consort of David Perks), appear on the governor and director lists, and according to Powerbase a teacher's away day had an audience with the Great Leader himself, Uncle Frank Furedi. The School gets mentions galore in Spiked and the Institute of Ideas (sic) sites, and hosts RCP/LM recruitment events (sorry, 'Debating Matters').
Plainly the sect is looking to the future and bringing fresh blood into the organisation as its middle-class middle-aged stalwarts get old and stale. The School is a secondary, with pupils in the 11-18yo age range, allowing plenty of time for them to absorb the sect's teachings. It would be interesting to know what the syllabus on climate change is, given the organisation's 'idiosyncratic' line on the issue which is rather at odds with the scientific consensus…
[1] The website also has an extraordinarily irritating background video, "a day in the life", which launches full-page with a jaunty jingle-style song on when the home page is loaded, with no way of turning it off. Hence the link to the school being to an internal page, so as not to irritate our legions of loyal readers. Sack the web designer, Perksy, or did you use the RCP/LM's pet design firm, Easynet?
- Bruno Waterfield
- Scientific Alliance
- The RCP/LM runs a school
- Ellie Lee
- RCP/LM and Occupy
- Moral Maze triple act
- Audacity
- Modern Movement: an insider view
- "Unconditional support" for genocidists
- The RCP/LM reaches the East Midlands
- Another Moral Maze double act
- Swine Flu and the "Culture of Fear" [TM]


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CAZAL Vintage 951
With this sportive sunglasses style, CAZAL ventured to address a target group that had previously been unattainable: wearers of sports eyeglasses.
For sports glasses are an eyewear genre of their own, not primarily distributed through opticians and eyeglass specialists.
CAZAL had the idea to create "amphibious" sunglasses for dynamic sports, suitable for optical lenses. The challenge was met by adding a hinge mechanism at the temples. It accommodated acetate temples for use "on dry land" as well as an adjustable rubber strap to be worn in water. In addition it served to adapt the shades to the shape of the head. The sail/surf version of this style had a floating device fixed to the rubber strap as an additional, ingenious detail. It kept your precious CAZAL 951 safely afloat should it – against all odds – fell pray to the waves.
Like most sports glasses, the CAZAL 951 is a unisex style. A true rarity for the passionate vintage collectors.


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Answered By: Amy Wharton Last Updated: Dec 28, 2016 Views: 78
The University, the Law School, and the Library use many computer systems and networks and sometimes these systems require separate and unique user accounts. Here's a guide to some of the most common ones you'll run into while in the Law Library.
Library Databases. Most library subscriptions to electronic resources are restricted to users on the UVA network and do not require an individual login. Three exceptions are Lexis, Westlaw and Bloomberg Law, which are for law student and faculty use only. Non-law patrons may use LexisNexis Academic, which is available UVA-wide. Several EBSCO databases are also available remotely to any alumni with a HoosOnline account.
Photocopying, Printing and Scanning Account. Limited printing is available at the walk-up computer stations on the second floor in the Reference area. (Saving document files to your own flash drive or cloud service for printing elsewhere may be more convenient.) For photocopying or scanning, please visit the circulation desk on the first floor.


