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Experimental evolution
Laboratory studies show that the components of sexual selection (e.g., mate choice and intrasexual competition) can profoundly affect the development and fitness of offspring. Less is known, however, about the total effects of sexual selection on offspring in normal social conditions. Complex social networks, such as dominance hierarchies, regulate the opportunity for mating success, and are often missing from laboratory studies. Social selection is an extended view of sexual selection that incorporates competition during sexual and nonsexual interactions, and predicts complex evolutionary dynamics. Whether social selection improves or constrains offspring fitness is controversial.
To identify fitness consequences of social selection, wild-derived mice that had bred under laboratory conditions for eight generations were re-introduced to naturalistic competition in enclosures for three consecutive generations (promiscuous line). In parallel, a control lineage bred in cages under random mate assignment (monogamous line). A direct competition experiment using second-generation animals revealed that promiscuous line males had greater reproductive success than monogamous line males (particularly during extra-territorial matings), in spite of higher mortality and equivalent success in social dominance and sperm competition. There were no major female fitness effects (though promiscuous line females had fewer litters than monogamous line females). This result suggested that selection primarily acted upon a sexually attractive male phenotype in the promiscuous line, a hypothesis we confirmed in female odor and mating preference trials.
We present novel evidence for the strength of sexual selection under normal social conditions, and show rapid male adaptation driven largely by sexual trait expression, with tradeoffs in survivorship and female fecundity. Re-introducing wild-derived mice to competition quickly uncovers sexually selected phenotypes otherwise lost in normal colony breeding.
The relative importance of the indirect effects of sexual selection on offspring fitness is the subject of ongoing debate
For social animals, sexual selection takes place within a complex social network. The opportunity for sexual selection is largely determined by the structure of the social environment because relatively few socially dominant individuals are able to monopolize reproduction
Laboratory based measures of selection in socially competitive environments are mixed. In the fruit fly
Three primary theories address the evolution of sexually selected traits
Sexual selection pressures can also influence offspring fitness through mechanisms not attributed to inherited alleles (i.e., transgenerational effects)
Wild house mouse (
We report here a breeding experiment to assess the indirect effects of social and sexual selection in mice. Motivated by the observation that, in isolation, mate preference
We bred a "promiscuous" line in socially competitive enclosures where mice compete for mates, nesting sites, and social dominance, and a "monogamous" line where social selection is eliminated by caged, random mate assignment
Results from direct competition suggested that the promiscuous line gained a fitness advantage through a sexually attractive male phenotype. To identify the role of female preference in this effect, we then used third-generation mice in a laboratory mate choice assay and found that females had both odor and mating preferences for promiscuous line males over monogamous line males. These results show that social selection in mice has rapid effects on male offspring and favors the expression of secondary sexual traits.
Mice used in this experiment carry a wild-caught, outbred genetic background on which five known MHC haplotypes from laboratory strains have been introgressed through selective breeding
Promiscuous line and monogamous line breeding design
To determine the fitness effects of returning laboratory-adapted mice to social selection, mice were subjected to independent iterations of either continued enforced monogamy in cages or social selection in a seminatural environment where breeding is promiscuous (Figure
Figure 1
Breeding design
Breeding design. Monogamous boxes represent offspring conceived in random mate-assignment cages and promiscuous boxes represent offspring conceived in promiscuously breeding enclosures. Direct competition between second-generation, cage-born promiscuous line and monogamous line mice was conducted in semi-natural enclosures. Female odor and mating preferences for third-generation, cage-born promiscuous line and monogamous line mice was conducted in mate-choice arenas.
Initially, 50 P0 males and 50 females (age-matched and avoiding inbreeding) were bred monogamously to produce a single litter, which established the monogamous lineage. The same 100 adults were then randomly assigned to three independent seminatural population enclosures; pups from first litters conceived in the enclosures established the promiscuous lineage. Within each breeding treatment, random subsets of the resulting offspring were weaned at three weeks of age and used as the parental population for the subsequent generation. Both lineages were maintained at a potential effective population size (Ne) of 100, but since some individuals do not breed due to social competition, the realized Ne of the promiscuous line was below 100.
We chose to initiate the monogamous line with the P0 first litter and the promiscuous line with the P0 second litter (as opposed to randomizing treatments between first and second litters) because it afforded a design with the most variables controlled: when collected from enclosures, females will vary in whether they have mated; some will have been dominant and others subordinate, and as a result differed in their access to resources; the time to first litter is longer and more variable in enclosures, introducing additional variation. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that starting the monogamous line first contributed to our results two and three generations later, previous work in our laboratory has shown that there are no fitness differences between first and second litters
Promiscuous line enclosure populations consisted of 10 males and 20 females (on average) to reflect the female biased adult sex ratio commonly found in commensal populations
Seminatural enclosures
The promiscuous lineage bred in seminatural enclosures that mimic the social ecology of commensal
To prevent incidental breeding before the establishment of male social territories (the primary social unit in commensal mice), placeholder females were used at the onset of each population for one week before promiscuous line breeding females replaced them in the enclosures.
Direct competition between second-generation promiscuous line and monogamous line
To determine whether animals from the promiscuous line gained a fitness advantage following two generations of sexual and social selection, we competed cage-born promiscuous line and monogamous line (n = 300) mice in 10 independent enclosures for 35 weeks (Figure
Male and female reproductive success
To test for sex-specific effects of social selection on fitness, the reproductive success of male and female founders of each treatment during direct competition was determined by tracking the inheritance of neutral, polymorphic Y-chromosome and mitochondrial genetic markers as described previously
To determine the number and size of litters produced by promiscuous line and monogamous line founders (of both sexes) during competition, litters were classified by their estimated age and size and their precise location. "Regular" litters had a single mitochondrial genotype, were found in one location and were of uniform age. "Mixed" litters had at least two mitochondrial genotypes, were found in multiple locations, had different age classes, or any combination thereof. "Communal" litters had more than 12 offspring of the same age. Litters were also classified by the presence of one or two Y chromosome markers, which identified a subset of litters sired by multiple males.
