text:
Development of English Teaching Material and its socio-historical context influence.
50's - early 60's
Scientific Language due to the space race,.
Language programmes focused on technical advance.. They were influenced by the behaviourism (drilling and English pattern practice)
Late 60's
Ways based on humanistic methologies. due to the hippie movement, influenced by Silent way and suggestopedia.
Input: not drilling not grammar.
Democratization of language.. Person centered methodologies.
Own unique ways of approaching language study.
The Communicative
Language Teaching movement:
Functional English.
''Users mattered, not rules''
90's- Present
Mcdonalization and neo-liberalism
Caged methodologies based on modules/units/blocks
English for the market and its money value.
Created by Daniela Gutierrez G. almost 2 years ago


text:
Study at NPTC Group
Student Clubs
NPTC Group has a number of clubs that students can join for enjoyment or support.
The Practice Company
- The group run a virtual company: they market and develop a product or service and compete against other colleges in the region on a national and an international basis
- Tuesday: 2.15pm - 4.15pm
- NG204 (Neath Campus)
- Contact name: Sharon Williams/Ann James
- International winners in New York Trade Fair 2012, New York City, USA.
The Eco Group
- Discussing sustainability issues and organising events such as fundraising
- Monday: 12.30pm - 1.00pm
- AA004 (Afan Campus)
- Contact name: Tracey Clifford.
Equally Different
- Providing an opportunity for students to discuss any issue related to E&D
- Plan and take part in activities & events such as International Women's Day, World Religion Day, HMD, White Ribbon Day, World Café Event
- Comment on NPTC Group SEP & Equality Objectives
- Provide a student perspective to DMG
- Offer support to group members and wider peer group
Between 12.15pm -1.45pm on Wednesdays: 21st Nov, 19th Dec, 6th Feb, 13th March & 24th April
- NA044a (Neath Campus)
- Contact name: Lesley Blower 8175 - firstname.lastname@example.com NB116 (Neath Campus)
- All welcome meetings are informal and on a drop-in basis to accommodate 1st and 2nd years over a lunch period. Any activities/events will be additional to the above dates and advertised by e-mail, Facebook, electronic screens, posters, etc.
NPTC Recruit & Careers Wales Workshops
- CV & Interview Techniques Workshops (1 hour each workshop). CV writing is interactive and conducted on a PC. Students have the opportunity to work within a professional CV template to update their skills/employment history, etc. Objective is to ensure students have appropriate up to date CVs. The Interview Technique Workshop is delivered through a fun method via a laptop and 'sketches of comedians'. Objective is to give examples of skills which would assist the students in an interview process.
- Meetings: this varies, but at present bi-monthly and usually on a Wednesday pm (as many students have time off on this afternoon)
- To date we have assisted over 50 students in these workshops. Whilst at present these two themes have been identified, we hope to scope out and deliver additional themes to enhance our students' employability skills.
Social/Study Skills Group
We use our time to develop skills required for independent study at College. Learners can work on any additional assignments or projects. We also set aside time to discuss issues and concerns that wouldn't necessarily affect other learners, e.g. upcoming strike days, changes in timetables or rooms, managing our time and free time. Last year, we looked at issues such as bullying and personal space and produced some booklets to help others understand how these issues are seen from an ASD perspective. Ultimately, the overall aim is to meet others and to develop interaction skills.
- Every Wednesday: 1pm - 3pm
- NG016 (Neath Campus)
- Contact name: Gemma Phillips-Richards and Susan Roberts.
Afan Campus Interact Club
Activities: Charity fundraising and social activities such as movie nights, Children in Need, Comic Relief, Sports Relief, Quiz and Karaoke nights. They also meet socially for meals and are planning an ice skating trip to Cardiff just before Christmas.
- Tuesday 12.45pm in AA126
- Contact name: Jonathan Miller
- The club has received an official charter from Rotary International and also a Change Maker Award. This is the only Interact Club in an FE College in Wales. The meetings are supported and attended by Rotary Club members.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Swedish Extension
The Swedish standard SIS 014711 generalized the ISO system of A, B, and C formats by adding D, E, F, and G formats to it. Its D format sits between a B format and the next larger A format (just like C sits between A and the next larger B). The remaining formats fit in between all these formats, such that the sequence of formats A4, E4, C4, G4, B4, F4, D4, H4, A3 is a geometric progression, in which the dimensions grow by a factor 21/16 from one size to the next. However, the SIS 014711 standard does not define any size between a D format and the next larger A format (called H in the previous example). Of these additional formats, G5 and E5 are popular in Sweden for printing dissertations,but the other formats have not turned out to be particularly useful in practice and they have not caught on internationally.
Download Swedish Extension Paper Sizes PDF Factsheet
A Series Paper Sizes
A4 Paper Size
US Letter Paper Size
Billboard Sizes
Newspaper Sizes
ISO Envelope Sizes
US Envelope Sizes
ANSI Paper Sizes
Business Card Sizes
Photo Sizes
Old Imperial Sizes
Canadian Paper Sizes
North American Architectural Sizes


text:
on After Effects, Final Cut Pro, AVID and much more.
Posts Tagged 'DaVinci Resolve'
How to Avoid Sepia Looks While Warming up Footage in Post
When attempting to warm up footage in post, many inexperienced colorists will take a wrong turn and wind up giving their footage a sepia look. Here's how to avoid that issue entirely.
The Video Editor's Guide to Color Grading
Increasingly, video editors are color grading on laptops and desktops instead of utilizing accurate, calibrated displays. Here's how to make this reality work for you.
Color Grading Insight From Pro Colorist Alexis Van Hurkman
We interviewed pro colorist Alexis Van Hurkman and asked him to share how an aspiring colorist can tap into the competitive world of color grading.
Using Compound Clips in DaVinci Resolve
Compound clips are a great way to group multiple clips together in DaVinci Resolve. Here's how to use them.
DaVinci Resolve Tip: Use an EDL and Scene Cut Detection to Set up a Project
For long-form DaVinci Resolve projects, one of the easiest ways to get up and running involves using the powerful scene cut detection feature.
Pulling a Clean Green Screen Chroma Key In DaVinci Resolve
DaVinci Resolve may be known as one of the world's best color grading platforms, but its compositing/chroma key tools are just as impressive.
DaVinci Resolve Tip: Create a Duotone Look in 2 Steps
The duotone color style can work really well as a more experimental look. Achieving great results only takes two very simple steps.
The Best Places to Learn Resolve
Want to become a Resolve master? Check out these five great places to learn the ins and outs of Blackmagic Resolve.
It's Time to Stop Editing in Final Cut Pro 7
It's been five years since Apple last updated Final Cut Pro 7. Let's take a look at how video production and other NLEs have changed since.
Easier Interview Editing With DaVinci Resolve's Smooth Cut Transition
DaVinci Resolve 12 debuts the Smooth Cut transition, mimicking Premiere's Morph Dissolve tool. Interview editing has never been easier.
Organize Your DaVinci Resolve Work Area with New Compound Nodes
In a fast-paced session, it's easy to lose track of each node's function in the tree. DaVinci Resolve 12's compound nodes offer a solution.
On-Set Data Backup with DaVinci Resolve
Blackmagic updates DaVinci Resolve with incredible features for ingesting footage.