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Proofpoint Keeps Chugging After Ransomware AttacksMonday, May 15, 2017 - 3:21pm
This weekend's ransomware attack took down computer systems and compromised data worldwide, but Monday was business as usual for cybersecurity firm Proofpoint Inc (NASDAQ: PFPT). Rather than prompt product adjustments, the WannaCry hack merely highlighted "just how important it is to show...Read More >>
Microsoft Cloud Confidence Warrants A Price Target Boost At Deutsche BankWednesday, December 14, 2016 - 12:38pm
Deutsche Bank upped his price target on Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) shares to $75 following upbeat tone from the company on cloud computing/technology at a meeting with Deutsche Bank analysts. The Cloud The commercial cloud (Office 365, Azure, Dynamics Online) business of Microsoft is now...Read More >>
Why The New Mac Justifies Intel's Increased PC GuidanceMonday, September 19, 2016 - 8:45am
Shares of Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC) gained more than 3 percent on Friday after the company revised its revenue forecast and other financial metrics higher due to improving PC demand. Related Link:Chip Stocks Mostly Soar As Intel Raises Q3 Guidance Trip Chowdhry of Global Equities Research...Read More >>
Android Lovers, Rejoice: Windows May Be Coming To Your ChromebookMonday, July 18, 2016 - 9:18am
Android (Alphabet Inc (NASDAQ: GOOG) (NASDAQ: GOOGL)) users may soon see Windows (Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT)) on their Chromebook, as CodeWeavers is testing a Android version of its product CrossOver, according to a report on Android Police. In other words, it may soon be possible to run...Read More >>
Windows 10 To See Big Changes With Its Free 'Anniversary Update'Thursday, June 30, 2016 - 9:04am
Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) is giving away a Windows 10 upgrade starting August 2. The free "anniversary update" of the company's most popular OS version ever will include a suit of revamped browsing, gaming and security tools and apps. However, users who have not installed...Read More >>
Microsoft's LinkedIn Acquisition: 'Is This Another Nokia Or Is There Real Value Here?'Tuesday, June 14, 2016 - 2:24pm
Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT)'s acquisition of LinkedIn Corp (NYSE: LNKD) is being considered a long-term positive for the Windows software maker due to the embedding of LinkedIn products into Office 365 and Dynamics CRM. But, some are skeptical over the deal given Microsoft's checkered...Read More >>
Will Intel And Microsoft Top Earnings Expectations Again?Sunday, April 17, 2016 - 7:01pm
The first-quarter earnings reporting season kicks into high gear this week. Highlights will include the latest results from two technology giants. Wall Street analysts are looking for earnings growth from both of them. The new earnings season is underway, and among the highlights this week will...Read More >>
Bank Of America Just Called Microsoft 'Cool'Thursday, March 31, 2016 - 12:54pm
Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) is closing out the first quarter of 2016 relatively flat, with a year-to-date read down 0.15 percent. Perhaps in an attempt at a Hail Mary play, the firm recently took steps that have been interpreted as keen interest in potentially buying out Yahoo! Inc. (...Read More >>
FBR's Ives Loving Microsoft After Windows 10 EventTuesday, October 6, 2015 - 3:12pm
In a report issued Tuesday, FBR analyst Daniel H. Ives shares his takeaways from Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT)'s Windows 10 Devices Event. The firm maintains an Outperform rating on Microsoft. Microsoft shares are up about 0.7 percent on Tuesday trading. Ives attended Microsoft'...Read More >>
Global Smartphone Sales Growth Decelerating To 10% This Year; China Still DominatesTuesday, August 25, 2015 - 4:31pm
In a press release issued Tuesday, International Data Corporation (IDC) analysts Ryan Reith, Anthony Scarsella and Michael Shirer said worldwide smartphone growth is expected to slow down to 10.4 percent in 2015, down from 27.5 percent in 2014. According to the firm's Worldwide Quarterly...Read More >>


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Cincinnati Bengals running back Cedric Benson was arrested early Sunday morning and charged with assault causing bodily injury to a family member in Travis County, Texas.
Benson's lawyer, Sam Bassett, released a statement Sunday stating that the incident involved a "former male roommate."
"Mr. Benson has been charged with misdemeanor assault arising out of a conflict with a former male roommate.
The two had difficulties resulting from Mr. Benson asking the former male roommate to leave his home a few days prior to this incident. The conflict became physical early this morning and we intend to fully investigate. There is not enough information available at this time for further comment. Thank you."
The former University of Texas rusher, set to become a free agent at the conclusion of the lockout, was previously arrested last June in Austin and charged with assault following a Memorial Day weekend bar dispute.
Sunday's offense is a Class A misdemeanor. Benson posted a $10,000 bond and was released just before Sunday afternoon, according to the Associated Press.
"The team is aware of the incident," Bengals spokesman Jack Brennan told The Cincinnati Enquirer. "However, as with most situations of this nature, it would (be) inappropriate for the team to comment until the matter is resolved through normal legal channels."
Benson, 28, led the Bengals in rushing with 1,111 yards and seven touchdowns in 16 starts last season.
Players have not been subject to discipline from the NFL during the lockout, though Commissioner Roger Goodell has said that players are still subject to the personal-conduct policy.
Benson met with Goodell in New York following his last arrest but wasn't suspended.
Benson's latest arrest comes a week after teammate Adam 'Pacman' Jones was arrested and charged with misdemeanor disorderly conduct and resisting arrest at a Cincinnati bar.
Nate Davis is a reporter, blogger and editor who's been at USA TODAY since 2000. He has covered the NFL since 2005. No, he did not play quarterback for Ball State. Davis' succession of our esteemed colleague Sean Leahy at The Huddle is considered a Brady-for-Bledsoe swap by most "insiders."More about Nate


