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soil, and water.
The goal of wastewater management is to clean and protect water. This means that water must be clean enough so that it can be used by people for drinking and washing, and by industry for commercial purposes. It also must be clean enough to release into oceans, lakes, and rivers after it has been used.
Wastewater is usually divided into two major groups: point source wastewater and non-point source wastewater. Point source wastewater includes wastewaters that enter natural waters (such as lakes, rivers, and oceans) from defined locations. The most common point sources are sanitary sewers and storm drains.
Non-point source wastewater is wastewater that is not connected to a specific source. This includes runoff (water that drains away) from agriculture and urban (city) areas, and acidic waters from mines. In many ways, point source waste-water is much easier to manage because its source and the pollutants it contains are known. Non-point source wastewater, on the other hand, is both hard to identify and treat.
Wave Energy
|Wave Energy
The oceans store large amounts of kinetic (moving) energy from the wind. The wind generates waves as it blows across the sea's) surface. The larger the wave, the more energy the wave contains. Wave energy provides a continuous source of renewable, non-polluting energy that can be converted to electricity at wave power plant sites around the world.
Where the waves are
Windy coastlines around large oceans are the best places to build power plants that harness wave energy. Strong winds that blow continuously over long stretches of open water create the largest waves, which contain the most energy. Strong, steady winds that blow in Earth's major wind belts (zones of wind in a prevailing direction) generate massive waves.
In the subtropical zone on either side of the equator (imaginary circle around Earth halfway between the North and South Poles), suitable wind power sites are along east-facing coastlines in the path of the westerly trade winds, such as the east coast of Florida. (Winds are named for the direction from which they blow; the trade winds are strong winds that blow from east to west in the subtropics on either side of the equator.)
An aquarium is any water-filled tank, pool, or pond in which fish, underwater plants, or animals are kept. An aquarium can be as small as a glass bowl for a goldfish and as large as a pool for a whale or a marine museum.
History of fish keeping
The ancient Sumarians (2500 b.c.e.) were the earliest fish keepers. Fish keeping developed as a way to provide and store food. Fish were caught in rivers and then kept in small ponds until they were used. The ancient Egyptians also kept fish in ponds, but not all of their ponds served a practical purpose. Egyptian hieroglyphs (a system of writing that used symbols and pictures) and art depict fish and fishponds as decorative objects.
In ancient Iran, China, and Japan, fish keepers bred special types of fish for use in decorative ponds. Fish keepers created koi, a popular decorative fish, by selectively breeding carp (a fish used for food) in pleasing colors and sizes. The present-day common goldfish, a close relative of the koi, is also a result of these ancient breeding practices.
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and the relationships between organisms and their environment. Ecology was first recognized as an academic subject in 1869 when German naturalist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) first coined the term ecology. The word is derived from the Greek words eco, meaning "house" and logy, meaning "to study," indicating that ecology is the study of organisms in their home.
Ecologists often distinguish between two parts of environment as a whole: the living or biotic part and the nonliving or abiotic part. The biotic part of the environment includes all organisms such as animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi.
The abiotic part includes all physical features like temperature, humidity, availability of light, as well as chemical components, such as the concentrations of salts, nutrients, and gases. Ecology, then, is the study of the relationships between and among the biotic and abiotic environments.
Hydrology and Hydrogeology
distribution on the continents. (Oceanographers study the physical and chemical properties of salt water in the oceans.)
Together, hydrology and hydrogeology provide information on how to manage and protect freshwater, humans most essential natural resource. Hydrology and hydrogeology are distinct fields of study that employ different methods and techniques, but they overlap to provide a complete picture of Earth's freshwater resources.
Hydrology is a branch of engineering that deals with the physical properties of surface freshwater, such as lakes and rivers, and with its chemical interactions with other substances. Hydrogeology is a subfield of geology (study of Earth) that, by definition, specifically addresses groundwater—water moving through tiny openings in rock and soil layers beneath the land surface.
In practice, ground and surface water interact as a single system. Surface water seeps into the ground and groundwa-ter emerges to the surface. Hydrogeologists work to explain the geological effects of surface water in rivers, streams and lakes, and hydrologists lend their technical expertise to the mechanics and chemistry of moving groundwater.
Together, hydrology and hydrogeology provide information on how to manage and protect freshwater, humans most essential natural resource. Hydrology and hydrogeology are distinct fields of study that employ different methods and techniques, but they overlap to provide a complete picture of Earth's freshwater resources.
Hydrology is a branch of engineering that deals with the physical properties of surface freshwater, such as lakes and rivers, and with its chemical interactions with other substances. Hydrogeology is a subfield of geology (study of Earth) that, by definition, specifically addresses groundwater—water moving through tiny openings in rock and soil layers beneath the land surface.
In practice, ground and surface water interact as a single system. Surface water seeps into the ground and groundwa-ter emerges to the surface. Hydrogeologists work to explain the geological effects of surface water in rivers, streams and lakes, and hydrologists lend their technical expertise to the mechanics and chemistry of moving groundwater.
Limnology is the study of the chemistry, biology, geology, and physics of waters that are found within continents. In contrast, oceanography is the study of open ocean waters. Waters found within continents may be lakes, reservoirs, rivers, or wetlands (land where water covers the surface for at least part of the year) Although most limnologists specialize in freshwaters, the study of saline lakes, like the Great Salt Lake, also falls under the discipline of limnology.
One of the more important goals of limnology is providing guidelines for water management and water pollution control. Limnologists also study ways to protect the wildlife that lives in lakes and rivers as well as the lakes and rivers themselves. Some limnologists are working on construction of artificial wetlands, which could serve as habitats for a variety of animal and plant species and aid in decreasing water pollution.
History of limnology
Limnology is a relatively new academic subject. Frangois-Alphonse Forel (1841-1912), considered the father of limnology, was a Swiss physician who dedicated much of his life to the study of the biology, chemistry, and physics of Lake Geneva. Around 1868, he coined the term limnology to mean the study of lakes. (The root word limn means "lake" and ology means "the study of.")
Marine Archaeology
|Marine Archaeology
Many of the most famous archaeological sites are those of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vikings. While most all of these archaeological sites, from Egypt's pyramids to Rome's Coliseum, are on land, these cultures had strong ties to the sea, engaging in frequent trade and exploration. They also used ships in wars.
These civilizations left behind shipwrecks and the ruins of port cities that have been claimed by the sea due to erosion (wearing away of land). Technological advances in the late twentieth century permitted archaeologists to begin exploration and excavation of underwater archaeological sites. This branch of archaeology is called marine or underwater archaeology.
Archaeology explores how people lived in the past through excavation and survey. An excavation is a planned, careful exploration of ancient sites. It is sometime called a dig because digging (excavation) is the most well known method for discovering clues about the past at an archeological site. Wherever people live or work, they leave traces of their life.
Marine Biology
|Marine Biology
Marine (ocean) biology is the study of the function, biodiversity, and ecology of the animals and plants that live in the ocean. An organism's function is how it lives and grows in its environment. Biodiversity refers to the wide range of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms such as bacteria that live in the ocean.
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms as well as the relationships between organisms and their environment. In order to do their work, marine biologists incorporate information and techniques from a broad range of disciplines, including chemistry, physics, geology (the study of rocks), paleontology (the study of fossils), and geography (the study of locations on Earth).
Many factors make the marine environment a unique place for animals and plants to live. The marine environment is fluid, which affects the way organisms move and breathe. A variety of chemicals are dissolved in the water that bathes marine organisms and many have special ways to use these chemicals or to prevent them from entering their bodies. Ocean water is salty, which affects the organism's ability to obtain and hold water in its body.
Marine Geology and Geophysics
|Marine Geology and Geophysics
Marine geology and geophysics are scientific fields that are concerned with solving the mysteries of the seafloor and Earth's interior. Marine geologists, like all geologists, seek to understand the processes and history of the solid Earth, but their techniques differ from geologists who work on land because they study geologic (Earth's) features that are underwater.
The oceans cover more than 70% of Earth, and water obscures a wealth of information about the rocks and sediments (particles of rock, sand, and other material) in the ocean basins. Marine geologists rely mainly on physical techniques to uncover the features and processes of the seafloor.
Geophysicists are scientists who study the physical properties of the solid Earth, and often work closely with marine geologists. Geophysicists use experiments and observations to determine how Earth materials such as rock, magma (molten rock), sediments, air, and water affect physical phenomena such as sound, heat, light, magnetic fields (a field of magnetic force), and earthquake tremors (seismic waves).
Oceanography, also called marine science, is the study of the ocean. Its goal is to discover unifying principles that can explain data measured in ocean waters, in the organisms that live in the ocean, and on the land surrounding the ocean. Oceanography is a broad subject, drawing on techniques and theories from biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, geology, and engineering.
Oceanography is usually divided into four different areas of research. Marine biology or biological oceanography focuses on life (animals, plants, and bacteria) in the ocean. Chemical oceanography studies the substances that are dissolved in the ocean.
Physical oceanography attempts to understand the movement of water and the relationships between oceans and the atmosphere (mass of air surrounding Earth). Marine geology is directed at understanding geological features of the ocean floor, such as the composition of the seafloor and the movement of tectonic plates (moving plates of Earth's crust).
Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is a technique that gives information about the surface of the Earth and the underwater world without touching the surface. The technique bounces energy off of nonliving or living objects and analyzes the returning signal to collect information.
Remote sensing has many uses in water. Common uses of remote sensing include charting the depth of a lake or ocean bottom. It is vital to the fishing industry and in locating objects at the bottom of the water. Treasure hunters and researchers would find it much harder to detect lost shipwrecks if not for remote sensing.
People interested in finding out where water pollution is occurring can take remote sensing images of water from planes or satellites (orbiting spacecraft) to detect microorganisms such as algae that thrive in polluted water. People who are trying to find deposits of oil and natural gas under the ocean floor also use remote sensing.
Agricultural Water Use
|Agricultural Water Use
The images of seemingly endless crop fields of the American Midwest and the lush San Joaquin Valley of central California are powerful symbols of the agricultural might of the United States. In the past century, the United States has become the greatest producer of food in the world.
Water has always been a vital part of agriculture. Just like humans, crops need water to survive and grow. The process where dry land or crops are supplied with water is called irrigation. A century ago, the relatively small fields of a local farmer in many areas of the United States could receive enough moisture from rainwater, along with water that could be diverted from local streams, rivers, and lakes.
The growth of huge corporate farms that are thousands of acres in size has taken the need for water to another scale. For these operations, water needs to be trucked in, pumped up from underground, and obtained from surface water (freshwater located on the surface) sources in large quantities.
Aquaculture is the farming of animals or plants under controlled conditions in aquatic environments. Aquaculture usually refers to growing animals and plants in fresh or brackish water (water that has a salt content between that of freshwater and that of ocean water). Mariculture indicates the farming of animals and plants in ocean waters. (Marine means seawater.)
Just as on land, aquaculture and mariculture farmers try to control the environmental factors surrounding their crops in order to make them grow quickly and in good health. Some of the factors that aquaculture and mariculture farmers manipulate are the diet of their animals, the nutrients provided to their plants, the reproductive cycles of both animals and plants, and the chemistry and physical properties of the water where the farms are located.
They also try to develop methods to minimize diseases in their crops, to keep their crops safe from predators (animals that hunt them for food), and to reduce the pollution produced by their crops.
Commercial and Industrial Uses of Water
service, such as hospitals, restaurants, and schools. Industry usually involves manufacturing a product.
In industry, water helps keep machinery needed for the making of products running smoothly and efficiently. Water can also be a vital part of the product, such as in sports drinks or soft drinks. In the United States, the total amount of fresh and salt water used every day by industry is nearly 410 billion gallons.
To illustrate such a huge number, think of that amount of water in terms of weight. A gallon of water weighs a little over 8 pounds (3.6 kilograms). The daily water usage in the United States totals almost 3.5 trillion pounds (1.6 trillion kilograms), about the same as 200 million 200-pound (90.7 kilogram) people!
Commercial water use
In modern day, water is essential to people's daily lives. Without water, restaurants could not supply meals or even clean up after the meals, cars would go unwashed, and fires could be disastrous, with no means of dousing the blaze. Green parks, recreational fields, and golf courses rely on water to keep the grass and soil moist and healthy.
In industry, water helps keep machinery needed for the making of products running smoothly and efficiently. Water can also be a vital part of the product, such as in sports drinks or soft drinks. In the United States, the total amount of fresh and salt water used every day by industry is nearly 410 billion gallons.
To illustrate such a huge number, think of that amount of water in terms of weight. A gallon of water weighs a little over 8 pounds (3.6 kilograms). The daily water usage in the United States totals almost 3.5 trillion pounds (1.6 trillion kilograms), about the same as 200 million 200-pound (90.7 kilogram) people!
Commercial water use
In modern day, water is essential to people's daily lives. Without water, restaurants could not supply meals or even clean up after the meals, cars would go unwashed, and fires could be disastrous, with no means of dousing the blaze. Green parks, recreational fields, and golf courses rely on water to keep the grass and soil moist and healthy.
Economic Uses of Groundwater
|Groundwater in Burkina Faso, Africa
Groundwater is one of humans' most valuable natural resources. Groundwater is the water contained in the rock and soil layers beneath Earth's surface, and it makes up most of Earth's supply of fresh, liquid water. (The oceans and ice in the North and South Poles contain 99% of Earth's total water supply. Groundwater accounts for almost all of the remaining 1%.)
Throughout history, humans have settled in areas with plentiful and pure groundwater, and have fought to own and protect wells and springs. Today, human water needs in many arid (dry) or heavily populated regions far exceed surface water supplies. Earth's rapidly-growing human population is becoming increasingly reliant on groundwater.
Groundwater fills wells and city water supplies. Ground-water irrigates (waters) crops, feeds livestock, and produces farm-raised fish. Groundwater is used to cool nuclear reactors that generate electricity, mix concrete, and manufacture millions of consumer products. In short, groundwater plays a vital role in almost every facet of people's lives, from drinking water, foods, and products people buy to roads and the buildings in which people live and work.
Minerals and Mining
|Traditional gold mining
Minerals are defined as naturally occurring solids found in the earth that are composed of matter other than plants or animals. Ore is a naturally occurring source of minerals, such as a rock. A mineral can be composed from one element, such as diamond, which contains only carbon, or several elements, such as quartz, which contains silicon and oxygen. An element is a substance that cannot be divided by ordinary chemical means.
Even ice is considered a mineral. Minerals are found everywhere on Earth, from the bottom of the ocean to the highest mountains. Mineral deposits are frequently located underground, and thus they must be mined. South Africa and Russia hold the largest amount of minerals in the world. Minerals are vital to people's lives, and many of these minerals are critical to countries' industries and economies.
