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1 161 Acid Value FATS, OILS AND HYDROCARBONS Acid value is defined as the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acids in 1 g of fatty material. Unless otherwise directed, weigh accurately about 5 g of sample into a 500-ml Erlenmeyer flask, and add ml of hot neutral ethanol. Agitation and further heating may be necessary to effect complete solution of the sample. For some samples, it may be necessary to use as the solvent a 1:1 mixture of neutralized diethyl ether/ethanol or petroleum spirit/ethanol. Add 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein TS and titrate immediately, while shaking, with 0.5 N KOH until the pink colour persists for at least 30 sec. (For acidity less than 2% by weight, 0.1 N KOH should be used for the titration; for acidity less than 0.2% by weight, it is necessary, in addition, to first neutralize the carbon dioxide in the reaction vessel.) Acid value = (56.1 x T x N) / W where T is the titre (ml); N is the normality of potassium hydroxide solution; and W is the weight of sample (g). Aromatic Hydrocarbons Determination Determine by Gas Chromatography using the following conditions or equivalent that will elute n-decane before benzene: Apparatus Liquid phase: Tetracyanoethylated Pentaerythritrol (TCEPE) Length: 30 m i.d.: 0.25 mm Temperatures: Inlet: 275 Detector: 250 Column: 95 Carrier gas: N 2 Flow rate: 3 cm 3 /min Detector Flame ionization Split Reagents Isooctane: 99 mole percent minimum containing less than 0.05 mole percent aromatic material. Benzene: 99.5 mole percent minimum. Internal Standard: n-decane and either n-undecane or n-dodecane according to the requirement of the System Suitability Test. Reference Solution A: Prepare a standard solution containing 0.5% by weight each of the Internal Standard and of benzene in isooctane.
2 162 Reference Solution B: Prepare a standard solution containing about 0.5% by weight each of n- decane, of Internal Standard, and of benzene in isooctane. Calibration Select the instrument conditions necessary to give the desired sensitivity. Inject a known volume of Reference Solution A, and change the attenuation, if necessary, so that the benzene peak is measured with a chart deflection of not less than 25% or more than 95% of full scale. When choosing the attenuation, consider all unresolved peaks to represent a single compound. There may be tailing of the non-aromatic peak, but do not use any conditions that lead to a depth of the valley ahead of the benzene peak (A) less than 50% of the weight of the benzene peak (B) as depicted in Figure 1 If there is tailing of the non-aromatic material, construct a baseline by drawing a line from the bottom of the valley ahead of the benzene peak to the point of tangency after the peak (see Figure 2). Determine the areas of the benzene peak and the internal standard peak by use of an electronic integrator. Do not use integrators on peaks without a constant baseline, unless the integrator has provision for making baseline corrections with accuracy at least as good as that of manual methods. Calculate a response factor for benzene (Rb) relative to the Internal Standard by the formula A i /W i B v /A b, in which A i is the area of the Internal Standard peak in arbitrary units corrected for attenuation; W i is the weight percent of Internal Standard in Reference Solution A; A b is the area of the benzene peak in arbitrary units corrected for attenuation; and W i is the weight percent of benzene in Reference Solution A. System Suitability Test Inject the same volume of Reference Solution B as in the Calibration and record the chromatogram. n-decane must be eluted before benzene, and the ratio of A to B (Figure 1) must be at least 0.5 where A is equal to the depth of the valley between the n-decane and benzene peaks and B is equal to the height of the benzene peak. Figure 1. Illustration of A/B Ratio.
3 163 Figure 2. Illustration of A/B Ratio for a Small Component Peak on the Tail of a Large Peak. Procedure Place approximately 0.1 ml of Internal Standard into a tared 25-ml volumetric flask, weigh on an analytical balance, dissolve in and dilute to volume with the sample to be analyzed. Using the exact instrumental conditions that were used in the calibration, inject the same volume of sample containing the Internal Standard. Before measuring the area of the Internal Standard and benzene peaks, change the attenuation to ensure at least 25% chart deflection. Measure the area of the Internal Standard and benzene peaks in the same manner as was used for the calibration. Calculate the weight percent of benzene in the sample (W B ) by the formula (A b R b W i 100)/(A i S), in which A b is the area of the benzene peak corrected for attenuation; R b is the relative response factor for benzene; W i is the weight, in grams, of Internal Standard added; A i is the area of the Internal Standard peak corrected for attenuation; and S is the weight, in grams of the sample taken. Retention Times in Minutes for Selected Hydrocarbons Under the given Conditions are: Benzene 6.1 Toluene 7.0 Ethylbenzene 8.0 p- and m-xylenes 8.5 o-xylene 10.0 n-dodecane 6.5 Average Molecular Weight (ASTM D 2502 See Test for Viscosity for Copyright permission) Determine the kinematic viscosity of the sample at 37.8 and 98.9 as described in the method for Viscosity, 100. Read the value of H that corresponds to the measured viscosity at 37.8 by the use of Table 1; linear interpolation between adjacent columns may be required. Read a viscosity -molecular weight chart for H and 98.9 viscosity (the chart is available from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)). A simplified version is shown in Figure 3 for illustration purposes only. Interpolate where necessary between adjacent lines of viscosity. After locating the point corresponding to the value of H (ordinate) and the viscosity (superimposed lines), read the molecular weight along the abscissa.
