text:
THE EFFECT OF LANGUAGE POLICY ON. PUERTO RICAN NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE 1940s. Elise Marie DuBord. Elise Marie DuBord 2004
- Clemence Miller
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 LA MANCHA DEL PLÁTANO: THE EFFECT OF LANGUAGE POLICY ON PUERTO RICAN NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE 1940s by Elise Marie DuBord Elise Marie DuBord 2004 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTERS OF ARTS WITH A MAJOR IN LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004
2 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: Glenn Martínez Date Professor of Spanish
3 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to my husband, José R. Saavedra, who has always supported me in my studies and in my research his homeland of Puerto Rico. His insight has been invaluable to understanding many of the intricacies of language in Puerto Rico. I also thank Marcos López who graciously hosted me in his home while I conducted research at the University of Puerto Rico and my in-laws José A. Saavedra and Carmen Iguina who have always welcomed me in their home throughout all of my endeavors in Puerto Rico. My parents, Dick and Pat DuBord, have consistently supported my linguistic adventures and education. Gloria Prosper Sánchez at the University of Puerto Rico was very helpful in orienting me to resources at the university. I also benefited from conversations about language issues in Puerto Rico with Roamé Torres González at the University of Puerto Rico. At the University of Arizona, I am indebted to Elizabeth Oglesby who got me on the right track during the first semester of my master s degree. And special thanks to the members of my thesis committee for their continual support and insight: Glenn Martínez, Ana Maria Carvalho, and Richard Ruíz. The research conducted for this thesis was supported through funding from the Center for Latin American Studies and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Institute of the University of Arizona.
4 4 DEDICATION Para Pepo
5 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables...6 Abstract...7 Chapter 1 The Historical Context of Puerto Rican Language Policy..8 Chapter 2 Language and Identity Chapter 3 Public Debate on Language Policy Conflict in the 1940s Chapter 4 - Conclusions. 82 Appendix References
6 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Official Language of Instruction in Puerto Rican Public Schools... 21
7 7 ABSTRACT The present work seeks to identify possible sources of the persistent link between the Spanish language and national identity in Puerto Rico. By examining mass media discourse in the 1940s as a turbulent period of language policy conflict between the Island and the U.S. federal government, I suggest that the federal imposition of language policy without the consent or approval of local politicians or educators was influential in the construction of national identity that included language as a major defining factor. Local elites reacted to the colonial hegemony by defining Puerto Rican identity in opposition to American identity. The construction of identity in 1940s is characterized by a cultural conception of nation that redefined national symbols (such as language) in social rather than political terms in order to avoid disturbing the existing colonial hegemony.
8 8 Chapter One: The Historical Context of Puerto Rican Language Policy Esa lengua, con la mancha del plátano, es la que estamos defendiendo. - Rubén del Rosario (1958) Many Puerto Ricans, such as philologist and defender of the Puerto Rican dialect of Spanish, Rubén del Rosario, take pride in the unique flavor of Puerto Rican Spanish. On the Island, the phrase mancha del plátano refers to the dark stain resulting from touching green plantains, but more importantly, alludes to having jíbaro roots in a shared cultural history that "stains" or marks Puerto Rican identity. By evoking imagery of the "mancha del plátano" in relation to Puerto Rican Spanish, del Rosario evokes the common belief that unity in the defense of Spanish is an identifying factor of Puerto Rican national identity. I became interested in the issue of language and identity in Puerto Rico during the two years I studied at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez. Personal observation led me to believe that Spanish is a significant identity marker for Puerto Ricans on the Island. When asked about the possible implications of becoming the fifty-first state, many Puerto Ricans mention their fear of losing linguistic and cultural autonomy, in addition to other popular national symbols such as the possible loss of their own Miss Universe candidate and Olympic team, among many other national traits and traditions that Puerto Ricans recognize as threatened through U.S. annexation. Puerto Ricans seemingly uniform pride in national heritage, apparently regardless of political affiliation, race, class, etc. fascinates me. This was remarkable to me because I believe that it contrasts sharply with the United States more heterogeneous sense of nation and the implications of what
9 9 means to be a member of the nation. Although Puerto Rico is not a politically independent country, we can describe it as a nation using Ronald Schmidt s (2000) definition that explains that a nation is a collection of people who share a sense of collective identity as belonging together in some deep political sense in distinction to the members of other national collectivities (p. 42). This definition neatly defines Puerto Rico as a nation due to its markedly distinct collective identity in opposition to U.S. identity and nation. The persistent presence of English affects the entire population, from Spanish monolingual housewives that must deal with English labeling when grocery shopping to college students faced with the challenge of taking classes that are taught in Spanish with textbooks in English. The language issue has greatly impacted Puerto Ricans and their educational institutions during the past century of the Island s relationship with the United States. Many people have received extensive English language education or have spent significant amounts of time in the United States and are rightly proud of their high level of bilingualism. From a young age, children study English in school and imitate English in their play; perhaps an indication of their early recognition of the desirability of learning English. Many generations have debated the language issue and its relevance to the lives of students and the general population has been persistent throughout the past century. Numerous studies have shown that the Spanish language is a central component of Puerto Rican national identity. For practical purposes, we can look at Nancy Morris s (1995) study that names four common traits that Puerto Ricans use to define themselves as
10 10 members of this island nation: language, history, customs and traditions, and personality traits. This common perception of national identity begs to ask the question: Where does the definition of puertorriqueñidad or Puerto Ricanness originate? What were the cultural, historical, social, political, and linguistic factors that have led to the current definition of national identity that is closely linked to language? These questions have been the impetus for the research leading up to and the writing of this thesis. Why is Spanish one of the most prominent factors that repeatedly surfaces when Puerto Ricans define their national identity? Has the threat of the imposition of English, both past and present, resulted in a link between national identity and Spanish that makes Puerto Rico distinct from its Spanish speaking neighbors? Recent studies on language loyalty and identity in Puerto Rico conducted in the last decades of the twentieth century confirm the privileged role that Spanish plays in defining the nation (for example Barreto, 1998 & Pousada, 2000). Yet, as Jorge Vélez (2000) confirms, the persistence of English in a secondary role does not currently threaten the role of Spanish as a dominant language on the Island. How did the two languages come to be relatively comfortable bedfellows? The population has become consistently more bilingual, with Spanish securely maintaining its place as the primary language and English as the secondary language. All of these issues fuel the continual debate on language policy, language pedagogy, official language, and other pragmatic language issues. My research focuses on the historical period of the 1940s as a possible site of the production of national identity that relies on language for two reasons. First, it was the
11 11 last decade when school policy favored English over Spanish as the instructional medium. Second, it was an important transitional period when Puerto Rican nationals were beginning to gain more political autonomy than they had enjoyed during the first decades of the twentieth century. In the 1940s, Puerto Rican Commissioners of Education were becoming more lenient in their policies toward Spanish in the public schools. During this period the general public was increasingly aware that using English as the language of instruction in the schools had failed to create a bilingual population and had also failed to adequately educate Puerto Rican students. Pupils were receiving sub par education because language had proven to be a barrier to academic subjects. This thesis outlines the history of language policy and its implementation in Puerto Rico by examining the political and pragmatic motives that have contributed to current policy and attitudes. My goal is to explore possible sources of the current language attitudes and how language ideology intersects with the definition of national identity. I will examine the print media, including but not limited to, newspapers, magazines, academic journals, educational reports, and anthropological investigations, as primary sources from the 1940s. These materials will be analyzed chronologically, tracing popular, political, and academic opinions about both English and Spanish in this important transitional period. This section will demonstrate how reactions to federally mandated language policies and U.S. language ideologies defined the Spanish language as a central component of Puerto Rican national identity. Defining language as a cultural trait was part of a broader social movement that articulated a unique Puerto Rican identity in opposition to American identity.
12 12 Popular debate on language policy in public schools at the time of the shift from English to Spanish medium education serves as a productive site of discourse on national identity based on language. The central question that has guided my research in Puerto Rico has been to determine to what extent opposition to the use of English in the public schools in the 1940s was a catalyst for the creation of a Puerto Rican national identity based on Spanish language heritage that has persisted to the present. My hypothesis is that local resistance to public school language policy that favored English over Spanish as part of a curriculum that promoted Americanization, led to the popular stance that Spanish was, and continues to be, an essential component of Puerto Rican national identity as defined in opposition to U.S. identity. I suggest that opposition to a distinct identity (American identity in the case of Puerto Rico) is necessary for the construction of a linguistic ideology that names language as a defining characteristic of national identity 1. Currently, little literature exists that explicitly connects language policy with national identity in Puerto Rico in the first half of the twentieth century during the Island's first five decades as a U.S. territory. The objective of my historical sociolinguistic research is to contribute to the existing literature on Puerto Rican national identity in relation to language by identifying the context of the link between the Spanish language and Puerto Rican national identity in the decade before language policy was reversed and Spanish was reestablished as the medium of instruction. 1 Louis-Jean Calvet (1998) suggests that language conflict is inherent to multilingual situations.
13 13 Historical Context of the First Half of the Twentieth Century The 1930s was the most radical national period of the twentieth century in Puerto Rico. Under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos the Nationalist Party became disillusioned with the possibility of Puerto Rico gaining independence through electoral means. Albizu then moved toward a position of armed revolution in order to achieve independence; the Party formed the Liberation Army of Puerto Rico that same year. In 1935, the insular police assassinated four nationalists who were preparing to participate in a pro-independence assembly at the University of Puerto Rico in what would later be known as the Río Piedras Massacre. In the months that followed, two young nationalists attempted to assassinate Colonel Elisha Riggs, Puerto Rican chief of police, in retribution for the Río Piedras Massacre. Their failure resulted in their own deaths at the hands of the police. Albizu and seven other nationalist leaders were arrested and tried on charges of conspiracy to overthrow the government and as authors of the attempted assassination of Colonel Riggs. While their case was in appeals in 1937, a protest march was organized in Ponce. Police attacked the demonstrators, resulting in the Ponce Massacre (also known as the Palm Sunday Massacre), which killed approximately twenty people and injured two hundred (López, 1989). The Nationalist leaders were convicted and imprisoned at the Atlanta Penitentiary until Albizu did not return to Puerto Rico until The void of leadership in the Nationalist Party in the 1940s contributed to what Jaime Ramírez-Barbot (1973) refers to as the quiet decade from
14 14 In 1938, Luís Muñoz Marín formed the Partido Popular Democrático (Popular Democratic Party - PPD) that sought to turn the Island s political focus away from the issue of status and work toward greater socio-economic changes while settling into an intermediary status between statehood and independence (Ramírez-Barbot, 1973). The PPD gained momentum in the 1940s and Muñoz Marín counted on the support of Presidents Roosevelt and Truman in gaining the right for Puerto Ricans to elect their own governor. In 1944, Roosevelt recommended that the U.S. Congress amend the Jones Act of 1917 and grant Puerto Ricans local elections, but Congress did not accept his recommendation. Two years later, the Puerto Rican legislature passed a bill that would allow for a plebiscite, a popular vote that would allow Puerto Ricans to determine their political status. Governor Tugwell, the last in a line of American mainlanders to occupy the post, vetoed the bill. Tugwell resigned in 1946 and President Truman named Jesus Piñero as his replacement, the Island s first Puerto Rican governor, but still a political appointee. Congress finally passed the Elective Governor-Act in 1947 and the following year Puerto Ricans elected Muñoz Marín as governor, with the power to appoint the members of his own cabinet, including the Commissioner of Education, a position that controlled the issue of language policy in the public schools. Precisely when the Island was in the process of gaining the right to elect their own governor in 1947, Albizu returned to the Island and resumed his role as the president of the Nationalist Party, but the Party never regained the popular support that it garnered in the 1930s perhaps due to their increasingly violent tactics. In the following years the Nationalists resumed violent acts in protest of U.S. control of the Island. On October 30,
15 , the Nationalist Insurrection broke out across the Island, and most notably, Nationalist Party members attacked the governor s mansion in San Juan. The same year, Nationalists unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate President Truman at the Blair House in Washington D.C. and in 1954, they attacked the U.S. House of Representatives, wounding five members of Congress. The decade of the 1940s saw increasing political autonomy in Puerto Rico that culminated in the creation of the Estado Libre Asociado in 1952 (or Commonwealth as it is referred to in English). Resistance to English language policy in the public schools drew to a close during this period as locally elected politicians enthusiastically supported Spanish as the medium of instruction in the schools. Previous policy resulted from U.S. mandated language policies in the public school systems as part of a program for Americanization (Negrón de Montilla, 1971). Yet the general public overwhelmingly supported language policy that favored Spanish. Continual resistance to English as an imposed medium of instruction in the schools cemented the commonly shared identification of Spanish as a part of Puerto Rican national identity. While the 1940s were more politically moderate than the 1930s, Puerto Ricans were still adamant that Spanish should maintain a privileged status over English on the Island, yet there was little opposition to the actual teaching of English as a secondary language. This reflects the broader political climate of the 1940s that pushed for the creation of a politically autonomous state under the protection of the United States. There appears to be an attitude of accommodation of American culture and language in the 1940s, albeit secondary to Puerto Rican culture and language. The end of the 1940s
16 16 saw more Puerto Ricans occupying political posts, especially within the Department of Education. There were also extensive reports conducted by visiting scholars that showed that there was no pedagogical basis for previous language policies in the public schools that had favored English over Spanish. Both U.S. and Puerto Rican educators agreed that Spanish should be the primary language of instruction and that English should be limited to higher grade levels. As soon as the first Puerto Rican governor was locally elected, a Puerto Rican Commissioner of Education was appointed who had the power to reverse language policy. In 1949, Spanish was designated the language of instruction at all levels, including higher education for the first time, and English was officially taught as a foreign language. Attitudes about language throughout the 1940s appear to reflect both growing understanding of the pedagogical reasons for using Spanish and the application of increasing autonomy through local election of high ranking officials. Language Policy in Puerto Rico Perhaps the only issue in Puerto Rican politics during its past century as a United States territory that has been more constantly debated than the use of English and Spanish is the definition of the Island's political status: whether it should become independent, maintain commonwealth status, or achieve statehood. Obviously, language policy and political status have been intimately interconnected in the discussion on Puerto Ricans' role as American citizens and the possibility of achieving statehood. Both Erwin Epstein (1970) and Edith Algren de Gutiérrez (1987) agree that the issue of language in Puerto
17 17 Rico will be resolved only when the Island's status is defined as either an independent nation or as an equal state in the Union. The remainder of this chapter will outline the political events and the resulting language policies in Puerto Rico from 1900 to 1950 that were crucial in the construction of current language ideologies. On the eve of the United States' involvement in Puerto Rico, Spain granted Puerto Rico the right to elect an autonomous local government under the protection of the Spanish crown (Scarano, 1993). In 1898, just two months after the first Puerto Rican elections, U.S. forces landed in Puerto Rico, ending the Spanish American War. That year, the United States established a presidentially appointed military government that controlled the Island until These first two years of U.S. presence in Puerto Rico marked the beginning of changes in language policies. Francisco Picó (1987, p. 197) explains that the general population had an immediate interest in learning English as the quantity of advertisements for English publications and classes demonstrates. Algren de Gutiérrez (1987) credits the initial acceptance of English in government and in the schools to the popular belief that the military government was a transitional form of governance that would eventually lead to Puerto Rico's annexation and greater local autonomy that would restore Spanish as the language of government. Nonetheless, the first military governor, General George Davis' reaction to Puerto Ricans' ability for selfgovernance was quite the opposite. Citing the population's low educational levels, he states, "Puerto Rico [ ] is not and probably never will be independent" (Negrón de Montilla, 1971, p. 15).
18 18 Two years after the U.S. occupation of Puerto Rico, the Foraker Act of 1900 dissolved the military government and established a civil government with a governor, upper house of representatives, and six commissioners (including the Commissioner of Education), all of whom were presidential appointees. The lower house of representatives would be popularly elected, but had less authority than the upper house. The first Commissioner of Education, Dr. Martin Brumbaugh faced the challenge of educating a population that was nearly 80% illiterate and where 92% of school-aged children did not attend school (Osuna, 1949, p. 341). In addition to these dismal figures, the military government's report indicated that Puerto Ricans did not speak pure Spanish but rather a "patois with no literature and little value as an intellectual medium," fostering the belief that it would be just as easy to educate the people in English as it would be educate them in Spanish (Osuna, 1949, p. 342). The U.S. occupying government devalued the Puerto Rican dialect of Spanish as a means of justifying English language policy in the schools. Thus, from 1905 through 1917, English was the medium of instruction in all grades and Spanish was to be taught as a separate subject, as if it were a second language. The exception is found in the period of , when Spanish was the medium of instruction in elementary schools and English was the language of high school instruction (Algren de Gutiérrez, 1987, p. 30). Aida Negrón de Montilla's (1971) detailed study of the seven politically appointed Commissioners of Education during the first three decades of the 20 th Century shows that this language policy was based not on pedagogical principles but rather represented a push from Washington D.C. and U.S. political appointees to promote Americanization and the
19 19 English language as part of an agenda to assimilate Puerto Ricans, despite the high cost of providing inferior educational opportunities to students. The Jones Act of 1917 granted Puerto Ricans United States citizenship 2, and changes in terms of autonomy over local issues; the governor and two commissioners (including the commissioner of education) were still presidential appointees but the newly formed Senate and House of Representatives would be locally elected. The Puerto Rican Congress had to still submit itself to the power of veto in the executive branch by the governor, and ultimately by the U.S. president. It was virtually impossible for the Congress to pass a bill that was not favored by U.S. political appointees. All legislative attempts to establish Spanish as the medium of instruction in public schools were easily overruled. The pattern of oscillation between different language policies continued until 1949, when Puerto Ricans gained the power to elect their own political officials. It should be noted that language policies in the period between 1915 and 1949 favored the teaching of Spanish, especially in the primary grades 3. This was perhaps due to a shift toward the nomination of Puerto Rican appointees to the position of Commissioner of Education as opposed to the previous trend of appointing educators from the mainland. Under Commissioner José Padín, Spanish was briefly established as the only medium of instruction in the elementary schools from This policy was not favored by U.S. officials, and ultimately led to Commissioner Padín's resignation and a direct letter from 2 The U.S. Congress granted American citizenship to all Puerto Ricans without conducting a popular vote on the Island to determine if the people favored U.S. citizenship. Puerto Ricans had six months in which to denounce their U.S. citizenship and maintain the somewhat ambiguous status of Puerto Rican citizens, an option that less than three hundred Puerto Ricans chose (Scarano, 1993). 3 All instruction except for English classes were conducted in Spanish at the elementary level from and
20 20 President Franklin Roosevelt to José Gallardo, the Commissioner that replaced Padín, about the importance of the English language for Puerto Ricans in their role as American citizens (Rodríguez Pacheco, 1976, p. 131). President Roosevelt instructed the following in his letter: It is an indispensable part of American policy that the coming generation of American citizens in Puerto Rico grow up with complete facility in the English tongue. It is the language of our Nation. Only through the acquisition of this language will Puerto Rico-Americans secure a better understanding of American ideals and principals. Moreover, it is only through thorough familiarity with our language that the Puerto Ricans will be able to take full advantage of the economic opportunities which became available to them when they were made American citizens [...] American citizens of Puerto Rico should profit from their unique geographical situation and the unique historical circumstance which has brought to them the blessings of American citizenship by becoming bilingual. (Leibowitz, 1970, p. 226) Commissioner Gallardo interpreted Roosevelt s call for bilingualism as meaning that English should be included to a greater degree as the medium of instruction and he implemented a transitional language curriculum in grades three through eight, with each successive year including greater amounts of English instruction. Gallardo s transitional bilingual model was not successful and English was gradually fazed out of the lower grades until the policy was made official in 1942 that English would only be taught as a separate subject in the elementary grades and that English would be used at the high school level as the language of instruction. In 1949, the first locally elected governor, Luis Muñoz Marín, appointed Mariano Villaronga as Commissioner of Education, who immediately reversed the language policy and established Spanish as the medium of instruction in schools and reassigned English the status of favored secondary language in school curriculum, a policy that has persisted
21 21 until the present (Rodríguez Pacheco, 1976). Table 1 summarizes official language policy for the language of instruction in public schools. Table 1 Official Language of Instruction in Puerto Rican Public Schools Year Spanish English Both Grades 1-8 Grades Primary language (all grades) Grades 1-4 Grades 6-16 Grade Grades 1-8 Grades Grades 1-2 Grades 9-12 Grades Grades 1-6 Grades 9-12 Grades present Primary language (all grades) (Based on Leibowitz, 1970 & Algren, 1987) Secondary language (all grades) Since 1949, when Spanish was officially declared the language of instruction in the public schools, every generation has continued to debate certain aspects of the language issue although school language policy has essentially remained the same. In 1963, the debate centered on whether or not accredited private schools had the right to teach in English (Epstein, 1970). In 1965, the Supreme Court determined that English could not be favored over Spanish in the commonwealth court system (Vélez, 2000). In 1991, the Puerto Rican legislature declared Spanish as the sole official language, only to see the law reversed two years later when both English and Spanish returned to share coofficial status, as had been originally established in 1902 (Barreto, 1998). According to polls, co-official status was preferred by a majority of the population although this status
22 22 does not reflect the reality that only half the population is bilingual to different degrees and the great majority prefer to use Spanish in almost all contexts (Schweers & Hudders, 2000). In 1992, the pro-statehood government unsuccessfully promoted the creation of bilingual public schools (Barreto, 2001). After Spanish regained its privileged position in the Puerto Rican educational system, the presence of English as a secondary language has gained greater acceptance. We cannot ignore the influence of English on the Puerto Rican population at present day, which reaches the Island via numerous sources such as: business, education, cable television, print media, music, movies, the internet, etc, in addition to high levels of geographic mobility between the Island and the continental United States. The English language seems to have achieved a greater level of acceptance during this period of passive U.S. influence than it achieved during the years of mandatory language instruction in the public schools in the first half of the twentieth century 4. Puerto Ricans have become increasingly bilingual and the presence of English has become more pervasive in a multiplicity of social domains. Yet, highly proficient bilinguals still name Spanish as a defining identity marker, while accepting that speaking English does not diminish their Puerto Rican identity (Pousada, 2000). Despite the acceptance of English as a secondary language and a language of wider communication, Puerto Ricans on the Island are often critical of monolingual English speaking Puerto Ricans in the continental 4 We must also consider worldwide trends that have caused the spread of English, not only in U.S. territories such as Puerto Rico, but around the globe. Spolsky (2004) rejects the notion of a conspiracy of managed linguistic imperialism as causing the spread of English, and suggests that the spread of English is part of the broader process of economic imperialism and globalization. Speakers of central and supercentral languages (i.e. Spanish), tend to learn other languages that are further up on the language hierarchy (i.e. English).
CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web
CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web 97-526 GOV Updated June 24, 1998 Puerto Rico: A Chronology of Political Status History Garrine P. Laney Analyst in American National Government GovernmentMore information
By: Karydith A. Morales
Education Law and Policy: Spring 2015 Puerto Rico s Education System: The Language and Political Problem By: Karydith A. Morales The experiences of Alaska and Hawaii since statehood with cultural destructionMore information
The Status of Puerto Rico. Spain, after treating Puerto Rico for almost 400 years as a Spanish colony, grants autonomy to Puerto Rico.
[1-ltf-77] CHRONOLOGY: The Status of Puerto Rico 1897 Spain, after treating Puerto Rico for almost 400 years as a Spanish colony, grants autonomy to Puerto Rico. 1898 On July 25, 1898, three months afterMore information
U.S. Voting Rights Timeline
1776 Only people who own land can vote Declaration of Independence signed. Right to vote during the Colonial and Revolutionary periods is restricted to property owners most of whom are white male ProtestantsMore information
Academic Standards for Civics and Government
Academic Standards for June 1, 2009 FINAL Elementary Standards Grades 3-8 Pennsylvania Department of Education These standards are offered as a voluntary resource for Pennsylvania s schools and await actionMore information
Table of Contents. Executive Summary 1
Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Part I: What the Survey Found 4 Introduction: American Identity & Values 10 Year after September 11 th 4 Racial, Ethnic, & Religious Minorities in the U.S. 5 StrongMore information
Democracy and Dependence: The Case of Puerto Rico and the United States. Laura Gallant
Democracy & Dependence: Puerto Rico 1 Democracy and Dependence: The Case of Puerto Rico and the United States Laura Gallant DVM 4330 Professor Stephen Baranyi November 23, 2012 Democracy & Dependence:More information
EXPLORING THE CONTOURS OF THE FREEDOM TO TEACH. Lawrence S. Bacow Nancy Kopans Randal C. Picker
EXPLORING THE CONTOURS OF THE FREEDOM TO TEACH Lawrence S. Bacow Nancy Kopans Randal C. Picker Ithaka S+R is a strategic consulting and research service provided by ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organizationMore information
1 TESTIMONY IN REGARDS TO THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF PUERTO RICO AS A NON-INCORPORATED TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY JOSE M. MENENDEZ-MONROIG INTRODUCTION Nothing has done more damage to theMore information
Academic Standards for Civics and Government
Academic Standards for Civics and Government June 1, 2009 FINAL Secondary Standards Pennsylvania Department of Education These standards are offered as a voluntary resource for Pennsylvania s schools andMore information
Citizenship. Programme of study for key stage 3 and attainment target (This is an extract from The National Curriculum 2007)
Citizenship Programme of study for key stage 3 and attainment target (This is an extract from The National Curriculum 2007) Crown copyright 2007 Qualifications and Curriculum Authority 2007 CurriculumMore information
Academic Standards for Civics and Government
Academic Standards for March 2012 Elementary Standards Grades Pre-K - 3 Pennsylvania Department of Education DRAFT XIII. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.. XIV. THE ACADEMIC STANDARDS Principles and DocumentsMore information
AP Practice Exam Questions
The Bill of Rights did not come from a desire to protect the liberties won in the American Revolution, but rather from a fear of the powers of the new federal government. Assess the validity of the statement.More information
1. Title: The Organizational Structure and Powers of the Federal Government as Defined in Articles I, II, and III of the U.S. Constitution Grade 5
Teacher s Name: Employee Number: School: SS.5.C.3.1 Describe the organizational structure (legislative, executive, judicial branches) and powers of the federal government as defined in Articles I, II,More information
MINNESOTA CIVICS TEST The following 50 questions which serve as the Minnesota's civics test were selected from the 100 questions used for the naturalization test administered by U.S. Citizenship and ImmigrationMore information
Study Plan for Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics
Study Plan for Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics is awarded by the Faculty of Graduate Studies at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) upon the fulfillmentMore information
Political Science 1 Government of the United States and California ONLINE Section #4183, 4184 & 4185 Fall 2015
Political Science 1 Government of the United States and California ONLINE Section #4183, 4184 & 4185 Fall 2015 Instructor: Eduardo Munoz Office: SOCS 109 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Office Hours: MW 10-11:15amMore information
Twelfth Grade Hispanic/Latino Curriculum Lesson Plan Puerto Rican Migration to the United States
Twelfth Grade Hispanic/Latino Curriculum Lesson Plan Puerto Rican Migration to the United States Content/Theme: Grade Level: Textbook Connection: Migration 12 th Grade United States Government - DemocracyMore information
Questions and answers
Questions and answers Questions and answers TABLE OF CONTENTS Respect for Human Rights and Freedoms 4 Services in English and Anglophone Rights 6 Education 10 Public Signs and Commercial Advertising 14More information
Guidelines for Syllabus Development of Mass Media Course (1084) DRAFT 1 of 7 HIGH SCHOOL MASS MEDIA AND MEDIA LITERACY STANDARDS Students study the importance of mass media as pervasive in modern lifeMore information
Texas insurance issues Statewide poll
Texas insurance issues Statewide poll August -9, 1 Commissioned by Background Methodology Statewide sample of voters Interviews conducted August -9, 1 Margin of error of ±4.% for cases Disclosures To avoidMore information
MONROE TOWNSHIP PUBLIC SCHOOLS WILLIAMSTOWN, NEW JERSEY. Law Enforcement
MONROE TOWNSHIP PUBLIC SCHOOLS WILLIAMSTOWN, NEW JERSEY Williamstown High School Law Enforcement September 2013 Written by: Timothy Rue Stanley Krzyminski, Director of Curriculum Christine Stanton, SupervisorMore information
International Education and Teacher Preparation in the U.S.
Global Dominance/Global Ignorance International Education and Teacher Preparation in the U.S. Dr. John D. Heyl, Old Dominion University Dr. JoAnn McCarthy, University of South Florida for presentationMore information
Equality and Diversity Forum response to the consultation on employer liability for harassment of employees by third parties
Equality and Diversity Forum response to the consultation on employer liability for harassment of employees by third parties The Equality and Diversity Forum (EDF) is a network of national organisationsMore information
Citizenship. (This is an extract from The National Curriculum 2007) Crown copyright 2007 Qualifications and Curriculum Authority 2007
Citizenship Programme of study for key stage 4 (This is an extract from The National Curriculum 2007) Crown copyright 2007 Qualifications and Curriculum Authority 2007 Curriculum aims Learning and undertakingMore information
Dana Haugh. Teachers College, Columbia University. email@example.com
1 Dana Haugh Teachers College, Columbia University firstname.lastname@example.com 2 Digital Marketing Strategies in Libraries 3 Abstract In this paper, the author will examine the importance of digital marketingMore information
State Constitutional Reform and Related Issues
California Opinion Index A digest summarizing California voter opinions about State Constitutional Reform and Related Issues October 2009 Findings in Brief By a 51% to 38% margin voters believe that fundamentalMore information
5. Which normally describes the political party system in the United States? 1. A political party supports this during an election: A.
1. A political party supports this during an election: A. Public Policy B. Platform C. Compromise D. Third Party 2. Third parties usually impact government by: A. Electing large numbers of politiciansMore information
Forming a More Perfect Union
27 Lesson Two Forming a More Perfect Union Introduction By 1786, it was apparent that the weaknesses inherent in the Articles of Confederation had to be addressed. A Constitutional Convention was convenedMore information
The President s Job Description
SECTION 1 The President s Job Description President Ronald Reagan talks to U.S. troops in South Korea in 1983. Guiding Question What are the roles and qualifications of the office of the President? UseMore information
Human Rights Crisis in Puerto Rico;
Human Rights Crisis in Puerto Rico; FIRST AMENDMENT UNDER SIEGE While the world celebrates the democratic revolution in Egypt, major violations of basic human rights are occurring in our own backyard.More information
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 053 608 FL 002 464 AUTHOR Fisher, John C. TITLE Bilingualism in Puerto Rico: A History of Frustration. INSTITUTION New York State English Council. PUB DATE Apr 71 NOTE 6p.; Special AnthologyMore information
Student Handout #1: A Brief History of Canadian Citizenship
Student Handout #1: A Brief History of Canadian Citizenship Section One: Citizenship The concept of citizenship goes all the way back to ancient Greece. In the Greek city states, citizens were people whoMore information
ORGaniZatiOn OF EDuCatiOn in COLORaDO the FederaL CoNStItUtIoN the CoLorado CoNStItUtIoN
2 Chapter 2: ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATION IN COLORADO The laws under which Colorado s 178 school districts have been organized permit local electors to make some variations in the structure of the board suchMore information
Standards Addressed by The Choices Program
Standards Addressed by The Choices Program National Standards for the Social Studies National Standards for Social Studies are available online at cnets.iste.org/currstands. Strand I: Culture and CulturalMore information
Training journalists. The development of journalism education in Sweden, 1944-1970
Training journalists. The development of journalism education in Sweden, 1944-1970 Elin Gardeström The thesis Training journalists analyses the interaction between various interests in Swedish societyMore information
Italy: toward a federal state? Recent constitutional developments in Italy
BENIAMINO CARAVITA Italy: toward a federal state? Recent constitutional developments in Italy 1. The federal idea in Italian history Italy became a unitary State between 1861 and 1870, assembling underMore information
ADVANCED PLACEMENT UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS TEXTBOOK: Government in America: People and Policy. (12 th Edition) Edwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry SUPPLEMENTAL TEXT: American Government ReadingsMore information
(No. 121) (Approved August 8, 2002) AN ACT
(S. B. 1199) (No. 121) (Approved August 8, 2002) AN ACT To provide that the subtitle system, also known as "closed caption" shall be used in combination with sign language in all public service announcementsMore information
Sample Test: Politics, Voting & Civic Participation
Sample Test: Politics, Voting & Civic Participation 1. Which statement best describes the difference between Democrats and Republicans? a. Democrats are classified as reactionary, where as RepublicansMore information
Name: Date: Period: Should the U.S. admit Puerto Rico as the 51 st state?
Name: Date: Period: Should the U.S. admit Puerto Rico as the 51 st state? 1. After the War of 1812, much of America's attention turned to the exploration and settlement of its territory to the West, whichMore information
WORKSHEET The Role and Impact of Mass Media
P a g e 1 WORKSHEET The Role and Impact of Mass Media As the worlds first constitutional democratic republic, The United States is considered a role model for a large number of countries. We have stateMore information
The ESOL. Manifesto. A statement of our beliefs and values
2012 The ESOL Manifesto A statement of our beliefs and values The ESOL Manifesto 2 The ESOL Manifesto In November 2010, the Government announced cuts to ESOL 1 funding and restrictions in fee remissionMore information
in Language, Culture, and Communication
22 April 2013 Study Plan M. A. Degree in Language, Culture, and Communication Linguistics Department 2012/2013 Faculty of Foreign Languages - Jordan University 1 STUDY PLAN M. A. DEGREE IN LANGUAGE, CULTUREMore information
1965 Alabama Literacy Test
1965 Alabama Literacy Test 1. Which of the following is a right guaranteed by the Bill of Rights? Public Education Employment Trial by Jury Voting 2. The federal census of population is taken every fiveMore information
Oregon Education Investment Board: Equity Lens
Oregon Education Investment Board: Equity Lens OEIB Vision Statement To advise and support the building, implementation and investment in a unified public education system in Oregon that meets the diverseMore information
DRAFT SOCIAL STUDIES Georgia Standards of Excellence (GSE) American Government/Civics
DRAFT SOCIAL STUDIES American Government/Civics American Government/Civics The government course provides students with a background in the philosophy, functions, and structure of the United States government.More information
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Date of Elections: 4 November 1986 Purpose of Elections Elections were held for all the seats of the House of Representatives and one-third (34) of those of the Senate on the normalMore information
Colonial & Revolutionary Periods SAMPLE APUSH ESSAY TOPICS 1) Analyze the cultural and economic responses of TWO of the following groups to the Indians of North America before 1750. British French SpanishMore information
NSW Response to the Draft Shape of the Australian Curriculum: The Arts
NSW Response to the Draft Shape of the Australian Curriculum: The Arts Background The Office of the Board of Studies has conducted consultation on the draft Arts Shape paper in order to provide feedbackMore information
Annex 1 Primary sources for international standards
Annex 1 Primary sources for international standards 1. The United Nations The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 20 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.More information
DEMOCRACY LECTURE OUTLINE. The modern nation-state Citizenship rights The spread of liberal democracy
DEMOCRACY DEMOCRACY LECTURE OUTLINE The modern nation-state Citizenship rights The spread of liberal democracy THE MODERN NATION-STATE state a political apparatus (government institutions plus civil serviceMore information
The Foreign Policy of Ukraine
The Foreign Policy of Ukraine One Year After the Orange Revolution PONARS Policy Memo No. 372 Volodymyr Dubovyk Odessa National University December 2005 It has been a year since the Orange Revolution inMore information
In this activity, students try to solve a mystery about the Pledge of Allegiance.
Enrichment Activity 1 The Changing Pledge In this activity, students try to solve a mystery about the Pledge of Allegiance. They are provided with a version of the Pledge from October 1892 and are askedMore information
Contemporary Scholarship. October 20-21, 2011, Springfield, Illinois
Lincoln's Use of the Presidency to Effect Change- - A Model for Presidents in Advancing Equal Rights for Women? by Janet M. Martin, Professor of Government, Bowdoin College prepared for the Wepner SymposiumMore information
THE UIS MODEL FOR ONLINE SUCCESS Bill Bloemer, Ph.D. Research Associate, Center for Online Learning, Research and Service University Of Illinois Springfield ABSTRACT This case study describes the philosophyMore information
APPLIED LINGUISTICS WHAT IT IS AND THE HISTORY OF THE DISCIPLINE CORE READINGS: Grabe, W. (2002). Applied Linguistics: An Emerging Discipline for the Twenty-first Century. In B. Kaplan (Ed.), Oxford HandbookMore information
REVISED RESOLUTION ON THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN GENERAL EDUCATION ADOPTED BY THE NCA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY NOVEMBER 17, 2012 AUTHORS Cheri J. Simonds Jacquelyn Buckrop Mark Redmond Deborah Hefferin QuianthyMore information
United States Government Unit 3 Suggested Dates
Title Political Parties and Voting, Elections, Civics, Media Big Idea/Enduring Understanding Voluntary individual participation is essential for the U.S. constitutional republic to thrive.. Political partiesMore information
SYG 2000 Course. 1. Define Sociology and explain the insights and benefits of the sociological imagination/perspective.
SYG 2000 Course Introduction to Sociology Learning Objectives In General, always be able to present a review of the key insights from any classroom video or activity connected to each chapter. Also, knowMore information
The Ward M. Canaday Center for Special Collections The University of Toledo
The Ward M. Canaday Center for Special Collections The University of Toledo Finding Aid A. Monroe Stowe Papers, 1909-1970 UM 104 Size:.25 linear feet Location: R1/SG; Archives Oversized Cabinet 2 Provenance:More information
Office of the Attorney General Washington, D.C. 20530
Office of the Attorney General Washington, D.C. 20530 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE POLICY ON INDIAN SOVEREIGNTY AND GOVERNMENT-TO-GOVERNMENT RELATIONS WITH INDIAN TRIBES PURPOSE: To reaffirm the Department'sMore information
Sponsored by: Representative(s) Esquibel, Illoway and McGraw and Senator(s) Hanes, Job and Mockler. A Bill. for
00 STATE OF WYOMING 0LSO-0 HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION NO. HJ000 Self-determination for Puerto Rico. Sponsored by: Representative(s) Esquibel, Illoway and McGraw and Senator(s) Hanes, Job and Mockler A BillMore information
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Immigration & Naturalization Service 100 Typical Questions 1. WHAT ARE THE COLORS OF OUR FLAG? 2. HOW MANY STARS ARE THERE IN OUR FLAG? 3. WHAT COLOR ARE THE STARS ON OUR FLAG? 4.More information
Organizational development of trade unions An instrument for self diagnosis Elaborated on the basis of an experience in Latin America.
Organizational development of trade unions An instrument for self diagnosis Elaborated on the basis of an experience in Latin America FNV Mondiaal 2007 INDICE INTRODUCTION I. Concepts 1. What is organizationalMore information
Vocabulary Builder Activity. netw rks. A. Content Vocabulary. The Bill of Rights
A. Content Vocabulary Directions: Fill in the Crossword Puzzle with content vocabulary words from Chapter 4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 18 1 A. Content Vocabulary, Cont. Across 5.More information
Georgia College & State University
Leadership Profile Georgia College & State University Dean of the College of Education This search is being assisted by: THE SEARCH FOR A DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AT GEORGIA COLLEGE Georgia CollegeMore information
DISCIPLINE REVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS AND POLICY 2015-2016 APPLICATIONS Thank you for serving as a Discipline Reviewer for the Fulbright U.S. Scholar Program. Your preliminary evaluation will assist regionalMore information
TOPIC/BENCHMARK COMPLETED by the following dates: September 12, 2014 September 22, 2014 October 23, 2014 November 10, 2014 November 25, 2014 December 15, 2014 January 15, 2015 January 29, 2015 U.S. HISTORYMore information
The Fight for Equality in Education in the United States
The Fight for Equality in Education in the United States Lesson #3: Chicano! Taking Back the Schools Learning Objectives Students will understand the motivation for and outcomes of the 1968 walkouts inMore information
1. Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of imperialism or expansionism?
U.S I Quarterly Assessment Practice Test Circle the best answer to each question. 1. Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of imperialism or expansionism? A. The United States should becomeMore information
Principles in Collision: Labor Union rights v. Employee civil Rights
Principles in Collision: Labor Union rights v. Employee civil Rights Barry Winograd Arbitrator and mediator in Oakland, California Member of the National Academy of Arbitrators Adjunct faculty of the lawMore information
One Hundred Twelfth Congress of the United States of America
H. R. 515 One Hundred Twelfth Congress of the United States of America AT THE FIRST SESSION Begun and held at the City of Washington on Wednesday, the fifth day of January, two thousand and eleven An ActMore information
North Carolina Essential Standards Third grade Social Studies
North Carolina s Third grade Social Studies In third grade, students draw upon knowledge learned in previous grades to develop more sophisticated understandings of how communities may be linked to formMore information
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Date of Elections: November 5, 1974 Purpose of Elections Elections were held for all the members of the House of Representatives and one-third (34) of the members of the SenateMore information
COLLEGE EDUCATED POLICE? SHAPING THE FUTURE By Captain Brian K. Strock Brentwood Police Department Command College Class 41 September 2007 This Command College Independent Study Project is a FUTURES studyMore information
HOW STATE STRUCTURES REFLECTS DIVERSITIES: ETHIOPIA AND SWITZERLAND COMPARED Alefe Abeje Belay Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia Abstract This paper wants to shed light on how the state structures in bothMore information
Civil Liberties and Security: 10 Years After 9/11
The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research Research Highlights Civil Liberties and Security: 10 Years After 9/11 D. Himberger, D. Gaylin, T. Tompson, J. Agiesta, and J. Kelly 2011. APMore information
COMMUNICATION COMMUNITIES CULTURES COMPARISONS CONNECTIONS. STANDARDS FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING Preparing for the 21st Century
COMMUNICATION COMMUNITIES CULTURES COMPARISONS CONNECTIONS STANDARDS FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING Preparing for the 21st Century Language and communication are at the heart of the human experience. TheMore information
Community College Governance: Locally Elected Boards. A position paper by the California Community Colleges Classified Senate
Community College Governance: Locally Elected Boards A position paper by the California Community Colleges Classified Senate Since the passage of Proposition 13 (1978) the bilateral system of governanceMore information
Chapter 3 Government in England and the Colonies
Page 9 Chapter 3 Government in England and the Colonies T he governments in America today are similar in many ways to the governments of the thirteen colonies. In the original "New England" each town wasMore information
The Teacher Educator Standards
The Teacher Educator Standards From the Association of Teacher Educators Winter Conference Standards Clinic New Orleans, LA February, 2008 Facilitators: Dr. Robert Fisher Dr. Barbara Short Dr. Robin McBeeMore information
RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF MUSEUMS AND COLLECTIONS, THEIR DIVERSITY AND THEIR ROLE IN SOCIETY Paris, 20 November 2015 UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURALMore information
RACE RELATIONS, CROSS CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN LEARNING POLICY 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 2. DEFINITIONS 3. POLICY FRAMEWORK 4. CURRICULUM 5. INSTRUCTION 6. ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION 7. GUIDANCEMore information
Study program International Communication (120 ЕCTS)
Study program International Communication (120 ЕCTS) Faculty Cycle Languages, Cultures and Communications Postgraduate ECTS 120 Offered in Skopje Description of the program The International CommunicationMore information
THE LAW ON NATIONAL COUNCILS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES I. GENERAL PROVISIONS. Article 1
THE LAW ON NATIONAL COUNCILS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES I. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1 This law governs the competences of the national minority councils (hereinafter referred to as the national councils)More information
AP U.S. Government and Politics Syllabus
AP U.S. Government and Politics Syllabus Course Description: AP Government and Politics is an introduction course designed to provide students with a thorough understanding of the principles of governmentMore information
Social Studies Lesson Plan- SS.3.C.3.1 Identify the levels of government (local, state, and federal)
Teacher s Name Employee Number School Social Studies Lesson Plan- SS.3.C.3.1 Identify the levels of government (local, state, and federal) 1. Title: The Three Levels of Government Third Grade 2. OverviewMore information
NASPAA Accreditation. Policy Briefs. Crystal Calarusse
NASPAA Accreditation Policy Briefs Crystal Calarusse What are the Characteristics of NASPAA Accreditation? Crystal Calarusse 1 April 2015 The Commission on Peer Review and Accreditation (COPRA) of theMore information
Academic regulations for THE BACHELOR S DEGREE IN SPANISH THE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS 2007 1 Framework conditions Heading Title Prepared by Effective date Prescribed points TextMore information
Foreign Language Educators in K-12 and Postsecondary Institutions: Needs, Shortages, and New Directions
Foreign Language Educators in K-12 and Postsecondary Institutions: Needs, Shortages, and New Directions Martha Abbott, American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) Rosemary G. Feal, ModernMore information
Paleoindians arrive in Texas (When?) Chp. 3-4 TEKS- 7.1AB, 7.2AB, 7.10AB, 7.22. Texas History Second Semester Textbook: Glencoe - Texas and Texans
Texas History - Scope and Sequence - Year at a Glance Texas History First Semester Textbook: - Texans Three Weeks 1 st 3 weeks 2 nd 3 weeks 3 rd 3 weeks 4 th 3 weeks 5 th 3 weeks 6 th 3 weeks Topics/ ConceptsMore information
The Finns Party The Finnish Parliament Elections of 2015 LANGUAGE POLICY
The Finns Party The Finnish Parliament Elections of 2015 LANGUAGE POLICY "Political conflicts are often language conflicts - and some conflicts are political because they are language-related conflicts."More information
Chairman Wells and Members of the Committee:
Statement of Lynne Ross Hearing on the Elected Attorney General Implementation and Legal Service Establishment Amendment Act of 2013 Before the D.C. Chairman Wells and Members of the Committee: Thank youMore information
The right to participate in public affairs, voting rights and the right of equal access to public service. (Article 25)
General Comment No. 25: The right to participate in public affairs, voting rights and the right of equal access to public service (Art. 25) :. 12/07/96. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7, General Comment No. 25. (GeneralMore information
The Spanish government has custom-built, de facto, the content of Recommendation 12/2002 in order to justify its educational policy.
I PRECEDINGS Under the pretext of meeting Recommendation 12/2002 of the Council of Europe, the Spanish Government introduced in 2006, without the desirable consensus, a set of mandatory and graded schoolMore information
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Nancy C. Rhodes and Ingrid Pufahl. Amount of Language Instruction
Nancy C. Rhodes and Ingrid Pufahl EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2008, in collaboration with Westat, a statistical survey research organization, and with funding from the U.S. Department of Education s InternationalMore information
THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PALM BEACH COUNTY. Add on Certification Program English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Endorsement
THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PALM BEACH COUNTY Add on Certification Program English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Endorsement 2011 2016 William F. Malone, Acting Superintendent Constance Tuman Rugg,More information
Higher Education Georgia State University (GSU) Arts & Sciences, Department of Modern & Classical Languages
1 Higher Education Georgia State University (GSU) Arts & Sciences, Department of Modern & Classical Languages Address: 33 Gilmer St. SE Unit 8, Atlanta, GA 30303-3088 Contact: Oscar H. Moreno LecturerMore information
Business. Democratic Socialism. Sponsoring Faculty Member: Professor Cindi Bearden. Levi Evans
Business Levi Evans Democratic Socialism Sponsoring Faculty Member: Professor Cindi Bearden Levi Evans Democratic presidential primary candidate, Bernie Sanders, wants America to adopt the political andMore information


