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Service delivery systems for natural resource stakeholders: targeting, information and communication functions and policy considerations
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1 ECONOMÍA Y DESARROLLO RURAL Service delivery systems for natural resource stakeholders: targeting, information and communication functions and policy considerations Sistemas para el suministro de servicios a usuarios de recursos naturales: enfoque, funciones de información y comunicación y consideraciones de política Ricardo Ramírez 1 and Rebecca A. Lee 2 ABSTRACT The emerging trend in the literature is an acknowledgment that no single approach to rural service delivery will satisfy the needs of all natural resource users. Rural resources users are grouped broadly into farm families with access to markets, rural communities with diversified livelihoods that include onfarm income, and communities that access common property resources as part of their livelihoods. Each group has very distinct needs, and in many cases privatized systems leave out those that are least able to link to markets. The potential of alternative systems is explored with a theoretical foundation based on systems thinking, knowledge systems, and the applied fields of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and communication for development. The paper projects three complementary types of service delivery levels that respond to three broad natural resource groups: farmers with access to markets, subsistence households with migrant family members, and community organizations and federations. For each of these groups, the scenarios address the level of analysis and action, service delivery levels, the nature of the information sought, and the communication functions that best respond to each groups needs. A second projection describes several ICT demand and supply issues that require clarification for each major group of stakeholders. A third projection describes the strategic planning dimension, with emphasis on the characteristics of the outcomes and outputs in terms of natural r esource and information and communication. The paper closes with a review of the principles that may help guide the design of the different targeted delivery systems. Key words: natural resources, rural services, information and communication technology, targeting, projection RESUMEN Hay una creciente aceptación de que no existe un único enfoque para el suministro de servicios rurales que pueda satisfacer las necesidades de todos los usuarios de los recursos naturales. Agrupamos a los usuarios según las siguientes categorías: familias agrícolas con acceso a mercados, comunidades rurales con ingresos derivados de una variedad de actividades, y comunidades con acceso a recursos de propiedad común. Cada grupo tiene necesidades particulares y en muchos casos los sistemas privatizados dejan por fuera aquellos con menos capacidad para relacionarse con los mercados. Exploramos el potencial de sistemas alternativos basado en: el enfoque de sistemas, sistemas de conocimiento, las tecnologías de comunicación e información (TIC) y la comunicación para el desarrollo. Se proyectan tres tipos de entrega de servicios que responden a tres grupos de usuarios de recursos naturales: productores con acceso a mercados, hogares con producción de subsistencia y organizaciones comunitarias. Para cada grupo, se contempla el nivel de análisis y acción y de entrega de servicios, la naturaleza de la información buscada, y las funciones de la comunicación. Una segunda proyección describe los temas de demanda y oferta de TIC para cada grupo. Una tercera proyección aborda la dimensión de planificación estratégica, con énfasis en las características de los resultados e impacto en términos de recursos naturales y de información y comunicación. El artículo concluye con una revisión de aquellos principios que pueden ayudarnos en el diseño de los diferentes sistemas de entrega de servicios que responden a las necesidades de cada grupo de usuarios. Palabras clave: recursos naturales, servicios rurales, tecnología de comunicación de información, suministro de servicios, proyección. Introduction During the last few decades a major policy thrust in rural development in both developing and industrialized countries has been the privatization and decentralization of rural service delivery (Beijer and Holtman, 2001). In developing countries, rural agricultural extension systems that were centrally staffed by governmental departments are now the responsibility of local governments. The new services are often publicly funded but privately delivered. Fecha de recepción: febrero 12 de Aceptado para publicación: octubre 1 de Independent researcher-consultant. Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 2 Executive director, Colombian Centre for Innovation in Floriculture - Ceniflores, Bogotá, Colombia. Agronomía Colombiana 25(2), , 2007
2 The agricultural extension staff of the past are being asked to become consultants and bid for technical advice contracts tendered through local governments. In the case of agricultural extension, privatization is subject to a wide range of service delivery options and hence of interpretations. A simple transfer of the extension programme from public to private responsibility has been found to be insufficient as the problems of the public mechanism also get passed on (Beijer and Holtman, 2001). Chapman and Tripp (2003) explore a range of cases including purely market-based extension services, extension services linked to private provision of inputs or purchase of outputs, cost-recovery schemes for public services, and public programmes that provide a partial subsidy for private extension providers. Table 1 shows the range of options for extension service financing and provision. There are several examples of publicly-funded, privately delivered extension services using contracts and vouchers. These approaches aim to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of extension services by creating a competitive environment along with mechanisms for quality control (Rivera and Zijp, 2002). One of the key variables across the different strategies is the value of information and farmers willingness to pay for it. Alex et al. (2002) suggest that the diverse types of information need to be channelled through a range of services: Information closely associated with market goods (i.e. purchased inputs) is best left to the private sector; Information associated with toll goods can be effectively provided by combined public and private sector efforts; Information relative to management of common pool goods (water, forests, common grazing lands) is best provided by cooperative or voluntary institutions; and Only when market and participation failures are high should information provision be financed by the public sector, and even in these cases, the public sector might well finance private sector delivery (Alex et al., 2002: 13). The emerging trend in the literature is an acknowledgment that no single approach to rural service delivery will satisfy the needs of all natural resource users. For the purposes of this paper we broadly group rural resources users into farm families with access to markets, rural communities TablE 1. Mixed strategies for financing and providing extension (Kidd et al., 2000). Financing extension Public finance Private finance Providing extension Public provision Private provision Subsidies to private extension, extension Free