The United States is relatively poor in critical minerals, including platinum, cobalt, and gold, but there are sand deposits of titanium ore in Florida and the Pacific Northwest. In the central United States, minerals that contain lead and gallium (used in computer chips) are abundant, and iron ore is found in the states near the Great Lakes. Most of the diamonds are mined in Africa, as is gold, although gold is found in many other locations as well.
Municipal Water Use
|Drinking tap water
Many people live in municipalities (cities, towns, and villages with services such as water treatment, police, and fire department). One benefit of living in a municipality is that potable water (water safe to drink) is usually available at any time by turning on the tap. Part of the responsibility of citizens and municipal officials however, is to manage and protect the local water supply.
If municipal water becomes contaminated, the result can be far-reaching and rapid. Bacteria and viruses in water can spread throughout the underground reservoir of water (the aquifer) or throughout the miles of pipelines that carries water to houses in towns and cities. As well, non-living pollutants such as oil, gasoline and sediment can spread contaminate water.
The results of such contamination can be disastrous. In the summer of 2000, the municipal water supply of Walkerton, a town in the Canadian province of Ontario, became contaminated with a certain type of bacteria called Escherichia coli (or E. coli for short). This type of E. coli caused a serious illness in over a thousand people who drank the town water, and killed seven people.
Petroleum Exploration and Recovery
energy source in the mid-1800s, petroleum has become one of humans' most valuable natural resources. Petroleum is arguably the single-most important product in the modern global economy.
Hydrocarbons separated (refined) from crude oil provide fuels and products that affect every facet of life in industrialized nations like the United States. Natural gas and propane are gaseous hydrocarbons that are used to heat homes and fuel stoves. Natural gas actually exists as a gas in underground reservoirs (underground rock formations containing oil or natural gas) and is not refined from crude oil, but it is still considered a petroleum product.
The liquid portion of petroleum becomes such essential products as home heating oil, automobile gasoline, lubricating oil for engines and machinery, and fuel for electrical power plants. Asphalt road surfaces, lubricating oils for machinery, and furniture wax are all composed of semi-solid hydrocarbons. Petroleum products are the building blocks of plastics. The hydrocarbon gas ethylene is even used to help ripen fruits and vegetables!
Oil and water don't mix, but these two essential natural resources do have a lot in common. Naturally occurring petroleum forms from the chemical remains of organisms that lived and died in ancient seas. Petroleum collects in deeply buried rock layers called sedimentary rock that are, more often than not, the geologic remains of water-laid deposits like beds of sand or coral reefs on the sea floor. (Sediment is particles of rock sand or silt.)
Hydrocarbons separated (refined) from crude oil provide fuels and products that affect every facet of life in industrialized nations like the United States. Natural gas and propane are gaseous hydrocarbons that are used to heat homes and fuel stoves. Natural gas actually exists as a gas in underground reservoirs (underground rock formations containing oil or natural gas) and is not refined from crude oil, but it is still considered a petroleum product.
The liquid portion of petroleum becomes such essential products as home heating oil, automobile gasoline, lubricating oil for engines and machinery, and fuel for electrical power plants. Asphalt road surfaces, lubricating oils for machinery, and furniture wax are all composed of semi-solid hydrocarbons. Petroleum products are the building blocks of plastics. The hydrocarbon gas ethylene is even used to help ripen fruits and vegetables!
Oil and water don't mix, but these two essential natural resources do have a lot in common. Naturally occurring petroleum forms from the chemical remains of organisms that lived and died in ancient seas. Petroleum collects in deeply buried rock layers called sedimentary rock that are, more often than not, the geologic remains of water-laid deposits like beds of sand or coral reefs on the sea floor. (Sediment is particles of rock sand or silt.)
Residential Water Use
|Residential Water Use
In the United States, approximately 408 billion gallons (1,544 billion liters) of water are used every day! While power production and irrigation (watering crops) consume the majority of water usage, public and self-supply water systems produce 47 billion gallons (178 billion liters) a day for residential users and businesses.
Residential water use includes both indoor and outdoor household water usage. Water is used indoors for showering, flushing toilets, washing clothes, washing dishes, drinking, and cooking. Outdoor water usage includes washing the car, and watering the lawn, pools, and plants.
Public and private water
Nearly 85% of residential water users in the United States receive their water from public supply water systems. A public supply water system is a government facility or private company that collects water from a natural source such as a lake, river, or the ground.
|Natural sea salt
Common table salt is a compound. A compound is a chemical substance in which two or more elements are joined together. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. Elements, either alone or joined together as compounds, make up every object. The elements sodium and chlorine join together to make table salt.
Sodium is represented by the symbol "Na," and chlorine is represented by the symbol "Cl." Because one atom (smallest unit that has all the chemical and physical characteristics of an element) of sodium joins with one atom of chlorine, table salt is represented by the symbol "NaCl."
The need for salt
All animals, including humans, require salt. Salt is needed to regulate many bodily functions including maintaining a regular heart rhythm, blood pressure, and fluid balance in the body. Additionally, salt is required for nerve cells to communicate efficiently, and for regulating the electrical charges moving into and out of cells during processes such as muscle contraction.
Shipping on Freshwater Waterways
|Ancient Egyptian boat replica
For thousands of years humans have used freshwater waterways to ship food, building materials, and goods between regions. A freshwater waterway is any low-salt body of water, such as a river, lake, or man-made canal on which ships may travel. The need for freshwater for drinking and irrigation (watering crops) led most early civilizations to develop along rivers.
Shipping on freshwater waterways continues to be a reliable and important way to transport goods. Shipping goods over waterways is slower than other forms of shipping, yet it is less expensive and allows larger loads of cargo. Therefore many heavy raw materials such as coal, oil, timber, food products, and metal are often shipped over water. Many modern cities are still located along rivers and lakes.
Shipping in ancient Egypt
The ancient Egyptians (3000 b.c.e.-30 c.e.) depended upon the Nile River for their survival. The Nile River was the only source of drinking water for most Egyptians. Its yearly floods deposited silt (fine particles smaller than sand) that fertilized Egyptians crops. The Egyptians also used the Nile as their main highway, connecting Upper Egypt in the south with Lower Egypt in the north.
Shipping on the Oceans
|Cargo ship on the ocean
Throughout recorded history, humans have relied on the oceans to ship goods quickly and efficiently. Historically, shipping on the oceans had several advantages over shipping over land. Shipping over land required moving bulky and heavy goods over mountains, across deserts, or through forests.
The location of roads often dictated where goods could be shipped. Before vehicles, land travelers also had to carry enough food and water to keep their pack animals alive, adding to the weight of their loads.
Two thousand years ago, the power of the Roman Empire was founded on the economic benefit that Rome gained from its control of trade on the Mediterranean Sea. Most of Rome's empire lay on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, which served as a highway for the trade of wine, food, timber, spices, and other valuable materials.
Surface and Groundwater Use
|Surface water - Lake Wanaka, New Zealand
Surface water is the water that lies on the surface naturally as streams, rivers, marshes, lagoons, ponds, and lakes. Surface water can also be collected and stored in containers that have been built especially for that purpose. These containers are called reservoirs. Fresh water also collects in areas of soil and rock underground. This is groundwater.
Rain falling from the sky and snow melting in the springtime can flow downhill to gather in stream or riverbeds. From there, the water flows to a lake or ocean. In other locations, the rain or melted snow is soaked up by the soil and makes its way further down into the ground because of gravity (the force of attraction between all masses in the universe).
Uses of surface and groundwater
Surface water tends to be used by humans more often than groundwater. This is because it is much easier to obtain surface water. Inserting a pipe or tube into the water and then pumping out the water is all that is needed. Sometimes, if the surface water source is located on a hillside, the water flows through the pipeline because of gravity.
Tourism on the Oceans
|Tourism on the Oceans
Human interest in the sea fuels a multi-billion dollar a year ocean tourism industry. Ocean tourism refers to pleasure travel in which the sea is the primary focus of activities. Ocean tourism comes in many forms including cruises, ecotourism, and fishing expeditions.
Cruising the oceans
Cruises are one of the most popular forms of ocean tourism. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, cruise liners were needed to carry passengers across the oceans. Many of these cruise ships—including the ill-fated Titanic, which sank in 1912 killing over 1,500 people—provided passengers a luxurious way to travel. Originally powered by steam-driven engines, most modern cruise ships use diesel fuel to power their engines.
While cruise ships were needed for Atlantic Ocean crossings, by the mid-twentieth century, air travel made ocean crossings cheaper and faster. An airplane can cross the Atlantic in several hours instead of the one week required by most cruise ships. Cruise lines could no longer promote their services as providing a means of travel to and from vacation. (A cruise line is a company that owns one or more cruise ships.)
Transportation on the Oceans
|Transportation on the Oceans
For thousands of years, oceans provided one of the fastest and most valuable forms of transportation. By 3200 b.c.e., Egyptian ships made of reeds (tall, woody grass) used sails to travel along the coast of northern Africa. Over the centuries, ocean-going ships became larger and faster.
Around 1000 b.c.e. the Vikings explored the coast of Canada in sailboats. Spanish ships explored the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. British tall ships carried settlers to the Americas, Asia, Australia, and Africa in the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries.
Until the mid-twentieth century, ships were the only mode of transportation for ocean crossings. The rise of air transportation after 1930 reduced the role of ocean-going vessels in transportation. Airplanes provided a quicker and often cheaper way to move people great distances, which caused the types of vessels and purposes of ocean transportation to change.
Whaling, which is the hunting and killing of whales, is an activity that dates back centuries. Native people like the Macah, Nootka, and Coastal Salish of the Pacific Northwest are known to have hunted whales nearly 2,000 years ago. Whaling became popular with Europeans when they colonized North America in the late 1600s.
By 1672, whaling parties were organized off of Cape Cod in Massachusetts and off of Long Island in New York. However, by the early 1700s, the number of whales that close to shore had already begun to decline, so larger ships called sloops were developed that could capture whales farther off shore.
In the late 1800s, whaling had become a thriving commercial industry. Two of the most commonly hunted whales were the right whale and the sperm whale. The right whale was so named because it was the "right" whale to catch.
Dangerous Waters
|Giant whirpool
Ever since humans first took to the seas thousands of years ago, sailors have faced numerous dangers. Ancient civilizations tried to explain these dangerous conditions by claiming that they were the work of angry gods or monsters.
While scientific explanations have been advanced for dangerous phenomena such as high waves, hurricanes, and treacherous ocean currents (steady flows of water in a prevailing direction), many lives are still lost in the water each year, mainly due to drowning or hypothermia.
Hypothermia is a condition where the core body temperature becomes too cold to function properly. Prolonged exposure to waters that may initially seem warm, between 70°-80°F (21°-27° C), can cause death from hypothermia.
Recreation in and on Freshwaters
|Fishing in freshwater
Fishing and swimming
Fishing is one of the most popular freshwater activities, with over 44 million anglers (people who fish) in the United States. Fish live in almost every lake, river, and stream in the United States, which makes fishing possible for most Americans.
There are two main types of freshwater fishing: fly fishing and spin fishing. The form of fishing used depends on location, the type of fish, and the body of water. Fly fishing is most popular on rivers and streams. Popular types of fish for freshwater fly fishing include trout, bass, and salmon.
When fly fishing, the weight of the fishing line carries the fly, or lure, out into the stream. A series of arm motions whip the fishing line overhead like a bullwhip, simulating the movement of the prey. Fly fishers lure fish with artificial flies and other artificial water-loving insects that are the natural prey of river fish.
Recreation in and on the Oceans
Every year, Americans spend billions of dollars and a large amount of their spare time on recreational activities in and on the oceans. Among others, popular ocean-based activities include swimming, snorkeling, scuba diving, sailing, fishing, and surfing.
In the ocean
Swimming is one of the most popular forms of ocean recreation. Millions of Americans visit the beach every year to swim in the ocean. While swimming, beachgoers participate in snorkeling. Snorkeling, or skin diving, is a form of diving in which the diver swims at or near the surface of the water.
Skin diving is simply holding one's breath underwater for as long as possible. The diver can remain underwater for long periods by breathing through a snorkel, which is a hollow tube attached to a mouthpiece. The snorkel juts out above the surface of the ocean, allowing the diver to breathe surface air through the snorkel like a straw.
Arid Climates
|Arid climates
An arid climate is one that receives less than 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) of rainfall in an entire year. Deserts are areas that are arid. Although the most familiar image of a desert involves hot sand, the Arctic North and Antarctica are also deserts, as they also receive little moisture, usually in the form of snow.
In contrast, the island of Fiji receives drenching rains for several months of the year, and is located in a tropical area of the world. Fiji receives an astounding 120 inches of rain each year, more than ten times the rainfall that falls in arid areas.
The rain that falls in an arid climate is sporadic and when it does fall, it is usually in the form of a thunderstorm. Flash floods are frequently a danger in arid climates after thunderstorms as the dry, compact soil cannot absorb water quickly enough to capture the rain. Streams swell with water for a few hours and then dry up again until the next cloudburst.
Exploration of the Oceans
|Exploration of the Oceans
For centuries, exploration of the oceans was primarily limited to exploration on the surface of the oceans. Explorers sailed or rowed ships across the seas in search of new lands or natural resources.
Biological limits prevented humans from exploring beneath the surface. Three main issues prevented humans from exploring great depths of the ocean. First, humans must breathe air to survive, and humans can hold their breath for several minutes or less.
This does not provide much time to dive, explore, and return to the water's surface. Second, the weight of water increases greatly as a diver descends into deep water. Finally, water temperature decreases with increasing depths. The temperature near the ocean floor is near freezing.
Water and Cultures in the Ancient World
|Ancient Egyptian Temple, Island of Philae, Nile River, Egypt
Water was the center of life in many ancient cultures. In Greek mythology, one of the most ancient and powerful gods was Neptune, the god of the sea. Ancient Greek literature, such as The Odyssey by Homer (about 800 b.c.e.), mentions sea monsters, whirlpools, and harrowing voyages upon the sea. In India, the Ganges River was considered sacred from historical accounts over 3000 years old.
To the ancient Egyptian, the Nile River was the political, economic, and life-sustaining center of their kingdom. Without the Nile, Egypt would be as barren as its nearby deserts. Ancient civilizations' respect for water grew from their absolute need for water. Like today, water sustained life in many ways.
Seafaring in the ancient world
Ancient cities constructed beside the sea based their economies on the nearby water. Fishing, exploration, trade, and warfare necessitated shipbuilding. Shipbuilding was one of the most important crafts of the ancient world.
Water and Cultures in the Modern World
|Sidney opera house
Water plays an important role in shaping the modern world. Cities are built on water. Humans rely on water for cooking, drinking, washing, transportation, trade, energy, irrigation (watering crops), and recreation.
The use of water in the modern world has also created problems. Population growth and advancements in technology threaten the world's water supply. Overfishing and pollution stress many of the world's seas, and shortages of water stress human populations in arid (extremely dry) lands.
Cities and ports
Most cities are located beside water, Coastal areas in particular boast large cities. Eight out of the top ten most populous cities in the world lie on the coast. Nearly 44% of the world's population lives within 100 miles (161 kilometers) of a coast.
|Flooding fields with water
In countries like the United States, where some states are dotted with countless lakes and many people live within easy reach of an ocean, it may be easy to assume that drinking and recreational waters are limitless. This is not the case.
