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Showbiz Sandbox 320: Is Comcast the New Disney?
May 2, 2016
Comcast announced last week that it would acquire Dreamworks Animation for $3.8 billion, taking another step toward transforming themselves from a cable giant into a full fledged media conglomerate. Meg James, a corporate media reporter for the Los Angeles Times, join us to discuss how, though the deal may not have been anticipated, it makes a lot of sense for both companies.
The purchase is the most recent in a string of acquisitions that have closely mirrored the strategy Disney has executed over the past decade as they gobbled up companies such as Pixar, Marvel and Lucasfilm. Comcast has proven quite adept at turning undervalued assets such as NBCUniversal and Universal Studios theme parks into profitable entities.
Meanwhile, as the Tony Awards season officially kicks off, Broadway is suffering from what is being referred to as The Hamilton Effect. This is a condition in which you open a musical that blends hip-hop and history in a way that not only makes the show a cultural phenomenon, but the inevitable winner of this year's much coveted Best Musical Tony.
Of course we also cover the week's top entertainment news including the Daytime Emmy winners, why Fox is pulling out of this year's Comic-Con convention and how French law enforcement is preparing for the Cannes Film Festival.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Showbiz Sandbox 287: The Unofficial Line On This Year's Comic-Con
July 13, 2015
Pop-culture fans from around the world made their annual pilgrimage to San Diego over the weekend for this year's Comic-Con. More than 130,000 attendees turned up to a show where the largest auditorium has a capacity of 6,000. Alex Billington, editor of FirstShowing, explains how some fans had to wait in line for days (literally) to get into popular panel discussions such as the one for "Star Wars: Episode VII".
Billington waited out the neverending lines so he could fill us in on all the events, panels, trailers and collectibles designed to build hype for upcoming films and television shows like "Hateful Eight", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice" and "Deadpool". In fact, so many movie studios and television networks showed up at Comic-Con, and with so much content, one has to wonder if their marketing messages weren't ultimately lost in all the noise.
Meanwhile, the Minions spinoff from the "Despicable Me" franchise opened to record box office in North America giving Universal Pictures yet another big hit this year. Surely the studio will want the animated film to stick around cinemas for as long as possible, whereas Paramount Pictures has teamed up with two theater chains in an experiment to shorten the release window on certain films.
Of course we also cover the week's top entertainment news including a request from publishing groups for an antitrust investigation targeting Amazon, "South Park" continues to redefine television thanks to a new deal with Hulu and the Rolling Stones continue their reign as the concert industry's top earner.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Showbiz Sandbox 253: Nielsen Is Rating TV Shows By The (Wrong) Numbers
October 14, 2014
The method by which television ratings are collected and tabulated has long been criticized as imperfect. Now Nielsen, the research firm which provides the ratings, admitted this past week it had been reporting inaccurate audience figures to broadcast networks for the past seven months. Turns out viewership of this year's season premieres was lower than originally thought. We'll try and explain what the heck is going on here?
Comedian Adam Sandler is back in the news, though this time it's for a movie which isn't being made… even by Netflix. And just as she hits her stride as an action star, actress Scarlett Johansson (temporarily) gives up movies to appear in a television mini-series.
Even the world of live theater is a bit bizarre lately, at least according to composer Stephen Sondheim who is working on a new musical based on two surreal movies by the late Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel. If that's not crazy enough, the biggest box office winner on Broadway this fall has been "The Lion King", a musical that has been running for 17 years.
Of course, we also cover the week's top entertainment news stories including Katy Perry books a trip to the Super Bowl, e-book software that spies on you and the fifth season of "The Walking Dead" premieres to record numbers… or so we've been told.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Showbiz Sandbox 244: Hollywood Faces An Epic Struggle Over the Future of Entertainment Distribution
July 29, 2014
Whether it's movies streaming online before they premiere in theaters, the never-ending retransmission dispute between television networks and cable companies or the dwindling number of book retailers, how media companies are distributing their content has never been more in flux.
The Weinstein Company released their critically acclaimed release "Snowpiercer" on VOD just two weeks after the film opened in cinemas. Then they agreed to let "One Chance", a biopic of talent show winner Paul Potts, stream free on Yahoo! ten days before the movie opens in the United States.
Meanwhile, rather than sell you books, Amazon is hoping you'll be willing to pay a monthly fee for their new e-book subscription service. The only problem is the service's limited selection (not to mention the company's inability to make a profit), making us wonder whether such a business model is viable.
Of course, we also cover the week's top entertainment news stories including how Weird Al Yankovic's album wound up at the top of the sales charts, the Emmy's snub broadcast networks and Garth Brooks comes out of retirement.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Showbiz Sandbox 199: Comic-Con and Hollywood Is A Match Made In Nerdvana
July 22, 2013
Hollywood movie studios are no stranger to Comic-Con, the world largest pop-culture convention attracting 140,000 fans to San Diego each summer. For years they have showed up with new titles hoping to drum up pre-release buzz, though at times such calculated marketing moves have backfired in spectacular fashion. Even so, Entertainment Weekly's Geoff Boucher says audiences always welcome Hollywood back to the Con with open arms.
Boucher gives us an inside look at this year's event, filling us in on which movies, television shows and events were huge hits (or misses) with fans. Did the announcement of a film pairing of Superman and Batman go over well with the crowd? Was everyone surprised to see a trailer for the "Veronica Mars" movie.
Last week also saw the Television Academy announce their nominations for this year's Emmy Awards. The big news was the Netflix series "House of Cards" which earned 14 nominations and marked the first time a show will vie for an Emmy without having aired on broadcast or cable networks.
Of course we also cover the week's top entertainment news including a public spat over Spotify streaming royalty rates, Keith Olbermann's return to ESPN and a summer of big box office flops.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Showbiz Sandbox 154: Understanding Comic-Con's Tribe Mentality
July 17, 2012
Last weekend self-professed geeks made their annual pilgrimage to San Diego for Comic-Con. There's no better person to speak with about the world's largest pop-culture convention than Los Angeles Times writer Geoff Boucher. His Hero Complex blog has become a must-read for those attending "the Con" and he fills us in on all the big news coming out of this year's show.
Boucher also had a professional and somewhat personal relationship with producer Richard Zanuck who unexpectedly passed away last week at the age of 77. The executive behind such films as "The Sound of Music" and the producer of movies like "Driving Miss Daisy", Boucher provides a unique perspective on what Zanuck was really like.
Meanwhile in the world of television, the war over carriage fees has heated up once again. This time Viacom has pulled its 26 networks from DirecTV and AMC has yanked its programming from Dish.
We also cover the week's top entertainment headlines including Bruce Springsteen's curfew, the exodus of judges from "American Idol" and why you should see the "The Dark Knight Rises" in Imax.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Showbiz Sandbox 113: Hollywood Studios Think Twice About Comic-Con
July 25, 2011
Attendance at this year's Comic-Con was higher than ever. Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times and Alex Billington of First Showing were in San Diego last weekend sitting in on, if not moderating, panel discussions with the likes of Steven Spielberg, Peter Jackson, Francis Coppola and "Game of Thrones" cast members. In filling us in on all the highlights they explain why some studios skipped this year's festivities and why next year's convention is set to be the biggest Comic-Con yet.
There was also some sad news this past weekend as we learned about the untimely death of soul singer Amy Winehouse at the age of 27. The troubled young singer battled with drug addiction since rising to stardom in 2006 and her death raises the question over what responsibility the entertainment industry has in helping artists with drug or alcohol problems.
There was better news on Broadway where at least three recent shows turned a profit with even more shows about to follow suit. Even the much-hyped disaster "Spider-Man: Turn Off The Dark" is shaping up to be a financial success.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Showbiz Sandbox 81: Kanye West Spins His Own Hype
November 30, 2010
The week of Thanksgiving is usually slow when it comes to entertainment news, but not this year. There was a horse race at the box office as Disney's 50th animated feature nearly toppled the seventh Harry Potter film at the box office. "Tangled" received positive reviews and earned an impressive $69 million over the four day holiday weekend.
Also bowing last week was Kanye West's fifth studio album which is being hailed by critics as a masterpiece. But even before critics had weighed in West had jumped on popular social networking platforms to promote the release and his image. A story in the Los Angeles Times claims the hip-hop star has become a master at creating and controlling his own hype. If that's the case, then why does West have such a terrible reputation as a troublemaker?
Also trying to promote themselves via social media was Sesame Street's Cookie Monster. The furry blue "cookie enthusiast" is campaigning to host "Saturday Night Live" starting with a video on YouTube. Don't laugh too hard though, since "SNL" seems to be where the Oscars are scouting for hosts. Just ask two former SNL guests James Franco and Anne Hathaway who will be co-hosting the 83rd Academy Awards.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Showbiz Sandbox 64: Buzzing About Comic-Con, Digital Comics and E-Books
July 26, 2010
Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times, Alex Billington of First Showing and Anne Thompson of indieWIRE all attended the 41st annual Comic-Con. They stop by to fill us in on all the the movies and television shows that managed to generate a lot of buzz (as well as a few that fizzled). We recap the pop-culture convention's highlights and breaking news items.
Of course, before Comic-Con invited movies and television shows to the party, it used to be about buying and selling comic books. However, as Alex Pham of the Los Angeles Times informs us, physical comic books may be an endangered item thanks to the growing popularity of digital comics. These newfangled comics have animation, sound effects and narration. Pham also explains how e-books are changing the future of how and what we read.
E-books were the source of major controversy in the publishing world this past week. Literary agent Andrew Wylie announced he would bypass traditional publishing firms and form his own digital publishing company to release e-book versions of his client's work, including out of print work from the likes of John Updike and and Philip Roth. Rachel Deahl, senior news editor at Publishers Weekly, tells us why this move was so controversial within the publishing industry.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
Showbiz Sandbox 13: Hooliganism At Comic-Con (Or Lack Thereof)
July 28, 2009
We had a plethora of panelists this week, all of whom were in San Diego over the weekend to experience Comic-Con first hand. KPBS' Cinema Junkie blogger Beth Accomando covered the event for National Public Radio, Todd Gilchrist was there for Cinematical, SciFi Wire's news editor Patrick Lee made the trip, as did Phillip Nakov from MovieSet.com and Harry Medved, who helped out with Fandango's coverage of the event as their director of public relations. Also joining in on this week's fun is New York Daily News writer and Huffington Post blogger, Michael Giltz.
