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Create and maintain a comprehensive genealogical family tree
Use this security logo:
Tutorial not found. Let know us about any useful video tutorial.
genealogy software, genealogy program, family tree software, family tree program, family history, family records
This product can be freely distributed through the Internet.
To publish it on a CD, please contact us.
Contact page: www.clarityx.com/contacts.shtml
Clarityx Family Chronicle.
License for use and distribution.
Clarityx Family Chronicle is distributed as try-before-you-buy. This means:
1. All copyrights to Clarityx Family Chronicle are exclusively owned by the author - Clarityx Software (www.clarityx.com).
2. Anyone may use this software without time limits, but an unregistered copy of Clarityx Family Chronicle has the following limitation: you can not enter more than 25 persons. If you wish to use Clarityx Family Chronicle without this limitation, you MUST register.
3. Once registered, the user is granted a non-exclusive license to use Clarityx Family Chronicle on one computer (i.e. a single cpu), for any legal purpose, at a time. The registered Clarityx Family Chronicle software may not be rented or leased, but may be permanently transferred, if the person receiving it agrees to terms of this license. If the software is an update, the transfer must include the update and all previous versions.
4. The Clarityx Family Chronicle unregistered trial version may be freely distributed, with exceptions noted below, provided the distribution package is not modified. No person or company may charge a fee for the distribution of Clarityx Family Chronicle without written permission from the copyright holder. The Clarityx Family Chronicle unregistered trial version may not be bundled or distributed with any other package without written permission of the copyright holder.
5. Information about the registration is available here: www.clarityx.com/purchase.html
6. Clarityx Family Chronicle IS DISTRIBUTED "AS IS". NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. YOU USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. THE AUTHOR WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR DATA LOSS, DAMAGES, LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANY OTHER KIND OF LOSS WHILE USING OR MISUSING THIS SOFTWARE.
7. You may not use, copy, emulate, clone, rent, lease, sell, modify, decompile, disassemble, otherwise reverse engineer, or transfer the licensed program, or any subset of the licensed program, except as provided for in this agreement. Any such unauthorized use shall result in immediate and automatic termination of this license and may result in criminal and/or civil prosecution.
All rights not expressly granted here are reserved by Clarityx Software.
8. Installing and using Clarityx Family Chronicle signifies acceptance of these terms and conditions of the license.
9. If you do not agree with the terms of this license you must remove Clarityx Family Chronicle files from your storage devices and cease to use the product.
Thank you for using Clarityx Family Chronicle!
Clarityx Software


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iptables-bash_completion provides programmable completion for the iptables and ip6tables programs. iptables options are shown only if they are valid at the current context. It supports completion of options, matches, and targets, and dynamic retrieval of data from the system, including chains, set names, interfaces, and hostnames. Environment variables allow completion options to be tuned. IP and MAC addresses can be supplied using a file.
|Netfilter bash Completion Security Networking
|Operating Systems
Release Notes: New in this version is support for the new options coming with iptables 1.4.21. The SYNPROXY target and the --nowildcard option of the socket match.
Release Notes: This release includes a lot of updates and fixes since the last announcement. The project is now considered stable.
A Fluent OpenStack client API for Java.
A TWiki appliance that is easy to use and lightweight.

subset: commoncrawl


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Today's Daily Digit
A somewhat subjective rating of the days weather, on a scale of 1 to 10.
Express Forecast
Today: Drizzle/showers, cloudy, cool. 60-65.
Tonight: Few more showers or drizzle. 45-50.
Tomorrow: Slow clearing. 65-70.
April is exiting on a dismal and dank note with clouds, some morning fog, and drizzle or showers in the picture again today. But May initiates tomorrow, and we start seeing some improvement that should carry into a pleasant end of week and weekend. Last year, we spent over 50 percent of May above 80-degrees on high temperatures. So far this year, we do not see any 80s yet on the horizon, so spring gets to hang around a bit longer.
Today (Tuesday): Cool, onshore flow keeps the drizzle and showers around, especially in the morning with scattered patches of early morning fog possible too. Don't expect much in the gauge, but we could get up to .05-.1 inches. Highs stay cool in the low-to-mid 60s. Confidence: Medium-High
Tonight: A 30 percent chance of showers or drizzle with continued cloudy skies, although we may start breaking it up a little bit toward dawn. Lows dip into the mid-to-upper 40s in most areas, but the city may hold closer to around 50. Light breezes continue from the northeast. Confidence: Medium-High
For related traffic news, check out Dr. Gridlock. Keep reading for the forecast through the weekend…
Tomorrow (Wednesday): Cloud cover decreases becoming partly to mostly sunny in the afternoon. Temperatures make a little more progress reaching the mid-to-upper 60s during the afternoon. Light winds remain from the east or northeast. Confidence: Medium-High
Tomorrow night: Mostly clear and cool with lows in the mid-to-upper 40s again (could be a slight degree or two cooler than the night before in most areas). Light winds from the east or northeast direction. Confidence: Medium-High
Thursday and Friday shift back into the Nice Day zone with reasonable chances for mostly sunny skies, comfortable temperatures in the upper 60s to low 70s, and relatively low humidity. The very slight onshore flow from the east makes me worry about some cloudier skies at times, but right now the guidance is tilted to the sunny side. Lows Thursday and Friday night dip into the mid-to-upper 40s again under mostly clear skies (this is very close to average). Confidence: Medium
The weekend is looking to continue the nice streak with maybe some warmer weather too. Highs in the low-to-mid 70s with lows in the upper 40s to low 50s — top-notch springtime weather. A few clouds may creep in Sunday afternoon, but we should still see partly to mostly sunny skies based on the current assessment. Last weekend was excellent, and we have a shot to outdo it here. Confidence: Medium


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Graco Swing 'N Bounce 2-in-1 Infant Swing The Graco 3-in-1 Swing N' Bounce can be used as a traditional swing, or as a carrier bouncer seat when removed from swing frame. It features 2-speed vibration which calms and relaxes baby and 6-swing speeds which provide multiple swing options to suite your baby's mood. The 3-position reclining seat adjusts for baby's comfort and the overhead toy bar provides visual stimulation. The soft toys remove for baby's play time. There are enhanced electronic
Average Price: $119.00