Individual reproductive success by parentage analysis
To determine the reproductive success of monogamous line and promiscuous line founders with known social dominance identities (below), we used paternity analysis to genotype parents and offspring from two competition enclosures using 10 unlinked autosomal microsatellite loci, as described previously
Social dominance and territory defense
To determine social dominance and territorial abilities of the monogamous line and promiscuous line, founders were marked with unique passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags surgically implanted subdermally between the scapulas. Transceivers and readers (BioMark, Boise, ID) were placed at each of the optimal and suboptimal feeders in two competition enclosures at a time (hereafter "reader session"), and data streamed to a computer with data-logging software (Minimon, Culver City, CA). Transceivers were regularly rotated through the 10 enclosures throughout the competition experiment. Male social dominance was assigned when a male had > 90% of the PIT-tag reads at a single reader. At "undefended" locations no single male had 90% of the reads. Females move between territories more than males, and though they do not compete for exclusive representation at a single location, they do compete for positions at optimal territories as indicated by female-female agonistic interactions and higher reproduction in optimal territories (below). Thus, female social dominance was assigned when > 50% of a given female's reads were at a single location.
PIT-tag data were used to determine treatment effects on social dominance ability in three ways. First, we compared the number of socially dominant males and females between treatments. Second, we used treatment-level (Y chromosome and mitochondrial genotyping) reproductive success measures to determine differences between promiscuous line and monogamous line mice that achieved social dominance (that is, the interaction between social dominance and reproductive success). Third, because treatment-level analysis showed that promiscuous line males sired a significant portion of offspring in territories defended by monogamous line males, we used parentage analysis to track the reproductive success and social dominance of individual males. In particular, we quantified the number of offspring born within the territory of their socially dominant father ("within-territory"), outside the territory of their socially dominant father ("extra-territory"), or in territories undefended by a dominant male ("undefended").
Survivorship of founders (n = 300) was determined by periodic checks (approximately every 10 days) in each enclosure. Dead founders were identified by their PIT-tag.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a substantial mediator of vertebrate fitness effects
Female mate choice for third-generation promiscuous line vs. monogamous line males
To determine if the promiscuous line male fitness advantage during direct competition was driven by female odor and mating preferences, we used a three-cage mate choice arena and the Timescience (Salt Lake City, UT) recording system. The mate-choice arena consisted of two "male" cages connected by PVC tunnels to a single "female" cage (cage dimensions: 46 × 30 × 15 cm). An infrared, black and white camera was mounted above each arena. Each odor/mate preference trial consisted of two males and one female. Females were from both the promiscuous line (n = 6) and the monogamous line (n = 5). Males were given plastic collars, made of two small connected zip-ties whose protruding ends prevented them from leaving their designated cage. Prior to the experiment, males and females were housed individually in maintenance cages for one week and males were habituated to their collar for one day. Promiscuous line and monogamous line males were placed in alternating sides of the arena between trials to prevent bias. Males were age and weight matched, were unrelated to the female and to each other. Consistent with the direct competition experiment, we balanced the effects of MHC-mediated mate choice by ensuring that MHC haplotypes were equally represented in promiscuous line and monogamous line males.
This assay proceeded in three phases using F3 cage-born males from the promiscuous and monogamous lines as subjects. First, to assess male scent-marking behavior, we introduced one collared male from each treatment to each of two "male" cages of the arena. The males were allowed to scent mark the filter paper substrate of their cages for 30 minutes in the presence of a stimulus (soiled bedding from the test female's sibling cage presented in an aerated canister). The area covered and number of scent marks were quantified with a Typhoon scanner (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Piscataway, NJ) using the 532 nm ROX filter.
Second, to determine odor preferences, females were allowed to investigate the scent marks with the males removed from the arena (females did not wear collars). Time spent investigating scent marks was quantified. Third, to determine mating preferences, collared males were reintroduced to their cages in the arena; food, water and bedding were added to each cage. After four days, females were removed from the arena and the paternity of offspring from pregnant females was determined by genetic analysis as described. Due to a slow recording rate (frame per second) over the four-day experiment, intromissions could not be discriminated from ejaculations. The proportion of offspring sired by either male determined mating preference. All data were collected by participants blind to the treatment of the subjects.
Weight analysis of third generation promiscuous line and monogamous line mice
To test for effects of breeding treatment on male and female weight, we recorded the mass of third-generation offspring 10 days after birth and then at 10-day intervals until the offspring were 60 days old. An average of 10 weighted individuals from 10 litters per treatment is reported.
We used general linear models (GLM) and general linear mixed models (GLMM) to determine the effects of social selection on offspring fitness and phenotype. Where appropriate, we used post hoc Tukey's HSD tests to further evaluate significant parameters. Analyses were carried out with the JMP 9.0 statistical package (SAS Institute).
Direct competition: reproductive success
The effects of breeding history on reproductive success during direct competition were analyzed with GLMM using a restricted maximum likelihood approach. Treatment-level reproductive success measures (number of offspring, number of litters and litter size) were modeled as dependent variables for males (Y chromosome markers) and females (mitochondrial markers) separately. For all models, competition enclosure was modeled as a random factor, and offspring sweep and parental treatment as fixed factors. Because socially dominant, promiscuous line males had higher mortality than dominant monogamous line males, we also analyzed male reproductive success with number of surviving males (per treatment) as an additional factor. The interaction between male and female reproductive success was analyzed in a separate model by adding sex, treatment and their interaction a fixed effects.
Using parentage analysis, we used GLMM to detect treatment effects on the number of pups per litter (for female founders only), and the number of pups per pure and mixed litters (for male and female founders). Here, number of offspring per litter was the dependent variable and maternal treatment, paternal treatment, maternal by paternal interaction, and offspring sweep were added as fixed effects.
