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How to save Darfur s peace process
- Emil Sutton
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1 How to save Darfur s peace process By Omer Ismail, Laura Jones, and John Prendergast October 2011 Introduction The Darfur peace process as we know it has reached the end of the line and produced shockingly few results. Three major agreements, in 2004, 2006, and 2011, have either failed to impact events on the ground or have actually made matters worse in Darfur. The time has come to recognize that the issues in Darfur mirror those in South Kordofan, Blue Nile, and the East, and should therefore not be dealt with in isolation. The international community needs to abandon its piecemeal approach to Sudan and unite behind a demand for a comprehensive solution to the problem of overly concentrated, abusive power at the center. An equitable peace deal for all of Sudan, constitutional reform, and democratic elections should be the endgame, not competing processes that play into the hands of Khartoum s divide-and-conquer strategy. Since the July signing of the Doha Peace Agreement, the situation in Darfur has unsurprisingly failed to improve. According to a recent statement made by U.S. Special Envoy Princeton Lyman to the House Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health, There is ongoing conflict and approximately 2 million people are still displaced from their homes. 1 In fact, between 60,000 and 70,000 people were newly displaced from the Shangil Tobaya and East Jebel Marra areas alone between January and July of this year due to conflict. 2 Government violations of the laws of war and of the human rights of its own citizens continue on a regular basis, while threats of camp closures and forced returns loom large. The current situation is a continuation of the violence seen in 2010, a particularly violent year marked by almost triple the number of fatalities as The current humanitarian situation on the ground clearly fails to reflect the years of effort that have gone into trying to achieve peace in Darfur, a discrepancy that has much to do with the shortcomings of the international approach to Sudan more broadly and to the peace process itself. 1 The Enough Project How to Save Darfur s Peace Process
2 Despite the renewed diplomatic engagement that characterized the final months of the Darfur peace negotiations in Doha, Qatar, the outcomes from the process which included a weak peace document agreed to by only the government of Sudan and the Liberty and Justice Movement, or LJM, a small, splinter rebel faction, and a communiqué from the May stakeholder conference that endorsed the presented framework of the peace document only really served to demonstrate its dysfunction. After two years and millions of dollars, the peace document has yet to lead to any serious change for the people of the region, while the most significant outcome of the 500 person stakeholder conference seems to have been the government s renewed commitment to nonengagement with the remaining rebel groups. While there are a variety of reasons for this lack of results, one of the most prominent is undoubtedly the broader international approach to Sudan. In an effort to put out the worst fires as they arose, the international community fell into a pattern of stove-piped diplomacy, wherein each of the distinct regions of Sudan received its own separate path to peace. Yet each of these conflicts has had at its core the same overarching grievance: economic and political marginalization at the hands of the ruling regime in Khartoum. This piecemeal approach to peace in Sudan, highlighted by the various peace agreements focus on the symptoms of the conflict rather than its root causes, has allowed the government to play the various processes off one another, thereby ensuring that progress in one only happens at the expense of another, and to avoid broader democratic change. In the case of Darfur, the lack of international focus on the peace talks as a result of the referendum and southern secession created an opportunity for the process to go horribly awry. The mediators personal grievances, their public disputes, and their competing approaches to securing peace only served to further solidify the impression that the international community lacked the energy to give the region its full attention and the unification of purpose to secure lasting peace. These divisions allowed the ruling National Congress Party to participate in the Doha process in, at best, a minimal way, and at worst, a destructive way, without causing much opprobrium among members of the international community, which spent most of its limited energy on attacking the rebel divisions. As a result, the final document, whose enforcement mechanisms are seriously flawed, lacks a meaningful commitment to reform. Yet the current situation offers a chance to correct the major structural flaws in the international community s approach to Sudan and to ending the eight-year conflict in Darfur. As conflict flares in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, and calls for overarching reform become increasingly common, the environment has become ripe for a shift in international strategy. Given the common denominator of marginalization that exists for all peripheral communities, the first priority moving forward should be a comprehensive and inclusive peace process that in the first phase would deal with all of Sudan s warring regions collectively rather than individually and help put in place mechanisms to address national issues such as power and wealth sharing in Sudan. This process, which 2 The Enough Project How to Save Darfur s Peace Process
3 would include a constitutional conference followed by free and fair elections, should address a large number of the grievances being negotiated ineffectively at the regional level, if done equitably. 4 In the second phase of this process, stakeholders from the various regions, including Darfur, would negotiate those outstanding issues that are unique to their regions. The Doha document, while flawed, could offer a good starting point for the Darfur discussions. For this new process to not suffer the same systemic shortcomings, however, it will also need new leadership. The resignation of African Union/United Nations Joint Chief Mediator Djibril Bassolé and the appointment of new U.S. Special Envoy Princeton Lyman created a window of opportunity for fresh thinking about the direction of the peace process in the post-doha environment. But the appointment of Joint Special Representative Ibrahim Gambari to replace Bassolé, at least on an interim basis, has somewhat squandered it, given JSR Gambari s already tarnished reputation among Darfuris and his need to focus attention solely on the task of peacekeeping. It is therefore essential, moving forward, that the international community not only restructure the process in a way that puts the root causes of conflict in all of Sudan at center stage, but also pushes for new stewardship that combines African leadership with broader international leverage. Time for a national process One of the key structural issues affecting the Darfur process is that, like all of the conflicts in Sudan, it has been taken out of the national context and treated as if it is happening in isolation. Yet, as the conflicts in Darfur, Abyei, the East, South Kordofan, and Blue Nile have shown, the tensions and grievances that persist on the peripheries of Sudan all have similar origins marginalization and disenfranchisement of the people of Sudan by its central government. Attempts to address these problems as part of the various individualized peace agreements have been unsuccessful. In the edits that the Justice and Equality Movement provided to the mediation in Doha, JEM made a point of addressing some of the broader, national issues by including the other regions of Sudan in its power-sharing and other provisions. It should be noted that these suggestions were subsequently ignored. Similarly, in its framework agreement on Blue Nile and South Kordofan states, the Sudanese People s Liberation Movement s northern sector included statements such as, Governance shall be on the basis of inclusivity, partnership and accommodation of the political interests and perspectives of all Sudanese Not surprisingly, however, these attempts were rejected by the ruling party. In the former case, the National Congress Party, or NCP, refused to negotiate these points saying they were irrelevant to the proceedings, while in the latter case, President Bashir rejected the framework shortly after its signing. 3 The Enough Project How to Save Darfur s Peace Process
4 As a result, the northern sector of the Sudan People s Liberation Movement, or SPLM-N, and both Abdel Wahid and Minni Minnawi s sectors of the Darfuri Sudan Liberation Army, or SLA-AW and SLA-MM, respectively, formed the Alliance of Sudanese Revolutionary Front in August of this year. The Alliance s first order of business was to release a political declaration in which the group outlined its conviction to: Liberate the Sudanese people from injustice, oppression and hatred, and to achieve the values of freedom, democracy and just peace to establish a democratic; decentralized; liberal and unified Sudan on a voluntary basis, and to overcome the failure of the ruling National Congress Party which represents an extension of the centralized system that has been controlling the power since independence 5 There is some debate over the sincerity of the rebel movements desire to bring about democratic transformation and their ability to actually put together a viable alternative to the Khartoum government. Nevertheless, the recent bonding together of the various rebel movements to call for this kind of overarching change at least suggests a recognition of the fact that the roots of all of Sudan s problems are similar and can be, at least partially, resolved through one inclusive process. Furthermore, it reflects calls that have been made by opposition and civil society groups, such as Girifna and the Sudanese Initiative for Constitution Making, or SICM, for more inclusive constitutional processes and government in Sudan. Yet, in the various parallel peace negotiations, the international community has often accepted Khartoum s refusal to address these root causes, claiming in some cases that the discussion of these issues would anger Khartoum, thereby endangering overall negotiations, and should thus be avoided altogether. In the case of Darfur, JEM s attempts to include Kordofan in its revisions to the Doha document were met with irritation by some U.S. government officials, who informed the rebel group that calls for broader reform were not appropriate for negotiations aimed at one specific region. 6 Unfortunately, the current international approach is in many ways making matters worse. Years of unsuccessful peace efforts have demonstrated that taking these conflicts out of the national context only serves to ensure the limited sustainability of any peace agreement. To move toward peace in all of the northern regions, the international community should therefore, first and foremost, push for an all-inclusive peace process that endeavors to create a system that reflects the will of the Sudanese people. This would include internationally mediated negotiations that are focused on resolving the issues common to all the regions of the North, as well as the establishment of mechanisms through which a constitutional review process can be undertaken and internationally monitored democratic elections held. An externally mediated process, with proper international commitment, can ensure government accountability and avoid the amount of ruling party manipulation that would likely occur in a solely domestic process. 4 The Enough Project How to Save Darfur s Peace Process