public extension service contracts, voucher schemes Cost-recovery by government Private enterprise agents with diversified livelihoods that include on-farm income, and communities that access common property resources pastures, watershed, forests as part of their livelihoods. Each group has very distinct needs, and in many cases privatized systems leave out those that are least able to link to markets. Key variables that will need to be taken into account when considering delivery strategies in the future include the value of information and farmers willingness to pay for it, the diverse types of information to be channelled, and the integration of delivery systems, user groups and technology into policy making and planning efforts. This is the challenge this paper addresses. Theoretical and contextual background We explore the potential of alternative systems using a theoretical foundation based on systems thinking and knowledge systems, as well as the applied fields of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and communication for development. In particular, we consider that communication and information are key dimensions of agricultural knowledge and information systems (AKIS), that communication is a strategic element for innovation in natural resource management (Ramírez and Quarry, 2004a) and that ICTs need to embedded in people s existing information and communication networks first and must respond to their needs, rather than create a new set of expectations driven by outside forces (Allen et al., 2001, Pretty, 1994). ICTs must be demand-driven (Heeks, 2002) and appropriate to specific situations on the basis of who is involved, what information they seek and what decisionmaking process that information is meant to facilitate. Information and communication in the context of pluralism and sustainable livelihoods Communication and information are key dimensions of agricultural knowledge and information systems, especially within the AKIS perspective. In the past, information was seen as flowing from a centralized expert source in a 358 Agron. Colomb. 25(2) 2007
3 unidirectional fashion to information users. However, as the plurality of relevant stakeholders has received attention, their multiple information flows have become evident. The realization that all stakeholders are nodes in a network of information exchange -at times providing information and at other times demanding it- has created a new context for communication and information planning (Lawrence, 1995; O Farrell, 2001; Ramírez, 1997; Biggs and Matsaert, 2004). The strategic use of a wide range of methods and media to support learning among stakeholders has gained prominence (Ramírez, 1999). Major stakeholder groups will exhibit their own and unique set of information needs and communication channel preferences; no one-fits-all approach or system is expected. It is therefore not surprising that agricultural extension analysts are acknowledging that different groups will need specific advice systems that respond to their unique predicament (Alex et al., 2002; Rivera, 2001). For those groups that are not able to link to markets, privatized agricultural advice systems may be of limited relevance in terms of productivity increases. In other cases they may be relevant in terms of reducing the costs of production for self-consumption. Beyond those groups that are not closely linked to markets, will also lie those whose livelihood depends on having access to forests and grasslands under open access regimes. In these cases they will be engaged in natural resource management strategies at another level of analysis (larger landscape areas), one where once again privatized agronomic services will not be of relevance. This third group will need methodologies for collaborative management and other approaches that respond specifically to their needs (Borrini-Feyerabend et al., 2000; Borrini-Feyerabend, 1996). Communication for development Communication for Development refers to the use of communication processes, techniques and media to help people towards a full awareness of their situation and their options for change, to resolve conflicts, to work towards consensus, to help people plan actions for change and sustainable development, to help people acquire the knowledge and skills they need to improve their condition and that of society, and to improve the effectiveness of institutions (Fraser and Restrepo-Estrada, 1998: 63). In other words, it is much broader than simply using media to convey information. Its role and potential respond rather well to the notion of sustaining multiple livelihoods. Communication is now perceived as a strategic element for innovation in natural resource management (Ramírez and Quarry, 2004a). Communication for Development has several distinct functions. Fraser and Restrepo-Estrada (1998) talk about educational, institutional, and social communication to underscore its educational, policy, and empowerment dimensions. Röling (1994) in turn suggests three functions: I. Educational communication - making things visible: this is about transferring know-how, which Röling describes as central to the transfer of technology approach (TOT) which was the hallmark of the training and visit systems (T & V). II. Making policies known: broadcasting norms and regulations, a function that governmental organizations and institutions readily embrace. III. Facilitative communication: establishing platforms for stakeholder interaction, learning, and negotiation. This is a function associated with facilitated group interaction and learning processes, sometimes at the grassroots, other times across different levels of analysis (Lightfoot et al., 2001). Additional functions can be added that address timesensitive communication (prices, weather, etc.) and organizational learning. Table 2 provides further analysis of major communication functions with attention to their purpose, who initiates the effort and on what ground success may be gauged. The fifth function communication for development, is based on active interaction between experiences in the field and adjustment within the extension process. Where electronic communication was first a one-way information provider, then a two-way discussion medium with the Internet, it can now progress to the Hypernet with smart communicating devices everywhere linking to the Internet (Tapscott, 2004, 1995). Examples include climatic information collected from a network of meteorological stations that can be downloaded onto an operator-less platform that analyzes the data for subsequent use by farmers (examples of such networks can be found in Spain in the horticultural sector of Murcia and Almería, and in Colombia, in the sugar cane and coffee sectors). Qualifying the power of information The type of barriers organizations and individuals face are not just about access to information and technology; they often also involve mental barriers (Weber, 2001) as well as 2007 Ramírez and Lee: Service delivery systems for natural resource stakeholders
