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BPMN and Business Process Management Introduction to the New Business Process Modeling Standard
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1 BPMN and Business Process Management Introduction to the New Business Process Modeling Standard By Martin Owen and Jog Raj, Popkin Software
2 Executive Summary... 3 Introducing BPMN... 4 BPMN Enables Business Process Management (BPM)... 4 BPMI.ORG Created to Establish BPM Standards... 4 Rigor of the BPMI.ORG Standards... 5 BPMN Enables Modeling of B2B and B2C... 5 BPMN Maps to Business Execution Languages... 5 BPMI.ORG Works with OASIS for e-business Standards... 5 BPMN Models Web Services... 6 A First Look at BPMN... 7 Modeling Business Events... 8 More Complex Events -- Specifying Trigger Types... 8 Business Processes, Sub-Processes, and Tasks...10 Decomposing Your Processes Into Hierarchies...10 Easily Viewing Process Complexities...12 Modeling the Sequence Flow of a Process...13 Modeling Decision Points with Gateways...13 Who Does What Pools and Lanes...15 A Pool Can Represent Many Things...16 Modeling B2B Message Flows...16 Enforcing B2B Rules...17 Black Boxes and White Boxes...17 Understanding How Data Is Transformed...19 Annotating the Models with Text...20 BPMN Conclusion...20 Simulating Business Processes...21 Mapping to Business Execution Languages...22 BPMN Maps Directly to Execution Languages...22 BPMS s Orchestrate Web Services...23 How BPMN Fits In with UML...24 UML Is Alien to Most Business Analysts...24 UML Lacks an Implementation View of Business Models...24 UML Lacks Mathematical Foundation to Map to BPEL s...25 BPMN and UML Play Together...25 Conclusion...26 References...27 Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 2
3 Executive Summary BPMN stands for Business Process Modeling Notation. It is the new standard for modeling business processes and web service processes, as put forth by the Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI BPMN is a core enabler of a new initiative in the Enterprise Architecture world called Business Process Management (BPM). Business Process Management is concerned with managing change to improve business processes. BPMN consists of one diagram called the Business Process Diagram (BPD). The BPMN Business Process Diagram has been designed to be easy to use and understand, but also provides the ability to model complex business processes. It has also been designed specifically with web services in mind. BPMN is only one of three specifications that the BPMI has developed the other two are a Business Process Modeling Language (BPML) and a Business Process Query Language (BPQL). All have been developed using a solid mathematical foundation, which enables a BPMN Business Process Diagram to map directly to BPML, in the same way that a physical data model maps directly to Data Definition Language (DDL). There are competing standards to BPML, chief among them is the Business Process Execution Language For Web Services (BPEL4WS) created in a joint venture by BEA, IBM, Microsoft, and others. However, BPMI has created BPMN so that it maps readily to any business process execution language. Business Process Execution Languages themselves are run, controlled, and orchestrated on a Business Process Management System (BPMS). OASIS (www.oasis-open.org) is a not-for-profit, global consortium that drives the development, convergence and adoption of e-business standards. Both BPEL4WS and BPMI s BPML have been submitted to OASIS to become a business process execution language standard. OASIS has created a subcommittee to decide upon a standard; the outcome of this committee is called Web Services Business Execution Language (WS-BPEL). The OASIS WS-BPEL requires the development of new BPMS technologies as well. BPMN provides a number of advantages to modeling business processes over the Unified Modeling Language (UML). First, it offers a process flow modeling technique that is more conducive to the way business analysts model. Second, its solid mathematical foundation is expressly designed to map to business execution languages, whereas UML is not. BPMN can map to UML, and provide a solid business modeling front end to systems design with UML. This paper provides an in-depth introduction to the new BPMN standard, illustrating how it is used to model business processes and web services. The paper also provides greater detail on how BPMN fits within BPM, BPEL s, BPMS s, UML and other new industry standards and initiatives described above. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 3
4 Introducing BPMN The Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) is the new standard to model business process flows and web services. Created by the Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI), the first goal of BPMN is to provide a notation that is readily understandable by all business users. This includes the business analysts that create the initial drafts of the processes to the technical developers responsible for implementing the technology that will perform those processes. A second, equally important goal is to ensure that XML languages designed for the execution of business processes, such as BPEL4WS (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services) and BPML (Business Process Modeling Language), can be visually expressed with a common notation. BPMN Enables Business Process Management (BPM) To improve is to change; to be perfect is to change often. -- Winston Churchill BPMN is a core enabler for a new initiative in the Enterprise Architecture world Business Process Management (BPM). BPM is concerned with managing change to improve business processes. BPM is unifying the previously distinct disciplines of Process Modeling, Simulation, Workflow, Enterprise Application Integration (EAI), and Business-to-Business (B2B) integration into a single standard. The fact that Business Process Management is a new initiative might lead you to believe that business processes have not been managed previously. This is of course not true many organizations have modeled and managed their business processes for years, using an eclectic mixture of tools and techniques. These techniques have only been partially successful, or failed outright, because there has been a lack of standards and a complete lifecycle to control and guide the design and execution of business processes. Managing the process of change cannot be an ad-hoc process it requires management to exercise control over the discovery, architecture, design, and deployment of processes. For management to understand the architecture, design, and deployment of processes, you need business modeling and business execution language standards. BPMI.ORG Created to Establish BPM Standards The Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI has been established to promote and develop the use of Business Process Management (BPM) through the use of standards for process design, deployment, execution, maintenance, and optimization of processes. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 4