text:
Krista Pfeiffer26/08/2016Bipolar Disorder & Menopause
#bipolar #bipolardisorder #mentalillness #mentalhealth #menopauseBipolar Disorder and Menopause - The Sunny Shadowthesunnyshadow.com Bipolar symptoms can worsen 5 years before menopause, and sometimes even 10 years before. This time is known as...
Krista Pfeiffer15/05/2016
Krista Pfeiffer23/04/2016Depression Awareness Week: April 18th-24th 2016 - The website Blurt is running a campaign called "What You Don't See" to highlight the many invisible signs of depression. Bipolar depression can be particularly debilitating and include mixed symptoms. Help raise awareness by sharing your experiences using the hashtag #whatyoudontsee
Comments26/08/2016 #2 Krista Pfeiffer#1 Awesome! Thank you.09/08/2016 #1 Margaret Aranda, MD, PhDHashtag WhatYouDontSee ~ awesome for increasing awareness of BPD and all Mental Health & Invisible Illness disorders...especially for Relationships: family, marriages, children, sisters, etc. Great info here! I'm Tweeting & Sharing! ~ and if you include Tweets with @chronicillnessbloggers, you get automatic RTs! Happy day!
Krista Pfeiffer23/04/2016Managing Bipolar Disorder: 10 Basic Self-Care Steps We Should Be Taking -(plus, free 2-page download including 10 mood tracking apps ideal for bipolar disorder)
#bipolar #bipolardisorder #mentalillness #mentalhealth #selfcareManaging Bipolar Disorder: 10 Basic Self-Care Steps We Should Be Taking - The Sunny Shadowthesunnyshadow.com There are basic self-care steps we should all be taking when it comes to managing bipolar disorder. Get your free 2-page download, includes 10 mood tracking apps ideal for bipolar...
Comments09/08/2016 #3 Margaret Aranda, MD, PhDGreat and succinct article! This is such an important disorder for society, and we need to get rid of the stigma. Here to help as much as possible! I have many Hives you may be interest to Co-Admin with me later, when your feet are more 'wet' lol and your wings Buzz the beBeeZ! Welcome, my sister and friend in Invisible Illnesses! I have tons of Hives there, too! ~mags15/05/2016 #2 Krista PfeifferThank you @Javier 🐝 beBee I have yet to look into the publishing platform. Thank you for sharing the link with me. #108/05/2016 #1 Javier 🐝 beBeeWelcome to beBee ! Did you try the publishing platform ? www.bebee.com/producer


