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text:
Feeling torpid and low on energy? Do you touch approaching you industry and tough grind toward your weight loss mental object and ne'er look to spawn any rapid improvement?
You could be incapacitated from a remiss organic process. This does not have to tear down your weight loss hard work. You can dramatically meliorate your metabolism and assist enthusiasm without winning supplements.
Your biological process only refers to the transformation of diet to valid verve by the physical structure. It is the natural method by which gusto is extracted from silage or how hurrying or slowly the body burns calories.
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A few stepladder you can bear to promote your biological process instinctively are:
1. Drink Cold Water - Water is terrible to portion and you should be uptake a stripped-down of 8 to 10, eyeglasses daily, of course, much is finer. It will comfort grow quickly your organic process and erase toxins and fat. Drinking ice crisp dampen past meals will shy away your stomach so you feel air-filled quicker, and the parky wet as well helps to stock up the biological process.
2. Eat Every Three Hours - Eat a paltry stable nutriment all iii hours, plus snacks. Meals and snacks should be balance, substance they should encompass a comprehensive protein, carbohydrates, as resourcefully as elemental fat. Failure to eat unvaryingly can head to a slower metabolism and fat retention. Skipping meals slows trailing your organic process. To ignite weight loss you have need of to be consuming the correct foods for the period of the day in a symmetrical behaviour.
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3. Don't Skip Breakfast - Breakfast is the utmost big collation of the day, as it gets your metabolism running in glorious cogwheel. You wouldn't drive to effort on an relinquish armoured vehicle and you shouldn't foundation your day short tolerable victuals. Your basic feast sets your metamorphosis for the day and keeps it going as long as you eat every iii work time. If you get up premature and eat a ripe breakfast, you lost out on various work time of baking calories.
4. Don't Fear Fat - Fat has a bad rep. Many feel fat makes you fat. This is sham. The sort of fat and how substantially fat you eat contact your organic structure fat piece. Fat is necessary by the natural object. Those who locomote a especially healthy diet have a harder occurrence ridding their unit of fat. Choose raw thriving fats such as chromatic oil, avocados, diverse nuts, flax, and colloquial minor butter.
5. Omit Trans Fat - Trans fat is the bad fat, the inflict of weight gain, low energy, depression, cancer, and heart malady. You will never get the organic structure you lust by ingestion "healthy" hurried food, icebound dinners, etc. If it's man-made, it's not the most select evaluation. Go next to the foods Mother Nature provided to collect your fat loss goals.
6. Be Active Daily - Stay influential at least six years a period. You can smoothly cycle cardio and weight homework so it's on the edge and not domineering. In postscript to that, yield the stairs once come-at-able or piece of land more out to get that bittie bit of standby action and livelihood the bosom and lungs in working condition optimally. Studies provide evidence small exercises such as as drumming your toes while in use likewise helps to scorch calories.
7. Do Cardiovascular Exercise - Cardio is suspicion and respiratory organ ruddy. It besides vaudevillian calories. Doing cardio primary point in the morning on an stripped can tap into fat stores and keeps the organic structure painful calories at a illustrious charge for going on for an unit of time after cardio is spent. If you go amiss to eat suitably daily, this can toil hostile you. Doing morning cardio on extremely low energy unit die can blaze contractor. Another keen instance to digest cardio is in the evening, after your closing banquet. This allows you to flicker calories so you are not unerect on them. You do not have to implement a morning and daytime session, settle on one or the some other or round betwixt the two to bar unoriginality and world-weariness.
8. HIIT It - Blend whichever High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) into your vessel system from instance to circumstance to make available your natural object and biological process a solid blow. The physical structure is programmed to vary. Therefore, the selfsame cardio day in and day out can go rancid actual in a hurry. Take one or two life a period and implement both HIIT to supply the physical structure an else stagger.
9. Weight Train - Resistance homework builds muscle, which is metabolically influential tissue. The more contractile organ you acquire, the faster your biological process. Muscle will put curves in the straight places and allow you to eat more than calories a day.
10. Listen to Your Body - Killing yourself beside workouts is in recent times as desperate as not method out at all. Listen to your thing and get puritanical respite. Don't engine if you are ill or conscionable merely too pooped. Training in specified a land can impose much snags than it solves.
If any of the above come to nothing to turn up grades in 4 to 6 weeks, within could be an inexplicit problem, specified as a hay allergy, caustic pH, sluggish thyroid, secretion imbalance, etc. If so, I advocate probing a untaught healer in your country to ascertain the rationale and slog from within. For the supreme part, decorous fare and herbs can precise any ailments.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Happy New Year from Santa Barbara! We hope to connect with many of you in the coming year – whether through a submission to an upcoming Call for Proposals, as a participant in a new Working Group, or hosting your own collaboration workshop at NCEAS. As we head into 2014, we would like to take a moment to share with you some of NCEAS' 2013 highlights.


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What is your username? Rinzler135
Please link to the wiki here: http://mineplex.wikia.com
How many edits have you made on that wiki? 465
How many days/months have you been editing there? Around 3 months
On the Special Pages → Special:ListUsers when was the last time an
admin bureaucrat edited, and who was it?
2 months (60 days is the minimum, I believe), and it was the owner, Henry.l.villelas, who has very few edits.
Any other information: As you can see here: http://mineplex.wikia.com/wiki/Thread:2362, I have a unanimous vote among the active account holders on the wiki. I posted a link onto each of their user pages to try and ensure spammers, of which there have been several over the course of my time, did not influence the vote. I have attempted to contact the owner, who is the only b-crat on the wiki, to no avail.
Thank you for your time.


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Not long ago, a whole host of artists were plowing these fields—Eric Clapton, B.B. King, Johnny Winter.
Upon his death, I ordered up everything he's ever written, rereading some and plowing into others untapped.
The company is plowing the profits from the first store into expansion.
If we are plowing hundreds of billions into college loans with low-to-no wage growth, this implies one of two things.
So who else is out there plowing ground for a fertile GOP future?
The women kept their homes 25 in order, tended their gardens, and helped with the plowing and the harvesting.
After the plowing season is over, the buffaloes have no work at all.
Revel was plowing through the brush like a wound-crazed bear.
Paw has been plowing, paying the taxes which this Government has spent for him.