If you weren't one of the 126,000 people attending Comic-Con, this episode will fill you in on what you missed. There was whole day devoted to 3D movies, which apparently isn't just a gimmick anymore. The big hits of Comic-Con were "District 9", "Avatar", "Kick Ass" and "Iron Man 2" and the biggest miss was Roland Emerich's next movie "2012" which is either so bad it's good, or so bad it's just plain bad. Irrelevant whether it wowed people at the convention or not was "Twilight: New Moon", because fans just wanted to see Robert Pattinson . Hundreds of young girls, their moms and a bunch of sensitive men camped out overnight to get into a jam packed "Twilight" panel. The festival was "the redemption of "New Moon" director Chris Weitz, who was clearly adored by his cast. It was definitely the panel with the most security.
This year marked the first appearance by Tim Burton (as a presenter), Peter Jackson and Terry Gilliam. Johnny Depp stopped by to say two words (literally) in promotion of Burton's "Alice in Wonderland." Read more
Podcast: Play in new window | Download


text: Irwin Mitchell Birmingham Advises Sunrise Medical On RGK Acquisition Two Of The UK's Leading Mobility Product Manufacturers Combine 05.05.2015 David Shirt, Press Officer | 0161 838 3094 The corporate team at the Birmingham office of law firm Irwin Mitchell has advised West Midlands-based Sunrise Medical Holdings Limited on its acquisition of RGK Wheelchairs. Sunrise Medical, which is a world leader in the development and manufacture of innovative, high-quality mobility products and services, has purchased Staffordshire-based RGK Wheelchairs Limited from its existing shareholders for an undisclosed sum. Launched in 1988, RGK is a bespoke wheelchair company founded by former paralympian Greg Eden and wheelchair basketball player Russel Simms. The company makes wheelchairs for athletes across the world, including the eye-catching Union Jack covered chairs used by Great Britain's London 2012 paralympic basketball team. Thomas Rossnagel, CEO Sunrise Medical said: "RGK will play a vital role in Sunrise Medical's strategy of expanding further into the global high end sports and active manual wheelchair market place. I am very excited as to what the future brings. RGK has a strong and dedicated team of people headed up by an excellent management team who will continue to run the business with the new support, resources, and experience we have at our disposal." Nick Dawson, corporate partner at the Birmingham office of Irwin Mitchell advised Sunrise Medical on the deal, assisted by Nick Little. Expert Opinion"We are delighted to have worked on this deal. There is an excellent fit between the two companies and this acquisition will strengthen Sunrise Medical's market position not only in the UK, but further afield." Nick Dawson, Partner David Williams, Head of the Corporate and Commercial team at Keelys LLP acted for the shareholders of RGK Wheelchairs. KPMG Bristol provided financial due diligence to Sunrise Medical. Key contact Nick Dawson Partner +44 (0)785 492 3168 Email Nick Press contact David Shirt BLS PR Manager 0161 838 3094 Email David Tags Services for Businesses Corporate M&A Nick Dawson Birmingham Related articles 18.07.2017Leeds' Economy Has Grown Faster Than London Since Northern Powerhouse Launch 17.07.2017Manchester's Economy Has Grown Faster Than London's Since Northern Powerhouse 17.07.2017Birmingham's Economy Outperforms London's As It Retain Job Creation UK Top Ten Spot 17.07.2017Cambridge Takes Top Spot In City Economic Growth League Table 17.07.2017Sheffield's Economy Sees Jobs Boost According To New Research

subset: commoncrawl


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Kungfoo Cosmo by Cosmo4evaWatch
©2004-2017 Cosmo4eva
Cosmo in a Kung Foo stance. Very cool
cosmo is the cutest!!!! ace picture!
awesome XD nice colourin too XD
hi ya!
muy bien! I cosmo
Awwwwww! He's so cute!
LOL i like the 'soft and creamy smoothe'! Thanks. I onlyy use pencil crayon and a normal black pen. I just wanna know what program people use to create those awesome pics on their computers!
Whoocha! Looks like Cosmo's ready to chop someone to bits if they mess with him and those arms of greatness. The pose rocks and really does make the title work great with this. Again, I'm loving the thicker outlines and the coloring. It's so soft 'n creamy smooth. Go Cosmo!
Lmao. Cosmo rawks! (:
wow, cool! my little brother watches this show!
nicely done, it looks just like him!
nicely done, it looks just like him!
thank you! I try my best! It helps if you're obsessed so that you want it to the best you can in every detail! ^_~


text:
There is a multitude of prescription medicines forthcoming for treating acid
reflux and the future symptoms. Though no mend has yet been found, diet
change, avoiding deferred dark feeding and using prescription medicines can minimize
the numeral of episodes. All prescription drugs have to be prescribed to
patients by a medical doctor after the physician has made a diagnosing and knows what
symptoms necessitate to be fumed. However, if the prescribed medicines do not help
acid pathology symptoms, it is important to seek further mediation by a md.
Other causes or hitches may be at activity. In many cases, the symptoms may be
because of GERD or an ulcer, and in sure cases may demand nonindulgent surgery.
Once any medications have been tried, the gp in dependant will instruct a series
of tests.
One such pills nearly new to sustenance ulcers and bitter reflux is titled Rabeprazole. It
comes in dosage approach and is interpreted regular for up to 8 weeks. This will stop
acid someone regurgitated from the tum. However, it does have cross effects,
as beside all drugs. People can experience changes in physiological condition patterns, and the
ability to manual labour and remaining day after day deeds. Other sideways personalty include
stomachaches, headaches, down craving and disturbed nights. In bid to benefit
from this pills it is essential to tail the on a daily basis prescription as designated by
a dr.. Missing one medication does not miserable that you should be paid it up later, just
continue as orientated. Taking an in excess lozenge can phenomenon in massively sobering side
Nexium is different reusable sour reflux drug. It helps to nutriment ulcers and GERD,
and equally to Rabeprazole, must be interpreted accurately as prescribed, in a
responsible manner. Other accommodative medications as well consider Protonix, Prilosec
and Prevacid. These manual labour by sullen the amount of stomach acrid and in so doing reduce
the occurrences of bitter pathology. They should all be interpreted as oriented by a
doctor or according to the packages' advice. Combining any of these drugs
at the self instance can be a in earnest upbeat danger and should be avoided.
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In society who endure more than two modern world per period of time with venomous reflux, the
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suffering from sharp reflux then you should not income any medicine unless your
doctor has nonarbitrary it to you. If you payoff medicines lacking your doctor's
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illnesses. Only a gp is qualified to study vitriolic pathology disease.
If you are righteous grief from pyrosis past in attendance are varied complete the counter
drugs free. These can be proven a duo of present back deed advice
from a doctor. They may bench the symptoms suffered from acerbic reflux somewhat,
but they are no surrogate for a in shape fare and straightlaced training. Therefore,
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sufferer to fuse natural life changes near doctor's recommended drugs. Most
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This page explains the astronumerology analysis of the abbreviation ZMQZZD. Below, you also find the detailed meaning of each letter in the ZMQZZD acronym.
ZMQZZD has a life path of 4. ZMQZZD means: With a Life Path 4, your numbers are (4, 13/4, 22/4, 31/4). The number four derives its meaning from creation. It is a lucky number and offers stability, wholeness, order justice, building a strong foundation, honesty, integrity, loyalty, conscientiousness. In Hebrew four represents measuring, beneficence, and intelligence In Hindu four is totality and perfection. To the Pythagorean, four is perfection and justice Negatively, number 4 relates to conviction, inability to adapt and laziness. Thirteen is neither a lucky nor an unlucky number. It signifies purity and progress to a higher level of existence. Biblically the number 13 is said to be a great blessing and promise To Mary Kay number thirteen is a lucky number as her business commenced n the thirteen September 1963. To the US 13 stripes represent the original 13 colonies that rebelled against British rule. Biologically, thirteen represents the age of male o female maturity. Twenty two which is a number of power and accomplishment is considered the master builder, with divine imagination and great charisma. It has the ability to realize very giant or imaginable projects because of its capacity of precision and balance. Number twenty two persons are idealistic, creative and pragmatic. Some of their negative attributes include: anxiety, nervousness and they are immovable, stubborn and can let others down. The biblical meaning of twenty two symbolizes disorder and chaos and represents disorganization.
ZMQZZD acronym or abbreviation means:
Z: Meaning of Z in ZMQZZD. The letter Z zigzags forward and backwards to explore both the left and right sides of the universe. It's bottom is flat showing a certain degree of stability. Z is determined and helpful. The lower and upper cases of Z look the same indicating Z is unchanging, highly esteemed, immense and compelling.
M: Meaning of M in ZMQZZD. While M stands on two points, it has three projections pointing downwards. M is dracious, stable and temperamental. M could also be overwhelming with a great strenght of character and a strong in mind.
Q: Meaning of Q in ZMQZZD. Q is a closed letter with a tiny projection at the bottom. It displays confidence, self-reliance and compactness. Q is also unbeaten, sturdy and strong willed. The tiny projection at the bottom shows it can relax on one arm thereby displaying power and good coordination.
D: Meaning of D in ZMQZZD. D is a closed letter indicating self sufficiency. It displays self-reliance, a caring attitude and broadmindedness. It's broadmindedness can be seen in the fat that the letter D has a side that looks like an upright pole, it branches from the top and bottom to explore outwards, gain worldly knowledge, but its steady and slow, meticulous and self-reliance brings it back to itself.
Words, meanings, sentences and phrases similar to ZMQZZD
Tags: Meaning of ZMQZZD. The astrological definition of ZMQZZD. Did you find the astrological meaning/definition of ZMQZZD? Please, add a definition of ZMQZZD if you did not find one after searching for ZMQZZD.
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text:
Hi all,
I have been asked to investigate some suitable software for our church to use to:
- tally up and record the offering
- maintain and balance the bank accounts
- allow for general expenses and money set out for ministering/missionary work.
- assist with U.S.A. tax information/allowances
pretty much the general stuff that would be required ...
I can use GNU Cash, but I was hoping for something more non-profit related.
We are having a new treasurer in place and she is fairly computer illiterate but has a lot of experience in accounting (old school, pen/paper, ledgers and all that).
So I will be assisting in training her in general computer skills, then if we find a good package (it doesn't have to be free), we would look at setting some block time with a training professional for that system.