4 Table 2. Communication functions and their attributes (adapted from Ramírez and Quarry, 2004b). Communication function Purposes Initiator Evidence of success Policy communication: Managing the external environment Making policies, programmes, and the evolving procedures known Governmental agency Stakeholders demonstrate awareness by applying procedures or suggesting modifications to them Educational communication: Making things known, sharing knowledge Making technical know-how accessible to increase knowledge about the production, transformation, organization and marketing dimensions of agriculture; including price information. Worldwide there is a trend towards a closer engagement by farmers in the technology development and adaptation process in contrast with the conventional role of passive receiver of extension messages Service providers and farmers (with training on accessing content and transforming it) Service providers are able to seek and find information sources and repackage materials for farmer learning. Farmers adopt practices or reject them knowledgeably; farmers utilize communication methods and media to enhance farmerto-farmer linkages Social or facilitative communication: Platforms for participation and debate Providing platforms for stakeholders to exchange perspectives, explore new ideas and programmes, appreciate differences of opinions, negotiate common goals, develop partnerships, propose changes to programmes and become confident participants able to articulate needs and opinions Farmer groups, district authorities, service providers, and local groups/organizations Stakeholders participate, become empowered, take action, and take ownership over the programme Time sensitive communication Keeping in touch with family, prices and weather 3 access to a public pay phone or cellular phone Anybody, especially those with The private sector expands infrastructure to respond to growing rural demand; rural projects and the private sector finds ways to provide agricultural, health and educational content that is timesensitive in a cost-effective manner Communication for learning Listening actively; inviting feedback for course correction Government organization; sectorbased research centre The organization adjusts procedures on the basis of field experiences and keeps stakeholders informed about the changes and process for future evolution finding applications that actually reduce costs or improve their negotiating power. The digital divide is not only about having access to a computer and an affordable phone line (Van Dijk, 2001). Whether and how the technology is used depends on a series of factors and constraints linked to the farmers socio-cultural and economical context and the interaction with the new information received. A better understanding of the factors that determine the use of information, and how risk is perceived on the basis of those factors, will improve both farmers and facilitators ability to create new or build on existing learning platforms. Research about telecentres has shown that information and communication technology investments need to be developed as part of an integrated rural development strategy; otherwise they are likely to offer services that are not relevant nor affordable to local users (Parkinson and Ramírez, 2006; Parkinson, 2005). In order for farmers to be able to make informed decisions and weigh the associated risk, appropriate information must be available, they must have access to it, and be motivated to access it. The information must provide the means to design systems that work, are appropriate, and that are acceptable at the same time to the farmers (Lee, 2002). The system must be in line with or be supported by national and/or international policy. Let us look at these points more closely, as we are moving beyond a focus solely on the characteristics of agricultural information provided, to appreciate the predicament of those that are on the demand side of information. 1. Availability of appropriate information. As Hansen points out, information must address a need that is both real and perceived, provide viable decision options and be relevant to viable decisions (2002). More and better information is needed, as well as building the capacity to 3 The business case for many telecentres and for all private telephone operators is based on the willingness to pay by all people for phone calls and services. It is the demand for phone services that drives the expansion of rural and remote telecommunications infrastructure. 360 Agron. Colomb. 25(2) 2007
5 innovate based on increasing knowledge, as suggested by Staver (2002). He describes the case of Central American agriculture, in which research institutions gradually moved from recommending varieties and inputs packages, to recommendations based on integrated pest management (IPM) strategies targeting specific pests, and finally to using local resources to substitute imported inputs. As a result, the farmers have turned to working with ecological processes based on their abilities for observation, experimentation and decisionmaking (Staver, 2002). 2. Access to information. Due to geographical, educational, social, cultural or other circumstances, farmers have varying degrees of access to information. In isolated areas, information exchange will no doubt be restricted to informal networks among the locals. As distance to large centres decreases and education level increases, farmers tend to demand more of information distribution channels such as extension systems and seek access to projects that may help to develop interchange and learning among the different actors of the agroecosystem. Public extension systems may play a role of levelling the field of opportunities to access knowledge and information (Berdegué and Escobar, 2002). One such example is provided by the Colombian National Federation of Coffee Growers which provides different levels of attention through their extension and transfer programme: on-farm individual or personalized attention mainly for medium and large sized growers, group training for small and medium sized growers, and mass communication using radio, television and the newspapers for large campaigns (Federation Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia, 2007). This method has allowed the Federation to reach and effect change in the most distant areas of the country. 3. Motivation to access it. A first step in projecting the relevance of information for rural development is the acceptance that current values, beliefs and ensuing practices are possibly not the most appropriate, and that learning is necessary in order to remedy that situation even if that puts at risk one s societal acceptance (Michael, 1995). Furthermore, each person in these human subsystems has built up their own vision of reality, based on their culture and their life experiences. Therefore, new information will be integrated into each person s knowledge framework differently and be interpreted differently (Pretty, 1994; Allen et al., 2001). Acceptance of new information requires the weighing of the risk implied in the resulting change. Risk, or the perception of risk, is also very subjective. Weber (2001) mentions that factors with an effect on perception of risk include the range of possible outcomes of the new option, the probability and/or magnitude of loss, dread (perceived lack of control) and risk of the unknown. In fact, gender can also have an effect (Blais and Weber, 2001), as can cultural background (Weber and Hsee, 1998). In summary, motivation to access is influenced by a number of factors including decision-making and risk-taking, which are context specific. 