5 BPMI has developed, or is in the process of developing, three standards to facilitate BPM: BPMN, as a standard for modeling business processes, Business Process Modeling Language (BPML), as the standard business execution language, and Business Process Query Language (BPQL), a standard management interface for the deployment and execution of e-business processes. Rigor of the BPMI.ORG Standards A very crucial and fundamental distinguishing feature of BPMI standards is that they have been developed with a solid mathematical foundation. The Pi-Calculus branch of Process Calculi has been used. This is a formal method of computation that forms the foundation for dynamic and mobile processes. This makes BPMI standards analogous to the mathematical foundation of relational theory that underpins relational database management systems (RDBMS s). It means that business processes designed using the BPMN standard can be manipulated directly and executable language created and made available for immediate execution. Again, this is analogous to the functionality of relational data models and the generation of SQL/DDL statements. The business process modeling language (BPML) is designed by BPMI.org to be a Pi-Calculus-based standard description of a business process. BPMN Enables Modeling of B2B and B2C Unlike previous business process diagram types, the BPMN business process diagram was created with business execution languages and web services in mind. Special notations have been added to the diagram to depict message-based events and message passing between organizations. BPMN Maps to Business Execution Languages What s more, BPMN has been specified to map directly to the BPML standard, and any other rival business execution languages that are introduced, such as BPEL4WS, developed by BEA, IBM, Microsoft, and others. BPMI.ORG Works with OASIS for e-business Standards OASIS (www.oasis-open.org) is a not-for-profit, global consortium that drives the development, convergence and adoption of e-business standards. OASIS produces worldwide standards for security, web services, XML conformance, business transactions, electronic publishing, topic maps and interoperability within and between marketplaces. Both BPML (from BPMI.ORG), and BPEL4WS (from Microsoft, IBM, and others) have been submitted to OASIS, which has formed a technical committee to create a Business Process Execution language standard. The output from this committee is currently called Web Services Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL). BPML s current status is that it is submitted as an influencing specification to the WS- BPEL committee. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 5
6 BPMN Models Web Services Making web services work is a four-stage process, as follows: 1. Design the processes using BPMN. 2. Simulate the processes and modify them for efficiency. 3. Make the services available by publishing them using a Business Process Execution language. 4. Orchestrate the web services into end-to-end business flows by assembling them and coordinating their behavior. Business Process Management Systems (BPMS) are employed for this stage. The OASIS WS-BPEL requires the development of new BPMS technologies where these functionalities will reside and be executed from. We will examine each of the steps above in this whitepaper, beginning with a first look at the new BPMN standard. Finally, we ll take a look at BPMN in relation to a popular industry standard for systems analysis, the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 6
7 A First Look at BPMN BPMN specifies a single business process diagram, called the Business Process Diagram (BPD). This diagram was designed to do two things well. First, it is easy to use and understand. You can use it to quickly and easily model business processes, and it is easily understandable by non-technical users (usually management). Second, it offers the expressiveness to model very complex business processes, and can be naturally mapped to business execution languages. To model a business process flow, you simply model the events that occur to start a process, the processes that get performed, and the end results of the process flow. Business decisions and branching of flows is modeled using gateways. A gateway is similar to a decision symbol in a flowchart. Furthermore, a process in the flow can contain sub-processes, which can be graphically shown by another Business Process Diagram connected via a hyperlink to a process symbol. If a process is not decomposed by sub-processes, it is considered a task the lowest-level process. A + mark in the process symbol denotes that the process is decomposed; if it doesn t have a + mark, it is a task. Figure 1. Simple BPMN Business Process Diagram for an on-line auction system. As you drive further into business analysis, you can specify who does what by placing the events and processes into shaded areas called pools that denote who is performing a process. You can further partition a pool into lanes. A pool typically represents an organization and a lane typically represents a department within that organization (although you may make them represent other things such as functions, applications, and systems). Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 7
8 Figure 2. BPMN Business Process Diagram with processes drawn in pools. We take a closer look at each of the elements that can be drawn on a BPMN Business Process diagram in the next section. Modeling Business Events During business process modeling, you model the events that happen in the business, and show how they affect process flows. An event either kicks off a process flow, or happens during a process flow, or ends a process flow. BPMN provides a distinct notation for each of these types of events, shown in the table below. Table 1: Basic event types in BPMN and their notations. Start Event Intermediate Event End Event Starts a process flow. Happens during the course of a process flow. Ends a process flow. More Complex Events -- Specifying Trigger Types When you model more complex process flows, such as B2B web services, you need to model more complex business events, such as messages, timers, business rules, and error conditions. BPMN enables you to specify the trigger type of the event, and denote it with a representative icon, as specified in Table 2. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 8
9 Specifying a trigger type to an event puts certain constraints on the process flow that you are modeling, which are explained in the table. For example, a timer cannot end a process flow. You can only draw message flows from and to message events. These types of modeling rules, which are actually kinds of business rules, should be enforced automatically by the modeling tool providing support for BPMN. Table 2: Event Trigger Types. Start Events Intermediate Events An Exception cannot be a Start event. End Events A Timer cannot be an End Event. A Rule cannot be an End Event. Description A start message arrives from a participant and triggers the start of the process, or continues the process in the case of an intermediate event. An end message denotes a message generated at the end of a process. A specific time or cycle (for example every Monday at 9am) can be set to trigger the start of the process, or continue the process in the case of an intermediate event. Triggers when the conditions for a rule become true, such as Stock price changes by more than 10% since opening. A link is a mechanism for connecting the end event of one process flow to the start event of another process flow. For a start multiple event, there are multiple ways of triggering the process, or continuing the process in the case of the intermediate event. Only one of them is required. The attributes of the event define which of the other types of triggers apply. For end multiple, there are multiple consequences of ending the process, all of which will occur (for example, multiple messages sent). An end exception event informs the process engine that a named error should be generated. This error will be caught by an intermediate exception event. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 9