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704St Wardrobe Stylist
Carlene VictoriaModel Female Waxahachie, Texas, US
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/carlenevictoria
Mayhem # 1963764
About MeMy name is Carly and I am starting my dream of modeling! I am a varsity volleyball player, very friendly and very outgoing. I am building my portfolio so I am up for just about any type or shoot or project to get my modeling career rolling! I look forward to working with all of you!!! Thank you for viewing my profile =)
Have you worked with Carlene Victoria? Add Credits for Carlene Victoria! >>
704St Wardrobe Stylist
Angels Dream Too Retoucher
Brett Sly Photography Photographer
ACertainLook Photographer
Hernan Farias Photographer
C U R V A C I O N Photographer
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This product dispatches in 15-21 business days*. Conditions Apply*
MRP : Rs. 71,965.00
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Bajaao Price : Rs. 68,689.00
EMI starts from Rs. 3,720.65.
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Buy Boss DR-880 Dr. Rhythm Drum Machine online in India at the best price with free shipping from BAJAAO - India's music equipment superstore.
This is a rhythm-programming powerhouse loaded with world-class drum, percussion, and bass sounds from Roland's famous SRX library. It also includes a stunning collection of original waveforms. You can get microscopic in programming the DR-880, but you also have the option of taking the simple route with its 3 EZ Compose buttons that allow original patterns to be constructed without note-by-note programming hassles. Patterns can be taken deeper with the Groove Modify feature, where various groove and triplet feels can be applied. Ghost notes and fills can also be added automatically. Guitar and bass players can join the action by plugging directly to the DR-880's Guitar/Bass Input jack, and playing through the built-in COSM Drive/amp models and multi-effects.
Boss DR-880 Dr. Rhythm Drum Machine Specifications:


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ludopixbook Photographer
EllieDuckModel Female Paris, Île–de–France, France
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/duckie
Mayhem # 1343932
About MeHi There!
Looking for some experience in UK/France. Started out a few years- mainly portrait work and promotional jobs.
Give me a message if you are interested in doing some work!
Update: Just moved back to Scotland so won't be available in Paris for a while.
Have you worked with EllieDuck? Add Credits for EllieDuck! >>
ludopixbook Photographer
Erin Florence Photographer
Bapt Model
J Thomas Vitovic Photographer
DANG Vinh Photographer
ALAgrApHY Photographer
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menses early and profuse, but otherwise normal so far as known.
Get rid of the bad health and the menses will take care of themselves.
I know that after the ovaries have been transplanted into women who have none their menses return on a 4-day period regularly.
Mothers should instruct their daughters when the menses are apt to begin, and what their function is.
It most frequently appears in females after the cessation of the menses.
Labor occurs at about the time in which the menses would have appeared.
I mentioned before that in some girls and women the menses are accompanied by pains and cramps.
Some women never know when they may expect their menses, so irregular they are.
By menorrhagia we understand an immoderate flow of the menses.
Speaking generally, relations during the menses should be discouraged.
"monthly discharge of blood from the uterus," 1590s, from Latin menses, plural of mensis "month" (see moon (n.)).
menses men·ses (měn'sēz)
The monthly flow of blood and cellular debris from the uterus that begins at puberty and ceases at menopause. Also called emmenia, menstrual period.
See menstruation.


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There are many other reasons to close accounts. Generally, these are up to the investor.
Account Holder is Deceased
Upon hearing of the death of an account holder, the broker-dealer's first responsibility is to cancel all open orders and to ensure that no further orders are placed. Then he or she should add the word "deceased" to the name on the account while awaiting confirmation in the form of a death certificate.
- Estate Requirements - Because money lives forever, the broker-dealer will now have to deal with some estate issues.
- First, there may be a court order or a notarized will specifying who has ownership or discretion over the account.
- The account cannot be closed until tax issues - state of legal residence at time of death and official notification from that jurisdiction that all tax claims have been settled - are resolved.
- First, there may be a court order or a notarized will specifying who has ownership or discretion over the account.
Transferring Funds to Another Brokerage
When a client decides to close an account and move the funds to another brokerage, both the holding and the receiving institution must, according to NYSE Rule 412, "expedite and coordinate" the transfer, which must be complete within three business days. Oddly, the SEC's website suggests allowing two to three weeks for the process. Even then, transfers may be delayed if:
- the wrong transfer form is used;
- the transfer form has been incorrectly completed;
- the transfer involves a request to liquidate some or all of the assets;
- the transfer includes a margin account;
- the transfer is from one type of account into a different type of account;
- the account owner is changed; or
- the transfer involves a retirement account.
Personal Finance
8 Low-Cost Ways To Transfer MoneyIf cost is your primary concern, there are several cheap(er) ways to move funds.
Personal Finance
Transferring Credit Card Balances To A New CardBefore you take advantage of that new credit card's 0% interest balance transfer offer, read our step-by-step guide.
5 Money Transfer Tips For Foreign WorkersIf you are working in the U.S. as a foreign worker, here are some tips for sending money back home.
What Does a Transfer Agent Do?Transfer agents maintain the records and documents related to shareholder accounts.
Personal Finance
How Credit Card Balance Transfers WorkThe pros and cons of credit card balance transfers.
Understanding The Insurance Transfer-For-Value RuleIf you are banking on your life insurance payout being tax-free, you may be in for a surprise.
Personal Finance
Understanding Savings AccountsA deposit account held at a bank or other financial institution that provides principal security and a modest interest rate.
What Is A Trading Account?A trading account enables an investor to buy and sell securities.
Best Ways to Send Large Sums of Money AbroadUnderstand why it may be difficult to send large sums of money internationally. Learn about the top five ways to send large sums of money abroad.
How to Avoid Taxation on Life Insurance ProceedsDecrease the value of your taxable estate and prevent the tax man from getting you one last time.


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Make Dull Pictures Of Food Turn Yummy In Seconds
Do you have pictures of food taken at the wrong time of the day, shot with the wrong settings or with a less sophisticated camera? This website will instantly turn any picture of food from dull to tasty in seconds!
All you need to do is to upload the dull jpeg image of food and hit the submit button, and the website does the rest. Basically what it does is adjusting the vibrancy and contrast settings of the original image to make it look the best for food.
This is a pretty useful online tool for optimizing an image on the fly especially when there aren't any photo editing tools lying around in the computer.
Check out the website here.


