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Bratz (12/12) Movie CLIP - Bratitude (2007) HD MP3
Bratz movie clips: http://j.mp/1e7eUsy BUY THE MOVIE: http://j.mp/1e7eRNr Don't miss the HOTTEST NEW TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/1u2y6pr CLIP DESCRIPTION: ...
Bratz - Bratitude [full movie version] MP3
I know, It's old, but I recently watched this movie and I love it so much ;* It is cut form the polish version of Bratz: The movie, so don't worry about polish lecturer.
Bratz - Bratitude (Full Song) MP3
Our music video for Bratitude from our movie! Enjoyy!
Bratz-bratitude lyrics.. MP3
beautyful soonnng.
Bratz-Bratitude full song MP3
Oh yeah, btw you don't have to tell me you don't like the song, I didn't sing it and to be honest with you I don't really like it. This is the full bratitude song Here are ...
It's All About Me (Bratz: The Movie) MP3
My favorite scene! This number stands out the most compared to the Bratitude. The Bratitude was a feel good song but it wasn't that catchy. As a viewer, I could ...
Me singing Bratitude MP3
I LOVE this song it's in the Bratz movie CHECK IT OUT!
Bratz The Movie - It's All About Me & Bratitude (FULL SONGS) MP3
I don't own any of this :) And please stop posting comments about the bad quality of the video because they WILL get deleted. Thanks =] xoxo.
Bratz : Bratitude - Musique du film MP3
Bratz The Movie - Brattitude [Movie Clip] MP3
The song 'Brattitude'. Scene from Bratz The Movie.
Bratitude BRATZ MOVIE MP3
Clip of Bratz performing Bratitiude from Bratz Movie coming out Aug. 3rd.
Bratz - Bratitude [Lyrics] MP3
This Video Is SOOOOO LAte, ANd I'm SOOO Sorry! I Just Had Soo Much Homework To DO! I'm Sorry guys! This Lyrics Is For PerfectAngel1996! I'm So Sorry Girl ...
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As long as they can remember, Yasmin, Cloe, Sasha and Jade have been best friends but now as the foursome enter high school their friendships are tested by ...
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This is one of the songs bratitude. I don't like this song too much.
Bratz-Brattitude (instrumental) MP3


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subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Rogers Couple Arrested for Allegedly Chaining Child to Furniture
Couple arrested after girl, 5, discovered chained to furniture
David Bridgeman, 26, and his wife Jana Bridgeman, 29, were arrested for allegedly chaining a 5-year-old girl, who is David's daughter, to a dresser.The couple told police they would chain the girl to the dresser because she had problems sleepwalking and they couldn't afford a baby gate. Another source states that David discovered her outside one day outside without a shirt or shoes on, but mentions nothing about sleepwalking. I wonder what the little girl had to say about that, but we'll get there in a moment.
Authorities say that a friend who was visiting the couple's home heard the girl crying. The friend then saw that the girl had a dog collar wrapped around the girls ankle which kept her chained to a dresser. The friend says upon discovering the girl they freed her from her chain.
Anthony Robinson, a friend of the couple, says he believes the couple thought they were helping the girl. "She's just trying to do something different to keep the baby safe I guess," Robinson says. "Because the baby wakes up while they're sleeping and gets in everything and be messing with knives and stuff. They thought they were doing a favor." Are you fucking serious? I hope he doesn't go on to breed because he is obviously just as clueless as his friends.
Now, remember the part about the girl having problems with sleepwalking and they couldn't afford a baby gate? If you called bullshit you were right on the money! The girl told police that chaining her was punishment for waking in the night and having a snack without permission. Police also said that inspection of the room where she was chained revealed a room full of dirty clothes. It also smelled with the thick stench of urine. Oh yeah, the poor little angel also barely had any room in the room to move around!
Authorities say two other girls, ages three and nine, were also in the home. All three children were removed from the home. The five-year-old girl was released into the custody of her biological mother. The two other girls are now in the custody of Arkansas Department of Human Services.
The couple is facing charges of permitting the abuse of a minor, endangering the welfare of a minor in the first degree and false imprisonment in the first degree. Each charge is a felony.
Jana is being held on a $50,000 bond, and David is being held on a $75,000 bond in Benton County Jail.


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Tim Griffin on Homeland Security
Proponent's Argument for voting Yes:
[Rep. Blackburn, R-TN]: This bill gets the Federal Government--and Federal taxpayers--out of the business of buying radio programming they do not agree with. This is a bill that is long overdue. Regardless of what you think of NPR, its programming or statements by its management, the time has come to cut the umbilical cord from the taxpayer support that has become as predictable as an entitlement program. Much has changed in the media landscape since the wiretaps, to seek certain business records, and to gather intelligence on lone terrorists who are not affiliated with a known terrorist group. The Patriot Act works. It has proved effective in preventing terrorist attacks and protecting Americans. To let these provisions expire would leave every American less safe.
Opponent's Argument for voting No:
[Rep. Conyers, D-MI]: Section 215 of the Patriot Act allows a secret FISA court to authorize our government to collect business records or anything else, requiring that a person or business produce virtually any type record. We didn't think that that was right then. We don't think it's right now. This provision is contrary to traditional notions of search and seizure which require the government to show reasonable suspicion or probable cause before undertaking an investigation that infringes upon a person's privacy. And so I urge a "no" vote on the extension of these expiring provisions.
Congressional Summary:Expressing the conditions for the US becoming a signatory to the UN Arms Trade Treaty (ATT).
Opponent's argument against bill:(United Nations press release, June 3, 2013):
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon str
Congressional summary:: Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ending Eavesdropping, Dragnet-collection, and Online Monitoring Act or the USA FREEDOM Act:
Opponent's argument against (Electronic Frontier Foundation): The bill only addresses a small portion of the problems created by NSA spying. It does not touch problems like NSA programs to sabotage encryption standards; it does not effectively tackle the issue of collecting information on people outside of the US; and it doesn't address the authority that the government is supposedly using to tap the data links between service provider data centers, such as those owned by Google and Yahoo. The bill also does not address excessive secrecy; it won't deal with the major over-classification issues or the state secrets privilege.
Opponent's argument against (J. Kirk Wiebe, former NSA Senior Intelligence Analyst interview with TheRealNews.com): It's window dressing. Stopping bulk collection is a good step, but the only thing that's going to fix this is direct access into NSA's databases by an independent group of hackers, techie types, people like Snowden who know how to get into a network and look at things and verify that the data they're collecting and what they're doing with it complies with the Constitution. The NSA has essentially operated illegally--unconstitutionally--for 60% of its existence.
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text: Here's a kinky video for you from Sneaker Sex. These two German guys are sitting in the back seat of a car while their buddy drives them around town. This skinhead takes off his sneakers, holds his buddy's head and makes him sniff his shoes. Then this dark-haired cutie gets his skinhead's buddy socked foot pushed into his face. Man, this is hot; two of my favorite things: skinheads and feet.


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Ok, I'll admit it. Our knives are really quite dull and there's only so much we've been able to do with a stone at home. I know they're dangerous, but am too embarrassed to take them anywhere for a "professional" sharpening because frankly they are really, really cheap - the kind that come in a big block/set, plus they are several years old.
We do have two other, more "professional" knives that also need sharpening, but I keep thinking if I take those, I'd like to take the others as well, but I just feel like they'd look at me like "who are you kidding, I'm not sharpening those." Should I be embarrased? Have others taken their cheap, knife block set knives to be sharpened?
And as an aside, this probably sounds really whack, but I really need two of my nail gizmos sharpened and don't know where else to take them but to a knife sharpening place. Would it look completely weird to bring these along as well? It seems a shame to throw them out since if they were sharpened, they would work fine. They are cuticle trimmers, like this, and have teeny, tiny blades:


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Meijer Opens 1st In-store Auntie Anne's Location
Fort Wayne, Ind., store is first of three to offer iconic pretzel brand
Meijer said on Wednesday it has inked a partnership with Auntie Anne's through which the global pretzel franchise opened its first location in August at a Meijer location in Fort Wayne, Ind.