Direct competition: social dominance and survivorship
We used GLMM to determine treatment effects on social dominance on during direct competition. The number of dominant males and females were separately modeled as a dependent variable, with enclosure as a random factor, and PIT-tag reader session and breeding treatment as fixed factors. To analyze population-level and individual-level effects of male social dominance on reproductive success, the mean number of male offspring per territory type was fitted as a dependent variable, enclosure as a random variable, and PIT-tag reader session, paternal treatment, territory type (within territory, between territory and undefended) and their interaction were modeled as fixed factors. Survivorship was analyzed with the Cox-Mantel log-rank test.
Female mate choice experiment
Male scent marking behavior was analyzed using general linear models (GLM). Female odor and mating preferences were determined by measuring the proportion of time spent in the two male cages (promiscuous line male vs. monogamous line), and the proportion of offspring sired by either male. Proportions were normalized by arcsine-root transformation, and comparisons were made using paired t-tests.
Weight analysis
Weight data were analyzed using GLM with weight as the dependent variable and treatment, age, and their interaction as fixed factors.
Direct competition: promiscuous line males have greater reproductive success (primarily through extra-territorial mating), and lower survivorship, compared to monogamous line males
Male and female reproductive success
We collected 2,738 pups from 466 litters, and used 2,655 mitochondrial genotypes and 1,337 Y chromosome genotypes from 10 independent competition enclosures to determine sex-specific reproductive success. Promiscuous line males sired 57% of the offspring born during competition, and monogamous line males sired 43%. Results from GLMM analysis (results summarized in Table
Figure 2
Sex-specific reproductive success during direct competition
Sex-specific reproductive success during direct competition. Cumulative lifetime reproductive success (as measured by number of offspring over 35 weeks of competition) for promiscuous line (open circles) and monogamous line (filled squares) males (A) and females (B). Promiscuous line males had significantly more offspring than monogamous line males (Table
Promiscuous line and monogamous line females had 48% and 52% of the offspring, respectively; these differences were not significant under GLMM analysis (Table
A separate GLMM analysis with sex, treatment and their interaction as fixed factors found a significant interaction effect (Figure
Social dominance and territory defense
There were no treatment effects on the ability of males to acquire and defend territories (GLMM: n = 52; treatment
The majority of offspring (477/620, 77%) were born in defended territories (GLMM:
Figure 3
Effects of breeding treatment on male social dominance and reproductive success
Effects of breeding treatment on male social dominance and reproductive success. Means and standard errors are calculated Y-chromosome markers from 10 competition enclosures. Promiscuous line males (open bars) had significantly more offspring than monogamous line males (closed bars) due to greater relative representation within territories defended by either promiscuous (P) line or monogamous (M) line males, and in undefended territories. In territories defended by promiscuous line males, 95% of offspring had promiscuous line paternity; in territories defended by monogamous line males, 68% of offspring had monogamous line paternity.
Individual reproductive success by parentage analysis
To measure individual-level reproductive success, we genotyped promiscuous line and monogamous line founders (n = 60) and offspring (n = 559, comprising 110 litters) from two competition enclosures. Consistent with the treatment-level measurements, 57% of parent-typed offspring had promiscuous line paternity and 47% had promiscuous line maternity. First, we characterized all litters, irrespective of parental treatment, and found that 73% of all litters were of single paternity and 27% were of mixed paternity; mixed litters were significantly larger than pure litters (Means: mixed = 6.8 pure = 4.9; GLMM:
Figure 4
Individual-level reproductive success of males during sperm competition and extra-territorial mating
Individual-level reproductive success of males during sperm competition and extra-territorial mating. Mean and standard errors are calculated from two competition enclosures using parentage analysis. There were no effects of paternal breeding treatment on the size of mixed (multiple paternity) (A) or pure (single paternity) (B) litters. Individual promiscuous (P) line males (circles) had more offspring within their own defended territories (within-territory), inside the territories of neighboring dominant males (extra-territory), and in undefended territories than monogamous (M) line males (squares) (C).
We then analyzed individual male reproductive success (from both treatments) by comparing the number of offspring born in each of three conditions: within a defended territory and a descendent of the locally dominant male (within-territory), within a defended territory but not a descendent of the locally dominant male (extra-territory), or in a non-defended territory where only non-dominant males were present (undefended); data summarized in Table
There were no overall treatment effects on survivorship within males (
Figure 5
Effects of social dominance and breeding treatment on survivorship
Effects of social dominance and breeding treatment on survivorship. Data are from 10 competition enclosures over 35 weeks. Regardless of treatment, socially dominant (half-filled circles) individuals had greater survivorship than subordinates (triangles) for both male (A) and female (B) founders. Promiscuous line males that were socially dominant (circles) had significantly lower survivorship than monogamous line males that were socially dominant (squares) (C).
Female mate choice: odor and mating preferences for promiscuous line males
The number of scent marks made by promiscuous line males (182.1 ± 40.4) was greater than that of monogamous line males (99.3 ± 29.3), and promiscuous line males also covered a greater area with scent marks (401.6 mm2 ± 91.4) than monogamous line males (255.8 mm2 ± 53.8), though the differences were not significant (GLM: number of marks,
Females spent a greater proportion of time in cages scent-marked by promiscuous line males than monogamous line males (Figure
Figure 6
Female preference for promiscuous line males vs. monogamous line males
Female preference for promiscuous line males vs. monogamous line males. In a mate choice arena, females spent significantly more time in cages scent-marked by third-generation promiscuous line males (A), and had significantly more offspring sired by promiscuous line males (B), relative to monogamous line males. Transformed proportions were used in the analysis; raw proportions are shown for visual purposes only.