Uh-huh, Terry, I've got every intention of marrying and plowing a few seeds into that interesting furrow.
late Old English plog, ploh "plow; plowland" (a measure of land equal to what a yoke of oxen could plow in a day), possibly from a Scandinavian source (cf. Old Norse plogr "plow," Swedish and Danish plog), from Proto-Germanic *plogo- (cf. Old Saxon plog, Old Frisian ploch "plow," Middle Low German ploch, Middle Dutch ploech, Dutch ploeg, Old High German pfluog, German Pflug), a late word in Germanic, of uncertain origin. Old Church Slavonic plugu, Lithuanian plugas "plow" are Germanic loan-words, as probably is Latin plovus, plovum "plow," a word said by Pliny to be of Rhaetian origin.
Replaced Old English sulh, cognate with Latin sulcus "furrow." As a name for the star pattern also known as the Big Dipper or Charles's Wain, it is attested by early 15c., perhaps early 14c. The three "handle" stars (in the Dipper configuration) generally are seen as the team of oxen pulling the plow, though sometimes they are the handle.
late 14c., from plow (n.). Transferred sense from 1580s. Related: Plowed; plowing.
late 14c., from plow (n.). Transferred sense from 1580s. Related: Plowed; plowing.
To do the sex act with or to a woman; screw (1606+ and probably before)


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Home | Suites & Rates | About the Inn | Intimate Weddings | Lodging Specials | Gifts | (509) 548-7171
At Run of the River, a bed and breakfast in Washington state, guests are often inclined to attribute their "best night's sleep in months" to the sounds of nature in the evening: the croak of a frog, the calling of geese, splashing of a critter in the river outside their private balcony. For others, just getting away from the pressures of every day to the refuge motivates that deep sleep.
However, we'll let you in on a little secret. While relaxation is a natural by-product of Run of the River Inn and Refuge, the real reason for the best night sleep in months is our mattresses. In every suite, Run of the River features a Serta mattress and box springs so top of the line they're called "Presidential Suite." We think regardless of your politics, these mattresses are one of our best features, and probably the leading reason (although not the only one) for guests commenting over and over that they get their best night's sleep while they're here.
After an amazing night's sleep in these dreamy beds, many guests inquire as to where they can purchase a mattress set like ours. We talked with Serta, and they agreed to partner with us which means we are able to provide the Presidential Suite line of mattresses to our guests at a considerable savings from retail.
If you are considering a bed purchase in the future, you might file this away:
Your Price
Comparable Retail Price
King: $1259
Queen: $949
Other sizes are available, call for details.
There are two conditions that allow us to provide this high quality mattress and box spring at this rate:
Home | Suites & Rates | About the Inn | Intimate Weddings | Lodging Specials | Contact/Directions
P.O. Box 285, 9308 E. Leavenworth Rd., Leavenworth, WA 98826 | 800-288-6491


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Home > Product Categories > Pro-Video > Intercoms & IFB > Intercom Systems > SMQ-1
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The End–Gracious enough to once again share with us a strong editorial vision, photographer Masa Hamanoi presents The End starring Serghinio Wooter (Models1). Collaborating with stylist Karina Tanabe Jones, Hamanoi travels outdoors to capture a quiet but confident look at solid fashions from labels that show during London Collections: Men. / Makeup by Ammy Drammeh. Hair by Masato Inoue. Photo assistance by Jordan Lee.
Fashionisto Exclusive: Serghinio Wooter by Masa Hamanoi
Published on


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It's quick and easy


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Updated 12:54 p.m. ET
Rick Santorum's allies are taking the Wisconsin ad war up a notch starting today.
The Red, White and Blue Fund, the super PAC supporting Santorum's presidential campaign, has bought $300,000 of ad time in Wisconsin ahead of the April 3 primary, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported.
INTERACTIVE: Political ad tracker
As in previous contests, Santorum and his allies will be outspent in Wisconsin by Mitt Romney and Restore Our Future. The pro-Romney super PAC has bought $2 million in Wisconsin ad time and the candidate is in for more than $700,000, the newspaper said.
Restore Our Future is out with a new Wisconsin ad today, seizing on Santorum's line that the unemployment rate "doesn't matter to me." Santorum took flak for that remark, made before the Illinois primary, and he conceded he wished he had a "do-over" for that moment.
Santorum and Newt Gingrich have complained repeatedly about being outgunned on TV by Romney and his allies, as well as the negative tone of their ads.
New data reported by Bloomberg News highlight part of the disparity. Restore Our Future has a rotation of 16 negative ads attacking Romney's rivals and they have been run 41,612 times in major media markets, according to data from Kantar Media's Campaign Media Analysis Group.
By comparison, the pro-Gingrich Winning Our Future has run 8,172 negative ads vs. 8,121 negative ads by the Red, White and Blue Fund.
Catalina Camia leads the OnPolitics online community and has been at USA TODAY since 2005. She has been a reporter or editor covering politics and Congress for two decades, including stints at The Dallas Morning News and Congressional Quarterly. Follow her at @USATOnPolitics.
USA TODAY's Jackie Kucinich (@jfkucinich) and Fredreka Schouten (@fschouten) also contribute to the OnPolitics blog.


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She was played by Ever Carradine.
Julia Wright is the biological mother of 11-year-old Jesse, a young boy with supernatural powers, which he has used to play elaborate practical jokes. She revealed that the boy's father is a demon, who possessed her and impregnated her. Because of this, Jesse is deemed as an Antichrist—a half human, half demon entity—and must be eliminated before he can be used by Lucifer as a powerful weapon. Sam and Dean believe that he can be spared if he's taken somewhere safe, which is what they were set to do. However, the aforementioned demon returns to possess Julia, and she moves on her way to Jesse's whereabouts. Demon Julia pins Sam and Dean to opposite walls and attempts to manipulate Jesse into using his abilities for evil purposes and to eventually bring him to Lucifer, all the while harming the brothers when they interrupt. Jesse uses his powers to silence the demon, allowing the brothers to exorcise him from Julia.


text:
How to Buy
Solutions Overview
This script is Copyright (C) 2012 Tenable Network Security, Inc.
Synopsis :
The remote Scientific Linux host is missing a security update.