10 Start Events A Compensation event cannot be a Start event. An End event cannot be a Start event. An End Kill event cannot be a Start event. Intermediate Events An End event cannot be an Intermediate event. An End Kill event cannot be a Intermediate event. End Events Description An end compensation event informs the process engine that a compensation is necessary. This compensation identifier is used by an intermediate event when the process is rolling back. An end event means that the user has decided to cancel the process. The process is ended with normal event handling. An end kill event means that there is a fatal error and that all activities in the process should be immediately ended. The process is ended without compensation or event handling. Oftentimes an event happens while a particular process is being performed, causing an interrupt to the process, and triggering a new process to be performed. Or, a process will complete, causing an event to start, and a new process to be performed. You can model these intermediate events by placing an event symbol directly on the process that it is associated with. In Figure 3, you can see a message event being triggered when a process Check Inbox completes, causing a message Password Request to be sent to the Send Password process. This type of BPMN notation makes it crystal clear to the reader that the Check Inbox process generates a message event that sends a message to another process. Figure 3. A message event is triggered at the end of the Check Inbox process, sending the Password Request message to the Send Password process. Business Processes, Sub-Processes, and Tasks At the core of business process modeling are the processes themselves. There are three types of processes the process, the sub-process, and the task. Each is graphically depicted by the same rounded rectangular symbol; the use of different nouns simply reflects the hierarchical relationships between them. Decomposing Your Processes Into Hierarchies A process is a network of doing things. You draw it as a rounded rectangle on your top-level BPMN Business Process diagram. You can specify the inner details of a Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 10
11 process by creating or attaching another Business Process diagram to it. The subdiagram is considered a 'child' diagram. A process that has a child diagram gets a '+' marker in its body. Graphically showing the details of a process with another Business Process diagram is considered 'decomposing' the process. You can continue to decompose a process without any restriction -- creating a child diagram for a process, and child diagrams for the processes on the first child diagram, and so forth. Processes that you draw on 'child' diagrams are considered sub-processes. The lowest-level process, which you do not decompose further, is considered a task. Figure 4. Part of a BPMN Business Process diagram for an on-line auction system. Figure 4 shows a BPMN business process diagram on which the process Register Item for Auction has been modeled. The + mark in the process s body tells you that there is at least one child business process diagram hyperlinked to this process, and on that diagram is a graphical depiction of the details of this process. Figure 5 shows part of the child BPMN Business Process diagram to the Register Item for Auction process. Since they are on a child diagram, the processes are considered sub-processes. Processes on this diagram that are not further decomposed (no + mark in their center) are considered tasks. As you can see, it is easy to pick out a task on a diagram simply those rounded rectangles without a + mark at their center. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 11
12 Figure 5. Sub-processes and tasks. Easily Viewing Process Complexities Again, the BPMN diagram is designed to be easily understood by viewers. To help readers understand the complexities of processes, you may graphically show a thumbnail of a child process flow on a process symbol itself. In the modeling tool, this is done by clicking on the + mark in the process symbol s center, changing it to a - mark, and presenting the thumbnail sketch. In this way, you can view a BPMN Business Process diagram and quickly see which processes are complex, and that decompose to further levels. Figure 7. Showing a thumbnail sketch of the child diagram on a process. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 12
13 Modeling the Sequence Flow of a Process To show the order of execution of processes, you connect them with a Sequence Flow. A Sequence Flow is drawn as a line with a filled-in arrowhead (see Figures 4 and 5). A Sequence Flow is used to show the sequence of processes in an organization or department. So if you have added pools or lanes to your diagram, you use Sequence Flow lines to connect events, processes, and gateways placed within the pools or lanes. BPMN makes a second flow line the Message Flow available to model ordering of processes between organizations or departments (in other words, between pools). We will talk about the Message Flow later in this paper. Modeling Decision Points with Gateways Decisions, merges, forks, and joins in the process flow are modeled with a gateway symbol. A gateway can be thought of as a question that is asked at a point in the process flow. The question has a defined set of alternative answers, which are in effect gates. You may set the stereotype of a gateway, and thus change the logic specified by it, and the symbol representing it, as described in Table 3. Table 3. Types of Gateways and Associated Symbols Gateway Stereotype Explanation Exclusive Decision (XOR) XOR gateways are used to model data-based or event-based decisions. Data-based XOR Data-Based XOR Decision: decisions are the most common XOR gateways used. A data token traverses the Process Flow and arrives at the XOR gateway. The path that it flows out on is chosen based on condition expressions for each gate of the gateway. It can only go out on one flow. Event-Based XOR Decision: Event-based gateways are a recent development in business process management (BPM). An event-based XOR gateway represents a branching point where the alternatives are based on an event that occurs at that point in the process flow. A specific event, usually the receipt of a message, determines which of the paths will be taken. For example, you can model a process flow wherein the system waits for a response from a customer. The customer s response will either be a Yes message or a No message, and that determines which path is taken. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 13
14 Gateway Stereotype Exclusive Merge (XOR) Explanation XOR gateways are used to model data-based or event-based merges. Exclusive means only one of many inputs is chosen to be output from the gate. Inclusive OR Decision Inclusive (think including ) means one or more of the outgoing Sequence Flows from the decision may be taken. There cannot be zero output flows -- you must specify a default flow. Inclusive OR Merge Inclusive (think including ) means that the process flow continues when the first input signal (a Token) arrives from any of the set of input Sequence Flows. If other signals subsequently arrive from the other input Sequence Flows, they are not used. Complex Decision You specify a complex flow condition that references outgoing Sequence Flow names. The expression determines which output flow is taken. Complex Merge You specify a complex flow condition which references incoming Sequence Flow names and/or process data that is coming into the gateway. The expression determines when the task starts. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 14
15 Gateway Stereotype Parallel Forking (AND) Explanation A Parallel gateway is also called an AND gateway. All Sequence Flows drawn out of the AND gateway are taken. Parallel Joining (AND) The AND gate must receive an input signal (a Token) from all input Sequence Flows for the output flow to be taken. The process flow waits for all signals to arrive at the AND gateway before it can continue. Who Does What Pools and Lanes As you progress in modeling business flows, you take the processes, events, and gateways of the business process diagram and place them in pools or lanes. A pool is drawn as a rectangular region drawn horizontally across the diagram or vertically down it. A lane is a sub-partition within a pool and extends the entire length of the pool. Typically, a pool represents an organization, and a lane represents a department within that organization. By taking processes and placing them in pools or lanes, you are specifying who does what, for events you specify where they occur, and for gateways you specify where decisions are made, or who makes them. Figure 8. Pools and Lanes show who performs processes or makes decisions, or where events occur. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 15