5 In order to achieve true restructuring, demands should be made that opposition groups tone down the rhetoric of African v. Arab (or periphery v. center), thus ensuring the participation of all members of Sudanese society, including the riverine elite. This process, if done fairly and openly, would likely address many of the topics that have been discussed through the various negotiations, without invoking the siege mentality that has enabled Khartoum to rule for so long. 7 Of the issues discussed in Doha, some that would likely be resolved through this process include human rights and fundamental freedoms, wealth-sharing and power-sharing, and the administrative status of Darfur. Hammering out the details on Darfur To resolve the regional issues, such as those of Darfur, launching broader negotiations that include a constitutional conference are necessary for the first phase, but will of course be inadequate to address all of the region-specific concerns. In order to achieve sustainable peace in Darfur, negotiations aimed at resolving the region-specific issues will need to be launched under the umbrella of this national process. These breakout negotiations would aim to resolve issues such as compensation and the return of the internally displaced and refugees, and Darfur-specific security arrangements. Here, the Doha document could act as a point of departure. The Conference endorsed the Doha draft document as the basis for reaching a permanent ceasefire, a comprehensive and inclusive peace settlement, and sustainable peace and stability in Darfur. The Conference therefore called on the Government of Sudan and the Armed Movements to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of this document. 8 In order for this more inclusive, two-phased national process to have a chance at success, however, Sudanese, regional, and international actors must work to ensure that the right building blocks are in place. This must include, first and foremost, securing the appropriate cast of characters to guide the process, and a framework that limits all parties ability to manipulate it. Ensuring the right leadership The Hippocratic Oath for physicians also applies to would-be peacemakers: First, do no harm. Yet the manner in which successive Darfur peace processes have been handled has often led to the further division of rebel forces, excuses for nonengagement by Khartoum, and continued conflict on the ground. The latest chapter of this story centers on the mediators that the international community entrusted to Sudan to help resolve the multiple conflicts there and showcases the problems inherent in trying to conduct hybrid operations, be it in peacekeeping or peacemaking. In fact, it could be argued that the failure of the peace process has in many ways been in the DNA of the mediation. 5 The Enough Project How to Save Darfur s Peace Process
6 The three principal protagonists in the Darfur process to-date have been Djibril Bassolé, former South African president Thabo Mbeki, and Joint A.U.-U.N. Special Representative Ibrahim Gambari. Their competitive approach to peacemaking has undermined any chance for sustainable steps toward peace on their watch. Checklist for a more inclusive all-sudan peace process Drawing from the lessons of successful and unsuccessful peace processes, the following is a checklist of some of the fundamental components of any mediation effort going forward for Darfur. A roadmap for success is available in a mixture of efforts, such as the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between North and South Sudan in 2005, and the Ethiopia-Eritrea peace deal in 2000, among many others. Some of the elements of the checklist involve mediator attributes, while others involve prerequisites for a successful peace process. Attributes of the mediator Partnership. The U.S. should ensure a close partnership with the newly empowered U.N. mediator and his or her A.U. backers. Relationship-building. A mediator s ability to help forging relationships among members of the negotiating teams is crucial. Capital support. High-level support for the mediator from the capitals of influential countries is key to brokering compromises at sensitive moments. Gravitas. The mediator must have gravitas and the respect of the negotiating parties as well as influential countries. Creativity. With the parties to Darfur s conflict clinging to long-held positions in the face of ineffective mediation, it is critical to deploy a mediator who is creative in devising ways to move toward a more peaceful and secure Sudan. Deep commitment. Immersion in the detail of the issues is essential, requiring major preparation. Commitment to principle. The mediator should focus on the core principles of a compromise, and stand on that set of principles throughout the negotiations. Intelligence support. The mediator needs to be supported with robust intelligence and information sharing protocols to support the negotiations. Expertise. The mediator should be empowered with a team full of expertise and experience, both functional and geographic. Lawyers and negotiators are needed at all times. Substantive focus. Previous mediators have spent most of their time trying to unify rebels, and not enough on the substance of a deal. Focusing on negotiating the solutions, like with the CPA, gives an opening to those Sudanese who want to be constructive and sidelines the obstructionists. Discretion. The mediator must ensure that any disagreements among the international community about the way forward on Sudan are kept well out of the public eye (giving a reason for that here would strengthen this requirement). Process prerequisites Presence. Permanent staff will be needed on site and shuttling between key capitals for as long as the process is ongoing. Best practices. The mediator needs to oversee a well-managed process where record keeping, transparency, and other essentials of a successful process are followed. International unanimity. In order to close down any effort at peace process forum shopping, a clear agreement over personnel and roadmap should be secured before moving forward, with an agreed mandate that has the backing of key countries and institutions. While it is clear that the countries involved in this process are likely to disagree on occasion, they should make a commitment to engaging in these disagreements in private. This will enable the mediator to speak with authority and hold the parties accountable when they are not engaging to the fullest. International actors must also agree on a venue for further engagement one that is neutral and acceptable to all parties. Human rights dvocacy. Human rights and humanitarian access should not be sacrificed in favor of incremental progress at the negotiating table. International backers of the mediation should remain committed to denouncing and creating accountability for major human rights violations by any party, including the obstruction of humanitarian aid. Leverage. Perhaps most importantly, influential countries should work together to provide the benefits and consequences necessary to provide maximum leverage for peace. 6 The Enough Project How to Save Darfur s Peace Process
7 Although Bassolé was appointed the A.U.-U.N. Joint Chief Mediator in June 2008, his authority was quickly undermined by the African Union s appointment of Mbeki to lead the union s High-Level Panel on Darfur in July 2008, which was mandated to examine peace and justice issues in the region. 9 Mbeki s personal ambitions and history with Bassolé, as well as A.U. Commission Chairman Jean Ping s distrust of the mediator, quickly put Mbeki and Bassolé at odds with each other. The expansion of Mbeki s role as chair of the African Union High Level Implementation Panel on Sudan, or AUHIP, which included North-South issues in addition to Darfur, only served to further exacerbate the already existing tensions. To make matters worse, in December of 2009 the United Nations and the African Union appointed Ibrahim Gambari to lead the A.U.-U.N. hybrid peacekeeping operation in Darfur, or UNAMID. Since arriving in the troubled region, however, Gambari has repeatedly butted heads with various special envoys to Sudan, a fact that was exemplified by the conspicuous absence of three key envoys at an international envoys meeting that took place in El Fasher in Gambari has also been angling to take on a leadership role in the peace process, despite the fact that UNAMID s primary role is to keep the peace on the ground, something that has thus far eluded the mission. It was little coincidence that he was appointed interim Joint Chief Mediator following the retirement of Bassolé. Gambari s ambition also appears to have been a major factor in his push for the Darfur-based Darfur Political Process, or DPP, where he would have a greater role. This idea, which has also been supported by Mbeki, has limited applicability in the near term, given the current situation on the ground in Darfur, and therefore has only really served, up to this point, as another means to undermine official negotiations. Furthermore, Mbeki and Gambari s support for the DPP, an AUHIP-UNAMID plan which looks eerily similar to the government s own plans for domestication, has led many Darfuris to doubt the impartiality of these leaders. Proposals for this plan were dead on arrival for most Darfuris whose trust for these institutions has wavered over the years following repeated inaction and perceived bias. Absent the prerequisites of a semblance of freedom of speech and assembly, which would require a 180 degree shift in the circumstances on the ground, any kind of internal process would be considered by many Darfuris to be inherently flawed. 10 Perhaps even more troubling, however, is the structural damage that was done by the duel between Bassolé and Mbeki, with Gration s involvement providing further complications. Mbeki publicly criticized Bassolé s approach on civil society involvement in the peace process, suggesting he had empowered the armed movements to act as spoilers. 11 These and other comments suggested that anything that would be negotiated by Bassolé at the government-rebel talks in Doha would have to be renegotiated on the ground in Darfur in a secondary process. Any possible leverage for a peace deal was thus taken away from the mediators in Doha, making an already elusive peace utterly impossible for Darfur. 12 At a meeting held in April 2011, the A.U. Peace and Security Council only 7 The Enough Project How to Save Darfur s Peace Process
