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By Gary Strauss, USA TODAY
Giuliana and Bill Rancic host Style Network's aptly titled reality series Giuliana and Bill (the new season starts in early January). The couple shuttle between homes in Los Angeles and Chicago. Here, Giuliana shares their travel tips and highlights with USA TODAY's Gary Strauss.
MORE CELEBRITY TRAVEL: Mario Lopez
Q: Where have you been recently that you liked or were surprised by?
A: We recently traveled to Scottsdale for one of Bill's speaking engagements. We stayed at the Sanctuary Camelback Mountain Resort and Spa. It had a boutique hideaway feel to it with spa casitas, a relaxing meditation garden, amazing views of the surrounding desert landscape…and even a hummingbird sanctuary! I just remember feeling at peace there and could not believe this hidden hotel had so much character. The food at their Elements restaurant was also top notch! If you are visiting in the fall or winter, take part in the complimentary wine and cheese hour on Thursdays. And one of the greatest perks ... if you are a resort guest, general use of the amenities at the gorgeous spa is included!
Q: What's your favorite vacation spot?
A: We love Mexico for its close proximity to both L.A and Chicago and its incredible weather. When we want to escape and relax for the weekend, we head to the Four Seasons Resort Punta Mita. We fly into Puerto Vallarta and take a 45-minute car ride to the city of Punta Mita. The hotel's customer service is outstanding and the white-sand swimmable beach is gorgeous. We were there a few weeks ago and the ocean was so calm and warm, it was like walking into a soothing bath. Bill loves water sports ... jet skiing, spear fishing and surfing. I, on the other hand, like to run on the beautiful beach and then relax in the shaded beds reading my Kindle. If you have children, be sure to hit the resort's lazy river pool. And take advantage of the complimentary magazines and sunscreen at the gorgeous infinity pool! We love this resort because it has something for the both of us.
Q: What's the best place you've ever visited?
A: Capri, Italy ... hands down! We were married in Capri almost two years ago and we have made a pact with each other to visit the beautiful island and the church where we were married every year for the rest of our lives. There is so much history on the island. Our church, Santa Sofia, was built in the 1400s and is still so fresh, virbrant and rich with color and texture. Capri is laid back and relaxing during the day and super chic at night. Every morning we take a short bus ride to a place called Lido Del Faro where the locals swim, dive off of rocks and take in the sun all followed by an amazing lunch of homemade pasta, fresh caught fish and local wine at the restaurant on hand. At night, we love eating at the best restaurant on the island, Da Paolino, under the lemon trees and then heading back to the main piazza where I indulge on gelato and Bill smokes a cigar all while watching the people in their chic Italian fashions walk by. Stay at the Quisisana for a more classic Capri experience or try the newer and decadent JK Place Hotel which is stunning but not walking distance to the piazza where all the action is. Be sure to visit Carthusia Perfumes, located close to the Carthusian Monastery of St. Giacomo, for a historic fragrance to remember Capri by.
Q: What's the most surprising/unexpected place you're ever visited?
A: We took a trip to Washington State once for work and made our way to the West Coast area of San Juan Island. The moment we arrived we felt like we were in another country. We were surprised by the overwhelming beauty of the mountains and the crystal-clear water. There are rocky shores and sandy beaches, prairie and pastureland, lakes and gorgeous trees. There is even whale watching from April to late September. Most of our time was spent hiking the most wonderful trails, taking long runs through the prairies and dining at the quaint mom-and-pop restaurants. San Juan Island is an ideal destination spot for a couple that likes to explore and take in all the natural beauty. Check out the historic town of Friday Harbor and be sure to make stops at The Whale Museum and the Pelindaba Lavender Farm. If you go in the spring, you must visit the Tulip Festival in nearby La Conner. It's just a ferry ride away. You will be in awe of the beauty of the millions of tulips in every color under the sun.
Q: Can you offer an insider tip for your favorite vacation spot?
A: Capri can be pricey, so many of our wedding guests stayed at the affordable Hotel Weber Ambassador in Capri. It is a four-star hotel right on the beach of Marina Piccola and a third of the price of most hotels on the island. They loved it! You still get amazing customer service, complimentary breakfast, shuttle rides all around the island (which will save you a lot of money in cab fare), and most importantly, magnificent views of the Faraglioni Rocks. Do not leave the island without indulging in a gelato (or two) from the Buonocore gelato stand located just below the main piazza. The woman behind the counter is the Gelato Nazi, so DO NOT ask for a sample! Instead, order a few flavors and indulge! Also, you must go to our favorite spot…the hottest night club in Capri called Anema e Core. The party starts at midnight and before you know it, the entire bar is dancing on the tables to the music of owner Guido and his amazing band. Requests encouraged but here's a warning. I yelled out a request for Hotel Californiaat 4 a.m. after our wedding reception and next thing I knew I was on stage singing the song with a huge crowd singing along. It was a night to remember.
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Chap 2. Basic Encryption and Decryption
- Lester Mills
- 1 years ago
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1 Chap 2. Basic Encryption and Decryption H. Lee Kwang Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, KAIST Objectives Concepts of encryption Cryptanalysis: how encryption systems are broken
2 2.1 Terminology and Background Notations S: sender R: receiver T: transmission medium O: outsider, interceptor, intruder, attacker, or, adversary S wants to send a message to R S entrusts the message to T who will deliver it to R Possible actions of O block(interrupt), intercept, modify, fabricate Chapter Terminology Encryption and Decryption encryption: a process of encoding a message so that its meaning is not obvious decryption: the reverse process encode(encipher) vs. decode(decipher) encoding: the process of translating entire words or phrases to other words or phrases enciphering: translating letters or symbols individually encryption: the group term that covers both encoding and enciphering
3 2.1.1 Terminology Plaintext vs. Ciphertext P(plaintext): the original form of a message C(ciphertext): the encrypted form Basic operations plaintext to ciphertext: encryption: C = E(P) ciphertext to plaintext: decryption: P = D(C) requirement: P = D(E(P)) Terminology Encryption with key encryption key: K E decryption key: K D C = E(K E, P) P = D(K D, E(K E, P)) If the encryption algorithm should fall into the interceptor s hands, future messages can still be kept secret because the interceptor will not know the key value Keyless Cipher a cipher that does not require the use of a key key cannot be changed
4 2.1.1 Terminology Symmetric Cryptosystem: K E = K D Asymmetric Cryptosystem: K E K D Terminology Cryptography cryptography means hidden writing, the practice of using encryption to conceal text Cryptanalysis cryptanalyst studies encryption and encrypted message, with the goal of finding the hidden meaning of the messages Cryptology includes both cryptography and cryptanalysis
5 2.1.1 Terminology Cryptanalysis break an encryption cryptanalyst can do any or all of three different things: attempt to break a single message attempt to recognize patterns in encrypted messages, in order to be able to break subsequent ones by applying a straightforward decryption algorithm attempt to find general weakness in an encryption algorithm, without necessarily having intercepted any messages Terminology Breakable encryption An encryption algorithm may be breakable, meaning that given enough time and data, an analyst could determine the algorithm practicality is an issue for a given cipher scheme, there may be possible decipherments, so the task is to select the right one out of the cryptanalyst cannot be expected to try just the hard, long way another efficient algorithm may exist estimates of breakability are based on current technology budget dependent
6 Key Length Representation of Characters Encoding modular arithmetic Y + 3 = B( = 27 1 mod 26) Two forms of encryption substitution: one letter is exchanged for another transposition: the order of the letters is rearranged
7 2.2 Monoalphabetic Ciphers(Substitution) Simple substitution use a correspondence table substitute each character by another character or symbol monoalphabetic cipher one-by-one The Caesar Cipher Named for Julious Caesar Caesar used a shift of 3 c i = i i E( p ) = ( p + 3) mod 26 translation chart Plaintext A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ciphertext d e f g h I j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c E(TREATY IMPOSSIBLE) = wuhdwb lpsrvvleoh E(T) = w, E(R)=u, etc.