Description :
A double-free flaw was found in scsi-target-utils' tgtd daemon. A
remote attacker could trigger this flaw by sending carefully-crafted
network traffic, causing the tgtd daemon to crash. (CVE-2011-0001)
All running scsi-target-utils services must be restarted for the
update to take effect.
See also :
Solution :
Update the affected scsi-target-utils package.
Risk factor :
Medium / CVSS Base Score : 5.0
Family: Scientific Linux Local Security Checks
Nessus Plugin ID: 60983 ()
Bugtraq ID:
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text:
Armie Hammer As Green Lantern In Suit Fan Cast Photo
In "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." movie, Armie Hammer and Henry Cavill's combination was loved by the audience. Moreover, the American actor also gained a good fan following portraying as a Russian KGB operative in the film.
Currently, Armie Hammer is busy filming for "Hotel Mumbai" movie. However, it looks like fans are hoping the actor would once again team up with Henry Cavill in an upcoming movie, possibly a DCEU title.
Recently, Armie Hammer was fan cast to play as DCEU's new Green Lantern/Hal Jordon. A graphical representation of the actor in the lantern corp suit was shared on Reddit.
Also Read: Justice League Movie: Man Of Steel Screen Time Revealed?
The image was originally uploaded on Devin art by Bryan zap. The link has been mentioned in the left corner of the image. Fans can check it out below.
Fans have been protesting on Twitter to cast Armie Hammer as Hal Jordon/Green Lantern. However, neither the actor nor the studio has commented on it yet.
Earlier there were speculations that Green Lantern would appear as a cameo in "Justice League" movie. However, there were no hints dropped by the studio or by other cast members during the filming in London and Iceland.
Also Read: Arrow Spoilers: Stephen Amell Reveals CW Crossover Details
Since the failure of "Green Lantern" movie played by Ryan Reynolds, fans have been eagerly awaiting announcement from Warner Bros. to reboot the title. Although few other actors were also hinted to play the role, none of them embraced it.
It's likely that "Green Lantern" is one of the untitled DCEU movies scheduled under Warner Bros. till 2020. But the project hasn't been officially green lit yet.
Fans can soon catch Armie Hammer in "Final Portrait" and "Call Me by Your Name". Both titles have been scheduled for 2017.
Also Read: Jai Courtney As Captain Boomerang Details Revealed, Metahuman Fight Teased
For more Comic Book Movie News, you can subscribe to our newsletter. If you are a social media junkie and would like to receive updates on your timeline, then you can also like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter.


text:
Studio Ghibli Announces A Break In Production
The talk is of restructuring...
After months of worried speculation following the news last September that co-founder Hayao Miyazaki is retiring, it appeared this weekend that the worst fears for the future of Studio Ghibli had come true. Yet while the company's co-founder and current general manager Toshio Suzuki went on Japanese TV to announce that the beloved animation studio will be taking a break from production to consider its future, he stopped short of saying it's in danger of shutting forever.
The studio that brought the world such delightful classics as My Neighbour Totoro, Spirited Away, The Cat Returns and Howl's Moving Castle will take its current focus away from making new films, and manage the copyright and licensing trademarks from its existing library. While an original report had Suzuki announcing an effective closure of the studio, further digging by the likes of Kotaku has instead pointed to team Ghibli instead taking a break to restructure the company and figure out a way to economise to maintain its future as a working studio.
Part of the reason for the breather has been the rising costs and disappointing box-office returns for some of the company's most recent films. With the team preferring to keep production in-house as opposed to the cheaper option of sending work overseas, the expense of making new movies has become prohibitive. There's no word on whether the company's films in development will be permanently shuttered, and it still has When Marnie Was There – which doesn't have a UK release date yet – ready for the world to see.
Though the company's fortunes don't appear to be in perfect shape, this hopefully means Studio Ghibli as we know it won't close its doors for good, which would be a sad loss for cinema.


text:
Fuel Nozzle Straight Spout, 3/4 x3/4In
DAYTON| Zoro #: G1644194| Mfr #: 5URH3
Zoro #: G1644194Mfr. Part #: 5URH3
$53.12 /ea
This item ships free. DetailsStandard ground shipping
Technical Specifications
|Zoro #: G1644194 Mfr #: 5URH3
|Type: Straight Spout
|Standards: N/A
|Item: Fuel Nozzle
|Material: aluminum
|Max. Pressure: 50 psi
|Includes: Hook, Swivel at Hose Inlet, Continuous Flow Switch
|Operation: Manual
|Outlet: Spout Length 6-5/16"
|Inlet: 3/4" FNPT
|Application: Diesel and Gasoline
|Country of Origin (subject to change): India
Product Description
Fuel Nozzle, Straight Spout, Manual Operation, Inlet 3/4 In. FNPT, Outlet Spout Length 6-5/16 In., For Use With Gravity Feed Applications, Electric Fuel Pumps, 2P279, 4FY16 to G0466654, G1583827, G1534951, G0716493, 5P234, 7P073, G2841781, G1903097, Material Aluminum, Max. Pressure (PSI) 50, Application Diesel and Gasoline, Includes Hook, Swivel at Hose Inlet, Continuous Flow Switch


text:
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text:
E-cigarettes have a lot of enemies, some of whom make for strange bedfellows: Bureaucrats, Big Tobacco, and now…liberals?
Jason Healy, president of Blu Cigs, and Craig Weiss, president of NJOY, were recently grilled by the Senate Commerce Committee. Senators accused the companies of targeting kids by putting flavors in their e-cigs and placing ads during the Super Bowl and on a Sports Illustrated model's swimsuit. This led Sen. Richard Blumenthal (D-Conn.) to assert, "You are using the same tactics and ads used by Big Tobacco that proved so effective."
Actually, it's the critics of e-cigs who are borrowing the tactics used against Big Tobacco.
Whether the cause is taking away Second Amendment rights or telling people what they can and cannot eat, liberals often brand their efforts as children's campaigns.
For example, during the anti-smoking crusades of the 1990s, there was a widely cited study showing children could successfully match Joe the Camel to his product: Cigarettes. The study's authors focused on just 23 six-year-olds—21 of whom made the Joe to Cigarette connection.
That is a surprisingly high number. However, a sample size of 23 toddlers is simply too small to be taken seriously. Furthermore, the results of this study were never replicated. Yet a single study—poorly designed and never repeated—became a major talking point for a movement.