8 made the situation worse by openly criticizing Bassolé alone for failing to liaise closely with the AUHIP and requesting that, the Commission issue instructions to the Joint Chief Mediator, to consult with it and the AUHIP, before taking any further decisions, especially those relating to any extension of the Doha peace process. 13 Bassolé was also guilty of pursuing strategies that appeared to be more about confirming his own relevance to the process than actually seeking peace in the region. There is broad consensus that a lack of capacity and support had a supremely detrimental effect on the Doha process, which in turn contributed to the creation of a weak document that failed to properly address some of the core issues and to provide specific provisions focusing on the means of implementation. Instead of couching this agreement as the first phase of a larger process, however, Bassolé insisted upon putting together yet another Darfur stakeholders conference that would allow the people of Darfur to weigh in on the then draft document. Given the failure of the previous stakeholders conferences, this move appeared simply to be an attempt by Bassolé to secure some kind of success in a process that might otherwise have been deemed a complete failure. The results were counterproductive. The conference participants, who were never allowed access to the draft document, ultimately endorsed PowerPoint presentations given by UNAMID and thus opened the door for the government to say that the people of Darfur had fully endorsed the document. Moreover, the government of Sudan once again manipulated the process, detaining some participants who were supposed to attend and stacking the deck with government-aligned representatives. As a result, the representatives of Darfur s marginalized people in many ways wound up further marginalized by the conference proceedings. By offering multiple channels for ending Darfur s conflict and refusing to coordinate with one another, the three international diplomats have allowed the Khartoum regime to employ one of its favorite strategies. Playing these various Darfur processes against each other, and simultaneously committing fully to none, Khartoum has devised a way to appear cooperative while undermining efforts aimed at peace. Its unwillingness to accept serious reform on the national level is demonstrative of its true intentions. Who s in charge? But here is the window of opportunity. Bassolé s departure provides a chance for the United Nations Security Council, U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, and regional bodies to come together and lay out the specific framework for this inclusive process that will aim to achieve peace in all of Sudan. While it is essential that this plan is supported completely by the African Union, it is equally as important to ensure that there is one agency overseeing the process, and this agency is the United Nations. At the helm 8 The Enough Project How to Save Darfur s Peace Process
9 of this streamlined process should be a single, empowered mediator, who is publicly supported by all parties and assisted by an international team of experts. This would also involve clarifying President Mbeki s role, which should be focused solely on his primary mandate of striking a deal between Sudan and South Sudan on the issues that divide those two nations. It would also require ensuring that the scope of JSR Gambari s work remains limited to peacekeeping and is not arbitrarily expanded to peacemaking, which is not a part of his mandate. This process will require real leadership on the part of the permanent members of the Security Council: Britain, France, China, Russia, and the United States. These countries will need to work with the influential countries within the African Union to come to a consensus over the mandate for negotiating a larger, national process, which includes credible elections and constitutional reform, and a reasonable approach to region-specific issues. Clear terms of engagement then need to be issued to all international parties so that everyone is on the same page. Anything less will condemn Darfur and other regions of Sudan to more rounds of feckless, competitive peace talks, ensuring continued war. The U.S. government has a special role to play in providing diplomatic support for more effective mediation, even while former Special Envoy Scott Gration s legacy may make this task a bit more challenging. In his efforts to unify the Darfur rebels, Gration helped form the LJM, with the assistance of Libya. His blatant favoritism toward this group, however, only served to alienate other rebel groups and undermine the work that the rest of the team was doing on rebel unification. 14 By shunning the most militarily significant group, JEM, and by working in a manner at odds with the mediators in Doha, he bears partial responsibility for the process flawed outcomes. Conclusion The international community needs to take a new approach to peace in Darfur, and it must start with a change in its approach to the whole of Sudan. A new all-sudan peace process, free and fair elections, and constitutional reform need to be prioritized in Sudan, with the understanding that it would be the first step in a multitiered process aimed at achieving peace throughout the country. If the will of the people were to be heard on a national level, many of the overarching grievances that have been at the root of Sudan s various regional conflicts would be addressed. In order for this process to be successful, however, there must also be a new approach to leadership. At the very least, the international community should stop playing into the hands of the National Congress Party s divide-and-conquer strategy by pursuing multiple regional peace processes rather than one all-inclusive national one. Human rights, political representation, and peace will have no chance in Darfur if the primary problem, the concentration of wealth and power at the center, is not addressed. 9 The Enough Project How to Save Darfur s Peace Process
10 Endnotes 1 Princeton Lyman, Testimony before the House Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health, July 16, 2011, available at state.gov/s/sudan/rem/2011/ htm. 2 OCHA, Key facts and figures for Sudan with a focus on Darfur (2011), available at resources/map_749.pdf. 3 Ibid. 4 For more on a comprehensive, all-sudan peace process, see the following Enough publications: Amanda Hsiao and Laura Jones, Rethinking Sudan after Southern Secession (Washington: Enough Project, 2011), available at Rethinking_Sudan.pdf. John Prendergast, A New US Policy for Two New Sudans (Washington: Enough Project, 2011), available at John Prendergast, What the Arab Spring Means for Sudan (Washington: Enough Project, 2011), available at 5 Alliance of Sudanese Revolutionary Front, The Political Declaration, August 7, Enough interview with U.S. State Department official, June Magdi El Gizouli, Unworthy of Liberation, Sudan Tribune, September 5, 2011, available at 8 Final Communique of the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference, May 31, 2011, available at: node/ Emphasis added. 9 See John Prendergast, Omer Ismail, and Jerry Fowler, Memo to Djibril Bassolé: Building Blocks for Peace. For more on the AUPD, including its report, see 10 AU, UNAMID, and US Support Sudan s New Strategy in Darfur, Sudan Tribune, August 26, 2010, available at Also see Government of Sudan, Darfur: Towards New Strategy to Achieve Comprehensive Peace, Security and Development (2010). For in-depth analysis of the shortcomings of the government of Sudan strategy see the Appendix of Sudan Now, A Roadmap for Peace in Darfur, February 2011, available at enoughproject.org/files/darfur_roadmap%20%281%29.pdf. 11 Mbeki s Report Shows Little Success in Implementing Recommendation on Sudan, Sudan Tribune, available at sudantribune.com/mbeki-s-report-shows-little, Thabo Mbeki, Sudan in Africa: A Vision for the Future, Lecture at the University of Khartoum, January 5, 2011, available at blogs.ssrc.org/sudan/2011/01/05/sudan-in-africa-a-vision-for-the-future/. 13 African Union Peace and Security Council, PSC/PR/COMM.(CCLXXI), 8 April 2011, available at files/final%20271st%20%20psc%20communique%20-%20sudan%208%20april%202011%20en-1.pdf. 14 For more on the formation of LJM and the Doha process, see Enough Project, A Peace Process Play-By-Play (2010), available at: and Laura Jones and Omer Ismail, Neglecting Darfur (Washington: Enough Project, 2010), available at 10 The Enough Project How to Save Darfur s Peace Process
11 Enough is a project of the Center for American Progress to end genocide and crimes against humanity. Founded in 2007, Enough focuses on the crises in Sudan, eastern Congo, and areas affected by the Lord s Resistance Army. Enough s strategy papers and briefings provide sharp field analysis and targeted policy recommendations based on a 3P crisis response strategy: promoting durable peace, providing civilian protection, and punishing perpetrators of atrocities. Enough works with concerned citizens, advocates, and policy makers to prevent, mitigate, and resolve these crises. To learn more about Enough and what you can do to help, go to EYE Street, NW, Suite 307, Washington, DC Tel: Fax:
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text: Set above the market town of Otley in West Yorkshire Chevin Country Park features 44 acres of wooded grounds secluded accommodation and the stunning Sonas Spa. The lodges offer comfortable bedrooms with private bathrooms. All rooms have teacoffee facilities satellite TV and a large work desk. Rooms also feature woodpanelled walls and forest views. The awardwinning Lakeside Restaurant is set in the largest log building in England and features a roof balcony and terrace. The menu includes locally reared meats and a range of real ales. The refurbished leisure facilities include a swimming pool jacuzzi steam room and outdoor hot tub. The beauty rooms offer a selection of treatments and there is also a fully equipped gym. Just 30 minutes from the Yorkshire Dales Chevin Country Park Hotel & Spa is 20 minutes from Leeds centre. Leeds Bradford International Airport is a 5minute drive away.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Give yourself a look that is all your own when you walk down the halls with this awesome cartoon backpack. The backpack features a 3D look that will have you standing on in every crowd. Three pockets allow you to carry all of your essentials with you and keep them organized everyday! The perfect addition to your back-to-school must-haves!