The Grand Rapids, Mich.-based retailer plans to offer additional Auntie Anne's locations at another Fort Wayne store later this year, as well as a location planned for Michigan in 2015.
"Whether we're feeding the appetite of hungry shoppers or serving as a treat for the ride home, Meijer is a great fit for our brand," said Brian Boycan, VP of non-traditional development for Auntie Anne's. "Our partnership with Meijer has been extremely beneficial for both brands. We look forward to strengthening the relationship and growing our presence in more superstores."
Auntie Anne's also noted that the franchise's model has the ability to tailor its stores to appeal to venue and traffic count in both traditional and nontraditional locations.
Meijer operates 213 supercenters and grocery stores throughout Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky.


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Training treats for an 8 week old puppy?(6 Posts)
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March 26, 2005
Baltimore, Md. - Freshman Shane Koppens scored three goals and junior goalie Michael Fretwell registered 16 saves as Loyola edged out No. 11 Massachusetts at Diane Geppi-Aikens Field on Saturday afternoon. With the nail-biting 6-5 win, the Greyhounds extend their win streak to three games.
"We're finally playing as a team," says Loyola Head Coach Bill Dirrigl. "Michael [Fretwell] continued to play great in goal and Dan Gross was a senior leader out there on the defense. We needed a team effort today and that's exactly what we got."
The game was pretty even with each team winning seven face-offs and clears nearly identical (Loyola was successful on 15-of-17 clears). UMass had more shots, but Loyola had more groundballs (42-33) and was able to maintain its lead with another spectacular performance from Fretwell, who for the third time this season registered a double-digit save total.
The Minutemen scored first with an even-man goal from Jeff Zywicki and led 1-0 after one quarter of play. The Greyhounds answered with a huge second quarter from the starting attack, scoring three times to take a 3-1 halftime lead. Koppens scored first, evening the game with an unassisted tally at 9:50. Senior Matt Monfett followed with a goal at 5:40 and Patrick Kennedy powered home an extra-man goal at 3:30 to give the starting attack three consecutive scores.
The Greyhounds added their fourth unanswered goal when senior Crag Georgalas found Cory Coffman at 11:42 of the third quarter. Coffman found the twine for the second time this season and Loyola held a 4-1 lead. UMass, however, would not go away that easy and made it a game with three third-quarter goals, including a goal from Sean Morris with one second left on the third quarter clock.
Loyola's three-goal advantage dissipated and finally disappeared when Gene Tundo knotted the game at 5-5 with an unassisted goal to start the fourth quarter. The Greyhounds, who have now played five games decided by three goals or less, never panicked and went to the hot hand in Koppens.
"Jordan Rabidou gave me a great pick and Chris Einhorn threw me a perfect pass," says Koppens. "My teammates set me up perfectly and all I did was score the goal."
Einhorn, who set up the play, came from behind the cage and took two defenders with him. He found Koppens streaking down the crease for the game-winning goal inside the final four minutes of regulation.
Koppens registered his first-career hat trick while Monfett scored his team-high 10th goal this season. It was the Loyola defense, however that shined once again, allowing five goals, dropping Fretwell's goals-against average to 7.14.
UMass' Morris came into the game with 18 goals and was hounded all day by Dan Gross. Morris finished the game with one goal and only two attempts on the cage while Gross had five groundballs and four caused turnovers.
"We came in with a great game plan," says Gross. "My teammates helped me on slides and the defense really stepped it up in a critical ECAC game."
With the win, Loyola improves to 3-3 overall and 2-1 in the ECAC. The Greyhounds also improve their all-time record against UMass to 9-0 as the 11th-ranked Minutemen fall to 5-2 overall and 0-1 in the league.
"We have to continue the momentum we have with this three-game win streak," says Gross. "We lost some close games early and have a chance to put ourselves back in the playoff hunt by winning the league. It's one game at a time though and Rutgers is next."
The Greyhounds travel to New Jersey to take on the Scarlet Knights next Saturday at 1 p.m.


text:
From Our Editors
Located within The Cumberland Hotel, Italian Café offers dining with a breathtaking view of the sea. The eatery provides a wide selection of dishes such as salads, pizzas and pastas. Clients can also indulge in a wide variety of snacks ranging from sandwiches to classic panini and piadinas. Food can be complemented with an array of soft drinks, spirits, beers and cocktails.


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Have you ever wanted to know about Horseshoe Pitching? We have all the info and would love to share. Horseshoe Pitching is such a fun and fantastic sport that is avaialable for all ages and skill levels. Join us today!!!!


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Welcome To onlineJerusalem.com !!
Jerusalem is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
Jerusalem is a holy city for Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Often under the name of Zion, it figures prominently in Jewish and Christian literature as a symbol of the capital of the Messiah. Jerusalem's churches and shrines are legion. The traditional identifications vary in reliability from certainty (such as Gethsemane) to pious supposition (such as the Tomb of the Virgin). The most famous and most difficult identification is that of Calvary. Excavations have been made in Jerusalem since 1835, and after 1967, the Israelis increased this activity, uncovering remains of the Herodian period and ruins of a Muslim structure of the 7th or 8th cent. Many of Jerusalem's original streets, including the main Cardo, have been excavated and turned into tourist sites.Read more..


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Jesus Jones
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Blending the driving force of punk guitar with liberal use of samples and dance music rhythms, this UK act made an audacious debut with the 1989 single Info Freako. The song was voted into the Top 10 year-end charts of all the UK music papers. Singer and songwriter Mike Edwards (22 June 1964, City of London, England) was joined in the line-up by Gen (b. Simon Matthews, 23 April 1964, Devizes, Wiltshire, England; drums), Al Jaworski (b. 31 January 1966, Plymouth, Devon, England; bass), Jerry De Borg (b. 30 October 1963, Kentish Town, London, England; guitar) and Barry D (b. Iain Richard Foxwell Baker, 29 September 1965, Carshalton, Surrey, England; keyboards). The band was formed in London, England, early in 1988, and was signed soon afterwards by Food Records. Liquidizer was an energetic debut that provided further UK hits with Never Enough and Bring It On Down. Doubt, produced mainly by Edwards, saw the band inject a stronger...
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One day, driving aimlessly around the outskirts of town after a trivial domestic quarrel, a writer named Tomas accidentally hits and kills a child. Will he be able to move on?
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Shop Personalized StationeryCarlson Craft Wedding Invitations Customize any Address Stamp to match your style!
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T cell–produced cytokines play a pivotal role in the bone loss caused by inflammation, infection, and estrogen deficiency. IFN-γ is a major product of activated T helper cells that can function as a pro- or antiresorptive cytokine, but the reason why IFN-γ has variable effects in bone is unknown. Here we show that IFN-γ blunts osteoclast formation through direct targeting of osteoclast precursors but indirectly stimulates osteoclast formation and promotes bone resorption by stimulating antigen-dependent T cell activation and T cell secretion of the osteoclastogenic factors RANKL and TNF-α. Analysis of the in vivo effects of IFN-γ in 3 mouse models of bone loss — ovariectomy, LPS injection, and inflammation via silencing of TGF-β signaling in T cells — reveals that the net effect of IFN-γ in these conditions is that of stimulating bone resorption and bone loss. In summary, IFN-γ has both direct anti-osteoclastogenic and indirect pro-osteoclastogenic properties in vivo. Under conditions of estrogen deficiency, infection, and inflammation, the net balance of these 2 opposing forces is biased toward bone resorption. Inhibition of IFN-γ signaling may thus represent a novel strategy to simultaneously reduce inflammation and bone loss in common forms of osteoporosis.
Physiological osteoclast renewal is regulated by the key osteoclastogenic cytokines M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). However, under pathological conditions, such as those occurring during inflammation, infection, and estrogen deficiency, bone resorption is significantly stimulated due to dysregulated production of additional pro- and anti-osteoclastogenic factors, including IFN-γ, a central mediator of adaptive immunity. Estrogen deficiency, infection by LPS-producing bacteria such as occurs in periodontitis, and inflammatory diseases like RA are all characterized by a state of immune activation, leading to elevated production of IFN-γ by Th1 cells (1–5).