Violators of the Constitution never stop at violating the rights of bad guys. Eventually, using the same deceptive techniques, they come for the rest of us.
For more, you can read the September edition of "Green Watch" here.
This blog post was adapted from Part II of the September edition of Capital Research Center's "Green Watch," by Steven J. Allen.


text:
Astronomy for Development Building from the IYA2009. Strategic Plan with 2012 update on implementation
- Norman Norman
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 International Astronomical Union Astronomy for Development Building from the IYA2009 Strategic Plan with 2012 update on implementation CULTUREU AND SOCIETY ANTHRO- ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OUR ROOTS OPTICS HIGH-PRECISION ADAPTIVE OPTICS COMPUTERS FASTEST HARDWARE COMPLEX SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY AND SKILLSLS HISTORY EVOLUTION OF UNIVERSE OUR ROOTS ELECTRONICS MOST SENSITIVE DETECTORS FASTEST S CLOCKS PERSPECTIVE IMMENSITY OF UNIVERSEE TOLERANCE AND GLOBAL CITIZEN- SHIP ASTRONOMY SPACE SATELLITES MINIATURI- ZATION PRECISION INSPIRATION CAREER IN SCIENCEC AND TECHNOLOGY OGY PHYSICS LABORATORY OF EXTREMES MAKING HEAVY ELEMENTS MATHE- MATICS ABSTRACT THOUGHT BIOLOGY BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE CHEMISTRY PRODUCING ORGANIC MOLECULES SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
3 PREAMBLE: The IAU Strategic Plan Astronomy for the Developing World - Building from IYA2009 was adopted at the IAU General Assembly in August 2009 and is now a crucial part of the IAU s mission. The plan includes a vision, specific goals for the decade, a strategy for attaining them and a detailed blueprint for their implementation. As part of this implementation, the IAU Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD) was launched in April 2011 at the South African Astronomical Observatory in Cape Town, South Africa, following an international call for potential host institutions and a subsequent agreement between the IAU and the South African National Research Foundation. This updated version of the IAU Strategic Plan was produced in July It contains a report on implementation (Section 6) and a revision of relevant nomenclature. Kevin Govender (Director OAD) and George Miley (Chairperson OAD Steering Commitee) PROLOGUE The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is the single international organization of the world s professional astronomers. Its mission to promote astronomy and serve as a coordinating body for international activity has evolved over the 90 years of the IAU s existence. A substantial fraction of its budget has traditionally gone to supporting professional symposia and other meetings that bring astronomers together to debate ideas and discuss research results. Increasingly, the importance of outreach and education of the public have taken up a larger fraction of the attention and efforts of the Union. The huge success of the IAU-sponsored and UN- and UNESCO-supported International Year of Astronomy (IYA) 2009, which commemorates 400 years since Galileo first turned a telescope to the sky to make fundamental discoveries that changed people s perceptions of the Universe, has motivated the IAU to commit to even more ambitious programs of educating the world to the beauty of the Universe and the sense of common humanity that derives from it. At our General Assembly in Rio de Janeiro in August 2009 the Union approved this strategic plan for education and development, which was formulated during the past two years by the members. It proposes a range of programs that will stimulate the development of a generation of youth who will become the science and technology leaders of their countries in future years. Robert Williams, President, IAU ( ) 3
4 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Relevance of astronomy for development and capacity building 1.2 The IAU and world astronomy development ASTRONOMY FOR DEVELOPMENT 2.1 Elements of astronomy for development Primary education Secondary education Tertiary education and research training Research capabilities and infrastructures Public outreach 2.2 Present programs and activities for furthering astronomy in developing countries 2.3 State of world astronomy development Research Education STRATEGY FOR THE NEXT DECADE 3.1 Vision and goals 3.2 Elements of the plan Integrated strategic approach Increasing the number of active volunteers Initiation of new astronomy for development programs Creation of an IAU Office of Astronomy for Development Increasing regional involvement Sector-related task forces Using the IYA as a springboard Furthering the UN Millennium Goals Exploiting new tools and techniques Exploiting astronomical archives
5 3.3 New IAU Initiatives:Astronomy for Development IAU Endowed Astronomy Lectures (EAL) Astronomy Institute Twinning (AIT) IAU Regional N odes :Astronomy for Development 3.4 Enhancing existing IAU programs - sector task forces Astronomy for Universities and Research Astronomy for Children and Schools Astronomy for the Public FACILITATING THE PLAN 4.1 Office of Astronomy for Development 4.2 Regional coordinators 4.3 Enlarging the volunteer base 4.4 Evaluation and oversight FUNDING THE PLAN 5.1 Estimated cost 5.2 Some possible funding sources 5.3 Conclusion UPDATE ON IMPLEMENTATION 6.1 Update on the Implementation of the IAU Strategic Plan 6.2 Excerpt from OAD Business Plan COLOPHON 60 5
6 Figure 1 MESSIER 82 Composite of images of the active galaxy Messier 82 from the Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra X-Ray Observatory and Spitzer Space Telescope. X-ray data recorded by Chandra appears here in blue, infrared light recorded by Spitzer appears in red. Hubble s observation of hydrogen emission appears in orange. Hubble s bluest observation appears in yellow-green. 6
7 FOREWORD Astronomy is a unique and cost-effective tool for furthering sustainable global development, because of its technological scientific and cultural dimensions. This plan shows how astronomy can contribute globally to education at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels and can enable less developed, poorer countries to participate in cutting-edge scientific research. Stimulating astronomy education and development throughout the world is one of the most important missions of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). During the past two decades the IAU has conducted a range of educational activities. Much has been achieved with few resources. The UN-proclaimed IAU UNESCO International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009) was an opportune time to review the educational strategy of the IAU and develop a long-term educational plan that will focus on using astronomy to stimulate capacity building and further sustainable global development. There are several reasons why such a plan is needed. Firstly, technology is changing. Widespread access to the internet and the future availability of remotely operated telescopes for education Figure 2 GIANT METREWAVE RADIO TELESCOPE Portion of the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), one of the world s largest arrays of radio telescopes at metre wavelengths. It is operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, a part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay. 7
8 are important opportunities that can be exploited. Secondly, recently several new programs have been created that are contributing substantially to astronomy education, particularly at the primary and secondary levels. Coordination of the various astronomy education programs could optimize the resources and result in a focused program whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Thirdly, the IYA was one of the most successful and widespread science outreach programs ever undertaken. It is important to exploit the momentum of IYA and build on its accomplishments. Fourthly, there is an enormous potential for using astronomy as a tool for stimulating Figure 3 AN IAU TAD SCHOOL A question and answer session at the Teaching Astronomy for Development school in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in July international development. An ambitious, credible and well-founded strategic plan is a prerequisite to raising funds for such activities. Our plan is the result of a two-year process that involved input from a wide range of experts and stakeholders. There has been consultation with bodies such as the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). The plan was approved by the IAU Executive Committee on 7 April 8