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Posted by ESPN.com's Brian Bennett
The Syracuse Post-Standard's Bud Poliquin says Greg Paulus going to Syracuse to be the Orange quarterback is a "no-brainer." Paulus is expected to meet with Doug Marrone early next week.
There is no intelligent reason, then, for the Orange to dismiss Paulus or for Paulus to reject the Orange. None. And the more I ponder this potential union, the more I sense it will become official sooner than later.
Indeed, where are the pitfalls?
SU has a hole at quarterback and some 400,000 Carrier Dome seats to sell across the Orange's eight-game home schedule . . . and here comes Paulus, the gracious hometown boy who completed 66% of his passes for some 3,700 yards and 43 touchdowns in his senior season alone at Christian Brothers Academy, which went 13-0 on his watch that year.
• While the Orange wait on that possible arrival, they withstood another departure. Freshman offensive lineman Michael Kay has become the eighth scholarship player to leave the team this spring, Donnie Webb writes.
• Former West Virginia guard Greg Isdaner, who made a curious decision to turn pro after his junior year despite negative feedback from NFL scouts, remains optimistic that he'll be drafted this weekend, Mike Casazza says in the Charleston Daily Mail.
• Darius Butler came to Connecticut with something to prove, and he'll have accomplished that when he gets drafted -- possibly in the second round -- this weekend, Desmond Conner writes in the Hartford Courant.


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Taken from http://momers.tumblr.com/post/520037601/the-sobering-experience-of-a-fellow-fulbrighter A reward for coming back When will the Balochs stop being victims of the Pakistani paramilitary forces? Torture and kidnap of Balochs in Balochistan by the Pakistani law enforcement, especially the paramilitary forces, has become very common practice since the last few years. They kidnap us, arrest us on false charges, torture
Category: Pakistan
i really hate whats happenning to the world right now and i just dont mean politically… …it's the damned earthquakes. i'm shocked at whats happenned in haiti and chile and more or less smaller sized earthquakes that we've been experiencing in pakistan. apparently the planet earth has experienced 350 earthquakes alone in the past week


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No, this is not a "coming back" blog. Now most of you are probably wondering "Well then what the hell is he talking about and why am I reading this blog?"
Well, I've got two answers for those questions:
1. I have a suggestion for the wiki.
2. Because I'm Alex Martin Frickin' Rider and you couldn't resist.
Alright, serious time now. My suggestion is that on the weapon pages, there should be images of the weapons just laying on the ground. Not picked up but just so we'd have the world-model of the weapons. I know I've wanted this to happen on this wiki for a while. What do you guys think?
Oh, and for you guys who stopped reading after I said that it wasn't a "coming back" blog....
@^%# you...
Nah I'm just kidding, you guys know I love all of you.... (Alex Martin Rider realizes how creepy that sounded and just decides to shut up.)


text: 6 Alkaline Foods That Will Help You Get Rid Of Sinus Problems December 7, 2016 by Vanessa Harris Leave a Comment Basil Headaches due to sinus pressure can be effectively controlled by consuming basil. Basil contain excellent analgesic, sedative, anticongestive and disinfectant properties, that can clear up sinus problem. Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Related Posts:It's Incredible What Scientists Say Cayenne Pepper Can Do For Blood Sugar LevelsRaspberries Have Mind-Boggling Benefits For Pregnant WomenEating Berries Have Eye-Opening Results On DiabetesPeople Looking To Shed Pounds Should Consider Using Coconut Oil8 Alkaline Food That Can Help You Get Rid Of Gray Hair


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Write a single page web application
Presupuesto $10-30 USD
I want to build a very simple ToDo list single page web application. Here are some requirements:
*Must be implemented with MVC
*Must have both client and server sides, implemented with javascript, DOM and HTML
*Communication between client and server must be through XML or JSON
*Must be in a form of list, which can hold one or more items
*The items can be edited, deleted and added.
*The items can be filtered and sorted.
The application must be as simple as possible, so a beginner like myself can understand how it was developed.
Maximum budget 30$
Adjudicado a:
3 los freelancers están ofertando un promedio de $28 para este trabajo.
Hi, Our experience , commitment and expertise We have round about 9 years of development experience and we are a team of developers,designer and SEOs.We have record of websites which we have designed,developed and la Más
I will develop your task in MVC with all your requirements. Feel free to contact me for further discussion. Regards, Moeen Ahmed


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Check Out the new Remax App
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Proven short sale process with high close rate. Average approval is 90 days or less. Lender will pay up to 3% of buyers closing cost. Traditional brick front home move-in ready. 2-story foyer entry with overlook. Gleaming hardwood floors&extra trim package. Formal dining room. Perfect home office/music room. Guest suite on main. Sunken living room w/columns. Eat-in kitchen has bar,pantry and fireside keeping room. Owner retreat&spa-like bath w/walk-in closet. Bonus loft makes great den or playroom. 3 additional bedrooms generous in size and share a bath. Don't delay!