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1 M1913 RECORDS OF THE FIELD OFFICES FOR THE STATE OF VIRGINIA, BUREAU OF REFUGEES, FREEDMEN, AND ABANDONED LANDS, United States Congress and National Archives and Records Administration Washington, DC 2006
2 NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION FREEDMEN S BUREAU PRESERVATION PROJECT This National Archives microfilm publication is part of a multiyear project to microfilm the field office records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen s Bureau). The project was made possible by the United States Congress through The Freedmen s Bureau Records Preservation Act of 2000 (Public Law ). When completed, all of the field records for the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and for the District of Columbia will be available on microfilm. For microfilm availability and description, view the National Archives microfilm locator on our web site at Acknowledgments Gary Adhya Benjamin Guterman** Catherine Nicholson Bridgette Banks Gail Harriman Susan Peckham Carlton Barnes Paul Harrison Elizabeth Rydzewski Miranda Booker Lisa Isbell Clarence J. Simmons Tia Briscoe Allen Johnson Jennifer Stabler Jackie Budell Dorothy Johnson-Gregory Rebecca Sullivan Jana Dambrogio Brenda Kepley Yoonjoo Strumfels Carlita Earl Joyce Lin Michael Tucker Michelle Facini M. Marie Maxwell Carmel Wilkes Jane Fitzgerald Kathy Miller Marlon Wise Rhea Godsey John Nguyen Reginald Washington* Brad Grayson Civil War Conservation Corps (CWCC) Volunteers Directed by Budge Weidman and Russ Weidman * Reginald Washington wrote the introductory materials. ** Benjamin Guterman edited the introductory materials. United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Records of the field offices for the state of Virginia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Washington, DC : U.S. Congress and National Archives and Records Administration, p. ; cm. (National Archives microfilm publications. Pamphlet describing ; M 1913) Cover title. 1. United States. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands Archives Microform catalogs. 2. Freedmen Virginia Archives Microform catalogs. I. United States. Congress. II. Title.
3 INTRODUCTION On the 203 rolls of this microfilm publication, M1913, are reproduced the records of the Virginia field offices of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, , including previously unfilmed records of the Virginia staff offices of the quartermaster and disbursing officer, and the subordinate field offices. These records consist of bound volumes and unbound records, including letters and endorsements sent and received, orders and circulars, monthly reports, and other records relating to freedmen s complaints and claims. These records are part of the Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Record Group (RG) 105. HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, also known as the Freedmen s Bureau, was established in the War Department by an act of Congress on March 3, 1865 (13 Stat. 507). The life of the Bureau was extended twice by acts of July 16, 1866 (14 Stat. 173), and July 6, 1868 (15 Stat. 83). The Bureau was responsible for the supervision and management of all matters relating to refugees and freedmen, and of lands abandoned or seized during the Civil War. In May 1865, President Andrew Johnson appointed Maj. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard as Commissioner of the Bureau, and Howard served in that position until June 30, 1872, when activities of the Bureau were terminated in accordance with an act of June 10, 1872 (17 Stat. 366). While a major part of the Bureau s early activities involved the supervision of abandoned and confiscated property, its mission was to provide relief and help freedmen become self-sufficient. Bureau officials issued rations and clothing, operated hospitals and refugee camps, and supervised labor contracts. In addition, the Bureau managed apprenticeship disputes and complaints, assisted benevolent societies in the establishment of schools, helped freedmen in legalizing marriages entered into during slavery, and provided transportation to refugees and freedmen who were attempting to reunite with their family or relocate to other parts of the country. The Bureau also helped black soldiers, sailors, and their heirs collect bounty claims, pensions, and back pay. The act of March 3, 1865, authorized the appointment of Assistant Commissioners to aid the Commissioner in supervising the work of the Bureau in the former Confederate states, the border states, and the District of Columbia. While the work performed by Assistant Commissioners in each state was similar, the organizational structure of staff officers varied from state to state. At various times, the staff could consist of a superintendent of education, an assistant adjutant general, an assistant inspector general, a disbursing officer, a chief medical officer, a chief quartermaster, and a commissary of subsistence. Subordinate to these officers were the assistant superintendents or subassistant commissioners as they later became known, who commanded the subdistricts. The Assistant Commissioner corresponded extensively with both his superior in the Washington Bureau headquarters and his subordinate officers in the subdistricts. 1
4 Based upon reports submitted to him by the subassistant commissioners and other subordinate staff officers, he prepared reports that he sent to the Commissioner concerning Bureau activities in areas under his jurisdiction. The Assistant Commissioner also received letters from freedmen, local white citizens, state officials, and other non-bureau personnel. These letters varied in nature from complaints to applications for jobs in the Bureau. Because the assistant adjutant general handled much of the mail for the Assistant Commissioner s office, it was often addressed to him instead of to the Assistant Commissioner. In a circular issued by Commissioner Howard in July 1865, the Assistant Commissioners were instructed to designate one officer in each state to serve as general Superintendents of Schools. These officials were to take cognizance of all that is being done to educate refugees and freedmen, secure proper protection to schools and teachers, promote method and efficiency, correspond with the benevolent agencies which are supplying his field, and aid the Assistant Commissioner in making his required reports. In October 1865, a degree of centralized control was established over Bureau educational activities in the states when Rev. John W. Alvord was appointed Inspector of Finances and Schools. In January 1867, Alvord was divested of his financial responsibilities, and he was appointed General Superintendent of Education. An act of Congress approved July 25, 1868 (15 Stat. 193), ordered that the Commissioner of the Bureau shall, on the first day of January next, cause the said bureau to be withdrawn from the several States within which said bureau has acted and its operation shall be discontinued. Consequently, in early 1869, with the exception of the superintendents of education and the claims agents, the Assistant Commissioners and their subordinate officers were withdrawn from the states. For the next year and a half the Bureau continued to pursue its education work and to process claims. In the summer of 1870, the superintendents of education were withdrawn from the states, and the headquarters staff was greatly reduced. From that time until the Bureau was abolished by an act of Congress approved June 10, 1872 (17 Stat. 366), effective June 30, 1872, the Bureau s functions related almost exclusively to the disposition of claims. The Bureau s records and remaining functions were then transferred to the Freedmen s Branch in the office of the Adjutant General. However, the records of this branch are among the Bureau s files. THE FREEDMEN S BUREAU IN VIRGINIA ORGANIZATION In Virginia, the Bureau s operations began in June 1865 when Assistant Commissioner Orlando Brown established his headquarters in Richmond. Brown served until May 1866, when he was succeeded by Maj. Gen. Alfred H. Terry, who remained in office until August Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield served from August 1866 to March 1867, when Orlando Brown again assumed office and served as both Assistant Commissioner and superintendent of education until May