Weight analysis: dynamic effects before and after sexual maturity
The effect of breeding treatment on weight in male and female offspring is shown in Figure
Figure 7
Effect of breeding treatment on body mass before and after weaning
Effect of breeding treatment on body mass before and after weaning. Promiscuous line animals (circles) were heavier before weaning, but lighter after weaning, than monogamous line animals (squares). Means and standard errors are from an average of 10 caged mice each for females (A) and males (B).
Following just two generations of reintroducing a wild-derived colony of laboratory mice to the process of social selection, we identified substantial, sex-specific lifetime fitness effects. The primary finding of this research is that, during direct competition among second-generation animals, promiscuous line males had greater mating success, but not greater viability, than monogamous line males; promiscuous line females had fewer litters than monogamous line females, and a significant treatment by sex interaction effect on reproductive success suggested a mild fitness load. Second, a mate choice experiment among third-generation animals showed that, when given a choice, females had odor and mating preferences for promiscuous line males over monogamous line males. Third, promiscuous line mice were significantly heavier than monogamous line mice 10 days after birth, but became lighter than monogamous line mice after weaning. Finally, although we did not experimentally test for genetic or nongenetic inheritance, transgenerational effects might have contributed to these results. We discuss each of these differences in turn.
During competition promiscuous line males had greater mating success (Figure
In wild mouse societies, mate choice is likely driven by estrus females, who move between the territories of socially dominant males to sample prospective mates; dominant males usually don't breed outside of their territories, and are not known to coerce females
Female fitness was relatively unaffected by breeding treatment during direct competition; there were no overall effects on reproductive success, survivorship or social dominance. Intriguingly, we found that promiscuous line females had significantly fewer litters than monogamous line females (though they had slightly but nonsignificantly more pups per litter). Consistently, our analysis demonstrated a significant treatment by sex interaction effect, where lower reproductive success in promiscuous line females was statistically correlated to higher reproductive success in promiscuous line males (Figure
Our results corroborate several studies in rodents that found fitness benefits of specific components of sexual selection (e.g., mate choice or sperm competition) by competing the offspring of experimental and control breeding treatments in seminatural arenas
"Live fast die young" and "sexy son" male phenotypes are classic signatures of sexual selection
Although single-generation effects of sexual selection are often interpreted in light of genetic evolution
We are not able to determine if the advantage to promiscuous line males is due to genetic or transgenerational inheritance. Genetic selection could have occurred in the promiscuous line if particular alleles were strongly favored during social competition and sexual selection. Although MHC mating preferences have been observed in seminatural enclosures similar to ours
Individual components of sexual selection such as mate choice or intersexual competition can have dramatic effects on offspring development and fitness in the laboratory, but less is known about the total effects of sexual selection during naturalistic social competition. Although invertebrate studies that experimentally eliminate sexual selection using enforced monogamy show that broad-sense sexual selection has strong and deleterious effects on offspring fitness, these studies lack a critical feature of normal breeding systems: competition for mating resources. Social selection is an extended form of sexual selection that incorporates competitive social interactions and predicts complex evolutionary dynamics
We report here new results on the effects of social selection on vertebrate offspring fitness, and show that sons conceived during social competition have a fitness advantage by having greater reproductive success and attractiveness to females. This latter effect involves chemical communication and, likely, the expression of pheromones. We also identify fitness tradeoffs, in the form of male survivorship and female fecundity, which accompany adaptation to social selection. These data suggest that sexually selected phenotypes are lost during standard laboratory breeding procedures, but are quickly regained when all components of sexual selection are allowed to operate during social competition for mating resources.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
ACN and WKP conceived of the study. ACN carried out the experiments and drafted the manuscript. KEC and SH participated in the direct competition and mate choice experiments. WKP participated in coordination of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Jon Gale, Seth Merkley, Linda Morrison, Melissa Nguyen, Najah Salleh and Jeremy Timm for support with genotyping and animal care. Jessi Waite and James Ruff provided valuable comments on the manuscript. This research was partially supported by National Science Foundation grants DEB 0918969 (to WKP and Dr. Fred Adler) and grants 0909801 & 0914244 (to ACN), and also by NIH Grants RO1-GM039578 (to WKP) and a T32 Genetics Training Grant (to ACN).
Monogamy and the battle of the sexes
The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences
Good genes sexual selection in nature
Maternal effects, paternal effects and sexual selection
Free female mate choice in house mice affects reproductive success and offspring viability and performance
Male house mice produce fewer offspring with lower viability and poorer performance when mated with females they do not prefer
Oestrous female house mice discriminate dominant from subordinate males and sons of dominant from sons of subordinate males by odour cues
Long-term fitness benefits of polyandry in a small mammal, the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus
Polyandrous females benefit by producing sons that achieve high reproductive success in a competitive environment
The intensity of sexual selection in relation to male sexual behaviour, female choice, and sperm precedence
Sexual selection and mating systems
Sexual selection, social competition and speciation
Sexual selection is a form of social selection
Experimental constraints on mate preferences in Drosophila pseudoobscura decrease offspring viability and fitness of mated pairs
Mate choice increases a component of offspring fitness in fruit flies
Direct and indirect fitness consequences of female choice in a crustacean
Sexy sons from re-mating do not recoup the direct costs of harmful male interactions in the Drosophila melanogaster laboratory model system
Sexual conflict is not counterbalanced by good genes in the laboratory Drosophila melanogaster model system
Populations with elevated mutation load do not benefit from the operation of sexual selection
Polyandry produces sexy sons at the cost of daughters in red flour beetles
Extra-pair mating in the spotted sandpiper: a female mate acquisition tactic
Sexual conflict and female choice
Heritable variation for territorial success in two Drosophila melanogaster populations
Reproductive behavior of Drosophila melanogaster and D. nigrospiracula in the field and in the laboratory
Mate selection-a selection for a handicap
Sexual conflict
Developmental plasticity and the evolution of parental effects
Maternal effects on the development of social rank and immunity trade–offs in male laboratory mice (Mus musculus)
Social dominance rank and accessory sex glands in wild adult male house mice born to food-deprived mothers
History of two local outbreaks of feral house mice
Kin interactions and changing social structure during a population outbreak of feral house mice
Wild mice
The reproductive ecology of the house mouse
Mating behavior and female choice: their relation to social structure in wild caught House mice
Mating patterns in seminatural populations of mice influenced by MHC genotype
Dangerous liaisons
Major histocompatibility complex heterozygosity reduces fitness in experimentally infected mice
Male-male competition magnifies inbreeding depression in wild house mice
Transgenerational epigenetic effects
The frequency of multiple paternity suggests that sperm competition is common in house mice (Mus domesticus)
Communal nesting patterns in mice implicate MHC genes in kin recognition
Experimental infection magnifies inbreeding depression in house mice
Fitness effects of a selfish gene are revealed in an ecological context
Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment
The evolutionary ecology of the major histocompatibility complex
MHC signaling during social communication
MHC studies in nonmodel vertebrates: what have we learned about natural selection in 15 years?