16 The analogy between this representation and swimming pools is a useful one. You can imagine a process swimming down a lane, and changing lanes as need be to perform an activity, within a pool. The pool can be considered a pool of resources. There are occasions when the process needs to jump to another pool, because it has different resources needed to complete the activity. This is particularly apt where there is a need to describe B2B processes, where different organizations pass messages among one another to perform an activity. This is described in the next section, Modeling B2B Message Flows. A Pool Can Represent Many Things A pool can represent other things besides an organization, such as a function (something that the organization performs, like Marketing or Sales or Training), an application (or computer software program), a location (a physical location in the company), a class (a software module in an object-oriented computer software program), or an entity (representing a logical table in a database). It can only represent one thing, but that thing comes from this heterogeneous list of different types of things. Modeling B2B Message Flows As mentioned previously, one goal of the BPMN business process diagram is to enable modeling of B2B messaging. To this end, the BPMN Business Process diagram offers the ability to model message flows. Traditional business process diagrams enable the modeling of sequential process flows -- from starting events to ending results. The BPMN business process diagram augments the Sequence Flow line with a Message Flow line, so that you can model people or machines sending messages to one another an important part of depicting and understanding business-tobusiness and business-to-consumer processes. Figure 9. Messages Flows are used to model message passing between organizations or applications. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 16
17 Enforcing B2B Rules BPMN specifies certain rules for modeling message flows and sequence flows. Sequence Flows can only be drawn among events, processes, and gateways within the same pool. Message Flows can only be drawn between events, processes, or gateways that exist in different pools since messages are only passed between different organizations or applications, and so forth. BPMN suggests that these rules be enforced by the modeling tool providing BPMN support. System Architect enforces these drawing rules by presenting a ghostbuster symbol and disallowing connections between the wrong elements; it only allows connections to proper model elements. This helps you prevent introducing errors or logical inconsistencies into B2B systems as you model. Black Boxes and White Boxes There are times when you are modeling that you don t care how a process is performed in a company. It may be another company or a customer that is outside your scope; you have no control over it. You don t care how the company creates a message; you only care that the message has been delivered to you and contains information that you can use. Or you don t care what a company does with a message that you deliver to it you trust that it does the right thing with it. You can treat the company (or application, function, and so forth) as a black box only draw Message Flows to or from the pool representing it, and not show any details inside the pool. This is in contrast to the pools that you model processes in, which can be considered white boxes you can see into them and examine their details. Figure 10 shows messages drawn from and to processes in a white box pool (representing the Bidder in our example) to and from a black box pool (representing the Seller). Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 17
18 Figure 10. Message flows drawn between a white box and a black box. You can also show messages passed between two black boxes, as shown in Figure 11. Figure 11. Message Flows drawn between two black boxes. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 18
19 Understanding How Data Is Transformed Remember that processes transform data in your organization. An order request causes an order to get generated. When the product is shipped to the customer, the order is fulfilled. A bad credit card might cause the order to be cancelled. A customer might update their account information with a new credit card number or address. You can model how data is transformed during a process flow by depicting data objects on the BPMN business process diagram. Data objects are artifacts that may represent many different types of electronic or physical items. Since they represent data, they are defined by a combination of one or more entities (corresponding to a database tables) or classes (corresponding to object-oriented software modules that contain data). A data object is depicted by a rectangle with a folded-over upper-right corner, making it resemble a document. Modeling data objects is optional they do not have any direct affect on the process flow. They simply provide information about what the process flow does. You can either attach a data object to a Sequence or Message flow with a dashed line (shown in Figure 12), or draw association lines to and from data objects and processes (shown in Figure 13), creating data flows within the process flow. Figure 12. Attaching a data object to a Sequence Flow to show. You may specify the state of the data object in brackets below the name of the data object. This provides information on how it is being transformed during the process. In Figure 12, you can see that Invoice is being approved when it is sent from the Send Invoice process to the Make payment process. In Figure 13, you can see that the process Approve Purchase Order changes the state of a Purchase Order data object from Complete to Approved. Figure 13.Drawing association lines between data objects and a process. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 19
20 Annotating the Models with Text A picture is worth a thousand words, so the saying goes. Conversely, sometimes a picture isn t enough you need words to describe the nuances of something that a picture cannot do justice to. Thus BPMN provides you with a textual annotation that can be affixed to any model element, so that you may describe extra details about the element in good old-fashioned words. You may use Text Annotations on all model elements of the BPMN Business process diagram. Text Annotations are displayed within an open rectangle, attached to the symbol by a straight line, as shown in Figure 14. Figure 14. Textual Annotation; for circumstances where pictures aren t enough. BPMN Conclusion In conclusion, BPMN is poised to become the new standard to model business processes and web services. It is designed to enable you to easily model typical business processes, and offers the capability to model complex business processes, including the message passing of web services. Popkin Software 2003 (www.popkin.com) 20
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text:
We arrived dirty with no reservation. The lobby was stunning and the staff at the concierge desk were polite, professional and efficient. The staff made a recommendation for an upgrade which we took and were quickly taken to our room. The room was immaculate, clean, luxurious linens and towels. The bathroom was beautiful with an nice assortment of lotions and potions, bathrobes etc. We took advantage of the club lounge and enjoyed cocktail hour in beautiful rich surroundings whilst sampling snacks and cocktails. Staff were very attentive and polite.