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Naked Greed: Stone Barrington, Book 34 by Stuart Woods
Audiobook Unabridged | English | July 14, 2015 | ISBN: 1611764122 | ASIN: B00XZ4D30W | mp3 | 2 ch 224 Kbps | 7 hrs 47 min | 749 MB
The outstanding new thriller from number-one New York Times best-selling author Stuart Woods.
Stone Barrington isn't one to turn away in the face of danger, so when he witnesses a tricky situation underway, he jumps in to lend a hand. He never expected, though, that this favor would lead to a mutually beneficial business deal with a prominent gentleman who requires the ever-discreet services of Woodman & Weld.
But in the ruthless corporate world, no good deed goes unpunished, and Stone soon finds himself the target of a ragtag group of criminal toughs who don't appreciate his interference in their dealings. From the isolated landscape of Maine to the white-sand beaches of Key West, the trail of deception, theft, and murder will lead to a perilous confrontation.
Mirror Links


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If an item you ordered from TextbookRush does not meet your expectations due to an error on our part, simply fill out a return request and then return it by mail within 30 days of ordering it for a full refund of item cost.
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Description: One of Time Magazine's Best Books of the Year In Landscape and Memory Schama ranges over continents and centuries to reveal the psychic claims that human beings have made on nature. He tells of the Nazi cult of the primeval German forest; the play of Christian and pagan myth in Bernini's Fountain of the Four Rivers; and the duel between a monumental sculptor and a feminist gadfly on the slopes of Mount Rushmore. The result is a triumphant work of history, naturalism, mythology, and art. "A work of great ambition and enormous intellectual scope...consistently provocative and revealing."--New York Times "Extraordinary...a summary cannot convey the riches of this book. It will absorb, instruct, and fascinate."--New York Review of Books
Limited time offer:
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All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.
List price: $29.00Copyright year: 1996Publisher: Knopf Doubleday Publishing GroupPublication date: 11/5/1996Binding: PaperbackPages: 672Size: 6.75" wide x 9.75" long x 1.50" tall Weight: 2.640Language: English
Simon Schama is the author of The Embarrassment of Riches, Citizens, Landscape and Memory, and most recently, Rembrandt's Eyes. He is currently Old Dominion Professor of the Humanities at Columbia University. The second installment of his epic history of Britain is due to be published in April 2001.
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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the website.
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Sky Manor Airport - Pittstown, New Jersey
Daily - 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM
*Pending pilot availability
- FAA certified flight instructor with over 1,000 hours of flight time and an incident free safety record
- Take the controls of a meticulously prepared Robinson R-44 helicopter
- Includes 30 or 60 minutes of actual flight time plus pre-flight helicopter instruction and post-flight discussion with your instructor
- No experience necessary
Have you always dreamed of taking the controls of a beautiful helicopter and soaring upward toward the sky? Now is your chance to learn the basics of how to fly a helicopter with this fun and exhilarating experience!
You'll be learning from and flying with a FAA certified flight instructor with vast experience and an incident free safety record. He'll start by discussing with you basic safety items and talk with you about helicopter aerodynamics. Next, it's time to climb aboard and fly.
While in flight, you'll have the opportunity to try straight and level flight, control the vertical climb/drop of the helicopter, and will even get the chance to try hovering a few feet above the ground.
So prepare to experience a feeling few in the world ever have, the sensation of manning the controls of an airborne helicopter!
Essential Information:
- Participants will be required to present a valid photo ID (passport or driver's license).
- Participants must weigh less than 250 lbs, and the maximum combined weight of all passengers may not exceed 500 lbs.
Approximately 30 minutes of ground instruction followed by 30 or 60 minutes of flight time, depending on which option selected.
Maximum Participants:
1 student and up to 1 passenger depending on option selected.
Up to 1 passenger is allowed so long as you are booking the option which includes a passenger. Otherwise, spectators are welcome to come and watch or take pictures from the ground.
Weather Dependent:
This experience is weather dependent. Always contact the experience provider with any questions regarding weather conditions. In the event of inclement weather, your pilot will work with you to reschedule your tour.
What to Wear:
Wear comfortable clothing appropriate for weather conditions.
Booking Information:
For this experience, it is recommended to request bookings at least 7-14 days in advance.
Cancellation Policy:
Prior to scheduling/booking a date for this experience, Cloud 9 Living's standard return and exchange policy shall apply. Once you have scheduled a date and received a booking confirmation, no refunds will be given. Rescheduling is allowed up to 48 hours prior to your experience, failure to appear on your booked date or to reschedule at least 48 hours prior to your booked date will result in the loss of the value of your experience. In the event your experience is canceled due to inclement weather you will reschedule your experience directly with your experience provider.
Experience ID:
Are there any height or weight restrictions?
Participants must weigh less than 250 lbs, and the maximum combined weight of all passengers may not exceed 500 lbs.
Do I need experience?
No experience is necessary. This flight is considered an introductory flight and is meant to be fun and exciting for everyone!
What do I need to bring?
Please bring a valid, government-issued ID with you on the day of your flight.
What if my flight is cancelled due to weather?
We always recommend contacting your pilot on the day of your experience if you have any concerns regarding weather. In the event your flight is cancelled due to weather you can reschedule directly with your pilot.
Can I bring a passenger?
Yes, you may upgrade to the package that includes a passenger.
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ExperiencesAll New York Experiences
"Bought this package for my bf's birthday as a surprise. Wade Krepps was our pilot, and he was absolutely amazing. Off the bat, you can see his passion for flying and was easily sociable. My bf was nervous at first, but Wade's positive feedback and encouragement made the flight an excellent experience. Thank you, Wade -- you made this experience a very memorable one."
"It was amazing, the instructor was very friendly and it was a great time. We got lucky with the weather, and the view from the window when we flew was just wonderful. "