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New York 874; ca. 1940s; High neck with slashed opening at front perforated for square neck; attached two piece gathered skirt perforated for trimming. Removable belt.
Featured in New York Gold Seal Patterns Spring 1946
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
Gallery Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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Is treatment of minorities a key election issue? Views differ by race, party
Race figures prominently in the national debate as the Republican and Democratic national conventions near, but how important this issue is to American voters varies by their race and which presidential candidates they support.
Though a 63% majority of registered voters overall name treatment of racial and ethnic minorities as very important to their vote, it is not the top issue on the voters' agenda: Eight-in-ten or more rank the economy (84%) and terrorism (80%) as very important issues to their vote. Other issues that rank highly on voters' 2016 importance list include foreign policy (75% very important), health care (74%), gun policy (72%) and immigration (70%). (This Pew Research Center survey was conducted in late June, before the events of last week, including the shooting deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile and the deaths of five police officers in Dallas.)
Yet the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities is among the highest-ranked issues on the agenda for voters who are supporting Hillary Clinton in the general election. Fully 79% of Clinton supporters say this issue is very important to their vote. Clinton supporters rank the treatment of minorities at the same level of importance as the economy (80%), terrorism (74%) and gun policy (74%).
Clinton backers are nearly twice as likely as those who support Donald Trump to say the treatment of minorities is very important to their 2016 decision (79% vs. 42%). The gap in importance placed on this issue by the two presumptive presidential candidates' backers is among the widest across the 14 issues on the survey.
By more than two-to-one, voters also are more likely to give Clinton the edge over Trump when it comes to acting on race relations as president – the widest advantage for either candidate across 12 issue areas asked about. Two-thirds (66%) think Clinton is the candidate who would do a better job dealing with race relations, while only about a quarter (26%) say Trump would do the better job.
An overwhelming majority of black Americans see the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities as a key issue to their vote in 2016. Fully 82% of blacks overall say this issue is very important, and it is among the highest on this group's 2016 agenda.
Nearly three-quarters of Hispanic voters (72%) also say the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities is a very important issue to their decision in the fall. Both blacks and Hispanics are more likely than white voters to say this issue is very important to their vote, though a 56% majority of white Americans do say the same.
Among whites, though, there is a substantial partisan divide in the importance of this issue in 2016. About three-quarters of white Democratic voters (78%) rate the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities as a very important issue in their 2016 vote.
By contrast, white Republican voters are far less likely to say the same: 40% say it is very important to their decision. About half of independents (54%) call the treatment of minorities very important to their vote.
The importance of the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities to voters' decisions in the 2016 election mirrors attitudes about the attention race and racial issues get in the United States today.
A separate Pew Research Center survey this spring finds that blacks also are about twice as likely as whites to think there is too little attention paid to racial issues in this country (58% vs. 27%). Smaller shares of black Americans think race and racial issues get too much attention in the country (22%) or that they get the right amount (17%).
Among white Americans, who are less likely to find the issue very important to their vote in 2016, 41% think race is given too much attention in the U.S., and fewer (28%) say it gets paid the right amount of attention.
White Republicans are especially likely to say the issue of race is paid too much attention in this country today: Roughly six-in-ten (59%) think this is the case; 11% think it's paid too little attention, and 26% think it's given the right amount.
By comparison, about half of white Democrats (49%) think racial issues are given too little attention in the country, compared with 28% who say they are given the right amount and 21% who say they are given too much attention.
Topics: U.S. Political Parties, Political Attitudes and Values, Race and Ethnicity, Religion and U.S. Politics, Political Issue Priorities, Hispanic/Latino Vote, African Americans, 2016 Election
Hannah Fingerhut is a research analyst focusing on U.S. politics and policy at Pew Research Center.
3 Comments
Report is in line with news and published reports of Republican base support for GOP candidate and lack of priority in media coverage of political divide on this issue. Media non-coverage fits Trump supporters low ranking of 11/14 (42%) and not Clinton's supporters high priority at almost tied for first (79% v. 80% Economy). To the extent that indifference reflects an implicit racial attitude, the media is in tune with Republican sentiments that there is "too much attention" (59%) given to the issue (and therefore it should not be covered) verses 49% of Democrats who think there is "too little" (and therefore it should be covered). If Trump dominates the media coverage as many believe and he does not mention racial issues or implications of Klan and white male support, has it become a non-issue?
I find it impossible to believe your BLM numbers. Maybe it's because of where I live.
Polls are nothing more than propaganda, just look at the difference between pre electoral polls and actual resultuts of the various referenda about the European Union, each time the polls said that the people will vote in favor and each time the people voted against…


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Citta-kkhana: 'consciousness-moment', is the time occupied by one single stage in the perceptual process or cognitive series cittavīthi see: viññāna-kicca This moment again is subdivided into the genetic uppāda static thiti and dissolving bhanga moment. One such moment is said in the commentaries to be of inconceivably short duration and to last not longer than the billionth part of the time occupied by a flash of lightning. However that may be, we ourselves know from experience that it is possible within one single second to dream of innumerable things and events. In A. I, 10 it is said:;Nothing, o Bhikkhus, do I know that changes so rapidly as consciousness. Scarcely anything may be found that could be compared with this so rapidly changing consciousness.
Maha Thera Nyanatiloka. Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines, Buddhist Publication Society, first edition 1952.


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Tere Naam Zack Knight MP3 Song, Video | Lyrics
Complete Music Information :
Song Name: Tere Naam
Singers: Zack Knight
Song Cast: Zack Knight
Track Duration: 3:19
Music Director: Zack Knight
Lyricist: Zack Knight
Movie/Album: Tere Naam – Single
Complete Lyrics,MP3 Video – Given Below
Tere Naam – Zack Knight Video
About Tere Naam Video : Zack Knight is Back with New Song Named "Tere Naam" Zack Knight are the singers for Tere Naam Single. Video of Tere Naam is Live Now. Tere Naam From Zack Knight MP3 Full Song is Here. Complete Video detail is Given Above. Download the Complete Mp3 Song ITunes Rip and Lyrics here. Music is Given by Zack Knight.
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Photography jobs in the commercial fashion industry are highly sought after because they offer potentially big paychecks, wide exposure and access to a glamorous lifestyle. Photography is a growing field. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, jobs for all photographers will increase by 13 percent through 2020. Despite the growth, fashion photography remains a highly competitive field. Photographers who aspire to work in the industry will have a better chance to enter the business by following some basic steps.
Most photographers do not need a college degree to land a job, but many take classes to improve their skills and keep up with the trends. Classes available at community colleges, art schools and other institutions teach the latest photo techniques and familiarize photographers with cutting-edge equipment. Photographers who decide to pursue a post-secondary degree often get it in a related field, such as business or marketing, to enhance their knowledge and improve their job prospects.
A portfolio is important for all photographers, but it's essential for industry newcomers trying to land that first photo gig. The quickest way for photographers to assemble a portfolio, as well as to keep enhancing their skills, is to take pictures of friends. As their technique improves, photographers can search for up-and-coming models to work with. The best way to find them is to go to amateur modeling sites where novice models seek photographers. Photographers should carefully edit their shots to present the best photos and make both digital and print versions. While magazine photo editors will look at a photographer's work online, they also will want to see as many as 20 photos, 8 inches-by-10 inches, during a face-to-face meeting.
The most inexpensive way for photographers to showcase a large number of photos is to display them on a personal website. They should encourage people to post their photos on social media accounts, such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, as well. This will greatly increase the number of people who will see the photos, including people connected to the fashion industry who can influence hiring and creative decisions. Photographers also should consider submitting some of their pictures to an art gallery for both increased exposure and potential revenue.
Photo agents connect photographers with clients and help to sell their photos. For an unknown photographer who doesn't have any industry contacts, a good photo agent can help bridge that gap. Photo agents will also resell work in multiple markets and act as a publicist for the photographer. Photographers should research prospective agents and get references. Agents will prove the most vital link to the fashion industry, so photographers need to select carefully.
Photo Credits
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images