Free female choice in house mice: leaving best for last
Dominance rank, copulatory behavior, and differential reproduction
Experimental evolution of sperm quality via postcopulatory sexual selection in house mice
Sexual selection, sexual conflict and the evolution of ageing and life span
The evolution of female mate choice by sexual conflict
The indirect benefits of mating with attractive males outweigh the direct costs
Negative genetic correlation between male sexual attractiveness and survival
A pacific culture among wild baboons: its emergence and transmission
Good genes and the maternal effects of polyandry on offspring reproductive success in the bulb mite
Metabolic and endocrine consequences of social stress in a visible burrow system
Impact of prenatal stress on long term body weight is dependent on timing and maternal sensitivity
Fathers and sons: genetic and social dominance in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus
Paternally induced transgenerational environmental reprogramming of metabolic gene expression in mammals


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Alexander Skarsgard Promotes 'Battleship' in Japan
I must be missing something because I've never found this guy to be hot. He looks like Jim Carrey's gay brother or something. Meh.
Yes, you are missing something.
It's okay though. We need people that are still able to function and not get lost in a Scandinavian fantasy dreamworld
LOL my thoughts exactly, I'm completely infatuated with Alexander so sometimes I wish I had a life outside this swede dreams!!

subset: commoncrawl


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Forrest founded Garena in May 2009 and has been the company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since its inception. Forrest aspires to make people's daily life better through technology, and has devoted most of his career to pursuing that goal.
Under his leadership, Garena has grown from a four-member founding team into a 4,500-strong* company, with presence in more than 10 countries in Asia and beyond. Today, Garena is the largest Internet and mobile platform company in Southeast Asia.
By providing strategic counsel to talented entrepreneurs, Forrest also aims to bolster the technology entrepreneurship ecosystem in the region. He has participated in and contributed to the formation and development of several early-stage technology start-up projects such as the successful e-commerce company RedMart, where he is a board member.
In 2015, Forrest was awarded Ernst & Young's Entrepreneur of the Year award for Internet and Mobile in Singapore.
He holds an MBA from Stanford University in the United States and a Bachelor's degree in Engineering from Shanghai Jiaotong University in China. Prior to founding Garena, Forrest worked at Motorola, Corning and MTV Networks.
* updated as of Oct 2015
Nick joined Garena in December 2014 after more than a decade with General Atlantic (GA), most recently as the Chief Executive Officer of GA's Southeast Asia business.
Nick is a member of the World Economic Forum's Working Group on Local Capital Markets Integration, a Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, a member of the Singapore Chapter of the Young President' Organisation (YPO) and a member of the global Kauffman Society. He was also the former Honorary Secretary and a board member of the Singapore Venture Capital and Private Equity Association (SVCA), a former board member of the New York Private Equity Network (NYPEN) and a former board member of the U.S.-ASEAN Business Council.
Nick first joined GA in 2002 in New York and moved to Singapore in 2011 to co-found the firm's ASEAN office. During his time at GA, Nick played a key role in many innovative investments for GA including the firm's first investment in Southeast Asia (Garena), its most successful investment to-date in India (Genpact, NYSE: G), and its first investment in cloud computing (Quality Technology, NYSE: QTS).
Prior to GA, Nick was a management consultant with McKinsey & Company in New York. During college and graduate school, he also worked at Goldman Sachs, Microsoft, Lenovo, and IBM.
He received an MBA from Stanford University's Graduate School of Business in 2007, where he was an Arjay Miller Scholar and co-led the MBA exchange program with Tsinghua University in Beijing. He received his undergraduate degree from Harvard University in Chemistry and Physics, magna cum laude, in 2000. In 1996 he was named a United States Presidential Scholar, one of the nation's highest academic honors for graduating secondary school students.
*updated as of 1Q2016
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Your Life Is Your Practice: Insight Meditation Retreat (7 days)
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Inevitably, there'll be some noise as IMS's project to renovate the Catskills is underway. (Its completion is currently scheduled for late August 2013.) The work, however, will take place primarily indoors during regular construction hours, usually Monday – Friday, 7:00am–4:00pm.
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5 Questions for Phylicia Rashad on 'Raisin in the Sun'
Whether it's as Clair Huxtable on "The Cosby Show" or Gilda in "For Colored Girls," Phylicia Rashad has built her career on playing strong and memorable women. In the new Halle Berry film "Frankie & Alice," based on a true story of a go-go dancer who suffers from dissociative identity disorder, Rashad continues that tradition and tackles the role of Edna Murdoch, Berry's on-screen mother. Rashad says she didn't think twice about accepting the role because it's a "fine, very well made film." Rashad, a native of Houston, Texas, is also honing her talents behind the scenes. On March 23, the Ebony Repertory Theatre in Los Angeles will present Lorraine Hansberry's "A Raisin in the Sun," directed by Rashad. She spoke with ESSENCE.com about "Frankie & Alice" and reprising "A Raising in the Sun." Here's what you said: Jai commented via Facebook: "I loved her in 'The Old Settler.'" Vanessa said via Facebook: I loved her in 'The Cosby Show' as Claire and I also loved her in 'Raisin in the Sun.'