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GULF OF MEXICO — The Mississippi Development Authority (MDA) has published draft rules and regulations governing offshore seismic surveying and mineral leasing activities in the areas of state waters that the Mississippi Legislature has designated as open to mineral exploration and production.
MDA is required to publish these draft rules and regulations with the Secretary of State's Office prior to filing finalized rules and regulations, in accordance with the state Administrative Procedures Act.
Like Alabama and Louisiana, Mississippi is presumed to have sizeable natural gas resources off its shores. While some oil resources might exist, it is principally natural gas that is expected to be found and produced in state waters once exploration is underway. Seismic surveying activities will provide a better sense of the size and distribution of Mississippi's offshore resources.
Offshore mineral leasing, exploration and production can only take place in certain areas approved by the State Legislature. In 2004, the Legislature restricted the blocks for lease to areas predominantly south of the barrier islands so production platforms would not be seen from the vast majority of coastal communities and would not obstruct the scenic views from the Mississippi mainland. Prior to 2004, the entire Mississippi Sound and all of Mississippi's state waters were open for offshore mineral leasing and exploration. The vast majority of the Mississippi Sound will be off limits under the new rules.
"Now is the time to look toward our future and join our neighboring states in leasing our offshore mineral rights to allow for the responsible production of our natural gas resources," said Leland Speed, executive director of MDA. "With these rules and regulations in place, Mississippi can begin to issue permits for offshore seismic surveying and lease mineral rights in the approved areas, important first steps as we work to develop these natural resources and continue to pursue Mississippi's economic development."
After the 2004 legislation that limited the areas for lease went into effect, the State Mineral Leasing Office was moved from the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality to MDA, and MDA was tasked with publishing rules and regulations related to seismic surveying permitting and with mineral leasing in the approved areas of Mississippi's waters.
To view the draft rules and regulations, or for more information on how offshore seismic surveying, mineral leasing and subsequent natural gas exploration and development activities will benefit the state, visit www.msenergyfuture.com.
MDA is accepting public comments and questions related to the draft rules and regulations. Public comments must be received in writing no later than Friday, Jan. 20, 2012, at 5 p.m. CST. Comments and questions may be submitted via email to firstname.lastname@example.com or through the mail, addressed to the State Mineral Leasing Office, Mississippi Development Authority, P.O. Box 849, Jackson, Mississippi 39205. In addition, comments and questions can be submitted via Web form from www.msenergyfuture.com.