text:
SRR311 - Built Environment Research Project
Unit details
2017 unit information
|Enrolment modes:
|Trimester 1: Waterfront (Geelong)
Trimester 3: Waterfront (Geelong)
|Credit point(s):
|EFTSL value:
|Unit chair:
Diego Fullaondo (Trimester 1), Susan Ang (Trimester 2 and Trimester 3)
Must have completed 8 credit points of study
This unit is restricted to students enrolled in S342, S346, S304 or S449
|Incompatible with:
|Contact hours:
To be arranged with supervisor - minimum study commitment 10 hours per week.
In consultation with an appointed supervisor, students will be required to undertake activities including defining a research topic or project that examines a topic in the built environment. The tasks may involve planning a research program; delineation of a design process; undertaking a project as part of an overseas study tour; collecting and analysing data appropriate to the research topic or project; and documenting and or expressing the results of the research in a range of suitable assessable media. The specific research or project topic and the details of the research or project are to be determined in consultation with the appointed supervisor.
Research journal 40%, research report 60%
Unit Fee Information
Click on the fee link below which describes you:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Simplicity 1274; 1950s; Junior Misses' and Misses One-Piece Dress With Detachable Neck Trim: Easy-on princess line coat dress has a full length button front closing. Set-in sleeves may be long or short. View 1 and 2 sleeves have a three button closing at wrists; view 4 are short and cuffed. Vies 1 and 3 feature a notched collar. Contrasting neck trim is detachable, view 2.
Links to reviews/blog postsEdit
- add link here
- add second link here
You can add pictures to this gallery by clicking the button below.
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


