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1 Dipartimento di studi linguistici e orientali Università di Bologna GIULIO SORAVIA THE ALAS LANGUAGE (NORTHERN SUMATRA)
3 CONTENTS Introduction 1.1. Phonology 1.2. Syllabic Structure 2. Historical Phonetics 3.1. Morphophonolgy 3.2. System of affixation Verb affixes Noun affixes Personal pronouns Adjectives Numerals 3.3. Wordclasses 3.4. Phrases Noun phrases Verb phrases 3.5. Clauses Types of clauses Complex sentences Some syntactic rules
4 4.1. The position of the Alas language among AN languages 4.2. Analysis of the 100 items of the comparative list 5. Alas-English-Indonesian wordlist 5.1. Foreword 5.2. Alas-English-Indonesian 5.3. English-Alas register Bibliography
5 List of abbreviations used in the volume Ac. Acèh Al. Alas AN Austronesian (languages) Ar. Arabic cp. compare Gy. Gayo id. idem IN Indonesian (languages) Jv. Javanese KB Karo Batak Me. Mentawai(an) Ml. Malay My. Malagasy Ni. Nias N Noun phrase PAN Proto-Austronesian (mainly Dyen) P Prepositional phrase Sim. Simalur Skt. Sanskrit TB Toba Batak UAN Uraustronesisch (after Dempwolff) v. vide, see var. variant V Verb phrase * hypothetical or reconstructed form > becomes < derives from
7 INTRODUCTION The Alas language is spoken in a small area of Northern Sumatra, more precisely in the district of Aceh Tenggara, Autonomous Province of Aceh. The main town of the area where the language is spoken is Kutacane, the Kabupaten capita townl. The town consists of a double row of houses along the main road, which comes from Kabanjahe and continues towards Blangkejeren northwards and thence, when weather conditions permit, reaches Takengon in Aceh Tengah. Southwards the road leads to the province of Sumatra Utara, the heart of the traditional territory of the Karo Bataks. Such a location justifies the relative isolation of the area, as the Alas territory is rather mountainous and there is no possibility of reaching the coast eastwards or westwards and the capital town of the province, Banda Aceh, lies in the extreme north and may be reached only following the coastal road via Medan or Takengon and Bireuen. The Alas are maily devoted to agriculture and have lived up to our days without important contacts with the rest of the world. Their immediate neighbours are the Gayos in the north and the Karo Bataks in the south, who speak a language closely related to Alas. Contacts with the Malays from the coastal regions and the Achehs in the north must have been relatively intense, as the Alas received Islam from them. Near Kutacane small i
8 settlements of Toba Bataks may be found in Sigalegale and Lawé Désky along the road southwards. The Alas people today may amount to about people. Although they had been contacted by the Dutch since the beginning of our century, little is known of their culture and traditions. As a matter of fact only their Adatrecht seems to have been studied by Western scholars, up to very recent times. Some information on them is to be found in Snouck Hurgronje s volume on the Gayos, but generally the Alas people have been considered a subgroup of the Karo Bataks possibly on a linguistic basis only. In fact the Alas language has been considered from time to time either as a dialect of Karo or of Gayo, without apparently feeling the need of studying the language by itself. This attitude is not only false intrinsically, but prevents from appreciating correctly the whole of the linguisitic situation in Northern Sumatra. Just a small number of examples may permit to appreciate both the affinities and the diversities of the three languages in question: Karo: kita seh i kota nari erbih Gayo: kite sawah ari kute manè Alas: kite sòh kota ari bòné we arrived from the town yesterday Karo: arah selatan ingan énda lit kerangen ras paya-paya Gayo: ngerat i daérah ni ara uten urum paya Alas: ni jahènen negeri ènde lòt rimbe nengen paye south of this land there are forests and swamps ii
9 Karo: aku nggo minem lau Gayo: aku ngge inum weih Alas: aku nggòu minum lawé I have drunk water What appears in existing literature consists mainly of notes of the kind we find in Voorhoeve (1955, p. 9): Besides Karo- Batak the Northern group [of Batak dialects] also includes the Alas- dialect and Dairi-Batak, with the sub-dialects of Kelasan, Simsim, Pegagan and the Kata Boang of Upper Singkel. As to Singkel it is listed as a different regional language of the Aceh Province by the researchers of the University of Syah Kuala in Banda Aceh. Teuku Syamsudin (in Koentjaraningrat 1975, p. 2225) is even more misleading, including Alas within the Gayo dialects, but the purpose of the book was not that of classifying Sumatran languages and the contents were arranged with a division more according to political boundaries than ethnic ones. Budiman Sulaiman in his grammar of the Aceh language (1977, p. 14) seems to be more correct in listing Alas as a language by itself. On the other hand he only devotes a couple of lines to the matter, stating that: Bahasa Alas digunakan oleh penduduk yang berdiam di daerah Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara dan di hulu sungai Singkil dalam daerah Kabupaten Aceh Selatan. The Alas language fills a gap in the continuity of languages in Northern Sumatra. It is clearly similar to Karo, but shows many traits in common with Gayo. In the past atlases and maps tended to assign clear cut areas to each language. We are nowadays more cautious and realize clearly the existence of a continuum of dialects where variants tend to merge into each iii
10 other. On the other hand this may be realized only if languages are studied as they are really in use in the territory and not privileging one form assumed to be a standard or adopted as such, as may be the case of some missionaries interested in singling out a standard form for the translation of the Bible or such purposes. This is the view which led in the past to the reconstruction of Proto-languages and to Neogrammarian views on that matter. Modern sociolinguistics have clearly demonstrated that matters are in fact much more complicated. Be that as it may, many Indonesian (and non Indonesian) students of linguistics are dedicating their efforts to the study of regional languages and we may hope that in the near future our knowledge in Indonesian linguistics will improve. Non only for quantity of data, but especially for their quality and for the correct theoretical presuppositions in their researches. The present research was carried on mainly in february and march 1983 with a further review of data in 1985 and the results remained unpublished till now for a series of difficulties in finding a publisher and thinking that other studies were shortly to appear on this language. Though this has partly happened, we feel that our study of the language still deserves some attention. Thanks are due to my main informant of the time, who assisted me in subsequent checkings of the gathered material. Drs. Sjech Ahmaddin devoted much of his time while I was in Kutacane to help me and I was lucky to find a person having a very good preparation in the field of linguistics. iv