We are a certified Non-Profit church and I am starting the application to TechSoup soon.
I am open to any idea's, concerns and things to be aware of.
Thanks again for all your help.
Feb 7, 2012 at 9:47 UTC
Merryworks is an IT service provider.
You may want to look at these two.
Our church uses Powerchurch.
2 Replies
Feb 7, 2012 at 9:47 UTC
Merryworks is an IT service provider.
You may want to look at these two.
Our church uses Powerchurch.
Feb 7, 2012 at 10:09 UTC
Awesome, thank you so much.
I will look into these for sure.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
Salmon Salad Wrap
Recipe by ratherbeswimmin
A quick and easy salad wrap that can go to work with you. I pack up the filling, lettuce, and tortilla separately, then assemble at work. Just store it in the refrigerator until lunch time. I warm the tortilla a few seconds in the microwave.
Top Review by Boomette
I didn't put all of the ingredients. I didn't mesure. I put red salmon, diced cucumbers, red bell pepper diced, ranch salad dressing, and shredded cheddar cheese. I mix it all together. I put it in flour tortilla and in a panini grill. It was so good. Even my boyfriend and my baby of 13 months old liked it. I will do this again but next time I'll try with sweet corn, green onions and lettuce. Thank you :)
See Discussion:1 Review
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 (14 3/4 ounce) can red salmon, drained,flaked,and picked over
- 1 cup diced cucumber
- 1⁄4 cup chopped green onion
- 1⁄4 cup chopped fresh dill
- 1 medium red bell pepper, diced
- 1 (11 ounce) canwhole kernel sweet corn, drained
- 1⁄2 cup bottled ranch salad dressing
- 5 large leafy lettuce leaves
- 1 flour tortilla, warmed (10-12 inch)
Directions See How It's Made
- In a mixing bowl, add the first 7 ingredients; stir to mix.
- Season to taste with salt and pepper.
- Put a lettuce leaf on each tortilla.
- Spoon approximately 1 cup of salmon mixture over lettuce.
- Roll up tortilla, burrito-style; cut in half and serve immediately.


text:
Buying fishing tackle online becomes an incredibly simple process at the Fishing Tackle Shop. Here, you will be able to find a broad selection of value packs to help fill out your fishing tackle box.
These medium-sized fishing tackle packs deliver tremendous value for money. All items included, each pack will include a fairly decent mix of fishing tackle. For a modest cost, you can either develop or restock your smaller items of fishing equipment.
When purchasing a pack, you will be obtaining fishing pliers, traces, sinkers, swivels, fishing hooks, and various fishing lures. The assorted nature of those items will give you an opportunity to try a diverse range of tackle – all without having to do too much guessing.
♦ 1 x set of fishing pliers
♦ 3 x squid jig fishing lures
♦ 3 x other assorted random-picked lures
♦ 5 x assorted full packs of wire traces
♦ 6 x assorted packs of sinkers
♦ 15 x assorted full packs of fishing hooks
♦ 15 x assorted full packs of swivels
♦ Build your own tackle box or refill an existing one with a diverse selection of equipment and accessories.
♦ Pliers will enable you to make adjustments to tackle and cut lines.
♦ Lures include squid jigs and random-picked lures.
♦ Wire traces and sinkers add further to your tackle collection.
♦ There are 15 packs of fishing hooks and 15 packs of swivels to generally last you through several fishing trips.
These mixed fishing tackle packs are ideal for anglers uncertain of the particular types of lures, traces, sinkers, hooks, and swivels to acquire. Place an order today to obtain a pre-selected tackle pack from the Fishing Tackle Shop.
Note: The above Image is for illustration purposes only. All hooks, sinkers, swivels, traces, lures, jigs, and pliers are selected at random. As a result, items within the package can vary in style, brand and colour. Plier models can also vary.


text:
Solitaire-7 is a collection of 250 popular one and two pack solitaire card games
Use this security logo:
Buy Solitaire-7 for $9.95.
Tutorial not found. Let know us about any useful video tutorial.
Fixed minor bugs;
You can use an unregistered copy of the program "Solitaire-7" during 7 days. If during this period you have not registered a copy of the program "Solitaire-7", you will have to uninstall it.
You don't have a right to use the program "Solitaire-7" if it was illegally registered (with the help of serial numbers generating programs, hacking, etc).
You do not have the right to modify the program.
You can distribute the program for free under the following conditions:
if you do not distribute a serial numbers generating program with it;
if you do not distribute a cracked version of the program "Solitaire-7".
Style-7 is not responsible for any damage this program does to you or your computer. Use it at you own risk.


text:
Democratic Rep. John Dingell, the longest-serving House member, is going for another record in Congress.
Dingell told The Detroit News that he is running for a 30th term and is already raising money for the campaign. If re-elected to his Michigan district in the Detroit suburbs, Dingell would be on course to surpass the late senator Robert Byrd's record as the longest-serving member of Congress.
Dingell, 84, has been in office since 1955, succeeding his father in the House. Byrd, a West Virginia Democrat who died last year at the age of 92, served a total of more than 57 years in the House and the Senate.
"It's the greatest job in the world," Dingell said.
Dingell is, perhaps, best known for his support of Detroit's automakers and his push for universal health care coverage.
Last year, he proudly watched President Obama sign a sweeping health care bill into law that mandates Americans have health insurance. That law has become a target for the Republicans who now control the House.
Our Gannett colleagues at the Detroit Free Press have this photo gallery of Dingell's career.
Catalina Camia leads the OnPolitics online community and has been at USA TODAY since 2005. She has been a reporter or editor covering politics and Congress for two decades, including stints at The Dallas Morning News and Congressional Quarterly. Follow her at @USATOnPolitics.
USA TODAY's Jackie Kucinich (@jfkucinich) and Fredreka Schouten (@fschouten) also contribute to the OnPolitics blog.


text:
Dolly & Dimples Black Mary Jane Socks WAS £5.99 NOW
Beautiful socks that look Mary Jane shoes
Embellished with a girly double lace trim in a classic black
This sock features a rubber logo on the bottom for non-slip protection.
Made of soft material for brand new feet and gentle elasticized ankles to help keep socks on.
Comes attached to a wooden clothes peg!


text:
You've already got 5 items in your shopping cart, so there's no room to reserve another one. If you'd like, you can take something out of your cart to make room for this one.
Play Trailer
Just Dance Kids 2014 Wii
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Redbox Play Pass eligible
Plot Summary
Plot: Whether it's waving their arms in the back seat to a favorite song on the radio or jumping through the living room to a lively song in an animated movie, kids love to dance. Give them even more dancing fun with Just Dance Kids 2014 — a game brimming with the songs they love and routines made just for them, so they can shake, rattle and roll to their heart's content.
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Join RED for a webinar designed to show travel sales professionals what makes the Baja California Peninsula such a unique destination. You will learn about RED, our community and conservation work that sets us apart from other tour operators in the region, and see some of the experiences and options we offer travelers.
Please fill out the following fields so we can send you the details to attend the webinar. Our next webinar is scheduled for Tuesday December 2nd, 2014 at 10:00 am PST. If you cannot attend, please select the option "Schedule a private webinar" and we will get in touch with you shortly to set up a time.


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When you purchase a digital subscription to Cake Central Magazine, you will get an instant and automatic download of the most recent issue.
My first tutorial hope it helps someone really enjoyed making the car (my first car too!)
Hope the link works any questions please ask Zoe x
Hope it's ok to put this on as a link I can't get the pics to upload!!


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BC Hockey announced the head coaches for the Okanagan Mainline Amateur Hockey Association (OMAHA) Zone teams.
The 2017 Female U18 Team BC Selection Camp in Shawnigan Lake, BC wrapped up today, Sunday, July 16, 2017, with Team BC White and Team BC Navy playing their third game of the camp. The camp included on and off-ice activities that introduced the elite athletes to the most up to date information and concepts as they relate to both national and international levels of hockey.
The 2017 Male U16 Provincial Camp wrapped up with the final game between Team BC Blue and Team BC Green. The players participated in both on and off-ice activities that introduced them to the most up to date information and concepts as they relate to both national and international levels of hockey.
The BC Hockey Female Team BC Selection Camp and Male U16 Provincial Camp are set to start at Shawnigan Lake School in Shawnigan Lake, BC with 102 athletes (60 male and 42 female) along with eight (8) officials taking part. The male camp runs July 11-16, 2017 while the female camp runs July 13-16, 2017.
BC Hockey has announced that George Cochrane (Kamloops) has been hired as the Manager, Programs for the BC Hockey Regional Centre – Okanagan.
BC Hockey announced the schedule and rosters for the 2017 Female U18 Team BC Selection Camp being held at Shawnigan Lake School from July 13-16, 2017. The 42 athletes were invited to the selection camp based on individual performances during the 2017 Female Program of Excellence Identification Camp held in April in Salmon Arm.
BC Hockey player Michael Rasmussen (Surrey) was selected by the Detroit Red Wings, ninth (9th) overall at the NHL Draft in Chicago.
BC Hockey announced the head coaches for the Okanagan Mainline Amateur Hockey Association (OMAHA) Central and North Zone Midget Teams.
BC Hockey, along with the Yukon District, have announced that their zone programming for the 2017-2018 season will include a Bantam Tier One (1) team based in Whitehorse, Yukon to join the zone pilot league to include eight (8) Bantam and Midget zone teams across British Columbia and Yukon.
The Valley West Hawks of the BC Major Midget League (MML) are pleased to announce that Stefan Burzan (Surrey) has been named the team's new general manager.
Hockey Canada has announced the 197 athletes that will attend the National Teams' Summer Showcase in Calgary starting on July 22, 2017 with the U17 Development Camp, including 21 BC Hockey athletes.
BC Hockey announced the head coaches for the six (6) Female Midget AAA (FMAAA) teams for the 2017 - 2018 season.
BC Hockey announced the team staff for the Okanagan Mainline Amateur Hockey Association (OMAHA) South Zone Team staff. Three (3) OMAHA South Zone teams will be formed this season; Bantam Tier 1, Bantam Tier 2 and Midget Tier 1.
BC Hockey announced the Major Midget League (MML) All-Star Team for the 2016-2017 season. Members of the all-star teams were voted on by FMAAA and MML team staff.