4 164 Kinematic viscosity, mm²/ at 37.8 Table1 - Tabulation of H Function
6 166 Figure 3. Lines of Constant Viscosity (mm 2 /g) at Carbon Number at 5% Distillation Point (ASTM D 2887 See Test for Viscosity for Copyright permission.) "Carbon number" is number of carbon atoms in a molecule. Determine the boiling point distribution of the sample by gas chromatography using the following conditions: The system must have the following performance characteristics: sensitivity: 1% dodecane must be detected with a peak height of at least 10% of full scale under the conditions prescribed below. stability: when operated at the required sensitivity level, the baseline drift is not more than 1% of full scale per hour repeatability of retention times: 6 sec for each component of the calibration mixture. resolution (R): determined for a solution of 1% of each of hexadecane and octadecane in n-octane is not less than three and not more than eight, using the following formula: R = 2d / (W 1 +W 2 ) where d is the distance in mm between the peak maxima of hexadecane and octadecane W1 is the peak width in mm at the baseline of hexdecane W2 is the peak width in mm at the baseline of octadecane Typical conditions which may be used are: Column: packed with: 5% SE-30 Column temperature: rate: 6.5 / min. Carrier gas: helium Detector: FID; temperature: 370 Injection block temperature: 370
7 167 Calibration mixture: Prepare a mixture of hydrocarbons of known boiling points covering the range of the sample. At least one compound must have a boiling point lower than the initial boiling point of the sample. Calibration Cool the column to the selected starting temperature (the retention time for the initial boiling point must be at least 1 min) and inject the calibration mixture. Record the retention time of each peak maximum and the peak areas for each component. Plot the retention time of each peak versus the corresponding normal boiling point of that component in degrees Celsius to obtain a calibration curve. Sample analysis Using the exact conditions used in the calibration run, inject the sample. Record the area of each time segment at fixed time intervals not greater than 1% of the retention time equivalent to a boiling point of 538 obtained from the calibration curve. Calculation Sum the area segments to obtain the cumulative area at each time interval during the run. At the point of the chromatogram, where the baseline at the end first becomes steady, observe the cumulative area counts. Move back along the record until a cumulative area equal to 99.5% of the total at the steady point appears. Mark this point as the final boiling point. Observe the area counts at the start of the run until the point is reached, where the cumulative area count is equal to 0.5% of the total area. Mark this point as the initial boiling point of the sample. Divide the cumulative area at each interval between the initial and final boiling points by the total cumulative area and multiply by 100. This will give the cumulative percent of the sample recovered at each time interval. Tabulate the cumulative percent recovered at each interval and the retention time at the end of the interval. Using linear interpolation, if necessary, determine the retention time associated with 5% and read the corresponding boiling temperature from the calibration curve. Congealing Range Melt in a glass tube (25 mm in diameter and 100 mm in length, the glass being 1 mm in thickness) about 5 g of the sample by heating gently to above the expected congealing range. By means of a perforated stopper, fasten the tube in a wide-mouthed bottle of clear glass, approximately 70 mm in diameter and 150 mm in height. Suspend a standard thermometer in the melted sample so that it will serve as a stirrer, cool if necessary, and stir the mass slowly until the mercury remains stationary for 30 sec. Discontinue stirring and allow the thermometer to hang, with the bulb in the centre of the sample, and observe the rise of the mercury column. The highest point to which it rises is the congealing temperature. Free Fatty Acids (Based on AOCS Method Ca 5a-40) Unless otherwise directed in the specification monograph, weigh accurately the appropriate amount of the sample, indicated in the table below, into a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask or other suitable container. Add 2 ml of phenolphthalein TS to the specified amount of hot alcohol, neutralize with alkali to the first faint but permanent pink colour, and then add the hot neutralized alcohol to the sample container. Titrate with the appropriate normality of sodium hydroxide, shaking vigorously, to the first permanent pink colour of the same intensity as that
8 168 of the neutralized alcohol. The colour must persist for at least 30 sec. Calculate the percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) in the sample by the formula VN/W, in which V is the volume and N is the normality, respectively, of the sodium hydroxide used, W is the weight of the sample, in g, and e is the equivalence factor given in the monograph. FFA Range (%) g of sample ml of alcohol Strength of NaOH ± ± ± ± ± Hydroxyl Value (Based on AOCS Method Cd 13-60) Note: This method involves use of pyridine which should be used with appropriate caution. Hydroxyl value is defined as the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the amount of acetic acid capable of combining by acetylation with 1 g of sample. Weigh accurately the appropriate amount of sample according to the expected hydroxyl value and transfer it into a 250-ml glass-stoppered Erlenmeyer flask. Hydroxyl value Sample weight (g) 0 to to to to Pipet 5.0 ml of pyridine/acetic anhydride TS into the flask. (For samples having a 0-20 hydroxyl value, add an additional 5 ml of pyridine/acetic anhydride TS to the flask.) Thoroughly mix the contents by gently swirling. Pipet 5.0 ml of pyridine/acetic anhydride TS into an empty flask for the reagent blank. (If 10.0 ml of the reagent were used for the acetylation, use a 10.0-ml blank.) Place the flasks on a steam bath, under reflux condensers, and heat for 1 h. To hydrolyze excess acetic anhydride, add sufficient water (not exceeding about 10 ml) through the condensers to the flasks. If the solution separates into two layers, add sufficient pyridine to obtain a homogeneous solution. Heat on a steam bath for 10 min with reflux condensers attached. Add 25 ml of neutralized n-butanol, about half of it through the condensers and the remainder to wash down the sides of the flasks after removal of the condensers. Add 1 ml of phenolphthalein TS and titrate to a faint pink endpoint with 0.5 N ethanolic KOH solution. To correct for free acid, mix about 10 g of the sample, accurately weighed, with 10 ml of pyridine (neutralized to phenolphthalein), add 1 ml of