8 2.2.1 The Caesar Cipher Advantages and Disadvantages of the Caesar Cipher advantage easy to use disadvantage simple structure easy to break Other Monoalphabetic Substitutions Permutation based generalization of the Caesar cipher permutation π : Z 26 Z example: π ( λ ) = ( λ + 3) mod 26 use more complex rule use a key, a word that controls the enciphering Plaintext A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ciphertext k e y a b c d f g h i j l m n o p q r s t u v w x z start k e y k e y k e y
9 2.2.2 Other Monoalphabetic Substitutions Another variation π ( A ) = a π ( B ) = d π π π ( λ ) = (3 λ ) mod ( 0 ) = ( 1) = 0 mod 3 mod Plaintext A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ciphertext a d g j m p s v y b e h k n q t w z c f i l o r u x Cryptanalysis of Monoalphabetic Ciphers Short words, words with repeated patterns, and common initial and final letters all give clues for guessing the permutation Cryptanalysis of Monoalphabetic Ciphers a lot like working crossword puzzle try a guess continue to work to substantiate that guess until you have all the words in place, or until you reach a contradiction we can use more advanced technique frequency distribution
10 2.2.3 Cryptanalysis of Monoalphabetic Ciphers Frequency Distribution relative frequencies of characters in English text Cryptanalysis of Monoalphabetic Ciphers Ciphertext hqfubswlrq lv d phdqv ri dwwdlqlqj vhfxuh frpsxwdxlrq ryhu lqvhfxuh fkdqqhov eb xvlqj hqfubswlrq zh glvjxlvh wkh phvvdjh vr wkdw hyhq li wkh wudqvplvvlrq lv glyhuwhg whk phvvdjh zloo qrw eh uhyhdohg
11 2.2.3 Cryptanalysis of Monoalphabetic Ciphers Cryptanalysis using frequency table h may be one of e, a, i, o, etc Cryptanalysis of Monoalphabetic Ciphers Rule h e, d a, l i, r o, etc. Results Ciphertext hqfubswlrq lv d phdqv ri dwwdlqlqj vhfxuh Plaintext ENCRYPTION IS A MEANS OF ATTAINING SECURE
12 2.2.3 Cryptanalysis of Monoalphabetic Ciphers Cryptographer s Dilemma an encryption algorithm has to be regular in order for it to be algorithmic and in order for cryptographers to be able to remember it the regularity gives clues to the cryptanalyst there is no solution to this dilemma Cryptography : principle of timeliness Principle of timeliness(adequate Protection) : A security measure must be strong enough to keep out the attacker for the life of the data. Data with a short time value can be protected with simple measures 2.3 Polyalphabetic Substitution Ciphers A cipher is more cryptographically secure would display a rather flat distribution, which gives no information to a cryptanalyst Weakness of monoalphabetic ciphers their frequency distribution reflects the distribution of the underlying alphabet Polyalphabetic substitution cipher one way to flatten the distribution to combine distributions that are high with ones that are low T is sometimes enciphered as a and sometimes as b frequency of a is high and that of b is low
13 2.3 Polyalphabetic Substitution Ciphers Simple example odd position π 1 ( λ ) = (3 λ ) mod 26 Plaintext A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ciphertext a d g j m p s v y b e h k n q t w z c f i l o r u x even position π 2 ( λ ) = (( 5 λ ) + 13 ) mod 26 Plaintext A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ciphertext n s x c h m r w b g l q v a f k p u z e j o t y d i more complex but still simple extend the number of permutations Vigenère Tableaux Goal: flat distribution Algorithm use Vigenère Tableau(26 26 matrix) low: letter column: key(suppose key length is 6, i.e. key = (k 1, k 6 )) encryption c j = (p j, k i ) where j i mod 6 decryption p j =x s.t. c j = (x, k i ) where j i mod 6
14 2.3.1 Vigenère Tableaux table Vigenère Tableaux Example Key julie tjuli etjul... Plaintext BUTSO FTWHA TLIGH... Ciphertext koeas ycqsi... k = (B, j), o = (U, u), e = (T, l), Long keywords can be used, but a keyword of length three usually suffices s to smooth out the distribution
15 2.3.2 Cryptanalysis of Polyalphabetic Substitutions Polyalphabetic substitutions are apparently more secure than monoalphabetic substitutions but still insecure key length Two tools Kasiski method for repeated patterns index of coincidence Cryptanalysis of Polyalphabetic Substitutions Method of Kasiski find the candidates of the key length rely on the regularity of English high frequency ending: -th, -ing, -ed, -ion, -tion, -ation, etc. beginning: im-, in-, un-, re-, etc. pattern: -eek-, -oot-, -our-, etc. word: of, and, to, the, with, are, is, that, etc.
16 2.3.2 Cryptanalysis of Polyalphabetic Substitutions Steps(Method of Kasiski) 1. identify repeated patterns of three or more characters 2. for each pattern write down the position at which each instance of the pattern begins 3. compute the difference between the starting points of successive instances 4. determine all factors of each difference 5. if a polyalphabetic substitution cipher wae used, the key length will be one of the factors that appears often in step Cryptanalysis of Polyalphabetic Substitutions Example(Method of Kasiski) S t a r t i n g P o s i t i o n 20 D i s t a n c e f r o m P r e v i o u s F a c t o r s 83 63(83-20) 3, 7, 9, 21, (104-83) 3, 7, 21 key length is probably 3 or 7
17 2.3.2 Cryptanalysis of Polyalphabetic Substitutions Index of Coincidence a measure of the variation between frequencies in a distribution Notation Prob λ : probability of an λ, where λ {a,, z} Freq λ : frequency of an λ among n ciphertext letters RFreq λ : relative frequency of λ n, RFreq λ Prob λ Cryptanalysis of Polyalphabetic Substitutions Index of Coincidence measure of roughness(variance) flat distribution : IC = Number of Enciphering Alphabets vs. IC Alphabets Large IC
18 2.3.3 Concluding Remarks on Polyalphabetic Ciphers Steps in analyzing a polyalphabetic cipher 1. Use the Kasiski method to predict likely numbers of enciphering alphabets. If no numbers emerge fairly regularly, the encryption is probably not simply a polyalphabetic substitution 2. Compute the index of coincidence to validate the predictions from step 1 3. Where steps 1 and 2 indicate a promising value, separate the ciphertext into appropriate subsets and independently compute the index of coincidence of each subset The Perfect Substitution Cipher One-time pad A large nonrepeating set of keys is written on sheet of paper, glued together into a pad Algorithm keys are 20 characters long plain text is 300 characters long encryption sender encrypt the plaintext using the table, like Vigenère Tableau, with 15 pages of keys decryption use the same pad identical to the sender
19 2.3.4 The Perfect Substitution Cipher Advantage of one-time pad perfectly secure ciphertext does not reveal any information of the corresponding plaintext Problems the need for absolute synchronization between sender and receiver the need for an unlimited number of keys The Perfect Substitution Cipher Random Number Generator A close approximation of a one-time pad for use on computers is a random number generator. Computer random numbers are not random they really form a sequence with a very long period. A generator with a long period can be acceptable for a limited amount of time or plaintext
20 2.3.4 The Perfect Substitution Cipher The Vernam Cipher a type of one-time pad algorithm c j = p j + k j mod 26 The Binary Vernam Cipher algorithm p j and k j are 1-bit c j = p j + k j mod 2 = p j XOR k j The Perfect Substitution Cipher Linear congruential random number generator(lcrng) ri + 1 = (a ri + r 0 : seed a, b, n: constant properties b) mod n if r 0 and a are relatively prime to n, each number between 0, and n-1 will be generated before the sequence repeats
21 2.3.4 The Perfect Substitution Cipher Cracking LCRNG Assumption c j = p j + r j mod n (p 0, p 1, p 2, p 3 ) = (M(12), E(4), M(12), O(14)) Interceptor can find a, b, n, and r 0 solve the following equations r r r = = = a r 0 a r 1 a r 2 + b mod + b mod + b mod n n n r r r r = c = c = c = c mod n 4 mod n 12 mod 14 mod n n The Perfect Substitution Cipher Long Sequences form Books Example: telephone book the sender and the receiver agree to an identical telephone book both of them agree to start at page 35 use two middle digits(ddd-dddd) of each phone number mod 26 as a key letter for a polyalphabetic substitution cipher using preagreed form of Vigenère tableau CAUTIONS key text must be evenly distributed
22 2.3.5 Summary of Substitutions Substitutions are effective cryptographic devices the basis of many cryptographic algorithms used for diplomatic communication through the first half of the previous century Cryptanalystic tools frequency distribution index of coincidence consideration of highly likely letters and probable words repeated pattern analysis and the Kasiski approach persistence, organization, ingenuity, and lock 2.4 Transpositions(Permutations) Transposition an encryption in which the letters of the message are rearranged permutation a transposition is a rearrangement of the symbols of a message Substitution vs. Transposition the goal of a substitution: confusion the goal of a transposition: diffusion