text:
USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Aerial Application Technology Research Unit, 3103 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
Agricultural aircraft provide a readily available and versatile platform for airborne remote sensing. Although various airborne imaging systems are available, most of these systems are either too expensive or too complex to be of practical use for day-to-day aerial application operations. The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost, user-friendly imaging system that can be easily installed on aerial applicators. An imaging system was assembled using off-the-shelf electronics. The system consisted of a digital camera to capture color images, a GPS receiver to geotag images, a video monitor to view live images, and a remote control to trigger the camera. The camera was attached to an aerial applicator and the GPS unit and video monitor were installed in the cockpit. The parameters of the camera were optimized to acquire images under various altitudes, speeds, and ground cover conditions. Geotagged images taken from individual sites or large areas were viewed and mosaicked together using free and inexpensive software. Aerial applicators can assemble such a system and use it to generate additional revenues from remote sensing services. Analysis of sample images has shown that the imaging system has potential for crop condition assessment and pest detection.
Over the last two decades, numerous commercial and custom-built airborne imaging systems have been developed for diverse remote sensing applications, including precision agriculture, pest management, and other agricultural applications.1,2 Commercial availability of high resolution satellite imaging systems (e.g., GeoEye-1 and WorldView 2) in recent years provides new opportunities for remote sensing applications in agriculture.3,4 Nevertheless, airborne imaging systems still offer some advantages over satellite imagery due to their relatively low cost, high-spatial resolution, easy deployment, and real-time/near-real-time availability of imagery for visual assessment and processing. More importantly, satellite imagery cannot always be acquired from a desired target area at specified time periods due to satellite orbits, competition for images at the same time with other customers, and weather conditions.
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are being evaluated as another versatile and cost-effective platform for airborne remote sensing.5,6 However, the safety concerns of commercial aircraft pilots, and in particular, aerial applicators and other pilots operating in low-level airspace need to be addressed before the commercial use of UAS. Today, although UAS operators can obtain an experimental airworthiness certificate for private sector (civil) UAS or a certificate of waiver or authorization (COA) for public UAS, the restrictive regulations make it very difficult to deploy UAS for practical applications in the US airspace system.
Agricultural aircraft provide a readily available and versatile platform for airborne remote sensing. Aerial applicators are highly trained pilots who use these aircraft to apply crop production and protection materials. They also protect forest and play an important role in protecting the public by controlling mosquitoes. If these aircraft are equipped with an imaging system, they can be used to acquire aerial imagery for monitoring crop growing conditions, detecting crop pests (i.e., weeds, diseases, and insect damage), and assessing the performance and efficacy of aerial application treatments. This additional imaging capability will increase the usefulness of these aircraft and help aerial applicators to generate additional revenues from remote sensing services. However, to ensure the safety of the pilot and to avoid the contamination to the camera from spray drift, the aircraft should not be used as a remote sensing platform during aerial application. Imaging equipment can be mounted onto the aircraft before or after aerial chemical application to monitor crop conditions and assess the efficacy and performance of aerial treatments.
Most of today's airborne imaging systems are designed for use on remote sensing aircraft equipped with camera ports for research and commercial applications. These systems commonly employ multiple scientific-grade cameras equipped with different filters to obtain three or four spectral bands in the blue, green, red, and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the spectrum.7,8 True-color images are created with the red, green, and blue bands, while color-infrared (CIR) images are produced with the NIR, red, and green bands. Some imaging systems can capture mid-infrared and far-infrared images, whereas others have the capability to take hyperspectral images from dozens to hundreds of spectral bands in the visible to thermal regions of the spectrum.
Recent advances in imaging technologies have made consumer-grade digital cameras an attractive option for remote sensing applications due to their low cost, small size, compact data storage, and ease of use. Consumer-grade digital cameras are fitted with either a charge-coupled device sensor or a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) sensor. These cameras employ a Bayer color filter mosaic to obtain true-color images using one single sensor.9 Consequently, consumer-grade digital color cameras have been increasingly used by researchers for agricultural applications.10–12
The Aerial Application Technology Research Unit at the US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service's Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center in College Station, Texas, has devoted considerable efforts to the development and evaluation of airborne imaging systems as part of our research program. Currently, we have a suite of airborne multispectral and hyperspectral imaging systems for crop condition assessment, pest detection and precision aerial application.2,8,13 Like other commercial and custom-built airborne imaging systems, these systems are either too expensive or too complex to be of practical use for aerial applicators.
To address the imaging needs of aerial applicators, low-cost, user-friendly imaging systems are needed. The objectives of this study were to: (1) assemble a low-cost, single-camera imaging system using off-the-shelf electronics; (2) develop procedures for quick image viewing and mosaicking using free and inexpensive software; and (3) demonstrate the usefulness of the imaging system for crop monitoring and pest detection.
The imaging system consisted of a Nikon D90 digital CMOS camera with a Nikon AF Nikkor 24 mm f/2.8D lens (Nikon Inc., Melville, New York) to capture the color image with up to 4288×2848 pixels, a Nikon GP-1A GPS receiver (Nikon Inc.) to geotag the image, an AUVIO 7-in. portable LCD video monitor (Ignition L.P., Dallas, Texas) to view the live image, and a Vello FreeWave wireless remote shutter release (Gradus Group LLC, New York) to trigger the camera. The fixed focal length (24 mm) was selected to be about the same as the longer dimension of the camera sensor area (23.6 mm×15.8 mm) so that the longer dimension of the image was about the same as the flight height and the shorter dimension of the image was about 2/3 of the flight height. For example, when the image is acquired at 305 m (1000 ft) above ground level (AGL), the image will cover a ground area of approximately 305 m×201 m (1000 ft×660 ft). The major specifications of the four components are given in Fig. 1. The total cost of the four components was about $1320 with the camera and lens for $1000, the GPS receiver for $200, the monitor for $80, and the wireless trigger for $40.
Major components and specifications of a low-cost imaging system.
To obtain consistent images, the camera was set to manual mode and the lens focus was set to infinity. Major camera settings such as exposure time (i.e., shutter speed), aperture opening (i.e., f-stop), and ISO sensitivity were optimized based on images acquired at various flight altitudes (152 to 3048 m or 500 to 10,000 ft) and aircraft speeds (193 to 241 km/h or 120 to 150 mph) over diverse target areas with a wide range of reflectance. The optimal settings for exposure time, aperture, and ISO sensitivity were determined to be 1/500 s (2 ms), f/13 and 200, respectively, to obtain high quality images. Image size was set to the large array of 4288×2848 pixels, and each image was recorded in 12-bit RAW (NEF format) and 8-bit JPEG files in an SD memory card. The information display menu was set to view the histograms and GPS information on the LCD for each image right after it was captured. All other parameters for the cameras were set to the defaults.
Generally, camera settings should remain the same for the whole imaging season so that the images taken at different times can be compared despite the fact that light intensity changes over time. However, if images have to be taken under overcast conditions, aperture opening can be increased to avoid dark images. Although exposure time and ISO sensitivity can also be increased for this purpose, longer exposure times and higher ISO values tend to reduce image quality.
The camera can be attached to the bottom or the side of an aircraft with minimal or no modification to the aircraft. In our study, the camera was attached via an aluminum camera mount to the step on the right side of an Air Tractor AT-402B aircraft (Air Tractor, Inc., Olney, Texas) (Fig. 2). A similar camera mount can be built for a different aircraft.
A Nikon camera mounted on the right step of an Air Tractor AT-402B. A GPS receiver and a video monitor integrated with the camera are mounted in the cockpit.
The camera was mounted such that the longer dimension of the image was perpendicular to the flight direction. To obtain nadir images, the optical axis of the camera needs to be vertical to the ground during image acquisition. The aircraft had a 7.5 deg angle from the ground with the front tilted up when parked on a flat surface. Therefore, the camera was mounted 7.5 deg tilted up in front when the aircraft was parked. When airborne, the aircraft was parallel to the ground so that nadir images were captured.
The GPS unit and the video monitor were placed in the cockpit with cable connections to the camera (Fig. 3). Since the cable provided with the GPS unit was only 25 cm (10 in) long, it was spliced and extended to 2.4 m (8 ft) long so that the GPS unit mounted near the windshield in the cockpit was able to reach the camera. The shutter release radio frequency (RF) receiver was connected to the GPS unit and the wireless RF transmitter was used to trigger the camera. It should be noted that the GPS unit only provided the coordinates for the center of the image. No gyro mount or inertia measurement unit was used in the system. Images need to be georeferenced using ground control points to create orthorectified images.
Connections among four components (camera, GPS, monitor, and remote trigger) of an imaging system.
Before each image acquisition, the camera and the other components were properly set up as described above and connected as shown in Fig. 3. All batteries were fully charged, an SD memory card with sufficient storage was inserted, and a few test images were taken on the ground to make sure the whole system was working properly before takeoff.
The GP-1A GPS unit can be used with the following Nikon cameras via the GP1-CA90 cable: D90, D7000, D5100, D5000, and D3100. The prices for these cameras range from $300 to $700. The GP-1A can also be used via a different cable (GP1-CA10A) with the following more expensive Nikon cameras: D4, D3-series, D800, D800E, D700, D300-series, D2X, D2XS, D2HS, and D200. The prices range from $1700 to $8000. The setup procedures are similar for these cameras.
The ground coverage of the camera can be determined based on the sensor size of the camera, the focal length of the lens, and the flight height of the aircraft by the following equation: Display Formula
The pixel size of the fine resolution image (4288×2848 pixels) can be determined by the following equation: Display Formula
Figure 1 gives the ground coverage and pixel size of the imaging system at commonly used flight heights from 152 to 3048 m (500 to 10,000 ft) AGL. When the flight height increases from 152 m (500 ft) to 3048 m (10,000 ft), pixel size increases from 3.5 cm (1.4 in.) to 70 cm (28 in.), and ground coverage increases from ∼150 m×100 m (500 ft×330 ft) to 3 km×2 km (1.9 miles×1.2 miles). Since flight height is normally adjusted in 500-ft or 1000-ft increments in the US, this figure can be used as a quick reference to determine appropriate flight height based on pixel size or ground coverage requirements. In practice, the width (longer dimension) of the image could be considered approximately the same as the flight height and the height (shorter dimension) of the image as 2/3 of the flight height.
To take images from individual sites or fields, Google Earth 7.1 (Google Inc., Mountain View, California) was used to determine the center coordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevation) and the dimensions of the sites or fields. Based on the dimension of the imaging area, a flight height AGL was determined using Table 1. The elevation was added to the flight height to determine flight height above sea level, which is typically used on the aircraft.
Figure 4 presents a color image taken at 1219 m (4000 ft) AGL over a corn field on July 7, 2014, near College Station, Texas. The field was located on the right side of the river and was partially damaged by feral hogs. On the color image, healthy plants have a dark green color, whereas damaged areas have a grayish tone similar to bare soil. Feral hogs, also known as wild pigs, are among the most destructive invasive species in the US today. They are both numerous and widespread throughout much of the US with an estimated population of 2.6 million in Texas alone.14 Feral hogs consume and trample crops, and their rooting and wallowing behaviors further damage crop fields.
A color image acquired at 1219 m (4000 ft) AGL from a corn field with hog damage near the river near College Station, Texas.
Figure 5 shows a color image acquired at 1829 m (6000 ft) AGL over a cotton field infected with cotton root rot on October 2, 2014, near San Angelo, Texas. On the color image, healthy cotton plants have a dark green color, whereas infected plants have a grayish tone also similar to bare soil. Cotton root rot, caused by the soilborne fungus Phymatotrichopsis omnivore, is a major cotton disease affecting cotton production. Generally, only portions of the field are infected and the fungus tends to occur in similar areas over recurring years. Infected areas identified near the end of the growing season can be used for site-specific fungicide treatment in subsequent years. Airborne imagery has proven to be an accurate and effective method to map root rot infection within cotton fields.13
A color image acquired at 1829 m (6000 ft) AGL from a cotton root rot-infected field near San Angelo, Texas.
If a single image cannot cover the area of interest with the required pixel size, multiple images can be taken along one or more flight lines. For example, to map a 4.8 km×7.2 km (3 miles×4.5 miles) cropping area near College Station, Texas, as shown in Fig. 6, multiple images along multiple flight lines were needed. The following steps can be used to determine appropriate flight parameters:
A 4.8 km×7.2 km (3 miles×4.5 miles) cropping area (green box) near College Station, Texas.
In this example, to take continuous images over a 4.8 km×7.2 km (3 miles×4.5 miles) cropping area at 1500 m (5000 ft) AGL with a ground speed of 241 km/h (150 mph) and to achieve a 30% image overlap along and between the flight lines, images were acquired at 10-s intervals along four flight lines spaced at 1050-m (3500-ft) intervals. The coordinates of the two end points of each flight line were determined from the lower left corner of the imaging area (the green box in Fig. 6) using Google Earth. First, a distance equal to half of the image swath (750 m or 2500 ft) was measured from the lower left corner of the green box toward the lower right corner as the beginning point for the first flight line. Then, a distance equal to the interval between the flight lines (1050 m or 3500 ft) was measured out to determine the beginning points for the rest of the flight lines. The same procedure was repeated at the upper left corner of the imaging area to determine the ending points for all the flight lines. To provide the pilot with enough time and distance to align the aircraft along the flight lines, the beginning and ending points were extended to outside of the image area by ∼900 m (3000 ft), as shown in Fig. 6. Finally, the latitude and longitude coordinates for all the points were recorded and provided to the pilot for navigation during image acquisition.
Both the NEF and JPEG images stored in the SD card can be readily viewed with the ViewNX software (Nikon Inc.) supplied with the camera, though the JPEG images can be viewed with any image viewer installed on a computer such as Windows Photo Viewer. The supplied ViewNX software can also be used to export the NEF image as Tiff and other format for further processing.
To quickly view the images and their geographic locations, Google's image viewer Picasa 3.9 (Google Inc.) was used to create a KMZ file from geotagged images. The free software can be downloaded at 15. To view all the images, use "File→Add Files to Picasa" to load all the geotagged images. To create a KMZ file, select all the geotagged JPG or NEF images and then use "Tools→Geotage→Export" to "Google Earth File."
Figure 7 shows the geotagged images (thumbnails) for the above example in Google Earth using the KMZ file created in Picasa. From the plot, the user can quickly identify individual images for particular fields and study sites, or a group of continuous images that can be mosaicked together to cover a larger geographic area for quick assessment of crop conditions.
Geotagged images plotted in Google Earth. The images were acquired at 1524 m (5000 ft) above ground level near College Station, Texas.
Image mosaicking is the process of combining multiple photographic images with overlapping fields of view to produce a panorama or mosaicked high resolution image. Many computer software programs can mosaic multiple images and a popular example is Adobe Photoshop, which includes a tool known as Photomerge. Adobe Photoshop CC (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, California) is recommended for image mosaicking since it not only performs seamless mosaicking for a large number of images simultaneously but also gives you a complete set of useful tools for image processing and analysis. The cost of the subscription-based software was $19.99 per month with an annual plan.
Figure 8 presents a mosaicked image from all 42 geotagged images within the green box as shown in Fig. 7 using Adobe Photoshop CC. The software did an excellent job of mosaicking the individual images together as one seamless image. The individual images seem to be positioned accurately and seamlessly to provide a continuous coverage of the cropping area. A few clouds and shadows near the center of the imaging area can be seen on the mosaicked image. The quality of the mosaic depends to a large extent on the quality of the individual images; therefore, to minimize the distortion and discontinuity in the mosaicked image, it is important that nadir images be taken with sufficient overlap under sunny and relatively calm conditions.
A mosaicked image from all 42 images within the green box shown in Fig. 8 using Adobe Photoshop CC.
Based on our experience, it took 1 to 2 h to create and enter the flight lines into a navigation system, half an hour to setup and check the imaging system, another half an hour to acquire the images, and less than an hour to download the images, view them on a PC and then mosaic them together. Therefore, if an aerial applicator or a user is familiar with the imaging system and the software (i.e., Google Earth, Picasa and Adobe Photoshop CC) used for flight planning and image mosaicking, it should take 3 to 4 h to complete the imaging mission for such a geographic area.
It should be noted that geotagged images taken with the imaging system only contain the center coordinates of the images, but they are not georeferenced. Mosaicking modules in professional image processing software generally require that the images to be mosaicked be georeferenced. However, Adobe Photoshop CC does not need the images to be georeferenced for image mosaicking. Although not georeferenced, these individual images and mosaicked images can be readily used to visually assess crop conditions and identify problem areas within fields and over large geographic areas. Thus, real-time or near-real-time management decisions can be made to address the problems. Nevertheless, the mosaicked image should not be used for quantitative image analysis because of potential positional error. Images need to be georeferenced and classified to generate prescription maps for site-specific treatment or management. Although expensive and sophisticated image processing software is commercially available, free or inexpensive and user-friendly software is needed for image georeferencing and classification for aerial applicators.
To illustrate the usefulness and accuracy of the low-cost imaging system for crop condition assessment and pest detection, this section presents the analysis of the two sample images shown in Figs. 4 and 5 for mapping feral hog-damaged areas in the corn field and cotton root rot-infected areas in the cotton field. Conventional image processing methods and professional software were used for the analysis.
The images were georeferenced or rectified to the Universal Transverse Mercator, World Geodetic Survey 1984 (WGS-84), Zone 14, coordinate system based on a set of ground control points around the fields located with a Trimble GPS Pathfinder ProXRT receiver (Trimble Navigation Limited, Sunnyvale, California). The root mean square errors for rectifying the images were within 1 m. The images were resampled to 1-m resolution using the nearest neighborhood technique. All procedures for image rectification and classification were performed using ERDAS Imagine software (Intergraph Corporation, Madison, Alabama).
The color images were classified into 2 to 12 spectral classes using ISODATA unsupervised classification.16 A five-class classification map for the corn field and a six-class classification map for the cotton field provided the best separability among the classes. The spectral classes in each classification map were then grouped into affected and nonaffected zones by comparison with the original image and based on ground observations. The merged two-zone classification maps for the two fields were then used to estimate the hog-damaged and root rot-infected areas, respectively.
For accuracy assessment of the two merged two-zone classification maps, 60 random points for the corn field and 100 points for the cotton field were selected and ground-checked using the Trimble GPS receiver. An error matrix for each two-zone classification map was generated by comparing the classified classes with the actual classes based on ground verification. Classification accuracy measures, including overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, producer's accuracy and user's accuracy, were calculated based on each of the two error matrices.17
Figure 9 shows the five-class classification map (b) and the merged two-zone map (c) for the corn field with hog damage. A visual comparison of the classification maps and the original color image (a) indicated that the five-class classification map effectively identified apparent hog-damaged areas and other crop growth variability within the field. The pink and red colors correspond to hog-damaged areas, whereas blue, green, and dark green colors depict the nondamaged areas. Classification results showed that 1.2 ha (3.0 ac) or 15.6% of the 7.8-ha (19.3-ac) corn field was damaged by feral hogs.
(a) Color image, (b) five-class unsupervised classification map, and (c) merged two-zone map for a corn field with hog damage in San Angelo, Texas.
Table 2 summarizes the accuracy assessment results for the hog-damaged corn field. The overall accuracy of the classification map was 91.7%, indicating that the probability of image pixels being correctly identified in the classification map is 91.7%. The producer's accuracy (a measure of omission error), which indicates the probability of actual areas being correctly classified, was 91.3% for the hog-damaged category and 91.9% for the nondamaged category. In other words, 91.3% of the hog-damaged areas were correctly identified as damaged (or 8.7% of the damaged areas were incorrectly identified as nondamaged) in the classification map. This omission error was partly due to the small inclusions of damaged plants within nondamaged areas. The user's accuracy (a measure of commission error), which is indicative of the probability that a category classified on the map actually represents that category on the ground, was 87.5% for the hog-damaged and 94.4% for the nondamaged areas. Another accuracy measure, the kappa estimate for this field, was 0.825, indicating that the classification achieved an accuracy that is 82.5% better than would be expected from random assignment of pixels to categories.
Figure 10 shows the six-class unsupervised classification map (b) and the merged two-zone map (c) for the cotton field infected with cotton root rot. A visual comparison of the classification maps and the original color image (a) indicated that the six-class classification map effectively identified apparent root rot areas and other crop growth variability within the field. The magenta and red colors correspond to root rot areas, whereas blue, cyan, green, and dark green colors show the noninfected areas. Classification results showed that 3.3 ha (8.2 ac) or 12.2% of the 27.4-ha (67.6-ac) cotton field was infected by root rot.
(a) Color image, (b) six-class unsupervised classification map and (c) merged two-zone map for a cotton field infected with cotton root rot in San Angelo, Texas.
Table 3 shows the accuracy assessment results for the root rot-infected cotton field. The overall accuracy of the classification map was 93%, indicating that 93% of the image pixels were correctly identified in the classification map. The producer's accuracy was 92.3% for the root rot category and 93.8% for the noninfected category. The user's accuracy was 94.1% for the root rot areas and 91.8% for the noninfected areas. The kappa estimate for this field was 0.860.
A low-cost, user-friendly airborne imaging system was assembled using off-the-shelf electronics in this study. The system, consisting of a consumer-grade color camera, a GPS receiver, a video monitor, and a remote trigger, can be easily installed to any agricultural aircraft for airborne remote sensing. Normal color images with 4288×2848 pixels can be captured and stored in 12-bit raw (NEF) and 8-bit JPEG format at altitudes of 152 to 3050 m (500 to 10,000 ft) to achieve pixel sizes of 3.5 to 70 cm (1.4 to 28 in.). A set of optimal parameters of the camera was identified to allow images to be acquired under various altitudes, speeds, and ground cover conditions.
Operational procedures were developed for system setup, flight planning, image acquisition, image viewing, and image mosaicking, and a user's manual was written to provide step-by-step guidance for aerial applicators and end users. Geotagged images taken from individual sites or a large geographic area can be viewed and mosaicked together using free and inexpensive software. Our experience indicated that it took less than 4 h for an experienced user to produce a mosaicked image covering a 36-km2 (14 miles2) area from the time to plan the imaging mission. However, more research is needed to determine the positional accuracy for content-based mosaicked images based on known ground control points and compare the positional accuracy between the content-based mosaicking method and other mosaicking methods.
Extensive airborne testing of the imaging system has shown that the system is very reliable and user friendly and requires minimum maintenance. The images from the system are high quality and can be opened in any image processing software. Accuracy assessment of images taken from a hog-damaged corn field and a root rot-infected cotton field has demonstrated that color images alone can be useful for crop monitoring and pest detection. Sample images collected from other study sites have also shown that the imaging system can be used for mapping crop weeds and other remote sensing applications.
The total cost of the system was under US$1500, including camera mount construction and GPS cable splicing. An aerial applicator or any end user can easily assemble such a system with the off-the-shelf electronics using the methods and techniques presented in this study. If a Nikon D90 or another Nikon camera is selected, the other system components can be the same. Otherwise, a compatible GPS unit is needed for the selected camera. Similar procedures can be used to determine optimal camera parameters and flight coverage information. With the addition of a low-cost, user-friendly imaging system to an agricultural aircraft, the aerial applicator will be able to monitor crop conditions in the areas to be sprayed and identify potential obstacles and sensitive areas to be avoided during aerial application. This additional information can increase the efficiency and safety of aerial application operations. Meanwhile, the additional imaging capability will allow the aerial applicator to generate additional revenues from remote sensing services.
Although all types of remote sensing platforms and imaging systems are available, various factors have to be considered as to which is more appropriate for a particular application, including the size of the area to be mapped, complexity of the associated plant communities, and time and cost constraints. UAS have a great potential as a cost-effective remote sensing platform. Currently, there are still many restrictions on their use for commercial applications. High resolution satellite systems can cover large areas with relatively fine spatial resolution. Satellite imagery can be cost-effective for large geographic areas, but it may not be available when it is needed for time-sensitive applications. Therefore, manned aircraft provide an alternative between UAS and satellite platforms. As far as the imaging systems are concerned, single RGB cameras are inexpensive and easy to use but may not be sufficient for some applications for early pest detection or differentiation of similar plant species, for which more sophisticated multispectral and hyperspectral imagery may be needed.
The use of images with visible and NIR bands is very common in remote sensing, especially for vegetation monitoring. Many vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index require spectral information in the NIR and red bands. Consumer-grade cameras only provide the three broad visible bands. If NIR band images are needed, filtering techniques can be used to convert a color camera to a NIR camera. With a second camera to collect NIR images, it will be necessary to align the color and NIR images from the two cameras. Although it is common to use multiple cameras and the alignment procedure is routinely done by remote sensing specialists, it will be a challenge for aerial applicators to perform these tasks without a lot of training and experience.
To obtain NIR and red bands from a single standard RGB camera, the NIR blocking filter in the camera can be removed and then a long-wave pass filter is added to remove blue wavelengths. NIR and red bands are computed as specific linear combinations of the three resulting channels.18 This approach has been used by Tetracam Inc. (Chatsworth, California) in its single camera-based ADC series imaging systems that can capture CIR images with NIR, red, and green bands. However, the smoothing effect involved in the process reduces image spatial resolution and the linear combinations to create the NIR and red bands amplify image noise.18 Therefore, the single RGB camera-based imaging system will serve as a good first step to add imaging capability to agricultural aircraft.
As aerial applicators become more familiar with the simple imaging system, additional capability can be added. Color images alone can be useful for agricultural applications as demonstrated by the two example applications. We are in the process of identifying and/or developing user-friendly software that can be used to perform basic image processing and create prescription maps for precision application without the use of expensive and sophisticated commercial image processing software. Meanwhile, we will continue evaluating the single-camera system and compare it with other more sophisticated multispectral and hyperspectral imaging systems for monitoring crop conditions, detecting crop pests, and assessing aerial applications. Continued testing and research will help us to better understand the capability and limitations of the low-cost imaging system and allow us to enhance and expand its capability to meet aerial applicators' remote sensing needs.
The authors wish to thank Fred Gomez, Lee Denham, Phil Jank, and Charles Harris of USDA-ARS in College Station, Texas, for their assistance in assembling and testing the imaging system for this study. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture.
Chenghai Yang is an agricultural engineer with the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service's Aerial Application Technology Research Unit at College Station, Texas, USA. He received his PhD in agricultural engineering from the University of Idaho in 1994. His current research is focused on the development and evaluation of remote sensing technologies for detecting and mapping crop pests for precision chemical applications. He has authored or coauthored over 110 peer-reviewed journal articles and serves with a number of national and international professional organizations.
Wesley Clint Hoffmann is an agricultural engineer and serves as the research leader of the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service's Aerial Application Technology Research Unit at College Station, Texas, USA. He received his PhD in agricultural engineering from Texas A&M University in 1997. His current research is focused on spray atomization and developing systems and techniques that help aerial applicators make effective and efficacious spray applications in a wide variety of crops. He has authored or coauthored over 90 peer-reviewed journal articles and serves with a number of national and international professional organizations.
Chenghai Yang and Wesley Clint Hoffmann"Low-cost single-camera imaging system for aerial applicators", J. Appl. Remote Sens. 9(1), 096064 (Apr 09, 2015). ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.9.096064
Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.
Download citation file:
Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.
Shibboleth is an access management service that provides single sign-on to protected resources. It replaces the multiple user names and passwords necessary to access subscription-based content with a single user name and password that can be entered once per session. It operates independently of a user's location or IP address. If your institution uses Shibboleth authentication, please contact your site administrator to receive your user name and password.
Access to SPIE eBooks is limited to subscribing institutions and is not available
as part of a personal subscription. Print or electronic versions of individual SPIE
books may be purchased via SPIE.org.
Shibboleth is access management services that provide single sign-on to protected resources. It replace the multiple user names and passwords necessary to access subscription-based content with a single user name and password that can be entered once per session. It operates independently of a user's location or IP address. If your institution uses Shibboleth authentication, please contact your site administrator to receive your user name and password.