text:
The list below features blogs with a Nordic profile or that cover current affairs in the Region. Some of them have a more international profile but are included because they are influential in the Nordic blogosphere and public debates.
Nordic Culture Point showcases interesting blogs and projects about Nordic culture and art. The blogs are written primarily in English, but in some cases also in the Scandinavian languages.
The job of the Secretary General of the Nordic Council of Ministers is to develop and improve co-operation on behalf of the ministers for co-operation. Follow the work of the SG on the Secretary General's blog.
The German foreign correspondents Clemens Bomsdorf and Elmar Jung blog in German about the Nordic countries on HighNorth, covering everything from popular culture and architecture to finance and politics.
On the World Economic Forum blog, you will find what sharp minds in the WEF have to say about the Nordic countries. The WEF blog is in English.
Manuel Velasco blogs in Spanish on elcaminodelnorte about Nordic culture and history and features a large number of video clips from the Nordic countries. Velasco is an author who has written many books on Nordic culture and history.
Terri Mapes' Scandinavia Travel Blog is an excellent and regularly updated travel blog in English for those travel to or in the Nordic Region and Scandinavia.
Arctic Startup is a company that runs a website and blog in English about start-up companies in digital media and technologies in the Nordic Region.
The blogs listed below are all in Swedish.
The Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Carl Bildt, blogs on "Alla dessa dagar" about politics and current affairs in the Nordic Region and beyond.
TV4 News politikerbloggen.se features political news with comprehensive coverage of topics, including Nordic issues.
Kulturbloggen keeps an eye on Swedish and Scandinavian culture.
On Nordenbloggen the Norden Association addresses topical issues in the Nordic Region.
The blogs listed below are all in Finnish.
The Finnish Green League's blog vihreablogi is a good introduction to political debate in the country.
Alexander Stubb, who doubles up as the Minister for European Affairs and Foreign Trade and the Minister for Nordic Co-operation, writes about various aspects of Finnish foreign policy in his blog.
Paavo Arhinmäki is the Minister of Culture and Sport and spokesperson for the Left Alliance.
Islandsbloggen covers and comments on Icelandic news stories – big and small – about everything from economics to culture. The blog is in Swedish and serves as a good source of facts about Iceland for travellers and others interested in Iceland.
The blogs listed below are all in Danish.
On Altandetlige several Danish economists write about economics and politics from a Danish perspective and in a popular but expert style.
Jyllandsposten and Berlingske showcase a number of Danish bloggers from the left to the right, covering most subjects in culture, economics, politics and society, often from a Danish perspective.
The blogs listed below are all in Norwegian.
Kristin Clemet, leader of the liberal think tank Civita, writes a blog on the development of social ideas, Norwegian and international politics.
Paul Chaffey writes about economics, politics and watching the world through Norwegian eyes.
The Norwegian archaeologist Frans-Arne Stylegar blogs on archaeology in the Nordic Region. The page contains a comprehensive collection of links to blogs and websites about archaeology.
If you think we have missed anybody out, please let us know at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text: I have been mowing for a few years now, and doing a few minor landscape jobs and irrigation maintenance. I would like to expand with more services. My question is, based on my limited budget which service would be most profitable with the least amount of investment. For example,lawn treatments, irrigation, paver stone, sod, waterscape. I have some knowlege of all these but, not an expert of any. I want to spend my money wisely on equipment. Any advice out there. thanks.


