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Determination of the Elemental Content of Environmental Samples using ICP-MS
- Delilah Cunningham
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1 Guidelines for Chemical Analysis Determination of the Elemental Content of Environmental Samples using ICP-MS Dr. Heinz Rüdel, Dr. Jan Kösters, Ing. grad. Josef Schörmann Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Auf dem Aberg 1, D Schmallenberg Contents 1 German Environmental Specimen Bank General information Field of application Description of method Apparatus Vessels for element solutions Mass spectrometer Reagents General notes List of reagents Element stock solutions Standard solutions internal standard Multi-element standard solutions Optimisation solution Chemical blank solutions ICP-MS measurement procedure General notes Preparation of the unit Calibration of the ICP-MS system Measurement of digestion solutions Internal standard Validation of method Interferences General Spectral interferences Non-spectral interferences Evaluation Statement of results Analysis report Representative analysis results Bibliography Appendix: Representative Analysis Results Guidelines for sampling, transport, storage and chemical characterisation of environmental and human samples February 2011, V 2.1.0
2 1 German Environmental Specimen Bank The German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) is an instrument for the monitoring of the environment. It is in the responsibility of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Protection and Reactor Safety (BMU) and technically and administratively coordinated by the Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt). The ESB collects ecologically representative environmental specimens as well as human samples, stores them and examines the archived material for environmental relevant substances. The long-term storage is performed under conditions that exclude a change of state or a loss of chemical characteristics as far as possible during a period of several decades. By this means the archive provides specimens for a retrospective monitoring of such substances, whose hazard potential for the environment or human health are not yet known. Comprehensive information on the German ESB is available at (English language pages available). 2 General information This guideline for determining the elemental content of environmental samples by means of mass spectrometry following ionisation in inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), describes a process for quantifying the dissolved elements arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, selenium and thallium in digests of plant and animal sample material. They can also be used for determining the content of other elements detectable by means of ICP-MS in biological and environmental samples. This guideline is a continuation of the process guidelines developed by the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) for analysing digests of environmental samples (UMWELT- BUNDESAMT 1996). It includes references from DIN EN ISO (2005): Water Quality Use of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Part 2: Determination of 62 Elements which is used for analysing acidic aqueous solutions (e.g. acidified drinking water, waste water and other water samples, as well as aqua regia extracts from soils and sediments). 3 Field of application This guideline describes the procedure for examining digestions of environmental samples by means of ICP-MS. In the program of analysis pursued by the Environmental Specimen Bank, this guideline is regularly used for samples of the following types: bladder wrack, blue mussels, eel pout (muscle tissue and liver), herring gull eggs, zebra mussels, bream (muscle tissue and liver), spruce shoots, pine shoots, poplar leaves, beech leaves, earthworm, roe-deer liver, feral pigeon eggs. However no direct detection of selenium in bladder wrack is possible due to interferences. The use of the hydride generation method for analysis is possible (see separate ESB guideline). In the case of low arsenic and selenium contents in plant samples, analyses may also be distorted by interference. As an alternative, the hydride generation method may also be used here. The method described below can also be applied to other biological sample types. Where samples are used for which no empirical data are yet available, a suitable validation process should be used before applying the method routinely (see section 7.6). The lower range of application of the process described depends on the matrix in use and the errors connected therewith. For most elements this is between 1 ng/g (0.001 µg/g) and 0.1 µg/g (with reference to dry mass). With elements where interference may occur during analysis or which are liable to carry-over, the lower range of application may be higher. For pure aqueous solutions (e.g. drinking water) the lower limits of the range stated in table 1 apply. The lower limits of the range converted for digested solid matter samples are also stated in the table. With digests of biological samples the lower limits of the range of application may be higher depending on the solid content and the completeness of digestion (i.e. reduction of carbon content). 2
3 4 Description of method By standard mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) it is possible to detect and quantify elements in solutions. The solution under analysis is nebulised and the aerosol thus formed transported to a high-frequency plasma in which the analytes are atomised and ionised. The ions are extracted from the high-frequency plasma through a cone and separated according to their mass-charge ratio. Following separation, they are recorded in a detector and the signals created are evaluated by the software. Quantitative determination is possible following calibration with standard solutions since there is a linear relation between the intensity of the ion signals and the concentration of an element. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Vessels for element solutions The stability of diluted element solutions (both sample and standard solutions) is determined substantially by the material of the vessels used. The suitability of the material for the intended purpose must always be ensured beforehand. For determining elements in the trace range, vessels of glass or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) should not be used. Vessels made of perfluoralkoxy plastics (PFA), hexafluoro-ethylene-propylene (FEP) or quartz glass are more suitable. In many cases, high-density polyethylene (e.g. HDPE vessels which are used for scintillation measurements) and polypropylene may also be used. When they are being re-used, the vessels must be rinsed with nitric acid or steam cleaned with boiling concentrated nitric acid in closed systems 5.2 Mass spectrometer Mass spectrometers with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS), suitable for the range 5 to 240 m/z. The resolution within this range must be at least 1 m r /z (m r = relative mass of an isotope; z = charge number). The following components are important for reproducible operation: - mass flow controller for the nebuliser gas and (if Table 1: The lowest limit of the field of application achievable for this process for pure aqueous solutions and digested solid matter samples (reference: dry weight). Element Isotope Lowest limit of area of application (concentration in solution) Lowest level of area of application (concentration in solid matter) Arsenic 75 As 0.1 µg/l 0.01 µg/g Lead # 206 Pb Pb Pb 0.01 µg/l µg/g Cadmium 111 Cd 114 Cd 0.01 µg/l µg/g Chromium Cobalt Copper 53 Cr 0.1 µg/l 0.01 µg/g 59 Co 0.01 µg/l µg/g 63 Cu 65 Cu 0.1 µg/l 0.01 µg/g Nickel 60 Ni 62 Ni 0.1 µg/l 0.01 µg/g Selenium Thallium 82 Se 1 µg/l 0.1 µg/g 203 Tl 205 Tl 0.01 µg/l µg/g Calculation of content in the solid sample on the assumption that 200 mg of solid material is used for the digestion and is then replenished to 20.0 ml. # Since the lead-isotope conditions in the environment vary, the concentrations of all three Pb isotopes should be determined and the average value then calculated. 3