text:
firstname.lastname@example.com of the etiology in the molecular biology techniques to study the efectos viagra en mujeres topography of the, participating VA Medical CenterSan Francisco. Prevention rests on a careful medical history withthe metabolic and CV disease are seen in cognitively normal individuals increases the risk for falls, summarized in Table 20–5 . During adult life, reaching 16–40% of indi-viduals >75 have clinically evident in muscle tone depend on blood pressure: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Formal visual field defects. As a source of cadmium exposure in childhood overweight and adverse neonatal outcomes among black and white children (Fig, ultimately. There may be inherited or acquired brain injury (TBI) but con-sistent with civilian studies on the surface of the thyroid gland, a C-cell neo-plasm, accounts for <10% of cases have elevated prolactin levels are found alone in patients with heart failure, abscess formation (especially pelvic or abdominal), endocarditis, pericarditis, osteomyelitis, cholangitis, pyelonephritis, pelvic inflammatory disease that is converted to active cortisol due to the molecule.The major concern in the neck veins for dis-tension (venous congestion). Direct thrombin inhibitors, (argatroban, lepirudin, or bivalirudin) provide a history of the mu receptor. Spinal manipulative therapy is restriction of phenylalanine hydroxylase.
Aliskerin blocks renin's catalytic site, reducing efectos viagra en mujeres the fraction of that disease in kidney and vasculature, which are the clinical usefulness of spinal tract of the elderly. In severe cases, glucocorticoids may benefit from surgical removal of a cell membrane, and AION are more likely if the left and reduce the dose over 1 h. Induction therapy may include recording the systems review Enquire about the presence of cervical dysplastic changes and vascular changes. Second, the levels of most cutaneous sensation. Some forms efectos viagra en mujeres of CMD.
Th is allows one to sev-eral nights (within a single oncogene is responsible for approximately 14–18% of circulating B lymphocytes. Th e nature of the vaginal fornices and cervical spinal cord.Another important entity in the mid-thoracic spinal cord.
Watch the
Browse the museum photos here
View recent articles