In many areas of the world, water is a preciously limited resource and in some cases, water scarcity is the result of human activity. In many countries in which the water supply is scare, water is being used faster than it is being renewed, often for agriculture or to supply water for a growing population.
Agricultural overuse
About 30% of all the freshwater used in the United States and 60% of the world's available supply of freshwater is used to grow crops. Crops require a large volume of water for production. For example, to produce 2.2 pounds (1 kilogram) of rice requires about a bathtub full of water.
Sediment Contamination
|Sediment Contamination
The bottom of streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, mudflats, and even oceans is made up of materials that were deposited there by the natural forces of currents (a constant flow of water in a predominant direction), gravity (attraction between two masses), and flows of incoming streams and rivers. This material, consisting of soil, pebbles, silt, clay and other material, is known as sediment.
Sedimentation (the deposit of sediments) becomes a problem if it is contaminated by toxic (poisonous) chemicals or harmful microorganisms. Just as soil and other material is carried to the bottom of water bodies, harmful chemicals or organisms can collect on the sediments.
The problem of sediment contamination is increasing in many areas throughout the world. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a survey across the country in 1998 in which they found hundreds of contaminated sites.
Species Introduction
|Species Introduction
Daily life in most environments, including the watery environments of salty oceans and freshwater streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands is a balance between all the living things in the particular environment (ecosystem). Changing the mix of these living things can upset the ecosystem and have undesirable consequences.
Sometimes the change is accidental. A new species (a classification of related organisms that can reproduce) can happen to find its way into a new environment where the conditions include plenty of food, few enemies, and an ideal temperature.
The change can also be deliberate, due to humans' attempts to control one undesirable species by adding another. Sometimes, the introduced species thrives in the environment and becomes the dominant species.
Water Conservation
soil, air, forests, minerals, petroleum, wildlife, and water—one of humans' most essential resources.
Water conservation can be as simple as one person using water sparingly during a drought (prolonged period of dry weather), or as complex as a multi-national committee de veloping a long-term water distribution plan for an entire continent.
The word conservation means different things to different people, and a workable conservation plan for a particular region or resource usually involves a compromise between several interest groups. Consider, for example, a forest. To a logging company, forest conservation means developing a system of cutting and replanting healthy, fast-growing trees that ensures continuing profits.
To a forest ecologist (a person who studies relationship between organisms and their environment) it means restoring a forest to a more natural state that supports a healthy community of plants and animals, along with protecting its most fragile areas and species. To a homeowner conservation means preserving the natural beauty of the forest and safeguarding property from forest fires. And to a preservationist it means letting nature manage the forest with little or no human intervention.
Water conservation can be as simple as one person using water sparingly during a drought (prolonged period of dry weather), or as complex as a multi-national committee de veloping a long-term water distribution plan for an entire continent.
The word conservation means different things to different people, and a workable conservation plan for a particular region or resource usually involves a compromise between several interest groups. Consider, for example, a forest. To a logging company, forest conservation means developing a system of cutting and replanting healthy, fast-growing trees that ensures continuing profits.
To a forest ecologist (a person who studies relationship between organisms and their environment) it means restoring a forest to a more natural state that supports a healthy community of plants and animals, along with protecting its most fragile areas and species. To a homeowner conservation means preserving the natural beauty of the forest and safeguarding property from forest fires. And to a preservationist it means letting nature manage the forest with little or no human intervention.
Water Pollution
For instance, in certain lakes and rivers when acid rain (rain polluted with acidic chemicals) falls upon them, toxic (poisonous) metals that cause fish to die are released from sediments (particles of soil, sand, and minerals, and animal or plant matter washed from land into water). These metals—chromium, aluminum, and mercury are just a few—are harmful to fish.
But humans would have to ingest much larger quantities than the aquatic or marine life. The toxins also accumulate in the tissues of fish as they eat other fish (ingest) or plants containing toxins. If one were to catch and eat a fish that has a high content of toxins in them the human is affected too.
Metals are not the only pollutants that are of concern, as evidenced by oil spills hat kill marine life in large quantities and persist on beaches and in sediments for a long time. Industrial processes produce harmful waste, and often this is discharged into a nearby stream, river, or ocean. There are many ways to cause pollution and many types of pollutants.
A watershed is a connected series of streams, rivers, and lakes that collects water from a specific area of land. Watersheds are important habitats for animals and plants, and offer a source of drinking and recreational water for many communities.
The quality of the water in a watershed, also sometimes referred to as the health of the watershed, is important to preserve or remediate (to repair after damage). Water quality generally refers to the appearance, smell, and, above all, ability to serve as drinking water (a quality known as potability).
At the beginning of the twentieth century, most watersheds were unaffected by man-made pollution; pollution occurred only from natural sources such as animal waste. Before increased levels of man-made contamination, most watersheds were able to dilute pollutants or filter them out through surrounding wetlands (grassy areas that hold water throughout most of the year).
Endangered Species Laws
|Endangered Species
A species (group of like organisms that can reproduce) is listed as endangered if it is in immediate danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its habitat. Fossils show that many plants and animals have become extinct over millions of years.
As of 2004, there are about 400 animals and 600 plants that are native to the United States listed as endangered. Over 125 animals and nearly 150 plants are currently listed as threatened. A species is listed as threatened if that species is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.
Many species of plants and animals become endangered and extinct naturally, usually due to changes in climate or loss of food sources. However, over the last several centuries, humans have posed a new threat to plants and animals. Human activities have resulted in the extinction of thousands of species.
Exclusive Economic Zones
|Exclusive Economic Zones by country
For centuries, coastal nations have sought control over the oceans near their shores. These countries have also sought the right to control the ocean's valuable resources as coastal nations have long valued coastal waters with large amounts of fish. Fishing is important for food and trade.
Coastal nations quickly realized that they must control and defend their coastal waters in order to protect their ocean resources. In modern day, countries have established exclusive economic zones, or EEZs. An EEZ gives a coastal nation the sole right to explore and extract all natural resources from the ocean for 200 miles (322 kilometers) off its shores. That nation also has the duty to conserve and responsibly use the ocean resources within its EEZ.
Establishing territorial waters
By the seventeenth century, laws governing the ocean began to develop. The ocean was divided into two categories: territorial waters and the open ocean. Territorial waters are the part of the ocean just off a nation's coast over which that nation may exercise any right.
Fishing, Commercial Regulation (Fresh and Salt Water)
|Fishing boat
Fishing regulations are government restrictions on where and how fish may be caught. Typically fishing regulations address the time of year, place, and how many fish of a certain type of fish may be caught. Commercial fishers have to follow many fishing regulations. A commercial fisher is a company that seeks to make a profit from the sale of fish.
Commercial fishing regulations are necessary
Worldwide, one out of every five people relies on fish as their primary source of protein. A decrease in fish populations could lead to malnutrition in human populations. Fishing is also economically important, as over 200 million people work in the fishing industry. Fishing regulation seek to minimize the decrease in fish populations and harm done to the ocean environment.
Overfishing. Until the mid-1800s humans did not have the ability or the need to catch extremely large numbers of fish.Advancements in fishing capabilities and technology changed this situation. In the mid-nineteenth century, steam powered ships began to replace sailboats. Steam ships could travel faster and remain at sea for long periods, catching more fish than sailboats. In the twentieth century, diesel powered ships replaced steam ships. Diesel ships could travel faster and farther than steam ships.
Nonprofit International Organizations
|Nonprofit International Organizations
An international organization is a group that includes two or more countries and that operates in more than one country. Non-profit organizations operate for the public good, rather than for monetary gain.
Many international non-profit organizations share the latest techniques and knowledge about managing the water resources of the world. These international organizations focus mainly on improving the water supply, preventing and treating water pollution, and educating the public about conserving water.
A significant part of humanity, especially in developing countries, lives in areas where water is in short supply. Over 1 billion people in the world are without access to enough water, and over one-third of all people on Earth lack proper sanitation facilities, including the means to purify water and wastewater (water used by humans, animals, or industry). As a result, more than 3 million people die each year from diseases caused by contaminated water.
International Water Laws and Enforcement
international laws come into effect after the participating nations sign a treaty. A treaty is an international agreement between two or more nations in written form and governed by international law.
United Nations Law of the Sea
Until the twentieth century, nations did not have the ability to protect their coastlines and waters for a great distance. Nations also did not require or have the ability to use vast amounts of ocean resources, such as fish or crude oil. For these reasons nations observed only a 3-mile (4.8-kilometer) territorial water zone until 1900. A territorial water zone is an area off the coast or on a nation's border in which a nation can defend and enforce its laws.
By 1850, military progress enabled nations to defend waters far beyond the traditional 3 mile (4.8 kilometer) territorial waters. Modern fishing ships also had the ability to remain at sea for months at a time and catch tons of fish. These developments led many nations to consider extending their territorial waters.
After the discovery of oil and natural gas deposits under the ocean floor, the United States, in 1945, became the first nation to abandon the 3-mile (4.8 kilometer) territorial waters limit. Other nations soon joined the race to claim as much of the ocean and its resources as they could.
United Nations Law of the Sea
Until the twentieth century, nations did not have the ability to protect their coastlines and waters for a great distance. Nations also did not require or have the ability to use vast amounts of ocean resources, such as fish or crude oil. For these reasons nations observed only a 3-mile (4.8-kilometer) territorial water zone until 1900. A territorial water zone is an area off the coast or on a nation's border in which a nation can defend and enforce its laws.
By 1850, military progress enabled nations to defend waters far beyond the traditional 3 mile (4.8 kilometer) territorial waters. Modern fishing ships also had the ability to remain at sea for months at a time and catch tons of fish. These developments led many nations to consider extending their territorial waters.
After the discovery of oil and natural gas deposits under the ocean floor, the United States, in 1945, became the first nation to abandon the 3-mile (4.8 kilometer) territorial waters limit. Other nations soon joined the race to claim as much of the ocean and its resources as they could.
Aqueducts are man-made conduits constructed to carry water. The term aqueduct comes from words meaning "to lead water" in Latin, the language of the Romans who were the first builders of large aqueducts. Aqueducts carry water from natural sources, such as springs, into cities and towns for public use.
The first aqueducts
Wells, rivers, lakes, and streams are the oldest sources of water. In the ancient world however, rivers and lakes were also sometimes used as places to dispose of sewage and trash. Water from rivers that flowed though several villages often carried disease-causing organisms. Aqueducts provided a way for a plentiful supply of clean water to be piped into cities.
The earliest aqueducts were also used to transport water for irrigation (watering crops). Aqueducts were used in ancient India, Persia, Assyria, and Egypt as early as 700 b.c.e. The Romans, however, are regarded as the most famous ancient aqueduct builders.
Dams and Reservoirs
Dams are structures that restrict the flow of water in a river or stream. Both streams and rivers are bodies of flowing surface water driven by gravity that drain water from the continents.
Once a body of flowing surface water has been slowed or stopped, a reservoir or lake collects behind the dam. Dams and reservoirs exist in nature, and man-made water control structures are patterned after examples in the natural word.
Many lakes are held back by rock dams created by geologic events such as volcanic eruptions, landslides or the upward force of Earth that creates mountains. Humans and beavers alike have discovered how to modify their natural environment to suit their needs by constructing dams and creating artificial lakes.
|Dubai's massive desalination plant
Approximately 97% of Earth's water is either sea water or brackish water (a mixture of salt and fresh water). Humans and other animals cannot drink salt water and to do so can bring on dehydration (the loss of the body's existing water) that can lead to illness and in extreme cases, death.
Desalination is the process of removing salt from seawater to make it drinkable (drinkable water is also called potable water) or to make it useable for irrigation (watering fields and crops).
Natural desalination occurs everyday as a part of the world's hydrologic cycle. As salt water from the oceans evaporates (changes from liquid to gas), the salt is left behind and the water that moves into the atmosphere is fresh water. Thus, the water in clouds that eventually falls as rain is fresh water.
Hydropower is energy that is generated by moving water. Today, hydropower facilities make electricity by converting kinetic (moving) energy into mechanical (machine) energy as water flows in a river or over a dam. Electricity made at hydropower facilities can be carried away, via power transmission lines, and sold to homes and businesses. Hydropower is a relatively inexpensive, non-polluting form of renewable energy.
Canada and the United States are currently the world's top hydroelectric producers. Other countries that use hydropower on a large scale include Brazil, China, Russia, Norway, Japan, India, Iceland, Sweden, and France. Hydropower produces about 10% of United States' electricity, in contrast to Norway, who generates nearly 99% of its electricity from hydropower.
Hydropower is used nationwide, but is primarily used in the western coastal United States where other energy resources such as coal are limited. Hydropower is important to the United States economy because it supplies electricity to a growing population and industry.
Ports and Harbors
|Hongkong harbor
Peoples of ancient civilizations often built their cities on the shores of natural harbors. A harbor is place on the coastline that is protected from the full effects of tide and currents (a steady flow of ocean waters in a prevailing direction).
Harbors are often shaped like horseshoes. They are surrounded by land with a narrow opening through which ships can pass. Man-made harbors use structures such as walls or barriers built into the water to protect anchored ships from tide or storm damage.
Building cities near harbors permitted the construction of ports for trade. A port is a place on a shoreline for the loading and unloading of cargo from shipping vessels. Ports can be located on the ocean coast or on the shores of lakes and rivers. Cities with working ports are also called seaports or port cities.
Tide Energy
Tides are twice-daily rises and falls of water level relative to land. Ocean tides can produce strong currents (a steady flow of ocean waters in a prevailing direction) along some coastlines. Humans have sought to harness the kinetic (motion-induced) energy of the tides for hundreds of years.
Residents of coastal England and France have used tidal energy to turn water wheels and generate mechanical energy for grain mills since the eleventh century. In modern day, tidal currents are used to generate electricity.
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New 2017 Chevrolet Cruze Sedan LS (Automatic)
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At Chevrolet/Cadillac of Bend, we believe two things. Integrity isn't built overnight & respect is something a car dealership earns by the way it treats people over time. We are committed to earning customers for life. That means we respect your time, treat you like a neighbor, listen to what you want, & give you the straightforward information you need to make an intelligent decision. That's the way business should be done. Just like the Chevrolet cars & trucks we sell, Chevy of Bend runs deep.
Plus license and title, and $115 title and registration processing fee. Not all sales at MSRP. Price contains all applicable dealer incentives and non-limited factory rebates. You may qualify for additional rebates; see dealer for details.