4 possible) also for the auxiliary and cooling gas; - nebulising system with controlled low-pulsation pump; - Argon, minimum purity %. 6 Reagents 6.1 General notes All chemicals used must be suitable for trace analysis. The digestion reagents must be of at least high-purity quality. Even better qualities are available for ultra-trace analysis. The reagents should be selected to ensure that the content of the element to be determined or interfering elements should be negligible in relation to the lowest element concentration to be determined. If possible, nitric acid should always be used as preservation and digestion reagent as this minimises interference by polyatomic ions (see section 8.2.2). NOTE: For element analysis carried out for the Environmental Specimen Bank, reagents (e.g. nitric acid) of suprapur and ultrapur qualities are used (supplier: Merck, Darmstadt). As an alternative, acid produced in-house by sub-boiling may also be used. Every charge is analysed to determine the content of the elements being analysed. 6.2 List of reagents Water from a high-purity water system, Quality: specific resistance > 18.2 MΩ cm Nitric acid, ρ(hno 3 ) > 1.39 g/ml (> 65 %) Diluted nitric acid (2.8 %), c(hno 3 ) = 0.5 mol/l. 6.3 Element stock solutions Commercially available solutions of the elements As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl (for each 1000 mg/l), as single or multi-element standard solutions, are used. The solutions are usable for several years. The shelf life stated by the manufacturer should always be observed. Only standard solutions with certificate should be used 6.4 Standard solutions internal standard The choice of the internal standard to be used depends on the task in question. For example, the elements In, Lu, Re, Rh and Y are suitable. An element should be selected which is in the average mass range of the elements being analysed and which occurs in the samples only in negligible concentrations. NOTE: For the analysis of ESB samples, rhodium is taken as the internal standard. The solution is added to each sample and standard solution during the online measurement. The concentration of rhodium in the solution added is 10 µg/l in each case. 6.5 Multi-element standard solutions The concentration of the elements in the standard solutions should be selected to ensure that the working range is covered. If necessary, further elements should be added to adapt the reference solution to the sample matrix. The shelf life of diluted element solutions (1 to 100 µg/l) is limited. These should be replaced at regular intervals, and at the latest, every three months. Where solutions with low concentrations are required, these should be prepared freshly each day. NOTE: For the analysis of samples for the Environmental Specimen Bank, multi-element standard solutions are used which are either purchased externally or prepared from singleelement standards of the elements arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, selenium and thallium. Depending on the element, the lowest concentration is between 1 µg/l and 1 mg/l. To prepare the actual standard solutions, the solutions are diluted before the measurement on the day they are required. 6.6 Optimisation solution An optimisation solution is used to test the mass calibration of the mass spectrometer and optimise 4
5 the apparatus conditions. The purpose of optimisation is to achieve the maximum sensitivity of the mass spectrometer and keep the formation of oxides and double-charged ions to a minimum. For this reason, the optimisation solution contains elements of different masses which form oxides and double-charged ions at different rates. The element concentrations should be high enough to ensure that the impulse rates are between 10,000 and 100,000 impulses per sec. Always observe the instructions of the manufacturer on optimising the unit. NOTE: To set the mass spectrometer for the analysis of ESB samples, an optimisation solution containing the following elements is used: Co, Ce, Tl, Y. 6.7 Chemical blank solutions 0.5 mol/l nitric acid (see 6.2.3) is used as chemical blank solution. 7 ICP-MS measurement procedure 7.1 General notes Mass spectrometers with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) have a linear relationship several times the power of ten between the impulse rates measured and the concentration of an element. This means that quantification by means of external calibration with one straight reference line is possible. The calibration should be adjusted to the working range in question. Even for the lowest concentration values, sufficient measuring sensitivity and reproducibility must be assured 7.2 Preparation of the unit The ICP-MS should be started and set in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer. To ensure sufficient stability of the plasma, it should be started up at least half an hour before the measuring operation. An optimisation solution (see 6.6) is used to check the unit with regard to resolution, mass calibration, sensitivity and stability of the signal. In case of interferences (high rates of oxide formation, formation of double-charged ions) the settings are varied to reduce the disturbances as far as possible. The masses of the elements being analysed are entered and relevant mathematical corrections selected (for As, see section 8.2.2). Should the concentrations of the measurement solutions vary strongly, the rinsing times may be increased. 7.3 Calibration of the ICP-MS system Calibration is carried out on a daily basis using the appropriate program options of the apparatus. For each element being analysed, one straight calibration line with at least four concentrations should be determined (multi-element standard solutions to 6.5). One reagent blank solution is also measured in each case. For each measurement, at least three measurements are carried out automatically by the unit and then averaged. The quality of the calibration function within the working range should be verified. The coefficient of correlation r should be > Should r < and the calibration still be used, the reason must be explicitly stated (e.g. calibration in the lowest application range of the method and resulting higher measurement uncertainty). The correctness of the calibration is verified with an aqueous certified reference sample. 7.4 Measurement of digestion solutions Following calibration of the mass spectrometer, the digestion solutions can be analysed. The correctness of the calibration is verified regularly. After analysing about 20 samples, an aqueous certified reference sample is also analysed. If the deviations from the target value are > 20% in the range up to five times the limit of quantification, the unit should be recalibrated. Reagent blank solutions are also measured at regular intervals to detect any possible carry-over. 7.5 Internal standard During ICP-MS analysis, an internal standard (generally rhodium) is added online to each 5