9 169 phenolphthalein TS and titrate to a faint pink endpoint with 0.5 N ethanolic potassium hydroxide. Calculate the hydroxyl value by the formula: Hydroxyl value = [(B + (W A / C) - S) x N x 56.1] / W where A is ml of KOH solution required for the free acid determination; B is ml of KOH solution required for the reagent blank; C is the weight of sample used for the free acid determination; S is ml of KOH solution required for titration of the acetylated sample; W is weight of sample used for acetylation; and N is normality of the ethanolic KOH solution. Identification Tests for Functional Groups Ester Hydrolysis Reflux 1 g of sample with 15 ml of 0.5 N ethanolic potassium hydroxide for 1 h. Add 15 ml of water, acidify with dilute hydrochloric acid TS (about 6 ml). Oily drops or a white to yellowish-white solid is produced which is soluble in 5 ml of hexane. Remove the hexane layer, extract again with 5 ml of hexane and again remove the hexane layer. Collect all the hexane extracts together. The fatty acids thus extracted may be identified by gas-liquid chromatography (see Test A). Carry out the whole of the procedure in a fume cupboard. The aqueous layer is used for Tests B through H. Test A: Methyl esters of fatty acids (Based on AOCS Methods Ce 1-62, Ce 1f-96, Ce 1h-05) Apparatus Use a suitable gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and containing a 50-m 0.25-mm id capillary fused silica column, or equivalent, containing a suitable highly polar stationary phase (0.20 m)film, such as CP -Sil 88, SP-2650, SP- 2340, BPX-70, or SP2560. Note: For accurate determination of all fatty acids present in non-ruminant animal and vegetable oils and fats, a 100m SP2560 or CP-Sil 88 column is recommended. Operating Conditions The operating conditions may vary with the instrument used, but a suitable chromatogram may be obtained isothermally at temperatures between 170 and 198, depending on the column stationary phase. Inlet temperature (injector), 250 ; detector, 250 ; and a suitable hydrogen or helium carrier gas flow. Standard Solutions Column performance is checked using a suitable mixture of fatty acid methyl esters covering the range of fatty acids under investigation Fatty acid methyl esters with a wide range of carbon numbers and double-bond configurations can be purchased. A mixture containing C12:0; 9c-18:1; 11c-18:1, 9c,12c,15c-18:3; 11c-20:1; and an Internal Standard (C21:0) using each carrier gas and column combination. Since commercial GC designs are different, to achieve optimal separation small changes in the sample size, sample concentration or oven
10 170 temperature may be required. If so, adjust the sample size, sample concentration or oven temperature until the best separation results are obtained. Baseline separation of the various components in both the standard and the sample preparations is desirable. Sample Preparation (for fats and oils) (Based on AOCS Method Ce 2-66) Introduce 100 to 1000 mg of the fat into a 50- or 125-mL reaction flask. Add 4 to 10 ml of 0.5 N methanolic sodium hydroxide, and add a boiling chip. Attach a condenser, and heat the mixture on a steam bath until the fat globules go into solution. This step should take 5 to 10 min. Add 5 to 12 ml of 12.5% boron fluoride methanol reagent (this reagent contains 125 g/l of boron fluoride in methanol and is available commercially) through the condenser, and boil for 2 min. Add 2 to 5 ml of heptane through the condenser, and boil for 1 min longer. Remove from heat, remove condenser, and add about 15 ml of saturated sodium chloride solution. Stopper the flask, and shake vigorously for 15 sec. Transfer about 1 ml of the heptane solution into a test tube and add a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dry heptane solution may then be injected directly into a gas chromatograph. The methyl esters should be analyzed as soon as possible. They may be kept in an atmosphere of nitrogen in a screwcap vial at 2 for 24 h. For longer storage, they should be sealed in a glass ampoule, subjected first to a vacuum and then backfilled with nitrogen and stored at 20 (freezer). Procedure Inject an appropriate volume (1 μl) of sample into the chromatograph. If an automated system is used, follow the manufacturer s instructions; if calculations are to be done manually, proceed as follows: Calculate the area percent of each component (CN) by the equation CN = [AN/TS] 100, in which AN is the area of the peak corresponding to component CN and TS is the total area for all detected components [TS = AN]. Calculated Iodine Value (Based on AOCS Method Cd 1c-85) Using the fatty acid composition determined above, calculate the Iodine value (IV) as follows: Triglycerides, iodine value = (% hexadecenoic acid 0.950) + (% octadecenoic acid 0.860) + (% octadecadienoic acid 1.732) + (% octadecatrienoic acid 2.616) + (% eicosenoic acid 0.785) + (% docosenoic acid 0.723) Free fatty acids, iodine value = (% hexadecenoic acid ) + (% octadecenoic acid ) + (% octadecadienoic acid 1.810) + (% octadecatrienoic acid 2.735) + (% eicosenoic acid ) + (% docosenoic acid ). Note: This procedure is not intended to be a rapid method, but rather gives two results from one analysis. For oils with an unsaponifiable content greater than 0.5% (e.g., fish oils), and for materials with low iodine value the calculation tends to be low. Calculated IV based on GC fatty acid composition of non-triglyceride lipid materials such as partial esters of glycerol, partial esters of sorbitol/sorbitan/isosorbide esters, partial esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitol/sorbitan/isosorbide or glycerol, etc. will provide the calculated IV of only the fatty acids used to prepare the partial esters. To obtain the actual IV of partial esters with nonfatty acid polyol diluents, the chlorinated Wijs Reagent IV method should be used. IV
11 171 values of partial esters via the Wijs method are lower than those obtained by GC because of the dilution effect of the polyol material. Test B: Acetic Acid Transfer about 5 ml of the aqueous layer resulting from the hydrolysis into a dish, add excess calcium carbonate and evaporate until dry. Transfer the major part of the residue into a glass tube. Place a filter paper, moistened with Reagent for acetone (a saturated solution of o- nitrobenzaldehyde in sodium hydroxide TS, freshly prepared) on top of the tube. Heat over a micro flame. The yellow colour of the paper changes into greenish blue by reaction of the Reagent for acetone, with the calcium acetate formed. Test C: Succinic Acid Transfer one drop of the aqueous layer resulting from the hydrolysis and a drop of a 0.5% solution of ammonium chloride and several mg of zinc powder into a micro test tube. The mouth of the tube is covered with a disk of filter paper moistened with a solution in benzene of 5% p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde and 20% trichloroacetic acid. The bottom of the test tube is heated vigorously with a micro flame for about 1 min. Depending on the amount of succinic acid or succinimide, a red-violet or pink stain appears on the paper. Test D: Fumaric Acid Transfer 1 ml of the aqueous layer resulting from the hydrolysis with 1 ml of 2 N sodium carbonate into a test tube. Add 2 or 3 drops of 0.1 N potassium permanganate. The solution is promptly discoloured. Test E: Tartaric Acid Evaporate about 5 ml of the aqueous layer resulting from the hydrolysis in a porcelain dish until dry. Add 2 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid containing 0.5% of pyrogallol and heat on a steam bath. An intense violet colour is produced. Test F: Citric Acid To 3 ml of the aqueous layer resulting from the hydrolysis add a few drops of 1% potassium permanganate and warm until the colour has disappeared. Then add an excess of bromine TS. A white precipitate (pentabromoacetone) is formed immediately or on cooling. Evaporate 1 ml of the aqueous layer resulting from the hydrolysis in a porcelain dish, add 1 ml of a mixture of 1 vol acetic anhydride and 5 vol of pyridine into the warm dish. A violet colour is produced. (Tartaric acid produces a green colour.) Test G: Lactic Acid Transfer 0.2 ml of the aqueous layer resulting from the hydrolysis and 2 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid into a test tube and place for 2 min in boiling water. Cool and add 1 or 2 drops of a 5% guaiacol solution in ethanol. A red colour is immediately produced. If tartaric acid is present according to Test E, it must be removed as follows: transfer 3 ml of the aqueous layer resulting from the Hydrolysis and an excess of calcium hydroxide as a powder into a test tube, place in boiling water for 5 min, shaking several times, cool and filter.