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UPPER PITTSGROVE TOWNSHIP - Seven people were hospitalized after a one-car crash early this morning.
State Police said a 2011 Ford van with 10 passengers crashed into a utility pole just before 5:30 a.m.
Details on the passengers, including who they were and where they were coming from were not immediately available but state police said five children were sent to Cooper University Medical Center with non-life threatening injuries.
A pregnant female was sent to Cooper as well.
A sixth child was in critical condition. This story will be updated as more information becomes available.
Steve Hughes


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PSU Day in Salem
Tuesday, April 10, 2007 - 12:00am
PSU Day and Alumni Reception in Salem, OregonApril 10, 2007
During every legislative session, the PSU Alumni Association sponsors a day in Salem for alumni, friends, faculty and students. Join us on Tuesday, April 10 for this informative day that supports Portland State University!
Activities include:
* PSU jazz combo performance at the opening ceremonies of the House.
* Attend the morning session of the House or Senate.
* Informal lunch for alumni, friends and legislators in Room 167-A.
* PSU exhibit "Focus on Faculty" in the Galleria throughout the day.
* Appointments with legislators will be scheduled for the afternoon, or whenever available.
* Evening reception (5:00-7:00 p.m.) for alumni, legislators, faculty and friends at Wild Pear, 327 State Street, Salem.
Attend one or all events!
Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com or 503-725-5072 for more information, or to reserve your spot. We will help you make arrangements!


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The eight worlds are divided into eight levels apiece, topped off with a boss battle. Given how hard it is just to get around in monkey world, none of the bosses can offer much in the way of memorable confrontations. They all have some kind of glowing weak spot you have to jump and hit, each with a predictable pattern and re-used attacks. Granted, they have some unique bit to them (bounce missiles back at one, systematically dismantle another), but they're not gonna make or break your decision to play the game again and again.
That honor belongs to the 50 minigames ready to go from day one. Wii has already become the minigame console king, and it's Banana Blitz that cements that status. Homerun derbies, treasure hunts, UFO attacks, snowboarding... if you can imagine monkeys doing it, it's probably in here. The catch is that only 10 of them are cool enough to play over and over (hammer toss). 10 morepretty muchsuck hard (trumpet blowing?) and 30are fun for at least acouple of tries (slingshot shooting).