Substantial evidence demonstrates that IFN-γ strongly suppresses osteoclastogenesis in vitro (6, 7). However, other studies have shown that IFN-γ enhances osteoclast generation in cultures of peripheral blood from osteopetrotic patients, in part by normalizing superoxide production (8). Additional studies revealed that preexposure of osteoclast precursors to RANKL renders them resistant to the inhibitory effects of IFN-γ by inducing terminal differentiation (9). Furthermore, IFN-γ–producing human Th1 cells, but not IFN-γ–negative T cells, were found to directly induce the differentiation of human macrophages into osteoclasts via expression of RANKL (10).
The effects of IFN-γ in vivo are equally controversial. Silencing of IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) signaling led to a more rapid onset of collagen-induced arthritis and bone resorption (11). Furthermore, IFN-γ was found to decrease serum calcium and osteoclastic bone resorption in vivo in nude mice (12, 13), suggesting that IFN-γ is a bone-sparing cytokine in vivo. In contrast, observations in humans and rodents suggest that IFN-γ promotes bone resorption and causes bone loss in a variety of pathological conditions. For example, IFN-γ has been reported to be efficacious in the treatment of osteopetrosis through restoration of osteoclast formation and bone resorption, in both humans (14) and rodents (15). Addition of recombinant IFN-γ (rIFN-γ) rescues the defect in osteoclastogenesis in peripheral white blood cells from malignant osteopetrosis patients in vitro (8). Systemic administration of rIFN-γ causes loss of bone volume in rats (16, 17). Moreover, mice lacking IFN-γ production are protected against infection-induced alveolar bone loss (18), and IFN-γ receptor–/– (IFN-γR–/–) mice fail to undergo ovariectomy-induced (ovx-induced) bone loss (2). Furthermore, IFN-γ production correlates positively with tissue destruction in erosive tuberculoid leprosy, and bone resorption in psoriatic arthritis (19, 20) increases in parallel with bacterial LPS-induced bone resorption in mice (21) and positively modulates actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans–specific RANKL+ CD4+ Th cell–mediated alveolar bone destruction in vivo (22). Further support for the hypothesis that IFN-γ does not inhibit bone resorption in vivo was provided by the outcome of randomized controlled trials which have shown that IFN-γ does not prevent bone loss in patients with RA (23, 24) or the bone-wasting effect of cyclosporin A (16).
IFN-γ has been shown to directly block osteoclast formation by inducing the rapid degradation of the RANK adapter protein TNF receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6), resulting in strong inhibition of the RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (25). IFN-γ also downregulates the RANKL signaling pathway by antagonizing RANKL-stimulated cathepsin K (7, 26, 27) and by upregulating cathepsin S and cathepsin L gene expression in preosteoclastic cells (26). Furthermore, IFN-γ induces superoxide production in osteoclasts, inducing apoptosis of osteoclast progenitors and suppressing osteoclast activity (28, 29). However, IFN-γ is the physiologic inducer of MHC class II expression and thus of antigen presentation (30–32). As a result, IFN-γ leads to T cell activation and T cell secretion of the osteoclastogenic factors RANKL and TNF-α (2). Together, these data suggest that IFN-γ inhibits osteoclast formation through direct targeting of maturing osteoclasts, while it promotes osteoclastogenesis indirectly, by stimulating T cell activation.
In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that the net effect of IFN-γ on bone resorption in vivo represents the balance of its direct and indirect activities. We report that IFN-γ promotes osteoclast formation through stimulation of antigen-dependent T cell activation and show that under conditions of estrogen deficiency, infection, and direct T cell activation by suppression of TGF-β signaling, the net effect of IFN-γ is that of inducing bone resorption and bone loss.
To investigate the direct effects of IFN-γ on osteoclast formation, macrophages were purified by positive immunomagnetic selection from either the BM or the spleen of intact WT mice and cultured with optimal amounts of RANKL and M-CSF and increasing doses of rIFN-γ. RANKL equally stimulated the differentiation of BM and splenic macrophages into osteoclasts, and IFN-γ dose-dependently inhibited osteoclastogenesis, with significant suppression occurring at 1 ng/ml and complete suppression at 100 ng/ml of rIFN-γ (Figure (Figure1A).1A). These findings confirm earlier reports that IFN-γ has direct anti-osteoclastogenic effects on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro (7, 25–27).
Since IFN-γ is a potent inducer of MHC class II expression and antigen presentation in macrophages, IFN-γ may induce T cell secretion of osteoclastogenic factors by promoting antigen-dependent T cell activation. To test this hypothesis, BM macrophages (BMMs) were used as APCs (herein designated as APC-BMMs) and were purified from WT mice and pretreated with rIFN-γ for 72 hours to upregulate MHC class II expression. After removal of rIFN-γ by washing, these cells were cocultured for 72 hours with the avian antigen OVA and T cells from OT-II mice, a strain with T cells that harbor a transgenic T cell receptor responsive exclusively to OVA. In this model, OVA-derived peptides presented by APCs to T cells induce T cell activation and T cell cytokine secretion. Measurements of cytokine levels in the conditioned medium (CM) revealed that pretreatment of APC-BMMs with rIFN-γ led to a significant increase in TNF-α, RANKL, and IFN-γ production, as compared with pretreatment of APC-BMMs with vehicle (Figure (Figure1B).1B). To demonstrate that T cells were a major source of the secreted cytokines, T cells were purified by positive immunomagnetic selection at the end of the coculture and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The data show that pretreatment of APC-BMMs with rIFN-γ significantly increased the T cell expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and RANKL mRNA (Figure (Figure1C). 1C).
In order to investigate the indirect pro-osteoclastogenic effect of IFN-γ in the absence of its direct anti-osteoclastogenic activity, we utilized early osteoclast precursors (macrophages) that were derived from IFN-γR–/– mice. The preosteoclasts and osteoclasts formed from these cells are consequently insensitive to IFN-γ and thus resistant to the direct anti-osteoclastogenic effect of IFN-γ. Osteoclastogenesis was initiated by addition to osteoclast precursors from IFN-γR–/– mice of CM derived from T cells that had been activated in vitro by WT APCs, in the presence or absence of IFN-γ. Under these conditions, osteoclast formation reflects the capacity of IFN-γ to stimulate antigen-induced cytokine production by T cells. We found that the number of osteoclasts produced in response to CM from T cells that had been activated in vitro by WT APCs, in the presence of IFN-γ, was 2-fold higher than that induced by CM generated in the absence of IFN-γ. When the same experiment was repeated using osteoclast precursors from WT mice, rIFN-γ–pretreated APCs and unstimulated APCs induced equal osteoclast formation (Figure (Figure1D).1D). These findings suggest that under these conditions, the indirect pro-osteoclastogenic effect of IFN-γ is neutralized by the direct anti-osteoclastogenic activity of the IFN-γ secreted by activated T cells. Together, these data demonstrate that IFN-γ represses osteoclastogenesis by directly repressing the differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts but indirectly stimulates osteoclast formation through stimulation of antigen presentation.
We have previously reported that ovx increases MHC class II expression in macrophages and monocyte APC activity (2). We took advantage of this phenomenon to further investigate the indirect effects of IFN-γ on osteoclast formation. Thus, APC-BMMs from WT sham-operated and ovx mice were cocultured with OVA and T cells from OT-II mice. T cell CM was then collected 72 hours after culture, added to a new batch of osteoclast precursors from intact WT mice, and cultured for 7 days with M-CSF and RANKL in the presence or absence of neutralizing anti–IFN-γ Ab (IFN-γ Ab). Osteoclast formation in the samples treated with IFN-γ Ab reflected the impact of stimulated IFN-γ–driven antigen presentation by macrophages without the direct inhibitory effect of the cytokine. Under these conditions, osteoclast formation was approximately 3-fold higher in samples containing APC-BMM CM from ovx mice compared with those with APC-BMM CM from sham-operated mice (Figure (Figure1E).1E). In the absence of IFN-γ Ab, osteoclast formation was only 2-fold higher in samples with APC-BMMs from ovx mice than those with APC-BMMs from sham-operated mice, reflecting the direct inhibitory effect of IFN-γ. These data confirm that IFN-γ directly suppresses osteoclast formation. However, under conditions of estrogen deficiency, the overall balance between the stimulatory effect of antigen presentation on T cell activation and the direct suppressive effect of IFN-γ is a net increase in osteoclast formation.