12 172 Test H: Glycerol Transfer 5 ml of the aqueous layer resulting from the hydrolysis into a test tube. Add excess calcium hydroxide as a powder, place in boiling water for 5 min, shaking several times, cool and filter. Transfer one drop of the filtrate into a tube and add about 50 mg of potassium hydrogen sulfate. Place a filter paper, moistened with Reagent for acrolein (a 5% solution of disodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate in water and a 20% piperidine solution in water; mix the solutions 1:1 immediately before use) on the top of the tube. Heat over a micro flame. A blue coloured filter paper indicates the presence of glycerol. The colour changes to light red after addition of sodium hydroxide TS. The test cannot be employed in the presence of ethylene glycol or lactic acid, since they decompose under the prescribed conditions yielding acetaldehyde which reacts with the reagents in the same manner as acrolein. Iodine Value (Modified Wijs Method) (Based on AOCS Method Cd 1d-92) The iodine value (IV) is a measure of unsaturation and is expressed as the number of g of iodine absorbed, under the prescribed conditions, by 100 g of the test substance. For fats and oils, the Iodine Value may be calculated from the results of gas chromatographic quantification of methyl ester (see Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids, above) Reagents Cyclohexane Glacial acetic acid Wijs Solution: this reagent should be purchased commercially. Potassium iodide TS N sodium thiosulfate Procedure The appropriate weight of the sample, in g, is calculated by dividing the number 25 by the expected iodine value. Melt the sample, if necessary, and filter it through a dry filter paper. Transfer the accurately weighed quantity of sample into a clean, dry, 500-ml glass-stoppered bottle or flask containing 20 ml of glacial acetic acid/cyclohexane, 1:1, v/v, and pipet 25.0 ml of Wijs Solution into the flask. The excess of iodine should be between 50% and 60% of the quantity added, that is, between 100% and 150% of the quantity absorbed. Swirl, and let stand in the dark for 1.0 h where the iodine value is <150 and for 2.0 h where the iodine value is 150. Add 20 ml of potassium iodide TS and 100 ml of recently boiled and cooled water, and titrate the excess iodine with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate, adding the titrant gradually and shaking constantly until the yellow colour of the solution almost disappears. Add starch TS, and continue the titration until the blue colour disappears entirely. Toward the end of the titration, stopper the container and shake it violently so that any iodine remaining in solution in the glacial acetic acid/cyclohexane layer may be taken up by the potassium iodide solution. Concomitantly, conduct two determinations on blanks in the same manner and at the same temperature. Calculation Calculate the iodine value by the formula (B S) 12.69N/W
13 173 in which B S is the difference between the volumes of sodium thiosulfate required for the blank and for the sample, respectively; N is the normality of the sodium thiosulfate; W is the weight, in g, of the sample. 1-Monoglyceride and Free Glycerol Contents Preparation of Samples Solid Samples in Flake Form: Mix without melting and take a portion for analysis. Solid Samples not in Flake Form: Melt at not more than 10 above melting point, mix thoroughly and take a portion for analysis. Do not attempt to test samples which contain so much free glycerol that it separates when the sample solidifies. Semi-solid and Liquid Samples: Liquefy by heating at not more than 10 above melting point, mix thoroughly, and take a portion for analysis. Do not attempt to test samples which contain so much free glycerol that it separates from the sample when cooled to room temperature. Caution: The sample must not be subjected to a temperature in excess of that required to melt it, as this may reduce the monoglyceride content if any soap is present. Procedure for 1-Monoglyceride Weigh to the nearest mg duplicate samples of 1 g into a 100-ml glass-stoppered volumetric flask. Dissolve in 50 ml of chloroform. Add 25 ml of water and shake vigorously for sec. Transfer the aqueous layer to a glass-stoppered 100-ml volumetric flask, using a glass siphon. If an emulsion forms due to the presence of soap in the sample, add 3 or 4 ml of glacial acetic acid to break the emulsion. Extract 3 more times using 25, 25 and 20 ml of distilled water. Add chloroform to the flask until the level of the chloroform coincides with the 100-ml mark. Using the glass siphon, transfer as much as possible of the aqueous layer above the chloroform layer to the flask containing the aqueous extracts. The aqueous extracts in the volumetric flask are saved for the determination of free glycerol. Pipet 50 ml of acetic periodic acid TS into each of a series of 500-ml glass-stoppered Erlenmeyer flasks. Prepare 3 for blanks, adding 50 ml of chloroform to two and 50 ml of water to the third. The titrations of the water and chloroform blanks are used as a check (within 0.5 ml) on the chloroform. Pipet 50 ml of chloroform sample solution into one the flasks containing 50 ml of acetic periodic acid TS and shake gently to effect thorough mixing. Allow to stand for at least 30 min but not longer than 1.5 h. To each flask add 20 ml of potassium iodide TS. Mix by gentle shaking, allow to stand at least 1 min but not more than 5 min before titrating. Do not allow to stand in strong sunlight. Add 100 ml of distilled water and titrate with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate. Use a variable speed magnetic stirrer to keep the solution thoroughly mixed. Continue the titration to the disappearance of the brown iodine colour from the aqueous layer. Add 2 ml of starch TS and continue the titration to the disappearance of iodine from the chloroform layer and the disappearance of the blue iodostarch colour from the aqueous layer. Calculation of 1-monoglyceride content as pure monostearate: % 1-monoglyceride = [(B - S) x N x ] / W
14 174 where B is the sodium thiosulfate consumed in the titration of blank containing 50 ml of chloroform; S is the sodium thiosulfate consumed in the titration of sample; N is the exact normality of 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate; and W is the weight of sample, represented by aliquot pipetted for test. The 1-monoglyceride content may be calculated in terms of a monoester other than the monostearate by dividing the molecular weight of the monoglyceride by 20 and substituting this value for in the formula above. Procedure for free Glycerol Add distilled water to the combined aqueous extracts from the monoglyceride determination until the volume is 100 ml and mix thoroughly. Pipet 50 ml of acetic periodic acid TS into each of a series of 500-ml glass-stoppered Erlenmeyer flasks. Pipet 50 ml of aqueous sample solution into one of the flasks containing 50 ml of acetic periodic acid TS and shake gently to effect thorough mixing. Continue as described under the procedure for monoglyceride, second paragraph commencing "Allow to stand for at least 30 min...". Calculation of glycerol content: % free glycerol = [(B - S) x N x 2.30] / W where B is the sodium thiosulfate consumed in the titration of blank containing 50 ml of water; S is the sodium thiosulfate consumed in the titration of sample; N is the exact normality of 0.1 N thiosulfate; and W is the weight of sample represented by aliquot pipetted for test. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons General Instructions Because of the sensitivity of the test, the possibility of errors arising from contamination is great. It is of the greatest importance, therefore, that all glassware be scrupulously cleaned to remove all organic matter such as oil, grease, detergent residues, etc. Examine all glassware, including stoppers and stopcocks, under ultraviolet light to detect any residual fluorescent contamination. As a precautionary measure it is a recommended practice to rinse all glassware with purified isooctane immediately before use. No grease is to be used on stopcocks or joints. Great care to avoid contamination of wax samples in handling and to assure absence of any extraneous material arising from inadequate packaging is essential. Because some of the polynuclear hydrocarbons sought in this test are very susceptible to photo-oxidation, the entire procedure is to be carried out under subdued light. Apparatus Separatory funnels: 250-ml, 500-ml, 1,000-ml, and preferably 2,000-ml capacity, equipped with tetrafluoroethylene polymer stopcocks. Reservoir: 500 ml capacity, equipped with a 24/40 standard taper male fitting at the bottom and a suitable balljoint at the top for connecting to the nitrogen supply. The male fitting should be equipped with glass hooks. Chromatographic tube: 180 mm in length, inside diameter to be 15.7 ± 0.1 mm, equipped with a coarse, fritted-glass disc, a tetrafluoroethylene polymer stopcock, and a female 24/40
15 175 standard tapered fitting at the opposite end. (Overall length of the column with the female joint is 235 mm). Disc: Tetrafluoroethylene polymer 2-inch diameter disc approximately 3/16-inch thick with a hole bored in the center to closely fit the stem of the chromatographic tube. Heating jacket: Conical, for 500-ml separatory funnel. (Used with variable transformer heat control). Suction flask: 250-ml or 500-ml filter flask. Condenser: 24/40 joints, fitted with a drying tube, length optional. Evaporation flask (optional): 250-ml or 500-ml capacity all-glass flask equipped with standard taper stopper having inlet and outlet tubes permit passage of nitrogen across the surface of the liquid to be evaporated. Vacuum distillation assembly: All glass (for purification of dimethyl sulfoxide); 2-l distillation flask with heating mantle; Vigreaux vacuum-jacketed condenser (or equivalent) about 45 cm in length and distilling head with separable cold finger condenser. Use of tetrafluoroethylene polymer sleeves on the glass joints will prevent freezing. Do not use grease on stopcocks or joints. Spectrophotometric cells: Fused quartz cells, optical path length in the range of ± cm; also for checking spectrophotometer performance only, optical path length in the range ± cm. With distilled water in the cells, determine any absorbance differences. Spectrophotometer: Spectral range nm with spectral slit width of 2 nm or less, under instrument operating conditions for these absorbance measurements, the spectrophotometer shall, also meet the following performance requirements: Absorbance repeatability, ±0.01 at 0.4 absorbance. Absorbance accuracy, ±0.05 at 0.4 absorbance. Wavelength repeatability, ±0.2 nm. Wavelength accuracy, ±1.0 nm. Nitrogen cylinder: Water-pumped or equivalent purity nitrogen in cylinder equipped with regulator and valve to control flow at 5 p.s.i.g. Reagents and materials Organic solvents: All solvents used throughout the procedure shall meet the specifications and tests described below. The isooctane, benzene, acetone, and methyl alcohol designated in the list following this paragraph shall pass the following test: To the specified quantity of solvent in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, add 1 ml of purified n- hexadecane and evaporate on the steam bath under a stream of nitrogen (a loose aluminium foil jacket around the flask will speed evaporation). Discontinue evaporation when not over 1 ml of residue remains. (to the residue from benzene add a 10-ml portion of purified isooctane, re-evaporate, and repeat once to insure complete removal of benzene). Alternatively, the evaporation time can be reduced by using the optional evaporation flask. In this case the solvent and n-hexadecane are placed in the flask on the steam bath, the tube assembly is inserted, and a stream of nitrogen is fed through the inlet tube while the outlet tube is connected to a solvent trap and vacuum line in such a way as to prevent any flow-back of condensate into the flask.
16 176 Dissolve the 1 ml of hexadecane residue in isooctane and make to 25 ml volume. Determine the absorbance in the 5 cm path length cells compared to isoooctane as reference. The absorbance of the solution of the solvent residue (except for methyl alcohol) shall not exceed 0.01 per cm path length between 280 and 400 nm. For methyl alcohol this absorbance value shall be Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane): Use 180 ml for the test described in the preceding paragraph. Purify, if necessary, by passage through a column of activated silica gel (Grade 12 or equivalent) about 90 cm in length and 5 cm to 8 cm in diameter. Benzene, reagent grade: Use 150 ml for the test. Purify, if necessary, by distillation or otherwise. Acetone, reagent grade: Use 200 ml for the test. Purify, if necessary, by distillation. Eluting mixtures: 10% benzene in isooctane: Pipet 50 ml of benzene into a 500-ml glass-stoppered volumetric flask and adjust to volume with isooctane, with mixing. 20% benzene in isooctane: Pipet 50 ml of benzene into a 250-ml glass-stoppered volumetric flask, and adjust to volume with isooctane, with mixing. Acetone-benzene-water mixture: Add 20 ml of water to 380 ml of acetone and 200 ml of benzene, and mix. n-hexadecane, 99% olefin-free: Dilute 1.0 ml of n-hexadecane to 25 ml with isooctane and determine the absorbance in a 5-cm cell compared to isooctane as reference point between nm. The absorbance per centimeter path length shall not exceed 0.00 in this range. Purify, if necessary, by percolation through activated silica gel or by distillation. Methyl alcohol, reagent grade: Use 10.0 ml of methyl alcohol. Purify, if necessary, by distillation. Dimethyl sulfoxide: Pure grade, clear, water-white, m.p. 18º minimum. Dilute 120 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide with 240 ml of distilled water in a 500-ml separatory funnel, mix and allow to cool for 5-10 min. Add 40 ml of isooctane to the solution and extract by shaking the funnel vigorously for 2 min. Draw off the lower aqueous layer into a second 500 ml separatory funnel and repeat the extraction with 40 ml of isooctane. Draw off and discard the aqueous layer. Wash each of the 40 ml isooctane portions three times with 50 ml portions of distilled water. Shaking time for each wash is 1 min. Discard the aqueous layers. Filter the first isooctane portion through anhydrous sodium sulfate prewashed with isooctane (see sodium sulfate below for preparation of filter), into a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, or optionally into the evaporating flask. Wash the first separatory funnel with the second 40 ml isooctane portion, and pass through the sodium sulfate into the flask. Then wash the second and first separatory funnels successively with a 10 ml portion of isooctane, and pass the solvent through the sodium sulfate into the flask. Add 1 ml of n-hexadecane and evaporate the isooctane on the steam bath under nitrogen. Discontinue evaporation when not over 1 ml of residue remains. To the residue, add a 10 ml portion of isooctane and re-evaporate to 1 ml of hexadecane. Again, add 10 ml of isooctane to the residue and evaporate to 1 ml of hexadecane to insure complete removal of all volatile materials. Dissolve the 1 ml of hexadecane in isooctane and make to 25 ml volume. Determine the absorbance in 5 cm path length cells compared to isooctane as reference. The absorbance of the solution should not exceed 0.02 per cm path length in the nm range.