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P.O.VertedFavorites [+]
Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
You can now enjoy this movie on your iPhone®, iPad®, or compatible Smart TV & Android devices.
Purchase Options
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Streaming Rentals
Available MP4 sizes:SD 480p (2.0 GB)
DRM-free downloads offer content that is not limited by standard Digital Rights Management (DRM) access technologies. These technologies allow hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to limit the usage of digital content.
When you purchase DRM-free downloadable content, that content is available for you to download on any computer and save to a disk whenever you like. You can also download to multiple computers. There is no timeframe associated with your purchase and the content will not expire.
Running Time: 129 minutes
Released: 08/2005
Studio Name: Ama Video
Series: P.O.Verted
Description: Hot hardcore point of view action with some of the hottest new stars!
10 Scenes from P.O.Verted
P.O.Verted: Scene 1 Free Preview
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Sex Acts: Deep Throating, Tittie Fucking, Oral Sex, Handjob, Masturbation
P.O.Verted: Scene 3 Free Preview
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Starring: Jayna Oso ... More Details
Stars: Jayna Oso
Sex Acts: Deep Throating, Oral Sex, Masturbation
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Starring: Ashley Blue ... More Details
Stars: Ashley Blue
Sex Acts: Deep Throating, Masturbation, Gagging
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Dr. Gulam Mukhdomi MD Patient Reviews
- Anesthesiology Grove City, OH
Overall Rating
54 Patient Reviews
- Friendly Staff
- Promptness
- Appropriate Followup
- Spends Time With Patients
- Bedside Manner
- Fair and Accurate Diagnosis
- Easy Appointments
- Wait Time 42.3 minutes
Showing 1 - 12 reviews
5.0 of 5
July 16th, 2016
Caring and passionate doctor
Very passionate and caring doctor. I do not mind to wait for this doctor because he controlled my chronic pain.He does not keep drug seekers in his practice and send them for rehab as he is interventionalist and do comprehensive Pain Management.
5.0 of 5
June 7th, 2016
i was seen by dr mukhdomi 2 weeks a ago recevied and injection and was able to walk my first time 8 years . i had no pain in my back it was a wonderful past injections never worked Dr. Mukhdomi knew exactly where to give me the shot for my back. I give Dr. Mukhdomi an 10 for excellence. First time I've ever trusted the steroid injections. I can't say enough and I want to thank Dr. Mukhdomi for his knowledge. Many many thanks to Dr. Mukhdomi. I would recommend family and friends to Dr. Mukhdomi.
1.0 of 5
March 28th, 2016
Doctor Mukhdomi and his staff aren't nasty and the facility is nasty he over books and the patience have to wait three or more hours before being seen that's a dam shame.
5.0 of 5
March 24th, 2016
Dr.Mukhdomi as Anesthesiologist and pain specialist
Good Anesthesiolgist and Pain specialist.Will recomend any patient to this doctor.
1.0 of 5
February 25th, 2016
My thought of Mukhdomi is that he will not answer questions, walks around an answer, He gave me the epidural injections without any xray machine or numbing. Plus gave me a pillow to hold and a chair and told me to lean over and gave me the epidural. Plus duplicate billing. If you want a bunch of drugs then this is the place. The office is filled with drug seeking ppl. Run 3-4 hours over. Then you afraid to go to your car in the lot.
5.0 of 5
February 12th, 2016
Dr.Mukhdomi as Anesthesiologist and pain specialist
Excellent pain specialist who takes good care of patients.He is very kind and highly professional and will recommend any patient with chronic pain to this doctor.
1.0 of 5
January 30th, 2016
This Dr is the most rude Dr I have ever met you will be Sorry if you get him for a pain Dr.
5.0 of 5
January 21st, 2016
He is a great doctor
3.0 of 5
January 21st, 2016
The staff is efficient and curtious.The dr.takes his time with me.He reviews your records each and every time ya come .Asks questions how your doing any complaints or new symptoms ,he's not in a hurry.
5.0 of 5
January 12th, 2016
Dr.Mukhdomi as Anesthesiologist and pain specialist
Dr.Mukhdomi is caring physician,I had multiple back surgeries and was on high doses of pain medicine,He placed Spinal cord stimulator implant and pain medicine was decrease by 75%.I am back to my family.He is very reasonable in prescribing pain medicine.I recommend chronic pain patient to this doctor,
5.0 of 5
December 21st, 2015
Pain free
Excellent pain physician. Yes, his office is outdated but he has helped my back and neck pain. I was also told of plans to build a new office!
1.0 of 5
December 14th, 2015
If you are woman, do not look him in the eye, Do not talk unless spoken to.
Health Guides
Get the facts about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including symptoms and complications.
more health guides
Nearby Doctors
Dr. Gulam Mukhdomi, MD is similar to these 3 Doctors near Grove City, OH.
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Carla DavisDelray Beach, Florida, US
Like a gentle whisper over the airwaves, my voice is calm, sultry and soothing enough to convince your clients to make your products and/or services their #1 choice again and again. Entwined with unlimited crispiness, authority, sincerity, envigoration and no significant accent, my voice is the platform that transcends professional voiceover boundaries--from onhold recordings, telephone messaging and announcements to other listen, hear, emotionally-felt mediums. Call or email to request and evaluate samples, today.
English, English (North American), English (British), English (Australian), English (New Zealand)
Australian, British, New Zealand, North American
Special Skills
Audiobooks, Business, Cartoons, Documentaries, Educational, Internet, Jingles, Movie Trailers, Music, Podcasting, Radio, Telephone, Television, Videogames
Payment Terms
Hire Carla as a voice actor. Payment is made through Voices.com SurePay, an escrow service that guarantees your work is done to your satisfaction. Send payment securely by Visa, Mastercard or PayPal through Voices.com then download your files from the website.
Watch a video to see how to make a payment
Next Steps
To contact Carla Davis about your project, request a quote today. We'll walk you through the process step-by-step. It's fast and easy.
This talent has not uploaded any demos yet.
Title of Your New Demo 7777 Listens
Hire Carla Davis as a voice actor. Working with Carla Davis is fast and easy. We'll walk you through the process step-by-step.
Request a quote for your project today.


text: Touch O Katz DaksTouch O Katz BitsyTouch O Katz Ash LeeCaseaImage 5Latvia looking at the camera. Had a litter of 7!Touch O Katz MitsyKat Man DuTouch O Katz Mitsy, 8 month oldMemphis & SaharaReply to ad:Your Name:Your Email Address:Your Telephone:Security Code:(Type this code below)Enter Security Code:Please do not reply to this ad regarding any other products or services, with chainmail or other forms of spam.Enter your message here RvkkBstHkAkkRMy AccountPost AdLocal ClassifiedsHelp TopicsCopyright© 1999 - 2017 USFreeads. All rights reservedPlease read our Terms of service & Privacy Policy Contact UsPrivacy PolicyTerms of Service0


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More Daybreakers goodness is coming out of Lionsgate's camp today in the form of a new viral clip.
The second viral video comes from the official UK Daybreakers Twitter page, and you can watch it below!
Edward Dalton is a researcher in the year 2019, in which an unknown plague has transformed the world's population into vampires. As the human population nears extinction, vampires must capture and farm every remaining human, or find a blood substitute before time runs out. However, a covert group of vampires makes a remarkable discovery, one which has the power to save the human race.
Look for Daybreakers in theatres January 8th, 2010.
Got news? Click here to submit it!
Break day in the Dread Central forums


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Ski Goggles - MensSave on Men's Ski Goggles at Proboardshop.com! Great selection of ski gear at unbelievably low prices. Proboardshop has been selling Ski Goggles and outdoor gear for over 30 years and we're proud of it.
Please refine here
- Brand: Smith
- Color: Orange
Smith I/O GogglesReg: $240.00 On Sale: $134.95 - $179.95
Smith Scope GogglesReg: $70.00 On Sale: $52.95


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- Description
Details90 PTS WILFRED WONG. Beautifully sweet, the generous, yet elegant '12 Norton Sweet Moscato shows that Argentina can do this varietal justice; fragrant floral and ripe peach flavors prevail to the end.
- Additional Information
- Reviews
Customer Reviews 1 item(s)
- Not for me.
I'm not a wine drinker. My drinks have to be sweet for me to enjoy them. I have recently discovered Moscato and have been experimenting with different brands whenever the 5 cent sale is on. This Moscato is not sweet at all. The alcohol content is high which is probably the reason why it taste like straight alcohol with no sweet flavor at all. I'm returning this bottle and the other unopened bottle that I bought yesterday.
How do you rate this?


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Inside San Francisco's Social Event Of The Season
The Symphony Opening Gala is one of San Francisco's must-attend events of the season. Part social event, part cultural producer, the evening is a brilliant agglomeration of human and cultural capital. The dense clustering of political heavy weights, tech titans and emerging professionals allows for a unique opportunity to bond over the cultural value of music as art.
The opening night gave a rare treat to attendees who enjoyed performances by superstar sopranos Renée Fleming and Susan Graham. The once-in-a-lifetime gala performance was conducted by maestro Michael Tilson Thomas and the night began with the overture to Rossini's "William Tell."
The Gala performance was preceded by three dinner options: the Patrons' Dinner, the Symphony Supper and the Symphonix Dinner. The Symphonix and Supper cocktails were held in City Hall, an elegant dinner at North Light Court, while the Patrons dinner was tented right next to Davies Symphony Hall. Entrepreneurs and philanthropists, who are supporters of the of the symphony and members of Symphonix, attended the glittering social event.
Symphonix is a group of the Bay Area's young professionals who have vision, are socially-minded, progressive, and who also share an interest in the renowned San Francisco symphony orchestra. Symphonix's 400 members are entrepreneurs and philanthropists who gather at networking events, Symphony concerts and various parties and educational opportunities throughout the year. The Symphonix community helps to enrich the lives of 75,000 Bay Area young people through supporting San Francisco Symphony education and community programs, such as the Symphony's Concerts for Kids, Adventures in Music, Youth Orchestra and Instrument Training Programs.