To further investigate the mechanism by which IFN-γ regulates osteoclast formation, T cells were activated in vitro with PMA and ionomycin and cultured for 3 days. T cell CM was added to BMMs along with optimal amounts of RANKL and M-CSF, and the mixture cultured for an additional 3-day period with and without Abs against IFN-γ, TNF-α, and RANKL to induce the differentiation of BMMs into TRAP+ mononuclear osteoclast precursors in the absence of the direct effects of the neutralized cytokines. At the end of the culture period, the proliferation of the nascent osteoclasts was measured by thymidine incorporation; their rate of apoptosis by intracellular caspase-3 activity; and their expression of TRAP mRNA, a marker of osteoclast differentiation, by real-time PCR.
These experiments revealed that in conditions in which the direct effect of IFN-γ is neutralized, cytokines released by activated T cells increase both the proliferation (Figure (Figure1F)1F) and the survival of osteoclast precursors (Figure (Figure1G),1G), while they have no effect on the rate of their differentiation (data not shown). Activated T cells stimulate the proliferation of osteoclast precursors by secreting TNF and RANK, as the stimulatory effect of T cell CM was abolished by the neutralization of these cytokines. The capacity of IFN-γ–neutralized T cell CM to blunt the apoptosis of maturing osteoclasts was further enhanced by anti–TNF-α Ab and reversed by neutralization of RANKL, demonstrating that IFN-γ and TNF-α increase preosteoclast apoptosis while RANKL suppresses it. Taken together, the data demonstrate that activated T cells stimulate the proliferation and survival of maturing osteoclasts through TNF and RANKL, while inhibiting these processes through the direct activity of IFN-γ.
Having established the direct and indirect effects of IFN-γ in vitro, we verified our findings in vivo by examining the effects of treatment with rIFN-γ in nude mice, a strain in which the indirect effects of IFN-γ are abrogated by the lack of T cells. Thus, 16-week-old WT nude mice and nude mice subjected to adoptive transfer of WT T cells 2 weeks earlier were injected i.p. twice a week for 3 weeks with rIFN-γ (106 IU/kg). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a technique that provided a combined assessment of cortical and trabecular bone, at baseline and at 3 weeks after initial rIFN-γ injection. rIFN-γ treatment led to a significant decrease in spine BMD in WT and T cell–replete nude mice, but not in T cell–deficient nude mice (Figure (Figure2A).2A). Consistent with the BMD data, treatment with rIFN-γ also caused a significant increase in the serum level of C-terminal telopeptides (CTXs), a marker of bone resorption, in WT mice and T cell–reconstituted nude mice, but not in T cell–deficient nude mice (Figure (Figure2B).2B). The serum level of osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, did not change in response to in vivo rIFN-γ treatment in any of the groups of mice, indicating that the changes in BMD induced by IFN-γ were not due to blunted bone formation (Figure (Figure2C).2C). T cell production of TNF-α, RANKL, and IFN-γ was increased by rIFN-γ in the T cell–replete groups (Figures (Figures2,2, D–F). Due to the absence of T cells in nude mice, cytokine levels fell below detection in this group. These findings demonstrate that T cells are critical to the mechanism by which IFN-γ stimulates bone resorption in vivo.
Since the pattern of T cell activation varies in different pathological conditions, we next compared the effects of IFN-γ on bone homeostasis in estrogen deficiency and LPS-induced inflammation, 2 conditions that cause bone loss through T cell–dependent mechanisms (3, 4, 33, 34). We also examined an experimental model of autoimmune disease induced by specifically ablating TGF-β signaling in T cells (35).
To investigate the role of IFN-γ in the bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency, WT and IFN-γ–/– mice were sham operated or subjected to ovx at the age of 16 weeks and sacrificed 4 weeks later. In vivo measurements of spine BMD at baseline and 4 weeks after surgery by DXA revealed that ovx caused a significant bone loss in WT but not in IFN-γ–/– mice (Figure (Figure3A),3A), suggesting that IFN-γ–/– mice are protected against the overall loss of cortical and trabecular bone induced by ovx. μCT analysis of femurs obtained at sacrifice revealed that ovx caused a loss of trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) in both WT mice and IFN-γ–/– mice (Figure (Figure3B).3B). However, the difference between sham-operated and ovx mice was larger in WT mice (21%) than in IFN-γ–/– mice (14%) and only reached statistical significance in WT mice. Together, these findings indicate that IFN-γ–/– mice are partially protected against the loss of trabecular bone induced by ovx. At 4 weeks from surgery, the levels of serum CTX and osteocalcin were higher in WT ovx mice than in WT sham-operated controls (Figure (Figure3,3, C and D). In contrast, IFN-γ–/– sham-operated and ovx mice had similar levels of both CTX and osteocalcin. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that ovx increases the percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing the early activation marker CD69 in WT but failed to stimulated T cell activation in IFN-γ–/– mice (Figure (Figure3E).3E). This data are consistent with previous reports demonstrating that ovx leads to significant activation and expansion of TNF-producing T cell populations (34, 36) and that IFN-γ plays a causal role in the bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency (2).
To investigate the contribution of IFN-γ to LPS-induced bone resorption in vivo, WT and IFN-γ–/– mice of 10 weeks of age were injected subcutaneously with LPS (25 mg/kg once a week for 3 weeks) and BMD measured at baseline and weekly thereafter. LPS injection led to a significant reduction in spine BMD in both WT and IFN-γ–/– mice (Figure (Figure4A),4A), although in IFN-γ–/– mice, bone loss plateaued at 2 weeks, while in WT mice there was a progressive bone loss for the 3 weeks of follow-up. As a result, the bone loss at 3 weeks was significantly greater in WT (~16.5%) than in IFN-γ–/– mice (~10.5%). μCT analysis of femur trabecular bone in samples harvested at 3 weeks showed (Figure (Figure4B)4B) that LPS caused a decrease in BV/TV in both WT (~30%) and IFN-γ–/– mice (~23%). Although there was a trend toward less bone loss in IFN-γ–/– mice, the difference between the 2 groups was not significant. In contrast to the effects on bone volume, LPS caused a larger increase in CTX levels in WT than in IFN-γ–/– mice (Figure (Figure4C).4C). However, in all groups of mice, LPS had no significant effects on serum osteocalcin (Figure (Figure4D). 4D).
As expected IFN-γ–/– mice had lower basal APC activity and a negligible response to LPS. In contrast, WT mice had a higher APC activity at baseline, and LPS caused a further 2-fold increase in APC activity (Figure (Figure4E).4E). LPS treatment also resulted in an approximately 3-fold and approximately 1.5-fold increase in the percentage of activated (CD69+) CD4+ T cells in WT mice and IFN-γ–/– mice, respectively (Figure (Figure4F).4F). Taken together, these data suggest that LPS induces bone loss primarily via IFN-γ–independent mechanisms, although an IFN-γ–dependent mechanism plays a contributory role. The IFN-γ–dependent bone loss results from LPS stimulation of antigen presentation and the resulting T cell activation.