9 2009 and endorsed by two resolutions at the IAU General Assembly at Rio de Janeiro on 13 August Thanks are due to all who contributed. The individuals are listed in the Colophon on p.6 0. The IAU is proud to present this plan to the world. It is an ambitious, flexible and credible blueprint for expanding astronomy development programs during the next decade. It contains a long-term vision, achievable goals and a comprehensive new strategy for attaining these goals. The plan will be implemented with an effective and lean organisational structure subject to professional oversight. The rationale for using astronomy to stimulate sustainable international development is stated in the plan and illustrated on its front and back covers. Astronomy provides an inspirational and unique gateway to technology, science and culture, three fundamental characteristics of developed nations. By mobilizing large numbers of talented and creative scientists, engineers and teachers in the service of international development the plan will be a cost effective spinoff of one of the most profound adventures of our civilization the exploration of the Universe. Realizing the plan will be a substantial challenge. The slogan of IYA was The Universe yours to discover. Our slogan for this IAU decadal plan is Exploring our Universe for the benefit of humankind. George Miley IAU Vice President for Education and Development 9
10 Figure 4 IMAGE FROM SPACE OF RHEA, ONE OF SATURN S MOONS The terminator between light and dark throws Rhea s cratered surface into stark relief while the southern hemisphere is scored by bright icy cliffs. The image was taken in visible light with the narrow-angle camera of the Cassini spacecraft on 2 February The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 181,000 kilometres from Rhea. 10
11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Because astronomy combines science and technology with inspiration and excitement, it can play a unique role in facilitating education and capacity building and in furthering sustainable development throughout the world. A challenging science in itself, astronomy provides an exciting gateway into physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics. The need to study the faintest celestial objects has driven advanced developments in electronics, optics and information technology. The quest to explore the Universe satisfies the deepest cultural and philosophical yearnings of our species and can stimulate a sense of global citizenship. Astronomy is inspirational. It inspires teenagers to choose a career in science and technology and is a staple of adult education. Many large international telescope facilities are accessible to all astronomers throughout the world, providing an inexpensive entry to cutting-edge international research for developing countries. The International Astronomical Union regards access to knowledge about the Universe as a birthright of all people, and furthering the exploitation of astronomy for sustainable global development as an important part of its mission (Section 1.1). We present here an ambitious decadal strategic plan for stimulating astronomy in the developing world. The plan shows that astronomy can make an important contribution to global development and outlines a strategy for furthering this process. The Union presently conducts a range of activities directed towards education and development, with emphasis on universities and research. Several complementary programs have recently been initiated by IAU members for exploiting astronomy in primary and secondary education. During the next decade the IAU intends to expand its role in furthering the use of astronomy at all levels in developing countries, working closely with relevant external organizations and using the International Year of Astronomy in 2009 as a springboard. The vast reservoir of talent presently active in astronomy and related technology throughout the world will be exploited and mobilized to further sustainable global development. 11
12 The long-term vision of the IAU (Section 3.1) is that: All countries will participate at some level in international astronomical research. All children throughout the world will be exposed to knowledge about astronomy and the Universe. Goals for the next decade are: Raising the level of astronomy development in as many countries as possible, so as to maximize the size of the population reached. Working to include aspects of astronomy as aids to the primary and secondary education of as many children as possible. To achieve these goals existing efforts will be intensified, new programs will be initiated and the IAU development activities will be incorporated into a more professional organizational structure (Section 3.2). Ingredients of the strategy include the following: An integrated strategic approach involving primary, secondary, tertiary and research education and public outreach. The mix of activities will be based on the future potential for astronomy research and education in each country, using objective data (Section 2.3), augmented by advice from experts in the region (Section 3.3.3). Because of its relative underdevelopment, Sub-Saharan Africa is a region that will receive special attention. Enlarging the number of active volunteers. Present activities depend entirely on volunteers, both for their coordination and implementation. The IAU aims to enlarge the number of volunteer-experts by recruiting more members and augmenting the pool of volunteers by doctoral and postdoctoral trainees and talented non-member experts on pre-tertiary education and outreach (Section 4.3). Initiation of new programs. The IAU will begin several new programs to stimulate astronomy development (Section 3.3; Figure 18). An endowed lectureship program will provide semi-popular lectures on inspirational topics in modern astrophysics and astronomical technology for high-school students and the general public in developing countries. 12
13 An institute twinning scheme will encourage developed astronomy institutes to provide long-term guidance and advice to university departments in developing countries interested in building up an astronomy research capability. Creation of a global Office of Astronomy for Development. Mobilizing more volunteers and implementing new programs cannot be achieved without some professional coordination. A crucial step is the creation of a small IAU Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD), led by a full time Director and OAD Team. Increasing regional involvement. An important component of the plan is the adoption of a bottom-up approach for astronomy development, with a substantial degree of decentralization. This will involve the appointment of regional development coordinators and the designation of regional nodes. The regional coordinators will coordinate development efforts throughout their geographical or language region (Section 4.2). Building on IYA2009 and using relevant IYA cornerstone activities to advance sustainable global development. Furthering the UN Millennium Goals, with particular attention to promoting gender equality and in helping to achieve universal primary education. Exploiting new tools, such as archives, robotic telescope networks, the web and mobile outreach centres. Evaluation and assessment will be an essential part of every component of the plan. The strategy will be implemented flexibly, taking account of available funding (Section 5. 2). The total annual direct cost of the plan, excluding primary and secondary education activities, is about 1,000,000 (Table 2), an order of magnitude larger than the present cost of the IAU astronomical development program, but tiny compared with the annual global expenditure on astronomical research. Funding the plan will need an innovative approach and action on several fronts. Firstly, vigorous attempts at external fundraising will be made, with approaches to international and regional aid agencies, national governments, industry and private foundations for support of various aspects of the plan. Secondly, in-kind contributions from developed astronomical institutes and national astronomical societies will be sought. Thirdly, consideration will be given to adopting a target of at least 0.7% of the budgets of astronomical institutes and astronomical projects in rich countries for furthering astronomy education and research in developing countries. This would be in line with the well-established United Nations target for development aid. 13