6 Table 2: Selection of available reference materials Designation Code Certified by Certified for (e.g.) Beech leaves CRM 100 CRM Ca, Cr, K, Mg Spruce needles CRM 101 BCR Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cod muscle tissue CRM 422 BCR As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se Poplar leaves GBE Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration (Langfang, China) As, Cu, Cr Mussel tissue NIST 2976 NIST As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se Powdered egg NIST 8415 NIST Ca, K, Mg, Mn Bovine liver NIST 1577b NIST Cd, Ca, Cu, Pb Catfish liver DOLT-2 National Research Council Canada As, Cd, Co Pine needles NIST 1575a NIST Cd, Cu, As, Se Sea lettuce (algae) CRM 279 BCR As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se sample and standard solution (see section 6.4). 7.6 Validation of method For method validation, standard addition tests can be carried out. Different concentrations of the element being determined (e.g. approx. 50% and 100% of the concentration anticipated in the sample) are added to two parts of that sample. These partial samples along with a further partial sample (without addition of the element) are then analysed. By extrapolating the straight lines (measurement signal as linear function of the mass concentration of the analysis element) it is now possible to determine the original concentration of the sample. This procedure is described in detail in the German standard DIN Another means of method validation is the analysis of a certified reference material. NOTE: For the analysis of ESB samples, the ratio of digestion solutions to quality-assurance samples is always 2:1 at the most. Table 2 shows a selection of the reference materials used for element analysis of ESB samples. With concentrations substantially above the limit of quantification, it is also possible to use the dilution method as a test method. To do this, a sample is first analysed in the undiluted state and then in the diluted state by a factor of between 5 and 10. If no interference occurs, the results converted for the original solution should be identical with due consideration of measurement uncertainty. The criterion of quality is a concordance of %. For method validation, at least the following process parameters should be determined: Selectivity / specificity: these are met if the amount measured for the chemical blank value is less than the lowest validated concentration. Reproducibility: the reproducibility is calculated from the relative standard deviation (S rel ) of the recovery data of the reference materials. This condition is fulfilled if the following applies: S rel < 10 % (n > 5). Lowest limit of measuring range: the lowest limit of the method is the calibration point for which the signal-noise ratio is no less than 6:1. 6
7 Limit of detection / limit of quantification: The limit of detection is calculated from reagent blank analyses (DIN 32645: blank-test method, quick estimate). The limit of quantification is produced by multiplying the detection limit by a factor of 3. 8 Interferences 8.1 General In exceptional cases, the measurement may be affected by spectral or non-spectral interference. The most important causes are masscoincidences and physical interference by the sample matrix. The most common spectral interferences of the isotopes concerned here are listed in table 3. In order to identify interferences, several isotopes of one element should be analysed wherever possible. Should this not be possible, under some circumstances mathematical correction of the disrupted measurement signal is possible. Drifting and fluctuation of intensities can be adjusted by means of internal standards. In order to avoid physical and spectral interference, the proportion of dissolved solids and the acid content should not exceed 3%. Many types of interferences can be avoided by usage of a high-resolution ICP mass spectrometer or collision cell technology. 8.2 Spectral interferences Interference by isobaric elements Interference of this kind occurs where there are isobaric elements which cannot be isolated by mass spectrometers with low resolutions (e.g. 114 Cd and 114 Sn). Interferences by isobaric elements can be corrected mathematically (available as option in the software of modern ICP-MS units). However, this depends on the interference-free measurement of another isotope of the interfering element. With regard to the elements under consideration here, the following types of interference by isobars may occur: 114 Cd (by 114 Sn), 58 Ni (by 58 Fe). reagents and the sample matrix (e.g. interference in determining 75 As by 40 Ar 35 Cl and 40 Ca 35 Cl or 77 Se caused by 40 Ar 37 Cl). Such interference can be corrected in the same way as interference caused by isobars (see section 8.2.1). The elements As, Cr and Ni are often subject to interference by poly-atomic ions. For each series of analyses it should be ascertained whether interference by poly-atomic ions is likely. This applies particularly to low concentrations. For the elements concerned here, the most important types of interference are listed in table 3. If a mathematical adjustment is being made, it should be remembered that interference can be due to the composition of the plasma as well as the concentration of interfering elements. Possible ways of calculating adjustments on the basis of signal intensities and mass concentrations are described in the standard DIN EN ISO NOTE: In the analysis of samples for the Environmental Specimen Bank, equations are used for adjusting the element As which are described in U.S. EPA methods (EPA METHOD 200.8, 1994 and EPA METHOD 6020, 1994) Interference by double-charged ions Another source of interference are the doublecharged ions which may be created under plasma conditions. These are of importance for elements with low secondary ionisation energy such as Ba. The ration of relative mass to charge creates a false signal at half the isotope mass of the interfering element (e.g. 69 Ga + by 138 Ba 2+ ). To reduce this effect, an upper limit of 3% for the ratio of m/z 70 (Ce 2+ ) to m/z 140 (Ce + ) is fixed when the apparatus settings are being optimised. If possible, such interference should be prevented by selecting a non-interfered isotope (or carrying out an adjustment in the same way as that described in section 8.2.2). However, this type of interference is usually not significant for elements under consideration here Interference by poly-atomic ions Poly-atomic ions may be created by the encounter of constituents of the plasma gas, 7
8 8.3 Non-spectral interferences Interference by carry-over Residues in the sample-infeed unit or in the inlet system of the mass spectrometer may cause carry-over in the analyses of subsequent samples ( memory effect ). Where there are significant differences in concentration within one series of measurements, an adequate rinsing time should be set and checks carried out by means of reagent blank solutions Interference through deposits Where the solutions contain high concentrations of salts, deposits may form in the sample-infeed system, in particular in the inlet system (cone) of the mass spectrometer, which then could cause an interference. In such cases, the apparatus should be thoroughly cleaned. Wherever possible, the solutions should be diluted to avoid such problems Interference through physical properties of the analysis solution Differences in the physical characteristics of the analysis solutions (e.g. viscosity) may affect the infeed of the sample and cause distortions through increased or decreased signal intensities. The use of an internal standard (see 7.5) may compensate for this kind of interference. Alternatively, matrix-adjusted standard solutions may also be used or measurements carried out with standard additions. Where an element has several isotopes, isotope-dilution analysis can also be applied. Table 3: Spectral interferences according to DIN EN ISO (2005) and other sources. Element Isotope Interferences by poly-atomic ions Arsenic Lead 75 As 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 40 Ar 35 Cl, 40 Ca 35 Cl 171 Yb 35 Cl, 205 Tl 1 H 170 Er 37 Cl, 206 Pb 1 H (Lit. 1) 171 Yb 37 Cl, 207 Pb 1 H Cadmium 111 Cd 114 Cd 95 Mo 16 O, 94 Mo 16 O 1 H 98 Mo 16 O, 97 Mo 16 O 1 H Chromium 52 Cr 53 Cr 40 Ar 12 C, 35 Cl 16 O 1 H 37 Cl 16 O, 36 Ar 16 O 1 H Cobalt Copper 59 Co 63 Cu 65 Cu 43 Ca 16 O (Lit. 1), 24 Mg 35 Cl (Lit. 1) 40 Ar 23 Na, 31 P 16 O 2, 26 Mg 37 Cl 49 Ti 16 O (Lit. 1), 23 Na 40 Ca (Lit. 1), 32 S 16 O 2 1 H Nickel 58 Ni 60 Ni 40 Ca 18 O, 44 Ca 14 N, 23 Na 35 Cl, 24 Mg 34 S 44 Ca 16 O, 43 Ca 16 O 1 H, 23 Na 37 Cl Selenium 77 Se 78 Se 82 Se 40 Ar 37 Cl, 36 Ar 40 Ar 1 H 40 Ar 38 Ar, 38 Ar 40 Ca (Lit. 2) 12 C 35 Cl 2 Thallium 203 Tl 205 Tl 187 Re 16 O, 163 Dy 40 Ar (Lit. 1) 165 Ho 40 Ar, 189 Os 16 O Lit. 1: AGILENT (2001); Lit. 2: TAYLOR (2001). 8