The roof top is stunning, very clean pool and again staff were so polite and efficient. The breakfast was beautifully presented with every choice you could wish for.
We were given a late check out the following day and after we checked out we used the club
lounge for seven hours indulging in high tea then cocktail hour again before being taken to the airport by a hotel vehicle.
This was our indulgence at the end of a three week back packing trip and it was fantastic. Likely the best hotel I have ever stayed at. I did not leave the hotel after I arrived however other friends visited nearby sights and shopping with assistance from hotel staff.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The Leela Palace New Delhi at Chanakyapuri is located in the exclusive Diplomatic Enclave and has room sizes starting from 520 Sq ft. The hotel is close to the seat of government and houses four specialty restaurants and three bars, a multilevel spa with a fully equipped fitness center and the city's only rooftop temperature-controlled swimming pool. The hotel offers five complimentary food & beverage presentations round the clock, round trip airport transfers in our luxury BMW fleet and complimentary use of meeting rooms up to 2 hours for its Royal Club guests. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Priceline, Expedia, Orbitz, Travelocity, Hotels.com, TripOnline SA, Agoda, Hotwire, getaroom.com, Cancelon, HotelQuickly and Evoline ltd so you can book your The Leela Palace New Delhi reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- The Leela Palace New Delhi Hotel New Delhi

subset: commoncrawl


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It's happened to all of us: we forget where we parked our car or why we walked into a room. Some amount of forgetfulness is normal, especially when you're busy or have a lot on your mind. But for nearly five million Americans, that forgetfulness will progress into Alzheimer's disease. Decades of research have shown that the buildup in the brain of toxic proteins, called beta amyloid and tau, can lead to Alzheimer's. What's less clear is what causes these proteins to accumulate. Some new studies have begun to explain this process, revealing that the causes of Alzheimer's disease go beyond genetics and unhealthy habits (though those are important factors, too). Here, some of the most unusual (and scary!) causes new science is pointing to. (Boost your memory and age-proof your mind with these natural solutions.)
You're on anti-anxiety meds.
A class of medications called benzodiazepines, which include the popular drugs lorazepam (Ativan), alprazolam (Xanax), and clonazepam (Klonopin), are frequently used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Although studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of these drugs have only evaluated their short term use (generally three months or so), many people take them long-term. A study published in the British Medical Journal followed 1,796 Canadians with Alzheimer's disease and 7,184 healthy controls for six years and found that taking benzodiazepines for more than three months was associated with up to a 51% increase in Alzheimer's disease.
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The moral of the story? If you need benzodiazepines only on occasion, you're probably safe. If anxiety and insomnia are a regular issue for you, consider cognitive behavioral therapy, which has been found to effectively treat both conditions—without the harmful side effects of drugs.
MORE: 7 Pill-Free Ways To Fight Your Anxiety
You've hit your head one too many times.
With an estimated 300,000 Americans getting a sports-related concussion each year, according to data from the University of Pittsburgh's Brain and Spine Injury Program, lots of us are familiar with the worries that can accompany a head injury. Most people recover without a hitch, but for others, the inflammation that helps to heal the damaged brain tissue becomes chronic. Here is where the potential links to Alzheimer's disease can be found, says Brian Giunta, MD, PhD, a psychiatrist and neuroscientist at the University of Southern Florida.
Cells in your brain called microglia play an important role in inflammation. "When the microglia are constantly in a pro-inflammatory state, they are less able to clear amyloid beta from the brain," Giunta says.
Without microglia to clear the misfolded proteins, it can build up in the brain and kill neurons. It's still not clear why the inflammatory process stays switched on in some people or how many cases of Alzheimer's disease are potentially linked with traumatic brain injury, Giunta says.
You're regularly sleep-deprived.
A lack of sleep has hit near-epidemic levels in recent years, as we attempt to juggle career, children, marriages, hobbies, and more. For lots of us, something's gotta give—and many of us choose to sacrifice shut-eye. Besides making you drowsy behind the wheel and giving you the midnight munchies, this sleep loss can also speed up the development of Alzheimer's disease, according to a study published in the Neurobiology of Aging.
"Sleep problems are common in people with Alzheimer's disease, but it wasn't clear whether this was cause or effect," says Domenico Praticò, MD, a pharmacologist and immunologist at Temple University in Philadelphia. In a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, Praticò and colleagues found that letting these mice only sleep for four hours a night increased the amount of tau in their brains. It also altered learning and memory, as well as how well neurons were able to communicate with each other. Chronic sleep deprivation, Praticò explains, stresses the brain and body (which is why you may be so tired), which speeds up the harmful processes leading to Alzheimer's disease.
"Sleep deprivation is a form of chronic stress on the body. It's also the time when the brain gets rid of bad things," such as excess amyloid beta protein, Praticò said. (Stop stressing your body with these tips to sleep better.)
You're lonely.
Remaining engaged with friends and the broader community is part of what many of us consider the good life. It's good medicine, too. A study in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry identified links between loneliness and the development of dementia. The researchers found that feelings of loneliness in older adults gave them 1.63 times the odds of developing dementia during the three years of the study. Scientists still don't know what's driving this association, but the implications are clear: Staying connected is good for you.