4. Knowing what information to access. The ability to access useful information, which is typically fragmented, and maintain it updated, is another challenge (Allen, 2001). How to then analyse the information and integrate knowledge so that it is useful for decisionmaking requires additional skills. In many countries, appropriate use of knowledge to improve processes, rather than increased investment, has helped farmers to increase productivity. Info-mediaries or brokers are therefore increasingly referred to; they can develop the expertise to match information needs and supply, and they may be in a better position -relative to rural groupsto invest in information and communication services and technologies to access global sources. The above four points focus on farmer s information needs, and similar requirements would be applicable to the other natural resource user groups described in this paper. Organizational and planning challenges As suggested above, making the link between rural needs and demands on the one hand, and a private sector that responds to global markets within an urban, commercial logic on the other, requires some sort of intermediary. The role of intermediate organizations that can work as brokers and mediate between the needs of the grassroots, the regulatory context, the grants and projects and the private sector is becoming centrally important (O Farrell, 2001; Ramírez, 2001a). These intermediary organizations have thus far received little attention, and yet from the point of view of the communication functions described above, could fulfill a combination of educational, facilitative and time sensitive communication that few provide today. A European example underlined the role of professional organizations as spaces for decision-making about software purchases by members of the organizations. When faced with multiple vendors of software, the professional gatherings constitute a safe place in which to ask questions and make decisions with peers. The organizations effectively help the members mediate between their 2007 Ramírez and Lee: Service delivery systems for natural resource stakeholders
6 individual decisions and the market (Swan et al., 1999). In the Canadian rural development context, community based organizations play a comparable role by representing the needs of the community in discussions with government programmes. They mediate decisions by providing a space for discussion and analysis (Lotz, 1977). In Colombia, an innovative model for information exchange and research prioritization is provided by the f lower sector. The members of the Colombian Flower Exporters Association implemented a virtual research and innovation center based entirely on digital communication through the Internet to articulate between the growers (who demand innovation) and the researchers (providers of solutions) as well as to acquire research funds and share information (Fonseca et al., 2004; Lee, 2006). Emerging service delivery systems In the next ten years, the policy environment will need to embrace a range of service delivery systems that respond to the different types of natural resource users. Whether in industrialized or in developing countries, we expect to see a division between privatized extension systems that serve farmers who can link to markets, and small public extension systems for those who cannot. A third type of service will emerge that addresses environmental stewardship and collaborative resource management, possibly with other ministries and donors involved. The first will address farm challenges; the second community challenges; the third watershed/ecosystem challenges. There will be farmers and farmer groups that do not exactly fit into a particular category or who shift from one to another; there will also be systems that offer services that cover more than one natural resource user group or level of analysis. Overall, the privatized system will work along a demanddriven and contractual approach focusing on production, processing and marketing. The public system may work more along a Sustainable Livelihoods approach looking at how to support existing multiple survival strategies, not just production oriented ones. The third will embrace collaborative management approaches. They will all be dependent on supportive national agricultural, rural development, environmental, research and economic policy. The water crisis will be central to this challenge. Global agricultural subsidy policies and trade agreements will influence the first group most immediately in that their behaviour will be more closely linked to commodity prices. While the above scenarios are generic, there will be variations. Some systems will attempt to work with both farmers that can link to markets while also catering to the needs of other groups. The Village Extension System in Lao is one such example. The generalist extension workers are expected to adapt the approach to the needs of each particular village; in fact the extension workers are selected from within the village and will be the key persons ensuring the system is driven by local demands (Scheuermeier, 2004). Each type of service and natural resource user will display unique information needs and communication requirements. Each service will harness information and communication technologies (ICTs) and communication for development strategies differently due to the specific accessibility and e-readiness levels of each group. The second system may benefit from the lessons from some telecentre experiences as mediators of information across different sectors, although such access may be limited or non-existent in remote areas. The demand and supply of telecommunications and group media will influence the roles and delivery considerations by the service providers. Increasingly more stakeholders will gain power to demand TablE 3. Natural resource user groups, levels of analysis, service delivery and info-com requirements (bold text suggest communication functions of primary major importance). Natural Resource user groups Level of analysis and action Type of service and content Type of information sought Communication function Farmers with access to markets Farm, farming system, access to market 1. Private, demand based extension with a focus on production and marketing Input and output prices, commodity production / protection and processing, technology, marketing advice I. TOT II. Policy III. Time-sensitive Subsistence households (with migrant family members) Household/ Communities in weakly integrated areas 2. Public, with attention to multiple livelihoods strategies Some of the above plus off farm opportunities (jobs, safety net projects, health, education) I. TOT II. Policy III. Facilitative IV.Time-sensitive Community organizations, federations Watershed / ecozone 3. Public, with attention to collaborative and adaptive management strategies Regulations and opportunities for negotiation and capacity building II. Policy III. Facilitative IV. Time-sensitive 362 Agron. Colomb. 25(2) 2007