23 2.4.1 Columnar Transpositions Columnar Transposition a rearrangement of the characters of the plaintext into columns Columnar Transpositions Example
24 2.4.1 Columnar Transpositions Encipherment/Decipherment Complexity Substitution vs. Transposition Substitution Transposition Time Complexity O(n) O(n) Space Complexity O(c) O(n) Delay O(c) O(n) Transposition is not especially appropriate for long messages Columnar Transpositions Diagrams, Trigrams, and Other Patterns there are characteristic patterns of adjacent letters most common Digrams and Trigrams
25 2.4.1 Columnar Transpositions Cryptanalysis by Digram Analysis Positions of adjacent letters in Ciphertext Columnar Transpositions Double Transposition Algorithm Product Cipher C=E 2 (E 1 (P)) the first transposition displaces adjacent letters the second transposition breaks up the adjacency of short series of letters that happened to appear in adjacent columns of the first transposition
26 2.4.1 Columnar Transpositions Cryptanalysis There is a functional relationship between plaintext and ciphertext character positions 10 5 E(i) = 10 *([(i -1)mod5] + (i -1)/5 + 1) c 10*([(i-1)mod5] + (i-1)/5+ 1) = p i 8 7 E(i) = 8*([(i -1)mod7] + (i -1)/7 + 1) c 8*([(i-1)mod7] + (i-1)/7 + 1) = p i Generalized Transpositions Transpositions are somewhat difficult to analyze because they move plaintext to unpredictable places in the ciphertext In fact, any permuting algorithm can be used, as long as it is reversible.
27 2.5 Fractionated Morse Morse Code a means of representing letters as sequences of dots and dashed used with telegraphs, flashing fights, and semaphore flags Morse Code for Encryption Morse Code for Encryption Morse code is a three-symbol coding scheme using the symbols dash, dot, and separator there are 26 letters in English alphabet 3 3 =27=26+1, English letter {-,., } 3 - { } if keyword is wovenflax English letters associated with Morse Code symbols
28 2.5.2 Morse Code for Encryption Algorithm step 1. the English plaintext is converted to Morse code, using separator step 2. the Morse code message is divided into blocks of three symbols step 3. each block is encoded as the letter corresponding to that three symbol pattern Morse Code for Encryption Example(key = wovenflax) plaintext step 1 step 2 step 3
29 2.5.3 Cryptanalysis of Fractionated Morse Cryptanalysis of Fractionated Morse This cipher has some of the same characteristics of the polyalphabetic cipher a single letter is encoded in several different ways unlike the polyalphabetic encodings, however, there is no necessary fixed repetition of the key between similar representations This encryption is not very secure if the basic algorithm is knows, but not the codeword, frequent ciphertext letters indicate frequent patterns 2.6 Stream and Block Ciphers Stream Cipher convert one symbol of plaintext immediately into a symbol of ciphertext figure Block Cipher convert a group of plaintext symbols as one block figure
30 2.6.1 Stream Ciphers Advantage Speed of Transposition Low error propagation Disadvantage Low diffusion subject to the tools such as frequency distribution, digram analysis, the index of coincidence, and the Kasiski method Susceptibility to malicious insertions and modifications integrity Block Ciphers Example transposition(columnar transposition and other transposition) fractional Morse Disadvantages the strengths of stream cipher speed error propagation
31 2.6.2 Block Ciphers Advantages Diffusion information from the plaintext if diffused into several ciphertext symbols one ciphertext block may depend on several plaintext letters Immunity to insertions: integrity it is impossible to insert a single symbol into one block the length of the block would then be incorrect, and the decipherment would quickly reveal the insertion active interceptor cannot simply cur one ciphertext letter out of a message and paste a new one in to change an account, a time, a date, or a name of a message 2.7 Characteristics of Good Ciphers What does it mean for a cipher to be good? The meaning of good depends on the intended use of the cipher A cipher to be used by military personnel in the field has different requirements from one that will be used in a secure installation with substantial computer support
32 2.7.1 Shannon Characteristics Characteristics of Good Ciphers by Claude Shannon The amount of secrecy needed should determine the amount of labor appropriate for the encryption and decryption The set of keys and the enciphering algorithm should be free from complexity The implementation of the process should be as simple as possible Errors in ciphering should not propagate and cause corruption of further information in the message The size of the enciphered text should be no larger then the text of the original message Confusion and Diffusion Confusion The interceptor should not be able to predict what changing one character in the plaintext will do to the ciphertext An algorithm providing good confusion will have a complex functional relationship between the plaintext.key pair and the ciphertext Diffusion The cipher should also spread the information from the plaintext over the entire ciphertext Good diffusion means that the interceptor needs access to much ciphertext to infer the algorithm The substitution and permutation ciphers do not provide any diffusion
33 2.7.3 Information Theoretic Tests Secure Cryptographic System one where an interceptor cannot recover a plaintext message from its ciphertext One-time pad(perfect transformation) immune to cryptanalystic attack fails if one assumes access to the pad through theft, collusion, coercion, or bribery between the interceptor and a sender or receiver Information Theoretic Tests Notation C = E(P) h is the cryptanalyst;s suspectioed decipherment h(c): a set of possible plaintext h(c)={poss1, Poss2, } An encryption scheme is effectively secure if the probability that h(c) is P is arbitrarily small; that is Prob(h(C) = P) < e for arbitrarily small value ε
34 2.7.3 Information Theoretic Tests Perfect Secrecy Imperfect Secrecy ProbC 1 (h(c 1) = P) = Prob(P) ProbC 1 (h(c 1) = P 1) = 0 = Prob(h(C ) = P) Information Theoretic Tests Redundancy Languages are inherently redundant absolute rate of the language with k letters in the alphabet English: the number of possible n-letter message: 2 An The rate of language = R the number of possible meaningful message: 2 Rn Redundancy of the language = D D = A - R log 2 (26) = 5 log 2 (k)
35 2.7.4 Unicity Distance Shannon s Information Theory Unicity distance describes the amount of ciphertext needed in order to break a cipher 1 H C(P) = ProbC (P)*log2 P ProbC(P) The unicity distance is the smallest message length n for which H C (P) is close to 0 unicity distance is the measure the amount of uncertainty in an encryption system Unicity Distance Example if encryption has 2 H(P) keys, the unicity distance is H ( P) N = D D is the redundancy of the language The probability of getting a spurious decryption of a ciphertext is p=(q-1), where Rn 2 ( R A) n Dn q = = 2 = 2 An 2 q is the likelihood of getting a string that represents nothing
36 2.8 What the Cryptanalyst Has to work With Four possible situations Ciphertext only - ciphertext only attack full or partial plaintext known plaintext attack probable plaintext attack ciphertext of any plaintext - chosen plaintext attack algorithm and ciphertext - chosen ciphertext attack 2.9 Summary Encipherment substitution and transposition or permutation Cryptanalysis frequency distribution, digram study, index of coincidence, searching for repeated patterns, study of probable letters Five classic cryptanalytic attacks ciphertext only attack, known plaintext attack, probable plaintext attack, chosen plaintext attack, and chosen ciphertext attack Formal material redundancy and unicity distance
37 Further Reading History David Kahn, THE CODEBREAKERS: The Story of Secret Writing, Macmillan publishing Co., Inc., 1967
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Amarna Miller – My Californian Fling
December 26,2016
Sexy Spanish senorita Amarna has been travelling round the US for a few weeks now. It's her last stop and she is staying at a fabulous property with a very attractive host. Having been on her own during her travels, she's feeling pretty frustrated. All she needs is the perfect plan to get this sexy man all on his own and have some fun. After telling him a little white lie that her hot water isn't working, he arrives at the apartment to see if he can help her out. It doesn't take long before he knows exactly what this beautiful Latina has in mind.