9 9 Evaluation The analysis data are evaluated by the software in the mass spectrometer. The automatic evaluation must be verified for plausibility. During evaluation, the analysis data are calculated in accordance with the mathematical corrections selected and then related to the internal standard. For the purposes of calibration, linear regression is carried out in order to calculate the slope, ordinate intercepts and the coefficients of correlation (r). The concentrations of all the analysis solutions (blank values, aqueous reference materials, digestion solutions) are determined on the basis of the straight calibration lines. Any dilution operations must also be taken into account in all calculations. It must be possible to reconstruct all the calculations carried out by means of the electronically stored data or by means of archived printouts. When examining digested samples of solids, the results must refer to the solid (i.e. to dry mass or fresh mass). The concentrations of the elements in the digestion solutions are generally determined by the ICP-MS software. The further calculation of the element contents in the solid matter is done by means of the following equation: ω E = V / M * ρ E * F where: ω E M V ρ E proportion by mass of the element in the solid matter, stated, for example as µg/g; mass of the sample used, stated in mg (e.g. 200 mg); volume to which replenished, stated in ml (e.g ml); concentration of the element under consideration in the digestion solution, stated for example in µg/l; 10 Statement of results The results refer to the amount of solid material used (dry mass or fresh mass). All results should be stated to three significant digits. EXAMPLES: thallium (Tl) 123 ng/g; arsenic (As) 12.3 µg/g; lead (Pb) 1.23 µg/g; nickel (Ni) µg/g. Measurement results are subject to a degree of uncertainty. In the working range of a method, the measurement uncertainty increases as the concentration in the sample decreases. The degree of uncertainty of a measured value can be determined in a number of ways which are described in the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) (ISO, 1995) and guideline Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement (EURACHEM/CITAC, 2000). A practical means of determining uncertainty is the so-called Nordtest process (MAGNUSSON ET AL., 2003; Handbook for calculation of measurement uncertainty in environmental laboratories). NOTE: For the analysis of Environmental Specimen Bank samples, generally six subsamples from one homogenate are used. The standard deviation of the average value is regarded as the measurement uncertainty of the result. The correctness of the results is verified with the help of certified reference materials. Representative data are given in the appendix. 11 Analysis report The following data should be documented in the analysis report: Reference to this guideline, Sample identity, Data on preliminary sample treatment and digestion, F conversion factor (1 L/mL * mg/g). Concentration of the elements in question with reference to the percentage of solid matter (depending on material used, with reference to fresh or dry mass), 9
10 Statement of measurement uncertainty if applicable, Data on preliminary treatment of sample and digestion, Any deviations from this guideline. 12 Representative analysis results Representative results of analyses are given in the appendix: a) Results of the analysis of certified reference materials, b) Results of the analysis of reference materials from the Environmental Specimen Bank, c) Results of the analysis of representative samples from the Environmental Specimen Bank. 13 Bibliography AGILENT (2001): Software ICP-MS ChemStation A ICP-MS Data Base Interference Information. Agilent Technologies Deutschland GmbH, Waldbronn. DIN EN ISO (2005): Wasserbeschaffenheit - Anwendung der induktiv gekoppelten Plasma-Massenspektrometrie (ICP-MS) - Teil 2: Bestimmung von 62 Elementen. Beuth Verlag, Berlin. EPA METHOD (1994): Trace elements in waters and wastes by inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry. U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (USA). 8.pdf EPA METHOD 6020 (1994): Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC (USA). EURACHEM/CITAC (2000): Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement, Ellison, S. L. R., Rosslein, M., Williams, A. (Editors), 2nd Edition. ISO (1995): Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM), ISO, Genf. MAGNUSSON, B.; NÄYKKI, T.; HOVIND, H.; KRYSELL, M. (2004): Handbook for calculation of measurement uncertainty in environmental laboratories, Nordtest report TR 537, edition 2, Espoo, Finnland. TAYLOR, H. E. (2001): Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Practices and Techniques. Academic Press, Orlando (USA), S UMWELTBUNDESAMT (1996): Analytische Vorschriften für Elemente und Spezies in Umweltproben, Matrixgruppe 1, Fassung vom Mai 1993, in: Umweltprobenbank des Bundes (UPB) - Verfahrensrichtlinien für Probenahme, Transport, Lagerung und chemische Charakterisierung von Umwelt- und Human-Organproben, Herausgeber: Umweltbundesamt, Berlin. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin. 10
11 Appendix: Representative Analysis Results a) Results of the analysis of certified reference materials. Reference material Element Certified Content Spruce needles BCR CRM 101 Beech leaves BCR CRM 100 Poplar leaves GBW07604 Whole egg powder NIST 8415 Sea lettuce (algae) BCR CRM 279 Mussel tissue NIST 2976 Dogfish liver DOLT-3 Cod muscle tissue BCR CRM 422 Recovery Comment Cr 2.71 µg/g (n = 10) Information value Cu 4.90 µg/g (n = 11) Information value Cd µg/g (n = 12) Information value Pb 2.60 µg/g (n = 11) Information value Cr 7.34 µg/g (n = 10) Certified value Co µg/g (n = 10) Own average value Cd µg/g (n = 10) Own average value Pb 16.3 µg/g 93 2 (n = 7) Own average value Tl 55.4 ng/g 85 5 (n = 8) Own average value Ni 7.31 µg/g (n = 10) Own average value Cu 11.8 µg/g (n = 8) Information value As µg/g (n = 3) Certified value Co µg/g (n = 5) Certified value Cr µg/g (n = 6) Certified value Cu µg/g (n = 6) Certified value Cd µg/g (n = 6) Certified value Ni µg/g 93 3 (n = 6) Certified value Pb µg/g (n = 6) Certified value Cu µg/g (n = 10) Certified value Pb ng/g 119 ± 11 (n = 8) Certified value Se µg/g (n = 7) Certified value As µg/g 96 ± 9 (n = 6) Certified value Cd (n = 6) Certified value µg/g Cr 11.6 µg/g 94 ± 11 (n = 6) Information value Cu µg/g 98 ± 4 (n = 6) Certified value Ni 15.9 µg/g 108 ± 6 (n = 6) Information value Pb µg/g 102 ± 19 (n = 5) Certified value Tl 37.6 ng/g (n = 6) Information value As µg/g 100 ± 8 (n = 20) Certified value Cd µg/g 102 ± 6 (n = 20) Certified value Co µg/g 104 ± 6 (n = 20) Reference value Cu µg/g 102 ± 11 (n = 20) Certified value Ni µg/g 107 ± 17 (n = 18) Reference value Se µg/g 97 ± 9 (n = 15) Certified value Pb µg/g (n = 19) Certified value Cd ng/g 86 ± 9 (n = 70) Certified value Cu µg/g 105 ± 7 (n = 70) Certified value Pb ng/g 91 ± 13 (n = 62) Certified value As µg/g 89 ± 5 (n = 14) Certified value Cu µg/g 109 ± 11 (n = 11) Certified value Se µg/g 89 ± 5 (n = 14) Certified value Pb ng/g (n = 12) Certified value 11