14 Figure 5 THE PINWHEEL GALAXY The Pinwheel Galaxy, otherwise known as Messier 101, sports bright reddish edges in this infrared image from NASA s Spitzer Space Telescope. Research from Spitzer has revealed that this outer red zone lacks organic molecules present in the rest of the galaxy. The red and blue spots outside of the spiral galaxy are either foreground stars or more distant galaxies. In this image, infrared light with a wavelength of 3.6 microns is coloured blue; 8-micron light is green; and 24-micron light is red. 14
15 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Relevance of astronomy for development and capacity building From the dawn of history, astronomy has been an important factor in human development. The beauty and regularity of the sky has been a source of wonderment and the ability to predict the motions of the Sun and stars were decisive factors in the emergence of agriculture and navigation in early civilizations. A yearning for knowledge about our roots has resulted in a deep curiosity about the origin and history of the Sun and Moon, the stars and galaxies and the Universe itself. Because it embodies a unique combination of science, technology and culture, astronomy continues to play an important role in modern society. On the one hand astronomy has driven developments in several areas of advanced technology and on the other hand, the astronomer is the ultimate historian, who delves much deeper into the past than conventional historians. There are several reasons why astronomy plays a special role in furthering the advancement of science and technology and equipping students with useful skills. The Universe provides an inexpensive laboratory for studying extreme conditions that are inaccessible on Earth. Stars and galaxies are environments that have produced the chemical elements around us and formed organic molecules, the building blocks of life. During the last century astronomical studies have led to new discoveries in physics, chemistry and biology and to the creation of the new sciences of astrophysics, astrochemistry and astrobiology. Because of its mathematical basis, astronomy is also an excellent tool for teaching mathematics. Astronomy has been an important driver for the development of advanced technology, such as the most sensitive detectors of light and radio waves and the fastest computers. The need to study the faintest objects requires sophisticated electronics and extreme-precision adaptive optics as well as state-of-the-art engineering. Astronomy has also played an important role in the development of space technology that has opened up the Universe for study across the whole electromagnetic spectrum. Modern optical and radio telescopes are among the most advanced machines ever built and are outstanding educational vehicles for introducing the latest complex technology. 15
16 Astronomy also contributes substantially to modern culture and is relevant to several topical issues of present-day society. Because radiation from the distant Universe takes so long to reach the Earth, an astronomer can probe deeply into our past. Large telescopes operating throughout the electromagnetic spectrum are time machines that routinely provide pictures and other information about of the observable Universe close to its birth, 13.7 billion years ago. Unravelling the history of the Universe has been a crowning achievement of humankind during the last half-century. Figure 6 THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope is a telescope with a 2.4-metre mirror. Because Hubble is located in an orbit above the turbulent atmosphere it produces images of unprecedented clarity. Hubble observations of our Universe have resulted in several fundamental astrophysical breakthroughs during the last two decades and One of the most important societal functions of modern astronomy is as a tool for education in the broadest sense. Because it is one of the most approachable of sciences, and one that consistently fascinates young people, astronomy is an excellent vehicle for introducing science and technology to children. The accessibility of the sky, the beauty of cosmic objects and the immensity of the Universe are inspirational and provide a perspective that encourages internationalism and tolerance. The excitement of astronomy has stimulated large numbers of young people to choose a career in science and technology, thereby contributing to the knowledge economy of many countries. have been a source of inspiration for the public throughout the world. The Hubble Space Telescope is operated by NASA and ESA and is open for use to all astronomers throughout the world. This photo was taken during Servicing Mission 4. 16
17 In summary, because astronomy combines science and technology with inspiration and excitement, it can play a unique role in facilitating education and capacity building and in furthering sustainable development throughout the world. 1.2 The IAU and world astronomy development The International Astronomical Union is an organization of professional astronomers, founded in 1919, whose mission is to promote and safeguard the science of astronomy in all its aspects through international cooperation. Now, at the onset of the twenty-first century, the Union regards access to knowledge about the Universe as a birthright of people in all countries and considers the dissemination of astronomical knowledge throughout the world as one of its most important tasks. This document is a decadal strategic plan for stimulating astronomy in developing countries during the period The plan shows that astronomy can make an important contribution to sustainable global development and outlines a strategy for furthering this process. Figure 7 THE VERY LARGE ARRAY The Very Large Array of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory located near Socorro, USA. This radio astronomical facility consists of 27 antennas. Each antenna is 25 metres in diameter and the antennas can be transported along rail tracks over distances stretching up to 36 kilometres across. This facility is open to astronomers from the whole world. 17
18 Figure 8 THE KECK TELESCOPES The domes of the two Keck Telescopes, Keck I and Keck II, at Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Each telescope stands eight stories tall, weighs 300 tons and operates with nanometre precision. The telescopes primary mirrors are 10 metres in diameter and are each composed of 36 hexagonal segments that work in concert as a single piece of reflective glass. The telescopes are located at the top of Mauna Kea, Hawaii at a height of 4,200 metres. 18
19 ASTRONOMY FOR DEVELOPMENT 2.1 Elements of astronomy for development As outlined in Section 1.1, because of its combined inspirational, scientific and technological aspects, astronomy can play a unique role in education at all levels and in raising public awareness about science. Furthermore, unlike most sciences, astronomers can participate in frontier astronomical research, no matter where they are based. Many of the cutting-edge ground-based and space facilities developed for astronomy are available for use at no cost by scientists throughout the world. Primary Education Science Public Outreach ASTRONOMY Secondary Education Research Tertiary Education Figure 9 ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY FOR DEVELOPMENT Fundamental ingredients for national development to which astronomy can make a unique contribution. 19