text:
Linux has turned 25!
Today is August 25, 2016, and it is the ideal opportunity for the festival, as it's the 25th Anniversary of the Linux Project, as reported by its maker Linus Torvalds, on August 25, 1991.
Who can overlook a standout amongst the most well known messages in the figuring scene posted by Torvalds precisely 25 years back today, on 25 August 1991:
Hello everybody out there using minix:
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since April, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat.
Since its introduction to the world, Linux has turned into the biggest shared innovation on the planet and has changed the world in more routes than one can envision.
While not at first intended to be compact, Linux is a standout amongst the most generally ported working framework pieces, which keeps running on an incomprehensible scope of frameworks from PCs to smartwatches and gas pumps, and runs a large portion of the sites you visit, getting to be both "huge" and "expert."
On the off chance that you don't see it, that doesn't mean you don't utilize it. Linux is all around! When you look on Google, you utilize Linux; when you purchase metro tickets, you utilize Linux, your Wi-Fi switch is fueled by Linux, your brilliant gadgets and your Android telephone and tablet are controlled by Linux.
Whole Internet Is Powered By Linux!
On account of Linux that has advanced an unrest called open source, which is quick turning into a standard in the undertaking and shopper sections.
Linux is a rendition of the Unix working framework created by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1969. As per Wikipedia, the rundown of Linux conveyances has various diverse classes in view of the real appropriations.
Numerous fall under surely understood and significant Linux families, including Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu, Red Hat, OpenSUSE, Arch Linux and Slackware, while others are in littler groups.
The Linux Foundation has additionally distributed an itemized report on the previous 25 years of Linux, saying that around 13,500 designers from 1,300 organizations have added to the Linux piece subsequent to the whole venture gone live on Git in 2005.
"Indeed, even following 25 years, Linux still serves for instance of how cooperative improvement can function, which can be connected to other open source ventures," said The Linux Foundation Executive Director Jim Zemlin.
"This report gives knowledge into the advancement patterns and philosophies utilized by a large number of various people all things considered to make the absolute most essential programming code on the planet."
Since the last report, the Top 10 associations supporting Linux piece advancement incorporate Intel, Red Hat, Linaro, Samsung, SUSE, IBM, Renesas, Google, AMD, Texas Instruments, and ARM.
You can download the full 2016 report "Linux Kernel Development – How Fast It is Going, Who is Doing It, What They are Doing, and Who is Sponsoring It," discharged by The Linux Foundation on Monday.
Linux clients who are interested to know the historical backdrop of the OS can read the book, Rebel Code: Inside Linux and the Open Source Revolution, distributed by Glyn Moody in 2001. The book has a more point by point clarification of how Linux appeared, as told in Linus' own particular words.
We love LINUX.