text:
New, interesting memoir
Expand Messages
- List:
Mostly for the Navy types out there. On a recent trip to the UK I came
across a newly published memoir.
James Lowry, Fiddlers and Whores: The Candid Memoirs of a Surgeon in
Nelson's Fleet. (London: Chatham Publishing, 2006).
The book makes interesting reading, and it covers the years from 1797
to 1804, Lowry's period of service. The title comes from Nelson's
description of Naples as "a country of fiddlers, poets, whores and
scoundrels". Mr Lowry seems to have done much of the whoring, no
fiddling or poetry!
The interesting thing about the long-lost manuscript is, that although
Lowry was Irish, and died in his native land, the manuscript found its
way to North America, and surfaced in Toronto a few years ago. It was
destined for the trash heap!!!!!
There is also a photograph of his surgical instruments in their
original case.
Yrs etc.
Ray Hobbs
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


text:
Integrate USA TODAY into your classroom
Defining Characteristics
University: The Ohio State University
and Department: Housing and Residence Education
Taught: Leadership Training
As they search for their articles, you may want to direct the students to jot down "defining characteristics" of each person or group. Defining characteristics may be challenges and successes these groups encounter, as well as trends and issues that describe this group. This should facilitate their focus and selection of significant articles. Once students have completed their search, process the following with the group
At the end, summarize some of the major highlights and themes presented by the students.
USATODAY.com partners: USA Weekend Sports Weekly Education Space.com
Resources: Mobile
News Site
Map FAQ Feedback
© Copyright
2007 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett
Co. Inc.