17 177 Note: Difficulty in meeting this absorbance specification may be due to organic impurities in the distilled water. Repetition of the test omitting the dimethyl sulfoxide will disclose their presence. If necessary to meet the specification, purify the water by re-distillation, passage through an ion-exchange resin, or otherwise. Purify, if necessary, by the following procedure: To 1,500 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide in a 2 l glass-stoppered flask, add 6.0 ml of phosphoric acid and 50 g of Norit A (decolorizing carbon, alkaline) or equivalent. Stopper the flask, and with the use of a magnetic stirrer (tetrafluoro-ethylene polymer coated bar) stir the solvent for 15 min. Filter the dimethyl sulfoxide through four thicknesses of fluted paper (18.5 cm, Schleicher & Schuell, No. 597, or equivalent). If the initial filtrate contains carbon fines, refilter through the same filter until a clear filtrate is obtained. Protect the sulfoxide from air and moisture during this operation by covering the solvent in the funnel and collection flask with a layer of isooctane. Transfer the filtrate to a 2-l separatory funnel and draw off the dimethyl sulfoxide into the 2-l distillation flask of the vacuum distillation assembly and distil at approximately 3 mm Hg pressure or less. Discard the first 200 ml fraction of the distillate and replace the distillate collection flask with a clean one. Continue the distillation until approximately 1 l of the sulfoxide has been collected. At completion of the distillation, the reagent should be stored in glass-stoppered bottles since it is very hygroscopic and will react with some metal containers in the presence of air. Phosphoric acid, 85% reagent grade Sodium borohydride, 98% Magnesium oxide (Sea Sorb 43, Food Machinery Company, Westvaco Division, distributed by chemical supply firms, or equivalent): Place 100 g of the magnesium oxide in a large beaker, add 700 ml of distilled water to make a thin slurry, and heat on a steam bath for 30 min with intermittent stirring. Stir well initially to insure that all the absorbent is completely wetted. Using a Buchner funnel and a filter paper (Schleicher & Schuell No. 597, or equivalent) of suitable diameter, filter with suction. Continue suction until water no longer drips from the funnel. Transfer the absorbent to a glass trough lined with aluminium foil (free from rolling oil). Break up the magnesia with a clean spatula and spread out the absorbent on the aluminium foil in a layer about 1-2 cm thick. Dry for 24 h at 160±1º. Pulverize the magnesia with mortar and pestle. Sieve the pulverized absorbent between mesh. Use the magnesia retained on the 180-mesh sieve. Celite 545: Johns-Manville Company, diatomaceous earth, or equivalent. Magnesium oxide-celite 545 mixture: Place the magnesium oxide ( mesh) and the Celite 545 in 2 to 1 proportions, respectively, by weight in a glass-stoppered flask large enough for adequate mixing. Shake vigorously for 10 min. Transfer the mixture to a glass trough lined with aluminium foil (free from rolling oil) and spread it out on a layer about 1 to 2 cm thick. Reheat the mixture at 160±1 o for 2 h, and store in a tightly closed flask. Sodium sulfate, anhydrous, reagent grade, preferably in granular form: For each bottle of sodium sulfate reagent used, establish as follows the necessary sodium sulfate prewash to provide such filters required in the method: Place approximately 35 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate in a 30 ml coarse, fritted-glass funnel or in a 65 ml filter funnel with glass wool plug; wash with successive 15 ml portions of the indicated solvent until a 15 ml portion of the wash shows 0.00 absorbance per cm path length between 280 nm and 400 nm when tested as prescribed under Organic solvents above. Usually three portions of wash solvent are sufficient.
18 178 Procedure Before proceeding with the analysis of a sample, determine the absorbance in a 5 cm path cell between 250 nm and 400 nm for the reagent blank by carrying out the procedure, without a wax sample, at room temperature, recording the spectra after the extraction stage and after the complete procedure as prescribed. The absorbance per cm path length following the extraction stage should not exceed in the wavelength range from 250 to 400 nm; the absorbance per cm path length following the complete procedure should not exceed in the wavelength range from 250 to 299 nm, inclusive, or in the wavelength range from 300 nm to 400 nm. If in either spectrum the characteristic benzene peaks in the nm region are present, remove the benzene by the procedure under Organic solvents, above, and record absorbance again. Place 300 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide in a 1-l separatory funnel and add 75 ml of phosphoric acid. Mix the contents of the funnel and allow to stand for 10 min. (The reaction between the sulfoxide and the acid is exothermic. Release pressure after mixing, then keep funnel stoppered). Add 150 ml of isooctane and shake to pre-equilibrate the solvents. Draw off the individual layers and store in glass-stoppered flasks. Place a representative 1 kg sample of wax, or if this amount is not available, the entire sample, in a beaker of a capacity about three times the volume of the sample and heat with occasional stirring on a steam bath until the wax is completely melted and homogenous. Weigh four 25 ± 0.2 g portions of the melted wax in separate 100 ml beakers. Reserve three of the portions for later replicate analyses as necessary. Pour one weighed portion immediately after re-melting (on the steam bath) into a 500 ml separatory funnel containing 100 ml of the pre-equilibrated sulfoxide-phosphoric acid mixture that has been heated in the heating jacket at a temperature just high enough to keep the wax melted. (Note: In preheating the sulfoxide-acid mixture, remove the stopper of the separatory funnel at intervals to release the pressure). Promptly complete the transfer of the sample to the funnel in the jacket with portions of the pre-equilibrated isooctane, warming the beaker, if necessary, and using a total volume of just 50 ml of the solvent. If the wax comes out of solution during these operations, let the stoppered funnel remain in the jacket until the wax re-dissolves. (Remove stopper from the funnel at intervals to release pressure). When the sample is in solution, remove the funnel from the jacket and shake it vigorously for 2 min. Set up three 250 ml separatory funnels with each containing 30 ml of pre-equilibrated isooctane. After separation of the liquid phases, allow to cool until the main portion of the sample-isooctane solution begins to show a precipitate. Gently swirl the funnel when precipitation first occurs on the inside surface of the funnel to accelerate this process. Carefully draw off the lower layer, filter it slowly through a thin layer of glass wool fitted loosely in a filter funnel into the first 250 ml separatory funnel, and wash in tandem with the 30 ml portions of isooctane contained in the 250 ml separatory funnels. Shaking time for each wash is 1 min. Repeat the extraction operation with two additional portions of the sulfoxideacid mixture, replacing the funnel in the jacket after each extraction to keep the sample in solution and washing each extractive in tandem through the same three portions of isooctane. Collect the successive extractives (300 ml total) in a separatory funnel (preferably 2-liter), containing 480 ml of distilled water, mix, and allow to cool for a few min after the last extractive has been added. Add 80 ml of isooctane to the solution and extract by shaking the funnel vigorously for 2 min. Draw off the lower aqueous layer into a second separatory funnel (preferably 2-l) and repeat the extraction with 80 ml of isooctane. Draw off and