20 2.1.1 Primary education (ages 4 10) The early formative years are crucial in the development of the human value system. At this age children can readily appreciate and enjoy the beauty of astronomical objects and can learn to develop a feeling for the vastness of the Universe. The sky and the Universe can excite young children and stimulate their imaginations. Exposure to inspirational astronomical themes can help broaden minds and stimulate a worldview. Furthermore, astronomy is an excellent and exciting introduction to the scientific method and the concept that nature can be investigated by rational means Secondary education (ages 11 18) Astronomy is an outstanding medium for stimulating the interest of secondary school students in science and technology. The Universe and space travel are fascinating subjects in their own right. These topics can be integrated into physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics teaching and provide a link with technology and engineering studies. Recently, educational networks of telescopes have been developed that enable schoolchildren throughout the world to do astronomical observations by means of the internet and so introduce students to exciting scientific research Tertiary education and research training The link with astronomy is a frequent reason for young people to choose to study the physical sciences at university, and the study of astronomy provides an excellent preparation for many careers in technology and management. Astronomy deals with matter at the extremes, much denser or much sparser than anything that can be produced on Earth. Analyzing phenomena under the extreme conditions that are present in astrophysical objects develops problem-solving abilities. Furthermore, modern astronomical research is often carried out in international collaborative teams, which, by necessity, develops managerial and people skills Research capabilities and infrastructures Much modern astronomical research requires facilities that are too expensive even for individual developed countries to build and operate. The realization of such facilities has frequently necessitated large international collaborations. Nevertheless, many of the largest astronomical telescopes and satellites and their archival treasures can be used by astronomers throughout the world, no matter where they are based, providing an easy and relatively inexpensive entry for developing countries into inspirational and visible world-class international research. 20
21 2.1.5 Public outreach Astronomy is the most approachable of all sciences for the general public. Compare the relative attention that astronomy receives in the newspapers and other media of most countries with that devoted to most other sciences. Everybody can gaze at the sky and appreciate its beauty. The evocative images produced by modern telescopes fascinate, whereas stories about exotic cosmic objects and the evolution and origin of our Universe can inspire, entertain and stretch the imagination. Information about the state of the Universe in the distant past has deep implications about the roots and future of our species. Astronomy provides an ideal introduction for teenagers to the creative excitement of the exact sciences and frequently stimulates students to embark on a scientific career. The adventure of astronomy is a popular ingredient of adult education programs. 2.2 Present programs and activities for furthering astronomy in developing countries The Union presently works to promote astronomical education, research and public outreach through two commissions of its members. Commission 46 is concerned with Astronomy Education and Development and Commission 55 is devoted to Communicating Astronomy with the Public. The IAU Executive Committee oversees development activities and, with the assignment of the portfolio of Development and Education to a Vice President, is playing an active role in the development of overall strategy. Until now, the coordination and implementation of all IAU activities pertaining to development and education have been carried out on a purely voluntary basis. As part of Commission 46, four main Program Groups are involved with furthering astronomy in the developing countries. These Program Groups are World Wide Development of Astronomy, Teaching Astronomy for Development, the International Schools for Young Astronomers and the newly set up Network for Astronomy School Education (NASE). The present annual budget for all these activities is about 10% of the total annual expenditure of the IAU. As an additional stimulus to astronomy development, the IAU provides funding for symposia on astronomical research topics, a triennial General Assembly and regional meetings. A significant fraction of this funding is devoted to travel grants to enable scientists in developing countries to attend the conferences. The IAU also carries out some educational activities jointly with COSPAR and UNOOSA. For example, the IAU and COSPAR co-sponsor one capacity-building workshop annually. 21
22 Specific IAU activities have until now been understandably biased towards developing tertiary education and building up research capabilities in astronomy. However, recently some programs have been initiated, outside the direct auspices of the IAU, to stimulate astronomical education at the primary and secondary levels. These programs complement the current IAU activities. Members of the Union have been involved in their initiation, organization and execution. A list of some relevant IAU and complementary activities is given in Table 1. Taken together, they comprise a suite of activities that actively stimulates all elements of global astronomy, from the education of very young children to the building up of research and public understanding through the donation of small telescopes and planetariums. Global development at all levels has been emphasized in the activities implemented for the UN-ratified International Year of Astronomy in 2009 (Section 3.2.7), an initiative of the IAU. In addition to supporting these activities, there is another way in which the IAU encourages the progress of world astronomy. As a prestigious international scientific union, the IAU plays a special role in the discussion of astronomy development with governments and scientific academies and in interceding about such matters at the highest levels. The IAU is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU), a non-governmental organization representing a global interdisciplinary membership that includes both national scientific bodies and international scientific unions. When appropriate, the President and officers of the IAU are proactive in persuading the Public Primary Secondary Tertiary Research outreach education education education capability Japan:Tripod/ODA Universe Hands-on Comm. 46 TAD Comm. 46 WWDA Comm. 55 Awareness Universe (HOU) (UNAWE) Comm. 46 NASE Comm. 46 ISYA Comm. 46 TAD Las Cumbres/ Faulkes Comm. 46 ISYA Telescopes GTTP Japan: Tripod/ODA Table 1 SOME GLOBAL ACTIVITIES CONCERNING ASTRONOMY FOR DEVELOPMENT Shown here are programs conducted by the IAU with programs that are complementary to IAU activities in italics 22
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Alan Carter from Mission Beach Cafe shared us this amazing pie recipe a few years ago, and of course we have to bring it back for this Friday. Afterall, it's Friday! So treat yourself!
1 15oz. can of pumpkin 1 cup packed brown sugar 2 teaspoon of powdered ground ginger 1 1/2 teaspoon of cinnamon 1/2 teaspoon of salt 1/8 teaspoon of cloves 3 large eggs ½ teaspoon vanilla 1 cup milk ¾ cup heavy cream 1 frozen pie crust (NOTE: Alan makes all pie crusts from scratch at the restaurant, but has substituted a ready-made one for this recipe for the ease of the home cook)
Combine ingredients into a pot over a medium flame, about 4 to 5 minutes (just to integrate the flavors). Remove from heat. Beat eggs into the mixture 3 large eggs then add vanilla, milk and heavy cream. Pour mixture into a pre-baked pie shell and bake at 350 degrees for 1 hour.
Let the pumpkin pie cool and rest in the refrigerator.