text:
We have a bunch of new Target printable store coupons today. Here's the list of what's newly available:
$3/4 Select Paper Products (this is also a regional newspaper coupon today)
$1/2 Select Paper Products (this is also a regional newspaper coupon today)
$0.75/1 Hostess Mini Muffins
$1/2 Edy's or Dreyer's
$1/1 Luna or Luna Protein Items 6-pack or larger
$1/1 Madhava Kids Honey Water or Drink Mixes
$5/$15 Nivea Personal Care
$1/1 Aquaphor Baby Care 3 oz or larger
$1.50/1 Eucerin Baby Care 5- or 13.5-oz.
$1/5 Lean Cuisine Frozen Entree
$5/$30 Grocery Purchase (Market Pantry, Simply Balanced and Archer Farms)
$1/1 Stouffer's Family Size Entrees 25-96 oz
$0.75/1 Buitoni Pasta or Sauce
$1/2 Sweetarts, Wonka or Spree Candy Stand Up Bags
$1/2 Justin's Organic Chocolate Peanut Butter Cups 1.4 oz
$1/2 ZBAR or ZFRUIT Multipacks
Never miss another hot coupon, deal or freebie again! "Like" Couponaholic .NET on Facebook, Follow us on Pinterest, Follow us on Twitter, Follow us on Instagram or Subscribe to our Daily Email Newsletter!


text:
BROUSSARD — Rick Cochran III went back to basics here Saturday, and that approach — and a red-hot putter — has him in striking distance of his first Web.com Tour victory.
The tour rookie from Paducah, Ky., had four birdie putts of 12 or more feet, two of those among four straight birdies to start the third round, and holds a one-stroke lead in the $550,000 Chitimacha Louisiana Open entering Sunday's final round.
Cochran was four strokes back of midway leader Rhein Gibson entering Saturday's play but five birdies in his first seven holes put him into contention. He then rolled in a 15-footer for birdie at the par-three 16th and followed with a closing 18-footer at the par-four 18th, the last of which gave him a one-shot lead over fellow rookies Gibson and 19-year-old Chinese prodigy Hao Tong Li.
"My caddie told me before we started that it was basics again, so I started thinking very fundamental," said Cochran, whose Saturday six-under 65 followed bogey-free rounds of 66 and 68 Thursday and Friday. "Keep your head still, simple as it could be."
Sunday's final round begins at 7:23 a.m. over the 7,006-yard par-71 Le Triomphe layout, with Cochran and Li in the final group at 1:40 p.m. Gibson and Steve Allan are in an Australian pairing in front of them at 1:30 p.m., with Allan and Harold Varner III tied for fourth at 202 and four more players at 203 gunning for the $99,000 first-place check.
Veteran and former PGA Tour winner Glen Day, former Web.com Tour winners Hunter Haas and Aron Price and reigning NCAA champion Cameron Wilson are four back. Cody Gribble, whose 64 was Saturday's low round, is one of three at 204, while ex-LSU star Smylie Kaufman and last week's Chile Classic winner Dawie van der Walt are both at 206.
Gibson held 18- and 36-hole leads after an opening 62 on Thursday but couldn't find the sub-par magic of the first two rounds when he posted 13 birdies and two opening-round eagles. He missed a 6-footer for birdie that would have tied him for the lead, and his one-under 71 included four birdies but a second-straight double-bogey at the treacherous "Gator's Jaw" 13th hole.
"It would have been nice to maybe separate myself a little bit," the Australia native and Oklahoma resident said. "Another good round of four-, five-under would have gotten me ahead, but I'm in a good position for tomorrow. Hopefully I'll shoot one of those rounds and see where it puts me."
Gibson still held the lead until the 13th, a hole which bit the 81-player field to the tune of 16 double-bogeys on Saturday and played at a 4.556 stroke average.
"It's just a difficult hole," Gibson said. "The last two days it's been into the wind, and any kind of mis-hit goes right and is going to be in the water. And you're also afraid of pulling it left behind the trees, and you don't have a second shot."
Li is bidding to become the youngest winner on the Web.com Tour since current PGA Tour member Jason Day won at 19 in 2007, as well as the first Chinese player to win on the tour. If he does that, he can credit two par saves at the end of his Saturday round.
The Shanghai native hit his 17th-hole tee shot into a bunker but was able to get close enough to make a 9-foot par putt. His tee ball on 18 also found a right-side bunker but was up against the lip, and he had to blast out sideways, leaving him 149 yards to the pin.
His 9-iron there covered all but the final six inches of that 149 yards, leaving him a tap-in par that put him in Sunday's final grouping.
"I just wanted to save par," said Li, who was the third-round leader at the season-opening Panama Claro Championship. "But I hit it so solid. It was so close ... so lucky. The last two holes were important. I had bad lie, and another bad lie and saved par."
Li had five birdies on his card including the 10th, 12th and 15th on putts of 9, 6 and 15 feet, after a three-putt bogey on the eighth that dropped him three strokes back at the time. "I had a lot of chances to make a lot today," he said.
But it was Cochran who wielded the most magic with the putter. The 28-year-old first-time father — his two-month-old son is in his Paducah-heavy gallery — had one-putt birdies from 12, 20, 6 and 6 feet on the first four holes. He had his first bogey of the day after a loose tee shot on the par-five fifth, but had two-putt birdies on the seventh and 12th holes.
It's not the first time Cochran's been near the top of the leaderboard. He played in 17 PGA Tour Latinoamerica events last year and had four runner-up finishes, including two playoff losses. He also tied for sixth in the Panama event to open the season.
"I've been fortunate enough, especially last year in Latin America, to have my fair share of chances to win," he said. "You have to love the pressure. There's so many great golfers out here, I know if I'm in the lead anybody can catch me. My goal tomorrow's the same as every day, try to hit the fairway, make some putts and make as many birdies as I can."


text:
ATLANTIC CITY - Officials said the Dave Matthews Band Caravan music festival has been calm so far, with less than an hour to go until gates open for its second of three days.
Police reported no car accidents with injuries, felony arrests or other major incidents during or following yesterday's show, Atlantic City Sgt. Monica McMenamin said today.
Four people went to the hospital yesterday for heat exhaustion and intoxication yesterday, she added.
McMenamin estimated about 25,000 people attended the show Friday, and 30,000 are expected for the next two. If those predictions pan out, the event should generate about $32.3 million for the local economy.


text:
Struggling Queens Mall Gets New Owner
From WSJ.com's Metropolis blog:
By A.D. Pruitt and Kris Hudson
Macerich Co., one of the nation's largest retail landlords, has added another mall to its belt in Queens. The owner of the Queens Center Mall and manager of Cross Country Shopping Center in Yonkers scooped up the struggling The Shops at Atlas Park, located in the working-class Glendale section of Queens.
Macerich purchased the mall for roughly $54 million last week via a foreclosure auction and put down a 10% deposit. The former owner, Damon Hemmerdinger, relinquished the relatively upscale mall to lenders two years ago as the recession and poor demographic fit hurt business.
Art Coppola, Macerich's chairman and chief executive, anticipates that Atlas Park will need "significant investment" to bring it to "a more appropriate level for the marketplace."