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I just ran thru the steps in Quick Start. I chose plain text because I dont know how to convert text to HTML. Am I correct to assume this means my email would not be sent in a template but as a "text only" email? if so, how do convert text to HTML and put it in a template and customize the template??
No jabs at the no-tech-skills guy please!
Hi, thanks for trying Campaign Monitor.
You are right, if you choose text only, we just send a plain text email. To create an html email you will need to use an html editor like CoffeeCup HTML or similar.
Campaign Monitor is really aimed at web designer who have these skills already, so if you don't have those skills, you might find it a bit frustrating. We do offer [http://www.campaignmonitor.com/templates]templates[/url] but you would need to edit those in an html editor too.
Another option is to find a helpful web designer (try this thread) and have them customise a template for you. They can set you up on MailBuild and then you can add the content using the online editor and send your campaigns. That might work better for you.


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A summer in Italy turns into a road trip across Tuscany in this sweeping debut novel filled with romance, mystery, and adventure.
Lina is spending the summer in Tuscany, but she isn't in the mood for Italy's famous sunshine and fairy-tale landscape. She's only there because it was her mother's dying wish that she get to know her father. But what kind of father isn't around for 16 years? All Lina wants to do is get back home.
But then Lina is given a journal that her mom had kept when she lived in Italy. Suddenly Lina's uncovering a magical world of secret romances, art, and hidden bakeries. A world that inspires Lina, along with the ever-so-charming Ren, to follow in her mother's footsteps and unearth a secret that has been kept from Lina for far too long. It's a secret that will change everything she knew about her mother, her father - and even herself.
People come to Italy for love and gelato, someone tells her, but sometimes they discover much more.
©2016 Jenna Evans Welch (P)2016 Simon & Schuster
This book was fantastic! I couldn't put down. I recommend it for an enjoyable listen.
"Fun summer story"
Great story! Clean, simple writing easy to follow and not complicated. Fun story for summer listeninf.
"Never read anything better!"
This book was straight up amazing. I don't think I have listened to a better book. If you love drama, a hint of mystery and romance, this book is for you. Love and Gelato was read great and smooth. Thank you so much!
"Not what I thought it would be..."
This book has so many positive reviews. I chose this book because of the backdrop - Italy (Florence) But I was disappointed with this. I didn't realize that the character was only 16-ish. I just couldn't relate being older.
Maybe if I was in high school I would appreciate it more.
I like to read VERY much .. I'm obsessed with reading I don't have time to actually read a book so I've been a listener for three years now
"So Cute :D"
ahh what better way to spend your day than falling in love in Italy :D, I just adored this book so darn much and it gave me a big smile until the very last word .. I just loved Lina's character and Ren and Howard .. ahhh Howard, this guy made it to my top fictional father ever :D .. most recommended for a light fluffy read with some edge to it about dealong with grieve and heartbreak, but its moatly cute
"Lovely story!"
Listened to it in one sitting, so good. Lovely story and narration. Worth the credit! Totally recommend it!
"Sweet love story"
Nothing complicated, but a fun sweet read! Love the setting in Firenze and the art references.
"Cute story, light fun read that could've been better."
I didn't hate this book....starting out like that might make you think contrary but I really didn't. It was a really lighthearted story, that tried to get deep but had trouble executing. It has a very promising set up, as Italy is a great location for young love. But the author just couldn't quite get deep enough. It was too fast paced and slow all at once. I found myself in the last 1/2 hour of the book wondering when things were going to finally be resolved, or at least seem close. Because of this the ending felt incredibly rushed. For a relatively long book, I felt things could've started wrapping up sooner. In my opinion, the author just has some growing to do. The foundation was there! But something was missing in the writing. Like I said, it's a cute book! But did it live up to expectations? Not at all.
I love being read to.
"Love, Gelato and More!"
Italy also stood out to me as a vital character in this story. I wasn't particularly wanting a young adult novel, but everything about it flowed as beaurifully as a ride in Tuscany. It was very satisfying to be taken back to the my favorite travel destination.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