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Author has written 9 stories for Hetalia - Axis Powers.
Hi! My name is CJ (Well not really but my name is unique and people pronounce it CJ anyway)
Gender: Female
Current Obsession: Hetalia
Head Canon for Hetalia
Define Nation: A large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory. (aka not country)
Canada isn't really invisible. He's just quiet, shy, doesn't like the spot light and doesn't like attention. He does however have a fairly big inner ego (a recent poll showed that Canadians and Australians think the highest of their own country)
America recognizes Canada easily (Shown in manga). He just pretends not to in front of other nations to make him mad.
There is a Quebec/French Canada nation-tan (sometimes called Jean because Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day is also the Quebec national holiday and patron saint of Quebec) because Quebec was declared a nation within a nation
France is misunderstood and has seen a lot of tragedy in his life. The only girl he ever loved died at his hand (or his boss's) and almost all his colonies were taken by Britain (Canada and Seychelles in the anime). This explains his tendencies to hit on everything that moves and to want to be everyone's big brother.
A nation dies or disappeared when there is nobody that associates themselves with the nation.
I have no idea what to make of Prussia yet… I've heard good theories though.
When a nation gets injured, captured ect. It results in a decrease in morale for the people of the nation (in war time it would mean less fighting spirit, in peacetime less economic development due to laziness) the intensity depends on the injury
When a nation is "killed" it takes some time (from a few days to a year) to reappear depending on the condition of the country. A kill would also result in a decrease in moral on a much larger scale.
|At the Crossroads of Life
|Anime/Manga Naruto


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Marsha Nuccio is writing these days as Emelle Gamble. She started as M.L. Gamble writing Harlequin Intrigues, but found the initials and search engines a little snarky, so opted for a new name. She's now with SoulMate Publishing doing women's fiction and romance.
Darlene Gardner (Published)
Darlene Gardner left her life as a newspaper sportswriter behind for love and romance. She has more than 30 books in print, from single-title romantic comedies to emotionally charged family dramas. She's currently self publishing updated editions from her backlist and working on a series of paranormal romances for teens. That is, when she's not playing tennis.
Tracee Lydia Garner (Published)
Tracee Lydia Garner is a speaker, private writing coach and author of five books. Born and raised in Northern Virginia, (outside of DC) promotes lots of scandalous tales involving senators, US government and all sorts of political drama. Tracee holds a degree in Communications from Old Dominion University. She tremendously enjoys the written and spoken word and prior to entertaining full-length novels, was a contributor to her alma mater's campus literary magazine for her poetry. Tracee teaches How to Write the Novel at the college level and has done so for 15 years. She is working on the sequel to Anchored Hearts, her sixth book tentatively titled A Warm Embrace.
Diane Gaston is a long time WRW member and the award-winning author of Regency Historical Romance for Harlequin Historical, Mills & Boon Historical, and other Harlequin branches worldwide. Diane's awards include a RITA for Best Regency Romance, the National Readers Choice Award, the Golden Quill, the Orange Rose (now called Booksellers Best), and the Holt Medallion Award of Merit. The award of which she is the proudest, though, is WRW's Nancy Richards-Akers Mentoring Award.
Grace Greene (Published)
Grace Greene writes fiction with romance, suspense and inspiration ~ always with a strong heroine at its heart. Grace is also an artist and photographer and these interests show up on the pages of the stories. Grace lives in central Virginia.
Krista Hall (Published)
Krista Hall writes romantic suspense and won the 2013 Golden Heart® Award for her debut novel BROKEN PLACES. She lives in Northern Virginia and can also be found online at the romantic suspense group blog KissAndThrill.com.
Cristin Harber writes award-winning contemporary romance and romantic suspense with a little steam and sizzle. A native Northern Virginian and a graduate of University of Louisville, she is a recovering politico and lover of all things book and dog related. Cristin and her husband have a daughter and English Bulldog.
Georgiana Marie Harding
Georgiana Harding lives in Virginia Beach with her 'Southern gentleman' husband and devoted Coton de Tulear named Buddy.
Focused on finishing her work in progress, the 'BAD BOY BILLIONAIRES' series about 'free-spirited women and sinfully sexy, rich heroes,' she breaks up the full days with reading, a Netflix addiction, yoga and walking on the beach (no more shoveling snow!) She ends the day with her own romantic hero, cuddly pup and a nice glass of Shiraz.
Gail Hart is the daughter of a geek and a journalist, but has no discernible talent for anything technical, so she went to law school. After a few years as an Air Force JAG, she settled in as a lawyer and manager for the Federal government. Despite what opposing counsel have sometimes said about her briefs, she didn't write any fiction until a few years ago. However, she must have been destined to be a romance writer, because even the law review article she wrote had "sex" in the title.
Liliana Hart (Published)
Liliana Hart became addicted to writing after finishing her first book her freshman year of college, and she knew she'd found what she was meant to do with her life. She has no idea why she majored in music. She is a bestselling and award-winning author in both the mystery and romance genres, and since self-publishing in June of 2011, she's sold more than half a million ebooks all over the world.
Kim Headlee writes critically acclaimed Arthurian romantic fiction, and she also writes historical romances set in other time periods and locales as Kimberly Iverson. She lives on a farm in the mountains of southwestern Virginia with her family, cats, fish, goats, Great Pyrenees goat guards, and assorted wildlife. People and creatures come & go, but the cave and the 250-year-old house ruins—the latter having been occupied as recently as the mid-20th century—seem to be sticking around for a while yet.
Helen Hester-Ossa has served WRW as judge for Marlene contests, volunteer for the Get a Clue programs, member of the speaker taping team for the monthly chapter meetings, and Treasurer. Until recently Helen wrote, edited, and designed the Skeptical Eye, a periodical for the National Capital Area Skeptics, where she wrote on a Leesburg ghost hunter, NIH alternative medicine, chiropractic, psychic cold readings, and dowsing, among others. Helen began her career as a medical writer for the LSU Medical School's Specialized Center of Research in Arteriosclerosis in New Orleans, where, in addition to writing a weekly newspaper column and editing research publications, she edited a 450-page book on heart disease. Once she came to the Washington, DC, area, she worked as a publications specialist for defense engineering firms before moving to the Copyright Office as the head of the Publications Section. Helen is currently writing a romantic suspense.
Gwen Hernandez (Published)
Gwen Hernandez spends her days trying to silence her left brain and coax stories of romance and suspense from her creative side. She also shares her love for the writing software Scrivener through her popular online classes and her book Scrivener For Dummies (Aug 2012, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.). A 2011 Golden Heart® finalist in Romantic Suspense, Gwen lives in northern Virginia with her Air Force hero, two teenage boys, and a lazy golden retriever.