5 From June 1866 to March 1867, Assistant Commissioners Terry and Schofield also served as military commanders of the Department of Virginia and its successor, the Department of the Potomac. Although the two generals created and received records in both capacities, they maintained separate sets of records for this period. Records created by Terry and Schofield while serving in their military capacities are found among the Records of United States Army Commands, , RG 393. Beginning in September 1865, the Assistant Commissioner for the District of Columbia was responsible for Bureau operations in the Virginia counties of Alexandria, Fairfax, and Loudoun, and the Freedmen s Village near Arlington, VA. Bureau officers were assigned to supervise the activities of these districts. In August 1866, supervision of Loudoun County was transferred to the Assistant Commissioner for Virginia, and Alexandria and Fairfax Counties were similarly transferred in March Because officers in the above counties reported to the Assistant Commissioner of the District of Columbia, some records for Virginia are among his files. From July 4, 1865, to April 14, 1867, the Virginia Bureau was divided into 10 districts, with an agent or superintendent in charge of each. Districts were further divided into subdistricts, each headed by an assistant superintendent. On April 15, 1867, the state was reorganized into 10 subdistricts, with a subassistant commissioner in charge of each. The subdistricts were divided further into divisions headed by assistant subassistant commissioners. Subdistrict headquarters were established at Alexandria, Fort Monroe, Fredericksburg, Gordonsville, Lynchburg, Norfolk, Petersburg, Richmond, Winchester, and Wytheville. On January 1, 1869, the 10 subdistricts were reorganized into 8 educational subdistricts, with an assistant superintendent of schools in charge of each. The heads of the various subdivisions supervised all Bureau activities, including education, in their respective areas and reported on educational matters to both the superintendent of education and the Assistant Commissioner. ACTIVITIES The major activities of the Freedmen s Bureau in Virginia generally resembled those conducted in other states. The Bureau issued rations and provided medical relief to both freedmen and white refugees, supervised labor contracts between planters and freedmen, administered justice, and worked with benevolent societies in the establishment of schools. The Freedmen s Bureau s efforts to provide relief to both blacks and whites in Virginia began almost as soon as Orlando Brown assumed office as Assistant Commissioner for the state in June From late summer to early fall 1865, the Bureau issued more than 350,000 rations at a cost of nearly $33,000. By mid October 1865, however, the number of rations issued had declined from a previous 275,000 to less than 236,000. During the same period, the number of people receiving rations decreased from 16,298 to 11,622. In September 1866, with Commissioner Howard s limitation of government assistance to those persons in orphanages and hospitals, and the plan to relinquish relief efforts for the destitute to state and local government officials, the Bureau in Virginia issued rations to 3
6 fewer than 5,000 individuals statewide. Because the Virginia Bureau in 1866 and 1867 was committed to reducing expenditures and providing limited relief for those in dire need, by late September 1868 a large number of freedmen in the state still remained impoverished. 1 The Virginia Bureau also opened several hospitals for the sick and infirm. At various times, hospitals were established at Eastville, Drummondtown, Norfolk, Hampton, Yorktown, Petersburg, Farmville, Lynchburg, Danville, Richmond, and City Point. Under the direction of surgeon J. J. De Lamaster, 13 contract and 2 noncontract physicians provided treatment for more than 650 patients during 1865 and Two dispensaries administered more than 18,000 prescriptions for medicine. At Howard Grove Hospital near Richmond, Virginia, the Bureau opened a ward for the insane and a home for the aged and infirm. In the northern part of the state, homes were located for 139 inmates housed at an orphan asylum. By late October 1866, over 30,000 freedmen received medical aid from the Bureau in Virginia. By October 1867, that number increased to 50, The Bureau worked to make freedmen self-sufficient and to incorporate them into the new free-labor system in Virginia. Thousands of freedmen who crossed Union lines during the Civil War continued to seek support from the Freedmen s Bureau at war s end. With great demand for labor in some areas (especially in large cities) and not in others, and the Federal Government s determination to reduce dependency on government aid, the Virginia Bureau provided transportation for persons who were unable to find work in areas where they resided to locations where work was readily available. Those able-bodied freedmen who refused or did not apply for transportation would no longer receive rations. Under labor agreements approved by the Virginia Bureau, freedmen received rations (but no clothing) and wages that averaged about $9 per month. In some districts freedmen worked for a share of the crop. Often, however, with limited employment (especially during the winter months), low wages, inadequate shares of crops, and the failure of local officials to provide for the destitute, freedmen were constantly dependent upon the Bureau for subsistence. 3 1 Mary J. Farmer, Because They Are Women : Gender and the Virginia Freedmen s Bureau s War on Dependency, in The Freedmen s Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations, eds. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller, (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), ; Annual Reports of the Assistant Commissioners, Virginia, October 8, 1867 [pp. 4 7], and October 19, 1868 [pp ], Records of the Office of the Commissioner, Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Record Group (RG) 105, National Archives Building (NAB), Washington, DC. 2 Senate Ex. Doc. 6, 39th Cong., 2nd Sess., Serial vol. 1276, ; For further details on the medical activities of the Freedmen s Bureau in Virginia, see Annual Reports of J. J. De Lamater, Surgeon and Chief, Virginia, October 25, 1866 [pp. 1 34], and October 1, 1867 [pp. 1 23], Annual Reports, Virginia, RG 105, NAB. 3 Senate Ex. Doc. 6, Serial vol. 1276, ; see also Annual Reports, Virginia, October 8, 1867, [pp. 4 8], and October 19, 1868, [pp ]. 4