BC Hockey announced the Female Midget AAA League (FMAAA) All-Star Team for the 2016-2017 season. Members of the all-star teams were voted on by FMAAA and MML team staff.
The 2017 BC Hockey Annual General Meeting (AGM) wrapped up today, Saturday,10, 2017 at the Sun Peaks Grand Hotel and Conference Centre in Sun Peaks, BC. The AGM concluded with the election of a new Board of Directors and the voting on resolutions.
The 2017 BC Hockey Annual General Meeting (AGM) Awards were handed out to deserving volunteers and hockey influencers from across BC and the Yukon on Saturday, June 10, 2017. They were honoured in various categories for their contribution and dedication to hockey.
The Valley West Hawks of the BC Major Midget League (MML) are pleased to announce that Rob Evers has been named the team's new head coach.
BC Hockey is accepting applications to host two (2) Hockey Canada Summer Skills Camps for the summer of 2017. Minor Hockey Associations (MHAs) can apply to host the camps, which will feature community coaches working alongside Branch personnel to deliver a fun and exciting skills development program for Novice, Atom, and Pee Wee players. The deadline to apply is June 23, 2017.
The North West Zone Pilot Program will encompass one (1) team at the Bantam Tier One (1) level. All players residing within the North West District boundaries will be eligible to attend the North West Identification Camp scheduled for August 11-13, 2017 in Smithers, BC. Players attending the camp will be selected to play on the zone team based out of Vanderhoof.
BC Hockey, along with the East Kootenay District, announced that zone programming for the 2017-2018 season will also include Tier One (1) Bantam and Midget teams based out of Kimberley.
BC Hockey announced Thursday, May 25, 2017 that Marty Floris (Vanderhoof) has been named the head coach of the Bantam North West Lumberjacks zone team which will start play in the 2017-2018 season based in Vanderhoof.
The BC High School Hockey League (BCHSHL) wrapped up the season with three (3) championship games at Planet Ice in Coquitlam, BC.
Canada's National Junior A Championship, the RBC Cup, came to a close with the host Cobourg Cougars (OJHL) defeating the Brooks Bandits (AJHL) 3-2 in overtime of the gold medal game.
The Penticton Vees (BCHL) season came to a close in the semifinal on Saturday May 20, 2017, against the Cougars falling 3-1
The 2017 Female U18 Invitational Selection Camp wrapped up this afternoon, Sunday, May 21, 2017, at the Cowichan Lake Sports Arena in Lake Cowichan, BC. The camp featured a very demanding schedule, pushing players through games, practices, off-ice technical training and fitness testing.
BC Hockey, along with the Okanagan Mainline Amateur Hockey Association (OMAHA), have announced the camp dates for the Okanagan Zone Tryout Camps.
BC Hockey, along with the North West District, have announced that their zone programming for the 2017-2018 season will include a Bantam team based out of Vanderhoof.
The 2017 Female U18 Invitational Selection Camp is underway at the Cowichan Lake Sports Arena in Lake Cowichan, BC. Players will participate in practices, on and off-ice skills sessions, seminars and games.
BC Hockey has announced the 60 players selected for the Male U16 Provincial Camp, which will be held July 11 - 16, 2017 at Shawnigan Lake School in Shawnigan Lake, BC.
BC Hockey announced that Steve Papp (Kelowna) has been selected as the Western Hockey League (WHL) referee representative for the 2017 MasterCard Memorial Cup in Windsor, Ontario, May 19-28, 2017.
Team BC White won the 2017 Male U15 Provincial Tournament with a 6-3 victory over Team BC Maroon in the championship game .
The Penticton Vees bid for a national championship set to start in Ontario.
The Major Midget League (MML) announced changes to the operation of the Spring Identification Camps and Prospects Camp, formerly Evaluation Camps, for the 2017 – 2018 season.
The Male U15 Provincial Camp starts May 11 in Penticton, BC.
BC Hockey to open Okangan Regional Centre in Salmon Arm.
Hockey Canada released the names of the 28 players selected to Canada's National Women's Team roster that will centralize in Calgary, Alberta for the 2017-2018 season, which includes three (3) BC players.
The South Island Royals of the BC Major Midget League (MML) are pleased to announce their coaching staff for the 2017-2018 season.
BC Hockey announced that Adam Griffiths (Victoria) has been selected as one (1) of five (5) referees that will officiate at the 2017 Royal Bank Cup.
BC Hockey announced the schedule and rosters for the 2017 Female U18 Invitational Selection Camp being held at the Cowichan Lake Sports Arena in Lake Cowichan from May 17 – 21, 2017. The players were selected based on their performance with their club teams during the 2016-2017 season.
The Penticton Vees will head to the RBC Cup, Canada's National Junior A Championship, for the third (3rd) time in six (6) seasons after securing the western region's number two (2) berth.
The Cariboo Cougars of the BC Major Midget League (MML) have announced their team staff for the 2017-2018 season. Trevor Sprague remains the team's general manager while Tyler Brough will be the team's new head coach. He will be joined on the bench by assistant coaches Tyler Fillion and RJay Berra.
The Cowichan Valley held a successful 2017 National Aboriginal Hockey Championships hosting 16 teams, eight (8) teams in each the male and female divisions from across the country.
The Vancouver North West Giants of the BC Major Midget League (MML) is pleased to announce Aaron Wilbur (Kamloops) as the team's head coach.
The Western Hockey League (WHL) held their annual Bantam Draft on Thursday, May 4, 2017, and a total of 61 players from BC and the Yukon were selected, including six (6) in the first round.
Twenty-three (23) BC Hockey Minor Hockey Associations (MHA) will participate in the First Shift Program in 2017-2018, with two (2) additional MHAs on the waiting list. Last year, 12 BC Hockey MHAs participated in the program.
I am honoured to have this chance to nominate such an amazing person who has clearly dedicated her whole life to giving to others and volunteering. Sue began her service with the Sunshine Coast Minor Hockey Association (SCMHA) in 2005. She has served as Vice President on the SCMHA executive and helped revamp the local Constitution and Bylaws, as well as being in charge of the Discipline Commit > READ MORE
Adam Kingsmill (Smithers) has been named to Canada's National Sledge Development Team following a four (4) day NextGen Prospects' Camp in Montreal, Quebec. The national team will now face the United States in a three (3) games series as part of the Defi sportif Alter Go, April 28 – 30, 2017.
Sharlene Check has been embedded in the Alberni Valley Minor Hockey Association (AVMHA) since her son started hockey in 2004. Aside from coaching, there is probably not a job in the Association she has not done. Team mom, team manager, divisional manager, recreational coordinator, coach coordinator, executive at large member, tournament director/coordinator, BC Championship tournament organize > READ MORE
Cory Cross has been volunteering with minor hockey for five (5) years as well as spring hockey organizations. He has been an integral component to the organization on so many levels.
Firstly, and most importantly, the kids absolutely adore him. Cory has made every single practice and game so much fun for each kid on every team.
The Penticton Vees defeated the Chilliwack Chiefs in overtime of game seven (7) on Tuesday, April 25, 2017 to capture the 2017 Fred Page Cup at the Prospera Centre in Chilliwack, BC. The Fred Page Cup is awarded to the top team in the post-season of the BC Hockey League (BCHL).
Three (3) BC players have been invited to participate in Hockey Canada's second annual NextGen Prospects' Camp, April 22 – 27, 2017 in Montreal, Quebec. This sledge camp serves as a development and identification camp for the nation's upcoming talents.
Christine Storey was nominated by Caroline Butler for her dedication and contributions to hockey in the Prince Rupert Minor Hockey Association.
BC Hockey announced Monday, April 24, 2017 the five (5) winners of the 2016 – 2017 Fred Heslop Minor Hockey Week Awards. The awards recognize significant contributions made to hockey within BC and the Yukon by individuals who have gone beyond expectations. In total, five (5) awards will be presented during National Volunteer Week, April 23 – 29,
Deanna Cox was nominated by Ryan Paddon for her dedication and contributions to hockey in the Cloverdale Minor Hockey Association.
Whitehorse is hosting a female hockey weekend Apr-21-23
The 2017 Male U16 BC Cup goes at the Shaw Centre in Salmon Arm, BC from April 19 – 23, 2017. The 145 players were invited based on their performance at the Regional Camps.
Hockey Canada released the names of the 83 players invited to Canada's National Women's Program strength and conditioning camp, taking place May 3 – 7, 2017 in Hamilton, ON. Prospects for the National Women's U18 (NWU18) and National Women's Development Team (NWDT) have been invited, and four (4) BC players have been selected to attend:
The BC Major Midget League (MML) is pleased to announce several team head coaches for the 2017-2018 season.
Applications for BC Hockey scholarships are now available. All scholarship candidates must be currently registered and in good standing with BC Hockey. Applicants must also be in either their graduating year of high school or currently attending/enrolled at a post-secondary institution for the upcoming school year.
The Female U16 Identifiacation camp wrapped up in Salmon Arm.
The Beaver Valley Nitehawks captured their second Cyclone Taylor Cup in four (4) years after defeating the Campbell River Storm 6-2 in Creston.
The first day of camp in the books and the second day getting ready to wrap up; the teams were prepared to finish of day 2 strong with a pair of games to close out the night at The Shaw Centre in Salmon Arm.
BC Hockey and the Pacific Coast Amateur Hockey Association (PCAHA) are jointly requesting applications from interested individuals to join a Zone Programming work group.
BC Hockey has announced the officials selected for the spring BC Hockey and Hockey Canada championships.
BC Hockey announced five (5) of the general managers of the Female Midget AAA League (FMAAA) teams for the 2017 – 2018 season.
BC Hockey is pleased to announce that Dominique Di Rocco (Port Alberni, BC) and Jamie Wood (Miramachi, NB) have been named the Female Team BC Assistant Coaches, joining Head Coach Graham Thomas (Calgary, AB), that will help lead the team to the 2017 National Women's U18 Championship, taking place November 1 – 5, 2017 in Quebec City, QC.
BC Hockey announced the schedule and rosters for the 2017 Female U16 Identification Camp being held at the Shaw Centre in Salmon Arm, BC from April 6 - 9, 2017. The 80 players were invited to the Identification Camp based on individual performance during the 2017 U16 Female Program of Excellence Zone Camps.
The BC Major Midget League (MML) is pleased to announce several team general managers for the 2017-2018 season.