11 Needless to say, my debt is to the Indonesians as a whole, who have always been kind and patient up the boasted standard with my tiring presence as a researcher. Bologna, University, 1999 G. S. The occasion to publish this work had to wait till 2007 with the advent of digital format. It is now possible to offer this material to interested people, thanks to the help of AlmaDL. Knowledge is no private property and the possibility of access to information is a duty to all researchers. Electronics have given us not only a non expensive opportunity, but also a means to save paper and trees, for a work which undoubtedly interests a very limited number of persons. Bologna, University, 2007 G. S. v
12 vi
13 1.1. PHONOLOGY The inventory of the phonemes of the Alas languages gives the following chart: p b t d c j k g m n ny ng s l r h w y (w) i é e o a u As to this scheme we may observe that: a) while the opposition /c/ vs. /j/ and /k/ vs. /g/ is clearly an opposition of voiceless vs. voiced consonant, /p/ vs. /b/ and /t/ vs. /d/ also show an opposition of plosive vs. implosive sound; b) the inclusion of /e/ in the inventory is beyond discussion as there are clear oppositions of such a phoneme vs. /a/, /é/ and /i/. 1
14 Nevertheless the opposition seems to be neutralized in word final position. Words etymologically ending in /-a/ are regularly pronounced as [-e] as occurs in other languages (Malay dialects, Balinese etc.) whilst in other languages the change of /-a/ into /-o/ occurs. Anyhow, as from a synchronic standpoint nothing happens to complicate the phonological analysis of the language, we would prefer to range it as an occurrence of the /e/ phoneme. Otherwise, we could state that the /a/ phoneme is realized as [e] in word final position with an overlapping of two phonemes as regards their phonetic status. As for this point, however, we observe that: /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /c/ /j/ /k/ /g/ /m/ /n/ /ny/ /ng/ /r/ is a bilabial voiceless plosive never released word final; is a bilabial voiced implosive [C]; is an alveolar plosive, sometimes slightly retroflex, not released word final; is an alveolar voiced implosive [G]; is a palatal voiceless plosive, sometimes slightly affricate; is a palatal voiced plosive, sometimes slightly affricate; is a velar voiceless plosive; but word final it is realized as a glottal stop; is a velar voiced plosive; is a bilabial voiced nasal; is an alveolar voiced nasal; is a palatal voiced nasal; is a velar voiced nasal; is a velar or uvular voiced vibrant or fricative [S] or [p]; 2
15 /l/ /s/ /h/ /w/ /y/ /i/ /é/ /a/ /e/ /o/ /u/ is an alveolar voiced lateral; is an alveolar voiceless fricative (spirant); is a laryngeal voiceless fricative, very weak word initial (or voiced); is a bilabial voiced continuant with a secundary velar articulation; is a palatal voiced continuant; is a palatal vocoid, front high unrounded; is a palatal front mid unrounded vocoid; it seems to have two different allophones (mid high [e] and mid low [K]). Though there are no minimal pairs to contrast we like better to note the difference in writing by using è for the mid low variant as there seems to be no predictable rules as to their pronunciation; is a central low vocoid; is a neutral central vocoid or sometimes a back unrounded mid high (centralized) vocoid [T], resembling Aceh eu. This happens systematically in the prefix /me-/; is a back mid rounded vocoid; two varieties exist though not in complementary distribution, as is the case for /é/. We shall mark o the mid high allophone and ò the mid low one; is a back high rounded vocoid. It may be useful to highline that our spelling follows the lines of the official spelling for Bahasa Indonesia (ejaan baru). This spelling has the advantage of being roughly phonemic and of being very simple and clearly understandable by speakers of Indonesian. Of course there appear to be no significative 3
16 differences but on a phonemic level; /b/ and /d/ are not implosive in Indonesian, but on the other hand no such sounds are to be found there. /r/ is seldom uvular in Indonesian speakers but again this produces no phonemic opposition. A further remark may be made for the existence of long vowels, though with no distinctive value and mostly in monosyllables, which are left unmarked in our spelling. No significative stress is audible either. The following minimal pairs justify the above inventory: /l/ ~ /r/ /k/ ~ /t/ /g/ ~ /j/ /r/ ~ /s/ /t/ ~ /j/ /ng/ ~ /r/ /h/ ~ /l/ /l/ ~ /n/ /p/ ~ /t/ /h/ ~ /s/ /s/ ~ /t/ /h/ ~ /k/ /r/ ~ /t/ /m/ ~ /p/ /k/ ~ /ng/ /t/ ~ /n/ /k/ ~ /c/ /b/ ~ /g/ /d/ ~ /t/ asal origin ~ asar nest dukuk push ~ dukut grass gagah bold ~ gajah elephant gelar name ~ gelas glass geréte cart ~ geréje church gugung east ~ gugur boil guhe cave ~ gule sugar gule sugar ~ gune use kakap axe ~ katak frog kerah dry ~ keras hard laus go ~ laut sea nahan next ~ nakan paddy rutung durian ~ tutung burn mangan eat ~ pangan be eaten tòk tasteless ~ tòng still takal head ~ nakal nasty keras hard ~ ceras plough tebu sugarcane ~ tegu draw made not ~ mate eye 4
17 /ny/ ~ /n/ /w/ ~ /g/ /y/ ~ /Ø/ /m/ ~ /mp/ /m/ ~ /mb/ /s/ ~ /Ø/ /ng/ ~ /Ø/ /e/ ~ /i/ /é/ ~ /e/ /e/ ~ /Ø/ /i/ ~ /ou/ /e/ ~ /ò/ /e/ ~ /ou/ /a/ ~ /ò/ /a/ ~ /i/ /u/ ~ /a/ /u/ ~ /e/ nyany sing ~ nadi stop lawi tail ~ lagi and kayu wood ~ kau thou jume ricefield ~ jumpe meet lemah weak ~ lembah valley kaus socks ~ kau thou jaring net ~ jari finger babe bring ~ babi pig maté die ~ mate eye buke open ~ buk hair enggi younger sibling ~ enggou already babe bring ~ babò shallow lime five ~ limou lemon kerah dry ~ keròh visit keras hard ~ keris dagger kute village ~ kate say tebu sugarcane ~ tebe towards The binary analysis of the phonemes of Alas is given in the following Charts No. 1 and 2. 5
18 p b m t d n c j ny k g ng r l s h w y i é a o u e Legenda: 1. Vocalic; 2. Consonantic; 3. Continuous; 4. Nasal; 5. Grave; 6. Acute; 7. Compact; 8. Diffuse; 9. Voiced Chart 1 - Binary matrix of Alas phonemes 6
19 Chart 2 - Binary stem of Alas phonemes 7