File: amarna_vx.mp4
Size: 360475300 bytes (343.78 MiB), duration: 00:44:04, avg.bitrate: 1091 kb/s
Audio: aac, 48000 Hz, stereo (und)
Video: h264, yuv420p, 854×480, 23.98 fps(r) (und)


text:
3.3Lehner Reformationsbräu
Bottle from a local supermarket in herrenberg. Pours Amber. Nose is toffee, honey, wheat. Palate is malty and spicy, some citrus, apricot, sweet finish. Not bad.
Monday, May 8, 2017
2.7Lehner Landbier Kellertrüb
Bottle from a local supermarket in Tübingen. Pours clear yellow big white head. Nose is citrus, honey, wheat. Palate is watery, sweet, bread, malty finish. Ok.
Tuesday, April 4, 2017
3.3Lehner Winterbock
Klares orange braunes Bier mit einer mittelgroßen beigen Schaumkrone. Geruch kräftig malzig, leicht nussig, rotes malz. Geschmack nach roten Früchten, Karamell, Gewürze, leicht hopfig.
Sunday, July 10, 2016
3.1Lehner Winterbock
Pours redish brown with medium, tan head. Aroma is malty, hay, molasses. Taste: Medium sweetness.
Sunday, March 20, 2016
1.7Lehner Zaki Radler
Bottled, from Biershop Baden-Württemberg. Clear pale golden, small head. Lemonade aroma. Sweet with light body and clean, rounded mouthfeel. Saccharine, lemon and a hint of fruity malt. Near no bitterness.
Friday, October 16, 2015
2.8Lehner Zaki
Bottled, from Biershop Baden-Württemberg. Almost clear pale golden, dense firm head. Mild floral bready nose. Mid dry with light-medium body and clean, rounded mouthfeel. Fruity and bready, some salty grass. Mid bitter finish.
Wednesday, September 16, 2015
3.4Lehner Hefe-Weizen Dunkel
Bottled, from Biershop Baden-Württemberg. Cloudy dark brown, mid sized creamy head. Fruity nose with mild banana. Mid sweet with medium body and rounded, spritzy mouthfeel. Somewhat toasty with ripe banana and cloves. Some perfume before a finish with low-medium bitterness.
Thursday, September 3, 2015
3.2Lehner Kristallweizen
Bottled, from Biershop Baden-Württemberg. Clear pale golden, small head. Rich banana aroma. Mid sweet with medium body and rounded mouthfeel. Biscuity malt, ripe banana. Low bitterness. Quite flavourful for a kristallweizen.
Sunday, August 30, 2015
3.5Lehner Premium Pils
Bottled, from Biershop Baden-Württemberg. Clear golden, mid sized head. Distinct grassy spicy nose. Dry with light-medium body and firm, crisp mouthfeel. Grainy malt and grassy spicy hops. Long salty bitterness. Refreshing solid pilsener.
Sunday, August 30, 2015
3.3Lehner Export Spezial
Bottled, from Biershop Baden-Württemberg. Clear pale golden, rich firm head. Fruity grassy nose. Mid sweet with medium body and crisp, rounded mouthfeel. Bready malt, grassy, floral resinous hops, notes of whipped cream and honey. Mid bitter finish. Solid and pleasant non adventurous lager.
Sunday, August 23, 2015
3.2Lehner Landbier Kellertrüb
Bottled, from Biershop Baden-Württemberg. Poured into steinkrug - probably hazy deep golden, small head. Distinct grassy spicy nose. Dry with light-medium body and crisp, rounded mouthfeel. Somewhat fruity light bready malt and distinct grassy spicy nose. Mid bitter finish. Slender and pilsnerish.
Friday, August 21, 2015
3.2Lehner Premium Hefe-Weizen
Bottled, from Biershop Baden-Württemberg. Cloudy golden, rich creamy head head. Banana, marzipan and some citrus up front. Mid sweet with light body and rounded, spritzy mouthfeel. Light flavoured - only slight yeast induced flavours of banana and cloves, some doughy malt. Low bitterness. On the lightest side of hefeweizens.
Friday, August 21, 2015
3Lehner Pilsner
Bottled, from Biershop Baden-Wurtemberg. Clear pale golden, small head. Hay and grass up front. Mid dry with medium body and clean mouthfeel. Saccharine and spicy hay, some crisp bread. Mid bitter finish. Except for the odd touch of saccharine this is a decent pilsener.
Thursday, August 20, 2015
2.5Lehner Export Spezial
Vernünftiges Export, das jedoch nicht wirklich speziell ist. Getreidig, dazu etwas Butter und Vanille. Recht trinkbar und mild, jedoch ohne groß hervorzustechen.
Thursday, December 18, 2014
2.4Lehner Export Spezial
Pours out of the bottle in a clear golden colour with an low head and medium body. Aroma of hops and straw. Taste of mild hops, straw, mild fruits, grains and bread. Metallic finish. Drinkable, yet nothing special.
Thursday, December 18, 2014
3.3Lehner Maibock
Bottle 330ml. @ home.
[ As Lehner Maibock ].
[ Trade by Beerhunter111 ]. ABV: 7.1%. Clear medium orange yellow color with a average, frothy, good lacing, mostly lasting, off-white head. Aroma is moderate malty, sweet malt, pale malt, hell bock aroma, light fruity malt. Flavour is moderate to light light heavy sweet and light moderate bitter with a long duration, sweet malt, fruity malt, light alcohol, light grass - hoppy. Body is medium, texture is oily to watery, carbonation is soft. [20140921]
Monday, October 27, 2014
3.1Lehner Kristallweizen
500 ml bottle. BB 15/09/14. Vielen Dank Timo A! Clear yellow golden colour with a tiny white head. Sweetness, toffee, yeast, mild wheat and mild bitterness in the aroma. The flavour is grainy malt, wheat and mild sweetness. Surprisingly nice for a Kristallweizen. ---Rated via Beer Buddy for iPhone
Friday, September 5, 2014
3.2Lehner Export Spezial
Bottle(kindly donated by Quack-Duck!):Golden with a greenish sheen, small and firm lacy white head; moderate sweet malty nose with a honeyish tinge, some subdued herbal hops in the background; moderate sweet-bitter flavour, nearly medium bodied and quite soft. Slightly drier and hoppier in the nevertheless malt-accented finish.Pleasant Export…
Friday, August 29, 2014
2.5Lehner Maibock
Heller, zu süßer Antrunk. Hopfig würzig ohne wirklich aromatisch zu sein. Steigende Würzigkeit, der Hopfen bleibt meist unter der Süße verborgen. Nicht sonderlich. 7/6/7/8/9/8
Wednesday, August 20, 2014
2.8Lehner Pilsner
500ml bottle. Clear golden colour with average, frothy, half-way lasting, minimally lacing, white head. Slightly grassy, somewhat fresh hoppy aroma, slightly grainy background, a minimally metallic touch. Taste is minimally muggy grainy. minimally metallic, bitter hoppy overtones with a grassy touch, subtle sweetness.