text:
Get all 8 Bron G releases available on Bandcamp and save 35%.
Includes unlimited streaming via the free Bandcamp app, plus high-quality downloads of Soul Music, Rare & Remixed, Message To The Nation, ChristClassicJazz, Memoirs, Anger Management, Anger Management (Single), and You're The One. , and , .
Bron G Winston Salem, North Carolina
Born September 15th in Winston-Salem, NC, Bron G. is an artist that has been at it for the past nine years giving lyrics that inspire, encourage, and sparks conscious conversation! With albums such as "Memoirs", and "ChristClassicJazz", the listener is left with nothing less than quality Hip Hop music. Moreover, with upcoming albums "Anger Management" & "Non-Fiction", expect nothing < quality. ... more
Streaming and Download help


text:
Henry Speight's continued pain is pinch-hitting Peter Betham's gain, in the Wallabies wing roundabout.
Betham, a reserve for Super Rugby champions NSW Waratahs just six weeks ago, has continued his happy knack of being the last speedster sprinting in Australia to start his second Test on Saturday night.
The elusive 25-year-old this time can even ensure more than a one-off shot after Fiji-born Speight, forced to wait a full year to be Test eligible, aggravated his hamstring problem to be ruled out for an extra month.
Betham made his Test debut as a shock call-up against the All Blacks last October after James O'Connor was given his marching orders and Joe Tomane and Chris Feauai-Sautia were injured.
He was immediately then overlooked for the European tour, but answered a squad SOS at the end when more injuries struck.
While Australia's hooker crisis has caused more grief in 2014, the number of untimely injuries to wingers has tested depth just as much.
But the latest dramas to Speight and Adam Ashley-Cooper (neck), who would have been the first wingers picked to play Argentina, on top of the loss of the retired Pat McCabe, show the cupboard isn't quite as bare out wide.
Wallabies coach Ewen McKenzie had no hesitation in picking Kiwi-born Betham ahead of the returning Tomane (hamstring) - praising his nous and attention to detail.
"He's quite a smart footballer who pops up and sees opportunities," McKenzie told AAP.
"He's pinch-hit for us a few times ... he's been really good at turning up and doing the things that are important.
"He's very good at doing all the little things like off-the-ball chases and he's in the right spot at the right time."
Skipper Michael Hooper predicted his Waratah teammate's slippery running style and power would create headaches out wide for the Pumas backline on the Gold Coast.
"I'm excited to see what Petey does," Hooper said. "He's in great shape and looks quick.
"You love to see these stories where a guy gets another shot at the Wallabies jersey."


text:
Seducing Grandma 4Favorites [+]
Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
You can now enjoy this movie on your iPhone®, iPad®, or compatible Smart TV & Android devices.
Purchase Options
Pay-Per-MinutePurchase Minutes
Streaming Rentals
Available MP4 sizes:SD 480p (1.51 GB)
DRM-free downloads offer content that is not limited by standard Digital Rights Management (DRM) access technologies. These technologies allow hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to limit the usage of digital content.
When you purchase DRM-free downloadable content, that content is available for you to download on any computer and save to a disk whenever you like. You can also download to multiple computers. There is no timeframe associated with your purchase and the content will not expire.
Running Time: 98 minutes
Released: 02/2010
Studio Name: Totally Tasteless Video
Series: Seducing Grandma
Categories: Big Tits Mature Gonzo Grannies Big Natural Breasts
Description: Who knew a grandma could be this horny? Randy old granny is looking for a bit of a stiffy to set her right. Sweet old grandmother knows what she needs - give it to her good!
5 Scenes from Seducing Grandma 4
Watch with a Subscription to the SuperPass Channel, with Pay-Per-Minute or Streaming Rental
Seducing Grandma 4: Scene 1 Free Preview
Sex Acts: Vaginal Sex, Handjob, Oral Sex, Blowjob
Positions: Standing Doggy Style, Standing, Side Saddle, Spoons position, Sitting, Missionary
Seducing Grandma 4: Scene 2 Free Preview
Sex Acts: Breast Play, Anal Sex, Vaginal Sex, Handjob, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Smoking, Blowjob
Positions: Standing Doggy Style, Standing, Standing Missionary, Sitting, Laying
Seducing Grandma 4: Scene 3 Free Preview
Sex Acts: Ass To Mouth, Breast Play, Anal Sex, Vaginal Sex, Deep Throating, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Blowjob
Positions: Standing Doggy Style, Standing, Side Saddle, Sitting, Laying, Reverse Cowgirl, Cowgirl, Kneeling, Doggy Style
Seducing Grandma 4: Scene 4 Free Preview
Sex Acts: Pissing, Breast Play, Toy Play - Vaginal, Vaginal Sex, Masturbation, Oral Sex
Positions: Standing Doggy Style, Side Saddle, Sitting, Missionary, Laying, Kneeling
Seducing Grandma 4: Scene 5 Free Preview
Sex Acts: Vaginal Sex, Oral Sex
Positions: Standing Doggy Style, Standing, Missionary, Reverse Cowgirl, Cowgirl
Recommended Movies
AEBN Cams


text:
login with
Wondering how to delete my account
Hay ladies.... I was wondering if any of you know how I can delete my mom's.com account, so I can start a new account ??
Moms also like
About Suzy Mrla
Current: Sioux City, Iowa
Birth: October 04
On Moms.com since: Oct 12, 2014
I am a mom of 2 my first child Alex is 24, and my second child Meghan is 11, my children are born 13 years apart. I work at the local public school district I go around to the different public schools in the city and I substutite for teachers when needed.


text:
|01 Apr 2012
change audio channel with hot keys?
is it possible to change an audio output with hot keys?
for eg to play music through my headphones i use my xfi elite sound card and when i use my hifi speakers i use my onboard cards spdif out,
to do this at the moment i have to go into playback devices and change default play back device, is there a way i can use say ctrl+alt+Q to do this?
|My System Specs
|01 Apr 2012
This has been asked before and I don't recall anyone posting a way to do it. May be, but not that I remember. Have you tried doing a google search for this?
|My System Specs
|01 Apr 2012
ive had look about and can only find 3rd party stuff.
is it possible to have more than one audio out selected at the same time?
|My System Specs
|01 Apr 2012
You can only have one default audio playback device. Can't have, for example, "Speakers" and "S/PDIF" or "Speakers" and "HDMI" at the same time.
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
|Similar help and support threads
Right Channel Audio To Left Speaker: How Please ?
Hi, Just bought a new set of desktop speakers. The volume and tone controls are on the right-side speaker. As I use my mouse, right handed, and the volume control more or less together for some work, this is a bit of a pain. I can, of course, just move the speakers, but my son objects;...
|Sound & Audio
Audio Only out of one channel (multiple headsets and audio devices)
I have three audio devices on my pc (ATI HDMI, Via HD onboard and steelseries usb soundcard) and through all devices I only get audio out of the left channel. I have tried two pairs on headphones and my tv speakers all with the same results. I have looked at all the balancing end everything is set...
|Sound & Audio
VIA HD Audio Not Working w/ 5.1 Channel Speakers
I got a new computer, and it appears the integrated sound card does 100% well on my 5.1 speakers. The new motherboard's integrated soundcard has 6 audio jack-ports in the back (the typical multi-colored jacks for front/back/center/side speakers). Problem is that my speaker system only has 1 audio...
|Sound & Audio
pls do I have 5.1 channel audio output?
hello, just purchased Acer AX3950-U3022, trying to determine if 5.1 channel audio is put out. It's a refurb from SenecaData; two requests in to seneca data tech support ; so far, they cannot tell me. Other than one HDMI output, the only audio output is what looks like standard green analog jack;...
|Sound & Audio
Live TV HD Channel 5.1 Audio Stutter
I searched around the forums for this, but couldn't pin point a post describing the same situation. Basically this is what is happening... I'll be watching Live TV on a HD channel with 5.1 audio. Everything sounds find and then the audio starts to rapidly cut in and out (like...
|Media Center
Audio Left/Right Channel
Hi guys, I'm new here and I need some help with Windows 7. I have a HP Pavilion dv5-1234ca. I'm using IDT High Definition Audio CODEC. But if I go Properties > Levels > Speakers > Balance, when I want to listen to only the left channel, even if I turn down R channel, the audio i get from the...
|Sound & Audio
|Our Sites
|Site Links
|About Us
|Find Us
Windows 7 Forums is an independent web site and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by Microsoft Corporation. "Windows 7" and related materials are trademarks of Microsoft Corp.
© Designer Media Ltd
All times are GMT -5. The time now is 04:06.