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rchristine04 Model
Brick MaloneClothing Designer Female Chicago, Illinois, US
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/brickmalone
Mayhem # 2684872
About MeHello
I'm an independent designer focusing on womens wear. I have been sewing most of my life but I decided to take it to a professional level. I got my education in Fashion Design from The International Academy of Design & Technology in Chicago. I also have featured my collections in Baltimore, Atlanta and Derby City Fashion Weeks and I'm keeping it moving towards other endeavors.
My design style is strong, adventurous, form fitting with a touch of femininity that accentuates the curves. It's exciting to see a garment I have created come to life through the personality of the wearer. So hopefully I will get to work with some of you to see that personality flow through my designs.
Have you worked with Brick Malone? Add Credits for Brick Malone! >>
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text: I have tried to fiddle around with the code but I'm kind of stuck.. What I want to do is a task (in the php callback files) after a donation or payment is complete. So that means after the user has payed to donated for something the script will also run my own personal code that I put in the callback files. For example: Edgar pays for super rank->Pay pal site->Payment done->Sends back to website->Upgrades edgar->Runs my own code; Don't know if it makes sense, It's late ^_^


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English is a first language for most Belizeans, so it is not my impression that there are many job offerings for foreign English teachers.
This is a collection of information on finding work as an English teacher in Belize.
Employers- Submit descriptions of your job offerings and contact information below.
Teachers- Post your employment resumes or CVs below. Include a brief cover letter saying how long you want to work in Belize, what types of classes you would like to teach, your pay requirements, and contact information.
Write all email address like name at email.com to discourage spam.


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Brisbane, Feb 18: India's bowling coach Eric Simons has said he was not sacked by Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and feels young paceman Ishant Sharma should have been in the One Day team for the tri-series in Australia.
Also read: Has Eric Simons been made the scapegoat?
The South African was recently removed as the bowling coach and was replaced with Australian Joe Dawes. He will be with the Indian team till the end of the tri-series.
However, in his first interaction with the media since the BCCI took that decision, Simons explained that his contract was not renewed after getting two extensions since the victorious World Cup assignment.
Coach Gary Kirsten and Simons formed a good combination to steer Indian team to the ultimate glory in 50-over cricket last year.
However, since then India's bowlers are failing in Tests which might have prompted BCCI to look for another person.
Simons had high praise for Ishant Sharma and he felt Australians were pleased to see him not in the tri-series.
"I believe the Australians were pleased he (Ishant) wasn't involved in one-day series. He bowled so well, he was the one who troubled them the most in Tests. I am not part of selection process but I think he's ready for one-day cricket," said Simons.
A regular in Test team, Ishant has been in and out of the ODI squad. He has played only six ODIs in the last two years.Ishant, in 47 ODIs, has taken 64 wickets at 32.13.
"He has to be one of the unluckiest bowlers. There were so many edges which went between (VVS) Laxman and (MS) Dhoni, a drop in front; one sliced over slips for the amount of wicket-taking deliveries he bowled.
"I hope he is not discouraged and Indian cricket sticks with him. There is an incredible cricketer and a clever bowler in him," said Simons about Ishant, who has claimed 133 wickets at 37.87 in 45 Tests.
"I saw him in the first series with South Africa. In Kolkata he bowled brilliantly but didn't get rewards. And I could see the frustration he had. He is like Morne Morkel (of South Africa), who bowls well but doesn't take wickets as we would expect him to do."
"We did the maths and found the length in Australia was a good 16-18 inches fuller than he used to bowl. We did work on it to get that length right. It's not always easy. He's so tall and has a different trajectory. It's a long process and learning curve for a young bowler," he said.
"He was once bowling in 130-133kmph and now his average is 140-plus. As an attack, we were actually averaging more than Australians and it's quite unusual for Indian attack," he added.


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Posted on June 23, 2014 by: acid stag
We ask Sampology what his very first CD purchase was
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"Most have an impression of who I am... yet I always seem to surprise them."
From the beginning, Aña always knew she was going to have a career in entertainment. Be it in music, fashion, or beauty, she loved everything that encompassed arts and culture and knew that was where she wanted to be.
Hailing from a long line of performers, she grew up in a sort of renaissance upbringing, attending art classes and playing the violin and guitar as well as being a vocalist. It was being thrown in to the fashion industry at a very young age that she became obsessed with designers and photographers and her love affair with fashion started.
Always being inspired by the best, she surrounded herself with the imagery of Avedon, Demarchelier, Newton, Bensimon, Lindbergh and she always had a sense of what was pleasing to her eye.Leaving her hometown of Hawaii and moving to Italy at 17, it was abroad that the manifestation and understanding of image, movement and the power that it had over the populous propelled her deeper into the idea that she loved the creative aspect of fashion and beauty and studied closely at the works of some of her favorite designers. "I learn by watching. A book can tell me only so much. It is when I watch a master, that I absorb the most."
Aña lives between New York City and Nashville.


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Every grown woman has that one treat she just can't say "no" to. For me, it's candied apples; I just love them. With their crunchy, chocolate-covered exterior and their crispy, sweet apple insides, candied apples invoke my favorite fall flavors. And, they're fun to eat!
This recipe for Candy Pears was born out of my love for classic candied apples. Made similarly, Candy Pears are dipped in melted dark chocolate and rolled in nuts. I've suggested walnuts in the recipe , but you can easily substitute chopped pecans, or skip the nuts altogether.
What's great about this recipe's variation is the gentle texture of ripe Asian pears. Because ripe red pears are softer than their crispy apple counterparts, they're easier to bite into and half the work. Before you get started, try this important, but helpful tip: make sure to watch your chocolate closely.
Chocolatiers call this process "tempering," meaning the chocolate should be melted and cooled between 115 F and 125 F so that it sets up and hardens properly.
Helana Brigman is a food writer, photographer and cookbook author. She can be reached with daily recipes at clearlydeliciousfoodblog.com or via email at firstname.lastname@example.com.