20 1.2. SYLLABIC STRUCTURE The syllabic structure of Alas is similar to that of Malay and some other Western Indonesian languages (excluding more anomalous languages such as Nias which has only open syllables or Aceh whose phonemic structure is still puzzling). The types of syllables which may be found in Alas are the following: V CV VC CVC as in a-nak boy, son as in bu-nge flower as in òr-ti meaning as in tem-bun fat. The typology cannot be further reduced, as the consonant appearing as a tail of the syllable is never predictable, nor do we find nasals homorganics only in syllable final position. Actually, syllable final consonants in Alas may be /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /h/, /l/, /r/, besides nasals. Thus, only palatals and voiced implosives are totally lacking. Moreover we can find instances of word medial nasals not homorganic with the following consonant (stop) as in such reduplicated forms as tongtong sack or jengjeng to stand. Consonant clusters of some complexity from an articulatory standpoint do appear also in cases such as toktok betel 8
21 mortar, and also in unreduplicated forms such as élmu science (an Arabic borrowing however), but kòrbou buffalo, bòrsih clean (where a liquid is found), etc. We excluded the inclusion of a glottal stop phoneme, for the status of /k/ syllable final seems to be clear also form a comparative point of view (the same occurs in Malay). On the other hand this could lead to the simplification of the types of syllables postulating each V syllable as really a sequence of glottal stop plus vowel and thus assimilating it to the CV syllable type. But this would be, though theoretically possible, a stretching of structuralist theories in line with the interpretation of Arabic phonology in classical Arabic tradition (where all V syllables were in fact interpreted as a sequence of hamza plus vowel). In our description only one diphthong is found, viz. /òu/ which is treated exactly as a simple vowel. Example: enggòu already is analysed as a VC-CV word. Tretaing it as a VC sequence /ow/ would not, however alter our syllabic analysis as the diphthong occurs only in word final position. A strong suspicion may arise for this fact as it could be also considered as an allophone of /o/ word final. In fact very rare examples of [o] word final are observed as in /babò/ shallow. On the other hand the only example of an apparent /ai/ diphthong is found in sekai how much and in this case it seems more useful to consider it phonemically as /sekai/, as in other cases where the final /i/ is clearly a suffix. Example in tande + i which gives tandai. Etymological /ai/ as a diphthong of PAN is systematically found as /é/ in Alas. Another problem in our analysis is given by a further possibility: the case is for a very frequent occurrence of prenasalized stops. These have been considered as separate 9
22 phonemes in a number of AN languages and the reason for this may be of a different kind. In the case of Gayo, e.g., at least in a dialect of it, only prenasalized voiceless stops are found, whilst *mb, nd, ngg have become simple nasals (resp. m, n, ng). In Fijan and Melanesian languages, on the other hand only prenasalized voiced stops are found vs. simple voiceless stops, with no occurrence of simple voiced stops etc. In some languages the functional importance of voicing disappears and the opposition of two phonemes presents a further trait. This is also the case for Alas where voiced stops seem to be also implosive. But in Alas prenasalized stops are also found and considering them as separate phonemes could account for a simpler analysis of its syllabic structure, especially considering those cases in which they occur word initially. Examples are: mbuwé many nggusi gums n(y)jinak tame, etc. In all these cases the initial nasal is the result of the fusion of an old prefix, with no meaning at the present stage of the language. In some cases it seems to be the result of a phonetic erosion of the word, as in mpat four (compare Malay empat) or nggete mangosteen. We suggest to consider the nasal as syllabic itself (a kind of contracted /*en/). These words could be in fact rewritten as e.g. embuwé, empat, enggeluh, etc. This solution would not alter or render more complicated our typology. Yet another solution could be, of course, considering prenasalized as single phonemes, with an increase in the 10
23 number of the inventory, but simplification in the syllabic structure. Accepting a solution with only four types of syllables, we would have in Alas words made of one to five syllables, showing a structure as exemplified below. In particular: a) one syllable words (mainly CVC and a single dubious case of V): V é that (?) CV be to, towards gé hear CVC bal ball cut little, small b) two syllable words (prevailing structures are CV-CV, CV-CVC, CVC-CVC): CV-CV gile crazy CVC-CV bungki boat CV-CVC babah mouth CVC-CVC cengkah lame VC-CVC ampuh flood V-CV aku I CV-V bau smell VC-CVC idah see CV-VC biang dog V-VC uis cloth uan father 11
24 These last are dubious cases for which we prefer an interpretation such as uwis and (u)wan. A similar case occurs with suan to till (land) which may be interpreted phonemically as suwan. c) three syllable words (with most common patterns CV-CV- CV, CV-CV-CVC, CVC-CV-CV, CVC-CV-CVC): CV-CV-CV bahaye danger harimòu tiger CV-CV-CVC besekep cinema CV-CVC-CV metentu particular, special CVC-CVC-CV sempurne perfect CVC-CV-CV mentagi forehead CVC-CV-CVC lengkaber bat CV-CVC-CVC megembas swim CVC-CVC-CVC cinderken build CV-CV-V setie faithful VC-CVC-CVC (e)mbòrsih clean VC-CV-CV antare between V-CV-CVC akibat consequence CVC-CV-VC kencuah west CV-CV-VC seluar trousers CV-V-CV puase fastening VC-CV-VC (e)mbiah fear VC-CVC-CV untungme luckily CV-VC-CVC buetken take VC-CV-CVC (e)mbelang wide The only word in our corpus which could not fit into these patterns is a Dutch loanword: stasiun station, which by the 12
25 way could be interpreted as setasiun (CV-CV-CV-VC), as is possibly the case for the same word in Indonesian. d) four syllable words: CV-CV-CV-CVC keterangen explanation CV-CVC-CV-CV belantare forest CV-CV-CVC-CVC ngelahérken give birth CVC-CV-CV-CVC sendalamen walk together CV-CV-CV-CV Kutacane name of town CV-CVC-CV-CVC pekembangen development CV-CV-CV-VC mamelias bad, wicked CV-CV-V-CV mutiare pearl VC-CV-CV-V (e)ndabuhken drop, let fall CV-CV-CV-V rahasie secret VC-CVC-CV-CV (e)nggancihi change CV-V-CV-CV kaékane because CV-CV-VC-CV keluarge family Some reduplicated words could also be interpreted as four syllable words: V-CV-V-CV abu-abu grey More difficult remains the interpretation of words like ilat-ilat dishonest or agar-agar so that, which may be viewed both as V-CVC-V-CVC and V-CV-CV-CVC, though the former seems to be preferable. e) five syllables words (this seems to be the maximum expandable structure, if we exclude the further possibility to 13