Wednesday, August 20, 2014
2.7Lehner Hefe-Weizen Dunkel
Bottle from Bierzwerg!
Pours murky brown with high, fine head. Smell has nice yeast notes and slight sourish malts. Starts malty-sourish, yeasty, with some raisin and roasted malts. Goes into a yeasty-roasty, slight sourish and fruity finish!
Sunday, August 17, 2014
2.7Lehner Maibock
330ml bottle [7.1% abv]. Clear, more orangey than yellow-ish golden colour with small to average, frothy, half-way lasting, minimally lacing, white head. Expressionless, sSweet-ish pale malty aroma. Taste is minimally metallic, grassy hoppy, moderately sweet pale malty. Uninspiring, dispassionate Bock.
Thursday, August 14, 2014
2.5Lehner Export Spezial
500ml bottle. Clear, yellow-ish, pale golden colour with small, frothy, diminishing, white head. Grainy and minimally bready aroma, grassy hoppy overtones. Taste is minimally sweet pale malty, slightly grainy, cautious grassy and minimally floral hoppy overtones; monotonous, slightly watery.
Sunday, August 3, 2014
2.2Lehner Export Spezial
Bottle from Bierzwerg! Pours golden yellow with flat white head. Smell has spicy malts. Starts grainy, malty bitter, slight sweet. Finish is slight musty-malty, sweetish with some corn.
Wednesday, July 30, 2014
2.4Lehner Kristallweizen
Bottle. Light golden, small to average and mostly diminishing head. Light to moderate, malty – some wheat and lightly sweetish aroma, light banana and fruitiness. Body is light to medium, malty – lightly wheaty and lightly sweetish flavor, light banana. Finish is short, malty – faintly wheaty and lightly sweetish, faint banana and light cardboard. Watery, no good weisse. Lacks character.
Wednesday, July 30, 2014
2.2Lehner Maibock
Bottled (from Bier Zwerg). Quite much golden colour with small white head. Aroma is grainy, mild bread, some rubber as well as mild crisp grassiness. Flavour is grains, some toffee, sweet malts, mild rubber as well as some grass and mild earthiness. Sad to say, but very much "typical green bottle" flavours in this one...
Tuesday, July 29, 2014
3.2Lehner Premium Hefe-Weizen
Bottled (from Bier Zwerg). Hazy yellowish orange colour with a mediumsized white head. Aroma is banana, wheat, some toffee, mild sour wooden notes as well as some mild spices and citrus. Flavour is citrus, wheat, mild toffee, some slight spices and a bunch of yeastiness to go along with it as well.
Sunday, July 27, 2014
2.9Lehner Premium Hefe-Weizen
(bottle) pours a murky golden colour with a frothy white head. aroma of caramel, starch and cloves, with a light hint of apple juice, leather and talcum powder. flavour is mostly wheat, light banana and caramel, slightly sweet, with a hint of fudge, some very light earth and brown sugar. medium-bodied with lively carbonation.
Thursday, July 24, 2014
3Lehner Maibock
Maibock-typische Süße im Antrunk. Der Hauptteil ist süßlich-süffig, Maibock-typisch. Im Nachgeschmack leicht scharf-herb, aber sehr süffig-süßlich bleibend.
Tuesday, July 22, 2014
3.3Lehner Kristallweizen
Weicher, Kristallweizen typischer Beginn. Das Bier im Hauptteil ist mild-weich, leicht süßlich und trotzdem sehr süffig. Kaum Herbe spürbar. Der Nachgeschmack ist mittellang, frisch-süffig, süßlich kristallweizentypisch.
Tuesday, July 22, 2014
2.7Lehner Premium Hefe-Weizen
Bottle. Light golden, hazy, small and mostly diminishing head. Light to moderate sweetish malty – lightly wheaty aroma, light fruitiness and banana, faint butter and citrus hoppyness, light yeast. Body is light to medium, malty – lightly wheaty and lightly sweetish flavor, light fruitiness and banana. Finish is short to average, malty – lightly wheaty and lightly sweetish, light banana and faint - light citrus hoppynyness. OK hefeweizen - not too sweet, nothing special though.
Sunday, July 6, 2014
3.1Lehner Premium Pils
330ml bottle. Clear, yellow-ish golden colour with average, frothy, rapidly diminishing, minimally lacing, white head. Strawy, grainy aroma, bitter and grassy hoppy overtones in 80/20 flat / fresh partitioning. Taste is minimally sweet pale malty, slightly bitter, grassy and minimally floral and herbal hoppy overtones; slightly spicy and papery finish. Not outstanding in general, but with own character and therefore outstanding in comparison to all those standardised, mainstream, commercial, TV-advertised Pilsener stuff.
Wednesday, July 2, 2014
2.9Lehner Zaki
330ml bottle. Clear golden colour with average, frothy, half-way lasting, minimally lacing, white head. Grainy and strawy aroma, grassy hoppy overtones. Taste is minimally sweet pale malty, a touch of vanilla, minimally grainy and strawy, grassy hoppy overtones. OK.
Tuesday, July 1, 2014
3.3Lehner Kristallweizen
500ml bottle. Clear, yellow-ish golden colour with average to huge, frothy, fairly lasting, minimally lacing, white head. Sweet-ish wheaty aroma, a floral (hoppy / yeasty?) touch, some lemon biscuit. Taste is slightly sweet wheaty, a touch of lemon biscuit, (hoppy / yeasty?) floral overtones, slightly grainy and grassy hoppy, more Kristallweizen-typical middle part. Simple but nice.
Monday, June 30, 2014
3.2Lehner Zaki
Viel Vanille trifft hier auf eine milde Malzigkeit nebst etwas Butter im Hintergrund. Weich, mild, leicht sueffig und im Abschluss ein klein wenig gezucket. Wunderbar.
Thursday, June 26, 2014
2.4Lehner Premium Hefe-Weizen
Wie so Hefeweizen eben sind. Füllig mit ordentlich Hefe und ein paar Früchten. Süß, mundfüllend und unausgewogen, wenn auch trinkbar.
Wednesday, June 25, 2014
3.4Lehner Maibock
33cl bottle. Thx Beerhunter111! Clear deep golden, thin white head. Fruity, malty, citrusy aroma. Flavor isquite sweet, bready, malty, fruity. Long warming, malty finish. Nice brew.
Wednesday, June 25, 2014
2.5Lehner Premium Hefe-Weizen
Bottle from kevnic2008 - many thanks! The beer pours out in a hazy orange-amber colour with low steady head and medium body. Aroma of yeast and wheat. Taste of yeast, bread, wheat, bananas and fruit salad. Not a bad beer for being a Hefeweizen.
Tuesday, June 24, 2014
2.2Lehner Zaki
Bottle from kevnic2008 - many thanks, Mariusz! The beer pours out in a clear light golden colour with low airy head and thin body. Aroma of mild hops and rabbits house. Taste of straw, mild hops, flowers, hay, animals and dust. Drinkable but not that nice.
Tuesday, June 24, 2014
2.9Lehner Maibock
Süffiger Bock mit Malz, einigen reifen Früchten und einer leichten Muffigkeit. Dennoch einfach zu trinken und dick im Abschluss. Nicht schlecht.
Saturday, June 21, 2014
2.5Lehner Export Spezial
Bottle. Golden, small and fully diminishing head. Moderate malty and sweetish aroma, light floral fruitiness and faint hoppyness. Light to medium, malty - lightly grainy and sweetish flavor, light caramel and faint hoppyness. Finish is short to average, malty and lightly sweetish - sweetish, faint grassy hoppyness. Sweetish helles with notes of caramel - really nothing "Spezial" here.