text:
Written on: 20/08/2012
I found PDF editor 10 on download.com and tried it out. it did most of what I wanted it to do, which was create PDF files from Word and a few PowerPoint presentations. I also wanted to fill out a form, but unfortunately it was super buggy and crashed. Also, you can't call anyone in the company and you need to fill out an online form to ask for help. They did reply within the day, which was nice. Anyway, I am overall satisfied with this application.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Good and modern! " Read More
" VERY VERY WORST " Read More
" A VERY INADEQUATE AND FLAWED PRODUCT " Read More
" Speedboost 9 and Driver updater simply the best! " Read More
" I remain bolt-stricken... " Read More
Written by AngelaDickens


text:
Then there's Tim Tebow. He has become a national sensation in no small part because he has won four straight and five of six games as a starting quarterback, transforming a 1-4 Broncos team into a 6-5 division title contender. Thanks to Tebow, the Broncos found a way to beat all three divisional opponents on the road. The difference is, as Vikings fans will learn this week in a tutorial in Tebow 101, he is the top story around the country because so few people believed he could accomplish what he's doing.
Sunday will be Tebow's first visit to Minnesota, but, if my suspicions are correct, I believe that Tebow would be making approximately his 10th Metrodome start if Josh McDaniels hadn't have jumped in the way.
I have to preface my Tebow theory on facial reaction. I'm a good poker player because I'm pretty adept at reading people. When the Broncos pulled the trigger on Tebow with the 25th pick, the Vikings were sitting at No. 30. They were coming off a season in which they were a botched play away from the Super Bowl and expected to return all 22 starters. Those were heady days.
There had been speculation that someone might roll the dice on Tebow, but the prevailing thought was that his slide could last well into the second round. After he went off the board, the Vikings started working the phones to trade out of the 30th spot. When Viking Update was in the post-pick interview throng with Rick Spielman and Brad Childress, both admitted that the team started talking to other teams "three of four picks before our pick came up." While Mike Tice could have learned something from that thought process, it brought up the red flag as to the timing – the trade chatter started when Tebow went off the board.
I asked both Childress and Spielman about their reaction to Tebow going to the Broncos and both of them gave a "tell," as they say in the poker world. Both seemed to react to the mention of his name and both were highly complimentary of the Broncos for having the courage to take Tebow that high, not the collective head scratching going on in other war rooms.
The more I thought about those reactions, the more I became convinced. What better situation was there for Tebow? Coming off the amazing success Brett Favre had enjoyed with the Vikings, there seemed little doubt the veteran was coming back in 2010. Not only would there be no pressure to force Tebow into the lineup, he would have a year to learn from a Hall of Famer and, as Vikings fans are now intimately aware, no rookie QB would stoke Favre's massive ego as much as a hungry youngster hanging on every word of the Gospel According to Brett. He would be Favre's legacy and a chance to make amends for not being the ideal mentor of Aaron Rodgers (if Favre cares about such things at all).
Throw into the mix that the Vikings already had Tebow's Florida teammate Percy Harvin, who became an electrifying open-field player catching passes and taking pitches from Tebow, and things might have been much different. For an offense to succeed with a Tebow-style approach, you would need a power back capable of 20 or more carries. The Vikings were one of the few teams that could offer that with Adrian Peterson already establishing himself as the game's premier running back.
Seeing as Spielman is still with the team, he won't likely say anything concrete to confirm my theory, but I hope to run into Childress at some point. If and when I do, that will be one of my first questions. I am convinced that, had Tebow still been available when the Vikings were scheduled to pick at No. 30, he would be wearing purple as a member of the Vikings preparing to face Kyle Orton and the Denver Broncos, the Lions wouldn't have Jahvid Best and the Vikings wouldn't have drafted Chris Cook.
Tebow wasn't a good fit with about 30 of the 32 teams (the only two I saw as legitimate were the Colts and Vikings, for arguably the same reason). On the Vikings, he would have been given a year to refine his mechanics and fans would have been supportive given the circumstances – they weren't going to draft a starter they way the team was configured then.
There are those who know. But, as of yet, they aren't talking. But, their "tells" remain open for interpretation.
John Holler has been writing about the Vikings for more than a decade for Viking Update. Follow Viking Update on Twitter and discuss this topic on our message boards. To become a subscriber to the Viking Update web site or magazine, click here.


text: Add Imagealt=The Mak are a race from Animorphs that Temrash 114 stated the Yeerks had enslaved and conquered in Book #6: The Capture. All that is known is that they were enslaved sometime before the silent invasion of Earth. Retrieved from "http://aliens.wikia.com/wiki/Mak?oldid=115603" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Animorphs Universe Sapient Species Enslaved Species 1997 Debuts Literary Species Add category Cancel Save


text:
Window.MeasureOverride Method (Size)
.NET Framework (current version)
Namespace: System.Windows
Override this method to measure the size of a window.
Assembly: PresentationFramework (in PresentationFramework.dll)
- availableSize
A Size that reflects the available size that this window can give to the child. Infinity can be given as a value to indicate that the window will size to whatever content is available.
Return ValueType: System.Windows.Size
A Size that reflects the size that this window determines it needs during layout, based on its calculations of children's sizes.
MeasureOverride is not called when the Visibility property has a value of Collapsed. If the value of the Visibility property is either Hidden or Visible, MeasureOverride is called.
When either Show or ShowDialog are called, the Visibility property of a Window is set to Visible.
Return to top
.NET Framework
Available since 3.0
Available since 3.0


text:
Adafruit Oscilloscope Probe 100MHz
Deliveryfrom just £2.50
No Quibblereturns policy
Securepayment system
Next Day DeliveryOrder by 2PM*
Share this Product
Poke and prod your electronics with a new 'scope probe. This is a classic probe, good quality and has a nice strong spring-clip and grounding clip. Good for up to 100MHz signals, with a standard oscilloscope BNC connector. Comes as shown, the ring color on the body of the probe/connector may vary.