7 Safeguarding rights and securing justice for freedmen were major concerns of the Virginia Bureau. Following the Civil War, several Southern states, including Virginia, enacted a series of laws commonly known as black codes that restricted the rights and legal status of freedmen. Freedmen were often given harsh sentences for petty crimes and in some instances were unable to get their cases heard or to testify in state courts. In September 1865, Assistant Commissioner Orlando Brown established Freedmen s Bureau courts to adjudicate cases involving freedmen where the penalties did not exceed a $100 fine or three months in prison. The three-member court was composed, for the most part, of a Bureau agent, a planters representative, and an individual selected by freedmen. In February 1866, the Virginia legislature amended laws that adversely affected the rights of freedmen, and thus by early May 1866, Bureau courts were discontinued, and both civil and criminal cases were turned over to state authorities. However, because of the failure of many local court officials to administer equal justice (especially in areas outside of large cities and towns), the Bureau in Virginia found it necessary to re-establish Bureau courts in certain areas of the state. In late May 1867, Maj. Gen. Schofield, who served as both Commander of the 1st Military District and Assistant Commissioner for Virginia, issued orders appointing military commissioners to oversee the administration of justice in Bureau subdistricts throughout Virginia, giving them exclusive jurisdiction and power to decide whether a case would be tried by a civil court or a military commission. Despite the establishment of military commissioners however, protecting the rights and securing justice for freedpeople still remained an enormous problem for the Bureau as late as the fall of The Freedmen s Bureau s educational activities in Virginia began with Assistant Commissioner Brown s appointment of Prof. W. H. Woodbury as Virginia s superintendent of schools for freedmen on June 20, By November, he had been replaced by Ralza Morse Manly, the assistant superintendent of schools (later education), who served until August 15, 1870, when all Bureau educational activities ceased. Within six months of assuming office, Manly had more than 136 teachers instructing some 8,000 pupils. The number of teachers soon increased to more than 200, with nearly 18,000 students under instruction. During the years 1866 and 1867, freedmen schools continued to improve and expand. By the fall of 1868, there were nearly 270 schools in operation, with more than 350 teachers providing instruction for some 20,000 pupils. 5 Schools assisted or maintained by the Bureau in Virginia included day schools for children, night schools for adults, and Sabbath schools. Students received instruction in such subjects as reading, writing, arithmetic, and geography. Many teachers were recruited from the North by freedmen s aid societies that included 4 George R. Bentley, A History of the Freedmen s Bureau (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944), ; Senate Ex. Doc. 6, Serial vol. 1276, ; Annual Reports, Virginia, October 8, 1867, [p. 3], and October 19, 1868, [pp. 2 8]. 5 Senate Ex. Doc. 6, Serial vol. 1276, ; Annual Reports, Virginia, October 8, 1867, [pp. 9 14], and October 19, 1868, [pp ]. 5
8 the American Missionary Association, the New York National Freedmen s Relief Association, the New England Freedmen s Aid Society, the American Baptist Home Mission Society, the Friends Freedmen s Relief Association, and the American Freedmen s Union Commission. Teachers were also recruited from among the local white and black populations. The Bureau s educational support for freedmen schools generally involved assistance in the establishment and maintenance of schools and the examination and appointment of teachers. Bureau funds were used to pay for construction and repair of school buildings, for rental of properties used for educational purposes, and for providing teachers with transportation. Teachers salaries were usually paid by freedmen s aid societies; however, in some situations, salaries were partially subsidized by contributions from freedmen. Whenever possible, the Bureau solicited subscriptions from freedmen for the establishment of schools, and in some cases tuition was charged. RECORDS DESCRIPTION These records consist of volumes and unbound records. The volumes reproduced in this microfilm publication were originally arranged by the Freedmen s Bureau by type of record and thereunder by volume number. No numbers were assigned to series consisting of single volumes. Years later, all volumes were assigned numbers by the Adjutant General s Office (AGO) of the War Department after the records came into its custody. In this microfilm publication, AGO numbers are shown in parentheses to aid in identifying the volumes. The National Archives assigned the volume numbers that are not in parentheses. In some volumes, particularly in indexes and alphabetical headings of registers, there are blank numbered pages that have not been filmed. The volumes consist of letters and endorsements sent and received, registers of letters received, unregistered letters received, general and special orders and circulars received, registers of complaints, and registers relating to Freedmen s Bureau courts. The unbound documents consist of letters and orders received, unregistered letters received and narrative reports received, special orders and circulars issued, general and special orders and circulars received, and other series. Note: Missing at the time of filming is the volume titled Memorandums of Business Conducted by Assistant Superintendent of Lunenburg County with the records of Lunenburg Courthouse (Assistant Subassistant Commissioner), dated November 1865 July The volume titled Correspondence of the Assistant Superintendent for Spotsylvania County, dated , with the records for Fredericksburg (Assistant Superintendent, 1st Division, 6th Subdistrict), volume (229), was found after filming began and thus is not listed in the version of the table of contents found on each roll. The volume is reproduced on roll 88. A few series were created in , prior to formation of the Bureau, by Union military commanders and U.S. Treasury agents, and included in the Bureau records Some of the volumes contain more than one type of record, reflecting a common 6
9 recording practice of clerks and staff officers in that period. On roll 101, for example, the series Registers of Letters Received and Endorsements Sent (at Lexington) also contains a register of marriages in Rockbridge County, dated Researchers should read carefully the record descriptions and arrangements in the table of contents to make full use of these records. RELATED RECORDS Most of the field office records of the Assistant Commissioner for Virginia are available in National Archives Microfilm Publication M1048, listed below. In the same record group, RG 105, and related to records of the Assistant Commissioner for Virginia, are records of the Bureau headquarters in Washington, DC, and field office records of the District of Columbia. These records series are available in the following National Archives microfilm publications: M742, Selected Series of Records Issued by the Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, M752, Registers and Letters Received by the Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, M803, Records of the Education Division of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, M1048, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Virginia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, M1053, Records of the Superintendent of Education for the State of Virginia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, M1055, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the District of Columbia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, M1056, Records of the Superintendent of Education for the District of Columbia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, M1875, Marriage Records of the Office of the Commissioner, Washington Headquarters of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, M1902, Records of the Field Offices for the District of Columbia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Records in other National Archives record groups supplement those of the Assistant Commissioner. In Records of United States Army Continental Commands, , RG 393, are records of the military district that included Virginia. Records relating to employment and welfare of freedmen and abandoned property before the establishment of the Bureau are among Records of Civil War Special Agencies of the Treasury Department, RG 366. The records of the Freedman s Savings and Trust Company, , in Records of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, RG 101, contain information relating to former slaves who maintained accounts with the bank branches at Lynchburg, Norfolk, and Richmond, Virginia. 7