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Chapter 5 Trauma and Substance Abuse
- Garry Mitchell
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1 Chapter 5 Trauma and Substance Abuse Stress and Substance Abuse In its most basic form, trauma creates stress. The state of being in stress is uncomfortable, thus causing a need to seek a return to homeostasis (Jacobsen, et at, 2001). The fact that there is a connection between trauma and substance abuse has been known for decades by professionals treating people who experience both trauma and substance abuse. The stress-reduction model of substance abuse posits that stress is managed by some people by intake of alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs (ATOD). Stress is considered a major contributor to substance abuse initiation, continuation, and relapse (Brady & Sonne, 1999). Studies have consistently shown that there is a greater likelihood of alcohol and drug abuse when stress is high (Dawes et al, 2000; Sinha, Fuse, Aubin & O Malley, 2000; Khantzian, 1985; Kosten, Rousaville, & Kleber, 1986). Because trauma causes increased stress, it is reasonable to assume that trauma is also related to substance abuse initiation, continuation and relapse. Treatment and prevention professionals must also be aware that PTSD frequently co-occurs with anxiety disorders, depression, and alcohol or other substance abuse. The fact that there is a connection between trauma and substance abuse has been known for decades by professionals treating people who experience both trauma and substance abuse. Research in the area of stress and substance abuse demonstrates: That stress increases risk for substance abuse and relapse. Addicts identify stress and distress as reasons for abusing substances and for relapse There are similar body neurological reactions to drugs and stress PTSD may develop following exposure to a severe traumatic event. (NIDA) 56
2 SUBSTANCE ABUSE IS CONTRA- INDICATED Self-medication with substances is contra-indicated for survivors of trauma. Use of alcohol, tobacco, street drugs or a mis-use of prescription drugs is a negative coping mechanism. (SIDRAN Institute, Presentation at Syracuse Regional Conference, June 6, 2003). While it seems to provide some immediate relief from either anxiety or pain, in reality it complicates and confounds the healing and recovery process: - it only provides temporary relief, if any at all; - it often blocks necessary psychological processing and can prevent or delay the natural completion of the grieving process; - it often results in lower functioning capacity resulting in poor choices and poor decisions and even behavioral dysfunction; - rather than calming nerves, alcohol and other drugs can actually increase both anxiety and fears, they intensify and exaggerate emotions so they come out drug-affected... and long term use can even cause emotional stagnation; Even the most minor use of these substances... can actually make the symptoms of trauma... much more serious. - they can disrupt sleep, especially stage four or deep sleep, and they can increase nightmares and make them more vivid and believable; Even the most minor use of these substances, unless by physician s prescription and under a strict medical protocol, can actually make the symptoms of trauma - especially the more severe symptoms associated with PTSD -- much more serious. 57
3 One specific area of trauma and substance abuse that has been studied more than others is the area of sexual victimization and the impact on trauma-induced substance abuse. Because this is an area that was noted by prevention providers as likely to be encountered, the following section will present an examination of the literature. Victimization High rates of past sexual abuse and corresponding substance abuse have long suggested the need for simultaneous treatment for trauma and substance abuse (Barnard, 1989; Evans and Schaeffer, 1980; Glover, 1999). Janikowski, Borderi, and Glover (1997) conducted a study of 732 participants in residential treatment facilities and concluded that 36.3% had histories of incest. For traumatized persons, substance abuse was a means of managing distress symptoms such as recollections, nightmares, avoidance, numbing, low self-esteem. In addition, traumatic sexual abuse often leads to confusion about sexual identity, sex used as a means of giving and receiving attention, over-sexualization, and phobias related to sex. Symptoms of sexual abuse among persons in substance abuse treatment facilities may be difficult to recognize since presenting symptoms frequently mirror those associated with substance abuse. Left untreated, victims of sexual abuse may use alcohol as a coping strategy to numb feelings and suppress painful, recurring memories as well as deal with overwhelming feelings of powerlessness, shame, and betrayal. Powerlessness: Due to an inability to control sexual abuse, many continue to experience feelings of powerlessness into adulthood. Substance use serves to increase feelings of personal power and self-esteem. It serves to increase confidence and decrease anxiety of normal social interactions but also increases susceptibility toward further sexual assault reinforcing feelings of powerlessness. For traumatized persons, substance abuse was a means of managing distress symptoms such as recollections, nightmares, avoidance, numbing, low self-esteem. 58
4 The cyclic substance abuse and sexual abuse spiral is evident without intervention. However, intervention must be handled carefully as discussions of past abuse may trigger painful memories and client may revert to substance abuse to handle memories Shame and Stigmatization: Due to the climate of secrecy which generally accompanies sexual abuse, a shame-based sense of self may develop. Feeling of being bad, and at fault for the abuse are common. Feelings of being different can be eased with substance abuse and within the substance abuse environment in which one may feel accepted. Being connected to and accepted by others who abuse substances can lead to further stigmatization and shame increasing reliance upon substances to reduce negative feelings about the self. As the self-perception continues to be lowered, feeling of self-harm may increase. Substance use may facilitate the tendency to carry out such actions. Betrayal A sense of worthlessness may develop from the failure of trusted adults to protect the abused child, a perceived failure of the self to protect the child-self. Adult relationships may rely upon drugs in order to allow the self to test the partner at the same time emotionally numbing or protecting the individual from experiencing further betrayal. Relationships that prove untrustworthy led to increased feelings of worthlessness and increased reliance upon substances to provide numbing or a false sense of increased self-esteem. Stimulants may be used to maintain hypervigelence in order to protect the self from further violations. Feelings of being different can be eased with substance abuse and within the substance abuse environment in which one may feel accepted. Issues specific to intervention and treatment. Disclosure - If clients feel that the relationship is trusted, they may disclose sexual abuse. Treatment professionals who are unprepared for such a disclosure may indicate to clients that the disclosure was a poor judgment and may retreat. This may increase feelings of shame surrounding abuse issues. Referral - Appropriate referral is essential but may also interrupt the continuity of treatment and may increase feelings of powerlessness and helplessness. 59
5 Abstinence - if substances have been used to control symptoms of abuse, cessation may lead to uncontrolled recurrence of flashbacks and memories, negative emotions, sleep disturbance, and could increase self-destructive behaviors and lead to relapse. Intervention must therefore be carefully pursued. PTSD and Substance Abuse PTSD may be difficult to recognize. One reason that people use and abuse substances is to avoid experiencing distress and painful memories. In fact, for some people, the substances are effective toward that end. However, the substance abuse causes difficulties in recognition of the PTSD due to the masking properties of substance abuse. In order to properly assess and treat the symptoms of PTSD it is therefore necessary that substance abuse cease. With cessation there are expectancies of increased symptomatology including recurrent and intrusive thoughts and memories of the trauma. Research has demonstrated a strong relationship between PTSD and Substance Abuse. Andrew W. Meisler s article Trauma, PTSD and Substance Abuse, which appeared in the PTSD Research Quarterly, provides a wealth of information about this subject. Dr. Meisler noted that studies of individuals seeking treatment for PTSD have consistently found a high prevalence drug and/or alcohol abuse. Research has suggested that 60-70% of treatment seeking Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD also met the criteria for current alcohol and/or drug abuse. However, the substance abuse causes difficulties in recognition of the PTSD due to the masking properties of substance abuse. Research on PTSD and Substance Abuse The research on persons who abuse substances shows that there are higher rates of PTSD than exhibited in the general population. Estimates of lifetime substance abuse are from 21% to 43% for persons with PTSD. For persons without PTSD, lifetime substance abuse is estimated from 8% to 25%. Substance abusers have a rate of PTSD estimated at about 8%. 60
6 Substance abusing adolescents have a 20% rate of PTSD PTSD appears to be about 42% among persons in inpatient treatment for substance abuse. Pregnant women in residential treatment show a PTSD rate of about 60% (NIDA) Patients with PTSD commonly have substance use disorders (Jacobsen, Southwick, & Kosten, 2001) The onset of PTSD appears to precede the onset of substance use disorders (Chilcoat and Breslau, 1998) Working with Persons with PTSD and Substance Abuse General guidelines for working effectively with clients who have coexisting PTSD and Substance Abuse: Know the client s interpersonal world Be aware of client s negative and positive reinforcers Be aware of client s social support system Be aware of alcohol and drug use of significant persons Assist with a decrease of associations with friends who abuse substances Assist with the creation of non-substance abusing acquaintances and supports Awareness of cultural role of substances and cultural experiences of the client Be aware of client's motivation for change. Assess client s readiness for change Victims with coexisting disorders of substance abuse and PTSD need treatment for both disorders simultaneously (Penk, 1981; Penk & Robinowitz, 1987; 1989; Penk, 1993). 61