The 2017 Cyclone Taylor Cup is set to begin in Creston, BC from April 6 – 9, 2017. The winner will advance to the Western Canadian Junior B Championship, emblematic of the Keystone Cup, in Arborg, Manitoba, April 13 – 15, 2017.
The Whitehorse Huskies won their first Coy Cup Championship on Saturday, April 1, 2017 with a 7-4 win over the Kelowna Sparta, earning the championship victory in front of a home crowd at Takhini Arena in Whitehorse.
The BC Female Midget AAA Champion (BCFMAAA) Greater Vancouver Comets fell 2 games to 0 to the Alberta Major Midget Female Hockey League (AMMFHL) champion St. Albert Slash in the the 2017 Female Pacific Regional Championship in St. Albert.


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Question: Do airline pilots chit-chat about the airlines' issues and problems in the cockpit? — Christian Kang, Normal, Ill
Answer: Once above a specified altitude and no longer in a "sterile cockpit" environment — where the flight is the only topic of discussion — pilots can and do talk about everything imaginable, just like passengers.
However, in my personal experience, far fewer conversation takes place about airlines' issues and problems than might be expected. Pilots I meet are far more inclined to talk about families, experiences and difficulties commuting to work (many pilots do not live where they are based; for instance, I live in Denver but am based in Chicago) and other such things.
The "bad stuff" — discussions about financial and other difficulties — is something heard far more often in private areas.
Question: What is the correct name for the revolving green-and-white light at airports? When did these first start being used, and why were the colors green and white chosen? —Ron Tatum, Indianapolis
Answer: You're referring to the rotating beacon. The first ones were located not at airports, as they are now, but along airways, spaced 15 to 25 miles apart.
The earliest record of a beacon that I could find dates to 1919, when bonfires and artificial beacons first lit the way for airmail pilots. Rotating beacons on airfields made their debut in the early 1920s.
A green and white rotating beacon means it's a civilian airport. If you ever notice a green light alternating with a double or split white light, then you know the airport is a military facility or at least shared by the military. A yellow and white beacon is for seaplane bases. A white beacon let's you know it's an unlighted airport.
As far as the color selection, this stems back to early airmail days when a green light signified an official or emergency field. A red light marked a dangerous field.
Incidentally, rotating beacons generally operate from dusk until dawn, but if you see one in the daytime, it means the weather has gone to IMC (Instrument Meteorological Conditions).
Index of columns
Meryl Getline is a captain for United Airlines and author of The World at My Feet. She also publishes her own Web site, fromthecockpit.com. All opinions expressed in this column are exclusively those of Capt. Meryl Getline. United Airlines neither contributes to nor endorses this column. If you have a question, send it to her at email@example.com, acknowledging she may use it in a future column.


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- 1 For Clock
- 2 For Mechanical watch
- 3 For Regulator clock
- 4 For Clockmaker
- 5 For Balkan dance
- 6 For Screw
- 7 For Glow discharge
- 8 For Negative feedback
- 9 For Screw
- 10 For Limiting
- 11 For Wheel and axle
For Clock[edit]
The timekeeping elements in all modern clocks, which include pendulums, balance wheels, tuning forks, the quartz crystals used in quartz watches, and even the vibrating atoms in atomic clocks, are called harmonic oscillators. The reason harmonic oscillators are used in clocks is that they vibrate or oscillate at a specific resonant frequency (period) which is dependent on their construction, and resist oscillating at other rates. However the resonant frequency is not infinitely 'sharp'. Around the resonant frequency there is a narrow natural band of frequencies (or periods), called the resonance width or bandwidth, that the harmonic oscillator will oscillate at.[1] [2] The actual frequency of the oscillator in a clock may vary randomly within this bandwidth in response to disturbances, but at frequencies outside this band, the oscillator, and the clock, will not function at all.
Q factor[edit]
The measure of a harmonic oscillator's resistance to disturbances to its oscillation period is a dimensionless parameter called the Q factor equal to the resonant frequency divided by the resonance width.[2][3] The higher the Q, the smaller the resonance width, and the more constant the frequency or period of the oscillator for a given disturbance.[4] The reciprocal of the Q is roughly proportional to the limiting accuracy achievable by a harmonic oscillator as a time standard.[5]
The Q is related to how long it takes for the natural oscillations of an oscillator to die out due to friction. High quality oscillators, that "ring" for a long time after being set in motion, have high Q and keep better time. The Q can be measured by counting the number of oscillations it takes for the amplitude of the oscillator's vibrations to decay to 1/e = 36.8% of its initial amplitude, and multiplying by 2π.
As an example, in a pendulum clock, the pendulum must receive pushes from the clock's movement to keep it swinging, to replace the energy the pendulum loses to friction. These pushes, applied by a mechanism called the escapement, are the main source of disturbance to the pendulum's motion. The Q is equal to 2π times the energy stored in the pendulum, divided by the energy lost to friction during each oscillation period, which is the same as the energy added by the escapement each period. It can be seen that the smaller the fraction of the pendulum's energy that is lost to friction, the less energy needs to be added, the less the disturbance from the escapement, the more 'independent' the pendulum is of the clock's mechanism, and the more constant its period is.
The Q of an oscillator generally increases, other things being equal, with an increase in resonant frequency, or a decrease in dissipative forces like drag and friction.
|Type of oscillator
|Peak accuracy
(Typical accuracy)
|Water clock
|15 min / day
1 hour / day
|0.25-1 Hz
|15 min / day
1 hour / day
|Balance wheel
|2-5 Hz
|0.1 sec / day
0.3 sec / day
|0.5-2 Hz
|4 sec / year
10 sec / month
|Torsion pendulum
|0.05-0.125 Hz
4 min / month
|Tuning fork
|360 Hz
2 sec / day
|Quartz crystal
|32 KHz - 5 MHz
|105 - 106
|1 sec / 2000 yrs[6]
15 sec / month
|Cesium atomic clock
|9.192 GHz
|1 sec / 2*109 yrs
1 sec / 2,000,000 yrs
Higher accuracy[edit]
Slow mechanical oscillators like pendulums and balance wheels have a low enough Q that the disturbance caused by the impulses to keep them moving is often the limiting factor on their timekeeping accuracy. Therefore the design of the mechanism that provides these impulses, the escapement, has a large effect on their accuracy. The quest for higher accuracy in mechanical clocks and watches has mostly been a search for better escapements, which disturb the oscillator less.
In contrast, in higher Q oscillators such as quartz crystals, the higher Q makes the oscillator insensitive to disturbance from the electronic oscillator circuit that provides the impulses to keep it vibrating. These oscillators are more influenced by environmental factors such as changes in temperature. In the most accurate oscillators of all, the vibrating atoms in atomic clocks, the Q is actually too high to be measured, and the accuracy of these clocks is limited by the resolution of the measuring equipment, such as the lifetime of the atoms in the apparatus. Current research to develop higher accuracy atomic clocks focuses on making the atoms "hold still" for longer periods, using lasers to cool them, so their vibration rate can be measured more accurately.
|Type of clock
|Counter chain
|Peak accuracy
(Typical accuracy)
|Water clock
|water flow through an orifice
|gear train
|analog dial or bell
|15 min / day
1 hour / day
|Verge & foliot clock
0.25-1 Hz
|verge escapement
|gear train
|analog dial or bell
|15 min / day
1 hour / day
|Mechanical watch
|balance wheel
2-5 Hz
|lever escapement
|gear train
|analog dial
|10 sec / day
1 sec / day
|Pendulum clock
0.5-2 Hz
|deadbeat escapement
|gear train
|analog dial
|4 sec / year
10 sec / month
|Torsion pendulum clock
|torsion pendulum
0.05-0.125 Hz
|gear train
|analog dial
4 min / month
|Marine chronometer
|balance wheel
2-5 Hz
|detent escapement
|gear train
|analog dial
|0.1 sec / day
0.3 sec / day
|Electromagnetic pendulum clock
|Invar pendulum
0.5-1 Hz
|Electric switch & solenoid circuit
|gear train
|analog dial
|1 sec / year
|Synchronous electric clock
|AC power line
50 or 60 Hz
|synchronous motor
|gear train
|analog dial
|sync'd to AC power
|Tuning fork watch
|tuning fork
360 Hz
|oscillator circuit
|gear train
|analog dial
2 sec / day
|Quartz watch or clock
|quartz crystal
32,768 Hz
|oscillator circuit
|digital counter
|digital LCD or dial
|3 sec / yr
15 sec / month
|Digital clock
|quartz crystal or AC
|oscillator circuit
|digital counter
|digital display
|Computer real time clock
|quartz crystal
32,768 Hz
|oscillator circuit
|software counters
|computer display screen
|sync'd to UTC
|Precision quartz chronometer
|quartz crystal
5 MHz
|oven controlled
crystal oscillator (OXCO)
|digital counter
|digital display
|1 sec / 2000 yrs[7]
1 sec / 20 yrs
|Rubidium atomic clock
|Rubidium atoms
6.835 GHz
|microwave cavity oscillator
and phase-locked loop
|digital counter
|digital display
|1 sec / 2,000,000 yrs
1 sec / 20,000 yrs
|Cesium atomic clock
|Cesium atoms
9.192 GHz
|microwave cavity oscillator
and phase-locked loop
|digital counter
|digital display - primary standard
|1 sec / 2*109 yrs
1 sec / 2,000,000 yrs
For Mechanical watch[edit]
Mechanical watches are a mature technology with a long history, and a number of specialized terms are used to describe them:
- Adjusted - high quality mechanical watches are made more accurate by a process of adjusting the balance wheel and balance spring to eliminate errors due to temperature changes, and the effects of gravity on the balance wheel when the watch is in different positions. The usual adjustments are: heat, cold, isochronism, dial up, pendant up, pendant right, pendant left, pendant down.
- Arbor - the axle or shaft of a watch's gear wheel.
- Automatic or self-winding watch – a watch in which the mainspring is automatically wound using the natural motions of the wearer's wrist, to make manual winding unnecessary.
- Baguette - a watch in which the length of the case is at least three times its width; a long, narrow, diamond shaped watch.
- Banking or knocking - an abnormal running condition in which the balance wheel rotates too far in each direction, causing the impulse pin to strike the back of the pallet fork. This is usually caused by too much drive force from the mainspring, and makes the watch gain time.
- Barrel - a cylindrical box in a watch movement in which the mainspring is coiled, with gear teeth around the circumference to drive the wheel train.