Ingredients for Hazelnut Mousse:
2 egg whites or 1/4 cup of egg whites ¼ cup water ½ cup white granulation sugar 1 cup heavy cream 1 cup mascarpone cheese 2 Tblspns Frangelica liquor 1/3 cup roasted, peeled and ground hazelnuts
Method for Hazelnut Mousse:
Mix egg whites into a mixing bowl with whip attachment. In a separate small pot over medium heat add water and sugar until it reaches 240 degrees on a candy thermometer (about 5 minutes). Immediately and pour the mixture into the mixing bowl with the egg white mixture while they are beating. Be careful to pour it so the sugar stream hits the side of the bowl and not the whisk.
Slowly pour the hot sugar down the side of the bowl while the mixing is on high. When all of the sugar is added, continue to beat until the bowl is cool to the touch.
In another bowl add heavy cream and mascapone cheese, use a whisk to blend, then add Frangelica liquor and hazelnuts. Now add the cooled egg white mixture to the heavy mixture and whisk only until it slightly thicken. Put mousse into a piping bag and decorate your pumpkin pie. Sprinkle on top a small amount of ground hazelnuts.
Refrigerate and serve. Enjoy.


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While some are content dipping a bare toe into the warm teal waters of Florida's Gulf Coast of the deep blue sea, others take sun worship in the Sunshine State a little further and want to bare it all. Florida has few legal nude beaches, although a handful of beaches offer a sort of tacit approval of nude sunbathing by not ticketing for nudity unless it's accompanied by another crime.
Haulover Beach
Haulover Beach in Miami is the lone nude beach sanctioned by a government agency. Run by Miami-Dade County, Haulover Beach has distinct boundaries. This nude beach also has a nude volleyball area and a separate gay nude sunbathing area. This beach is little more than a half-mile long, but its designation as a legal nude sunbathing area attracts more than 1,000 people a day during the height of Miami's tourist season.
Apollo Beach at Cape Canaveral
The beaches south of parking lot No. 5 at Apollo Beach allow nudity. This beach has a history of nude sunbathing and, in 2000, park supervision agreed to allow nudity in certain areas. Part of this agreement calls for local naturist groups to encourage fellow naturists to sunbathe only in the designated areas. Every visitor to Apollo Beach gets information at the gate, informing them of designated nude sunbathing areas. Another Apollo Beach is on the state's west side, but it is not a nude beach.
Playalinda Beach
This beach has an on-again, off-again relationship with nude sunbathers. County officials enforce a law that doesn't allow nudity on federal land, although at times officers patrolling the beach will tell sunbathers they will only ticket for nudity if they see other illegal activity in conjunction with it. This beach is also part of the Canaveral National Seashore, which adds to some of the confusion about who enforces whose laws. In short, nude sunbathing is illegal at this beach, but that doesn't dissuade local naturalists who use this area as a nude beach.
Just Outside John D. MacArthur State Park
This park, in north Palm Beach, used to allow nudity. In the 1980s, though, the state took a firm stance against nudity in the park. Today, nudists skirt the law by walking down the beach off park land before removing their swimsuits. The park's beaches stretch for 2 miles along the Atlantic.
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What is the zip code of downtown Sacramento?
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text: To get from Milan to Bagheria by train you can catch one of the 4 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Bagheria leaves from Milan at 08:15 and the last train departs at 22:15. The trip by train from Milan to Bagheria last on average 14:52 travelling with high-speed trains (Frecciarossa or Italotreno) If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 15:03 hours. For your trip from Milan to Bagheria by train you can choose to leave from one of Milan main stations: Milano Centrale On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Bagheria and book the best itinerary starting from Milan.


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Nova Scotia legislators are scrambling to figure out how to dock the pay of former Cape Breton Liberal Manning MacDonald, who spent a month vacationing in Florida during the spring session. Critics say this is the second year he has done so.
To complicate matters, the 20-year political veteran resigned his seat this week, just the day before an all-party legislative committee was poised to fine him one day's pay for each of the 21 days he was missing.
But the seven-member committee discovered it had no control over his salary because he is no longer an MLA.
So, it's back to the drawing board for the committee that has asked its legislative counsel to figure out a rule change to enable it to collect from Mr. MacDonald or "any other member who resigns before consideration can be given to a question of unexcused absence from the House of Assembly during a legislative session."
NDP Deputy Premier Frank Corbett says this situation "just shouldn't do."
"If you don't go to work there should be an ability for us to get some retribution or some forfeiture on your side," he said. "It's basic common sense that people going to Walmart today would understand."
Mr. MacDonald couldn't be reached for comment.
Liberal Leader Stephen McNeil sees the latest imbroglio as an attempt by the government to change the channel on the controversial Muskrat Falls power deal that is now being debated in the province.
He also believes the government is focusing on Mr. MacDonald as a way to get at him.
With his party leading in the polls and an election call imminent, Mr. McNeil says the NDP has been "unable to attack me personally" so is now "tarnishing" his Liberal members.
Sure, he says, he told Mr. MacDonald he could go on a holiday when he asked him last December. Mr. MacDonald had announced that he would not seek re-election. As they believed a spring election was about to be called, Mr. McNeil figured it wasn't necessary for Mr. MacDonald to immediately resign.
"We thought there would be an election, wrongly, but we did think that. There was nothing more [to it] than that," he says.
However, he has a harder time explaining the timing of Mr. MacDonald's resignation, just hours before the committee meeting. "The 25th of this month [May] was the 20th anniversary of his being elected. And he just quite frankly had enough. Time to retire," said Mr. McNeil.
He offered to pay the equivalent of his fine to two Cape Breton charities, though critics said it wasn't acceptable because he would receive a tax benefit. The fine is estimated to be about $7,000 – an MLA earns $87,000 a year.
Mr. McNeil said Friday that Mr. MacDonald is willing to send the cheque to whomever. "If they don't want to give to those two charities, who do they want him to give it to?" he said.
In addition, the Liberals have offered to pro-rate the amount – $43,405.95 – that is given per member to the party caucuses on an annual basis.
Government MLAs alleged that Mr. McNeil had wanted Mr. MacDonald to stay in the legislature so that the Liberals would not lose the per-member amount.
In his letter of resignation, Mr. MacDonald says "it has been an honour and privilege to have served with you, regardless of party affiliation."Report Typo/Error
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