26 add the emphasizer suffix -me or the interrogative -kin). Examples: CV-CV-CV-CVC-CV kebalikenne on the contrary VC-CV-CV-CV-CV (e)mpegedangi to lengthen, prolong CV-CV-CVC-CV-CVC medalan-dalan to go strolling There is a possibility that five syllable words having different patterns may exist, but the given examples represent what may be found in our corpus. 14
27 2. Historical Phonetics Alas appears to be a rather conservative language vis-à-vis the classical reconstruction of UAN by Dempwolff, as is the case for Malay and Karo Batak. Even in the light of Dyen s reconstruction the observation retains its validity. The language is surely more conservative than neighbouring languages such as Toba Batak and Aceh, and even Gayo. Taking into account the outcomes of proto-forms, we shall notice only a few meaningful changes and in doing so we shall give special attention to Dempwolff s recontructed forms, though not discarding Dyen s or others, as it has appeared that these - even at the risk of oversimplifying the matter - are more closely related to what happens in Western Austronesian. For Western Austronesian, as a matter of fact, it seems to be useless to look for subtler comparisons. In fact only the treatment of *I in Alas compels us to some discriminations. All other phonemes of Gayo are perfectly explained within the reference scheme as proposed by Dempwolff in his Lautlehre. Some inconsistencies are in our opinion not only unavoidably appearing in any language with regards to Proto-forms as reconstructed by linguists, but they represent the healthy recalling of the fact that phonetic laws are never without exceptions, nay they remind us that reconstructed languages, if possibly compared with true proto-languages would appear to be monsters hardly resembling the historical data. So exceptions to phonetic laws are obviously the result of internal anomalies (analogy, vowel harmony, assimilation/ 15
28 dissimilation, system economies etc.) or external ones (interferences, borrowings, calques, substrata, superstrata etc.). The still existing dogma of unexceptionable phonetic law must be put at a stake and we must use phonetic laws as a useful tool for memorizing trends in the changement of a particular language diachronically. Be that as it may, in order to avoid a too complex frame of reference which would only work if taking into account a series of smaller laws and conditions of dubious utility, if any, we shall stick to Dempwolff forms (UAN), showing, whenever the case is, some of Dyen s forms (PAN). In other words we are aware of some shortcomings in this operations, but it is still an operations having a coherent method, where, by the way, we discard the view that too punctilious reconstructions, not having phonetic value (this would be impossible as no natural language may have a set of phonemes of the kind which linguists mark with x 1,, x 2, x 3 etc.), may be thought to have real effect in the changes. It is far more acceptable that the uniformity of any proto-language is a myth and from the start there are simply idiolects which step by step become dialetcs and different languages. This would be a theory of instability of linguistic forms as against the view that language are coherent systems in which tout se tient! Dempwolff s form are therefore perfectly acceptable for the sake of a comparison aiming to show regularly occurring diachonic and comparative phenomena, even if Dyen has the merit of taking into account a greater number of languages (as for example Formosan languages still largely unknown to Dempwolff). But again the sample may be not neutral and the 16
29 choice of a greater number may not ameliorate the sample. We mean that if the assumption is that the origin of Austronesian(s) is thought to be more easterwards, it looks clear that Oceanic language are more important in comparison than Western Indonesian. But if we assume that migrations went from South China to the South and South East, then the whole of the matter changes. Be that as it may and certainly not so straighforward, the comparison of a Western Indonesian language is better made with other languages of the area, being aware of the fact that something other has been present in the area some time complicating matters. The main phonetic laws of Alas, based on the inventory of Proto-Austronesian phonemes as proposed by Dempwolff (UAN) are the following: *b remains unchanged, though in Alas its pronunciation is implosive [C]. It never appears word final. Examples are: babah mouth UAN *babah, PAN baqbaq rimbe forest UAN *[â]imba babi pig UAN * babuj kambing goat UAN * kambi bònggi night UAN *bi gi,pan *ber i /ber i[ h] 17
30 *d remains unchanged but implosive [G]. Word final it possibly becomes /t/. Examples are: dilah tongue UAN *dilah, PAN *dilaq jadi become UAN *d adi, PAN *zadi laut sea UAN *la ud, PAN *laud bukit hill UAN *bukid dalan road UAN *dalan/d alan, PAN *zalan/zalan dauh far UAN *da Ih, Pan *Zauq/za(h0)uq *Ñ seems to become /d/ word initial, /r/ word final, but there are dubious forms as: tenten breast UAN *ÑaÑa, PAN *DaDa[ h] due two UAN *Ñuva, PAN *DewS 3 a bayar pay dabuh fall UAN *bajañ. PAN *bayad UAN *Ñabuh *d possibly becomes /d/ in medial position, but word initially it becomes /j/. Examples are: udan rain UAN * ud an/ uñan, PAN *quzan/quzan pinjam borrow UAN *hi d am ejer study UAN * ad aâ janggut beard UAN *d a gut (n)jadi become UAN *d adi /zadi 18
31 *g remains such: there are no cases of it word final. Examples: gelap dark gadung k.o. potato gelar name teguh strong janggut beard UAN *gilap UAN *gañu UAN *gila[â] UAN *tiguh UAN *d ja gut *g becomes /g/: igung nose UAN * ig u, PAN *ijun/q 2 íjú nggi younger sibling UAN * a g i pige how much UAN *pig a, PAN *pija bagas inside UAN *bag at *γ becomes /r/ [R], possibly unchanged from a strict phonetic viewpoint. Examples: beré give UAN *baγaj, PAN *berey/ber 1 éy wari day UAN *vaγi, PAN *war 1,2 i bibèr lips berat heavy UAN *bibiγ, PAN *bíbír UAN *biγat, PAN *ber 2 qat rumah house UAN *γumah, PAN *Rumaq jarum needle UAN *d aγum, PAN *Z 2 ár 123 um niwer coconut UAN *nijuγ, PAN *ñiur 19