7 Treatment by Type of PTSD Once abstinence is obtained, PTSD can be treated based upon the PTSD classification. PTSD is classified into 3 subtypes due to differences in etiology and development. Treatment for each subtype varies accordingly. (As reported in PTSD and Substance Abuse: Clinical Assessment Considerations, by Walter Penk, Ph.D., NCP Clinical Newsletter 3(3-4): Summer/Fall 1993.) Chronic Chronic Type For subtype I, whose substance abuse and PTSD start quite early in life, it may be especially helpful to treat first with Liberman's (1992) Psychosocial Rehabilitation and then later with Marlatt and Gordon's (1985) Relapse Prevention Techniques--especially when delivered within a complex set of community support services (such as day hospitals, day treatment centers, social clubs, clubhouses, etc.) Periodic Chronic Type Treatment for subtype II is quite different treatment programming is needed especially for clients with antisocial behaviors (for key references, see the American Psychiatric Association's four-volume work, Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders, 1990). For the person with lifetime addiction problems, there may be periodic exposure to stressful or life-threatening situations, usually associated with obtaining substances. Here, group techniques and therapeutic communities have been found helpful. Assisting the client to find other ways to reduce PTSD symptoms is recommended over the "selfmedicating" use of illicit substances. Chronic Periodic Type For subtype III, substance abuse may appear as a form of "selfmedicating" PTSD symptoms. Assisting the client to find other ways to reduce PTSD symptoms (e.g., stress management, desensitization, implosive techniques, etc.) is recommended over the "self-medicating" use of illicit substances. 62
8 Treatments for Comorbid PTSD and Drug Abuse There is no standard protocol for treatment of PTSD and substance abuse. Current treatments include the following: Detoxification - Due to the likelihood that substance use ceasation may trigger PTSD Symptoms, inpatient detoxification is considered optimal. Chemical Dependency Rehabilitation - Inpatient, outpatient, or residential treatment for co-occurring disorders. Medication - anti-depressant medications such as sertraline (Zoloft ), have been shown to be helpful in treating patients with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders. Psychotherapy - studies show that patients who suffer from PTSD can improve with cognitive behavioral therapy to minimize negative behaviors based upon cognition that may be faulty. Group therapy to offer support from others who have undergone similar experiences Exposure therapy (to increase tolerance to negative triggers or stimuli). Currently exposure therapy is viewed as very promising because it allows the individual to gradually re-live the traumatic experience under controlled conditions, thus permitting the individual to work through the trauma Family therapy to offer emotional support, cognitive understandings, and behavioral modification of family functioning. Anti-depressant medications have been shown to be helpful in treating patients with cooccurring PTSD and substance use disorders. 63
9 Useful Assessment Tools The MMPI was developed in the late 1930s by a psychologist and a psychiatrist (Hathaway and McKinley) at the University of Michigan. The MMPI-2 is one of the most researched instruments, and has been consistently ranked one of the top two of alll psychological instruments used by American Psychologists. Alcohol Acknowledgment Scale and Addiction Proneness Scale: Butcher, Graham, Dahlstrom, Tellegen & Kaemmer, 1989) Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS): The Clinician- Administered PTSD Scale is a structured clinical interview designed to assess adults for the seventeen symptoms for PTSD outlined in the DSM-IV. It was one of the first diagnostic interviews for PTSD, and was developed by the National Center for PTSD. (For a copy of CAPS, contact the VA Medical Center and Regional Office Center, 215 North Main Street, White River Junction, VT ) Level of Care Index: Perhaps one of the most interesting new measures for addiction disorders is the Level of Care Index, developed by David Mee-Lee, Ph.D., and Norman G. Hoffman, Ph.D., distributed by CATOR/New Standards, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota. The Index provides criteria assessing appropriate treatment setting assignments based upon scores in six areas. A self-administered self-report set of scales is available to assess similar domains. (RAATE, Mee-Lee, 1988.) OTHER FINDINGS OF TRAUMA-RELATED SUBSTANCE ABUSE Research demonstrates a strong link between exposure to a traumatic event, and subsequent use/abuse problems. Many people who have experienced a critical incident, ex., rape, child abuse, an act of terrorism or natural catastrophe, have used alcohol, cigarettes, or street drugs - or misused prescription drugs, to cope. In the majority of instances, this translates into self-medicating with substances to help people deal with the emotional pain, nightmarish memories, eating and sleeping problems, and fears and anxieties. 64
10 In fact, research demonstrates that exposure to trauma puts an individual at four to five times greater risk of substance abuse, and stress is considered the number one cause of relapse to alcohol and drug abuse and addiction and smoking. (News Release: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University.) While the use of alcohol or drugs can provide a temporary distraction or relief for traumatized people who may be suffering from very serious and even debilitating problems across multiple areas of their lives, this relief is only temporary. Furthermore, the use of substances can be harmful. Substance abuse reduces a person s ability to concentrate, to sleep restfully, to cope with traumatic memories and external stressors, and to fulfill roles in a generally productive manner. According to Traumatic Stress and Substance Abuse Problems, (a pamphlet designed by the National Center for PTSD, and edited by the Public Education Committee of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Northbrook, Il., 2001). One quarter to three-quarters of people who have survived abusive or violent traumatic experiences report problematic alcohol use. One-tenth to one-third of people who survive accident, illness, or disaster related trauma report problematic alcohol use - especially when troubled by persistent health problems or pain. Up to 8-% of Vietnam veteran s seeking PTSD treatment have problems related to alcohol use. Women exposed to traumatic life events show an increased risk for alcohol abuse.. Men and women reporting sexual abuse have higher rates of alcohol and drug abuse than other men and women. Compared to adolescents who have not been sexually assaulted, adolescent sexual assault victims are 4-5 times more likely to experience marijuana abuse or dependence, and 9 times more likely to experience hard drug abuse or dependence. Research demonstrates that exposure to trauma puts an individual at four-to-five times greater risk of substance abuse, and stress is considered the number one cause of relapse to alcohol and drug abuse and addiction and smoking. Compared to adolescents who have not been sexually assaulted, adolescent sexual assault victims are 4-5 times more likely to experience marijuana abuse or dependence, and 9 times more likely to experience hard drug abuse or dependence. 65
11 Substance Abuse in New York City Following September 11 th, 2001 September 11, 2001 has much to teach us about trauma and substance use and abuse. Survey results (funded by grants from NIDA, the United Way of New York City, and The New York Community Trust) indicate an increase in the use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana among the residents of Manhattan five to eight weeks after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC). Specifically, the study found: 30% overall increase of substance use 25% increase in alcohol intake 10% increase in tobacco use 3% increase in marijuana use 20% reported at least one additional drink per day (June 1, 2002 issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology) A dramatic increase in sales of alcohol, tobacco and prescription drugs Unfortunately, the immediate substance use response to the attacks remains unknown because research was begun 5 weeks after the occurrence. The researchers, David Vlahov and Sandro Galea of the New York Academy of Medicine, found that: 1. People who reported an increase in substance abuse were more likely to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and from depression. 2. People who reported an increase in cigarette smoking or marijuana use were more likely to have both PTSD and depression. 3. People who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have depression only. 66
12 Several factors seemed to link the likelihood of an increased use of substances. Closer proximity to the World Trade Center was a predictor of increased smoking. Panic attack symptoms were associated with substance use increases Being over age 65 was associated with alcohol use increase Income of less than $20,000 per year was associated with alcohol increase Being divorced, separated, or widowed was associated with alcohol use increase Equally informative are the factors NOT associated with substance abuse increase: displacement from home loss of possessions participation in rescue Research demonstrated that in the 4-to-8 month post-trauma period after the Oklahoma City bombing, it was found that 16% of Oklahoma City bombing survivors had used alcohol to cope, and 40% used medication to cope. As reported in a study by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University, one year after the bombing, three times as many citizens of Oklahoma City reported increased drinking as those in a control community (Indianapolis). Oklahoma experienced a dramatic increase in the need for treatment services in the two years following the bombing, and the rescue workers in Oklahoma City experienced elevated rates of substance abuse, depression and suicide. Research has demonstrated a strong relationship between PTSD and substance abuse. Andrew W. Meisler s article Trauma, PTSD and Substance Abuse, which appeared in the PTSD Research Quarterly, provides a wealth of information about this subject. Dr. Meisler noted that studies of individuals seeking treatment for PTSD have consistently found a high prevalence of drug and/or alcohol abuse. 67