10 APPENDIX This list provides the names and dates of service of known Freedmen s Bureau personnel at selected subordinate field offices for Virginia. Additional information regarding persons assigned to various field offices might be found among the Bureau s Washington headquarters station books and rosters of military officers and civilians on duty in the states and in other appointment-related records. LOCATION DATES SUBORDINATE FIELD OFFICES ALEXANDRIA Superintendent of Contrabands A. Gladwin Oct June 1865 Superintendent James Ferree (5th District) July Nov Henry Alvord Nov Jan Superintendent and Subassistant Commissioner S. R. Lee Jan Mar S. R. Lee (10th Subdistrict) Mar Dec Superintendent S. R. Lee (6th Educational Subdistrict of VA) Jan. Apr AMELIA COURTHOUSE Assistant Superintendent W. F. White Oct Aug James Drysdale Aug Jan Acting Subassistant Commissioner J. B. Clinton Jan Dec AMHERST COURTHOUSE (See Lynchburg) APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Louis Neswick 1868 ASHLAND Ed Murphy Ira Ayers BARHAMSVILLE (See New Kent Courthouse) BOWLING GREEN (Caroline County) Assistant Superintendent John Dwyer Jan Nov Assistant Subassistant Commissioner W. B. Pease Nov. Dec Hector Sears (at Fredericksburg) Jan. Feb F. S. Tukey Feb. Dec
11 LOCATION DATES BOYDTON (Mecklenburg County) Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. George T. Cook (at Clarksville) Dec Apr Alexander D. Bailie (at Clarksville) Apr. Nov Alexander D. Bailie Nov. Dec George W. Graham (3rd Division, 11th Subdistrict) Jan. Dec BUCKINGHAM COURTHOUSE (Buckingham County) Assistant Superintendent Lt. James P. Wogan July Aug Lt. Paul Kolbe Sept. Nov Lt. J. F. Dengler Dec Apr Capt. W. James Kay May Aug Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Charles E. Fincke (at Maysville) Jan. Dec BURKESVILLE (Nottoway County) Assistant Superintendent Capt. D. Jerome Connolly July 1866 Oct Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. R. G. Rutherford Oct Oct CHARLOTTE COURTHOUSE (Charlotte County) Assistant Superintendent Lt. Louis Ahrens Feb. Apr Lt. Edwin Lyon May June 1866 Lt. F. A. Page June Sept CHARLOTTESVILLE (Albemarle County) Assistant Superintendent James Joyes Jan. Mar Capt. William L. Tidball June 1866 June 1867 Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. A. F. Higgs June 1867 Feb CHESTERFIELD COURTHOUSE (Chesterfield County) Assistant Superintendent Lt. Henry Eisenhill July 1865 Lt. John H. Kendall Aug Lt. William Taylor Aug. Oct Capt. William Kedlich Oct. Nov Lt. Dennis M. Carroll Dec Jan Col. James M. Powell Jan Lt. W. James Kay Jan. Mar CHRISTIANBURG (Montgomery County) Assistant Superintendent Lt. C. S. Schaeffer (8th District of VA) May 1866 Dec
12 LOCATION DATES CITY POINT (Prince George County) Assistant Superintendent Lt. John E. Herriot July 1865 Capt. William Hedges Aug R. P. Clayton Sept Apr Lt. Charles H. Bird May July 1866 Lt. J. Arnold Yeckley Aug Jan CLARKSVILLE (See Boydton) COLUMBIA (See Palmyra) CULPEPER COURTHOUSE (Culpeper County) Assistant Superintendent Capt. Earl Pierce Oct. Nov Lt. W. S. Chase Dec July 1866 Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. W. MacNulty Aug Dec CULPEPER Assistant Superintendent William R. Morse (4th Education Subdistrict) Jan. Mar CUMBERLAND COURTHOUSE (Cumberland County) Assistant Superintendent Lt. Curtis McCornish July Aug Provost Marshall Capt. Oscar Fleichman May Oct Lt. E. Steinmann Oct. Nov Capt. D. Jerome Connolly Dec Feb DANVILLE (Pittsylvania County) Assistant Superintendent Capt. Moses Smith Aug Capt. P. J. Hawk Aug. Oct Capt. J. F. Wilcox Dec Nov Col. G. B. Carse Nov July 1867 Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. Andrew Mahoney July 1867 June 1868 William Leahey (at Pittsylvania Courthouse) June Dec DRUMMONDTOWN Assistant Superintendent Lt. Charles W. Hite Dec Feb Maj. George H. French Mar. Sept Lt. Ed. Murphy Oct Feb Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Maj. George P. Sherwood Feb. Nov Maj. George P. Sherwood (at Eastville) Nov May 1868 M. S. Reed (at Eastville) May Aug D. B. White (at Eastville) Aug. Dec
13 LOCATION DATES FAIRFAX COURTHOUSE (Fairfax County) Assistant Superintendent Capt. George A. Armes Aug. Sept Lt. Sidney B. Smith (at Vienna) Sept Feb Capt. J. O. Ross (at Vienna) Mar O. E. Hine Nov Mar Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. William Shields (at Falls Church) Apr. Aug Lt. W. S. Chase (at Falls Church) Aug Apr Lt. W. S. Chase (at Manassas) Apr. Oct John Raeburn Oct. Dec FALLS CHURCH (See Fairfax Courthouse) FARMVILLE Assistant Superintendent Lt. W. H. Lea Sept. Nov Capt. R. C. Horner Nov Jan Capt. D. Jerome Connolly Feb. Apr Subassistant Commissioner Maj. John W. Jordan May 1866 Apr Thomas P. Jackson Apr. Dec Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Thomas Leahey (at Farmville 1st Division, 11th Subdistrict) Apr. Aug Thomas Leahy (at Marysville 1st Division, 11th Subdistrict) Aug. Dec FREDERICKSBURG Superintendent Capt. D. W. Bohonon (10th District) Aug. Nov Maj. James Johnson (10th District) Dec July 1866 Maj. James Johnson (6th District) July 1866 Dec Assistant Superintendent Hector Sears (for Stafford and King George Counties) July 1866 Apr Hector Sears (for Stafford, King George, and Spotsylvania Counties) Apr Dec GOOCHLAND Assistant Superintendent J. T. Wilson Dec Jan E. C. Morse Jan. Dec GORDONSVILLE Superintendent Capt. T. Frank Crandon (4th District) Aug June 1866 Maj. William R. Morse (4th District) June 1866 Dec GORDONSVILLE (See Louisa Courthouse) 11
14 LOCATION DATES HALIFAX COURTHOUSE Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. David P. Scott (4th Subdivision, 11th District) Nov Feb William Nutt (4th Subdivision, 11th District) Feb. May 1868 W.H.H. Stowell (4th Subdivision, 11th District) May Dec HAMPTON (See Fort Monroe) HARRISONBURG (See Staunton) HEATHSVILLE Assistant Subassistant Commissioner E. W. Busby (5th Division, 6th Subdistrict) May 1866 Apr Haskell (5th Division, 6th Subdistrict) Apr. Dec JERUSALEM (Southampton County) Subassistant Commissioner Lt. A. G. Deacon (4th Division, 1st Subdistrict) May 1866 Jan Mortimer Moulden (4th Division, 1st Subdistrict) Jan. Sept C. S. Schaeffer (4th Division, 1st Subdistrict) Sept. Oct Mortimer Moulden (4th Division, 1st Subdistrict) Oct. Dec KING WILLIAM COURTHOUSE Assistant Superintendent Lt. John C. Chance (3rd Division, 3rd Subdistrict) Feb. June 1866 Col. Frank Butts (3rd Division, 3rd Subdistrict) June 1866 July 1867 C. P. Goodyear (3rd Division, 3rd Subdistrict) July 1867 Dec LEESBURG (Loudoun County) Lt. Sydney B. Smith (3rd Division, 10th Subdistrict) Mar May 1868 Lt. Sydney B. Smith (at Warrenton) May July 1868 Lt. Sydney B. Smith (at Middleburg) July Oct LEXINGTON Assistant Subassistant Commissioner C. Jerome Tubbs Sept Feb G. Carse Feb. Nov J. W. Sharp Dec Jan Douglas Frazer Jan. Sept Jno. W. Jordan Sept. Dec LIBERTY Assistant Subassistant Commissioner B. T. Shaum Oct Apr J. F. Wilcox Apr. Dec LOUISA COURTHOUSE Assistant Superintendent Capt. R. McMurray July 1865 Aug Capt. James Ashworth Nov July 1866 Lt. Jacob Roth July Nov Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Maj. M. S. Hopkins (at Gordonsville) Jan Dec