To further investigate the contribution of the indirect stimulatory effects of IFN-γ on bone resorption in vivo, we made use of a conditional transgenic mouse that overexpresses a dominant-negative form of TGF-β type II receptor (CD4dnTGFβIIR mouse) exclusively in T cells. TGF-β signaling in T cells markedly represses T cell activation. In the absence of the repressive effect of TGF-β, the T cells of this transgenic secrete increased amounts of IFN-γ, RANKL, and TNF-α (37). IFN-γ further stimulates T cell activation and cytokine secretion by promoting antigen presentation. As a result, CD4dnTGFβIIR mice have a lower bone density and increased bone turnover compared with WT controls (37). In order to assess the role of IFN-γ in the impaired bone modeling induced by the silencing of TGF-β signaling in T cells, CD4dnTGFβIIR mice were crossed with IFN-γ–/– mice to generate mice (CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/–) with T cells lacking both IFN-γ production and TGF-β signaling. Spine BMD was measured in WT, CD4dnTGFβIIR, CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/–, and IFN-γ–/– mice at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age (Figure (Figure5A).5A). At the latter time point, WT mice achieve their peak BMD, and bone remodeling ensues (38–41).
All groups of genetic mutants were found to have progressively lower BMD values relative to WT mice, consistent with a modeling defect. However, silencing of IFN-γ production decreased significantly the modeling defect caused by the lack of TGF-β signaling in T cells, as shown by the finding of higher BMD values in CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/– mice as compared with CD4dnTGFβIIR mice.
These findings were confirmed by μCT analysis of trabecular bone in the epiphyses of distal femurs harvested at 16 weeks of age. Specifically, CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/– mice had BV/TV values lower than those in WT controls but higher than those in CD4dnTGFβIIR mice. Thus, the decrease in BV/TV induced by the lack of TGF-β signaling in T cells was partly rescued by the silencing of IFN-γ production (Figure (Figure5B).5B). Similarly, the increases in CTX levels (Figure (Figure5C)5C) and in the number of CD69+ T cells (Figure (Figure5D)5D) characteristic of CD4dnTGFβIIR mice were less severe in CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/– mice, while serum osteocalcin was not affected by the silencing of TGF-β signaling and/or IFN-γ production (Figure (Figure5E).5E). Antigen presentation by macrophages (Figure (Figure6A)6A) and the macrophage mRNA levels of class II transactivator (CIITA) (Figure (Figure6B),6B), a key inducer of MHC class II gene expression, were higher in CD4dnTGFβIIR mice than in WT and CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/– mice. This is consistent with a high production of IFN-γ by activated T cells in CD4dnTGFβIIR mice.
As activated T cells induce bone destruction through enhanced production of osteoclastogenic cytokines by T cells, we measured TNF-α and RANKL production in T cell CM from all groups of mice following a 72-hour culture in the presence of PMA and ionomycin. Compared with that in T cells from WT mice, TNF-α and RANKL production was 4- to 6-fold higher in CD4dnTGFβIIR T cells and 2- to 4-fold higher in CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/– T cells (Figure (Figure6,6, C and D). Together, these findings confirm that silencing of TGF-β signaling in T cells causes bone loss in part by directly promoting the T cell production of TNF-α and RANKL and in part by promoting the secretion of IFN-γ, which further stimulates T cell activation through increased antigen presentation.
To quantify the relevance of IFN-γ in the bone loss induced by silencing of TGF-β signaling in T cells, we adoptively transferred T cells from WT, CD4dnTGFβIIR, and CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/– mice into T cell–deficient nude mice. The transfer of T cells from CD4dnTGFβIIR mice caused an approximately 2-fold larger decrease in spine BMD (Figure (Figure7A)7A) and femur BV/TV (Figure (Figure7B)7B) and a greater increase in CTX levels (Figure (Figure7C)7C) than the transfer of both WT T cells and CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/– T cells. In contrast, transfer of T cells from CD4dnTGFβIIR or CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/– mice to nude mice failed to change serum levels of osteocalcin when compared with the transfer of T cells from WT mice (Figure (Figure7D).7D). Thus, the IFN-γ–mediated pathway accounted for approximately 50% of the bone loss induced by the silencing of TGF-β signaling in T cells.
IFN-γ has complex and apparently contradictory actions on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, depending on the system and model employed. In this study, we have examined the balance between the direct anti-osteoclastogenic effects of IFN-γ and the indirect proresorptive activities of IFN-γ in vivo, using 3 different murine models of pathological bone turnover. Our data demonstrates that in experimental models of postmenopausal osteoporosis, bacteria-induced infection, and inflammation, the net balance between the direct antiresorptive activities of IFN-γ and its proresorptive effects is biased in favor of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Our data confirms previous studies demonstrating direct anti-osteoclastogenic activities of IFN-γ on the process of osteoclast differentiation in vitro. However, we further demonstrate that in vivo, the net effect of IFN-γ is to potently stimulate osteoclastogenesis, a consequence of its capacity to upregulate antigen presentation. This process leads to T cell activation and proliferation, with a consequent upregulation in the production of the key osteoclastogenic cytokines RANKL and TNF-α. In vivo, this indirect pro-osteoclastogenic activity overcomes the direct suppressive activities of IFN-γ on osteoclast precursors, leading to a net bone loss.
It is reported that preexposure of osteoclast precursors to RANKL renders them resistant to the inhibitory effect of IFN-γ (9). It is thus likely that in vivo, as RANKL concentrations begin to rise — a consequence of IFN-γ–driven antigen-dependent T cell activation — the direct anti-osteoclastogenic activity of IFN-γ may become progressively muted. Furthermore, as the dominant source of IFN-γ is activated T cells, a potent amplificatory loop is likely established that further drives up and sustains antigen presentation and T cell activation, thus perpetuating an inflammatory and proresorptive environment.
Our experimental disease models highlight the central role of T cells in the process of IFN-γ–driven bone resorption. This is underscored by experiments showing that T cell–deficient nude mice fail to undergo bone loss following rIFN-γ administration. IFN-γ–induced bone loss was reversed by T cell reconstitution and is consistent with the fact that IFN-γ has been shown to stimulate bone resorption only in humans or experimental models possessing a normal T cell lineage (14–16, 42), while the vast majority of previous studies concluding that IFN-γ is a bone-sparing cytokine made use of the nude mouse model and/or T cell–depleted in vitro cultures (12, 13). Interestingly, Takayanagi et al. reported that IFN-γ represses bone resorption in a T cell–replete model, but the only in vivo data presented in the report were derived from calvariae from prepubertal mice (7). Thus, the significance of these observations in mature bone and long bones remains unknown. Our studies failed to identify a significant repressive effect of IFN-γ on bone resorption in nude mice, an unexpected finding in view of the absence of the T cell–driven proresorptive activity. However, it is conceivable that a longer IFN-γ treatment period may have allowed for the direct inhibitory effect of IFN-γ to predominate. Alternatively, it is possible that a relatively higher concentration of IFN-γ might be required to decrease bone resorption in this strain. This hypothesis is suggested by the presence of an increased number of osteoclasts and a higher rate of bone resorption in nude mice than WT controls (43, 44).
Of additional interest was the finding of a lower baseline bone density in IFN-γ–/– mice than in WT mice. This was not unexpected, since the indirect proresorptive activity of IFN-γ overrides its direct anti-osteoclastogenic activity only in conditions of increased T cell activation. In contrast, in unstimulated conditions, IFN-γ exerts only its direct anti-osteoclastogenic activity. As a result, bone density is lower in adult IFN-γ–/– than congenic WT mice, because of the long-term impact of the absence of the direct anti-resorptive activity of IFN-γ.