13 Research has suggested that 60-70% of treatment seeking Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD also met the criteria for current alcohol and/or drug abuse. A study of Persian Gulf War veterans found that a PTSD diagnosis was strongly linked to problems with depression and substance abuse, supporting earlier research on comorbidity. Most importantly, body recovery and identification - two gruesome tasks - showed the strongest association with PTSD as an outcome, confirming that exposure to highly stressful event components is especially noxious. (Meisler, Andrew, Trauma, PTSD and Substance Abuse, PTSD Research Quarterly, Fall 1996.) According to PTSD and Problems with Alcohol Use by the National Center for PTSD: Being diagnosed with PTSD increases the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder. Women exposed to trauma show an increased risk for use disorder even if they are not experiencing PTSD. Men and women reporting sexual abuse have higher rates of alcohol and drug use disorders than other men and women. Twenty-five to seventy-five percent of those who have survived abusive or violent trauma also report problematic alcohol use. Ten to thirty-three percent of survivors of accidental, illness, or disaster trauma report problematic alcohol use, especially if they are troubled with persistent health problems or pain. In research conducted by Spak, et.al., 1997, sexual abuse in childhood was found to be the strongest predictor of later alcohol and drug abuse. (Spak, L., F. Spak, et.al.,1997, Factors in Childhood and youth predicting alcohol dependence and abuse in Swedish women; findings from a general population study. Alcohol 32(3):267-74) 68
14 Adolescents who have been physically or sexually assaulted, who have witnessed violence, or who have family members with alcohol or drug problems were reported to have an increased risk for current substance abuse or dependency, and clearly, those with PTSD symptoms have an increased risk for marijuana and hard drug abuse/dependency. (Kilpatrick, D.G., R. Acierno, et al., Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 68(1):19-30, 2000.) In a research document called Stress and Substance Abuse: A Special Report, the National Institute of Drug Abuse highlighted numerous studies elucidating a scientific basis for the clinical observations that people exposed to stress, stressors and life crises are likely to abuse alcohol and other drugs, and are more vulnerable for self-administration. High stress was found to be predictive of continued drug use, and stress was found to be the number one cause of relapse for recovering individuals. (Stress and Substance Abuse: A Special Report, National Institute on Drug Abuse.) The National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders has conceptualized the main issues of this topic as follows: Increase in problematic alcohol use. Increase in use of alcohol as a trauma coping mechanism. Increase in prescription medications as a coping mechanism. High stress was found to be predictive of continued drug use, and stress was found to be the number one cause of relapse for recovering individuals. Increase in pain medication use for physical pain. Difficulty in understanding trauma-related substance use due to paucity of research. 69
15 Current Research on Trauma and Substance Abuse Traditionally, substance abuse treatment has not taken into account trauma-related substance abuse. Current research is, however, beginning to focus on stress, trauma, and coping strategies as follows: Counsel alcoholics and addicts about healthier coping strategies. Counsel alcoholics and drug addicts about coping with cravings and triggers. Examine the impact of alcohol and other drug use upon coping. Examine the relationship between drug use and vulnerability to stress-induced relapse. Examine neurochemical links between stress, abuse and addiction. Lessons from Recent Disasters and Life Crises Much is now being studied in terms of short term and long term outcomes and consequences of critical incidents and traumatic events. Information is continuing to be found which is instrumental to both treatment and prevention professionals, to assist with the development of effective interventions. Research suggests that: All survivors should be given educational information to help normalize common reactions to trauma, improve coping, enhance self-care, facilitate recognition of significant problems, and increase knowledge of and access to services. This information can be delivered in many ways, including the media, community education activities, and written materials. More intensive follow-up services should be targeted at subgroups of survivors who are at heightened risk of chronic or severe post-trauma problems including substance use, abuse or dependence. 70
16 Specialized outreach efforts need to be utilized to reach these individuals affected by trauma because experience dictates that relatively few trauma survivors make use of available mental health and substance abuse services, and support services, Prevention planners must consider how to reach survivors to educate them about alcohol and drug use, sources of help, and to market their services intentionally. A specialized plan of prevention action designed for the most specific population across domains, would yield the greatest effectiveness. Interorganizational networking and systems collaboration would yield the greatest opportunity for penetration into the post-trauma population. Joseph Califano, former secretary of Health, Education and Welfare and current President of the National Center of Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University, stated, It is critical that we launch a public education campaign to spread the message that stress places individuals at higher risk for alcohol and drug abuse and relapse. Prevention planners must consider how to reach survivors to educate them about alcohol and drug use, sources of help, and to market their services intentionally. 71
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HARDING TWP. The Grinch is coming and his name is revaluation. By the end of next month, workers will begin the township's first property r evaluation in 16 years. The Township Committee voted on Wednesday, April 18, to enter into a contract with Certified Valuation of Randolph for $111,000 to conduct the revaluation. The committee also voted to authorize the emergency appropriation of $140,00 0 for the revaluation. Township Administrator Richard Wiedmann said the appropriation would allow the township to finance the revaluation over a five- year period. Tax Assessor Pat Aceto said $140,000 was appropriated for contingency purposes in case of cost overruns or for legal costs should the township have to defend appeals.
Under the contract, Certified Valuation would have to defend appeals for two years after the completion of the revaluation, said Aceto. He said the contract would be drawn up within the next two weeks and then sent to the state Division of Taxation for approval.
Aceto anticipated that field work for the revaluation would begin the third week of May and would be completed by the beginning of November.
Certified Revaluation, which conducted the township's last revaluation in 1985,
was the lowest of three bidders, said Aceto. The other two companies bid $141,000 and $168,000.
Recent Contracts
Certified Valuation has just finished revaluations in Morris Township and Madison, he said. The company has also done revaluations in Morristown, Mount Olive Township and Mendham Township in recent years.
The effects of the revaluation will not be known until the completion but officials are hopeful taxes won't generally increase as a result. The county recently requested that Harding undergo a revaluation because its ratio of assessed to true market value has dropped to 54 percent. If the ratio drops too
low, taxes are not in proportion to the market values of homes.
Property taxes, which encompass county, municipal and school services, are based on assessments and revaluations usually increase the market values while lowering tax rates in a municipality, said Aceto.
The township will be sending out a letter to residents telling them what to expect and when the evaluation will begin, said Aceto.
Aceto said Morris County recently gave the township a grant to install a computer program to note assessment changes. The program will allow the township to send out changes to the county which will in turn send them on to the state.
Certified Valuation will be photographing all properties in most cases from the
roadside. The company will try to complete the photos before the foliage gets too thick, Aceto said. The township still has pictures from the 1985 revaluation, he said.
Reval Factors
The state recommends that the assessed-to-market value ratio be 100 percent. As the ratio falls, different parts of a municipality begin to show disparities in their assessed values. Important considerations in revaluation, said Aceto, are the size and locati on of a property and the quality and condition of the residence. Consideration i s also given to different kinds of land. For example, a Harding property will ha ve a lower value if it is in a flood plain or wetlands area, along a busy road, or near the Route 287 corridor, said Aceto. Aceto said inspectors will measure the outside of a house and make at least three efforts to inspect the inside of a residence unless a homeowner refuses pe rmission the first time. Refusing to let an inspector into a home is a gamble for the homeowner, said Aceto, because inspectors then make assumptions of what a house in a certain co ndition should have inside.
"If a house is 40 years old, an inspector might assume it is in tip top condition with new plumbing or a refinished kitchen. It becomes an educated guess," said Aceto.
If a homeowner contests an inspector's revaluation, changes could only be made later through verification, said Aceto.
Revaluation firms will notify residents of the new values upon completion of the revaluation. A resident may make written comments on the appraisal and the comp any must respond with specific answers to their inquiries between November and January. If a homeowner fails to convince a revaluation company, he or she may then c hallenge the new values before the township tax assessor before the new assessments appear on the tax roll.