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There are so many benefits of massage. From relaxation for your aches and pain to serious pain relief for injuries. Massage is an affordable preventative health care treatment that you can enjoy at any age.
Sacred Moments offers...
Modalities - Carla has been doing massage since 2005 and has learned several modalities that can benefit you. Myofascial therapy can have permanent effects relieving muscle dysfunction and pain. Carla will use whatever modality is most appropriate for you and will work with you to determine what results you desire from your session.
Reiki - As a part of every massage it adds a beautiful warm energy and enhances the healing potential.
Reflexology - Do you stand on your feet a lot? Are there reasons you may not want a full-body massage? Try Reflexology. Carla is fully certified in this soothing wellness modality.
Chair Massage is offered both in the office and on location.
Classes – Carla Heisten is approved by the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (NCBTMB) as a continuing education provider. Please contact me for details and further information if you wish to arrange a class.
Products are available for your Enjoyment and Wellness. I have pain relieving products including organic products without preservatives. Carla also makes unique handcrafted gifts and jewelry. Gift certificates are available for sessions or in any denomination.
Sacred Moments Massage is in Chelsea, Maine conveniently located only 4 miles from the East Augusta Rotary.


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DéLonghi U Nespresso Coffee Machine - Orange
Save heaps on this top brand coffee maker!
Make the perfect espresso or long black - includes 16 Nespresso coffee capsules!
25 second heat up time | 3 different magnetic cup support positions
Coffee experts DéLonghi have been in the forefront of innovative kitchen appliances with their distinctive style and performance. They are recognised as a global market leader in coffee, providing the latest technology and good taste in true Italian style. Add a touch of class with DéLonghi and fill your living space with the aroma of great coffee.
- DéLonghi appliances
- Design: U Nespresso Coffee Machine
- Pack contents:
- DéLonghi U EN110OSOLO Nespresso Coffee Machine
- 16 Nespresso Grands Crus Coffee Capsules - Best Before: 30/11/2015
- Please note: You will not receive this item within the best before date for the capsules
- Automatic motorised brewing unit
- Thermoblock heating system
- 25 second heat up time
- Powerful 19-bar pressure pump
- Flow stop - automatic & programmable coffee quantity
- Auto-standby after 9 minutes
- Adjustable extraction settings:
- Ristretto - 25mL
- Espresso - 40mL
- Lungo - 110mL
- Easy introduction & ejection of capsules
- Removable & adjustable drip tray
- Capacity:
- Collecting tank holds 14 used capsules
- 0.7L water tank
- Made with recycled plastic materials
- Model: EN110OSOLO
- Colour: Orange
- Voltage: 220V-240V~50/60Hz
- Input power: 1260W
- Energy class: A-40%
- Dimensions (cm, approx.): 36.9 x 11 x 25.1 (W x D x H)
- Country of origin: Hungary
- 2 Year Manufacturer Warranty - full product warranty details inside packaging


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absolutely beautiful
By MARY LOU
from ORILLIA
I just received this ring today and it is beautiful. Even better in real life than on the website. The diamonelle really sparkles ; especially in contrast to the mat finish of the filgree part. My regular size fits even though it is a wide ring. I love filigree jewellry in general and this piece in particular.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend


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For sale by Sunshine Modern World Of Fashion - VERIFIED SELLER VERIFIED12 Feb 3:00 pmLagos Island East, Lagos
Original Hermes, premiun Animal skin leather, with tyre sole and comfortable footbed,...its a delight for men who love to look smart and classy,.call or whatapp to place your order.
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IN MY OWN WORDS: ADAM WAINWRIGHT, a 30-minute interview with the St. Louis Cardinals pitcher, premieres Wednesday, July 16 at 8:30 p.m. as part of a full night of baseball programming on FSN Midwest.
the show, Wainwright speaks at length about his mental approach to the
game. FSN Midwest's Pat Parris conducts the interview, which took place
prior to Wainwright's recent injury. Wainwright talks about growing up
from IN MY OWN WORDS: ADAM WAINWRIGHT on FSN
On breaking through in 2006: "In 2006 spring training I was talking to Carpenter about a lot of things he did mentally. I asked him what the difference was in him now and when he was with the Blue Jays….He said it's all mental Adam. It's what you can believe you can do...I was able to trick myself into believing that. And so from the first day on I treated every game like it was the World Series. And when we got to the World Series it was no big deal because I'd been there all year."
On the impact Carpenter has had on his career: "Carp has been a very positive influence for my pitching career. I owe him a lot. When he says something to me it's usually pretty constructive, something I can use and something I need to use pretty quick because he knows his stuff. He learned from the best too. He learned from Roger Clemens."
On converting back to starting in 2007: "I had to make some adjustments about a month or two into the season. The approach was right, but physically and mentally I was a little out of control. I needed to focus a little bit sharper…I used to be really quick with my mechanics. In the bullpen I was coming right at you…Actually, Jim Edmonds during last year said Adam, you have to slow down. You have to be able to control your delivery and control your ball or you'll keep getting hit. It was in the second inning and I'd just given up a run, and I said I'll give it a try. I actually slowed down. I was able to control my body and get my body into a position to throw the ball better."
Air dates for IN MY OWN WORDS: ADAM WAINWRIGHT (times Central)
Wednesday, July 16 at 8:30 p.m.
Friday, July 25 at 10 p.m.
Wednesday, July 30 at 10 p.m.