32 *h (PAN *q) generally is maintained, especially in final position, but there is a general tendency to dropping. Examples: tahun year UAN *tahun, PAN *taqun/taqween buah fruit UAN *buah, PAN *buaq bunuh kill UAN *bunuh, PAN *bunuq angin wind, air UAN *(h)a in, PAN *hanin/h 2 á in tòh know UAN *tahu, PAN *taquh cp. however pagit bitter < UAN *pahit, PAN *paqit. In some cases we find also e final /h/ which does not seems to be etymologically present: waluh eight, UAN *valu, PAN *walu/w 2 alú. *j is retained, except word final (see diphthongs). Examples: kayu wood UAN *kaju, PAN *kahiw bayar pay UAN *bajañ, PAN *bayad layar sail UAN *lajaγ, PAN *láyar 12 *k is retained. Examples: aku I UAN * aku, PAN *aku(h)/ aku buke open UAN *buka, PAN *buka manuk chicken UAN *manuk, PAN *manuk sakit ill UAN *t akit, PAN *sakit keret cut UAN *kiγit, PAN *kéret nangke jackfruit kuling skin UAN *na ka UAN *kulit, PAN *kulit/kúlit 20
33 *l is retained. Examples: lime five UAN *lima, PAN *lima/líma lumut moss UAN *limut, PAN *límut/lúmut uleng caterpillar UAN *ulag, PAN *qulej (?) dilah tongue UAN *dilah, PAN *dilaq *â becomes /r/. Examples: rimbe forest UAN *[â]imba tukor buy UAN *tuka[â] rimo tiger UAN *haâimav, PAN *harimaw gelar name UAN *gila[â] *m is retained. Examples are: mate eye UAN *mata, PAN *mata/macá ] inum drink UAN *inum, PAN *inum jarum needle UAN *d aγum, PAN *Z 2 ár 123 um *n is retained. Examples: bulan moon nangke jackfruit manuk chicken UAN *bulan, PAN *búlale UAN *na ka UAN *manuk, PAN *manuk 21
34 * is retained: Examples: bunge flower pangan eat mange mango kambing goat UAN *bu a, PAN *bu a[h ] UAN *pa an UAN *ma ga UAN *kambi see however kuan pandanus < UAN *kuva. *n is retained, but instances in our corpus are scanty. For example: nyanyi sing UAN *n an i, PAN *ñañi *k becomes /c/. Examples are: cicak gecko cincin ring UAN *k Ik ak UAN *k i k i *t becomes /s/ besi iron UAN *bit i, PAN *besi/basi beras rice UAN *biγat, PAN *beras sakit ill UAN *t akit, PAN *sakit susu milk UAN *t ut u, PAN *súsu ] mis sweet UAN *ma[mn]it, PAN *tamqis 22
35 *t is retained. Examples: batu stone UAN *batu, PAN *batu/baøú e berat heavy UAN *biγat, PAN *ber 2 qat tande sign UAN *ta(ç)ña, PAN *tanda/tadá tòh know UAN *tahu, PAN *taquh *ô no items were available. *p is retained. Examples: panah arrow UAN *panah, PAN *panaq api fire UAN * apuj, PAN *apuy pige how many UAN *pig a, PAN *pija pitu seven UAN *pitu, PAN *pitu/pitú *v word initial becomes /w/, while medially possibly disappears. For final position see the diphthongs. Examples are: wari day UAN *vaγi, PAN *war 12 i waluh eight UAN *valu, PAN *walu/w 2 alú ] due two UAN *duva, PAN *DewS 3 a *a in final position becomes /I/, otherwise it is retained: bunge flower UAN *bu a, PAN *bú a[ h] api fire UAN * apuj, PAN *apuy 23
36 *i is retained: pitu seven UAN épitu, PAN *pitu/pitú wari day UAN *vaγi, PAN *war 12 i igung nose *u is retained: UAN *ig u, PAN *ijun/q 2 íjú susu milk UAN *t ut u, PAN *súsu ] urang person UAN *uγa, PAN *ura *I shows a somewhat complicated problem, as it may be retained as in e.g.: beras rice medem sleep keret cut UAN *biγat, PAN *beras UAN absent, PAN *pezem (but cp. TB modom and Ml. padam) UAN *kiγit, PAN *kéret but in most cases it becomes /o/, particularly: 1) whenever we have */IR(C/#)/. E.g.: mbòrsih clean gòrtak bridge pòrkis ant kòrbòu buffalo UAN absent, but cp. Ml. bersih cp. KB gertak, Gy. getek a raft cp. KB perkis UAN *kibav, but also in Dempwolff 1925 *kaâabav 24
37 2) in the case of */Ik#/: geròk move cp. Ml. gerak (< *giγik/ giγak?) landòk dance cp. KB landek Alas shows however a tendency to vowel harmony (as other IN languages) which makes assimilation possible in a number of cases to explain inconsistencies. Borrowings from Ml. (or influences for cognates) may also be responsible for cases of retention of */I/ (*/I/ > /o/ > /I/). *aj becomes /é/: awé face cp. Blust 1971 *(q)away beré give UAN *biγaj, PAN *berey *uj becomes /i/: api fire UAN * apuj, PAN *apuy babi pig UAN * babuj *av becomes /ò/: rimò tiger UAN *haâimav, PAN *harimaw pulò island UAN *pulav 25
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Calabasas (Calif.) linebacker Reggie Hughes has offers from Nebraska, UCLA, Boston College, Oregon State and Washington State. The four-star is also talking with Boise State, Hawaii and Connecticut.
Danville (Calif.) San Ramon Valley offensive lineman Blake McDonald has four offers, from California, Hawaii, Oregon State and UCLA and is planning to visit USC this week.
Gardena (Calif.) Serra athlete Bryan Addison is closing in on double-digit offers, with nine offers under his belt. The four-star said the schools standing out to him include Nebraska, Oregon, UCLA and USC.
San Marcos (Calif.) Mission Hills quarterback Jack Tuttle remains solid in his commitment to Utah and plans to visit unofficially this month with his best friend, San Marcos (Calif.) receiver Kyle Philips. Tuttle said he's developed a good relationship quickly with new offensive coordinator Troy Taylor.
Temecula (Calif.) Chaparral center Justin Dedich, the top center nationally in 2018, is at 17 offers, with recent offers from New Mexico, TCU, Kansas and Utah. He's been talking lately with Oklahoma State, USC and Stanford. He visited Washington in January and will visit Colorado and UCLA this spring.
Santa Ana (Calif.) Mater Dei offensive lineman Tommy Brown is at 14 offers with recent offers from Auburn, Utah and Nevada. The four-star plans to visit UCLA next week. Brown said Alabama has been keeping an eye on him too.
Oceanside (Calif.) El Camino running back Chris Brown has eight offers, with recent offers from Washington State and San Diego State. Some of the offers standing out to him are Utah and UCLA and he'll visit the Bruins this week for an unofficial.
Fresno (Calif.) Edison safety Steve Stephens earned an invitation to the Under Armour All-America Game with his performance at the camp. UCLA, Oregon, LSU and Nebraska are Stephens' most recent offers and he's also been offered previously by a number of schools like Cal and USC. He's planning to visit Cal and Nebraska this spring and wants to get out to Oklahoma and up to Oregon.
Murrieta (Calif.) Vista Murrieta receiver Khalil Shakir picked up an offer from UCLA this week and the Bruins joined offers from Colorado and Washington State. Shakir is also talking with Arizona State, Oregon and New Mexico.
Temecula (Calif.) Chaparral offensive lineman Steven Jones landed a handful of offers in the last week, giving him 12 altogether and TCU, Oregon, Arizona State, Cal and San Diego State have been his most recent offers. Jones said that USC and UCLA have also increased their communication with him. He wants to visit Washington State and Colorado this spring.
San Juan Capistrano (Calif.) JSerra defensive end Abdul-Malik McClain has offers from Notre Dame, UCLA, Virginia and Washington State, with the Irish offering this past week. McClain is also hearing quite a bit from USC and Arizona.