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Program Overview
At Google, we are committed to helping the innovators of the future make the most of their gifts. We also believe open source development is a very useful and accessible way for passionate students to get involved with Computer Science in a practical and rewarding manner.
With this in mind, Google is excited to launch the Android Camp 2012 program! Up to 30 current freshmen students will be selected to attend the all-expense-paid Android Camp at Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California, from July 22 - July 28, 2012. The Android Camp will include interactive and collaborative curriculum focusing on a practical introduction to developing applications for Android and will explore the concepts behind Android, the framework for constructing an application, and the tools for developing, testing, and publishing software for the platform. Students will also get the opportunity to enjoy technical talks by Googlers, and social activities around the Bay Area.
Program Goals:
Provide top freshmen students with exciting and interactive courses in Android development to build development competencies in the Android platform, culminating in application development at the end of the program.Allow students to get an inside look into the culture and work of Google.Facilitate connections between students and Googlers that will allow students to discover career paths and create meaningful academic experiences.


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$350 retail
or 4 payments of
At your door
by 8pm
Drop in mail
by 5pm
This floor-length charcoal gown is constructed out of stunning flowy chiffon, featuring a classic sweetheart neckline, a ruched bodice, empire waistline and gathered skirt. Flattering for many body shapes, this gown also features eyelash lace shoulder straps that frame the décolletage and back beautifully. Hire this dress for your next formal occasion, or as a modern bridesmaid dress!
This style has a flattering cut that looks beautiful on all body types. Rent one of our eye-catching clutches to leave all the talking to this gorgeous gown!
If you're seeking more wedding ideas, check out our 'One Dress, Three Weddings' blog post!
About the designer
Established in Melbourne Australia, Langhem is an up and coming designer dress label that creates truly elegant designs for special occasions. With their endless femine and exquisitely cut gowns, this new label will not dissapoint you and will even have the fashion elite envying you.
All dresses listed are in Australian sizes. Model is wearing size 8.
BUST: Fitted.
WAIST: Fitted.
HIPS: Relaxed fit as the skirt flares out.
LENGTH: This dress measures 117cm from centre front waist to hem.
UNDERGARMENTS: As the straps are constructed out of semi sheer lace, consider a strapless bra to eliminate any visible lines.
FABRIC: Fabric has no stretch.
GREAT FOR: All body types! Hourglass, Straight, Pear and Athletic body types
Since sizing and cut varies between dresses and brands, please use this chart as a general guide. The sizing in this chart applies to this dress ONLY. If you need assistance selecting the proper size, please contact our friendly customer service team.
Estimated standard delivery time is 1-2 business days - depending on your location & the time you submitted your order.We recommend you select your delivery date 1-2 days before your event to make sure everything's perfect.Same-day delivery is available in Sydney Metro area.If you place an order on a weekend or public holiday, your order will be processed on the next business day.Standard delivery fee is $9.95 for all rentals except Try On orders. Try On orders are free of shipping cost.
Returning your rental item is very simple and free. Simply place your item in the pre-paid return bag provided by GC, and drop it at your nearest Post Office or the yellow Express Postal Box.If your rental period ends on a Sunday or a public holiday, just drop your item in the nearest yellow Express Postal Box on the return date. It will be shipped back to us in the next business day.We take care of dry-cleaning too so you don't have to worry about it.
Late returns
In the unlikely event that you returned your rental item back late, you will incur late fees.Please see FAQs for more details.
You can book up to two dresses to try on within the convenience of your home for $30. For more information on our Try On service, please visit this link.
Try On service is only available for dresses. Please note that we are unable to hold dresses for your actual event date until a booking order is placed.
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