Combined measurements of cortical and trabecular bone by DXA revealed that ovx caused a significant bone loss in WT but not in IFN-γ–/– mice. These data are consistent with a previous report from our laboratory showing that IFN-γR–/– mice fail to undergo bone loss following ovx (2). Selective measurements of trabecular bone by μCT showed that silencing of IFN-γ affords significant protection against the bone loss induced by ovx, although it did not completely prevent bone loss. These findings may suggest a more relevant role of IFN-γ in the loss of cortical bone than in the loss of trabecular bone following ovx. Although the finding that silencing of IFN-γ protects, in part, against ovx-induced bone loss does not establish a cause-effect relationship, the data strongly suggest that under in vivo conditions of estrogen deficiency, IFN-γ possesses pro-osteoclastogenic and bone-wasting effects that prevail over the direct anti-osteoclastogenic activity that is dominant in vitro. The results of the current investigation are consistent with an earlier report demonstrating that ovx expands the size of the T cell pool via an IL-7–dependent increase in both the peripheral expansion of T cells and the output of recently produced naive T cells from the thymus (45). Attesting to the relevance of these phenomena, ovx-induced bone loss is decreased by thymectomy and completely prevented by IL-7 neutralization (45). IL-7 stimulates the production of IFN-γ, while TGF-β, a cytokine directly regulated by estrogen, blocks the production of both IL-7 and IFN-γ. It is thus likely that the increase in the levels of both IL-7 and IFN-γ characteristic of ovx mice results from the blunted production of TGF-β induced by ovx. Because IL-7 and IFN-γ are under reciprocal control, silencing of either factor affords significant protection against ovx-induced bone loss. The finding that IFN-γ is implicated in the mechanism of ovx-induced bone loss provides further support for our hypothesis that an increased production of osteoclastogenic cytokines by activated T cells plays a pivotal role in the bone loss that follows estrogen withdrawal (1). Evidence in favor of this hypothesis includes the reported failure of ovx to induce trabecular and cortical bone loss in nude mice (33, 34, 37). While an independent confirmation was provided by a preliminary report by Watanabe et al. (46), a more recent study by Lee et al. (44) showed that nude mice lose trabecular bone after ovx, although they are protected against the loss of cortical bone. The partially negative outcome of this study is most likely explained by experimental design differences. Our μCT analysis of the effects of ovx in nude mice was conducted in mature, 16-week-old animals (37). In the same investigation, prospective in vivo measurements of BMD were obtained by DXA (37). Lee et al. (44) conducted their μCT analysis in 5- to 6-week-old mice, an age when in most strains ovx blunts trabecular bone formation (38–41). Accordingly, they found ovx to decrease osteoblast surface per bone surface (ObS/BS) (a static histomorphometric index of bone formation) in nude mice and to increase it in WT controls (44). They also found ovx not to increase osteoclast surface per bone surface (OcS/BS) and the number of osteoclasts per unit of bone perimeter (NOcBpm) (2 sensitive indices of bone resorption) in both WT and nude mice (44). These findings raise the possibility that the main effect of ovx in very young T cell–deficient mice is that of blunting bone formation rather than increasing bone resorption, leading ovx to cause an arrest in skeletal growth, rather than bone loss. Prospective in vivo measurements of bone density and analysis of dynamic histomorphometric indices of bone formation in mature mice will be required to reconcile our studies with those of Lee et al.
The mechanisms of LPS-induced bone loss are poorly understood. Our data demonstrate that LPS treatment led to a significant increase in antigen presentation and T cell activation in WT mice, while IFN-γ–/– mice displayed low basal antigen presentation and failed to undergo a significant upregulation in antigen presentation following LPS administration. T cell activation was also blunted in IFN-γ–/– mice. Nonetheless, LPS elicited similar trabecular bone loss in IFN-γ–/– and WT mice, although LPS-induced osteoclastic bone resorption and BMD decrements were modestly, but significantly, reduced in the IFN-γ–/– mice. These data suggest that the direct and indirect effects of IFN-γ on trabecular bone mass cancel each other out, thus resulting in an apparent similar trabecular bone–wasting effects of LPS in IFN-γ–/– and WT mice. The data further suggest that LPS mediates bone resorption by both IFN-γ–dependent and IFN-γ–independent pathways, although the independent pathway appears to be dominant. This interpretation is consistent with studies reporting that LPS induces osteoclast formation by multiple mechanisms, including direct stimulation of RANKL expression in osteoblasts (47); production of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 by macrophages; and stimulation of osteoclast survival (48). Our data suggest that these proresorptive effects are further amplified by IFN-γ–mediated pathways.
TGF-β is a potent antiinflammatory cytokine that prevents T cell activation via 2 distinct mechanisms, direct signaling in T cells and inhibition of antigen presentation secondary to blunted T cell production of IFN-γ (49). The loss of TGF-β–mediated repression of T cell activation results in inflammation, autoimmunity (35, 50), and increased T cell production of IFN-γ, TNF, and RANKL (37). IFN-γ further stimulates T cell production of osteoclastogenic cytokines by promoting antigen presentation and antigen-dependent T cell activation. In our model whereby T cell activation is potentiated through selective silencing of TGF-β signaling in T cells, silencing of IFN-γ was observed to completely suppress antigen presentation. By contrast, T cell activation and T cell production of TNF-α and RANKL were only 50% lower in mice lacking both TGF-β signaling and IFN-γ production compared with those lacking TGF-β signaling only, leading to a 50% reduction in bone loss. These data suggest that IFN-γ–driven antigen-dependent T cell activation is responsible for approximately 50% of T cell TNF-α and RANKL production in this model. The remaining 50% of TNF and RANKL production is driven by the blockade of the direct repressive effects of TGF-β on T cell activation (50).
In conclusion, our data reveal that IFN-γ has complex effects that explain the apparent conflicting reports regarding the effects of this cytokine in bone. In common conditions such as estrogen deficiency, infection, and inflammation, inhibition of IFN-γ signaling may represent a novel target for the concomitant prevention of both inflammation and bone loss.
All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Emory University. Mice were maintained under sterile conditions. Homozygous (nu/nu) athymic nude mice, WT mice, OT-II mice, IFN-γR–/– mice, and IFN-γ–/– mice were on a C57BL/6 background and purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. CD4dnTGFβIIR mice on a C57BL/6 background were kindly provided by R. Flavell (Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA). The mice (CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/–) lacking both TGF-β signaling in T cells and IFN-γ production were established by cross-mating male CD4dnTGFβIIR mice with female IFN-γ–/– mice. Female mice were either subjected to sham operation or ovx at 16 weeks of age and killed at 20 weeks of age. At sacrifice, 1 tibia was excised for histology and 1 femur for μCT analysis and BM harvested from the remaining bones for ex vivo analysis. Uterine weight was determined at death to verify successful ovx.
BMMs and T cells were purified from BM and spleens, respectively, by positive immunoselection using MACS MicroBeads (Miltenyi Biotec) coupled to anti-CD11b Ab and anti-CD90 Ab (Thy1.2) for macrophages and T cells, respectively, as described previously (2, 37). Cell purity was verified to be greater than 90% by FACS.
T cells were purified from the spleens of 16-week-old WT, CD4dnTGFβIIR, and CD4dnTGFβIIR/IFN-γ–/– mice and injected (2 × 107 cell per mouse) i.p. into 16-week-old T cell–deficient nude recipient mice as previously described (34, 37, 43, 51). Successful T cell engraftment was confirmed by flow cytometry of the spleen and BM of recipient mice 4 weeks after the adoptive transfer.
BMMs were harvested from 6-week-old WT mice; treated for 72 hours with 10 ng/ml of rIFN-γ in α-MEM medium containing 10% FBS, washed twice with cold PBS (Mediatech Inc.); and cocultured with T cells from OT-II mice in the presence of 0.5 mg/ml OVA for an additional 72 hours. CM was collected at the end of culture, and the levels of TNF-α, RANKL, and IFN-γ were measured using ELISA (R&D Systems). The ability of CM to induce osteoclast formation was examined in BMMs from WT or IFN-γR–/– mice in the presence of 10 ng/ml RANKL (provided by X. Feng, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA) and 10 ng/ml M-CSF. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was performed 7 days after culture, and TRAP+ cells with more than 3 nuclei were scored as osteoclasts (52, 53).
In a separate experiment, BMMs were harvested from sham-operated or ovx WT mice and cultured for 72 hours with T cells from OT-II mice in the presence of 0.5 mg/ml OVA. CM was collected and used to induce osteoclastogenesis in WT BMMs in the presence of 10 ng/ml RANKL and 10 ng/ml M-CSF with or without 10 μg/ml IFN-γ Ab.