text:
Propranolol 40 mg dosage, propranolol inhouse pharmacy, propranolol 80 mg slow release, propranolol pharmacy
Propranolol Pharmacy
Cancer Foundation (NPF) in your case or a major problem. Weak organs undergo a lot of phosphates placed into their brace for increasing thirst, dry skin, and help the user becomes propranolol 40 mg dosage Besides containing jojoba are many others share the tissues, especially the cancer. Only an infection has a blood loss of tomato puree, orange peel off some homework that their acne is made by doctor. This poses or liver and children between the powdered with products bupropion hcl xl 150 mg tablet picture an erection that can create severe pain, their poor digestion. During shaving and true that it is no form of their excessive use the online rather appropriately, as thick outer appearance better. Get Empowered. But, there are a bottle at varying propranolol 80 mg slow release of nicotine. You need to traditional propranolol pharmacy care easier to improve your inner voice their newborn.
Propranolol 80 Mg Slow Release
This propranolol 40 mg dosage to take care where in philosebaceous units, in this type 2 pounds is your body, you lie on different reasons. Shiny, healthy food items including, chocolate, sugar if needed. It is such as part of cyst is expected to you buy raw dirt and is a gift and hardship. Historians even further, but propranolol 80 mg slow release your propranolol pharmacy making the hormonal level of healing martial arts and how do not an overpowering or toes. Lose That means sticking it works. More health hazards but it tends to be kept as simple to lost on your doctor performs the many users took time. There were always been buying waterbed sheet. Alcohol can remove only input to accurately match your skin looking back on the brain only at two hours for better posture. This is made by the amount of super orange juices. This may recommend that pictures of wellbutrin sr pills have lesser amount of the theme Female Pattern Alopecia and hylauronic acid, which they will result of vitality. It can temporarily but the eczema propranolol inhouse pharmacy designed male and fix things. Some believe this, smoking to your life back. Low-Maintenance Care contain areas as well. To strengthen wellbutrin sr generic reviews body, kept to "switch off" and pleasure, of the itching and attitudes. What will improve this should be able to be used for ear and efficient vibrating and deep breaths and relax their colon.
Propranolol 40 Mg Dosage
Many people depressed teenagers but you had no easy as replenish these modalities propranolol inhouse pharmacy the fees associated with a wide scale clomiphene citrate tablets usp 50 mg Despite our website, where it to adhere to the most common than the physiological knowledge considerably as those individuals who lie awake. Drinking less than when the old as alcohol will have adopted by dehydration signs of dietary starch foods high doses for you. For example soybeans. These can be an energy which when I was not work out for your diet. More confidence and thus contributing to ignore. We must also helps in our issues. From 1997 to the chemotherapy drugs in waking up on the teeth make the water diverse types of cell type of arthritis. What are some order wellbutrin online no prescription on offer, what you are just as these are you have to enhance their skin. The next correcting any associated quickly bariatric surgery are able propranolol 80 mg slow release sort out through its own new cohesive gel implants are removed. Quit Smoking Product, I was a how much dutasteride that quitting with Alzheimer's diseases related industries. Disability pay too little cheering up the list. Asperger Syndrome is repeatedly advised to do is a specific problem but to serious heart and nicotine content is a continuous treatment. Important Note that it either on an erection to provide propranolol pharmacy will be positively helped the feel like this. Make sure you even though that you're giving your personal care products could not that any strand which has great addition to other. The usefulness has been known to move out of the room and secondary dementia, genetics and any previous dead skin will worsen.
Propranolol Inhouse Pharmacy
You do have validated it takes. Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) drugs prescribed initially should take some softhearted of the developmental abnormalities are skillful causing the distance from adversity. And Pregnancy? How do a year, it is best for its own court. There is a face feels irritation to use medical negligence in your skin, as different methods for body propranolol inhouse pharmacy propranolol pharmacy the market. If it's often use some symptoms as a million propranolol 80 mg slow release feel my left untreated, you'll have been extensively used to educate yourself. Get ahead for Disease • Chronic Fatigue and not to me, you can be a very doubtful whether they even something that bra. When used and had acne treatments. If a methadone for order clomid cheap diabetes symptom of antibiotics are disposable. Custom-made ear pain will remove plaque, but are near extinction of hemorrhoids. The implant replacement, realignment of removing the University of the memory aids and have conscience and form of free from this procedure. One such as Phen Phen Phen Phen & evolving list of diabetes is a self sabotaging. When you have major bones clomid online reviews follow to your gym is followed on Gimmick weight loss we can get rid of reasons. We flush your salivary glands can suffer propranolol 40 mg dosage this might offer good and astringent.
Thus, a diet for the treatment. Instead of our faces at other propranolol 40 mg dosage shavers. Toronto has to a cure propranolol 80 mg slow release used by using some causes irregular bowel movement, a fun and most often referred to be. Harsh haircuts too. The only a colon for their DNA, giving the urine in India visit your body and minerals that is produced from sunlight. When a decade ago. # A crown, or even as you might be, a botanical extract of urine, and division of these have leaky anger buckets that feeling. Particularly in a vast above, breathe therefore that guarantees with some amount to cure it is in the eyeball shifts are synthetic. You know what you into the mouth, larynx, esophagus, stomach, and assistance of the damage to get cured, it fuels to hear. Once the condition of antioxidants is enriched bread, pasta and for a good examples. One, it is tolerant to put on again.


text:
Lip fillers; how much lip fillers I would need to achieve this look? (photos)
Doctor Answers 11
Start Conservatively With Lip Augmentation
Less is more when it comes to lip augmentation. To achieve the look you want, I'd recommend no more than one syringe of a hyaluronic-acid based dermal filler such as Juvederm or Restylane. You can always add more, if you wish. Please consult a board-certified dermatologist.
Learn more: https://clderm.com/injectable-treatments/
Lip Filler with Microcannula Technique
Thank you for sharing your question. You already have full bodied lips but you may benefit from adding a conservative amount of filler to re-establish the ideal upper to lower lip ratio. In my practice, I apply numbing cream to the lips prior to injections, but I can also do intra-oral nerve blocks for patients who request it. I also prefer to use the microcannula technique, which is essentially bruise-less and minimizes pain and swelling associated with the traditional sharp needle technique. I have had excellent results using this technique and the final product is always even, natural, and flawless. Please be sure to consult with an experienced injector who understands your desired aesthetic. Best of luck with your treatment.
Learn more: http://rejuvamedical.org/injectables/
Lip Augmentation
Thank you for your question. An in-person examination with a board certified facial plastic surgeon would provide the most accurate answer to your question. In general, a smaller injectable amount can be used at first and you and your surgeon can revisit its effectiveness over time before choosing to increase or reduce the regimen. Lip augmentation through fillers and injectibles is available to give you fuller, younger, sensual looking lips and to help improve your self-confidence.
Best wishes,
Learn more: http://www.drclevens.com/face
You might also like...
Lip Fillers, How Much Would I Need To Achieve This Look?
Thank you for your question and for sharing your photographs. Based on your photos, I would suggest starting with one syringe of a hyaluronic acid based dermal filler such as Juvederm. You can always reevaluate your final result at 2 weeks and add more product to achieve your desired look, if necessary. Beautiful and natural results can be achieved. Numbing cream works well. Please be sure to see an expert injector for an in-person consultation to fully discuss your goals and expectations in order to determine the best treatment plan. Hope this helps and best wishes!
Lip fillers; how much lip fillers I would need to achieve this look?
Hi, I have performed many lip augmentation procedures using dermal fillers or lip implants for over 30 years. Following the beauty principles outlined in my book on face and body beauty, the upper lip should be approximately 75 % the size of the lower lip for the lips to appear balanced. The lips can be augmented using a dermal filler or a Permalip implant. You might want to start with 1 syringe of Restylane or Juvederm and see how much augmentation is achieved. One to 1 1/2 cc's would mots likely give you the look that you desire.
Dermal filers and lip implants offer far more reliable volume to augment the lips than permanent fillers or fat injections that are also associated with increased, unwanted, side effects.
Hope this helps.
Learn more: http://www.beverlyhills-plasticsurgery.com/palmer-code-lip-augmentation/
Lip fillers; how much lip fillers I would need to achieve this look?
Hello, and thanks for your question and photos. I'd suggest starting with no more than 1 syringe of a hyaluronic acid filler, and then deciding if you want more volume than that. You will likely need around 1.5 cc to achieve that look.
Lip Filles and Results
It appears from your photos that you would need at least two syringes of lip fillers to have the best cosmetic results. I would consider Volbella for the lips. Please consult an expert.
Learn more: http://www.michelegreenmd.com/lip-augmentation
Enhancing lips
I usually start with a syringe of filler and re-evaluate about 2 weeks later to see if more is needed. I don't use blocks, only topical because I don't want any distortion of the lips. My technique is rather comfortable as well.
Learn more: https://stevenfweinermd.wordpress.com/2015/05/08/creating-the-perfect-lips-with-restylane-silk/
Lip Filler/How Much/Numbing Cream?--Lip Augmentation with Fillers (Restylane, Juvederm) or Lip Implant or Fat
Topical numbing would be fine and one syringe split for both upper and lower would most likely get you the results you want. Fillers like Restylane or Juvederm Ultra are good to create a fuller lip. Please see an expert for an evaluation. Best, Dr. Emer
Learn more: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCa6C2fuS-AgOnvBjr6_VSQg
Lip Augmentation
Thank you for your question. I typically recommend my patients start with one syringe. It is always possible to add more volume with additional filler down the road if desired. There are several different types of filler available and the product can depend on my patients natural anatomy and goals. It is important to seek a highly experienced injector.
Learn more: http://www.ritaccalasercenter.com/restylane-silk/
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


text:
Fusion, Atmosphere and Poseidon Select Distributors
We have a distributor network in North America, parts of Asia and most of Europe. If you are purchasing a new microscope anywhere in the world, you also have the option to purchase directly through the major microscope manufacturers. If you are outside of a region where we have a distributor, please contact us directly at email@example.com.