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The Japanese have always been great at cartoon art, long before the manga craze of recent years. Here's a representation of Japanese Army Air Force Ki-27 fighters going up against a passle of Russian Polikarpovs in the 1939 border war in Mongolia. The Nakajima fighters seem to be vaguely based on the then-warpaint of the 64th Sentai, which later faced the AVG in Burma. It's all very approximate, as indeed is the shape of the fighters on both sides. The Ki-27 in the foreground, as seen in related images, has fifteen red stars on its flank, which suggests to me that perhaps it's supposed to be flown by Captain Kato Tateo, the commander of the 64th Sentai until shot down over the Bay of Bengal in May 1942. (His actual victory credits in China and Nomonhan came to ten.) Thanks to John Mayberry for sending this on. Blue skies! -- Dan Ford
Question? Comment? Newsletter? Send me an email. Blue skies! -- Dan Ford
Bookshelf | Book reviews | Question? | Message board | Google us | Website & webmaster | Site map
Other sites: Daniel Ford's Books | Flying Tigers: the history | Facebook | Piper Cub Forum | Raintree County | Reading Proust | Sailboat Seal
Posted October 2016. Websites ©1997-2016 Daniel Ford. All rights reserved.


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The Winners of the Manchester United Foundation Matchday Lottery for the Arsenal game were:-
South Stand
Framed Signed Shirt - Giles Muller - Rossendale
Cased Signed Ball - Alex Hidorg -
North Stand
Framed Signed Shirt - R.G. Grimstead - Kent
Cased Signed Ball - Mr Eric Stark - Urmston Manchester


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For our most recent speech assignment, we got to choose our on topic. I decided to write my speech about Chuck, my favorite author my inspiration to start writing. I'm not completely finished yet though. Any suggestions on how I can improve it?
Here's the speech:
Charles Michael "Chuck" Palahniuk was born on Febuary 21st, 1962 in Pasco, Washington. He is an American transgressional fiction novelist and a freelance journalist. His parent's names are Carol Palahniuk and Fred Palahniuk. His father was Ukrainian and immigrated from Canada to New York in 1907. He went to the University of Oregon's school of Journalism. He graduated in 1986. He worked as an intern for NPR (National Public Radio) in Eugene, Oregon. He quit his journalist job in 1988 and began working at a Hospice, but stopped when a patient he had grown attached to died. He became a member of the Cacophony Society which is "a randomly gathered network of free spirits united in the pursuit of experiences beyond the pale of mainstream society." This inspired some of his novels, including FIght Club, in which he used the Society as a basis for Project Mayhem.
Chuck began writing in his mid-thirties. He started while attending writer's workshops. Tom Spanbauer, the host of the writer's workshops, inspired Chuck's writing style. His first book was Insomnia: If You Lived Here, You'd Be Home Already, was never published because he was disappointed with the story. When he attempted to publish his next novel, Invisible Monsters, publishers rejected it for its disturbing content. This led him to work on his most famous novel, Fight Club, which he wrote as an attempt to disturb the publisher even more for rejecting him. Fight Club was supposed to be a short story, but he decided to write it as a full novel. The short story he wrote became chapter six in Fight Club. In 1999, the movie version of Fight Club was released. It wasn't popular in theaters, but became a cult classic when it was released on DVD. A revised version of Invisible Monsters was also published that year. A few years later, he made his first New York Times best seller, Choke. The year 1999 brought a series of great personal tragedies to Palahniuk's life. At the time, his father began dating a woman named Donna Fontaine. Her ex-boyfriend, Dale Shackleford, was in prison and had vowed to kill Donna as soon as he was released. When he was released, he followed Fred and Donna to Donna's home, where he shot both of them and dragged them to Donna's cabin home, which he then set on fire. In 2001, he was sentenced to death. Chuck began writing Lullaby (one of my favorite books by him) to cope with these events. In 2003, while on tour to promote his novel Diary, he read a short story titled "Guts". The short story has caused 73 people to faint. "Guts" was written as a story by Saint Gut-Free, a character in Chuck's novel Haunted. Haunted is a novel that consists of many short stories, written by characters in the novel while trapped at a Writer's Retreat.
Chuck's novels have earned him a reputation as a nihilist. Chuck dislikes this label, claiming he is a romantic, and that his works are mistakenly seen as nihilistic because they express ideas that others do not believe in.


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Jeff Bagwell's Nightmare with Hand Doctor Michael Brown Gets Worse
Houston Astro legend Jeff Bagwell continues to pay the price for getting involved with the weird, sleazy, black hole that is the court odyssey of TV-ad star hand doctor Michael Brown.
Brown has had a series of cases in criminal and divorce court, and vague allegations that Bagwell -- who's been going out with Brown's ex-wife -- has been in rehab have been in court documents.
It's been ignored, even though such rumors have circulated about the former first baseman for a while, because it was an allegation with no evidence.
Now, though, Brown's ex-wife has confirmed the rehab rumors.
Upcoming Events
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In a court hearing Tuesday, Rachel Brown testified that she had accompanied Bagwell to a recent rehab stint for alcohol abuse.
Admitting to a problem and getting treatment for it is no crime, of course, but it's the first time that one of the various rumors about Bagwell has been solidified.
We can only assume he really loves Rachel Brown and her kids, because he's paying a price, in terms of his public reputation, for the relationship.
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House for Rent
- About this property
- Explore Hopetoun
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Other 3 bedrooms are of a good size and all have built in robes.
House is on Rainwater. reverse cycle A/C. Sercure back yard with reticulation.
Undercover Carport at the side of the house.
Gas HWS system.
Small garden shed also.


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You are here: Events | Ice Breaker Challenge
Ice Breaker Challenge 5K
The Ice Breaker Challenge is a one of a kind Capital District running/walking road race challenging runners and walkers against rowers from the Albany Rowing Center. Runners/walkers will travel along the Corning Preserve Bicycle Path while rowers from the Albany Rowing Center will race along side in shells on the Hudson River. Come join us for this unique and exciting event at the Albany Rowing Center Boathouse in the Corning Preserve.
Ice Breaker 2017 - Saturday, March 25th
2017 Results
- New this year - Chip Timing
- 5K Run/Walk
- Free One-half Mile Kids Run (10 and Under)
5K Run/Walk Registration
- Early registration until January 31st: $20.00
- Standard Registration from February 1: $25.00
- Race Day Registration: $30.00
Entry Fees
- Friday March 24, 2017 from 4:00 to 6:00 PM at the Albany Pump Station, Quackenbush Square
- Saturday March 25 starting at 7:30 AM at the Registration Table
Packet Pickup
Kids Run Registration
There is no fee for the Kids Run, but all participants must register.
Race Information
- When: Saturday March 25, 2017 at 9:00 AM
- Where: Hudson River Corning Preserve - Albany Rowing Center Boathouse (Directions)
- Start: Boathouse at Corning Preserve Public Boat Launch
- Course: 5K Along the Corning Preserve Bicycle Path
- Contact: For questions about the event and registration, email the race coordinator at email@example.com.


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First Stakeholders' Forum
20 May 2008, Brussels
The first Stakeholders' Forum dealt with the preparation of an updated strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training, based on discussions on the future perspectives for education and training and the experience made with the development and implementation of the Education & Training 2010 work programme. Around sixty stakeholders representing various organisations in education and training participated in the Forum.