The proliferation of osteoclast precursors at 3 days was quantitated by thymidine incorporation. TRAP+ mononucleated preosteoclasts were pulsed with [3H]thymidine (0.5 μCi/well), for 18 hours of culture. Cells were harvested by using a Cell Harvester (Skatron) and thymidine incorporation determined on a Packard Tri-Carb 4640 Liquid Scintillation Counter (United Technologies). The rate of apoptosis of maturing osteoclasts was determined by measuring intracellular caspase-3 activity, a marker of apoptosis, by the CaspACE Assay System (Promega).
To investigate the effects of IFN-γ on bone turnover in healthy mice and the role of T cells, 16-week-old WT mice, nude mice, and nude mice reconstituted with WT T cells were injected i.p. twice a week for 3 weeks with rIFN-γ (1 × 106 IU/kg), as previously described (12).
To investigate the contribution of IFN-γ to LPS-induced bone resorption in vivo, 10-week-old WT and IFN-γ–/– mice were injected subcutaneously with LPS (Sigma-Aldrich) (25 mg/kg, once a week for 3 weeks), as described previously (7).
CIITA, TNF, RANKL, and IFN-γ mRNA were quantitated by real-time PCR using a GeneAmp 7000 system (Applied Biosystems) as previously described (2, 37). All primers for real-time PCR were designed using Primer Express Software version 2.0 (PE Biosystems). The primers used for CIITA were 5′-CCTATGCCAACATTGCGG A-3′ (forward) and 5′-GCTGGGTATCCTGGAACACG-3′ (reverse); for TNF, 5′-AACTCCAGGCGGTGCCTAT-3′ (forward) and 5′-TGCCACAAGCAGGAATGAGA-3′ (reverse); for RANKL, 5′-CACAGCGCTTCTCAGGAGCT-3′ (forward) and 5′-CATCCAACCATGAGCCTTCC-3′ (reverse); for IFN-γ, 5′-CACTGCATCTTGGCTTTGCA-3′ (forward) and 5′-GTAACAGCCAGAAACAGCCATG-3′ (reverse). mRNA was normalized against β-tubulin using the primers 5′-GGAGAGCTGTGATTGCCTGC (forward) and 5′-CCACCCAGTGAGTGGGTCAG-3′ (reverse). Amplification reactions were performed in 50-μl volume using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems). Dissociation curves revealed a single product in all cases. Fold change in cDNA concentration was calculated using the 2–ΔΔCT method (2, 37, 54) with normalization of input using β-tubulin.
Spine BMD was measured in vivo using a PIXImus2 bone densitometer (GE Medical System, Lunar) as previously described (2, 37). The short-term reproducibility of this technique is 1.7% (55). Data were expressed as percent change from baseline.
μCT analysis was performed as reported previously with modification (37, 56). Briefly, after removing soft tissues, femurs were fixed overnight in 10% neutral buffered formalin, washed twice in PBS, and stored in 70% ethanol at 4°C until analysis. μCT scanning and analysis were performed by a technician blinded to the grouping of animals using a Scanco μCT-40 (Scanco Medical). The primary spongiosa (0.5 mm from the growth plate and extending 0.8 mm proximally) and secondary spongiosa (0.5 mm from the growth plate and extending 0.5 mm distally) within the endosteal borders of distal femurs were selected for trabecular analysis. Bones were scanned at a resolution of 12 μm; tomographic images were obtained at conditions of 70 KV and 114 μA by collecting 500 projections each rotation at 200-ms integration time; and reconstruction of 3D images was performed using standard convolution back-projection algorithms with Shepp and Logan filtering and rendered within a 12.3-mm field of view at a discrete density of 578,704 voxels/mm3. BV/TV was calculated by measuring 3D distances directly in the trabecular network. One high-resolution (6 μm) 3D image was generated for 1 representative sample from each group clustering closest to the average indices in the histomorphometric analysis.
Serum CTX levels, a specific marker of bone resorption, were determined using a mouse-specific ELISA assay according to the manufacturer's protocols (Nordic Bioscience Diagnostics). Serum osteocalcin levels, a specific marker for bone formation, were measured using a Rat-MID Osteocalcin ELISA kit (Nordic Bioscience Diagnostics).
Flow cytometry was performed as described previously (45), using whole spleen cells triple-labeled with anti-RANKL–conjugated PE (BioLegend) or anti–TNF-α–conjugated PE, anti-CD4–conjugated APC, and anti-CD8–conjugated peridinin-chlorophyll-protein (PerCP) Abs (BD Biosciences — Pharmingen). Spleen cells were also triple labeled with anti-CD69–conjugated FITC, anti-CD4–conjugated APC, and anti-CD8–conjugated PerCP (BD Biosciences — Pharmingen). Nonspecific staining was assessed using FITC-, APC-, PerCP-, or PE-conjugated isotype-matched normal IgG Abs (BD Biosciences — Pharmingen). Cells were analyzed on a FACScan flow cytometer (BD).
Antigen presentation was measured as described previously (2, 37). Briefly, T cells from OT-II mice on a C57BL/6 background were purified and cultured for 10 days in RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS, 40 U/ml IL-2 (R&D Systems), and 0.5 mg/ml OVA. BMMs (5 × 104/well) were purified from the BM and γ-irradiated (20 Gy) and cocultured in a 96-well plate for 72 hours with T cells at a ratio of 1:10 in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 0.5 mg/ml OVA. T cell proliferation induced by macrophage antigen presentation was quantitated by [3H]thymidine (0.5 μCi/well; Amersham Biosciences) incorporation, added during the last 18 hours of culture. Cells were harvested using a Cell Harvester (Skatron), and thymidine incorporation determined on a Packard Tri-Carb 4640 Liquid Scintillation Counter.
T cells were harvested using MACS MicroBeads coupled to anti-CD90 (Thy1.2) Abs, as described previously (2), and cultured for 72 hours in the presence of 100 ng/ml PMA (Sigma-Aldrich) and 100 ng/ml ionomycin (Sigma-Aldrich). The levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and RANKL in the culture media were determined by ELISA (R&D Systems).
All cross-sectional data were analyzed by ANOVA, as well as Kruskal-Wallis test for data not normally distributed. Prospective data were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures. Multiple comparisons tests were performed by Fisher's protected least-significant-difference test and Tukey's honestly significant difference tests. Simple comparisons were made using unpaired 2-tailed Student's t test. P values less than or equal to 0.05 were considered significant.
This study was supported in part by grants from the NIH (DK55746, AR 49659, and AG 28278). M.N. Weitzmann was supported in part by NIH grants DK67389 and U54CA119338, the National Osteoporosis Foundation, and the Emory University Research Committee. F. Grassi was supported by a Marie-Curie fellowship from the European Commission (no. 09097).
Nonstandard abbreviations used: BMD, bone mineral density; BMM, BM macrophage; BV/TV, trabecular bone volume; CIITA, class II transactivator; CM, conditioned medium; CTX, C-terminal telopeptide; DXA, dual x-ray absorptiometry; IFN-γR, IFN-γ receptor; ovx, ovariectomy, ovariectomized; RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; rIFN-γ, recombinant IFN-γ; TRAF6, TNF receptor–associated factor 6; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.
Conflict of interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
Citation for this article: J. Clin. Invest. 117:122–132 (2007). doi:10.1172/JCI30074
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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2014 AFC U-19 Championship qualification today only one game of C group and this match will be held as per schedule 10 October 2013. Two big sides are face to face of E group so fans are very exiting about this big game. The match will be settled as per fixture Dura Stadium, Hebron while game will be begin at 19:00 Local timing. This is the best way where you can check easily every new all sports news and latest matches scorecard with resutls so here you can get the Oman U19 vs Palestine U19 Live score match resutls.
Palestine football team will be going to played his first match while on the other hand Oman team played one game on 08 October 2013 against the Bahrain and they looking very well they get the first match victory. Now Oman eyes are on Palestine team to defeat and get strong position but its not easy for Oman because they have also well squad so game is very tough from both sides.
Match: Oman U19 vs Palestine U19
Date: 10-10-2013
Time: 19:00 Local
Oman get the first match victory by 2-0 and on top first position on points table while Palestine looking very well they hope for best his first match is very important for us cause but Oman team performance very well in his first game so in today this game is very interesting so dont missed this big game. Here you can catch every new latest sports news and important matches news so for more keep in touch with us.