Saturday, Aug. 2 at 10 p.m.


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Meantime (film) MP3
Director: Mike Leigh Productor: Graham Benson Escritor: Mike Leigh Reparto : Tim Roth, Phil Daniels, Gary Oldman Todos los derechos reservados®
MEANTIME - BeBe & CeCe Winans MP3
From their 1988 Capitol album "Heaven".
Spacehog - In the Meantime (Music Video) MP3
SUBSCRIBE to my main channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/Some1CP -- This video was reuploaded after it disappeared from YouTube out of nowhere.
HELMET - Meantime ⌇ Full album ☆ 1992 ⌇ HD MP3
Helmet is an alternative metal band from New York City formed in 1989. They realesed Meantime (their second album) in 1992 through Interscope Records.
Beatsteaks - Meantime (Official Video) MP3
Der Videoclip zu Meantime von den Beatsteaks. Das neue Album "Beatsteaks" ist hier erhältlich: Limitierte & Signierte Deluxe Box: ...
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Colin (Tim Roth, making his screen debut) and his brother Mark (Phil Daniels, who starred in Quadrophenia) are down and out. They live in a squalid flat with ...
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Content owner: WMG.
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NEW Channel! Come Subscribe to Bohemia Afterdark's NEW Channel! We will be unlocking more of the music vault!
Nef The Pharaoh - Meantime [New 2015] MP3
Nef The Pharaoh - Meantime (2015) Produced By P-Lo Of The Invasion.
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Spacehog- In The Meantime lyric video.
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"IN THE MEANTIME, DARLING" Jean Crain, Frank Ladimore Eugene Pallette, Gale Robbins. 9-22-1944. MP3
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[Stereo] Late night USTV appearance for the group.
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Andy Stanley - Yes, You Can Part ~ 3 of 4 "In The Meantime Series" MP3
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The full Album Meantime by Helmet (1992) I do not own these songs! Songz: 1. In The Meantime 0:00 - 3:07 2. Iron Head 3:08 - 6:30 3. Give It 6:31 - 10:47 4.
KING Performs "In The Meantime" MP3
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Equine Sketch Two, ink sketch by Carol Engles
painting by artist Carol Engles
24 in X 18 in (61 cm X 45.7 cm)
This painting is available directly from the artist.
More Paintings by Carol Engles
More art in Today's New Paintings
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Images may not be reproduced without the permission of the artist.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
can i set up a confirmation email?Asked by eli on January 26, 2016 at 10:54 AM
it will be sent to whomever fills out the form and makes them confirm that the information is accurate. I would like a confirmation button but is not necessary, i really just want them to get an email with all the information in it so they see if it is accurate before replying. thanks
JotForm Support
If you would like to send an email confirmation to the user filling out the form, set up a form autoresponder:
This will send an email confirmation to the address the user filling out the form enters.


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Sweet Home Alabama: A Salvaged Home in the South
A Wedowee, Alabama, family hand-built their cabin using scraps they found onsite and in the surrounding counties. This is as local as it gets.
The home has no "finished" ceilings. "I wanted the lumber to be exposed, so it would look like I'd remodeled an old mill," Guy says.
Photography by Michael Shopenn


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Unlike a traditional contract of employment, a zero-hours contract offers no guarantee of work. Many employers use such contracts to cover situations where work fluctuates, and many individuals also find this to be a suitable working arrangement. However, there has been criticism of their widespread use in the UK. Although there is currently no legal definition for a zero-hours contract, employers need to ensure that written contracts contain provisions setting out the status, rights and obligations of their zero-hours staff.
This factsheet examines the business rationale for considering zero-hours contracts in the workplace, and the issues to consider when using zero-hours contracts (such as the employment status of the individual). It also examines legislative changes surrounding zero-hours contracts and puts forward good-practice recommendations for those areas where some employers need to improve their working practices.


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[[Image:|thumb|300px|right|Green tomato]]
Name Variations Edit
About Green tomato Edit
Wikipedia Article About Green tomato on Wikipedia
Tomatoes are used extensively in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cuisines, especially Italian ones. The tomato has an acidic property that is used to bring out other flavors. This same acidity makes tomatoes especially easy to preserve in home canning as tomato sauce or paste. The first to commercially can tomatoes was Harrison Woodhull Crosby in Jamesburg, New Jersey. Tomato juice is often canned and sold as a beverage. Unripe green tomatoes can also be used to make salsa, be breaded and fried, or pickled.


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3M 85822 Silicone Lubricant, (Net Fill: 13.25 oz.) 24 fl oz
3M 85822 lubricant is formulated to work in machinery applications. Main ingredient of comprised of hydrocarbon solvent, silicone. Is rated as Food Grade. Can be used under the following temperature ranges: -28 F minimum operating temperature to +350 F maximum operating temperature.
We Also Recommend


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On Friday March 22 the Festive Camera Justitia Night takes place with a welcome by chair of the Movies that Matter board Heikelien Verrijn Stuart followed by the screening of the film The Khmer Rouge and the Man of Non-Violence. The screening will be followed by a Q&A with protagonist and defence attorney Francois Roux and filmmaker Bernard Mangiante. Presentation by Barbara Oomen, Dean of University College Roosevelt Academy.
Friday March 22, 19.30 hrs Theater aan het Spui 1.
Go here for more infromation.


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By Daniel Echikson
Renato Turchetta, researcher at the UK's Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, is working on a sensor that will be useful in both the hospital and research lab.
Renato Turchetta's new sensor represents a double threat to cancer.
In the hospital, the sensor will allow doctors to see smaller tumours than possible with today's technology, allowing them to intervene at an early stage to treat life-threatening cancers. In the lab, it will allow cancer researchers to perform experiments on smaller biological samples than ever could before, showing for the first time how the individual molecules that make up cancer cells interact with chemotherapy drugs. It will hopefully lead to groundbreaking, life-saving research.