15 LOCATION DATES LUNENBURG COURTHOUSE Assistant Superintendent Lt. Alexander Blackman Sept Capt. Richard M. Homer Oct Lt. H. Treher Nov Jan Lt. J. Arnold Yeckley Jan. July 1866 Assistant Subassistant Commissioner W. H. Stowell Apr. July 1868 William Austin July Dec LYNCHBURG Superintendent R. S. Lacey (7th District of VA) Nov Apr Agent R. S. Lacey Apr Jan Subassistant Commissioner R. S. Lacey (7th Subdistrict of VA) Jan Dec Assistant Superintendent of Schools R. S. Lacey Jan. Mar Assistant Superintendent Lt. J. P. Wodell (4th Subdistrict, 7th District) Dec Jan Lt. Louis W. Stevenson (1st Division, 7th District) Jan Jan J. F. Wilson (1st Division) Jan. Sept Lt. W. F. DeKnight (Subdistrict of Amherst County) May Aug Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. L. A. Nesmith (1st and 6th Divisions, 7th District) June Sept MADISON COURTHOUSE Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Capt. Samuel W. Carpenter Feb. Nov William Crea Feb. Dec MANASSAS (See Fairfax Courthouse) MANCHESTER Assistant Superintendent Lt. L. Hoysradt Oct Mar Lt. T. W. Lord Apr. Oct Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Samuel F. Maddox July Dec MARION Assistant Superintendent Lt. B. E. Hess Apr. Aug MARTINSVILLE (See Farmville) 13
16 LOCATION DATES MATTHEWS COURTHOUSE Assistant Superintendent E. A. Chandler Apr Mar F. K. Smith Apr. July 1867 Assistant Subassistant Commissioner E. R. Williams July Aug E. A. Chandler Aug Jan Thomas Rice Jan. Dec MAYSVILLE (See Buckingham Courthouse) MIDDLEBURG (See Leesburg) FORT MONROE Superintendent C. B. Wilder (9th District) Sept July 1866 C. B. Wilder (5th District) July Sept S. L. Armstrong (5th District) Sept Apr Agent S. L. Armstrong (5th District) Apr Jan Subassistant Commissioner S. L. Armstrong (5th District) Jan. Sept S. L. Armstrong (at Hampton) Sept. Dec Superintendent S. L. Armstrong (1st Education Subdistrict, Hampton) Jan. Apr NEW KENT COURTHOUSE Superintendent A. M. Brooks (at Barhamsville) Mar. Apr Assistant Subassistant Commissioner A. M. Brooks Apr Dec William H. Sloan Dec June 1868 E. G. Townsend May Aug NORFOLK Assistant Superintendent for Negro Affairs, Fort Monroe C. H. Beirne Mar. June 1865 Superintendent A. S. Flagg (1st District, Fort Monroe) June Sept A. S. Flagg (1st District, Norfolk) Sept June 1866 William P. Austin June 1866 Mar Subassistant Commissioner J. H. Remington Mar Jan Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. John H. Keatley June Aug Charles E. Johnston Aug May 1866 Edward Murphy Feb. Nov
17 LOCATION DATES NORFOLK Assistant Superintendent (See Princess Anne) ORANGE COURTHOUSE Assistant Superintendent M. C. Harris July Sept H. C. Buckman Sept. Oct John W. Barnes Oct Aug W. A. MacNulty Sept. Oct PALMYRA Assistant Superintendent Lt. C. E. Minor (at Columbia) Aug Nov Capt. N. R. Bunker (at Columbia) Dec E. G. Budd Jan Oct PETERSBURG Superintendent Stuart Barnes (District of the Nottoway) July Aug Stuart Barnes (2nd District) Aug Sept Subassistant Commissioner J. R. Stone Sept Sept James A. Bates Sept. Oct J. R. Stone Oct Dec Assistant Superintendent Capt. E. H. Tobey July 1865 Nov Lt. J. A. Yeckley Dec Jan Capt. J. L. Johnston Nov. Dec Lt. H.K.W. Ayres Dec July 1868 PITTSYLVANIA COURTHOUSE (See Danville) PRINCESS ANNE Assistant Superintendent Thomas P. Jackson (at Norfolk) Sept May 1866 Morton Havens May 1866 July 1867 Morton Havens July 1867 Jan James Croft Jan. Dec RICHMOND Quartermaster H. S. Merrell Apr. June 1865 Superintendent H. S. Merrell (District of Henrico) June Nov H. S. Merrell (3rd District) Nov June 1866 John A. McDonnell (3rd District) June Nov John A. Bates (3rd District) Apr. May 1867 Subassistant Commissioner John A. Bates Apr. May 1867 Paul R. Hambrick May 1867 Dec
18 LOCATION DATES RICHMOND (cont.) Assistant Superintendent of Schools Paul R. Hambrick Jan. Apr Assistant Superintendent E. B. Townsend (Subdistrict of Richmond) Dec Feb T. W. Lord Mar. Apr Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Benjamin C. Cook Apr Dec ROCKY MOUNT Assistant Superintendent James Warden Jan. June 1866 William F. DeKnight (Subdistrict No. 3, 7th District) Aug Apr Assistant Subassistant Commissioner William F. DeKnight Apr. July 1867 William F. DeKnight (Subdistrict No. 3, 7th District) July Oct Newton Whitten (4th Division, 7th Subdistrict) Oct. Dec Augustus R. Egbert Dec June 1868 SALEM (8th Educational Subdistrict, See Wytheville) SMITHFIELD Assistant Superintendent Lt. L.W.L. McDaniels May 1865 Mar Lt. A. G. Deacon Mar. May 1866 STAUNTON Assistant Superintendent Lt. George W. Cook (at Harrisburg) Mar. May 1866 Lt. George W. Cook (Subdistrict No. 10, 7th District, at Staunton) May Dec Frederick S. Tukey (Subdistrict of Augusta and Highland) Dec Apr Thomas P. Jackson (4th Division, 9th Subdistrict) Apr Mar Assistant Subassistant Commissioner John W. Jordan Mar. Sept Roswell Waldo Sept. Dec STAUNTON Superintendent (See Winchester, Subassistant Commissioner) SUFFOLK Agent John W. Barnes (3rd Division, 1st Subdistrict) Dec Nov Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. George W. Fleming Nov July 1868 George W. Black July Dec
19 LOCATION DATES TAPPAHANNOCK Provost Marshall Edgar B. Le Gro (at Warsaw) July Oct Edgar B. Le Gro Nov. Dec Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. Watson R. Wentworth (3rd Division, 6th Subdistrict from April 1867) Feb Dec VIENNA (See Fairfax Courthouse) WARRENTON Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Lt. W. S. Chase July 1866 Aug Capt. E. B. Gates (4th Division, 10th Subdistrict) Aug Jan Morton Havens (4th Division, 10th Subdistrict) Jan. Apr Lt. Sydney B. Smith (See Leesburg, VA) May July 1868 WARSAW Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Henry W. Ayres (4th Division, 6th Subdistrict from April 1867) Jan. Dec William B. Pease Jan C. G. McClelland Feb. Mar E. W. Busby Apr. Dec WAVERLY Assistant Subassistant Commissioner W. F. Wilcox (2nd Division, 2nd Subdistict from April 1867) Dec Mar P. M. McLaughlin Apr. July 1868 WILSON S LANDING Assistant Superintendent J. H. Remington Feb. June 1866 Lt. Edward Murphy July Sept WINCHESTER Superintendent Capt. H. Stover How (6th District, at Staunton) Aug. Sept Capt. H. Stover How (6th District) Oct May 1866 J. H. Remington (6th District) May Sept J. H. Remington (9th District) Sept. Nov Subassistant Commissioner John A. McDonnel (9th District) Dec Dec Assistant Superintendent John P. How Dec Apr Assistant Subassistant Commissioner Capt. Gilbert R. Chandler (1st Division, 9th District) Apr Oct
20 LOCATION DATES WOODSTOCK Assistant Subassistant Commissioner J. H. Hall (3rd Division, 9th District) Mar July 1868 W. Lyreel July Aug Watkins James Aug. Dec WYTHEVILLE Superintendent B. C. Carter (8th District) Oct June 1866 George P. Sherwood (8th District) June Dec J. H. Remington (8th District) Dec Feb William P. Austin (8th District) Mar. Aug H. G. Thomas (8th District) Assistant Superintendent of Schools H. G. Thomas (at Salem) Jan. Mar YORKTOWN Assistant Subassistant Commissioner F. A. Massey (3rd Division, 5th District) Jan May 1868 Henry K. Ayers (3rd Division, 5th District) Aug. Dec
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Commonwealth Coordinated Care CY 2014 Rate Report November 25, 2013
Rate Report The Commonwealth of Virginia, in conjunction with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), is releasing rates for the Commonwealth Coordinated Care program. The general principlesMore information
ARLINGTON. NAME, ADDRESS, & PHONE Landmarks DAYS/HOURS/SERVICES POPULATIONS SERVED ALEXANDRIA
Suburban Virginia Northern Virginia Homeless Shelter List Drop-in Centers Northern Virginia Regional Commission ALEXANDRIA DAVID S PLACE at CARPENTER'S SHELTER 930 N. Henry St. Alexandria, VA 22214 703-548-7500More information
TITLE 31 MONEY AND FINANCE This title was enacted by Pub. L. 97 258, 1, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 877 Subtitle I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Sec. General... The Budget Process... Financial Management... Money...More information


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Alamindra Cutren is a member of the Council of Merchants, Arad Doman's governing body.