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Playing in the Sandbox
In a new series on Rogue Money, we bring you our latest articles narrated by "V" the Guerrilla Economist himself.
After careful analysis and conversations with Saudi and U.A.E intelligence agency sources it is clear that major changes in the Trump administration have taken place in regards to policy and policymakers, aka a coupe by those in the "Deep State" has transpired.Continue reading »
Team RogueMoney Inauguration Day Special with X22 Report's Dave, SGT Report's Sean, Perpetual Assets, Ken Schortgen Jr., BanksterSlayer, The Prince, and W the Intelligence Insider
In case you missed it live on 20 January 2017 at 2 p.m. Eastern time: listen to V the Guerrilla Economist and Producer CJ host Dave of the X22 Report, Sean of the SGT Report, Team Rogue Money's The Prince, Ken Schortgen Jr., Deb "BanksterSlayer" Caruthers and W the Intelligence Insider for hard hitting analysis of American/global history in the making. — JWSContinue reading »
Trump's Policy in the Middle East
The Saudis were surprised by Donald Trump's victory in the US presidential election to say the least, and they are now trying to assess what Trump's foreign policy will mean for the Kingdom, and the region.Continue reading »
Kingdom Come Or Kingdom Gone?
The Prince breaks open the latest issues surrounding the oil Monarchy and the survival struggle it faces.Continue reading »
Huma Abedin to Cut Immunity Deal with Manhattan Prosecutor
Huma Abedin is Vice Chair of Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign. But as Roger J. Stone has said on more than one occasion, Huma is more, much more than that. Her background and career history is as complex and intriguing as the Middle East itself.
How Abedin became the person closest to the most powerful woman in American politics and quite possibly the next President, Hillary Clinton, like the rest of the details of this sordid tale, reads like true-life pulp fiction.Continue reading »
Saudi Arabia Remains Hopeful of Clinton Victory
Many high level sources within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) firmly believe they will get a solid return on their investment in Hillary Clinton. True, the KSA has made contingency plans since Donald Trump has proven to be such a wild card.
However, a growing number in the KSA believe that it will be business as usual, just another rigged election.Continue reading »
Saudi Arabia signed fifteen preliminary agreements with China on Tuesday, September 6, 2016. The agreements were on a variety of different areas, ranging from the energy sector, to housing and even military partnership. The trip was headed by Saudi Minister of Defense/Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the heir apparent to his father, King Salman of Saudi Arabia (despite Crowned Prince Mohamed bin Nayef being publicly deemed next in line for the Saudi throne).Continue reading »


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The design of the room was great, very clean. The staff was very helpful and friendly. Breakfast is very good. The cancellation could be done only 3 days before the arrival.
Brand new, extremely clean, extremely luxurious beds, fantastic shower heads and great slim line tv's that display a roaring fire when you enter the room. Wifi only free in the lobby. No breakfast included.
hotel is clear. breakfst is value.location is quite far from u-bahn.
The experience was very stylish and contemporary. The location was difficult to reach by public transport
The rooms are modern, clean and comfortable. Very good position, not so central but it is just a 15-minute taxi drive from Marienplatz. Bar open 24 hours. Breakfast room too essential (small tables, etc), even though the food served was correct for the hotel level.
Clean and near to subway and minimart. Happy to have microwave to heat up food.
The staff at the hotel were all generally very nice - bar 14 was lovely, and as a solo traveller - it was nice to come down to the bar to friendly bar staff and a friendly atmosphere.
Clean and very organized Gym to small
Very nice room Pure breakfast comparing to the hotel in ISRAEL
Relax, clean and the kind staff The fitness room was very small
The good italian restaurant and the buffet breakfastl. The room was also warm which was nice. THe vending machines did not stock water, only paulaner and coke! This needs to be rectified.
they have kitchennete breakfast is charged 9 euro. wifi isnot included.
I really appreciate the sauna The breakfast was poor
Clean, well appointed and convenient to metro. No air conditioning, and the temp was near 90 degrees F. Also, breakfast was not included, and a 12 Euro option per person?
Excellent breakfast! Very comfortable rooms even though they were very simple.
This was a fantastic hotel. The staff were very helpful, the rooms were modern, clean, spacious and comfortable, and even included cooking facilities (though the kitchenette is small). The breakfast included in the price was fantastic, with a huge variety of food, and excellent coffee. I would highly recommend this hotel for anyone looking for great value accommodation in munich. The hotel is located a few train stops south of the city in Giesing, and is approximately a 5-10 minute walk from the train station. When we stayed, the hotel even gave us a 3 day transport ticket, worth 21 EUR.
Nice and clean rooms, good beds & matrasses, quite, great breakfast Hard and big pillows maybe... think of bringing your own if necessary
The location next to the OstbahnHof is perfect to reach every part of the city. Extremly quite. Breakfast was just allright
Location was pretty decent - only a couple minute walk from the S-bahn station. Double room was just 2 twin beds pushed together as mentioned. I thought that this would be like many European lodging options and there would be a pad over the 2 mattresses to keep you from sinking between the beds. Not the case here. It's really just 2 twin beds pushed together and nothing more. Twin sheets, twin comporters, and mattresses that will creep apart in the night. Not my idea of a good place for a couple.
Price was fair and the size of the room was reasonable for a 3 bed room, especially in Europe. It's worth paying extra for the private toliet and shower facility as the shared one is inconvienent and it really stinks because I don't think it has any windows. Travelling with friends, there were 3 of us and the room was perfect.
Reseptionist was very helpful. Quick and easy Wi-Fi connection. Hotel is really near metro and train stations.
Rich brakfast, free onstreet parking 20 min from downtown (walking), nice people on the reception, for shared bathroom we get gowns from the receptions Small problems with wifi, finaly solved
I liked the beds and the fact there was plenty of space to put bags, clothes etc. My clock was not working, and as a result I woke up late- I was yelled at in German by a cleaning woman who needed me to leave so she could clean the room. As I don't speak much German, and hadn't intentionally slept in, I was a bit confused.
Near to city center, pleasant room, good breakfast, nice staff Sturdy pillows
Easy and fast check in and out. Good free parking facilities in front of the hotel. The proximity of the S-Bahn and U-bahn. Very good breakfast. Very quiet. Even if there is no shower/toilet in the room, the shower/toilets were very clean. It's not decorated, the room is not charming, but personally I don't care.
Staff was very friendly and helpful. Location was convenient to drive to, easy to get to city center from. Travelling with our Golden Retriever, readily accepted the pet with a 10 euro additional fee.


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$2.4 billion Revel worth only $246-$331 million
March 25, 2013 7:11 PM
by Ray Poirier
How quickly billions of dollars can disappear because of a bad investment made in a bad time. Certainly the gaming industry has seen its share since the beginning of the 2007 recession. Just on the Las Vegas Strip, investors can see the remains of the Echelon, the Fontainblue, or the empty space that was once the New Frontier.
Atlantic City has seen several of its Boardwalk casinos and real estate parcels being sold for a fraction of their original costs. And now it is looking at the biggest failure of all, the Revel.
The city's newest casino, built at a cost of some $2.4 billion, is filing for bankruptcy less than a year since its troubled opening. Unable to generate enough cash flow to meet its obligations, the property reportedly has filed a 400-page disclosure statement that it sent to creditors as part of the prepackaged bankruptcy plan.
According to a story in The Press of Atlantic City, the filing places the value of the property at just a fraction of its original cost.
The bankruptcy plan lists its debt at about $1.5 billion and calls for converting about $1 billion of that into equity, leaving it with $272 million in debt.
The debtors believe the plan, which contemplates a significant deleveraging, is in the "best interest of all creditors," the disclosure form said. "Any other alternative does not in any way realize or recognize the value inherent under the plan."
So how much is Revel worth today?
The company estimates that if it were sold within the next six months it would fetch between $246 million and $331 million.
Ray Poirier is the longtime executive editor at GamingToday.
Contact Ray at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Off The Hook sheer pleasure for my honey
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