19 179 discard the aqueous layer. Wash each of the 80 ml extractives three times with 100 ml portions of distilled water. Shaking time for each wash is 1 min. Discard the aqueous layers. Filter the first extractive through anhydrous sodium sulfate prewashed with isooctane (see Sodium Sulfate above for preparation of filter) into a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask (or optionally into the evaporation flask). Wash the first separatory funnel with the second 80 ml isooctane extractive and pass through the sodium sulfate. Then wash the second and first separatory funnels successively with a 20 ml portion of isooctane and pass the solvent through the sodium sulfate into the flask. Add 1 ml of n-hexadecane and evaporate the isooctane on the steam bath under nitrogen. Discontinue evaporation when not over 1 ml of residue remains. To the residue, add a 10 ml portion of isooctane, re-evaporate to 1 ml of hexadecane, and repeat this operation once more. Quantitatively transfer the residue with isooctane to a 25 ml volumetric flask, make to volume, and mix. Determine the absorbance of the solution in the 5 cm path length cells compared to isooctane as reference between 280 nm and 400 nm (take care to lose none of the solution in filling the sample cell). Correct the absorbance values for any absorbance derived from reagents as determined by carrying out the procedure without the sample. If the corrected absorbance does not exceed the limits prescribed in the Characteristics, the sample meets the ultraviolet absorbance specifications. If the corrected absorbance per cm path length exceeds the limits prescribed in the Characteristics, proceed as follows: Quantitatively transfer the isooctane solution to a 125 ml flask equipped with 24/40 joint and evaporate the isooctane on the steam bath under a stream of nitrogen to a volume of 1 ml of hexadecane. Add 10 ml of methyl alcohol and approximately 0.3 g of sodium borohydride (Minimize exposure of the borohydride to the atmosphere. A measuring dipper may be used). Immediately fit a water-cooled condenser equipped with a 24/40 joint and with a drying tube into the flask, mix until the borohydride is dissolved, and allow to stand for 30 min at room temperature, with intermittent swirling. At the end of this period, disconnect the flask and evaporate the methyl alcohol on the steam bath under nitrogen until the sodium borohydride begins to come out of the solution. Then add 10 ml of isooctane and evaporate to a volume of about 2-3 ml. Again, add 10 ml of isooctane and concentrate to a volume of approximately 5 ml. Swirl the flask repeatedly to assure adequate washing of the sodium borohydride residues. Fit the tetrafluoroethylene polymer disc on the upper part of the stem of the chromatographic tube, then place the tube with the disc on the suction flask and apply the vacuum (approximately 135 mm Hg). Weigh out 14 g of the 2:1 magnesium oxide-celite 545 mixture and pour the adsorbent mixture into the chromatographic tube in approximately 3 cm layers. After the addition of each layer, level off the top of the adsorbent with a flat glass rod or metal plunger by pressing down firmly until the adsorbent is well packed. Loosen the topmost few mm of each adsorbent layer with the end of a metal rod before the addition of the next layer. Continue packing in this manner until all the 14 g of the adsorbent is added to the tube. Level off the top of the adsorbent by pressing down firmly with a flat glass rod or metal plunger to make the depth of the adsorbent bed approximately 12.5 cm in depth. Turn off the vacuum and remove the suction flask. Fit the 500 ml reservoir onto the top of the chromatographic column and pre-wet the column by passing 100 ml of isooctane through the column. Adjust the nitrogen pressure so that the rate of descent of the isooctane coming off of the column is between 2-3 ml per min. Discontinue pressure just before the last of the isooctane reaches the level of the adsorbent. (Caution: Do not allow the liquid level to recede below the adsorbent level at any time). Remove the reservoir and decant the 5 ml isooctane concentrate solution onto the column and with slight pressure again allow the liquid level to recede to barely above the adsorbent level. Rapidly complete the transfer similarly with two 5
20 180 ml portions of isooctane, swirling the flask repeatedly each time to assure adequate washing of the residue. Just before the final 5 ml wash reaches the top of the adsorbent, add 100 ml of isooctane to the reservoir and continue the percolation at the 2-3 ml per min rate. Just before the last of the isooctane reaches the adsorbent level, add 100 ml of 10% benzene in isooctane to the reservoir and continue the percolation at the aforementioned rate. Just before the solvent mixture reaches adsorbent level, add 25 ml of 20% benzene in isooctane to the reservoir and continue the percolation at 2-3 ml per min until all this solvent mixture has been removed from the column. Discard all the elution solvents collected up to this point. Add 300 ml of the acetone-benzene-water mixture to the reservoir and percolate through the column to elute the polynuclear compounds. Collect the eluate in a clean 1-l separatory funnel. Allow the column to drain until most of the solvent mixture is removed. Wash the eluate three times with 300 ml portions of distilled water, shaking well for each wash. (The addition of small amounts of sodium chloride facilitates separation). Discard the aqueous layer after each wash. After the final separation, filter the residual benzene through anhydrous sodium sulfate prewashed with benzene (see Sodium sulfate under "Reagents and Materials" for preparation of filter) into a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask (or optionally into the evaporation flask). Wash the separatory funnel with two additional 20 ml portions of benzene which are also filtered through the sodium sulfate. Add 1 ml of n-hexadecane and completely remove the benzene by evaporation under nitrogen, using the special procedure to eliminate benzene as previously described under Organic Solvents. Quantitatively transfer the residue with isooctane to a 25 ml volumetric flask and adjust the volume. Determine the absorbance of the solution in the 5 cm path length cells compared to isooctane as reference between 250 and 400 nm. Correct for any absorbance derived from the reagents as determined by carrying out the procedure without a wash sample. If either spectrum shows the characteristic benzene peaks in the nm region, evaporate the solution to remove benzene by the procedure under Organic Solvents. Dissolve the residue, transfer quantitatively, and adjust to volume in isooctane in a 25 ml volumetric flask. Record the absorbance again. If the corrected absorbance does not exceed the limits prescribed in the Characteristics the sample meets the ultraviolet absorbance specifications. Polyglycerol Determination in Polyglycerol Esters Principle Polyglycerol esters are saponified with alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution and the fatty acids removed by extraction. The polyols are converted to trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Procedure Preparation of the polyol sample Weigh about 0.5 g of sample and reflux with 20 ml of ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution (1 N) for 2 h. Reduce the volume of ethanol by evaporation at in a stream of nitrogen. Add 10 ml of water and convert the soaps to free fatty acids by acidifying with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Extract the fatty acids from the aqueous phase with successive 20 ml portions of light petroleum (boiling range ). Wash the combined petroleum extracts with water (20 ml) and combine the wash with the aqueous phase. Adjust the aqueous polyol solution to ph 7.0 with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution with the aid of a ph-meter. Evaporate to a small volume (2-3 ml) under reduced pressure and extract three times with 30 ml of boiling ethanol. Filter off any residue and evaporate the ethanol under reduced pressure to yield a viscous liquid sample of polyols.
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Pet Sitter in Phoenix
Kate's affordable pet sitting. YOU pick the price! I will... Feed them Play with them Pick up poop Walk them Anything that you need while you can't take care of them Any pe! Any size! Any time! I'm in 7th grade and will be 12 in August. I would love to take care of your pet. Remember you pick the price so whatever I deserve I get. Call or text me at 206-473-... or email me at if you have any questions. Thanks and have a great day!