You have diabetes in your brain.
To neuroscientist Suzanne de la Monte, MD, of Brown University, Alzheimer's disease is really a metabolic disease that affects the brain. The links are so close that she has begun referring to Alzheimer's disease as Type 3 diabetes.
Brain cells use glucose as fuel, and insulin tells these cells to slurp up glucose in the blood. De la Monte's big insight was that brain cells can develop insulin resistance, just like other cells in the body.
"Any organ can be affected by insulin resistance," de la Monte says. "You can have it in the liver- we call that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. If you get it in the kidney, we call it renal disease. If you get it in the brain, we call it Alzheimer's."
Her research over the past few years has revealed that this creates a toxic environment for the brain, leading to the harmful buildup of proteins and neuron death seen in Alzheimer's.
In addition to telling us more about how Alzheimer's can be prevented through healthy diet and exercise, it could also help potentially treat the disease. Preliminary studies have shown that inhaled insulin can help reduce symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia.Copyright © 2017 Rodale Inc.
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On Tuesday, Powers got that chance and quickly showed why there was such a heated battle between the Tigers and the Crimson Tide to sign the 5-9, 171-pound defender.
Powers showed good footwork, a solid understanding of technique, a lot of toughness against the receivers and great quickness in his first practice as an Auburn Tiger and was even able to pick off a pass in one-on-one drills against the receivers.
Powers takes a break after one-on-one drills in Tuesday's practice.
"The first practice was actually kind of rough," Powers says despite having one of the more impressive showings on the day. "It was just the freshmen out there and there wasn't a lot of DBs out there so we were getting a lot of reps, which is good for us, but receivers are running perfect routes on the college level so it is kind of hard for us to get adjusted to that.
"Plus, we have got to break quicker and things like that, but I thought I did okay with the speed of the guys and working on my technique," he adds. "Overall, I thought it was a pretty good day."
Many times freshmen can get overwhelmed trying to keep all of the new techniques they have learned over the summer and the new playbook in order once the practice sessions start, but Powers seemed to be able to balance that task well on Tuesday and even noted to the coaches that he had made a mistake in his technique on a play that he was able to knock the ball away from a receiver.
"I remember one time I was supposed to stay low on my jam and I felt myself raise up on it and that sort of gave the receiver an advantage on me," he explains. "I sort of try to pay attention to the mistakes I make because I always want to learn from them."
Although he was able to do a lot of things well during the practice, Powers notes that he was far from perfect. "I sort of knew the defenses we were running today, but I probably had a little bit of trouble on cover-2 with not helping the safety out a little bit," he says.
Jerraud Powers was impressive at the Alabama Mississippi All-Star Game earlier this summer.
On his interception, Powers was defending walk-on wide receiver Jarvez Williams from Jeff Davis in Montgomery, and he explains that he was able to get himself into the right position for good things to happen.
"It was a go route and so I got my hands on him pretty good and I was running with him pretty good," he notes. "Then, when I realized it was a go route, I just looked for the ball and the ball was there and I just reacted to it before the receiver did."
With some good and some bad mixed into his first day, Powers says that he felt pretty good about his first official practice on the college level. "Overall, I think I did okay," he notes. "A few times I know I had trouble staying with my jam, and I know I tripped and fell a few times, but other than that I think I did okay, pretty good."


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Our expert Celia Rufey answers your questions
Celia Rufey has been the Homes & Gardens decorating expert for over 30 years and she also has her own range of fabrics.
Do you know of a specialist blacksmith who might be able to make a 5m-long ornamental iron railing to run alongside the path to our front door?
ET, Southampton.
The British Artist Blacksmith Association (020 8569 7386, baba.org.uk) has members in all parts of the country and most of them will be very happy to craft iron railings.
Two members with forges in your area are Peter Clutterbuck, based in Southsea (023 9275 3562, peteclutterbuck.co.uk) who takes on domestic projects including railings in iron, and Charles Normandale in the Meon Valley (01730 829300, charlesnormandale.com). Charles tells me his forge regularly undertakes small domestic installations such as the one you describe.
More decorating and interiors Q&As
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Read our interiors expert Celia Rufey's answers to decorating problems and conundrums free every month at www.homesandproperty.co.uk/yourspace. If you want to ask Celia a question, you can do so free if you are a Homes & Gardens subscriber. Email your query to Celia at: email@example.com. Include your full address and subscriber number.
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Discussion in 'Fan Zone' started by WoodysGirl, Jun 12, 2013.
And I'm sure if you were in the room with them, this is exactly what you'd tell them.
Carlos A. Mendez @calexmendez 1h DeVonte Holloman finds a pick in the end zone. Stephens wanted Beasley. Underthrow to corner. Tarleton State qb had a rough session.
Mo getting an education from Dez. Slants, sidelines, fades. Covered, not covered, catching all. Even got a DPI.
Ben Bass going to show up on tape, too. Well, Jerry and Stephen kept saying they like the d-line. .... right. helmets and shorts.
Calvin Watkins @calvinwatkins 1h
We've seen dropped passes from Murray and Harris today. Kyle orton almost had another pass tipped.
Monte Kiffin throws his hat to the ground after PI called on Mo Claiborne.
Dez Bryant with an amazing two-hand grab along the sidelines. Defense upset.
DeMarco Murray runs into the backside of David Arkin as Ben bass gets a strong push. Reminded beat writers of butt fumble and the jets.
JJ Wilcox with 2 PBUs today.
Brad Sham @Boys_Vox 1h
Don't want to overreact but I really think this Witten has a chance.