Friday, June 20, 2014
2.5Lehner Zaki
Bottle. Golden, small to average and fully diminishing head. Light to moderate malty and lightly sweetish aroma, light caramel and faint hoppyness. Body is light to medium, malty and lightly sweetish flavor, faint caramel and faint hoppyness. Finish is short to average, malty and lightly sweetish, faint caramel and light metal, faint hoppyness. Watery helles with notes of sharp metal in the finish.
Thursday, June 19, 2014
3Lehner Maibock
Pours out of the bottle in a clear deep light amber colour with smooth body and low head. Aroma of mild hops and flowers. Taste of mild hops, caramel, bread, wheat, hay, mild fruits and flowers. Nice one.
Thursday, June 19, 2014
3.4Lehner Kristallweizen
Erstaunlich süffig und erfrischend für ein Weizen. Dazu eine ordentliche Ladung Vanille, ein klein wenig Hefe und einer milden Frische. Top.
Tuesday, June 17, 2014
3.2Lehner Kristallweizen
Pours out of the bottle in a clear light golden colour with steady low head and medium body. Aroma of light yeast and wheat. Taste of light yeast, bread, wheat, grains, mild hops and mild fruit salad. Fresh taste. Nice.
Monday, June 16, 2014
2.8Lehner Premium Hefe-Weizen
330ml bottle. Hazy, yellow-ish, pale golden colour with small, frothy, half-way lasting, white head. Wheaty, slightly fruity aroma, hints of banana, apple, a cautious touch of clove and yeast spiciness. Taste is minimally sweet wheat malty, a touch of banana and clove, some lemon also; late some yeast spiciness. Slightly light bodied, slightly watery.
Thursday, June 12, 2014
3.2Lehner Maibock
Bottle looks very simple. Beer in the glass zippy, nice head. Starts milder than exspected, malty, modest spicy. More and more woody-spicy, stronger, dry background. Finish well balanced, but could be more intense. Okay.
Sunday, June 8, 2014
2.9Lehner Zaki
Bottle looks very simple. Beer in the glass not too zippy, small head. Starts mild, malty, modest moldy-grasy. Light dry background. Fruity hints of apricot. Finish more moldy-malty. Okay.
Sunday, June 8, 2014
3.1Lehner Maibock
(bottle, 33cl) Clear, golden colour with a blond mid-sized foamy head. Slightly doughy malty and slightly perfumed aroma with notes of grassy hops. Moderately bitter and delicately sweet flavour, medium bodied with a moderate carbonation. Dry-ish malt character with very subtle fruity notes and grassy hops, leading into a moderately dry and bitter-sweet finish. Okay. 15.IV.14
Saturday, May 31, 2014
2.7Lehner Export Spezial
(bottle) Clear, pale golden colour with a blond and short foamy head. Juicy malty aroma with slightly fruity notes and a shy whiff of grains. Moderately sweet flavour, light to medium bodied with a tame carbonation. Malt-accented taste, again quite juicy with subtle fruity notes and only traces of hops far in the background; moderately sweet malty finish with a restrained level of hoppy bitterness. Not so exciting. 15.IV.14
Saturday, May 31, 2014


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Postmodern portfolio theory
Postmodern portfolio theory
Posted on 28 March 2014
"I've learned from my mistakes, and I'm sure I could repeat them exactly" – Peter Cook
The decade or so to 2007/8 saw a richness of embarrassments for deregulated markets. One of its legacies is a tendency now to see a bubble and its bursting around every corner. But bears are just as likely as bulls to be greedy and complacent. We should consider the possibility that a dramatic collapse, as opposed to a setback, in stocks and/or bonds may not be at hand.
Unthinking inflows of cheap liquidity to emerging markets sharply reversed when the US Federal Reserve (Fed) started to normalise interest rates from 1994: the Asian crisis that erupted in 1997 was the first big embarrassment, followed quickly in 1998 by Russia's local currency default and the LTCM fiasco. The Fed's attempts to mute the impact of the latter, and of looming Y2K concerns, helped create the dotcom and wider TMT craziness that pushed stock valuations in 2000 to still comfortably-unchallenged highs. The subsequent stock market implosion and hunt for safety led to the expensive and complex credit markets of the mid-noughties, and to a mistaken faith in a 'supercycle' for emerging markets and commodities.
Is this where we came in? We've noted that there are some striking resonances with 1994, monetary normalisation and emerging market underperformance being the most obvious examples. And the rebound from the financial crisis has now run some way, and extended to even the most depressed assets. In Dublin this week there was much talk of rising house prices. I have long argued – coincidentally, since 1994, when I wrote the Celtic Tiger report – that the Irish economy is not driven mostly by real estate but by flexible labour markets and inward investment. Another, more modest, period of outperformance has seemed quite likely. But a surge in house prices there must be mixed news – as it should be here in the UK too.
Despite the historical echoes – and the obvious risks posed by the Ukraine and China's shadow banking sector – we think the richness of embarrassments has at least paused for a while. The US' twin deficits have faded, and its private sector is in rude financial health. Operating margins are high, but predictably so, and, without a recession, are unlikely to fall sharply. Those margins coincide with falling leverage at many non-financial companies. Bank balance sheets have improved, and are more closely scrutinised, on both sides of the Atlantic. The single currency's architecture is being more convincingly built (if slowly). And despite some obvious parallels with the 'noughties – the return of covenant-lite borrowing, for example – today's expensive credit is less likely to be owned by investors who themselves are recklessly geared.
For sure, many bonds look expensive, but almost all will be redeemed at par: there is no "bubble" in Treasuries, gilts or bunds. We've noted often how stocks still look reasonable value, with many of the exotic valuation metrics favoured by some pundits (and gullible fund managers) based on some decidedly dodgy statistical and epistemological foundations.
Superimposed on these (I hope) objective points there is a more personal consideration. The more I do this job – and I have always counted myself lucky to have it – the more I am struck by not just the what but also the how of financial advice. How do we evaluate data and 'research', unravel the unspoken biases in the public debate, and place events in their appropriate context? The financial noise so often obscures the signal. Even professional investors pay attention to data and analyses that they really shouldn't bother with. When all is said and done, economies grow because people get better at what they do and invent new stuff. You need good reasons for investing strongly in the other direction.
Kevin Gardiner, Chief Investment Officer, Europe
Previous blog


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UNITED NATIONS (AP) U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told an unprecedented summit on climate change Monday that "the time for doubt has passed" and a breakthrough is needed in global talks to sharply reduce emissions of global-warming gases.
"The U.N. climate process is the appropriate forum for negotiating global action," Ban told assembled presidents and premiers, an indirect warning against what some see as a U.S. effort to open a separate negotiating track.
The U.N. chief also addressed a chief U.S. objection to negotiated limits on greenhouse-gas emissions, that it will be too damaging to the American economy.
"Inaction now will prove the costliest action of all in the long term," Ban said.
California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, another summit kickoff speaker, told the international delegates U.S. states are taking action.
While the administration of President Bush has resisted emissions caps, California's Republican governor and Democrat-led legislature have approved a law requiring the state's industries to reduce greenhouse gases by an estimated 25% by 2020. Other U.S. states, in various ways, are moving to follow California's lead.
U.S. ACTION: Bush administration still falls short
"California is moving the United States beyond debate and doubt to action," Schwarzenegger said. "What we are doing is changing the dynamic."
The one-day meeting, with more than 80 national leaders among some 150 participants, also was scheduled to hear from Al Gore, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and other international figures.
U.N. chief Ban organized the summit to build political momentum toward launching negotiations later this year for deep cutbacks in emissions of carbon dioxide and other manmade gases blamed for global warming.
Bush, who has long opposed such negotiated limits on "greenhouse gases," was not participating in the day's meetings but was to attend a small dinner Monday evening, a gathering of key players hosted by Ban. Bush will host a two-day climate meeting in Washington this week.
Rather than accept treaty obligations, Bush has urged industry to cut emissions voluntarily, and emphasizes research on clean-energy technology as one answer. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, leading the U.S. delegation, will address a technology session at Monday's conference.