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By Vicky Markovitz, USA TODAY
For many, summer safety simply means slathering on sunscreen and waiting 30 minutes after eating to hop in the pool.
But water-related injuries, which can lead to brain damage or death, are a bigger problem than most people might realize.
In 2002, drowning caused the second-highest number of injury-related deaths for children ages 1 to 14, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says. But only 34% of parents of children that age knew that, according to statistics by Safe Kids Worldwide, a global child injury prevention network.
"There are so many ways youngsters can get hurt in water," says Janet Evans, a five-time Olympic gold medalist who speaks on swimming safety. "They need to be supervised all the time."
Misconceptions add to drowning deaths and injuries. One is that someone drowning will call for help, says Julie Gilchrist, a medical epidemiologist for the CDC's Injury Center. Drowning can be silent; in many cases, the victim just slips under the water and never returns to the surface, she says.
Toys, such as water wings and inner tubes, don't always keep a person from drowning, Gilchrist says.
"They can slide off; they can puncture," she says. "Life jackets are different."
Swimming lessons also provide no guarantees that a person won't drown.
"Just because they can swim from point A to B, it doesn't mean that if they are tired or cold or in an emergency situation, they know what to do," says Kay Smiley, specialty consultant for aquatics and scuba at the YMCA.
Some say a lack of diversity in swimming teams and lessons contributes to injuries. The drowning rate of black Americans is 1.4 times that of whites, CDC statistics show.
"Especially in urban centers ... (swimming) facilities in their areas and access to (swim) programming is virtually non-existent," says John Cruzat, diversity director for USA Swimming, which oversees swimming programs nationwide.
Non-profits such as the New York City Asphalt Green Club give free lessons to public schools to teach swimming to minorities who may not otherwise have access to pools. "Most of them have never swum before," says Carol Tweedy, executive director of Asphalt Green.
Awareness programs such as the Make a Splash campaign by USA Swimming and the Splash program by the YMCA aim to promote swimming safety to communities by visiting public schools, giving swimming lessons and holding swimming events. Most have scholarships for those who can't afford lessons.
To be safe while swimming, the CDC advises:
• Stay away from alcohol.
• In natural bodies of water, watch out for rip currents.
• At home pools or spas, use "layers of protection," such as 4-foot-tall fences that self-latch.
• Take swimming lessons.
• Above all, make sure that children are constantly supervised while in the water and that an adult is within arm's reach.


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|Sport, 1 pitch, 40'
|YDS: 5.8 French: 5b Ewbanks: 16 UIAA: VI- ZA: 15 British: HVS 4c [details]
|Page Views:
|Submitted By:
|Kevin Cossel on Jul 21, 2008
|Comments on Huggys Pull-up
|Add Comment
|Show which comments —
By Dave Pilot
From: Boulder, CO
Sep 18, 2008
|FA was Rick Thompson ca. 2003 or 2004
By Steven Lucarelli
From: Moab, UT
Sep 8, 2009
rating: 5.9 5c 17 VI 17 HVS 5a
|This route is a sandbag at 5.8, probably closer to 5.9 or 9+. If your a 5.8 leader get ready to flail.
By Ian Stewart
Sep 8, 2012
|Agree with Steven. Both my wife (5'5") and I (6'0") thought that this was harder than Cirque, which is supposedly a 10a/b. We'd have put this one around a 9+, too.
By Daniel Nelson
From: Jackson, WY
Aug 16, 2014
|FYI saw someone kick off a giant plate of limestone while climbing this route. Beware.


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Cars online 2014
Generation connected
What imaginative leaps can the automotive industry take to build stronger connections with today's car consumers? For 15 years, we have been asking consumers what they want in their car buying and ownership experience. This year, more than 10,000 car shoppers across 10 countries told us.
Today's consumers are the Generation Connected. And today's cars are catching up.
We have found that car buying (even when it's done online) is a passionate, personal pursuit, and Generation Connected consumers are eager to share their opinions on products and experiences.
Today's car shoppers and owners are:
Confident about what they want and how they want it,
Secure in using technology to increase their purchasing and ownership power,
Comfortable in driving innovation in the industry.
About the Report
Cars Online 2014 is Capgemini's 15th annual survey.
All respondents were "in-market": 94% were planning to buy a car in the next 12 months. 79% would be purchasing or leasing a new car, and 16% were in the market for a used car. 5% had still to decide whether to buy a new or used car.
Capgemini worked with ORC International, a global research firm, to conduct the survey for Cars Online 2014. All analysis and interpretation of the data was made by Capgemini. Fieldwork was conducted in February and March 2014.
Thank you to all 10, 571 survey respondents for their enthusiasm and participation.
Respondents per country
Indonesia at a glance
98% respondents use social media for vehicle research and 99% expect OEMs and dealers to be active online. When asking a manufacturer or dealer a question online, 28% expect an answer immediately.
South Korea at a glance
Social media and peer reviews play a crucial role in purchasing decisions with 89% respondents currently posting or planning to post on social sites. 97% expect OEMs and dealers to be active on social media.
Key figures
What 10,571 people of a Generation Connected revealed to us about their knowledge, choices, and communication.
Generation Connected is about information
1The Internet turns shopping into an anywhere, anytime activity
2Social media matters
Generation Connected is about choices
3Interest in buying a car online is increasing
4Shoppers want flexibility in test drive options
5Not owning a car remains an attractive idea to consumers
Generation Connected is about communication
6Familiarity breeds desire for connected cars.
7Generation Connected has a big appetite for contact – throughout the lifecycle
I suspect [in the future] few people will use the person-to-person service offered by a traditional dealer. Online services will be used to configure cars, get the best price, arrange a test drive, and even purchase and arrange delivery. The only time a dealer will be visited will be for servicing.
[In five years, I expect] online experts will guide us to make smart choices.
One click – and the vehicle can be delivered
Conclusion & Recommendations
The key takeaway from this year's Cars Online survey is that one size does not fit all.
Generation Connected consumers want highly personalized products and services. They expect information that's relevant, accurate, and timely, delivered when and how they choose.
OEMs and dealers must be accessible, responsive, and proactive in delivering value-added services, including content.
Industry leaders should consider these three steps to meet the demands of the Generation Connected.
- Connect to your customers consistently across multiple channels with a strong focus on Digital Customer Experience
- Start acting on online vehicle sales – before others take a share of the pie
- Adapt to find a win/win operating model between OEMs and dealers
Read the full Cars Online 2014 report to find out other findings and next steps
Nick Gill
Senior Vice President,
Chairman Automotive Council,
Markus Winkler
Vice President,
Global Automotive Head,
Capgemini Consulting


text:
Growth marketing for innovative businesses
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Execution elements for growth:
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