Activities Edit
She is found hiding in her cousin's lands and taken captive by the Aiel.[1]
Before leaving Arad Doman, Rand al'Thor ordered Davram Bashere and Rhuarc to return Alamindra and the rest of the Council to their palaces.[2]

subset: commoncrawl


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About this Business
- HoursSunClosedMon-Fri7:00 AM - 7:00 PMSat9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
From Our Editors
When the staff at Corry's CO2 Dry Cleaners realized they were responsible for the disposal of 192 gallons of hazardous waste every year, they knew it was time for a change. They overhauled all of their equipment in order to provide an option that avoided using the traditional dry-cleaning chemicals that are suspected of causing cancer and eating socks. Instead, their cleaning method uses carbon dioxide and nontoxic soaps to flush stains from clothes, which is kinder to clothing fibers and leaves behind no chemical smell. This technique has earned them votes from readers of Mercer Island Reporter as the "best place to take your dry cleaning." for several years, most recently in 2013.
Aside from the greener cleaning technique, the staff maintains a tiny carbon footprint with other services and process. To conserve energy, they've retrofitted the lighting and pickup and deliver clothing free of charge, saving their customers money on gas. They recycle 24,000 hangers a year and fold clothing into reusable bags instead of disposable shirt boxes. They also love to educate not only their customers, but other dry cleaners about their eco-friendly ways.


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VideoHive Scenes for Promotion 6469557
After Effects Project \ Openers \ Corporate
Download \ Promotion \ Changing \ Contains \ Cheerful \ Ukulele \ Antarctic
After Effects Project - Scenes for Promotion 6469557 by keybal @ VideoHive
After Effects Project \ Openers \ Corporate
- AfterFX version: CS5 and Up
- Resolution: 1920×1080 25 fps
- No plugin required
- Well organized
- Color changing option
- 2 color scheme included
- Help file
Font "Pollock", you can download from here . Or "Hermes" you can download from here .
You can use other fonts according your desire.
Music "Happy Cheerful Ukulele" by Antarctic you can download from here .
Zip contains 2 project files with two different color schemes – "promotion color 01.aep" and "promotion color 02.aep"
All parameters are adjustable. Each scene contains own color changing options. So you can change color separately for each composition.
Requires Plugins: No; After Effects Version: CS5, CS5.5, CS6; Resolution: 1920x1080; File Size: 9mb.
Cinema Opener; Graffiti Logo; Our Corporation; Music Show; Action Trailer; Nomination Ceremony; Economic Sector.
Keywords: brand, business, company promotion, constructor, infographics, kinetic, minimal, own story, people, presentation, replaceable compositions, social, timeline, typographic, website.


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Listen to free music played by LouieCharlie
Blip.fm is internet radio made social. It's easy to search for, play, and discover free music recommended by real people. Join today to create your own free station and start listening to @LouieCharlie.
What other DJs are saying about BETA STATE : STRONGER THAN GRAVITY - #FRIENDSHIP EP
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Dec 11, 2011 at 3:26 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES


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An all out sex romp where everything goes! And I do mean everything!
That's when you start with her mouth, (Wet kisses, and then a blow job) then, work your way to the pussy, (Also, wet kisses with your mouth follwed by dick, you can also incorporate the 69 position if you can handle it!) and finally, finish in her ass! (using your mouth and dick at this time is optional) All in one night! Just like you would find on the old porn packs that came group together with different scenes, that's a raunch o rama night, enjoy!
by Stonefree63 August 17, 2011
The Urban Dictionary Mug
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OUR DRAPEY FABRIC FEELS SOFT AND LUXURIOUS WITH EFFORTLESS DRAPE. New! DISTRICT MADE® LADIES DRAPEY DOLMAN TEE DM412 $10.98 Designed with a relaxed fit, this dolman tee will be a favorite. • 3.9-ounce, 70/30 poly/rayon, 40 singles • High-low hem LADIES SIZES: XS–4XL New! DISTRICT MADE® LADIES DRAPEY LONG SLEEVE TEE DM413 $12.98 Soft and flowy, this tee complements any look. • 3.9-ounce, 70/30 poly/rayon, 40 singles • Relaxed fit, dropped shoulders • Curved hem with elongated side vents • Slightly dropped back hem LADIES SIZES: XS–4XL PINK AZALEA BLACK CHARCOAL NEW NAVY DEEP ROYAL BLACK CHARCOAL CARDINAL TEAL 238 Prices apply to sizes XS—XL and are subject to change. Please inquire for pricing on larger sizes.
Apparel, Bags and Caps 2017
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User mapping error
Updated: February 1, 2011
Applies To: Forefront Threat Management Gateway (TMG)
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) authentication is not based on Windows, and access rules applied to Windows users or groups are not applied to users authenticating with EAP.
Enable user mapping for these users. Using Forefront TMG user mapping, you can map users that do not use Windows to Windows accounts. Configure user mapping on the User Mapping tab of the VPN Clients properties. Alternatively, you can create a RADIUS user set for these users, so that access rules can be applied to them.


text:
Your browser does not support iframes.
After considering all the candidates running to replace Mick Mulvaney in the 5th Congressional District, I have selected Tommy Pope.
Tommy has always done exactly what he said he would do, and I am extremely confident he will continue the same work in Washington.
I have followed Tommy's career for many years. He has always been a man of integrity and conviction. Whether in the courtroom as our solicitor or in the State House as our representative, he has always worked hard to protect York County and South Carolina.
As a resident of the 5th Congressional District, I am writing to express my full support for Democrat Archie Parnell.
I was born and raised in South Carolina. I went to public schools – K-12 in Columbia, then higher education at Midlands Tech, Clemson, USC and Charleston Southern. I teach in the state's public education system.
For the last several years, plans to properly fund the maintenance and expansion of our state's roads have been short-circuited in the S.C. Senate by road-plan opponents.
Due to their stubbornness, only piecemeal solutions – the legislative equivalent of I-95's stop-and-go traffic – have been advanced.
I was the sole candidate who challenged Mick Mulvaney in last year's Republican primary. Sadly, fewer than 14 percent of eligible voters voted. This year I have six Republicans in opposition to my bid – not to mention three in the Democratic Party and some others.
Who will best represent all 660,000 citizens in 10-plus counties? I will. Here's why. Principle: Much of leadership is clearing the clutter.