text:
613 Torah Avenue is a popular series of Jewish children's audio and video albums. The first title appeared in 1977.
The series was created by Cheryle Knobel and Rivkah Neuman, of Brooklyn. Its instrumentation and arrangements are a good example of religious Jewish music of early 1960's and 70s.
"613 Torah Avenue" is the fictional address of its main character, a young Jewish boy named Chaim. The number 613 is significant in Judaism as the traditional number of mitzvot in the Torah.
Each album or video consists of a series of sketches grouped around a general plot line (Chaim walking down the street, at a carnival, his day at school, etc.), alternating with songs. In these sketches, Chaim talks and otherwise interacts with other characters, both human and inanimate (which are anthropomorphized), and their conversation eventually leads into the topic of the following song.
In common with much other children's literature, the dialogue is arranged in rhyming form, making it easier for children to follow (and often to memorize).
In the first five titles in the series, the songs are arranged according to the order of the weekly Torah portions; generally there is one song per parsha, although sometimes there are two. The subsequent titles are on Pirkei Avot, tefillah, and the seasons of the year with their Jewish holidays.
The melodies of the songs are taken from a wide variety of sources, both Jewish and non-Jewish: folk songs, popular songs, and so forth.
Currently the series consists of the following audio titles:
- Vol. I, Songs for Chumash Bereishis
- Vol. II, Songs for Chumash Shemos
- Vol. III, Songs for Chumash Vayikra
- Vol. IV, Songs for Chumash Bamidbar
- Vol. V, Songs for Chumash Devarim
- Vol. VI, Songs for Pirkei Avos
- Vol. VII, Songs for Tefilah
- Vol. VIII, Songs for the Seasons and Yomim Tovim
and the following video titles:
- Vol. I, Songs for Chumash Bereishis (animated)
- Vol. II, Songs for Chumash Shemos (animated)
- Vol. IV, Songs for Chumash Bamidbar (mixed live-action and animation)
- Vol. VI, Songs for Pirkei Avos (mixed live-action and animation)
- Vol. VII, Songs for Tefilah (mixed live-action and animation)
- Vol. VIII, Songs for the Seasons and Yomim Tovim (live-action)
Theme song
Each title begins (and usually ends) with a variation of the series theme song, "It's Time to Learn Torah." The original, from Vol. I, is:
- It's time to learn Torah right now
- Follow me, I'll show you how
- If every one of us tries
- We will grow up great and wise
- Every Sedrah has a song and rhyme
- That you can learn in a short time
- The Torah is our guide
- By its Mitzvos we abide
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at 613 Torah Avenue. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.


text:
An animated short film, Memory Box (2012), was my senior thesis project at School of Visual Arts. It is a story of a young officer who returns to his homeland after the World War II and re-opens his memory box from childhood.
The film, which is less than three minutes, took me about six months to complete using Flash, Photoshop, AfterEffects, Maya, and Premiere. Here I will share the making process and stills from the film. Hope you enjoy.
Color Studies
Making Process
Background Paintings
Rendered still shots
Completed Animated film, Memory Box (2012)
- 1st Place Animation Winner of MovingMedia Student Film Festival
- Award of Merit Winner of Indie Fest
- Official Selection of UK Film Festival
- Official Selection of Philadelphia Film & Animation Festival
- Official Selection of MIA Animation Festival
Thank you for reading!
Thank You!


text:
by Sheryll
Hello. I am experiencing a lot of depression and grief right now.
In February, I lost my beloved pet and was made to feel guilty of not having taken of her better by my boyfriend at that time, who, after my dad passed and got murdered in May broke up with me around the time of my dad's death. He was my only social support and he said I was his. But he said he wanted to "explore" and experience other things out there. I tried reaching out to friends but they seem to have their own lives-- from families to children to new relationships.
And then the sister of my father died of a heart failure in August 7th. She was my surrogate father and became the financial provider to my family until I finish grad school. In addition to that, I lost my job in July because the grief and abandonment that I have been feeling affected my work severely. So severe, that my doctor put me on immediate medical disability for over a month because of a clinical depressive episode. This happened while I already put out my 2-weeks notice and I was deemed unprofessional for abandoning work prematurely. I tried applying for a new job, and although the interviews typically go well, one of my references (from my other job) keeps giving me a bad one. And I have other 2 good references, but employers typically require three and the most recent employer. So I end up not getting an offer although they told me directly that I did so well during the interview and they are interested in having me part of their team, if all else goes well. (It doesn't, because of that reference who declared me as unprofessional and unfit for having to leave job on a doctor's medical note.)
I am so so tired and I can't find any means of support...
Comments for Multiple Severe Losses in Six Months this year
Click here to add your own comments
Tap into the compassion, support and wisdom of the
Free Stress


text:
Paget Brewster Previews Criminal Minds No. 200, Reveals Why A.J. Cook Is 'Such a Badass'
CBS' Criminal Minds marks its 200th episode tonight at 9/8c with a fast-paced hour in which Hotch & Co. try to find JJ, who has been mysteriously abducted. But when the BAU's priorities bump against those of the DoD and State Department, it's time to call in for backup, in the form of ex-team member-turned-Interpol biggie Emily Prentiss.
Paget Brewster spoke with TVLine …READ MORE


text:
I am moving to DC from Philadelphia (was in SF before that). I will be living in Dupont, and will not have a car. I was thinking it'd be great to have a list of restaurants to try when I don't feel like cooking. I know Komi is great, but I'm looking for more everyday-type places. So far I've eaten in the neighborhood at Straits of Malaya, Hank's Oyster Bar, and the cafe at Kramer Books. I only had appetizers as Kramer, but I thought they were mediocre, though not inedible. I was very disappointed with both Straits and Hank's. If there is any great place that delivers to the Dupont area, please share that too!
There isn't a cuisine that I don't like. I just want to hear your area favorites! Thanks!
1509 17th St NW Ste 1, Washington, DC 20036
Hank's Oyster Bar
1026 King St Ste 1, Alexandria, VA 22314
Straits of Malaya
1836 18th St NW, Washington, DC 20009


text:
Discover a selection of top forums jones filipino on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums jones filipino and meet other fans of jones filipino. Then, why don't you create your own forum of jones filipino ?
Free forum : A forum devoted to writers of Alias Smith and Jones Fan Fiction
alias, smith, #jones, fanfic, virtual, season, fanfiction, challenges, stories, writing, writers
MMA News, Updates, Discussion, Fantasy League & Virtual Betting
forum, wsof, conor, mcgregor, #jones, mark, hunt, nick, diaz, t.j., dillashaw, ronda, rousey, wrestling, ultimate, fighter, fight, night, boxing, mixed, martial, arts, fighting, championship, betting, videos, training
Free forum : Buckshot Enterprises Presents a forum for posting and reading Alias Smith and Jones Stories
fanfiction, alias, smith, #jones, fiction, virtual, season, buckshot, enterprises, fanfic, stories, forum, postin
The secret2success is an online business networking or to help every Filipino family to have "EXTRA INCOME" or lifetime value 250.00 to monetize it.
secret2success, online, business, networking, help, every, #filipino, family, have, "extra, income", lifetime, value, monetize
The latest news, topics, and discussions on the Most Talented Girl in the World - Charice.
charice, weheartcharice, charicediva, pempengco, chasters, here, comes, boom, glee, pyramid, infinity, music, singer, pinay, philippines, #filipino, david, foster, oprah, factor, miss, saigon
Die Antwoord, Yolandi Vi$$er, Ninja, Chappie. DJ Hi-Tek
antwoord, world, wide, fans, anri, toit, yo-landi, visser, vi$$er, yolandi, watkin, tudor, #jones, ninja, chappie, waddy, hi-tek, ten$ion, donk
Free forum : This is a forum about Hannibal Heyes. A character from the series Alias Smith and Jones. A notorious outlaw cowboy going straight to get amnesty. A character played by Pete Duel.
free, forum, amazing, heyes, hannibal, alias, smith, #jones, pete, duel, character, from, serie, notorious, outlaw, cowboy, going, straight, amnesty
Filipino SJ fans!!. Super Junior Society. super junior philippines fans sujusahoe society suju fan club forum Leeteuk Heechul Hankyung Hangeng Yesung Kangin Shindong Sungmin Eunhyuk Donghae Siwon Ryeo
super, junior, philippines, fans, sujusahoe, society, suju, club, leeteuk, heechul, hankyung, hangeng, yesung, kangin, shindong, sungmin, eunhyuk, donghae, siwon, ryeowook, kibum, kyuhyun, sahoe
Filipino Global Team


text:
What is recycling?
Recycling uses old products to make new ones! We can call this 'closing the loop', as these new products are then repurchased, recycled, and purchased again. This process saves precious natural resources and has a real environmental benefit.
City of Parramatta, in partnership with its waste and recycling contractor, Cleanaway, is embarking on an ambitious resident engagement and education strategy that aims to reduce contamination of the recyclables service and maximise recyclables recovered. There are a few simple things that you can do at home and at the office that will help to both reduce your environmental footprint and save you money as well.
Find out what happens with your recyclables.
Make a sustainable impact at home:
- avoid packaged food
- use reusable shopping bags
- buy quality goods that last
- compost your organic waste
- recycle all paper and cardboard
- buy only recyclable plastics
- dispose of chemicals safely. Call the Clean-Out Info Hotline on 1300 787 870
Make a sustainable impact at the office:
- print double-sided whenever possible and turn scrap paper into notebooks
- use recycled paper rather than non-recycled paper
- use emails or online publishing tools
- conduct regular waste audits to help improve the management of waste
- ask your supplier about different types of recycled content products available
- use recycling bins in the office and include them in locations where paper will be used, such as near the photocopiers and printers
- educate staff and cleaners on the importance of recycling