7 services; however, in some cases, infrastructural upgrades will first be required to increase the access of potential users. The three types of services will have little choice but to deal with an increasing number and variety of demands. Projecting scenarios In Table 3, we project three complementary types of service delivery levels that would respond to three broad natural resource groups. This is a rough generalization of stakeholder groups and it is expected that there will be many situations where stakeholder groups may lie in between the categories. We draw attention to the continuum in service delivery levels, to the tentative listing of types of information sought, and to the relative importance that each communication function will have for the respective service delivery level. An example of the first service is the cell-phone-based market information system available today in Uganda. A partnership between FOODNET, a regional agricultural development network, and MTN, a private mobile phone operator, allows farmers to use text messaging to obtain district specific market information on major commodities (Ferris, 2004). An example of the second is the work advanced by Scott Robinson in Mexico with rural communities and migrant workers to reduce the cost incurred by migrant workers when they send remittances home. In many countries, migration is part of rural livelihoods, and the use of information and communication technology offers the potential to reduce transaction costs (Robinson, 2001). Robinson argues that in the Central American context, the combined effect of migrant workers and remittances is quantitatively and qualitatively a more significant rural development effort relative to any development project (Robinson, 2001). The third case can be exemplified with NGOs that are involved in facilitating collaborative management of protected areas by convening the different stakeholders, providing mediation structures between government agencies and local people, and enabling a sharing of information for all stakeholders to negotiate use and access to resources within existing legal frameworks. In this case the basis of the service is not just information provision, but facilitation of the coming together of different parties to negotiate under structured conditions (Fisher, 1995). Table 4 describes several ICT demand and supply issues that require clarification. We are referring here to demand and supply of ICT infrastructure (the hardware), though the drivers for these are the services (applications). As mentioned before, communication services are often a major driver for infrastructure. On the demand side, those farmers with market access will go at it alone and buy the information and communication equipment and services that they can afford, initially cell phones. For the telecommunication carriers these customers are the easiest to grab- what is known in the industry as cherry picking, though in rural areas they are often only a fraction of the public with a measurable willingness to pay. The other user groups will have strength in numbers, with an individual spending capacity limited to about 3% of their total monthly expenditures (Kayani and Dymond, 1997; Song and Bertolini, 2002). When aggregated, this population of users can become a substantial driver for rural phone expansion, especially in high density areas; Bangladesh being one well documented example (Richardson et al., 2000). The business case to attract infrastructure TablE 4. The nature of ICT demand and supply and implications for service delivery. Natural Resource user groups Type of information sought ICT demand considerations ICT supply considerations Service delivery considerations Farmers with access to markets Private, demand based extension with a focus on production and marketing Go at it alone Cherry picking Limited role for mediating organizations; TOT communication training for service providers Subsistence family Public, with attention to multiple livelihoods strategies Aggregation though intermediating organizations Public-subsidy/anchor tenant 4 Role for mediating organizations such as telecentres Community Public, with attention to collaborative and adaptive management strategies Aggregation though intermediating organizations Public-subsidy/anchor tenant Role for mediating organizations such as telecentres 4 An anchor tenant is a client that provides a large part of the business: government programmes are often anchor tenants that ensure the financial viability of independently owned and operated telecommunications businesses Ramírez and Lee: Service delivery systems for natural resource stakeholders
8 investments will depend both on an aggregated demand by institutional clients and on public access phone shops or telecentres. Some telecentres are good examples of mediating organizations that aggregate demand and provide training and orientation services that are most relevant for the second two user groups (Legris et al., 2003; Parkinson, 2005; Warren, 2007). Discussion and implications We expect that development projects will tend to use the narrative for service levels 2 or 3 (participation, empowerment, poverty alleviation) but will be under pressure to shift towards a delivery mode that fits more along the Service Level 1 for a number of reasons. Legislators and donors need to show hard results, the type of service providers and technology that can be offered on a private basis is predominantly commodity-based, the bulk of service providers will have training in the hard sciences and will be more likely to engage with user groups that are more sophisticated, accessible and able to engage in contractual arrangements. This will be the challenge of programmes the combine the goal of improving productivity (which focuses attention on farmers that can access the market) with reducing poverty (which shifts the focus to a wider set of commodities used to mitigate risk, often closely linked to women s priorities). From a policy perspective it will be important to note that programmes working in level 2 will be under pressure to shift towards quick production results, in other words level 1. Collaborative management and collaborative learning are approaches that come from the fields of conservation and protected area management and forestry. They tend to look at larger landscape units. The organizations that take on these level 2 and 3 services will attract personnel with more skills in the third communication function (facilitative communication). For the second and third groups of users, the importance of intermediary organizations will grow beyond the provision of the first three communication functions (a tall order in itself) and in some cases it will also include orientation and training to help people take advantage of the fourth function (time-sensitive communication) described in Table 2. Innovative approaches will include the blending of media to overcome barriers, such as providing rural radio stations with Internet access. For those mediating organizations that seek to aggregate demand, a study by FAO, ODI and DFID suggests a number of principles that will be important to follow (FAO et al., 2002): Defining who pays for the service Seeking universal access Promoting local content Strengthening existing policies and systems Building capacity Using realistic accessible technologies Building partnerships The scope of each item above lies beyond the focus of this paper, but the thrust is part of a growing number of experiences that advocate a compatible set of balanced principles (see the eight good habits of the seven proposals by Gómez and Casadiego (2002) and the five principles by Gómez et al. (2004)). Safe to say that inter-departmental and indeed interministerial coordination will be necessary to avoid duplication of efforts. FAO s experience developing national communication policies in West African countries may be an inspiring place to start (FAO, 2002). What is clear from this article is that there will be a continuum of services, with distinct target user groups, and that the communication functions of each service and the manner in which they generate demands and provide responses will need to become more strategic and informed on the basis of existing communication and information strategy and experiences. Literature cited Alex, G., W. Zijp, and D. Byerlee (with input from the AKIS Thematic Team) Rural Extension and Advisory Services: New Directions. Rural Development Strategy Background Paper #9. World Bank, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, Washington, DC. Allen, W., O. Bosch, M. Kilvington, J. Oliver, and M. Gilbert Benefits of collaborative learning for environmental management: Applying the integrated systems for knowledge management approach to support animal pest control. Environ. Mgt. 27(2), Beijer, W. and G. Holtman Privatisation of agricultural extension: Comparing the motivation and mechanisms in The Netherlands with countries in transition pp in: Proceedings of the 15 th European Seminar on Extension and Education Integrating Multiple Landuse for a Sustainable Future. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Berdegué, J.A. and G. Escobar Rural diversity, agricultural innovation policies and poverty reduction. AgRen Network Paper No ODI, London. Borrini-Feyerabend, G Collaborative management of protected areas: Tailoring the approach to the context. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 364 Agron. Colomb. 25(2) 2007
9 Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M.T. Farver, J.C. Nguinguiri, and V. Ndangang Co-management of natural resources: Organising, negotiating and learning-by-doing. GTZ and IUCN, Heidelberg. Biggs, S. and H. Matsaert Strengthening poverty reduction programmes using an actor-oriented approach: Examples from natural resources innovation systems. Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No ODI, London. Blais, A. R. and E.U.Weber Domain-specificity and gender differences in decision making. Risk and Decision Policy 6, FAO, ODI and DFID A Livelihoods Approach to Information and Communication. In: (accesed 21/9/07). FAO The Design and Implementation of National Information and Communication Policies for sustainable development in Africa: Issues and Approaches. FAO, Rome. Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia Servicios al caficultor. Extensión y Transferencia. 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[applause] want to be part of the "anderson live" audience in new york city? log on to andersoncooper.com/tickets. can't wait to see you this season. [applause] welcome back to the show. i want to thank cynthia mcfadden thank you so much. >> what a blast. i've had such a good time. >> watch "nightline" weeknights on abc it is a great program. thank you for watching everyone. see you next time. bye-bye.
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with the newtown, connecticut school shooting tragedy still remembered, some parents directly impacted are in the bay area right now
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pushing for changes. good afternoon. i'm tori campbell. gun violence is the big topic at a town hall forum in san francisco at this hour. new at noon, ktvu's sal castanedo joins us live to explain the special guests who have traveled across the country to talk about their tragic experience with gun violence. sal? >> reporter: tori, good afternoon. the ideas that are coming from this campaign accompany a national call for tech solutions to prevent what happened three months ago in connecticut. on the three-month anniversary of the sandy hook elementary school shooting, a national campaign to seek high-tech conclusions to gun violence kicked off in san francisco with mayor ed lee and district attorney george gascon in attendance. >> we are in many regard the innovation capital of the world. i'm so proud to see this launched here today. >> reporter: some parents traveled here to call for innovative ideas to help solve
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what many say is a growing national crisis. >> two of the students killed that day lived in my small neighborhood. the gunman and his mother lived a street over from us. >> reporter: among the ideas proposed, biomettic gun locks that would only open for the registered owner of the gun. ron conway is leading the way, saying gun safety startup companies are underfunded. he says investment in this area is likely to be awarded. >> if the tech community can create awesome companies like google, facebook and twitter, we can certainly turn our attention to innovating around safety. >> reporter: now, there were some emotional moments when some of the parents who were actually victimized by the shooting got up and started to talk. there were some moved to tears
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inside the press conference. coming up at 5:00 and 6:00 on ktvu, we spoke with some of those parents. you will hear what they had to say. live in san francisco, sal castanedo, ktvu channel 2 news. >> all right. thank you, sal. a substitute elementary school teacher is behind bars in san jose today accused of possessing child pornography. new at noon, ktvu's janine de la vega has details on the arrest and the teacher's connection to several bay area schools. good afternoon, janine. >> reporter: good afternoon, tori. we just spoke to the superintendent here at the alum rock union school district. he says he's very concerned about this arrest. we were told by a source that the suspect has been a substitute teacherred a every school in the district. i want to show you a letter that we were just given by the superintendent. this letter is gonna go home to parents today explaining the situation. now, at this point, we don't know if any children from san jose are victims. now, let's go to a picture of the suspect. this is 44-year-old nathan
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forstell. san jose police arrested him yesterday for possession of child pornography. officers served a search warrant at his home and found evidence of child pornography there. nathan forstell is currently a teacher at martin luther king, junior elementary school in seaside. however, he was previously employed by the alum rock union school district from 2009 to february of 2013 working at various schools as a substitute. neighbors that we spoke to say forestell lives with a woman and a teenaged boy. one resident told us of a suspicious incident that she said happened over this past weekend involving forestell and a young girl. >> he started to videotape her and was telling her to work it, work your sufficient, you know, work it -- work your stuff. you know, work it. that's something that an adult should not tell a child. >> reporter: what did you
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think? >> it didn't really dawn on me at the time but now yesterday morning reflecting back, it reflects back. i think wow. i heard of you all of this but i didn't -- i heard all of this but i didn't think he was that type of person. >> reporter: detectives are trying to determine the identity of the children from the evidence that they have collected. the alum rock school district says that forestell had been fingerprinted and his background was run through the department of justice but his record came back clean. this is a big concern for them. >> i'm praying that this ends with he has possession of child pornography and nothing further occurred. >> reporter: we were in forestell's neighborhood and a woman identified herself as his future sister-in-law drove up looking for him. when we told her what he was arrested for, she drove off and didn't want to give a comment. in the next hour, san jose police will be holding a news conference to reveal more information about this case.