Jon Machota @********** 1h
Cole Beasley working in the slot with the Cowboys' first team offense.
Dez Bryant pumped up during current team drill. 3 consecutive throws to No. 88. Don't be surprised when you see the same thing during games.
Clarence Hill @clarencehilljr 59m
Dez just made two ridiculous catches against Claiborne
Not a good moment for david Arkin who got knocked back into Murray by Ben bass on a goal line run. Arkin knocked down Murray.
Todd Archer @toddarcher 57m
Ben Bass is having a great day. Nobody can't block him
Practice is over. Ends on a James Hanna drop
Gil Brandt @Gil_Brandt Practice just finished at Valley Ranch. Dez caught everything. Should be very good fantasy player. Morris Claiborne struggled covering Dez. Claiborne is a very good player. Dez was just that much better. #Cowboys
Is Bass unblockable or can our OL not block??
Bass was a guy I liked over Price this year. I think he's got a shot to be a contributor for us.
That said, no pads, no big deal, yet.
I liked Bass from last year. I think he makes the team with Lissemore as the backup DTs.
if he runs his routes properly, he had to be doubled
Hard core. I like it.
for being the 6th overall draft pick, and supposedly the best corner since Deion...i don't often hear Mo doing anything "special".
Dez is a beast, this is already well known.
I know it's just a minicamp, but this is my feeling as well.
I think we've got a good player, but we drafted him to be great. Hope he shows some of that this year.
I remember in the earlier OTAs that Broaddus had written that Claiborne and Scandrick were two of the most impressive (making plays) of those workouts.
he got owned all practice against dez? he's a solid CB right now, but isn't showing phenom flashes that most great players show early on.
i think he'll be a good player, but I just don't see the athleticism or
"field" speed needed to be an elite CB
I've got no reason to be in the room with them, but if I was the coach that's how it would be done. Austin would not sit out a whole practice if he is healthy, no one would. Nobody on this team has earned an easy ride and I can't understand fans who think being soft on the players will get the team anywhere.
No -- he got owned on three plays. The report clearly mentions a pass break up as well.
Unless there only four reps in a practice, we don't really have any real information here.
CBs aren't even allowed to jam the wrs in OTAs. It's against the cba rules.
Amen. All around as fans and an organization we've gotten too soft.
I wonder if the 'overwork them til they drop!' brigade contains the same crew that also chimes in with 'no excuses!' when two or three players at the same position go down with injuries or suffer long term ailments?
The Cowboys are now getting some valuable time in for players they need to develop or check out. Guys whose time will be in shorter supply once camp starts.
If the trainers etc pull the player then they likely have a good reason. They work very closely with the coaches as well. Most players aren't happy when you pull them off the field even practices.
But isn't it a no contact drill. It's hard to get over on a receiver when he has no pads on, and you can just go. Trust me, I know.
Having said that, Dez is a phenom.
and Broaduss is talking about how it was a good battle all day. He actually knows what to look at.


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This 5 star hotel is located in the city centre of Madrid and was established in 2015. It is a short drive away from the Gran Via and the nearest station is Banco De Espana. The Hotel has a fitness centre/gym. All 76 rooms are equipped with minibar, hairdryer, safe, trouser press, ironing set and air conditioning.
This superb hotel is also located on a great site at Gran Via. Threfore any point of interest is within walking distance or just a few metro stations away being the nearest either Gran Via or Banco de España stops.
This is a traditional building.
This accommodation has a small lobby.


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Kedarnath Temple, Kedarnath
Kedarnath Temple, located amid the Kedarnath Mountain Range, is a prominent pilgrimage centre,...More
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Rudranath Temple is located at an elevation of 2286 m above sea level in Rudranath. The temple,...More
Triyuginarayan, Rudraprayag
Triyuginarayan located in Rudraprayag is a holy place to visit. According to beliefs, it was the...More
Agastyamuni, Kedarnath
Agastyamuni is situated at an altitude of 1000 m, on the banks of the River Mandakini. This place...More
Bhairav Nath Temple, Kedarnath
Bhairavnath Temple is situated at a distance of 0.5 km from Kedarnath Temple. The temple is...More
Chandrashila, Rudraprayag
Chandrashila is a captivating tourist spot nestled at an elevation of 4000 m above sea level....More
Chorabhari Tal, Kedarnath
Chorabhari Tal is situated at an altitude of 3900 m above sea level, close to the mouth of the...More
Deoria Tal, Rudraprayag
Deoria Tal is a crystal clear lake, which is situated at an altitude of 2438 m above sea level,...More
Gaurikund, Kedarnath
Gaurikund is a small village, which serves as the trekking base for Kedarnath. The place, which...More
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Beechwood Day Nursery
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About Beechwood Day Nursery
Beechwood Day Nursery is a Private school located in Sheffield. The Manager is Abby Allen.
Contact Information
Beechwood Day Nursery 146 Dyche Road, Jordanthorpe , Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S8 8DT
0114 237 4455
Other Info
- Type: Private
- Manager: Ms Abby Allen
- Gender: Co-ed
- Total on roll: 72
View the official OFSTED report for Beechwood Day Nursery
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Budget-Conscious Consumers Cutting Back on Fast Food
Almost half of those polled said they hit QSRs less often.
DALLAS – Nearly half of fast food consumers have reduced their visits to quick service restaurants over the past three months, according to a study conducted by M/A/R/C Research.
Females fast-food eating habits have decreased more dramatically than males, with 56 percent eating less often, versus 41 percent of males, according to the study, obtained by CSNews. The online survey of 25,000 consumers found most (84 percent) of those eating at QSRs less often are eating at home more often to save money. Other reasons given by those eating at QSRs less often: they take their lunch to work or school to save money (35 percent) and price increases have made eating at QSRs less affordable (26 percent).