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Aldys was a native to the planet Mercan, and one of the six Guardians of the planet. She was actively involved in surpressing the Technics ideals to save the planet from the Ordeal created by the star Mercaniad.
Following the USS Enterprise's intervention in shortening the Ordeal and saving the planet in the year 2269, Aldys was charged with explaining the reasoning of the shortened Ordeal to the people of Mercan. (TOS novel: The Abode of Life)


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7 weeks post op, Revision? (photos)
Doctor Answers 6
2 months post op, some advices:
Breast augmentation and lift
That being said, I feel you should continue following up with your surgeon. The breasts are certainly higher than they were pre op, but may not be elevated as high as you desire.
Breast Implant Revision/Breast Augmentation/Anatomic Gummy Bear Implants/ Silicone Implants/Breast Implant Revision Surgery
Learn more: http://beverlyhillsbreastandbodyinstitute.com
You might also like...
Breast Lift with Implants
Based on your photos, I agree with your concerns and you may want to candidly discuss revision with your surgeon. It is early in the postoperative period though so I recommend you wait at least another month before proceeding with surgical revision.
Learn more: https://www.stevenwallachmd.com/breast/breast-lift/
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Re: William Bale, England to Illinois in 1821
In reply to:
William Bale, England to Illinois in 1821
Sally Eichhorn 8/26/03
Hi Sally,
I just found my GGGrandparents Michael and Catherine Bale.They were from Ireland but settled in Illinois for awhile before moving on to Iowa.Their first son, John,born in RockfordCo. Illinois July 10, 1853.Do you perhaps have this family in the Bale History Book that you mention.
There are also German connections---
John married Mary Donnely in Jasper Co. Iowa.Their son Leo P. Bale married Dora Bunse, whose parents, Fred and Henrietta (Flamma) Bunse were both from Germany.The father born in Helminghausen and mother born in Stormbraugh.Do you have these people in the book.
Thank you for posting and offering to share what you have.If these are listed or written about, would you please share with me.I will gladly pay copying expenses or if you are able to scan and e-mail, that's good also.
SincerelyBonnie Bale email@example.com