On Thursday and Friday, Bush will host his own two-day climate meeting, limited to 16 "major emitter" countries. It's the first in a series of U.S.-sponsored climate gatherings.
Many environmentalists fear the separate U.S. "track," which will involve China and India, may undercut the global U.N. negotiating process. But some hope it eventually helps draw those two big developing nations and others into a new, U.N.-negotiated emissions regime.
Speaking to a technology session at Monday's U.N. conference, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said the U.S. leadership views the Washington sessions "as the first in a series of meetings to support and help advance the ongoing U.N. discussion."
This first-ever U.N. climate summit looked ahead to December's annual climate treaty conference in Bali, Indonesia, when the Europeans, Japanese and others hope to initiate talks for an emissions-reduction agreement to succeed the Kyoto Protocol in 2012.
The 1997 Kyoto pact, which the U.S. rejects, requires 36 industrial nations to reduce heat-trapping gases emitted by power plants and other industrial, agricultural and transportation sources by an average 5% below 1990 levels by 2012.
Advocates say a breakthrough is needed at Bali — almost certainly requiring a change in the U.S. position — to ensure an uninterrupted transition from Kyoto to a new, deeper-cutting regime.
To try to spur global negotiations, the European Union has committed to reduce emissions by at least an additional 20% by 2020.
In comments clearly directed at the U.S., long the biggest greenhouse-gas emitter, French President Nicolas Sarkozy told Monday's summit that "all the developed countries and the largest emitters" must commit to a 50% reduction by 2050. Sarkozy, speaking for the EU, also said the U.N. negotiating process is the only "efficient and legitimate framework."
Bush has objected that Kyoto-style mandates would damage the U.S. economy, and says they should have been imposed on fast-growing poorer countries, such as China and India, as well as on developed nations.
The U.N. summit follows a series of reports by a U.N. scientific network that warned of temperatures rising by several degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 and of a drastically changed planet from rising seas, drought and other factors, unless nations rein in greenhouse gases.
The U.N.-sponsored scientists reported global average temperatures over the past 100 years rose 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit, and the planet's sea levels rose 6.6 inches, as oceans expanded from warmth and from the runoff of melting land ice.
Just last week, U.S. scientists reported that warmer temperatures this summer had shrunk the Arctic Ocean's ice cap to a record-low size.
Copyright 2007 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Conversation guidelines: USA TODAY welcomes your thoughts, stories and information related to this article. Please stay on topic and be respectful of others. Keep the conversation appropriate for interested readers across the map.


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- Details
Research at St George's addresses global healthcare challenges. We offer both PhD and MD(Res) degrees for translational research, including laboratory-based investigations, clinical studies and health science evaluations.
The latest Research Excellence Framework (REF), a national assessment of research at UK universities, 70% of our research submissions were ranked as internationally excellent or world leading.
In addition to subject specific training, a wide ranging core training programme is undertaken by our research students in order to support the acquisition of generic research skills and provide opportunities for peer-group support.
MRC funded Doctoral Training
Four PhD studentships are now available in our MRC funded Doctoral Training Partnership. In addition to funding annual stipend and fees (with London weighting) these 3.5-year studentships provide a valuable opportunity for a three month placement outside the degree. The deadline to apply is 5 June 2017.
Projects are available in the following categories: Accelerating medicines discovery & translation, Digital technologies and informatics for health, Precision medicines & Diagnostics.
Full details of available projects
|Projects available at St George's
|Proteomic profiling of the lung epithelium to identify targets and treatments for the prevention of diabetes-associated lung infection
|Professor Emma Baker & Professor Deborah Baines
|The identification of biomarkers that correlate with clinical outcome in mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy
|Dr Bridget Bax & Dr Atticus Hainsworth
|Towards an edible bovine tuberculosis vaccine using plant-expressed immunogens and adjuvants
|Dr Pascal Drake & Dr Rajko Reljic
|Monoclonal antibodies for early control of Chikungunya disease outbreaks
|Professor Julian Ma & Dr Pascal Drake
|Paradigm of Prediction: Bid data analytics for heart failure
|Dr Lisa Anderson & Dr Taigang He
|Novel neuroimaging biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of Parkinson's disease progression
|Dr Thomas Barrick, Professor Mark Edwards & Christian Lambert
|Identifying the genetic and environmental determinants of susceptibility to cryptococcal meningitis in African HIV-infected patients
|Dr Tihana Bicanic & Joe Jarvis
|MRI radiomics of adult brain tumours
|Professor Franklyn Howe, Xujiong Ye & Timothy Jones
|Development of bone marrow lesion-derived biomarkers in Osteoarthritis
|Dr Nidhi Sofat & Professor Mary Sheppard
|Detection of arbovirus infections in febrile patients in field studies in Ecuador using molecular assays including next generation diagnostics
|Dr Henry Staines & Professor Philip Cooper
|3D mapping of cancer metabolism using nano-sensors: a new approach to cancer diagnosis
|Dr Elena Sviderskaya & Yuri Korchev
PhD candidates normally register for an MPhil in the first instance and must pass a formal examination normally nine - 12 months after registration before transferring onto a PhD programme. You will undertake a research project under the continued guidance of at least two supervisors, one of whom is based at St George's.
The minimum period of study for a PhD is two calendar years of full time study or the equivalent in part time study. A PhD thesis should consist of an account of your own investigations, form a distinct contribution to the knowledge of the subject and afford evidence of originality by the discovery of new facts and/or by the exercise of independent critical power. You should normally have, or expect to obtain, at least a second class honours degree or MSc in an appropriate discipline before applying.
Students may register for a MPhil or PhD at St George's or at Kingston University. Students wishing to pursue a MSc by research and dissertation should register with Kingston University.
The MD(Res) degree is designed for practising clinicians with a medical qualification and who are registered with the General Medical Council. It can be studied full time (minimum registration period – one year) or part time (minimum registration period – two years and students are normally expected to spend at least eight session a week on research). Your appointed supervisors will guide you for the length of registration and your thesis should deal with any branch of medicine, surgery or medical or dental science.
Apply and find a supervisor
Research at St George's is conducted within three research institutes (see table below) and the Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, each of which has academic staff responsible for postgraduate research students. To explore research degree opportunities please contact the following:
|Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute
|Infection and Immunity Research Institute
|Population Health Research Institute
|Medical and Biomedical Education Institute
|Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education
If you have any further questions, please call our Postgraduate Research Degrees Coordinator on + 44 (0)20 8725 0191.
Last Updated: Tuesday, 23 May 2017 15:13


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Blood Relations
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below it:
'P = Q' means 'Q is the father of P'; 'P * Q' means 'P is the sister of Q'; 'P ? Q' means ' Q is the mother of P'; 'P $ Q' means 'P is brother of Q'; 'P £ Q' means 'Q is the son of P'; 'P × Q' means 'P is the daughter of Q'.
Which of the following is correct?
A V × T * P means P is the maternal uncle of V. B D ? V × T means D is the granddaughter of T. C L £ M $ R means R is the paternal uncle of L. D M $ R *D ? V means M is the son of V E None


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Get an overview of this hotelMalvern hotel in Little Malvern with restaurant and bar/lounge
Popular property highlights
Located in Little Malvern, this hotel is within 6 mi (10 km) of Great Malvern Priory, Malvern Museum, and Malvern Theatres. Roses Theatre and Tewkesbury Abbey are also within 12 mi (20 km).
Hotel Features
This smoke-free hotel features a restaurant, a bar/lounge, and a rooftop terrace. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a meeting room, wedding services, and a garden.
Room Amenities
All 8 individually decorated rooms feature free WiFi and room service. Guests will also find TVs, premium bedding, and coffee makers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Holdfast Cottage Hotel
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Wireless Internet access is complimentary. This Malvern hotel also offers a rooftop terrace, a garden, and a fireplace in the lobby. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
Holdfast Cottage Hotel is a smoke-free property.