In the seemingly interminable debate about funding for roads in South Carolina, with the latest gas-tax hike being debated this week in the state Senate, we're often told that billions of dollars must be taxed or borrowed in order to make the roads safer and more efficient.
Recent events make me think back to my time in divinity school studying for my master's degree.
The university it was attached to was well-known as a theologically conservative institution, but the divinity school gained a reputation for being liberal-minded because it insisted we learn both sides of the argument.
Syria is led by a tyrant. The United States was right in its actions against him.
We stopped Hitler, and we will stop the president of Syria.
Also, we are very close to a nuclear war. North Korea is a threat, and they have the nuclear bombs.
A nuclear war could be the end, because a nuclear war will cause a chain reaction. Boots on the ground. A lot of our brave men and women would die.
If you remember, a certain person said he likes war.
I pray for our brave men and women and for America.
Carl M. Miles Sr.
Ralph Norman has the vote of this Marine Corps veteran, mother and wife of a business owner.
Mr. Norman is a virtuous man of principle. He says he will fight for conservative principles, and he will! He is strongly pro-family. He will fight to keep our nation safe and to keep our military strong.
He is not a politician. Ralph Norman is a citizen-servant. He will work for term limits. Ralph will leave the beloved community of his birth to help make both South Carolina and the USA safer and more prosperous.
Copyright © 2017
The Lancaster News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Lancaster County and Lancaster, South Carolina, and the surrounding area..


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
PDF Submission: Error code shows in the PDF fileAsked by AMSForms on August 20, 2015 at 01:33 PM
The PDF feature is not working. It is generating PDFs with an error code and no data, however the submission seems to be intact.
JotForm Support
Apologies for the inconvenience. Our back end team informed us that they were testing our servers earlier, this might have affected the Get PDF function.
Let me forward this to our developers to have it checked. We will update you on this thread when the problem has been resolved.
Yes it was a temporary issue while the servers were being tested. Please let us know if it occurs again.


text:
Russian Embassy in India condemns deportation of Russian Orthodox priest from Chennai
Source: TASS
New Delhi, January 18, 2016
The Russian Embassy in India has condemned on Monday the deportation of Russian citizen Hegumen Seraphim by the migration service of Chennai International Airport, the diplomatic mission said in a statement.
"The Russian Embassy condemns the deportation of Russian national Father Serafim," the statement said. "The fact that Russian diplomats were denied the opportunity to make contact with the priest for seven hours is unacceptable."
The statement noted that "he had been denied basic assistance, including food, in spite of requests from the embassy and Russia's Consulate General in Chennai." "Such disrespect to a clergyman from a friendly country runs counter to the spirit of mutual understanding and cooperation typical of the Russian-Indian relations," the embassy said.
Hegumen Seraphim is a senior priest in an Orthodox Christian parish registered in New Delhi and is officially a Russian Orthodox clergyman in South Asia. He arrived on a flight from Pakistan and was detained at the airport of Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu state, on January 17. The Indian side said the hegumen had been detained because he previously came to the country with a visitor visa at the invitation of the Russian Embassy, and now he came with a tourist visa but said Russia's Embassy in India was the host party.
Russia's Consul-General in Chennai Sergey Kotov said on Sunday that the situation with Father Seraphim was a violation of the consular agreements between the two countries, and diplomats intend to raise the issue with the Indian authorities. He noted though that he considered the incident to be "bureaucratic rather than political."
18 / 01 / 2016
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Animated continuity
Quick Stryke was the G.I. Joe Extreme's resident former bad guy team member. He and his brother had joined S.K.A.R. in the early days of the organization.
When his brother Jonathan volunteered to be used as a test subject to become the ultimate soldier, Quick Stryke tried to talk him out of it. The experiment ended in disaster and his brother went crazy and attacked Quick Stryke. In the struggle a weapon was fired and hit some gas tanks which resulted in a massive explosion. When the smoke cleared Jonathan was dead.
Quick Stryke blames Iron Klaw for Jonathan's death and thus hates Iron Klaw, for experimenting on his brother and causing him to go crazy and die. Since that day he has dedicated himself to bringing down Iron Klaw and SKAR. Quick stryke had been fighting a solo / private war against Iron Klaw and SKAR before joining the GI Joe team.
Lt. Stone and Sgt. Savage respect Quick Stryke's ability but it took them a while to actually trust him fully. After Quick Stryke led a successful mission that had him face Iron Klaw and choose between SKAR and GI Joe (which Lt. Stone observed), he has become fully trusted by the GI Joe team.
His need to avenge Jonathan's Death and to prevent more people dying like his brother, is his source of inspiration and motivation. When Iron Claw was thought to have been killed after the Joe team learned of his secret identity as Count Von Rani, Quick Stryke thought his reason and purpose in life was finally realized. Unfortunely for the world Iron Klaw survived and Quick Stryke's need to avenge his brother with the fall of SKAR and Iron Klaw has been renewed.
A Quick Stryke figure was planned, but never released.
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4 total
Landlord negotiates a commercial lease assignment and amendment to lease and offers it to tenant (assignor) and assignee to sign. Assignor and assignee sign at Landlord's office. Landlord sends to home office to sign then changes lease by increa...
Please note the following analysis applies under California Law. The common law principles in Georgia should be similar but you should consult with a Georgian attorney to be sure.
The short answer to your question is: NO. At this particular point in time, there is NO VALID LEASE and there is NO LIVE OFFER from tenant and assignee.
CONTRACT THEORY. As a background matter, in order to have a contract (of which a lease is simply a particular kind of contract) you simply need (1) an offer by one party, (2) an acceptance of that offer by another party, (3) some sort of consideration, meaning something of value to exchange, and (4) the subject matter of the agreement must not be illegal.
Here you have the Landlord making an OFFER in the form of the lease that she presents to the Tenant and Assignee. The Tenant and Assignee ACCEPT the offer by signing the lease. The terms of the lease involves an exchange of CONSIDERATION: presumably the landlord provides the property (a thing of value) and the tenant pays money (also a thing of value). I assume this commercial lease is for lawful activity. Normally this would be sufficient for a valid and enforceable agreement. But not in this case. In this case we have an exception called the STATUE of FRAUDS.
STATUTE OF FRAUDS. The statute of frauds says that there are certain categories of agreements that MUST BE SIGNED IN WRITING. In California, as in most common law states, the statute of frauds applies to a lease if the rental term exceeds one year. See Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1091, 1624(a)(1)-(3); Cal. Civ. Proc. Code §§ 1624(a)(3), 1971. You did not say if the lease ran for more than one year but commercial leases typically run for longer than a year. If so, then your commercial lease is NOT VALID UNTIL THE LANDLORD SIGNS THE LEASE. Since you say that the landlord has not signed the lease, then you have no enforceable agreement.
COUNTEROFFER. Moreover, the Landlord has REJECTED your signed lease by making a counteroffer. A counteroffer is (1) a rejection of the last offer and (2) makes a new offer of terms. Here, the Tenant and Assignee signed the lease, turning that document, effectively, into an OFFER for the Landlord to then accept or reject. The Landlord REJECTED that lease offer by making material changes in the lease terms, increasing your rent. Now your signed lease offer is a DEAD OFFER. You have no obligation to make good on that offer and are not bound by the old lease. You may now accept, reject, or counteroffer the Landlord's last offer as you see fit.
PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL. To make things more complicated, although you may not have a valid lease, you may have an action for promissory estoppel against the Landlord. Despite the statute of frauds, an oral agreement may be enforceable if (1) the tenant detrimentally changed position in reasonable reliance on the agreement and unconscionable injury would occur should it not be enforced or (2) the landlord accepted the benefits of the agreement and would be unjustly enriched by its nonenforecment. Here the facts are not clear if the Landlord forced the Tenant and Assignee to "change position" –meaning do something that made them worse off in reliance on the Landlord's promise, something like give notice to another landlord and move out, leaving them now with no place to conduct business. But if the elements of promissory estoppel are met then you may have an action against the Landlord even on an ORAL promise.
Douglas Robbins
San Francisco, California
The dismissal was commenced at my direction during mediation without giving my evidence. I was sued under the A.D.A. because the plaintiff said he was unable to use the restroom in my restaurant. I have video proof the plaintiff never entered the...
Based on the facts as you have stated them, and assuming you have not signed a settlement agreement releasing all the parties from claims, then you likely CAN sue for malicious prosecution.
Whether you win or not is another question.
"A successful malicious prosecution action requires proof that the prior litigation was (1) commenced by or at the defendant's direction, (2) pursued to a termination in the plaintiff's favor, (3) brought without probable cause, and (4) initiated with malice." Siebel v. Mittlesteadt, 12 Cal. Rptr. 3d 906, 912 (2004) (citing Crowley v. Katleman, 8 Cal. 4th 666, 676; Brennan v. Tremco, Inc., 25 Cal. 4th 310, 313 (2001); Pattiz v. Minye, 61 Cal. App. 4th 822, 826 (1998)).
Here, you have stated that the action was brought against you and was subsequently dismissed with prejudice. This is sufficient to show you have prevailed against the Claimant. Both the Claimant's Attorney and the ADA Claimant herself are now potentially exposed under a malicious prosecution theory.
Next, it appears, based on the facts you have provided, that the matter was NOT brought with probable cause. An action lacks in probable cause if a reasonable attorney would not "have thought the claim tenable." Leonardini v. Shell Oil Co., 216 Cal. App. 3d 547, 568-69 (1989). There are two basic ways in which to establish lack of probable cause: failure to allege a coherent legal theory, and failure to allege truthful facts.
Here, it appears that while the ADA legal theory may have been valid, there was no FACTUAL basis to allege the claim because the Claimant never actually entered your place of business. See Leonardini, 216 Cal. App. 3d at 568 (finding lack of probable cause where the defendant relies upon facts which she had no reasonable cause to believe to be true). While the ADA Claimant certainly should have known that her claim was based on false facts, her Attorney can always argue that he relied on what the Claimant/Client told him and had no reason to believe that his own Client was lying to him. If the Attorney's story is believed then, the probable cause element would NOT be met as against the attorney, even while it still MAY still be met as against the ADA Claimant/Client herself.
Finally, you must prove malice. Malice is not limited to actual hostility or ill will but also exists when the proceedings are instituted primarily for an improper purpose. Albertson v. Raboff, 46 Cal. 2d 375 (1956); Jacques Interiors v. Petrak, 188 Cal. App. 3d 1363 (1987). "Suits with the hallmark of an improper purpose are those in which: (1) the person initiating them does not believe that his claim may be held valid; (2) the proceedings are begun primarily because of hostility or ill will; (3) the proceedings are initiated solely for the purpose of depriving the person against whom they are initiated of a beneficial use of his property; (4) the proceedings are initiated for the purpose of forcing a settlement which has no relation to the merits of the claim." George F. Hillenbrand, Inc. v. Insurance Co. of North America, 104 Cal. App. 4th 784, 814 (2002) (quotation marks omitted); see Albertson v. Raboff, 46 Cal. 2d 375 (1956).
Proving actual malice is always difficult. Malice is primarily a subjective state and trying to prove by a preponderance of the evidence what might have been in the ADA Claimant's heart-of-hearts is always a challenge. But if there is sufficient circumstantial evidence and especially, if you can prove that there was ZERO factual basis to bring the lawsuit (see probable cause discussion above), then courts and juries may be sufficiently persuaded to find malice based on that alone.
Malicious prosecution actions are inherently difficult to win. But not impossible.
Contact me if you have any further questions.
B. Douglas Robbins
One Post St., Suite 800
San Francisco, CA 94104
T: 415-247-7900 x204
I have a dim memory that historically when you send someone a "letter" that person then owns the letter and may publish it. Is there perhaps case law on this topic or am I just wrong? I now have a series of email exchanges over a long period of t...
Absent a written assignment (contract) to the contrary, the original writer continues to own the copyright in the e-mail. The receiver of the e-mail owns the e-mail but none of the copyright rights in the e-mail. Copyright rights include the right to copy and publish. Thus only the writer can license the e-mail for subsequent publication. Publishing the work without permission (typically license or assignment) is copyright infringement. Anonymizing the e-mail may help to avoid other causes of action, such as those related to the privacy torts, but has no effect on copyright.
BUT, there are exceptions to copyright infringement, such as (1) for work that is not copyrightable in the first place, (2) work in the public domain, and (3) fair use. Here, fair use seems to be your best defense.
In order to determine whether any particular use of copyrighted material is a fair use, the courts will typically examine four factors: (1) the purpose and character of the use (often a test of whether the work has been "transformed"), (2) the "nature of the copyrighted work"; (3) the amount of the work used in "relation to the copyrighted work as a whole"; and (4) whether using the work damaged the "potential market for or value of the copyrighted work." Parenthetically, anonymizing the e-mails would WEAKEN your fair use claim, not strengthen it.
For a further discussion of copyright and fair use check out A Fair Use Primer at http://www.woodrobbins.com/publications/fairuseprimer.html
Douglas RobbinsSee question
I have a family member whom i owe some monies to. I have been making monthly payments as agreed. Never been late. They have decided to raise the payment amount, but i cannot afford anymore than what i am paying. There isnt a written contract, just...
As a general proposition, your family can always "seek legal advice" and there's nothing you can do about it. As far as what you can expect here are some issues to consider.
1. Amount: If the amount is small enough, the matter will likely be resolved in Small claims court. In California $7500 or less qualifies as a small claims matter.
2. Oral Agreement: Oral agreements are not invalid just because they are oral but each side will have a more difficult time proving what the terms of the agreement are supposed to be. Oral agreements, however ARE subject to what is known as the statue of frauds which INVALIDATES certain oral agreements such as (but not limited to): oral agreements involving the SALE of real property, oral agreements involving contracts that by its terms cannot be completed in a year, and a special promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another.
3. Mutual Consent. Additionally, even if this is a valid oral promise not voided by the statute of frauds, it still must have created with all parties CONSENT. Your family cannot, unilaterally, change the terms of the agreement at any time without your consent (increasing the payments, for example), unless, at the time of the formation of the oral agreement, you told them they could.
There are potentially other issues and defenses but there's not enough information in your question to explore them all. Was this agreement originally a debt? Is the agreement secured by some property?
You should consult with a Colorado attorney in order to be advised of all of your rights. This note does not create an attorney client relationship and should not be considered legal advice to be relied upon in lieu of discussing your case with an in-state attorney.See question