- Breguet key - a winding key with an attached ratchet allowing winding in only one direction.
- Breguet spring or overcoil spring - a type of balance spring in which the end is bent up over the plane of the spiral, to increase accuracy.
- BPH - beats per hour.
- Bumper - a watch with an early type of self-winding mechanism in which a pivoted weight bumps back and forth between spring stops.
- Calendar watch – a watch that displays the date, and often the day of the week.
- Chronograph – a watch with additional stopwatch functions. Buttons on the case start and stop the second hand and reset it to zero, and usually several subdials on the face display the elapsed time in larger units.
- Chronometer – a watch that has met the high standards of accuracy of the Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometeres (COSC) of Switzerland.
- Click - the pawl which stops the mainspring from turning backward and unwinding. It makes the 'clicking' sound when the watch is wound.
- Complication – additional functions on a watch besides the basic display of time
- Crown - knob on the outside of the case used to wind the watch, and usually to set the time.
- Damaskeening - a decorative pattern of wavy parallel lines often used on the plates of watch movements. An American term, in Europe it was called Fausse Cotes or Geneva stripes.
- Ebauche (ay-boesh) - an unfinished watch movement, lacking the balance, balance cock, mainspring, and with the plates unpolished. This is the form in which watch movements are sold by movement manufacturers. Watch manufacturers buy them, finish them, and put their own name on them.
- Equation of time - a dial which displays the difference between the time kept by clocks and the time as indicated by the position of the sun, which varied during the year. This rare complication originated when watches had to be set by the passage of the sun overhead.
- Escape wheel -
- Flyback - a type of chronograph, in which pushing the stopwatch button successively causes the seconds hand to start, stop, and then return to zero. Also used more generally for a hand on the face that doesn't rotate continuously, but traverses a scale and then jumps back to the beginning of the scale.
- Fusee - a conical pulley with a chain wound around it, used in the earliest pocketwatches to equalize the force of the mainspring.
- Going barrel - the type of mainspring barrel used in modern watches, with a ring of teeth around it to drive the gear train.
- Going train - the part of the gear train that transmits power from the mainspring to the balance wheel
- Grande sonnerie (grand strike) - a repeater watch that chimes the hours and quarter hours at the press of a button.
- Hacking or hack set - a feature that stops the second hand while the watch is being set, enabling the watch to be synchronized to the precise second. Mostly seen in military watches.
- Hairspring - the balance spring of a watch.
- Hunter case - a pocketwatch case with a hinged metal lid to protect the face that must be opened to see the time. The term originated with pocketwatches made to be carried on horseback by hunters.
- Incabloc - trade name for a patented Swiss shockproof mounting system for balance wheel pivots.
- Isochronism - means that a watch runs at the same rate regardless of the drive force; that is regardless of whether the mainspring is fully wound up or almost run down. The term is also used for the adjustments to the balance spring to achieve isochronism.
- Jewels - bearings made from synthetic rubies or sapphires for the pivots in a watch, to reduce friction.
- Jump hour watch - a mechanical watch which indicates the time with digits displayed in windows, instead of rotating hands.
- Key set - an older pocketwatch in which the time had to be set with a key.
- Key wind - an older pocketwatch in which the watch was wound with a key.
- Keyless work - the mechanism used to set the time in a modern watch, so called because it doesn't use a key as in older watches.
- Lever - 'T' shaped lever in the lever escapement. It has jewelled pallets on the arms that engage the escape wheel, and a fork on the end which gives impulses to the impulse pin on the balance wheel.
- Lever escapement - the type of escapement used in modern watches. It has a 'T' shaped lever which is pushed by the escape wheel, which in turn gives pushes to the balance wheel to keep it oscillating.
- Ligne - an old French measure used to express the size of watch movements. 2.256 millimeters.
- Lugs - projections on a wristwatch case used to attach the strap.
- Minute repeater - a watch that chimes the time audibly to the minute at the press of a button. This rare complication was originally used by blind people.
- Moon phase dial - a complication that displays the phase of the moon on a dial with a painted moon face on a rotating disk.
- Movement - the mechanism inside the watch case that keeps time and moves the hands.
- Pallets -
- Pair case - a pocketwatch that has two cases, an outer decorative one and an inner plain one to protect the movement. Needed because the outer case had to be opened frequently to wind the watch.
- Perpetual calendar - a calendar mechanism which automatically adjusts for the different length of the months and for leap years.
- Power reserve indicator or wind indicator - a dial that shows how much power is left in the watch's mainspring, usually graduated in hours the watch has left to run.
- Rattrapante - a feature on chronographs to measure split or lap times. The watch has two second hands which start the timing interval moving together. A second push of the timing button stops the lap hand, so the lap time can be read, while the other second hand continues. Another push of the button causes the lap hand to catch up to the second hand again.[8]
- Regulator - lever in the watch movement on the balance spring which is used to adjust the watch's rate.
- Remontoire - in some antique watches, a small secondary spring which is wound up repeatedly by the mainspring, and in turn runs the movement. Its purpose is to even out the force of the mainspring.
- Repeater - a watch that chimes the hours audibly at the press of a button. This rare complication was used before electric lighting to check the time in the dark, and by the blind.
- Shockproof - watch company terminology for any of several systems for mounting the balance wheel pivots with springy mountings that absorb shock, to prevent the pivots from breaking if the watch is dropped.
- Skeleton watch - a watch with the plates and bridges of the movement decoratively carved and cut away to allow the works to be seen. The face and/or the back is transparent to allow this decoration to be seen.
- Stackfreed - a cam device used occasionally in the earliest watches to equalize the force of the mainspring.
- Stopwork - devices used on the mainspring barrel of early watches to stop the spring from being wound all the way up, to prevent the mainspring from being broken by careless winding.
- Tank watch - a watch with
- Tonneau watch - a watch shaped like a barrel, rectangular with convex sides.
- Tourbillon - an expensive elaborate complication that was originally designed to make the watch more accurate. The effect of gravity on the balance wheel makes watches run at slightly different rates when in different positions. In a tourbillon, the balance wheel and escapement are mounted in a cage that rotates slowly to eliminate the errors due to gravity. Usually the tourbillon is exposed on the watch's face to show it off.
- Train - the gear train of a watch.
- Transition watch - an early wristwatch converted from a pocketwatch. When wristwatches became popular in the early 1900s, the only movements that were available were pocketwatch movements. They are larger than later wristwatches and the crown is at the 12 o'clock position as in pocketwatches, not at the normal 3 o'clock position.
- Trench watch - An early style of wristwatch worn by soldiers during World War 1. They typically had wire lugs that the strap was threaded through, and often had a metal shrapnel guard or a leather pocket on the strap to protect the face.
For Regulator clock[edit]
A regulator clock or just regulator was a precision pendulum clock that was used to set other clocks.
From their invention in 1656 until the 1930s, pendulum clocks were the world's most accurate timekeepers. The term 'regulator' originated in the 18th century, when a need arose for clocks more accurate than ordinary domestic pendulum clocks for scientific research, astronomy, surveying, and navigation. British clockmaker George Graham made the first regulators To achieve accuracy, these clocks are always weight driven, have temperature compensated pendulums, and omit unnecessary complications such as striking mechanisms, calendar works, and moon dials.
By the 19th century, several different categories of regulator clocks were made. The most accurate clocks were called astronomical regulators, and were used in astronomical and naval observatories, and as primary standards for the first national time distribution services. Then manufacturers produced high grade wall and floor clocks to serve as precision timekeepers for industry. These were installed in workplaces, post offices, railroad stations, and jewelry stores to schedule work and 'regulate' other clocks. Toward the end of the century, the word 'regulator' became used as a promotional term, and was applied to ordinary clocks that were not exceptionally accurate, such as vienna regulators and schoolhouse regulators.
Characteristics of regulators[edit]
These are the features that distinguish precision pendulum clocks:
- Weight drive: The timekeeping rate of all clock mechanisms varies with changes in the drive force applied to it, a problem called lack of isochronism. The drive force provided by a mainspring decreases during the clock's running period as the spring unwinds, while the force provided by a weight suspended from a pulley by a cord is constant. So all regulators used weights for power.
- Temperature compensated pendulum: The largest source of error in early pendulum clocks was expansion and contraction of the pendulum rod with temperature changes. As the temperature rises, the pendulum rod gets longer and the period of oscillation gets slower, causing the clock to lose time. All regulators had pendulums that compensated for temperature changes so the rate of the clock was unaffected. The most common type was the mercury pendulum. See below for explanation of temperature compensation.
- Precision escapement: The escapement is a major source of error in a pendulum clock, because of its disturbing influence on the pendulum. Most regulators used the deadbeat escapement, introduced by George Graham in his regulators around 1715. In the 1800s a few used the Dennison gravity or pinwheel escapements. Astronomical regulators sometimes used special escapements such as the Riefler escapement. Often the escapement pallets were made of jewels, to reduce friction. By the turn of the century electromechanical escapements began to be used. These used a switch contact on the pendulum to turn on an solenoid or electromagnet to impulse the pendulum, and
- Simplified wheel train: In order to reduce friction and backlash, which resulted in varying force applied to the escapement, the wheel trains of regulators was made as simple as possible. Unnecessary features such as striking, calender dials, and moon phase dials were omitted. For additional simplification, the traditional clock face with central coaxial hour and minute hand was dispensed with, to eliminate the extra gears (motion work) that ran it. The hour and minute hands were run directly off separate wheels of the train, whose axles were brought out through the face. So the hour and minute hand were located in separate subdials on the clock face, while the large second hand was located in the center with graduations around the rim. The hour hand often rotated once in 24 hours. The hands were thin and light, and often counterbalanced so they didn't exert varying torques on the train at different angles. The faces were devoid of decoration, with fine black engraved graduations on a white background.
- High tooth count: The finer the teeth of the gears used in the wheel train, the more even was the force transmitted to the escapement. In ordinary clocks, the pinions, or small gears, usually had 6 teeth. Regulators used pinions of 8, 10, or even 12 teeth. The large gear wheels had proportionately larger numbers of teeth also, to keep the gear ratios correct.
- Jewelled bearings and pallets: To reduce friction, the pallets of the escapement and sometimes the bearings of the wheel train were jewelled.