12 b) Results of analysis of Environmental Specimen Bank reference materials; IS UPB Informationssystem Umweltprobenbank (information system of the German ESB). Reference material Element Content (from IS UPB) Recovery Spruce shoots, Warndt Co 0.55 µg/g (n = 5) (0110/0/0385/02201/0/xxx) Ni 5.15 µg/g (n = 5) Cu 4.35 µg/g (n = 5) Cd 0.27 µg/g (n = 5) Beech leaves, Bornhöved (0410/0/0893/03103/0/xxx) Poplar leaves, Völklingen- Werbeln/Velsen (0310/0/0889/02103/0/xxx) Roe-deer liver, Warndt (1021/0/0098/02200/2/xxx) Feral pigeon egg content, Saartal (1211/0/0093/02100/0/xxx) Bladder wrack (4000/0/0089/07102/0/xxx) Blue mussel, south of Lister Hafen (4110/0/0086/07102/0/xxx) Zebra mussel, Konstanzer Trichter (3010/0/1092/04101/0/xxx) Eelpout muscle, Darßer Ort (4210/0/0796/06103/0/xxx) Pb 6.32 µg/g (n = 5) Co 0.08 µg/g (n = 8) Ni 1.04 µg/g (n = 10) Cu 5.04 µg/g (n = 10) Cd 0.08 µg/g (n = 6) Pb 0.85 µg/g (n = 10) As µg/g 95 ± 7 (n = 6) Cd 1.26 µg/g 80 ± 3 (n = 4)) Co 1.40 µg/g 81 ± 3 (n = 5) Cu 7.73 µg/g 85 ± 3 (n = 6) Ni 2.71 µg/g 97 ± 11 (n = 6) Pb 6.46 µg/g (n = 6) Cd 1.1 µg/g (n = 15) Co 0.32 µg/g (n = 15) Ni 0.07 µg/g (n = 7) Se 1.19 µg/g (n = 14) Cu 3.46 µg/g (n = 6) Pb 408 ng/g (n = 6) Se 0.98 µg/g (n = 4) As µg/g (n = 6) Cd 1.21 µg/g (n = 6) Co 2.89 µg/g (n = 6) Cu 3.60 µg/g 105 ± 4 (n = 6) Ni 8.10 µg/g 93 ± 4 (n = 6) Pb 0.63 µg/g (n = 16) As 9.82 µg/g 109 ± 10 (n = 6) Cd µg/g (n = 6) Co 0.62 µg/g (n = 6) Cu 5.32 µg/g 108 ± 9 (n = 6) Ni 2.01 µg/g (n = 6) Pb 1.04 µg/g (n = 6) As 6.04 µg/g 90 ± 10 (n = 10) Cd 1.06 µg/g (n = 10) Co µg/g (n = 9) Cu 13.4 µg/g 90 ± 10 (n = 8) Ni 12.3 µg/g (n = 9) Pb 0.48 µg/g (n = 6) As 2.19 µg/g 84 ± 6 (n = 6) Cu µg/g (n = 6) Pb 21.2 ng/g (n = 6) Se 1.03 µg/g 94 ± 6 (n = 6) 12
13 c) Examples of results from representative ESB samples (LOQ - limit of quantification). Sample Element Content (from IS UPB) Comment Spruce shoots, Scheyern 2004 Cr µg/g (n = 6) 0110/0/0304/16101/0/xxx Co µg/g (n = 6) Ni 4.02 µg/g (n = 6) Cu 3.55 µg/g (n = 6) Cd µg/g (n = 6) Tl 25.6 ng/g (n = 6) Spruce shoots, Dübener Heide /0/0304/11200/0/xxx Beech leaves, Solling /0/0803/14102/0/xxx Poplar leaves, Leipzig /0/0803/11111/0/xxx Pb µg/g (n = 6) Cr µg/g (n = 6) Co µg/g (n = 6) Ni 2.06 µg/g (n = 6) Cu 3.83 µg/g (n = 5) Cd µg/g (n = 6) Tl 18.1 ng/g (n = 6) Pb µg/g (n = 6) Cr µg/g (n = 6) Co µg/g (n = 6) Ni µg/g (n = 5) Cu 6.33 µg/g (n = 6) Cd µg/g (n = 6) Tl - (n = 6) < LOQ Pb µg/g (n = 6) Cr µg/g (n = 6) Co µg/g (n = 6) Ni 1.47 µg/g (n = 5) Cu 6.85 µg/g (n = 6) Cd 1.16 µg/g (n = 6) Tl 3.12 ng/g (n = 6) Pb µg/g (n = 5) Co 8.16 µg/g (n = 6) Earthworm, Saartal /0/1003/02100/0/xxx Cd 8.77 µg/g (n = 6) Bladder wrack, Königshafen /0/0003/07101/0/xxx Blue mussel, Königshafen /0/0003/07101/0/xxx Cr µg/g (n = 6) Co 1.75 µg/g (n = 6) Ni 5.09 µg/g (n = 5) Cu 3.33 µg/g (n = 6) As 41.3 µg/g (n = 6) Cd µg/g (n = 6) Tl 7.87 ng/g (n = 5) Pb µg/g (n = 6) Co µg/g (n = 6) Ni 2.72 µg/g (n = 6) Cu 6.74 µg/g (n = 5) As 16.2 µg/g (n = 6) Se 3.04 µg/g (n = 6) Cd 1.06 µg/g (n = 6) Pb 1.40 µg/g (n = 5) 13
14 Sample Element Content (from IS UPB) Comment Eelpout muscle, Cu µg/g (n = 6) Meldorfer Bucht 2004 As 4.86 µg/g (n = 6) 4210/0/0504/07202/0/xxx Se µg/g (n = 6) Tl - (n = 6) < LOQ Herring gull egg content, Trischen /0/0504/07201/0/xxx Zebra mussel, Elbe / Prossen /0/1103/10110/0/xxx Bream muscle, Elbe / Prossen /0/0804/10110/0/xxx Pb 24.1 ng/g (n = 6) Cu 2.77 µg/g (n = 6) As µg/g (n = 6) Se 2.59 µg/g (n = 6) Tl 2.68 ng/g (n = 6) Pb 30.7 ng/g (n = 5) Co 1.06 µg/g (n = 6) Ni 18.9 µg/g (n = 6) Cu 13.5 µg/g (n = 5) As 6.43 µg/g (n = 6) Se 2.89 µg/g (n = 6) Cd µg/g (n = 6) Pb 2.46 µg/g (n = 6) Cu 1.26 µg/g (n = 6) As µg/g (n = 6) Se 2.28 µg/g (n = 6) Tl 3.74 ng/g (n = 6) Pb 98.5 ng/g (n = 5) Cd 1860 ng/g (n = 6) Bream liver, Elbe / Prossen /0/0703/10110/0/xxx Pb 310 ng/g (n = 6) Roe-deer liver, Solling /0/0503/14000/0/xxx Co µg/g (n = 6) Se µg/g (n = 6) Cd µg/g (n = 6) Cu 3.11 µg/g (n = 6) Se µg/g (n = 6) Feral pigeon egg content, Halle /0/0003/11101/0/xxx Pb 213 ng/g (n = 6) 14
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I wanted to chuckle when I read this word. Not because the word is funny, but because it's so wry.Post ads:
[Abraham] didn't tiptoe about God's vow interrogative guardedly incredulous questions. He plunged into the swear and came up strong, arranged for God.
- Romans 4:20 (The Message)
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For several reason, we have an imitation in our psyche that God is this big, strong, propose fashion plate. We ikon Him seated on His throne, near a lightening lightning rod and a mitt of cast-iron. His feature is wrinkled, brows rutty and a frown sits prominently above His jaw.
We go formerly Him fearful (afraid, not courteous). With quaking knees, like a minuscule child, we convey our petition earlier Him. But in that point when you cognisance God's being and know He is here listening, what do you feel? Most of the clip it's hesitation.
Why do we do this to ourselves? Where in the global did we get these ideas?Post ads:
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We essential furnace ahead, walk-to with boldness until that time the throne of God to get our petitions prearranged. We must way of behaving His throne near appreciation and awe, not faint-hearted next to fright.
God is our FATHER. He is not quite a lot of leading anyone that is abstracted from feelings, thoughts, etc. He knows how we consistency. He knows what we're reasoning. Nothing escapes Him.
Luke 11:5-9:
As a child, one of my most favourite recollections is all the modern times that my Daddy took me purchasing and bought me a new tale. A new folder was a superior excess for me. I knew if I asked Daddy to buy me the hottest in the Sweet Valley High series, he would cause.
"Then he said, "Imagine what would appear if you went to a playmate in the halfway of the period of time and said, "Friend, bestow me cardinal loaves of staff of life.
An old friend itinerant done basically showed up, and I don't have a entry on mitt.'
"The individual answers from his bed, "Don't trouble me. The door's locked; my offspring are all downhill for the night; I can't get up to confer you thing.'
"But let me recount you, even if he won't get up because he's a friend, if you abide your ground, knock and awake all the neighbors, he'll ultimately get up and get you doesn't matter what you status."
"Here's what I'm saying:
Ask and you'll get;
Seek and you'll find;
Knock and the movable barrier will start on."
I never fabric scare when I asked for a new photo album. When I asked, I had no improbability that he would say YES. (No, I didn't always get a book, but that didn't takedown my expectation in asking for them.)
God is no disparate. I picture He in all likelihood gets faint of our frivolous policy. There we stand, since God Himself, fidgeting, twirling our spine in circles our finger, mumbling and in few cases, saying, "Never mind," as we circle on all sides and totter distant from Him, because we don't regard as He cares.
Luke 11:10-13:
The bare legality is that Jesus loves us. He desires what is finest for us. And He requirements us to waylay Him beside boldness.
"Don't quibble near God. Be lead. Ask for what you demand. This is not a cat-and-mouse, hide and go seek unfit we're in. 11If your undersized boy asks for a small indefinite amount of fish, do you anxiousness him near a be ophidian on his plate?
If your small adult female asks for an egg, do you device her next to a spider?
As bad as you are, you wouldn't come up with of specified a thing-you're at most minuscule wearing clothes to your own brood. And don't you advisement the Father who conceived you in be keen on will impart the Holy Spirit when you ask him?"