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Caldarale, Charles R" <Chuck.Caldar...@unisys.com>
|RE: Tomcat error: It is not available the ServletAction
|Thu, 02 Apr 2009 14:30:05 GMT
> From: Christopher Schultz [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] > Subject: Re: Tomcat error: It is not available the ServletAction > > Apache Cocoon, for instance, ships with xercesImpl-2.9.1.jar > (actual Xerces) along with xml-apis-1.3.04.jar (the org.w3c.*, > org.xml.* and javax.xml.* interfaces, etc.) provided as part > of the webapp's libraries. O.k., good to know. Have the class names changed since the version the OP is using was delivered? The various mailing lists are littered with stories of class conflict problems due to having multiple XML parser jars visible in a given classloader's path, especially on a 1.5 or newer JRE. Note that the Tomcat 5.5 compatibility package for running with a 1.4 JRE consists primarily of the Xerces implementation and XML API definition jars, which are built-in to 1.5; leaving the compatibility package installed when switching from a 1.4 to a 1.5 JRE definitely does cause problems. - Chuck THIS COMMUNICATION MAY CONTAIN CONFIDENTIAL AND/OR OTHERWISE PROPRIETARY MATERIAL and is thus for use only by the intended recipient. If you received this in error, please contact the sender and delete the e-mail and its attachments from all computers.
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A long story has led to me needing to indentify (today!) a reliable (and reasonable) cable installer for our office in Van Nuys, CA. We're probably looking for 20 drops.
Any recommendations?
3 Replies
Jan 8, 2010 at 11:44 UTC
Good Day Ken,
Give this person a try. I have worked with him in the past and he does good work. Pricing is fair. He can give you an estimate prior to doing the work so you can shop around.
Gasper Campos
Fusion Networking and Technology
13363 Saticoy Street
Suite 104
North Hollywood, CA 91605
+1 (818) 742-5780 or +1 (877) 503-8746
Jan 9, 2010 at 9:37 UTC
Thanks Carlos. Appreciate the reply.
Jun 8, 2010 at 11:02 UTC
Here another who comes very highly recommended:
ph :(818) 242--2000
fax :(818) 241-6880
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This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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Welcome to Amsterdam!
It is a privilege to welcome you to the campus of the International School of Amsterdam and to the 2016 NECIS Volleyball and Football Tournament.
This year's tournament is the result of a great deal of planning by the Athletic Directors of all the NECIS schools, but especially by ISA's Athletic Director, Marianne de Haan. I know you will join me in thanking all of the Athletic Directors, school representatives, and our sponsors who have done so much to make this year's tournament possible. I must not forget to mention the dedicated team of Parent Boosters who do so much to ensure that there are plenty ofrefreshments available throughout the tournament days. No easy task, that!
At the end of the tournament only a very few teams will hold a champions' trophy for their sport and division. But winning the championship, while wonderful, is really not the primary reason we are all here this weekend. The NECIS tournaments were created many years ago to offer our students an opportunity to learn the value of working together as a team. And, because of the international nature of our participating schools, with so many student athletes from around the world, each NECIS athlete has an incredibly exciting opportunity to make new friends and to extend his or her personal horizon. Do take time to get to know the student athletes from the other schools.
We at ISA welcome all of you to this special weekend of athletic competition. We welcome student athletes and their friends and families, athletic directors, coaches, school administrators, and the students of the NECIS schools to this year's tournament. We wish all of you a fantastic tournament filled with great competition and the good sportsmanship that has long been the hallmark of the NECIS tournaments. And, of course, we wish you a memorable stay in our interesting city. Please do let us know if there is anything we can do to help make your time with us more enjoyable and comfortable.
Let the games begin!
Edward E. Greene, Ph.D.
Thursday 10 November
Friday 11 November
Saturday 12 November
Junior Varsity Site:
Sportlaan 23
1185 TB Amstelveen
Tel. 020-6412696
Varsity Site:
VV Amstelveen-Heemraad
Sportlaan 33
1185 TB Amstelveen
Tel. 020-6452443
On Thursday and Friday Nov 10 and 11, all busses and visitors are requested to park at Parking Oost (this is at the corner of van der Hoop laan and Sportlaan. (It is located between ISA and the JV Soccer site). It is only a few hundred meters walk. On Saturday all busses and visitors are welcome to park at the ISA parking lot.
Please find here a map of the venue.
International School of Amsterdam
Antwerp International School
Bonn International School
Copenhagen International School
International School of Dusseldorf
American School of the Hague
International School of Hamburg
International School of Luxembourg
American International School of Rotterdam
Sigtunaskolan Humanistika Läroverket
International School of Stavanger
Please click on the link to access the schedule.
Click here for the tournament map.
In case we need to run a rain schedule: games on Field 3 will be move. Find the rain schedule here.
Please see the relevant section in the by-laws.
Every player will receive a tournament patch.
Team trophies will be awarded to those schools finishing in 1st, 2nd and 3rd place.
Medals will be awarded to all players on a team finishing in 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th place.
A team trophy will be awarded to the plate winner.
All parents of athletes will be informed by their AD about accommodation.
Grand Hotel Amstelveen
Bovenkerkerweg 80
1187 XC Amstelveen
Tel: +31-20-6455558
*The rooms are on availability basis only. Don't wait too long to book as it seems to be a busy weekend in Amsterdam! Please mention International School when you book.
Click on the link for a map with hotel locations close to the venue.
Packed lunches will be provided for all teams and coaches. Food and drinks will be on sale at all sites during the tournament.