Temperature compensated pendulums[edit]
The largest source of error in early pendulum clocks, particularly in the unheated buildings of the time, was expansion and contraction of the pendulum rod with temperature changes. A temperature increase of 60° F causes a clock with a steel pendulum rod to expand ___% and lose ____ seconds per day. Early regulators often had wooden pendulums, which expand less and only lose ____ seconds.
The first pendulum compensated for temperature changes was the mercury pendulum, invented by George Graham in 1721. In this, the bob is replaced by a container of the liquid metal mercury. As the temperature increases, the pendulum rod gets longer, lowering the pendulum's center of gravity, but the mercury expands and its surface rises in the container, raising the center of gravity. By using the correct amount of mercury, these changes cancel out, leaving the pendulum's center of gravity, and its period, unchanged with temperature. Mercury pendulums were the most widely used compensated pendulums in regulators. Their only disadvantage was that the mercury was slow to come to the new temperature after a temperature change, so the compensation lagged behind a little. This was often dealt with by using several slender jars of mercury.
Another type of temperature compensated pendulum used in regulators was the gridiron pendulum, invented by John Harrison in 1726. In this device, the pendulum rod was made of several parallel bars of two different metals, usually zinc and steel. The zinc has a larger thermal expansion than steel, so the zinc rods expand more when warmed. The rods are connected together at top and bottom in such a way that the zinc rods shorten the pendulum when they expand. By using the correct lengths, the shortening effect of the zinc rods exactly compensates for the lengthening of the steel rods, leaving the pendulum's length unchanged with temperature. Gridirons had the disadvantage that during expansion or contraction the rods had to slide through holes in their supports, and this microscopic sliding action occurred in a series of 'jumps', causing the rate of the clock to jump discontinuously. So gridirons were used in early regulators but fell out of use in regulators in the 19th century. However, they became popular in house clocks. In fact they became so closely associated with precision that many 'regulator' house clocks had 'gridiron' style pendulums that had no actual temperature compensation ability, but were just for show.
By the turn of the century, Invar pendulum rods began to be used in some high precision astronomical regulators. Invented in 1896 Charles Édouard Guillaume, this nickel steel alloy had a very low thermal expansion of ____ and this small thermal expansion could be compensated by a few inches of aluminum under the pendulum. Later fused quartz pendulum rods were used, which had even lower expansion.
Astronomical regulators[edit]
For Clockmaker[edit]
The first clocks were large turret clocks in cathedrals and town squares. These unique mechanisms were often designed by educated philosophers, who hired blacksmiths to do the actual metalwork. In the 1400s clocks were gradually made small enough to to be used in private houses, and domestic clocks and chamber clocks appeared, but these were
- ^ "Resonance Width". Glossary. Time and Frequency Division, US National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
- ^ a b Jespersen, James (1999). From Sundials to Atomic Clocks: Understanding Time and Frequency. New York: Courier Dover. pp. 41–50. ISBN 0486409139. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help) p.39
- ^ Matthys, Robert J. (2004). Accurate Pendulum Clocks. UK: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 27–36. ISBN 0198529716.
- ^ "Quality Factor, Q". Glossary. Time and Frequency Division, US National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
- ^ Matthys, 2004, p.32, fig. 7.2 and text
- ^ Macey, Samuel L. (1994). Encyclopedia of Time. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. p.265. ISBN 0815306156.
- ^ Macey, Samuel L. (1994). Encyclopedia of Time. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. p.265. ISBN 0815306156.
- ^ Rochkind, Mark. "Flyback vs. Rattrapante".
For Balkan dance[edit]
Balkan dance refers to the folk dance of the Balkan countries: Albania, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey. These are sometimes considered as a single category within folk dance because they share distinctive regional characteristics, and because, due to the unique degree of ethnic mixing in the Balkan region, dances don't break down along national but along ethnic lines, with small ethnic enclaves in different countries in the region developing local variations of the same dance. The common characteristics of Balkan dance include: the dominance of line dance forms, with lines or circles of dancers holding hands without partners; complicated rhythms with distinctive asymmetric meters composed of combinations of different length beats; complicated footwork, and similar handholds, footwork, and styles.
A major source of interest in Balkan dancing outside the Balkans is the international folk dance movement, within which Balkan dance forms a popular specialty ever since the "kolo mania" of the 1940s and 50s. Hundreds of amateur folk dance groups worldwide learn Balkan dances for recreation or performance.
Historical influences[edit]
Music: asymmetric meters[edit]
Although Balkan dance music includes pieces with standard 'Western' time signatures of 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4, it also includes meters with 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 beats per measure. These are called asymmetric meters. They are often described as composed of combinations of two different length units or "beats", which are themselves composed of different numbers of the underlying metric beats. For example, the Macedonian dance Lesnoto is done to a seven beat measure (7/8), with emphasis on the first, fourth and sixth beat. These can be grouped as one "slow" unit of 3 of the underlying metric beats and two "quick" units of 2 beats: (BEAT, beat, beat), (BEAT, beat), (BEAT, beat), often written as slow-quick-quick or 3-2-2. It is important to understand that Balkan musicians do not describe their music's rhythms in these terms, this is a simplification used by western musicians and does not capture the full complexities of the subtlely-changing Balkan rhythms.
Each Balkan dance family uses a distinctive combination of these basic units, such as Paidushko (5 beats: 2-3), Eleno Mome (7 beats: 2-2-1-2), Rachenitsa (7 beats: 2-2-3), Daichovo (9 beats: 2-2-2-3), Kopanitsa (11 beats: 2-2-3-2-2), and Bučimis (15 beats: 2-2-2-2-3-2-2).
Many dances are done in a line, with all dancers facing perpendicular to the line, and holding onto the hands, shoulders, or belt of the neighboring dancers. Originally many dances were gender specific; exclusively women's or men's dances. In the ones that were not, men and women danced in separate lines, or in a gender-segregated line with women at the front and men at the back, sometimes However today the same dances are often done in mixed lines. Long lines are curved in an arc, with dancers facing in. In most dances the line moves to the dancer's right, but some move to the left, or in and out. The dancer on the front end of the line in the direction of motion is the "leader", with responsibility for leading the line, and calling any changes in step. Many dances have "called" variations, in which the leader periodically calls out the name of a variation and the line changes its step to that variation. In others, the leader, or individual dancers, may improvise variations or embellishments. In others, the leader is a "solo" performer, executing showy acrobatic moves while the rest of the line performs the basic step. Dancers joining the dance always join at the end of line, never the front leader position. Another common formation for dances is circles, large or small, with dancers facing in, in which case there is no leader. Other formations are short straight lines, two lines facing each other, or solo dancing without contact.
These are the most common handholds used in Balkan line dances. The names given are merely descriptive, not necessarily translations of names used in the native languages, but have some currency among international folk dancers.
- "V": The hands are held down relaxed at the side of the body, holding the hand of the neighboring dancer on each side. The right hand is palm up, the left hand palm down.
- "W": The arms are held up with elbows bent in a "W" shape, hands at shoulder height, holding the hand of the neighboring dancers, right hand palm up, left hand palm down.
- "Teacup": The left hand is placed on the stomach or holds the belt buckle, and the right hand is looped loosely through the next dancer's left arm.
- Front basket: The hands are held down as in the "V", but hands are joined with the two dancers on the far side of the neighboring dancers, in front of the neighboring dancers, so alternate dancers in the line are linked.
- Back basket: Like the front basket, except the hands are joined behind the backs of the neighboring dancers.
- Belt: Each dancer wears a belt or sash, and holds the belt of the two neighboring dancers, in front over the stomach. This links the line of dancers together securely, and so it is found in fast moving acrobatic dances.
- Shoulder: The arms are held out horizontally to the sides, with the hands on the shoulders (deltoid muscle) of the neighboring dancers.
- "Pinkie": Similar to the "W" hold, except that the hands are made fists and the extended, curved, little fingers are linked, right hand up, left hand down
- "Halay": Seen in Turkish dances, the dancer stands straight upright, as close to the next dancer as possible, with arms straight down and rigid at his sides, holding the hand of the neighboring dancers.
Some dances incorporate changes in arm position, or swinging or pumping motions of the arms.
For Screw[edit]
Analysis of square thread screws 2[edit]
Square threads have lower friction and higher efficiency than the other types of threads used in screws: Acme, trapezoidal and V-threads. This is because the outward angle of the bearing surface in the other types increases the normal force on the surface, and therefore the friction. Therefore square threads are used for screws that carry power, such as lead screws and screw jacks. This important class of screws can be analyzed as a simple inclined plane. The slope of the thread bearing surface is simply equal to the distance ratio , so the pitch angle of the thread is given by
The "angle of repose" φ, the angle that the resultant Fr = FN + Fμ makes with the surface normal, is
where μ is the static coefficient of friction between the screw threads.
The body carrying the moving screw threads, when considered as a free body, has three forces acting on it:
- The rotational force on the edge of the shaft Fin, which acts horizontally (tangentially)
- The axial load force on the shaft Fout, which acts downwards, parallel to the screw's axis
- The force of the stationary screw threads on the moving threads. This can be resolved into two components:
- The normal force Fn of the stationary threads on the moving threads. This is directed perpendicular (normal) to the thread surface.
- The frictional force Ff of the moving threads on the object, which acts parallel to the thread surface, and is always in a direction opposite to the motion of the object. It is equal to the normal force multiplied by the coefficient of friction μ between the two surfaces.
Using Newton's second law of motion the load will be stationary or in steady motion if the sum of the forces on it is zero. Since the direction of the frictional force is opposite for the case of forward and reverse motion, these two cases must be considered separately:
- Forward motion: The screw thread is moving in the direction of the applied (rotational) force, so the frictional force is directed opposite to it, opposing the applied force.
- Using a trigonometric identity
- This gives the amount of force required for "impending motion" of the screw forward, in the direction of applied rotational force. If the input force is greater than this, the screw will rotate forward. There are 2 cases:
- : The mechanical advantage is positive. The screw will rotate forward.
- : The mechanical advantage is zero or negative, so the screw is "locked" to forward motion and can't be rotated forward. This only occurs with very large pitch screws, and "backwards" screws like the push drill.
- Reverse motion (overhauling): The screw thread is rotating backwards, against the applied rotational force, so the frictional force is directed opposite to it, in the same direction as the applied force.