Let us swimming into the promises of God today! Go audaciously previously His throne, wise that He cares for you, and basic cognitive process that near Him all property are possible!


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Primary, secondary, and college school groups are always welcome to visit Old North Church any day at any time without reservations. We do appreciate a donation of $1 per person for student groups visiting the church only. You do NOT need to make a reservation if your group is simply visiting the church.
However, if you would like a more meaningful educational experience for your students, you've come to the right page! The Old North currently offers four different ways to engage your students beyond the typical church visit! Please click on the options below to read more about our on-site school programs.
Behind-the-Scenes Tours for School Groups (grades 5 and up)
A History Mystery: Who Hung the Lanterns at the Old North Church? (grades 3-5)
Aesthetic Appeal: Anglican Art & Architecture (grades 9 – college)
Sacred Seats: Social Implications of Colonial Church Seating (grades 9-12)
If you have any questions about the programs or if you'd like to create a tailored experience for your class, pleace contact our Director of Education at 617-858-8231 ext. 106. We are happy to work with you to create the ultimate visit for your students!
Read our school program guidelines
Check out our classroom lessons available for download


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Charles and David make you feel comfortable right from the get go! We had been to the area afew times but this was our first time staying at Dragonfly and I would highly recommend it to anyone looking for a comfortable stay with a personable...More
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"All rooms are comfortable w/private bathrooms. The Dragonfly is pet friendly and there is one room set aside..."


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SENTRA BAKPIA MINOMARTANIDesa Minomartani, Condong Catur, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
GPS Coordinate: -7.748025, 110.403827777778
Updated on 12/30/1899
Review from Travelers
You can also write a review on Sentra Bakpia Minomartani based on your personal experience. Your review could save other travelers' vacation and win an exclusive t-shirt that YogYes gives every month. The content of review is the sole responsibility of the sender.
Places Nearby
- Penyetan Mas Kobis (0.4 km)
- Kupat Gule Bang Dul (0.6 km)
- Mino Homestay (0.7 km)
- Soto Ayam Mbok Djinten (0.8 km)
- Abel Homestay (1 km)
- D\'Paragon Guest House (1 km)
Note: all distance are calculated over the air.


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Republic of Ireland Law
Republic of Ireland Law Questions Answered by Experts
1. At the outset, unless your employment contract provides for sick pay, there is no legal entitlement under employment legislation to sick pay when you are off sick from work. Accordingly, if you wish to successfully claim sick pay, it must be written into your employment contract. However, as I understand your Question, you are due payment for the 3 out of 4 weeks you worked this month. An employer is not entitled to unilaterally with-hold an employee's wages. So I would suggest that you formally write a letter to the company querying why you have not been paid the money due to you. Take this letter to the company payroll office and hand it in if you do not get satisfaction about why you have not been paid. If your employer refuses to pay you, then you can take a case before a Rights Commissioner seeking payment of any unpaid wages. A direction to the employer to pay will be issued and you can then enforce that against any company property if it is not followed.
Please RATE the Answer positively so that I may get paid


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South America's most misrepresented and misunderstood footballer since Carlos Tévez returns to action, and if you don't feel like joining in the party atmosphere at Anfield on Sunday you can always go on the boos at Old Trafford on Saturday.
Luis Suárez divided opinion even before coming to England. Not too many footballers have ever been suspended for cannibalistic tendencies, as happened to Suárez in Holland when he was found guilty of biting an opponent, and even those who argued that his handball on the line against Ghana in the World Cup quarter-final was the instinctive reaction of a professional were given pause when he was caught celebrating the penalty miss and laying claim to the save of the tournament.
In other, not quite so controversial news, Suárez was named player of the tournament at last year's Copa América after contributing four goals to Uruguay's successful campaign, helped Liverpool to sixth place last season after joining them when they were in the bottom half of the table, and for the past 12 months has been just about the only attacking hope Anfield could proudly point to as money well spent.
Now that Suárez's first year in England has turned into an unhappy experience as a result of the racial abuse that led Manchester United's Patrice Evra to make a complaint, the understandable fear among Liverpool supporters is that he will tire of notoriety at Premier League grounds and seek a move to a Spanish-speaking country where he can lead a quieter life, if such a thing is possible for a mischievous spirit who seems to enjoy winding up opponents. That cannot now happen until summer at the earliest, however, and whether it happens depends greatly on how the rest of this season pans out for player and club.
Kenny Dalglish has already welcomed Suárez back, adding that his ban could be a blessing if it keeps the striker fresh for the rest of the season, though it would take someone a good deal more optimistic than the Liverpool manager to imagine the player is going to get a fresh start. Even before Dalglish rather clumsily defended the booing of Evra at Anfield last Saturday, the latest missed opportunity in a list of short-sighted PR blunders, Suárez was guaranteed an unpleasant experience at Manchester United and a hostile reception everywhere else. It appears unlikely the problem will disappear on his return, especially as opponents as well as spectators could mark him out for special attention and try to play on his volatile temperament.
Yet sorry though this whole saga has been, it might not be all bad news from here on in. Suárez is undoubtedly a good footballer and in his absence Liverpool have shown themselves to be a force in the country worthy of his talents. When the question of a suspension first arose Liverpool were probably worried that losing their best player for a whole month might have dire consequences, with neither Andy Carroll, Stewart Downing or any of the other new signings looking likely to take up the slack. They need not have been. Liverpool were sixth when Suárez stopped playing, one place behind Arsenal, and they were sixth when he served his last match, one place ahead of Arsenal. There was an insipid 3-1 defeat at Bolton in mid-January, preceded by an uninspiring goalless draw at home against Stoke, but the league was far from the whole story. Within the space of a week Liverpool reached Wembley by dismissing Manchester City in the Carling Cup, then knocked Manchester United out of the FA Cup in one of the season's biggest showdowns.
You could argue about the justice of those results, but only if your name is Roberto Mancini or Sir Alex Ferguson, who actually are doing. Dalglish does not give a jot, because he has his best player back, Liverpool's reputation as scourge of all things Mancunian is probably higher than it has been for years, and there are even signs that Carroll is beginning to understand what is required of him.
While the cups may have been the most conspicuous positives to offset all the negatives surrounding the Suárez-Evra affair, Liverpool's overriding priority remains a return to the Champions League elite. Suárez may be even more intent on top level European football than his manager, since a player who appeared in the Champions League with Ajax is unlikely to be any more impressed with Europa League qualification than Liverpool's ever-demanding supporters.
If Liverpool can secure a top-four finish they can probably rely on Suárez's services for a while longer. That is going to be difficult this season, with one place likely to be available for Arsenal, Chelsea and Liverpool to fight over, but with Suárez back and Craig Bellamy in such fine form Liverpool arguably have more cleverness and pace in attack than their rivals, Arsenal's hatful on Saturday notwithstanding. Neither Suárez nor Bellamy is a prolific goalscorer or natural finisher, never mind Carroll, but the first two in tandem would be a handful for most defences, and Liverpool now have some momentum behind them. This most strained of seasons on Merseyside could still have a happy ending.


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The European meeting started, incidentally, more or less by mistake. After the first two ggg999 meetings, Thorsten Heitzmann had voiced the opinion that Europe should have a meeting, too – and when this was understood as an intent to organize such a meeting, the ball got rolling.
And it's good that it did. The meetings were a success from day one – and most participants plan their year around the meetings nowadays, in order not to miss them.