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my colleague, robert honda, will be covering this story and will have more at 5:00 and 6:00. reporting live from san jose, janine de la vega, ktvu channel 2 news. >> thank you, janine. the east side union school district is re-evaluating its policies and procedures after a registered sex offender was allowed to ride on a school bus during a field trip. >> i'm not okay with sex offenders being on the bus. i'll not okay with staff members not following policy in terms of making sure that our volunteers are fingerprinted, making sure that they have preapproval to be on the trip, and in this case, there's a breach in that policy. >> this happened in february, when students from andrew hill -- andrew hill high school were on a field trip. the san jose police interviewed students and said to no inappropriate conduct took place. security is heightened at
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schools today. we'll have more on the direct threat left by graffiti. find out what school leaders are doing to keep students safe. that's coming up. the new pope celebrated his first mass today as head of the catholic church. ♪ >> hope francis led a special mass with -- pope francis led a special mass with the cardinals at the sistine chapel. he prayed and left flowers in front of the virgin mary. >> he wanted to get his luggage and his bagsle he left everything there -- bags he left everything there. he somed in the main office -- he stopped in the main office, greeted everyone and decided to pay for the bill for the room he had been occupying. he wanted to leave a good
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example of what priests and bishops should do. >> now, during this morning's special mass in vatican city, pope francis delivered an off the cuff homily. it was in contrast to pope benedict's mass. leland vitter joins us live from vatican city with more on pope francis's transition into his new role. >> reporter: gening, tori -- gening, tori. 24 -- good evening, tori. there's a new sheriff in town. how would you like to be the clerk that the new pope walks up to and says i would like to check out number 216. and then he delivers a homily that's very focused on what the church should do going forward, it needs to return to serving
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the people, much more on what the church can do for others and what others can do for the church. this is the rain of the pope beginning -- the reign of the pope beginning and so many people here who enjoy this are probably realizing under pope francis they will be living a similar life following the example of this pope. tori? >> all right. leland vitter, joining us live from rome this afternoon. thank you. and catholic institutions in the bay area are sharing in the excitement of a new leader of the church. ktvu's cara lui is live at st. mary's live in morago where students are learning more about the first pope from the emamericas -- from the americas. >> reporter: good afternoon. many told us that pope francis is the first pope from latin america and that could signal progress. it's been about 24 hours since
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the world found out that pope francis will be the next leader of the catholic church. he will deal with issues including gay marriage. many students we talked to sat st. mary's says the choice gives them hope. >> i feel really proud of him, of anyone pope. but just the fact there was the first latin-american pope, that means something. that means hope. that means change. that's like the first of everything. >> it's just like really flies to see that there's -- nice to see that there's a diversity. >> we talk about how we want to make all of these changes, gay marriage, birth control. it's gonna take time. the catholic church is a really opened institution. i hate to see we probably won't see these changes within our lifetime. i think just starting from the basics and going very slowly. slowly but surely we're making
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changes. >> reporter: as you can imagine, there was celebration on campus when pope francis made his first appearance yesterday. and across the bay in san francisco, a special mass of thanksgiving is slated to start any minute at st. mary's cathedral. that's happening in san francisco. for now we're live in moraga, cara lui, ktvu channel 2 news. you know about the bridge tolls that change during the day. but police want to warn you about a safety issue that's come up. mark tamayo is up soon to tell you if you will see any more 80-degree temperatures today. ♪ >> and except for individual practices, the music has stopped for the san francisco symphony. [ male announcer ] it's a rule of nature.
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the highway patrol is investigation a solo car crash on the highway 4 bypass in antioch. the driver lost control of a car just before 9:00 a.m. and hit a large pole near the lone tree way exit. the car trip flipped over and -- flipped over and trapped her inside. the firefighters used the jaws of life to get her out of the car. she was rushed to the hospital. her condition is not known. the highway patrol is warning commuters to keep moving near the bay bridge toll
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plaza or face a pricey ticket. officers are sting up patrols to make sure drivers don't wait on the shoulder for the toll price to drop. they say it's becoming an increasing problem between 9:45 and 10:00 a.m. that's when drivers are purling over and -- pulling over and waiting for the toll to drop down to $4, creating a dangerous situation just to save $2. >> usually it's two, three cars. but sometimes, especially thursdays and fridays, i've seen as much as 20, 25 cars pull over on the shoulder and try to save $2. >> it's an illegal move, one that cost drivers much more than they are trying to save. the fine is $200. early this morning, the chp says the car of a police officer was rammed by a ford bronco in san jose. it sat there at 4:00 this morning. the driver of the bronco was
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taken to the hospital. >> any time that you are involved in a collision where someone hits you, we don't know if it's on purpose or an accident. so better safe than sorry. >> the police officers were not hurt and the chp investigation continues. parents of some high school students in pleasanton are keeping their kids home today. it's all because of threatening graffiti discovered in a girls' bathroom that specifically mentions today, march 14th. despite the threat, school district officials say overall attendance at foothill high school is high. security is ramped up this week with four resource officers patrolling the campus. the threat is specifically for today. it reads "i hate everyone at this school, watch me shoot everyone on march 14th. i swear to god." we spoke with parents this morning who say they are happy with the increased security. >> my daughter will be here and the way i look at it is i'm not gonna live my life in fear. >> school leaders say they are