- Using the same trigonometric identity as above
- This gives the amount of load force required for "impending motion" of the screw backward. If the load force is greater than this, the screw will rotate backwards, overhauling. There are 3 cases:
- : The mechanical advantage is negative, so the screw is "locked" and will not turn backward with any amount of load force on the shaft, even with some negative (backward) rotational torque on it. This is the case with most ordinary screws.
- : The 'angle of repose'. The mechanical advantage is infinite. The screw is "locked" to backward motion, but the slightest negative torque on it will cause it to rotate backwards.
- : The mechanical advantage is positive. The screw will rotate backwards and overhaul
It can be seen from the above that a screw will be self-locking if and only if the arctangent of the coefficient of friction φ is greater than the helix angle θ.
For Glow discharge[edit]
A glow discharge typically occurs in a partially-evacuated glass tube with two metal electrodes, containing a gas at a pressure of 0.1 to 10 torr about 1/10,000 to 1/100 amospheric pressure. The tube doesn't
For Negative feedback[edit]
Negative feedback occurs when the result of a process influences the operation of the process itself in such a way as to reduce changes. Negative feedback tends to make a system self-regulating or self-correcting; if the state of the system is moved away from the equilibrium state due to external disturbances, over time it will return to the equilibrium state.
To have negative feedback a process must have a feedback loop, in which information from the output of a process is fed back as an input signal to control the process; in engineering this is called a closed-loop system.[2] In a system controlled by a negative feedback loop, the level of some output of a process is continuously compared to a (possibly variable) reference value which represents the desired output.[2] The difference, called the error signal, is used to control the process, altering the output in a direction to reduce the error, with the result that the output becomes closer to the desired value.
An example of a negative feedback loop in biology is the self-regulating role of hunger.[3][4] As time passes since our last meal, we get hungry. The hunger acts as an "error signal" stimulus, causing us to respond by eating. As we eat, we become less hungry, and eventually stop eating. So the response to hunger acts in a "negative" direction, to reduce the hunger. The purpose of this feedback loop is to provide a steady flow of nutrients into our bodies.
In control systems theory a feedback loop has negative feedback if the feedback signal is subtracted from the reference signal to get the error signal,[1][5] as above. The other kind of feedback is positive feedback, in which the feedback signal is added to the reference signal. Instead of tending to correct the error, and cause the output to converge on the reference value, positive feedback acts to increase error, moving the output away from the reference value. Positive feedback can cause the output of a process to be unstable; to fluctuate or oscillate, or increase without bound.
Negative feedback is widely used in mechanical and electronic engineering, and in industrial plant control, but it also occurs naturally within living organisms, and can be seen in many other fields from chemistry and economics to social behaviour and the climate. Ktesibios, an ancient Greek engineer, built one of the first known negative feedback mechanisms, a flow controller in a water clock, in the 3rd century BCE .[6] The first industrial negative feedback control system was the flyball governor for steam engines invented in 1767 by James Watt.[6] The mathematical condition for feedback stability, the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion, was discovered independently by Edward John Routh in 1876 and Adolf Hurwitz in 1895.[6] The mathematics of negative feedback was further developed by Harold S. Black at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1933[6][7][8] as the basis for electronic systems. General negative feedback systems are studied in control systems engineering.
- ^ a b c Lobontiu, Nicolae (2010). System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications. Academic Press. pp. 11–4. ISBN 0123859174, Check
|isbn=value: invalid character (help).
- ^ a b Owen-Jackson, Gwyneth (2001). Developing Subject Knowledge in Design and Technology: Systems and Contro. Trentham Books. pp. 6–7. ISBN 1858562430. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help)
- ^ Sundar, Nathan (2009). AP Biology Study Guide. FastPencil Inc. p. 14. ISBN 1607468867. Question 40
- ^ Pastorino, Ellen E. (2011). What is Psychology? Essentials, 2nd Ed. Cengage Learning. p. 290. ISBN 1111834156. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help)
- ^ Bolton, W. (1991). Industrial Control And Instrumentation. Universities Press. ISBN 8173713642.
- ^ a b c d Gopal, M. (2002). Control Systems: Principles and Design, 2nd Ed. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 14. ISBN 0070482896.
- ^ Black, H.S. (January 1934). "Stabilized Feedback Amplifiers" (PDF). Bell System Tech. J. American Telephone & Telegraph. 13 (1): 1–18. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
- ^ Bennett, Stuart (1993). A History of Control Engineering: 1930-1955. IET. p. 70. ISBN 0863412998.
These are the most common handholds used in Balkan line dances. The names given are merely descriptive, not necessarily translations of names used in the native languages, but have some currency among international folk dancers.
- "V": The hands are held down relaxed at the side of the body, holding the hand of the neighboring dancer on each side. The right hand is palm up, the left hand palm down.
- "W": The arms are held up with elbows bent in a "W" shape, hands at shoulder height, holding the hand of the neighboring dancers, right hand palm up, left hand palm down.
- "Teacup": The left hand is placed on the stomach or holds the belt buckle, and the right hand is looped loosely through the next dancer's left arm.
- Front basket: The hands are held down as in the "V", but hands are joined with the two dancers on the far side of the neighboring dancers, in front of the neighboring dancers, so alternate dancers in the line are linked.
- Back basket: Like the front basket, except the hands are joined behind the backs of the neighboring dancers.
- Belt: Each dancer wears a belt or sash, and holds the belt of the two neighboring dancers, in front over the stomach. This links the line of dancers together securely, and so it is found in fast moving acrobatic dances.
- Shoulder: The arms are held out horizontally to the sides, with the hands on the shoulders (deltoid muscle) of the neighboring dancers.
- "Pinkie": Similar to the "W" hold, except that the hands are made fists and the extended, curved, little fingers are linked, right hand up, left hand down
- "Halay": Seen in Turkish dances, the dancer stands straight upright, as close to the next dancer as possible, with arms straight down and rigid at his sides, holding the hand of the neighboring dancers.
Some dances incorporate changes in arm position, or swinging or pumping motions of the arms.
For Screw[edit]
Analysis of square thread screws 2[edit]
Square threads have lower friction and higher efficiency than the other types of threads used in screws: Acme, trapezoidal and V-threads. This is because the outward angle of the bearing surface in the other types increases the normal force on the surface, and therefore the friction. Therefore square threads are used for screws that carry power, such as lead screws and screw jacks. This important class of screws can be analyzed as a simple inclined plane. The slope of the thread bearing surface is simply equal to the distance ratio
For Limiting[edit]
In control system engineering and electronics limiting, also called clipping, saturation or saturation nonlinearity is a characteristic of a process or device in which the output amplitude is prevented from exceeding predetermined limiting values. In engineering, saturation is considered a property of the transfer function (input-output function) of a device. As the input of the device is increased, the output increases up to a maximum value, but remains at that value with further increases of the input. Similarly, as the input is decreased the output decreases to a minimum value but remains there for further decreasing input. Saturation is a very common response of many types of electronic, mechanical, and pneumatic equipment to excessively large amplitude driving or control signals, a result of the fact that the output of any mechanism has limits.
Saturation is a nonlinear function and therefore can cause distortion and harmonic generation in linear systems. For example, excessive levels of gain (volume) in an audio system can cause the sound to become distorted when the amplifying devices (vacuum tubes or transistors) saturate. The characteristic distorted sound of types of rock music is caused by the guitar amplifiers saturating when the volume is turned up.
In electronic circuits and mechanical linkages, saturation is the most common type of nonlinearity.
Saturation can refer to "hard limiting" (clipping), in which a signal between the limits is passed through normally but parts of the signal outside the limits is "sheared off" when threshold. It can also refer to "soft limiting", a type of variable-gain audio level compression, in which the gain of an amplifier is changed very quickly to prevent the signal from going over a certain amplitude.
- Hard limiting ("clipping") is a limiting action in which there is
- (a) over the permitted dynamic range, negligible variation in the expected characteristic of the output signal, and
- (b) a steady-state signal, at the maximum permitted level, for the duration of each period when the output would otherwise be required to exceed the permitted dynamic range in order to correspond to the transfer function of the device.
- Soft limiting is limiting in which the transfer function of a device is a function of its instantaneous or integrated output level. The output waveform is therefore distorted, but not clipped.
The transfer function of a hard "clipping" type saturation nonlinearity is
Often the saturation is symmetrical about the zero point of the signal
For Wheel and axle[edit]
The wheel is widely mentioned as one of the most important inventions in history,[Bulliet, 3] but since it was invented in prehistoric times, many points about its history are in dispute. Perhaps the earliest functional application of the wheel was the potter's wheel, a horizontal rotating platform for making clay pots. The first hand-turned potter's wheels, called tournettes, appeared in the Middle East toward the end of the Neolithic period, around 4500 BC. [Higgins, 10]
The most famous and significant application of the wheel was in the invention of the wheeled vehicle. Wheels were applied to carts in the late Neolithic period and they have been ubiquitous in transportation ever since. Before the wheel, loads were transported by draft animals dragging various forms of sleds and the travois, a load-carrying platform supported between two poles joined at the end in the shape of a "V"; the point of the "V" dragged along the ground as it was towed. The application of wheels to carts eliminated the friction of the cart dragging along the ground, resulting in a great reduction in required motive power and increase in load-carrying ability. There are two theories of how wheeled vehicles were invented:
The older theory, promoted by Stuart Piggott was that two-wheeled vehicles similar to the chariot evolved by the application of wheels to the travois. [Bulliet, 93]
A newer theory proposed in 1983 by Mary Aiken Littauer is that the first wheeled vehicles were four-wheeled carts, which developed from load-carrying platforms which rolled along the ground on wooden rollers. [NYT]


text:
Bearcat Insider caught up with new Cincinnati Bearcats defensive line pledge Elijah Ponder on Wednesday night.
Bearcat Insider: What made you commit to you UC today?
Elijah Ponder: Man, I just love everything they have going on, it's a good a vibe, and I have a good relationship with the coaching staff especially my recruiter who is also my positions coach. Its family based it feels like home and it has a great atmosphere. I feel I have the best opportunity with the Bearcats.
Bearcat Insider: When do you plan on joining the Bearcats?
Elijah Ponder: I'm coming in the summer I don't plan on doing early enrollment.
Bearcat Insider: What should we expect from Elijah next season?
Elijah Ponder: Staying focus and work for my goal, getting right in the weight room, learning the techniques and everything that I have to be successful and make a name for myself... and staying on top of my academics.
Check out our breakdown of Ponder in the video attached to this story.