The meetings are open not only to members of TNS and their guests, but also to members of other 99.9th-percentile-plus HIQ societies with credible admission standards (Prometheus, Epimetheus, ISPE and OATHS).
There is also a Facebook group for participants which is open to all of the above.
After previous meetings in London (2011), Copenhagen (2012), Paris (2013), Amsterdam (2014), Schwäbisch Gmünd (2015) and Mallorca (2016), we decided to again go for a rather centrally located place:
Heidelberg, Germany, for 2017!
Registrations are open for egg999-2017! Find all the info you need in this PDF.
And if you need more information, please contact Editor Thorsten Heitzmann.
If you read our constitution, even just the first paragraph, you will see that we are founded on certain principles having mostly to do with building a strong community.
Join us today. We want to meet you!
Visit us at FaceBook, Twitter, and Linked-In.
Members see even more, so join us today!
We have some great, always-busy discussions happening in our FaceBook and Yahoo! groups.


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Goode, playing in place of the injured Reed Williams, did a workmanlike job at middle linebacker in WVU's tough loss to the Tigers. Playing against a well-schemed offense, he had two tackles, broke up a pass and had a quarterback hit in the 41-30 loss.
In addition to filling in for Williams, Goode also played some defensive end in passing situations to help provide more pressure on the quarterback.
In this interview, Goode discusses the crowd noise and environment, describes his feelings upon learning he would start, and discusses Auburn's offense and the difficulties it poses in defending it.


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The Toronto Blue Jays have placed third baseman Brett Lawrie on the 15-day disabled list.
Lawrie – who has a possible rib cage injury – is on the DL retroactive to Aug. 4.
On Wednesday, Lawrie missed his fourth consecutive game because of a rib cage injury.
Lawrie had an MRI exam Tuesday night that showed some oblique inflammation.Report Typo/Error


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Bright and early tmr morning we will have a baby girl...so crazy! The boy just left to go to Grandma's house since we have to leave so early in the morning. He has never spent the night anywhere so hopefully he does well. He grabbed my hand on the way out the door and said "Mommy coming" poor baby, he wasn't too happy. He got to Grandmas car and was yelling "I love you Mommy" lol it is so quiet in the house, I'm not used to it.
good luck Amy! Praying for you and your little baby girl!
Thank you :-)
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|139 m²
|Tipo de imóvel
Condomínio em Ocho Rios com vista para as águas azuis cristalinas do Mar do Caribe. Este condomínio de luxo oferece vistas espectaculares sobre o porto e cidade. Assista os navios de cruzeiro chegam ao cais Ocho Rios da sua varanda ou gazebo privado. Esta unidade de dois níveis tem 2 quartos, cada um com sua própria casa de banho privada, Ambos os quartos têm acesso ao pátio privado expansivo. O nível inferior dispõe de uma ampla sala com cama dobrável, sala de jantar, cozinha totalmente equipada e gazebo privado também com vista para a baía. O serviço de limpeza está incluído.
O complexo de condomínio tem 5 piscinas de grandes dimensões, e um ginásio totalmente equipado. A apenas 10 minutos de carro leva-o mundialmente famoso Dunns River Falls, esportes aquáticos, tirolesa e Island Village, com Margaritaville é através da streeet. A uma curta distância curta distância é o Centro Jerk e lojas locais, Craft Market, supermercado, lojas duty free e outros locais restaurantes, pubs e lojas.
A unidade não tem a / c, mas há ventiladores de teto por toda parte.
Loved this apartment. And the views are incredible. Kids loved the pool which was only a few steps away. Very clean, safe and private location. Have to come back soon.
On first impression the apartment is beautiful! I stayed there for 11 days during this period there was heavy rain fall for 9 days straight.
The apartment started to leak initially on the staircase and then it spread to the living area, water bubbles started to form under the wall paper! the cleaner had to put buckets and newspaper down to soak up the water leakage throughout the dining room area.
There was even a leak in the small bedroom where the bed is, which forced my mother to sleep down stairs. The leak spread into main bedroom and the apartment started to get damp.We took upon ourselves to burst water bubbles as we were worried about health and safety because the water leakage was very close to the TV and other electronics.
When I contacted the owner Carolyn she referred to the main office who told me they could not do anything until the rain stopped. I informed Carolyn of what they said , Carolyn's response was "This was the most amount of rain fall that Ocho Rios has seen in nearly 30 years". Carolyn said she would get back to me after she speaks to property manager again.
I never heard anything from Carolyn again! We checked out on the 22nd December and the rain had stopped two days prior to this, no one from office came to look at the apartment once.
I am extremely disappointed by the way the issue was dealt with, I mostly definitely will not stay at this apartment again!!. The first part my vacation was miserable because of the leaking apartment and damp.
The apartment is nice but the leaking roof needs to be sorted out!!!
After weeks of searching for somewhere to stay and because my friend and I didn't want to stay at a resort, We decided to choose this villa. The owner is super nice and has great communication. When arriving at the rental, it was absolutely wonderful. Very well decorated, clean and gave the home away from home feel I was hoping for. The villa is steps away from everything you could want which really left no need for a car. I have no complaints and had a ball during my stay. I would definitely be staying here again and I would recommend this to everyone. Thanks again!!!
I have been visiting Jamaica on and off in the last 10 years and have always stayed at the larger resorts and hotels. Decided to try something a little different this time and choose this condo as the rate was unbeatable and we would be able to prepare our own meals. What a great decision that was! The apartment is beautifully decorated and well maintained. The views are simply spectacular as the property is located on a hill overlooking the Ocho Rios coast. We spent most of our two weeks either lazing on the balcony, by the pool or across the street at Margaritaville in addition to trips to Dolphin Cove and a couple of local restaurants when we were too tired to cook. Lovely apartment, great staff in the office and secure grounds. We will be back!
This villa was exactly like how seen in the pictures ! Great water views and Huge Patio over looking Down town Ocho Rios. Was great that both bedrooms had their own bathrooms since I had my son with me ! Also nice to have the pool close by. Thorougly enjoyed our stay in this Safe environment !
Margaritaville is a 5 minute walk away . Shopping is a 10 - 15 minute walk .
Carolyn & Andrew
Pitt Family from Bermuda :-)
Hi Andrew and Carolyn,
Just wanted to say thank you for allowing us to stay at your wonderful home. We thoroughly enjoyed our stay and fully intend to return sometime next year. Your condo is the perfect get-away and after having stayed at the all-inclusives and couples resorts, we can truly say that this was our most enjoyable stay on the island.
Thanks again,
Carly and Ian
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Home > CCTV > CCTV Baluns etc. > Passive Baluns
Catalogue No: IP02Brand: Genie Access
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Send an IP Video Signal, or any TCP/IP Device, over Existing Coaxial CableActive System, Includes the Transmitter, Receiver and Power Supply UnitsPlug and Play for Easy ConnectivityLong Range Transmission up to 800 Metres (Max)
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Written on: 20/09/2012 by m.daish (1 review written)
Ordering, delivery, quality of item, 10 out of 10. Delivery contractors
helpful, considerate. Icing on the cake? Definately!...NO icing up with this fantastic Beko CF 5015 APW fridge/freezer! Can't fault anything.
When tracking order noticed freezer was now out of stock...not surprised!
Only downside has nothing to do with this product....it's trying to talk to Comet by 'phone and having to use premium number.