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making progress investigating the graffiti and the people who perpetrated the threat. >> they talked to the students and they have talked to any student who posted the picture on facebook tries to ascertain how they got the picture. >> police are on alert at four schools. kimball high, tracy high, both in tracy, have responded to threats and the fremont school district put thornton high on lockdown because of a bomb threat. police do not believe any incidents are connected. well, the music has stopped at the san francisco symphony. ♪ >> the musicians are on strike after contract negotiations stalled. some more dodger caps to emphasize the higher salaries of their southern california counterparts. today's concert is canceled and the weekend performances are in doubt. the two sides are at odds over
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pay and benefits but the walkout is raising some eyebrows. symphony musicians earn an average salary of $165,000 and get ten weeks paid vacation. our proposal retains their status as the third highest paid orchestra in the country. we really think that's important. >> the idea of attracting young players to the symphony is something that we're very concerned about. that's our life blood. >> one symphony musician sent ktvu news an e-mail. he says he's leaving the san francisco symphony for the chicago symphony and that's due to his frustration with management. computer, smartphone and tablet users can look forward to a big freebie in one sill loy concity. they are -- silicon city. they are launching one of the fastest wi-fi connections in
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the country and it will be free. the new network will help drivers by improving the speed of transactions at pay-to-park meters. tonight, samsung will introduce its latest smartphone at radio city music hall. samsung will live stream the debut of the galaxy s-4 on video screens in times square. the update from the 3 could feature eye-tracking technology that scrolls through pages based on where users are viewing the screen. it's also expected to have a 5- inch screen and a 13 megapixel camera. well, the key headlines, temperatures cooling off today. a good five to ten degrees. no more 8 -- no more 80s. a lot of high clouds and also some dense fog was a factor this morning. it still is across the bare
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coastline. you can see all of the cloud cover moving into northern california. the bay area, essentially just covered with at least partly cloudy even a few mostly cloudy observations across the region. no raindrops expected. so the dry weather pattern continues and the update continues. san francisco 53. yesterday, they were in the lower 70s. today, lucky to make it to the lower 63. walnut creek, 73 and san jose currently reporting 63 degrees and partly cloudy skies. forecast headlines for today, high clouds and some coastal fog. tomorrow, partly sunny, the weekend a dry weather pattern and the cool down will continue into the bay area weekend. that's the key headline. this area of high pressure really warmed us up yesterday but it's scooting out to the east and as a result, temperatures are the in upper 50s. warmest locations inland on track to reach the lower 70s and then the high clouds, partly sunny skies and still some patchy fog a big factor
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near the immediate coastline. here's our forecast model showing you this, it will increase the high clouds through the afternoon hours. tomorrow morning, pretty much the same deal, another batch of high clouds moving in. no raindrops expected just yet. our next chance of some rain, that could resurface in our forecast maps lie late tuesday and wednesday until next week. it will take its time to get here. but that's what it is looking like. san francisco own lynn in the lower 60s. 61. ocean beach, probably in the upper 50s all day today. san jose, we'll go with 72. san mateo, 65. redwood city right at 70. your five-day forecast, with your weekend always in view, we'll bring in a few extra clouds for your friday. maybe a touch higher tomorrow. sunday, mild for partly cloudy skies. the cooldown continues next week. we're tracking rain chances next week.
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tuesday night into wednesday. the latest models continue with that idea. today, you will notice the change. no more 80s in the forecast. >> a little bit cooler. well, b.a.r.t. wants to install more new vinyl seats on train. they are on track to replace the cloth seats. but the seats are so popular, b.a.r.t. was considering putting them on additional cars. the company doing the work says they wet be able to do the job. so -- won't be able to do the job. so b.a.r.t. must consider another bidding proposal. and a video regarding a bay area theme park has them answering tough questions.
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encouraging news from the job market sending the stock market toward two milestones. a record high close with standard and poors and the longest winning streak in more than 16 years. the dow is up at 14,000. the main reason for today's rise on wall street, the labor department says the number of new claims hit a low last week. the claims fell to 332,000. that's down 10,000 from the week before. it's also down almost 13% since
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november. the drop shows fewer layoffs are creating new strengths in the job market. and the web hosting site godaddy is hiring. it's looking for talent in the bay area. the arizona-based company was part of a tech job fair at uc berkeley yesterday. a godaddy representative said she traveled 700 miles to be there. last month, the company opened a new silicon valley office. they plan to double the size of the south bay work force in the coming months. >> we're hiring in sunnyvale, denver, we're hiring in arizona, which is where we're headquartered, we're looking at other locations as well, including international. >> the new sunnyvale office opened with about 40 employees and the company is still looking to fill 300 jobs. six flags discovery kingdom in vallejo is doing damage control. that's following this video that's making the rounds on the internet. it shows an animal trainer repeatedly punching a white tiger in the face. the tape has prompted a lot of
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angry phone calls since it surfaced this week. the owners of six flags point out that video was taken ten years ago and the trainer was fired shortly after the incident. today on ktvu channel 2 news as 5:00, a walkout and rally is set for this afternoon in an effort to save the city college of san francisco's accreditation. ccsf serves tens of thousands of students and has until tomorrow to prove it's financially stable. if not, it could be forced to make huge cuts or even close. thank you for trusting ktvu channel 2 news. we'll see you the next time news breaks. we'll always here for you at ktvu.com and mobile ktvu.com.
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|STX Pan Ocean picks up coal and iron ore contracts
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STX Pan Ocean, Korea, has been awarded a US$20 million contract with Korea South-East Power Co.
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STX Pan Ocean will load material in several countries including Indonesia, Russia and China. The company also recently won a 15-year contract from Hyundai Motor's logistic affiliate, Glovis, to ship iron ore.
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