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Hey-ho, it's still me! After all this time I'm back with good news about my parents and my hobby. Sorry for I'm lost, but sometimes it was difficult and thorny way.
My parents bought new premises for restaurant, bigger than before and really stylish! We have many clients, at evenings especially. Chinese food is so popular in Miami, because it's fast, delicious and spicy.
Yesterday my best friend Jamie asked me: «Hey Jackal, which cooking you want to teach after Chinese?» And, hmmm, it's good question because I don't know. Japanise – yep, it's cool and special, Italian – maybe, it's a chic. But maybe Norwegian or Swedish?
North cooking in trend right now, but it's very hard to make. What do you think, my followers?


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Directors:Glenn Ficarra, John Requa Writer:Dan Fogelman Stars:Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling, Julianne Moore Ratings: 7,5/10 from 290.894 users Motion Picture Rating (MPAA) Rated PG-13 Genres:Comedy | Drama | Romance Country:USA Language:English Release Date:29 July 2011 (USA) Subtitles: English Other Details: IMDb Storyline : Cal (Steve Carell) and Emily (Julianne Moore) have the perfect life together living the American dream… until Emily asks for a divorce. Now Cal, Mr Husband, has to navigate the single scene with a little help from his professional bachelor friend Jacob Palmer (Ryan Gosling). Make that a lot of help.
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Foliage Report
Current Foliage Report
Oct. 19, 2016
Lake Placid/High Peaks Region:
Foliage in Lake Placid is past peak. Mostly vivid orange and golds. The colors are still vivid in spots but the wind may likely take a lot of the leaves. It's all weather dependent at this point. By the weekend the color will likely be unpredictable. The lower elevations in Keene and into the Lake Champlain Region are still filled with pretty good color.
Past Reports:
Oct. 13, 2016
Lake Placid/High Peaks Region:
Lake Placid will be past peak this weekend, but a few trees are still in the process of changing and there is still some very good color. Spotters are remarking that this has been the best year for color anyone can remember. Oranges, yellows, bronze, reds, deep purple and still some greens are dominating the hillsides. The red maples and oranges of the sugar maples are incredibly vibrant this year.
Oct. 4, 2016
Lake Placid/High Peaks Region:
Lake Placid area leaves are currently at peak and we expect excellent color to remain through the weekend and beyond. Reds and yellows predominate, with the brilliant orange of the sugar maples beginning to emerge. The hillsides are ablaze with various shades of brilliant golds, corals, bright reds, glowing yellows and light wheats. Many pockets of trees still possess their dark green leaves as they begin to change alongside their already peaked neighbors. The brilliance is high among the 85 - 90% of trees that have changed. Color will continue well past the weekend, depending on the weather and any wind events.
Sept. 28, 2016
Lake Placid/High Peaks Region:
Foliage will reach near peak in some areas by this weekend. It is very area dependent. Some hillsides have vast amounts of relatively brilliant color with oranges, yellows and crimsons predominating. Other hillsides have very little color change as of yet leading us to believe the late foliage changing will continue at the current pace, allowing the season to stretch out a little more than normal. There are lots of opportunities for spectacular foliage photos, which will continue into the next couple of weeks at least, barring any heavy wind storms.
Sept. 22, 2016
Lake Placid/High Peaks Region:
Color is still very spotty. Muted mustards and some yellows are visible, along with isolated scarlets on the few red maples beginning to change. Sugar maples have yet to show their normal bright oranges in any numbers. Brilliance is low at this point overall, but spots of brilliance exist in isolated spots. Estimate is for approximately 25% or slightly more change for the weekend.
Autumn Comes Early in the Adirondacks
The fall foliage season in the Adirondacks is fast approaching. We're experiencing warm autumn days with cool nights (dipping to the mid-30s to low 40s) that start the vibrant color change we look for in deciduous trees and shrubs. In the High Peaks Region around Lake Placid, peak foliage viewing typically occurs during the last two weeks of September while the autumn colors bloom later in the lower elevations along Lake Champlain and parts of Hamilton County.
Changing Colors
So, you've probably asked yourself the age-old question, "Why do the leaves change color and what is the timing?" Every autumn we're asked this question numerous times in our Visitor Center.
Green leaves are green because of the pigment called chlorophyll. It is produced by capturing solar rays and using that energy to make the plant's food, which is basically simple sugars. They are the only source of carbohydrates, which are the basis of a plant's growth and development. Since there is so much chlorophyll in the leaves during the growing season, the predominant color of the leaf is green, although the other colors are really there, just not visible as the green is so dominant.
Late in the summer season, the hours of daylight shorten and air temperatures become cooler. The veins in the leaves slowly close off at the base, reducing the fluid intake to the leaf. During this period, chlorophyll levels gradually decrease, and the leaf slowly loses the green pigment, allowing the other colors to become visible. Voila! Spectacular fall foliage. Some years the color is more brilliant than others with differing dominant colors from year to year. Lots of factors influence this, including average rainfall, which seems like a major factor. The beauty of this variance is that it's always a surprise and we never know what it will truly look like from year to year. So come, enjoy the surprise!


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Posted by anonymous
This man is a no-nonsense man; but in a good way. He does not let ridiculous or petty details cloud the bigger picture, and stays true to his objective. I worked with this man in a child custody issue, and i was impressed with his rationale, despite my bad reputation and somewhat lacking appearances. I would definitely recommend this man.


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Journalists held at the Rixos hotel in Tripoli by armed guards loyal to Muammar al-Gaddafi were freed unharmed Wednesday.
The journalists and other captives, including a former U.S. congressman and member of India's parliament, were held for five days at the five-star Rixos hotel, controlled by pro-Gaddafi forces, while fighting raged on the streets of Libya's capital.
All were freed Wednesday after negotiating their release with the guards in a "heart to heart" discussion.
More Libya news from GlobalPost: Journalists "trapped" inside Rixos hotel
Reporting by GlobalPost's North Africa correspondent: In Libya, party gives way to concern for future
The group of more than 30 foreign journalists included staff from the BBC, CNN, Fox News, Reuters and other news organizations.
Conditions had deteriorated at the Rixos hotel, with food and clean water running low, the Guardian reports.
"It's a desperate situation," the BBC's Matthew Price, who was trapped in the hotel, told a Radio 4 program earlier Wednesday. "The situation deteriorated massively overnight when it became clear we were unable to leave the hotel of our own free will … Gunmen were roaming around the corridors … Snipers were on the roof."
Price said that an ITV cameraman who tried to leave the Rixos hotel compound "had an AK47 pulled on him."
The area around the hotel, which is near Gaddafi's Bab al-Aziziyah compound, saw heavy fighting, a rebel spokesman told Reuters.
"The smell of gunpowder hangs in the thick heat, along with sweat and a little fear. When the shooting is most intense, we take refuge in hotel's basement conference rooms," Dario Lopez-Mills of the Associated Press wrote in a dispatch filed Tuesday.
"Two satellite telephones set up on a balcony were destroyed by gunfire, so we've stopped transmitting our material. We wait and worry the gunmen could turn hostile at any moment," Lopez-Mills wrote.
"We don't know when it's going to end, and we see little of what happens."
The Rixos hotel in Tripoli is a luxury hotel that was previously used by the Libyan government for its regular news briefings, the Telegraph reports.
More Libya news from GlobalPost: Africa sticks by old friend Gaddafi