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Our S-VGA extenders have been designed for users who demand the best possible performance with maximum reliability. No compromises have been made in design or construction to ensure that these cables provide superb picture quality at the highest resolutions, even over very long distances.
Available in lengths from 6ft to 150ft and backed by a 25 year warranty, they're the perfect choice for home theater, presentation, CAD, DTP and AV installations.
Note: some notebooks and other devices feature recessed VGA ports which can prevent correct connection of our Premium Gold SVGA cables. In such instances, we recommend you purchase our VGA Port Saver to allow the Premium Gold SVGA extender cables to be correctly connected.
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Contact us Today for AV, Network and Computer Hardware ProductsComputer Products and Cables Wholesale Available to customersin the USA, Canada, Mexico, Central America, South America
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Get behind the steering wheel of one of the many different bus models and master one of the countless tracks in the fictional city Megacity. But keep and eye on the timeplan and transport as many passengers as possible. Reckless driving or unpunctuality will result in a bad reputation and penalty fees..
Bus Hound is the premier software bus analyzer for capturing I/O, protocol, and performance measurements. You can also send your own custom commands from a graphical interface.
Because Bus Hound is a 100% software product, it is especially suited to inspecting host side protocol. The tables below illustrate Bus Hound's capabilities.
C-Bus is a microprocessor controlled wiring system that uses Unshielded Twisted Pair cable (UTP cable) as its communication medium. The C-Bus Diagnostic Utility allows the user to set the mode of a C-Bus Serial Interface and send command strings to C-Bus and to observe the data traffic.
From the makers of truck simulation games in the 18 Wheels of Steel series
and Euro Truck Simulator, comes Bus Driver 1.5, also referenced as
Bus Driver Gold, a non-violent gameplay, bus game suitable for everybody and a solid contender in the bus driving games category; it showcases a high replay value based on a sophisticated system of traffic rules and game-play related bonuses.
VirtualBus is a great and free bus simulator.
When you drive the bus you've got to obey the timetable, you can't depart from the bus stop too soon and you must not be there too late. You have to take care that all the passangers got on or got out. You will be given the points if the door of the bus will be opened at most 7 meters from the bus stop (arrow over the bus turns green).
The Modbus TCP toolbox is a stand-alone tool used for configuration, commissioning, diagnostics and updating the firmware of the B&R Modbus/TCP bus controller. For configuration of the Modbus/TCP node, an XML configuration file is required, which can be generated and edited manually or using the B&R FieldbusDESIGNER.
The plot of this air combat simulator places us in West Germany where an hypothetical conflict occurs during the Cold War. The Soviet Union attacks the NATO forces causing Cold War to turn into Hot War.
This patch brings several enhancements including visual effects, better textures, improved physics, as well as fixing the problem with Instant Action starting without any gun ammo after the patch.
The IndyCar series season 2008 was the first one of the unified series. As such, it became the prime open-wheel racing series in North America. It was just a matter of time that a mod will come to relive the season. The IndyCar series 2008 mod has all the cars and drivers of the series. The physics are good and has very nice features. A good addition to your mod library.
The RPG Maker is a program by which you can create your own role playing game, without having any special technical knowledge. You can import into the game the character graphics that you have created, along with the music and sound effects. If you are unable to do so, the game has built-in character graphics and sound that you can use.
BlackShark patch - This patch adds multiplayer compatibility between the Black Shark and Flaming Cliffs 2. As such, either game can host a multiplayer mission that both products can fly in. Several additions and a few bugfixes have also been included in this patch.
RTaW-Sim enables the designer of an application based on Controller Area Network (CAN) to quickly set the best communication parameters and assess the performances and reliability of the system. RTaW-Sim is a fine-grained discrete-event bus simulator providing the frame response time distributions and statistics about the frame buffer usage at the ECU and communication controller level.
Flight Simulator X is the tenth and current version of the flight simulator. The new characteristics include new airplanes, the improvement of the multiplayer support , including the possibility of two players flying a single airplane, and the occupation of the control tower. The 11.0 version brings some improvements and enhancements to the already successful flight simulator.
PowerWorld Simulator GSO Education Edition is a program that can simulate power systems. By using it, the users will be able to simulate the management of interactive high voltage power systems on any time frame. You can construct the system in which you want to run the simulation (named bus), or use any of the included buses. The program can analize up to 100000 buses.
This game lets you simulate a variety of vehicles including jeeps, buses, and race-cars. You can explore a 3D city and its surrounding areas with a number of different highways and other roads. For each car there will be an area where you can experience its unique features in action, such as off-road for Jeeps and highways.
Scania Truck Driving Simulator is a game in which you can get behind the wheel of one of the most iconic trucks on the road. You can put your driving skills to the ultimate test with truck maneuvering challenges that serve as a practical exam as you strive to gain your license.
Celestia is a really nice tool that lets you explore the Universe as it provides real-time 3D visualization of space. Celestia is impressively comprehensive as it is based on the Hipparcos Catalogue (the result of the European Space Agency's "astrometric" mission from November 1989 to March 1993) and therefore contains more than 100,000 stars.
German Truck Simulator is an attractive PC game where you drive trucks to deliver cargo between major German cities.
Your mission is to deliver the cargo safely and on time. With each completed job, you will gain more experience and eventually, you will have the opportunity to open your personal cargo transportation company.
Start the engine and drive your trucks across the realistic roads of England, Scotland and Wales, from the city of Aberdeen in the north all the way to the hills of the South Hams.
Practice and test your driving skills in challenging routes across the UK, delivering cargos between 18 major cities connected by various road types.


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Your 10 most watched programs of the week on Slingbox, sports edition, were as follows. Check after the list for a few quick thoughts on this week's most watched live sports:
1. NFL: Bengals vs. Steelers
2. SportsCenter
3. NFL: Cowboys vs. Redskins
4. NFL: Lions vs. Packers
5. NFL: Chargers vs. Chiefs
6. Liberty Bowl: Texas A&M vs. West Virginia
7. Holiday Bowl: Nebraska vs. USC
8. NBA: Cavaliers vs. Heat
9. NFL: Raiders vs. Broncos
10. Russell Athletic Bowl: Oklahoma vs. Clemson
A relatively diverse final week of the year saw our standard complement of NFL games, a smattering of college bowl games, and an NBA game. On the NFL's last week of the regular season, plenty of Slingbox users were watching the NFL live on their phones, tablets and laptops. The most popular game of the week was the Steeltown showdown that saw Pittsburgh defeat Cincinnati 27-17 to claim their first AFC North title since 2010.
We also saw three college bowl games on the lower half of the list; college football is sure to make a bigger impact on our numbers next week when the Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl host semifinal games for the College Football Playoff. And this week we also saw an NBA game for the first time since the first week of the season, when LeBron James' first game back with the Cavaliers, against the Knicks, appeared. This time Lebron was also involved: Plenty of Slingbox users watched James play (and lose to) the Miami Heat for the first time since heading back to Cleveland.
We'll be back next week with another set of top 10s.


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Hair & Makeup
Our team of stylists are some of the most experienced Hair & Makeup artists on the island who have been with us for over 10 years. We highly recommend adding or keeping Hair & Makeup service in your Package because we get so many glowing reviews from our Brides. On the day of your wedding we'll send them to wherever you're staying with everything they need to get you gorgeous. It's a fun part of the wedding day when they Bride really gets pampered. Our stylists know how to work with every shade of skin tone and hair texture to make you look your very best.