- Download the General report and the Key messages
Browse all the past E&T forums


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Canada's broadcast regulator is set on putting viewers in the driver's seat like never before by aggressively unbundling television subscriptions, even as critics warn that may not be what's best for a healthy TV ecosystem.
Jean-Pierre Blais, the federal regulator's chairman, made that clear on March 12 when he said in a speech that, "while content remains king, the incontestable truth is that the viewer is Emperor."
Since late January, under the direction of Mr. Blais, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) has unveiled three major decisions stemming from Let's Talk TV, an 18-month review of television industry rules. The most recent, on Thursday, was nakedly "viewer-centric," in Mr. Blais's words, promising subscribers a slimmed down basic cable or satellite option and the ability to choose only the channels they want to add to it.
Two earlier rulings, which relaxed Canadian content quotas and opened the door to American Super Bowl ads, also skewed in favour of viewer preferences, over protestations – and a court challenge – from industry players that stand to lose millions of dollars as a result.
And that has led some to suggest the CRTC is subtly shifting the way it regulates to be less protectionist, putting customer satisfaction ahead of the interests of broadcasters and distributors, even when it puts jobs and channels at risk."They seem to be changing their mission from a steward of Canadian content and the steward of the Canadian broadcasting system to some sort of consumer advocate," said Mark Sherman, CEO of the media buying and planning agency Media Experts.
Throughout the Let's Talk TV process, Canadian Heritage Minister Shelly Glover repeatedly called for a pick-and-pay option. "We look forward to the upcoming decision on unbundling, as we promised to do in our Speech from the Throne," Ms. Glover said in a recent statement.
On Thursday, Mr. Blais brushed aside the notion that the CRTC's emphasis on viewer choice has been politically driven, pointing to a June, 2013, speech in which he urged a shift "from constraint to choice," months before the same sentiment wound up in the Throne Speech.
"I suspect the government and other political parties probably heard what we heard – that there was a frustration with how the broadcasting system was serving [viewers'] needs," he said. Even if the government hadn't made pick-and-pay a priority, and repeated its desires throughout the Let's Talk TV hearing, "I think we'd be at the same place today," he added.
After many months of signals, a move to begin unbundling channels was widely expected, but the breadth of the decision still surprised some experts. Adam Shine, an analyst at National Bank Financial Inc., "thought that it would be highly unlikely" the CRTC would force pick-and-pay onto every channel above basic, as it has, with so many in the industry pushing hard for a more cautious approach.
"The regulator continues to bow to the emperor while acknowledging the proliferation of content through different channels, ongoing technological innovation and the evolving habits of consumers who are increasingly seeking to get content exactly how, when, and where they want it," Mr. Shine wrote in a research note.
The largest companies, which predicted pick-and-pay would have dire consequences across the industry at the hearing last fall, have softened their stances. Rogers Communications Inc. and Shaw Communications Inc. said they welcome the CRTC's decision, even as analysts agreed the companies' average revenue per user will likely suffer. (BCE Inc., which owns 15 per cent of The Globe and Mail, declined to comment.)
Mr. Blais insists the CRTC's legislative mandate "hasn't changed," and affordability is written into the Broadcasting Act. Rather, he sees the regulator's drive to satisfy consumers as a necessity if the broadcasting system doesn't want to be washed away by a wave of digital video.
"What's different … is that the environment, both the technological environment and how people have chosen to interact with it on the various platforms, has changed the effectiveness of regulatory frameworks that we have used in the past," Mr. Blais said. "Yes, we do care about Canadian content, and making sure Canadians have Canadian choices like we always have. The tools have changed."
Still, Canada is going all-in on unbundling at a time when the United States continues to resist pick-and-pay. Companies such as Viacom Inc., Walt Disney Co. and NBCUniversal Inc. have strongly opposed pulling apart larger channel packages, and some even threatened to pull out of Canada if the CRTC introduced a full pick-and-pay system.
"We might now have the most flexible à la carte regime of any comparable country in the world," said Kaan Yigit, president of Solutions Research Group. "Certainly in the U.S., the idea of à la carte like this is definitely something they are worried about as if it's a nasty virus that may jump south of the border."
Viacom, in particular, told the CRTC in a Let's Talk TV submission that if regulations on traditional TV became too burdensome, it was "seriously considering" pulling its channels and distributing them instead through online streaming services, which remain almost unregulated.
U.S. networks are increasingly going that route. For $20 (U.S.) a month, Sling TV lets American viewers stream 16 channels live online, including the popular networks ESPN, CNN, AMC and the Disney Channel. And HBO will soon launch its own standalone online offering, partnered with Apple, which may in turn build a TV-streaming service, according to reports.
Another key question, on both sides of the border, is whether the new pick-and-pay options, which must be in place by the end of 2016, are arriving in time to stop subscribers from "cord-cutting" – ditching cable or satellite TV altogether – or whether it even matters if they do.
Mr. Blais dismissed the U.S. networks' threats to leave Canada as "posturing" and "doomsday scenarios." But he also questioned whether "people wanting to see content on different platforms is necessarily a bad thing."
Cord-cutting is still in its infancy. Traditional TV is still in 11.5 million of Canada's 14 million households, as of early this year. And a 2014 survey by Charlton Strategic Research Inc. showed that while 8 per cent of respondents said they intended to cut their cords, only about 2 per cent actually did.
"The challenge for the industry at the moment is with the millennials, the 18-to-24-year-olds who have never subscribed before," said Gord Hendren, Charlton's president. "This [pick-and-pay decision] might give them an interesting option."Report Typo/Error
Follow @jembradshawon Twitter:
- Rogers Communications Inc$65.33-0.72(-1.09%)
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- Updated July 25 11:32 AM EDT. Delayed by at least 15 minutes.


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Well,certain people were asking me how to make those "floaters".
I got a code here you need to edit.
You need to edit the certain "stuff".
I couldn't paste the code because it would literally become a floater..
Just copy the code. .-.
Although I'm sorry this blog can't help you much.Ask others if you'd want to.


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We find out from Clarence how he started his baby steps to realise a need and a dream as a live music performance lover.
For someone who knows next to nothing about coding and programming, Clarence has managed to build a site that is fast and responsive, and now works on mobile browsers too.
Jack & Rai
Amanda Tee


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Resident Evil: Revelations
Starter Raid Mode Loadout
- Topic Archived
You're browsing the GameFAQs Message Boards as a guest. Sign Up for free (or Log In if you already have an account) to be able to post messages, change how messages are displayed, and view media in posts.