However, some consumers—9 percent of those polled—have actually increased their fast food visits during the same time frame. More than 40 percent reported the economy had no impact on their QSR visits.
Among the group eating at QSRs more often, the most common reason for the increase is QSRs being more convenient, allowing them to save gas, according to the study (45 percent of those eating fast food more often.) Others said they are more money conscious, it is cheaper than cooking at home, and they are trading down from casual and fine dining restaurants. Seventeen percent said their employment status has changed and they are cutting back on spending.
"Clearly the economy has impacted the behavior of QSR customers," said Gwen Amador, vice president at M/A/R/C Research. "All of this has a direct impact on the share QSR brands can capture."
When asked how many times they have visited a fast-food restaurant in the past month, considering all dining occasions, the majority of consumers (78 percent) visited 10 or fewer times. (Nineteen percent said one or two times; 34 percent said three to five times; 25 percent said six to 10 times.)
The highest percentage of past-month QSR consumers (88 percent) visited a burger QSR. Sixty-three percent purchased went to a chicken retailer. Just over half (51 percent) went to sandwich and Mexican food QSRs. Half went to pizza places and 18 percent said they visited a seafood QSR.
The M/A/R/C survey included the burger, chicken, Mexican, pizza, sandwich and seafood categories.


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Read on if you want to know the difference between 3D and 4D printing and the new smart materials.
So you just wrapped your head around 3D printing and it's possibilities. And now here comes 4D printing. We can't ignore the fact that it is already on it's way. While 3D printing enables us to make anything, 4D printing is more like making things are making themselves.
There's no fixed definition of what 4D printing is and what it's technicalities are. 4D printing usually means that smart materials and components are involved. These smart materials are able to self-assemble themselves to pre-programmed arrangements. In example: Add energy to a 3D printed form and it changes. Submerged your print into water and it's shape shifts.
Programmable, self-assembling, smart materials
Here's a short video of what 4D printing is capable of. It was published by the "Self-Assembly Lab" at MIT. Stretching fabric onto frames is a complex task that requires mechanical skills. In the video, a 3D printer applies varied layers onto a pre-stretched fabric. The structures transform themselves into pre-programmed shapes, once the printed frame is cut out. So the material is programmed to behave a certain way when triggered. Triggers can be anything, like a change in humidity, temperature or even light.
This process was developed as a collaboration between the Self-Assembly Lab, Stratasys and Autodesk. Their goal is to create smart materials, which you can 3D print. It adds the dimension of time to a material, allowing movement and shape-shifting. If you want to dive in deeper, there's a great TED talk about 4D printing by Self-Assembly Lab director Skylar Tibbits.
Protocells create "living" smart materials
The Protocells trainer – still more an idea than an actual product – is another great example. This 3D printed shoe uses biotechnology to provide the best possible support and cushion effect for the wearer. It is a shoe that will be 3D printed to fit the foot like a second skin. It could even repair itself, if you take care if it like you just would for a plant. If the fabric is ripped, you just had to make sure the protocells grow together again, i.e. by applying nutritional gels.
Its creator Shamees Aden says: "The cells have the capability to inflate and deflate and to respond to pressure. As you're running on different grounds and textures it's able to inflate or deflate depending on the pressure you put onto it and could help support you as a runner."
Shamees Aden developed the Protocells trainer in collaboration with Dr Martin Hanczyc, who specialises in protocell technology. Protocells can be imagined like molecules which may have been the precursor of the first living organisms.
The possibilities of these materials based on Protocells are limitless. Structures aren't fixed anymore. Static objects may become dynamic. Objects can act and adapt depending on the circumstances.
4D printing is just beginning
Okay… guess when the projects mentioned before were announced to the public? 2013 and 2014.
Now, two years later, there seem to be some breakthroughs. Researchers at the University of Wollongong, Australia have created a 3D printable hydrogel that is able to change shape in response to the water temperature. It can be used for automatic water valves or adapting tubes.
In June 2015, MarketsandMarkets published their market research report focused on 4D printing technology. It is expected that we will see commercial applications around 2019, with the largest part of the market reserved by programmable carbon fibers. The expected market volume for 2019 doesn't sound amazing, the analysts expect just $63 million. But with their projected growth, the 4D printing sector will be worth $555.6 million by 2025.
We are just beginning to learn the long term, long tail impact of 3D printing. And now there´s a new technology around the corner with even more possibilities. Do you feel puzzled? Maybe this video will comfort you a bit. Maybe you have done this yourself as a kid. You cut a paper flower and fold in the petals. You let the paper flower swim on water and over time, the petals open up, the flower seems to bloom. The effect is explained quickly: Soaked wood fibres which the paper consists of get soaked in water. They expand, et voila.
With this in mind, the effect featured here doesn't look too unbelievable, right?
License: The text of "4D Printing: Smart Materials Change Shape and Repair Themselves">


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A master program may be offered in a variety of different fields, allowing students of almost any subject to enhance their knowledge and improve their credentials. This degree generally takes one to three years to obtain, although requirements may vary.
Financial management is the management of money in order to reach the objectives of a business. A financial management program may cover areas such as budgeting, risk management, liabilities, assets and other management methods.
Home to 15 principle Bantu groups and at least 70 subgroups, Congo ROC (Brazzaville) could offer a unique learning experience for those who would like to educate themselves on traditional Congolese beliefs. French is the most common language in the country.
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European Master ** issued by the European Federation of Schools (FEDE) - an association governed by Swiss law (CCS.art 60-79). The European Masters is a European diploma validated by the IACBE (International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education) is an American accreditation body. [+]