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Author: Jennifer Forman Orth
Invading your brain since 2002.
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Here's what our fearless leader was up to today (as reported by Reuters):
In a successful stab at a photo op, President Bush traveled to Florida, where he took time out from fundraising and speaking about the importance of protecting wetlands to help his brother Jeb remove invasive plants from the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. I did some digging, and it appears Bush may have been attacking melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) plants, among other invasives found at the reserve.
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1996 Lexus ES 300 Sedan - Consumer Review
Build Quality
Reliability Value
Build Quality
Reliability Value
1 of 1 people found this review helpful
I'll never buy anything other
By Miboyz2 on
Vehicle1996 Lexus ES 300 4dr Sedan
ReviewMy first car was a brand new 1987 Toyota Tercel, I kept for 4-5 yrs and I don't recall ever getting a tune up; my second car was a 1992 manual Toyota Paseo. I got 150,000 miles and the only major maintenance done was replacing the stick shift. My boys started getting taller so I looked at trucks. The Land Cruiser was way out of my league, the 4-runner was not economical, and the RAV was about 20,000 & I believe it was only 4-cylinder then. I had experienced the reliability Toyota offered and wouldn't settle for anything else just as long as it was in my budget. I did my research on only certified ES 300 and fell in love with the price and the warranty offered.
Best FeaturesMy car will be 11 yrs old in December. I have had it 9 yrs come December. I get the oil changed every 3000 miles. The most I've had to do is brakes/rotor (normal wear & tear). Just recently I had to get engine mounts and a new left cv-boot; but the car has 158,000 - 159,000 miles.
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True love-
Love is not being too obsessive with someone or being much possessive….it is about caring, loving and being true.
True love is pure and simple… like a bond. Bond which is between a mother and a son…a author and his book……nature with animals.
They understand each other deeply….they only wish the best of each other.
A mother doesn't start crying if her baby is crying…yes she can feel the pain too but she understands that if she starts crying her baby will cry more……instead she comforts the baby . She knows what is good for him. She will not always guide you she understands that u will have to face the difficulties . She wishes the best for you because she cares for u.
That is true love.
Love is all about giving and expecting nothing in return. You just have to let it flow out. It isn't about selfishness.
If you don't get a girl you start crying because you are selfish. You say it is love but according to me it is only attraction. You will not hurt other people which are close to you if you are in true love……. The only people who hurt their near ones are those who are addicted , obsessed with something .


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Accommodations in NeralSee All
If you are looking for travel information of Neral in India, you've come to the right place. After your splendid visit to Neral, you can proceed to an important near-by city of Pune. Attractions in Pune include Mahalakshmi Temple, Gateway Of India, Shree Siddhivinayak. Also, to reach Neral, you'll have to take a flight to Pune; so its not really a detour. And even if it is, the city is worth paying at least a quick visit. Tour packages of Neral are of 1 to 2 days duration.
Neral is an affair to remember, follow this apt itinerary of the place and return home with a bunch of memories.
Explore the best journey planner for your visit to Neral and create a flawless plan in few simple steps!


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(One in a series of profiles about a new player who could have a major impact for the Eagles entering training camp)
Player: Isaac Sopoaga
Height: 6-feet-2
Weight: 330 pounds
Age: 31
Position: Nose tackle
How acquired: Free agency (from San Francisco)
The skinny: The Eagles signed Sopoaga to a three-year, $11 million contract to be the anchor of the defensive line in new defensive coordinator Billy Davis' 3-4 alignment. A native of Pago Pago, the capital of American Samoa, Sopoaga was regarded as a solid, reliable player during nine seasons with the 49ers. He was a key contributor to the Niners' run to the Super Bowl last season, collecting 55 tackles and a sack during the regular season and adding eight tackles and a sack in the playoffs.
Tomorrow: Tackle Lane Johnson
David Weinberg


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Europe Grapples With Greek Debt, Euro Woes
The 16-nation eurozone is facing its biggest crisis since the common currency was created a decade ago. Markets now consider Greek debt so risky that ratings agency Standard and Poor's downgraded Greece's long- and short-term debt to junk status. Other indebted European economies, Portugal and Spain, have also been downgraded, though not as much. While Germany and France continue to work feverishly on a rescue package to Greece and the euro, some analysts say it could be too little, too late.
MICHELE NORRIS, host:
To the 16-nation eurozone now facing its biggest crisis since the common currency was created a decade ago, markets now consider Greek debt so risky that the ratings agency, Standard & Poor's, downgraded Greece's long- and short-term debt to junk status. The struggling economies of Portugal and Spain were also downgraded, though not as severely. Germany and France continue to work feverishly on a rescue package to buttress Greece and the euro, but some analysts say it could be too little, too late.
Eleanor Beardsley reports from Berlin.
Unidentified Man: (Speaking in foreign language)
ELEANOR BEARDSLEY: Europe is reeling from the rash of bad financial news. German television and newspapers were full of reports about Greek debt. We fear for our money, read one newspaper headline. Thats because Germany is the largest contributor to a $40 billion European bailout plan being put in place by German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy. But as the crisis grows, opinion polls show Germans are increasingly opposed to paying for what many consider the overspending and bad accounting practices of some of their southern neighbors.
Mr. ARA LOSEVSKY(ph) (German Businessman): They live beyond their means.
BEARDSLEY: That's German businessman Ara Losevsky. He's having a glass of wine and a cigar at a sidewalk bar in a fashionable neighborhood of former East Berlin. Losevsky fears that if Europe rescues Greece, that won't be the end of the problem.
Mr. LOSEVSKY: The next countries are Spain, Portugal and so on. We have a lot of countries - they are very dangerous finance. And I think when we help one, we must help the other one too, and then it's a hole without bottom.
BEARDSLEY: Those fears that a spiraling Greek crisis could engulf other eurozone countries overshadowed meetings today between Angela Merkel and the heads of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank.
Chancellor ANGELA MERKEL (Germany): (Speaking in foreign language)
BEARDSLEY: Speaking at a press conference, Merkel insisted that Germany would make its contribution to bailing Greece out of its financial crisis, but only if the Greek government agrees to new austerity measures in the next few days. Some of the changes include raising the retirement age to as high as 67 from around 62 and scrapping the system of two extra monthly salaries a year as bonuses.
(Soundbite of protestors)
BEARDSLEY: But austerity isn't going down well in Greece. Public sector workers went on strike in Athens, and dock workers picketed in Piraeus this week, completely blocking cruise ships full of tourists. Greek workers say they shouldnt bear the brunt of a crisis brought on by bankers and speculators.
Angel Gurria is the head of the Paris-based Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, a sort of club of industrialized nations which is advising Greece. There's no time for the blame game, says Gurria. Europeans already made that mistake with the subprime mortgage crisis.
Mr. ANGEL GURRIA (Secretary-General, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development): The subprime, it was an American, quote, unquote, "American problem," and it spread like Ebola. By the time you noticed you had it, you had to cut your leg off in order to preserve your life. It's not a question of who is to blame. The market is not waiting. The deterioration is very serious and the possibility of contagion is very, very dangerous indeed.
BEARDSLEY: Greece says it can't pay debts coming due May 19th without a combination of $60 billion in loans promised from fellow eurozone countries and the International Monetary Fund. European leaders have called for an emergency summit on May 10th to ready the funds for Greece, but Germany's portion must first be approved by the German parliament, and that won't be easy just ahead of crucial state elections on May 9th. Frank Schaeffler is a congressman for the Free Democrats, part of Merkel's governing coalition. He says he's not sure how he will vote yet, but bailout might not be the only solution.
Mr. FRANK SCHAEFFLER (Congressman, Free Democrats, Germany): (Through translator) I think it's time to tell Greece it would be good if they leave the eurozone, that they devalue their new currency and that they negotiate a debt moratorium with their creditors.
BEARDSLEY: Schaeffler says a default may in fact be the only way Greece can save itself and not drag the rest of the eurozone into the mess.
Eleanor Beardsley, NPR News, Berlin.
Copyright © 2010 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


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Author | NULL | Monday, Jan 01,1900 7:49 AM
The significance of digital audio broadcasting, which was put forth in the Ninth Plan, is likely to be firmed up further in the Tenth Plan. The Tenth Plan document is still getting finalised, but it is clear that the thrust area at AIR will be 'going digital'. To begin with, AIR is planning to go for digital satellite radio. The digital satellite channel, which would be available on the Worldspace receiver, would be beamed across SouthEast Asia also. AIR's digital satellite project is likely to take off within a couple of months and may then go into expansion mode during the next Plan period.
Digital audio broadcasting in the terrestrial mode is also something that AIR is looking at seriously. To begin with, digital audio will come to the four metros. The only hitch in this system is the high cost of the receiver. In the UK, for instance, a digital audio set costs around 100 pounds.
Despite the cost hurdle, there is no option but to go digital ultimately, according to the official. ''India cannot remain in the analog mode in isolation,'' he said. India has to necessarily switch over to digital broadcasting, he added, and therefore to an era of more spectrum and more channels.


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