- Total number of rooms - 8
- Number of floors - 2
- Smoke-free property
- Bar/lounge
- Fireplace in lobby
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Free WiFi
- One meeting room
- Rooftop terrace
- Garden
- Restaurant
- Free self parking
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Wedding services
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Premium bedding
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Shower only
- Television
- Free WiFi
- Free newspaper
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Room service (limited hours)
- Individually decorated
Where to Eat
Onsite venue - Overlooking the garden, this restaurant specializes in British cuisine and serves breakfast and dinner.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-in time ends at 10 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are not available.
- Cribs (infant beds) are not available.
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
Hotel Name
- Holdfast Cottage
- Holdfast Cottage Hotel
- Holdfast Cottage Hotel Malvern
- Holdfast Cottage Malvern
National Rating
This establishment has received its official star rating from VisitEngland, the National Tourist Board for England.


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Santa Teresa was a surprise after starting our honeymoon in the Arenal area. It is very laid-back, and almost rustic feeling. It is what a surf destination should be. Manala was a great place to stay, the bungalows are very cute and quite spacious. I loved the large shower and the seating areas inside and outside. Since they were alerted by our travel agency that it was our honeymoon there were very pretty flowers on the bed and the towels shaped as swans, and some chocolates with a nice congratulatory message. The bed wasn't the most comfortable we had on our trip, but after a long days of activity we slept great all the same. I unfortunately came down with a cold at this point of our honeymoon, so we didn't get to explore Santa Teresa as much as we wanted to, and I was in bed quite a bit.
Our first night we did make it out to the beach, it was a very short walk. I come from the Pacific Northwest so the concept of warm ocean was pretty amazing to me. Unlike where we stayed in the Arenal area, (Tabacon), there were markets and restaurants and even coffee shops within walking distance from Manala. The two men working at the front desk while we were there were really friendly and perfectly happy giving recommendations and directions for restaurants and things to do in the area. One of them arranged a taxi for us for a more remote restaurant we wanted to go to.
The complimentary breakfast is really simple, but satisfying. We had dinner there twice, they have some pretty tasty pizza. The restaurant is right by the pool, so it was cool at night to watch bats swoop down and grab insects around the pool. I really liked that. We also saw some cool birds, butterflies and lizards on the property.
I think my favorite experience at Manala was during a heavy rainstorm that lasted quite a while, my husband and I sat outside in the seating area in front of our bungalow and just relaxed and read while listening to the rain.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Eight mediterranean style Boungalows in a lush tropical setting; private bathrooms, hot water,air conditoner,wifi,tv, minifridge,ceiling fan, laptop safebox, parking area and 24 hrs security, restaurant and pool with jacuzzi. Our incedible location so close to the beach with the best beach break and our facilities, makes Manalà Hotel the perfect destiny for the best holiday ever. Open 2010. 800 meters North from Santa Teresa soccer fieldde fútbol de Santa Teresa ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, TripOnline SA, Travelocity, Hotels.com, Orbitz and Priceline so you can book your Manala Hotel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Manala Hotel Costa Rica/Santa Teresa


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The vehicle in your driveway is head and shoulders above the rest compared to all the other cars, trucks, and SUVs currently being driven today. When your Chevrolet Bel Air left the factory, it was destined for a driver who values long-lasting quality in their automobile. You bought your Bel Air because its dependability and value struck a chord inside you; so why would you settle for second rate when it comes to great quality auto parts? It's not every day that you realize that you have to buy a replacement Coil Spring to fix your car or truck.
Our vehicle's suspensions would not be where they are today without the invention of some key components. The handling of your Chevrolet Bel Air relies on well-built coil springs. Your Chevrolet Bel Air coil springs respond to the up and down movement of your struts or shocks by controlling and dampening the rebound so it is not as drastic. Coil springs also help your chassis snap back after a degree of lateral movement or rotation. This improvement in mobility and weight reduction made them an ideal replacement for leaf springs on cars, but trucks still appreciate the durability of leaf springs over coils..
Buy all the car parts you will ever need from carpartsdiscount.com and realize incredible savings on all your upcoming repairs. Given all the hassles associated with repairing damage to your car or truck, let www.carpartsdiscount.com be the first place you go to make purchasing it easy. Get your Bel Air back on the road with the best repair parts from the experts at Car Parts Discount. Chevrolet Bel Air Coil Spring parts for 1975, 1974, 1973, 1972, 1971, 1970, 1969, 1968, 1967, 1966, 1965, 1964, 1963, 1962, 1961, 1960, 1959, 1958, 1957, 1956, 1955 vehicles are available here... just click your year to find them.


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(Manufacturer Discontinued)
(1 review)
RenewPro® 300 grams pwd
RenewPro® is a superior biologically active whey protein in a naturally sweetened, smooth-mixing powder, containing high levels of non-denatured lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, active peptides and growth factors.* It contains an exceptional amount of covalent bonded cysteine, the critical precursor for the intracellular production of glutathione.* The full range of native proteins assist in antioxidant production, complete amino acid supplementation, healthy immune function, cellular repair and muscle growth.*
RenewPro® is not a by-product of cheese manufacture, which denatures the whey protein components, including the amino acid cysteine. It is hormone treatment-free and GMO-free, and is from disease-free, pesticide-free, chemical-free, natural grass pasture-fed cows.
Suggested use: Add to water, milk, semi-liquid dairy products or a dairy substitute. You may use a container to shake it, or an electric blender on low speed for a short duration and there will be no damage to the proteins. Liquids may be cold or room temperature - do not use hot or warm liquids above body temperature. If possible drink slowly and let it circulate in the mouth before swallowing, to promote uptake of the active constituents. Best taken without any solid food. Do not mix with acidic fruit juices.
Consume 1 or more times daily. A good mixing ratio with water is 1 rounded scoop of RenewPro® to 1 to 2 ounces of water. Vary the amount of water to taste.
Other ingredients: Lo Han Guo.
More usage information: What is the best solution to mix
RenewPro® in and why?
Water, milk, semi-liquid dairy products or a dairy substitute are all appropriate to thoroughly mix RenewPro®. The whey proteins are easily denatured through heat and pH change. Mixing the whey protein with other types of food can induce a pH change and slow the transit time in the stomach through its digestive response to the solid food. Liquids that are not neutral in their pH can also denature the proteins, for example, most fruit juices, coffee, and tea. By following the above guide the uptake of the intact Native Proteins in the upper small intestine is optimized.
How much should one take and how often?
Servings can vary greatly for each individual. For many individuals it can be one or more servings, one, two, three or more times per day. If there is a possibility you may be sensitive, we suggest that you begin with one measuring teaspoon (approx. 1.5 grams) or less. Ingest on an empty stomach and refrain from eating for 15 minutes. Ramping up slowly is advisable to avoid possible uncomfortable responses. If one experiences bloating from drinking this product, try placing 1/2 teaspoon of the powder in the mouth and let it dissolve by slowly chewing it. It is acceptable to alternate days of use for sensitive individuals. You may consult with your health care professional regarding servings.
Possible Whey Protein Reactions: If one has a true milk allergy, all dairy products need to be avoided. People with this condition should be aware of it. Intolerance to milk products is far more common and can be from consuming dairy proteins that are damaged from pasteurization and processing. Native whey proteins are not subject to any methods that would damage the full range of the protein components and enzymes. For sensitive individuals a quality probiotic product used concurrently can be helpful. Candida has also been reported as a possible condition that may cause intolerance. Lactose content is 0.3g per 5 grams, well below the level for intolerance. True lactose intolerance usually presents itself as diarrhea. Intestinal health, permeable gut, may be a factor.
RenewPro® is completely stable at any shipping temperature. It has a high density and the volume will settle in the jar.
*This statement has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug administration. The product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.


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Decorate your face and body in the Dutch colours of orange, red, white and blue! This fun make-up comes in a handy box, complete with mirror and double ended applicator.
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- Dutch Colours Make-Up
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