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- Resident Evil: Revelations
- Starter Raid Mode Loadout
FieldTornOutlaw 4 years ago#1
nonexistinghero 4 years ago#2
Doesn't really matter. For the first few missions I only used a handgun. Anyhow, just buy any shotgun and/or machine gun. Or find it in a mission. Then just do missions and use the weapons you find. You'll get better weapons from later missions. Shops will sell better weapons as you level up. Might want to use a powerful weapon for some bosses, like a magnum or rifle. In the later missions you can just dump the handgun. It's weak and you only find bullets for the weapons you have with you.
The first difficulty should be easy enough to get through without any trouble. After that it might be wise to start using the weapons you think are most effective and a power weapon for the stronger enemies (magnum or rifle). Until you start getting some decent special weapons, these are the weapons I used:
Handgun --> Used that powerful handgun for a while, until I decided to throw out a handgun alltogether.
Shotgun --> Used Windham most at first. Then I switched between this and the Hydra (as I got better ones). Then I got a drake much later and that one just beats out the others. Weakest shotgun, but it's really fast.
Magnum --> Really didn't get a lot of these. Didn't start to use them until I got a good Pale Rider (that got me through most of the rest of the missions).
Rifle --> PSG1. The only automatic rifle. It's a weak rifle, but still a very powerful weapon. It's easy to hit accurately with at any distance, shoots fast and you still find a decent amount of ammo for it. Only downside is that it takes a bit long before you can shoot after starting to aim (same with every rifle).
Machine gun: MP5 for most part. Then switched to the P90, since it shoots much faster. Decided to go back to the MP5 later on, since the P90 eats ammo like crazy.
Read the mania: http://www.fanfiction.net/~nonexistinghero
In SA2, it's Super Sonic and Hyper Shadow.
duducukier 4 years ago#3
I disagree with the above.
Anyways, the best settings would be for starters would be to make Machine Guns your primary weapon, shotguns your secondary, and using a rifle for power.
For starter Machine Gun, i'd use the MP5 or P90. But if you're about ammo conservation, use an G36. I'd recommend using ammo capacity, and damage mods with these.
For starter Shotgun, i'd use the M3. Its fast and reliable. Again, if you're into ammo conservation, use Windham instead. More damage per shot, but its pellets don't scatter as much. I'd use damage mods, and narrow if you find it to focus your shots.
For starter Rifle, Use the M401A, unless you run into a Muramasa. Its high damaging. PSG1 is for pros who can aim better. Its good to save up bullets so you're not without any.
Later on, ditch the machine guns for a G18 handgun. Its fire rate is only overpowered by the P90, but its damage is higher than any other machine gun. Make sure you have Gluttony and Auto Loader when using this though, or it gets annoying.
I also recommend using either Drake or Windham later on, as they deal more damage. I personally use a 4 slot Windham with Damage 6, Firing rate 4, auto loader, and Grenade Launcher.
Finally, if you want something fast firing with more damage, use the Python magnum. I use one again with 4 slots with damage 6, firing rate 4, auto loader, and cornucopia 5. If you want something that literally destroys an opponent, use a PSG1 with damage 6, auto loader, and full burst. Its a destroyer, but it wasted a lot of ammo, part of the reason I switched to Muramase w/ Damage 6 and Charge Shot 4. But that took too long so I finally settled for the python.
Best of luck raiding!
3DS Friend Code: 1332-7709-7856 (Skyy) Miiverse: L-Sora
FieldTornOutlaw (Topic Creator)4 years ago#4
Thanks for the info.
I just started playing a little bit last night Solo...
Raid mode kicks azz.
denniswentworth posted...
Thanks for the info.
ha i played raid for the first time too yesterday.
after that danm mayday boss.
rumors about bleach getting cancelled,hope its just a rumor.
I only purchased weapons on very rare occasions. The handgun was more than enough to carry you through the first few levels without any grinding, and by then you should start earning weapons as rewards. If you earn weapons you can't use (Level restrictions) by chance, feel free to use BP to buy some. I saved my BP strictly for ammo reloads, and I think it worked out alright. I forced myself to earn an S rank on all levels before trying Raid mode online, and what a mistake that was.
Jump online fast and early, and partner up. It makes some of the tougher levels much more manageable, and is much more gentle on your ammo reserves (Which start out abysmally low).
You'll advance quickly, and when you do... Oh the joy.
My friend code is 1461-6526-2579. Let me know if you need help.
FieldTornOutlaw (Topic Creator)4 years ago#7
Going good so far...
I'll be honest, still just kind of winging it.
Running a lvl 18 Magnum L Hawk with Dmg 3 and Capacity 5; lvl 17 MP5 with Dmg 3, Capacity 4, Crit 2; lvl 11 Muramasa with 6 slots of random goodness.
Have a bunch of level 45+ stuff from a Ghost Ship some guy ran me through last night... lul.
Add me if ya want Va, FC is in my sig.
I will add you sir and post up my code tomorrow
I think my gameplay is pretty solid, but my commentaries suck. Check it out, let me know.
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U.S. Senators Tom Carper and Chris Coons, and Representative John Carney today announced the Dagsboro, Milford and Wyoming police departments will receive individual grants totaling more than $355,000 to hire new police officers through the Department of Justice COPS Hiring Program (CHP). Each department will hire one post 9/11 military veteran who has been honorably discharged.
"Every day, the men and women of our local police departments work hard as the eyes and ears of the neighborhood to protect our communities," said Sen. Carper. "This funding will not only provide extra officers to watch over our towns, but will employ post-9/11 veterans in those positions, giving back to our veterans and to our communities."
"The COPS Hiring Program is an innovative way to increase community safety while opening up job opportunities to veterans," said Senator Coons. "The men and women who fight for our freedom are trained and ready to protect, so they're a natural fit when it comes to policing our communities. This funding is truly a win-win by making these towns safer while employing honorably discharged veterans."
"There is nothing more important than maintaining safe neighborhoods for Delaware's businesses and residents," said Congressman Carney. "The COPS Hiring Program allows the towns of Dagsboro, Milford, and Wyoming to hire needed officers from among those military veterans wishing to continue their service through public safety. I applaud the brave men and women who make sacrifices every day for our protection, and will continue working to ensure they have the necessary resources to be successful and safe."
2012 CHP grants provide 75 percent of the approved entry-level salaries and fringe benefits of each newly hired and/or rehired full-time officer, up to $125,000 per officer position, over a three-year grant period. The COPS Office announced 221 grants for approximately $111 million for Fiscal Year 2012. In Delaware, the funding was distributed as follows:
Dagsboro Police Department $125,000
Milford Police Department $125,000
Wyoming Police Department $105,878
CHP grants are designed to advance public safety through community policing by addressing the full-time sworn officer needs of state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies nationwide.
Source: http://www.coons.senate.gov/newsroom/releases/release/carper-coons-carney-announce-federal-grants-to-hire-post-9/11-veterans-as-local-police-officers


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