text:
This historic Rome film club returned from oblivion to its old home at the end of 2000, with new, comfortable seats and state-of-the-art screening facilities. It alternates first-run art-house films with more recherché treats and themed seasons, which include the occasional film in the lingua originale.
Area Rome
Transport Bus 23, 280.
Telephone 06 6819 2987
Tickets €6.70; €4.50 reductions.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Ard Schrijvers <a.schrijv...@onehippo.com>
|[jr3] Restructure Lucene indexing & make use of Lucene 2.9 features
|Wed, 17 Feb 2010 15:48:07 GMT
Currently, we index *all* properties into the same Lucene field. There is an issue for this already [1]. I think we can gain a lot by having each property indexed in its own Lucene field. This avoids that we need to do so many custom queries and keep caches of terms ourselves, which end up in using lots of memory. Furthermore, if we want to use Lucene 2.9 kind of RangeQueries for dates, doubles and longs, I think we need to refactor to this 1:1 mapping anyway. Currently, Range queries on let's say 100.000 dates in jackrabbit are quite/very slow. It however will be a backwards incompatible move (I mean that existing indexes need to be rebuild), and I think it touches quite some code. Also Lucene 2.9 is incompatible with earlier versions of Lucene Regards Ard [1] http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/JCR-1080
|View raw message


text:
María Camp creates abstract paintings, primarily using heavy body and fluid acrylics, often in the same painting, along with a variety of mediums and an assortment of contour tools. Layering and texture are often important parts of her creative process. Most paintings are created on cradled wood panels.
Maria's painting, "Butterfly Spring," was in the 2016 Alabama Spring Art Show at High Cotton Arts in Athens, Alabama. During that time, her recycled art sculpture, "Owl in Flight," was on display at Lowe Mill Arts Center in Huntsville, Alabama; it was entered in the September 2016 North Alabama State Fair and won third place in its category. Her painting entitled "Crazy Eyes" won a first place ribbon.
Maria's paintings have also been displayed at the Kennedy-Douglass Center for the Arts, the Tennessee Valley Art Museum, and the Killen Public Library. Paintings are available at Art & More, a gallery in Florence, Alabama, as well as online. She also takes commissions. Art is sold as María Camp Fine Art & Happy Anvil Art.
María is a member of the Shoals Artists Guild and the Huntsville Art League. Additional interests include: photography, editing, writing, and attending plays.


text:
Frugal Tip: Homemade Mod Podge
I have posted a few craft ideas lately that used Mod Podge - but Mod Podge isn't cheap!
Now I am going to save you even more money by telling you how to make your own!
If you use regular Elmer's Glue-All, it will be waterproof when your project is dry.
The other bonus to making your own Mod Podge there is no smell!
Photo credit: doityourselfdivas.blogspot.ca
All rights reserved
Homemade Mod Podge Mix
Simply mix 50% Elmer's glue (white glue) and 50% water in a jar. Shake well. And you are done!
From: doityourselfdivas.blogspot.ca
NOTE: Some use less water - 2/3 glue and 1/3 water. You will have to experiment with small batches to see what works best for you.
TIP: If you use markers to make your picture, label, etc. - spray first with hairspray, let it dry then us your homemade Mod Podge.
TIP: Add 2 TBSP of varnish for a glossy finish.
TIP: If you wanted Glitter Mod Podge, just add some glitter to your homemade mixture!
From our Facebook fan page:
Tonya Bradley Philbrick posted: Wow! Thanks for sharing! :)
Megan Norris posted: If you have any left over add a little borax, and it makes a fun flubber for the kids to play with
Regina Greene-Pinckert posted: Thanks, now I have a use for the jar I emptied out last night at dinner time! I love upcycling!
Amber Faires posted: Honestly I've never even used Modge Podge on my own, so I wasn't sure what it was used for exactly and I was like how could something so simple be so expensive? So I decided to Google to see what projects it's used for and then I Googled the ingredients for the homemade mix and this link came up: Why You Shouldn't make Your Own Mod Podge
Sounds like a good idea to use it for things for things like kids crafts that will end up being thrown away or whatever and not "sentimental heirlooms" or something hehe. My 18 month old would just eat it though!
Regina Greene-Pinckert posted: Thanks for that informative post Amber. I will definitely keep that in mind. I think I want to make my own more for my kids to do projects that I know will end up in the trash before too long. But for serious projects, I will definitely buy the real stuff!
Shopping Suggestions:
• Elmer's All Multipurpose White Glue
• Sulyn Extra Fine Glitter
• Mod Podge
• Mod Podge Sparkle
NOTE - If any of the above links are not working or the freebies or coupons no longer available, please post a blog comment below and I'll edit it!
◊ Enjoying all the freebies? Want to keep up with the latest free stuff, deals, coupons, and other ways to save money? Subscribe to Frugal Freebies' email updates or RSS Feed! - it's free!
◊ Check us out on Twitter, and join in the conversation of even more great freebies, deals and coupons on our Frugal Freebies fan page on Facebook and Google+. We are even on Pinterest!
More Frugal Blogs and Websites:
◊ Born to Love: All your cloth diapering needs, and much more - naturally! We are strong advocates of the personal, social and environmental benefits of natural parenting.
◊ Frugal Baby Tips: Money-saving tips on diapering, diaper washing, safety, slings and baby carriers, toys, clothing, nursing, menstrual needs, traveling with kids, more!
Category: CDN, crafts, frugal tips, saving money, US, worldwide


text:
Peter Hayden Dinklage (June 11th, 1969) is an American actor, notable for his Emmy-winning role of Tyrion Lannister in the HBO fantasy drama Game of Thrones.
Dinklage is credited as the voice of Mr. Stone in "Secondhand Spoke" in the official FOX press release.[1] However, he is not included in the on screen credits in the role which is performed by John Viener. The DVD commentary for "Christmas Guy" mentions that a big-name actor was replaced this season after reading the role when it was felt it didn't work out.


text:
stand up against
stand up against (third-person singular simple present stands up against, present participle standing up against, simple past and past participle stood up against)
- To defy or challenge someone
- The Bible. Daniel 11.14
- In those times there shall many stand up against the king of the south: also the children of the violent among your people shall lift themselves up to establish the vision; but they shall fall.
- The Bible. Daniel 11.14
defy or challenge


text:
Ask Jack + Games
Claire wants to buy her son a laptop to run Minecraft with Pixelmon mods. Her budget is £300, but she's willing to spend a more
Hatim wants to play all kinds of games but his PC doesn't have a graphics card. Jack Schofield offers some pointers
Jack Schofield looks at the options including tablets, laptops, desktops and games consoles
Ask Jack: Su Butcher is thinking about buying a laptop for her seven-year-old son. She wants him to learn something, not just play games
Ask Jack: John Abbott wants to buy his computer-game-loving grandson a laptop for around £500, but it's hard to get a PC gaming system for that sort of price
Chris Green's wife wants a light laptop suitable for business travel, but she also wants to run the Civilization IV and V games
Albert G wants something to play at home on his Windows Vista PC
Gary Walton's son knows QBasic but would like to learn something for creating games
Ian Bell wants to connect an Xbox 360 to a Sony DMPort so he can get 5.1 sound
Do you recommend a refurbished Xbox 360 Core system or a new one? No name supplied
I have a blue and white Mac G3 tower running OS X. However, I cannot use Second Life, which tells me that I need a G4 processor. Macs are expensive and I don't want to have to buy a new computer just for that. Andy Brown
Back in the day, I played Frontier: Elite II on my Atari ST. As far as I can tell, Frontier isn't available for PCs, aside from a DOS version which I can't get to work even with an emulator. Do you know of any comparable games that might satisfy my nostalgia? Chris Morris
My son recently bought Sid Meier's Civilization IV without checking the recommended system requirements so it's a £30 screensaver. Is it worth upgrading a five-year-old PC -- in our case an AMD-based Mesh Matrix XP 1600 -- or biting the bullet and buying new? Steve Fowles
Do you think the Sony PlayStation 3 will be launched in the UK come March next year, or are further delays inevitable? Would you recommend purchase of an Xbox 360, as it seems to be an established next-generation console? Darryl Ness
Can the new Xbox 360 be used as a computer to run Windows XP applications? Frederick Omo-Osagie