Surprisingly, this revolutionary sensor is based on the "same sort of sensor used in cameras." From this basic building block, Turchetta and his team at Rutherford add technology that accelerates picture-taking.
"When we take an x-ray," Turchetta explains, "we take many pictures and combine them to generate one. But we only have a limited time to do this: about two seconds. After this amount of time, people move and the image becomes blurry. If we can take more pictures in this limited amount of time, it means our image will be clearer." Researchers already are using his prototypes to understand the microscopic machinations of cancer cells on a level of detail they could not before.
Another variant leverages transmission electron microscopy, TEM for short. This technique transmits a beam of electrons through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through it. This allows researchers to image microscopic molecules, and to "be more precise—there will be more pixels in the x-ray image taken," meaning that x-ray images will be clearer and easier for doctors to interpret.
Collaboration with industry is key to realising this super sensor vision. Turchetta developed the TEM variant of his sensor with the help of a leading multinational sensor company, US-based FEI. Today, his team is working on bringing the x-ray variant of his sensor into the real world with the help of the Oxfordshire-based sensor company, VivaMOS.
"Ten years from now," he hopes that "fewer people will die of cancer." If he can work with companies to transform his sensor research into real world technology, as he has already proven he can do, doubtless, lives will be saved.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
arressted by association on theft case. what do i do
Hire a lawyer. There is no guilty by association. You may be a party to a theft - meaning that you aid and abetted in some manner. You want to keep this off your record or keep your punishment at a minimum as theft is a crime of moral turpitude.Ask a similar question
Sounds like the State is proceed on the case under 7.01 of the penal code - law of the parties and claiming you were a party to the offense. If the can prove this, then it would mean you are just as guilty as the other person charged. So, you should hire an attorney to defend you situation right away. If you have a Juvenile case in Harris County, I recommend Kathryn Kelly Graul - Former prosecutor and very good.Ask a similar question
I am not sure what you consider to be "guilt by association"? If it is the "law of the parties" where you were an active participant, then I agree with the other answers posted. If you were just present and, perhaps, did not know about the theft before or during the theft, there may be room to argue. Recently, I had this type of situation. In the end, the active participant received a Pre-Trial Diversion and the charges agaainst the unknowing party were dissmissed. I also note that you may be a juvenile. If so, you still need an attorney to help evaluate your case.Ask a similar question
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How I'm Saving Money on Groceries This Winter
This post may contain affiliate links. Please read my disclosure page for more info.
Saving money on groceries is usually an area of personal finance that most of us struggle with. I find that winter is often the best time to really cut down that grocery bill. Summer, at least for us, seems to be the time when we spend the most on groceries as we celebrate the warmer weather with barbeques and picnics and purchase items that we might not ordinarily buy. So, when winter comes around, we work hard to buckle down and get our grocery bills extra low to make up for summer splurges on fun foods like S'mores fixings and mass quantities of ice cream. 🙂
If your family's grocery shopping habits are anything like mine, I think you'll find these tips helpful for keeping grocery bills extra low during the winter months.
Saving Money on Groceries Starts With Double-Dipping
Double-dipping on our food supply is one of my favorite ways to keep grocery costs low. We do this by finding key ingredients that can serve a dual-purpose for meal-planning.
For instance, we'll make a pot roast on Sunday, and then use the leftover meat to make beef chili, beef stroganoff or vegetable beef soup during the week. We purposely work to pick meals that have the potential to be used again in various ways. Chicken dinner, for example, often means chicken fajitas or a chicken and rice casserole later in the week.
Arranging your meal plan in a way that allows you to make several meals out of just a few ingredients will save you money on your grocery bill. It will also help you get back some of that extra you spent on special items during the summer months.
Stock Up on Comfort Foods
There's nothing like comfort food to get one through those long winter days, so each fall we'll take a weekend or two and make huge pots of different kinds of soups, or different kinds of casseroles and put them in the freezer.
For instance, I'll boil up a whole chicken, shred the meat, and divide the meat and broth into several bags so that we have a base soup ready for chicken noodle soup, chicken wild rice soup and a host of casseroles or other soups. We shred the meat small so that it stretches into more meals, and make sure the meals are hearty by adding in veggies that we chopped and froze during summer sales or from our garden.
Gather With Family or Friends
A good potluck dinner is a great way to pass the time during the long winters, and it makes meals cheaper as well. With each person or family bringing something, nobody has to do it all, and grocery costs can be cut down substantially. Invite a few friends or family members over and have everyone share in putting the meal together. You can make the spaghetti, while others bring the bread, salad, or dessert. Play some games, enjoy yummy food and have fun.
Hopefully these tips help you save money on your food bill this winter like they do for our family. I know I'll be using them to save money on my grocery spending this winter. If you get discouraged or feel overwhelmed, or are tempted just to give up and splurge all year long, just know that you don't have to eat beans and rice for days on end or going on a 6-month no-spend challenge to recoup your grocery costs. It just takes a little thought, planning and creativity.
What are your best tips for saving money on groceries during the long winter days? What are your favorite winter meals or activities? How do you repurpose your meals to make them go farther for your family?
Photo courtesy of: Alan Levine
Latest posts by Laurie (see all)
- 25 Ways to Start Paying off Debt NOW - April 17, 2017
- Fun and Frugal Valentines Ideas for Kids - January 18, 2016
- 7 Reasons Why I Love Personal Finance Blogs - March 5, 2015


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Mixed Greens Calendar
One of our favorite local blogs is West Seattle based Mixed Greens. With a focus on local food, a philosophy of sustainability, and beautiful photography, the gals at Mixed Greens provide recipes, sources for local produce, and some great musings.Now they've published their first calendar! Each page is 4 1/4″ x 11″, printed on 100% post consumer recycled fiber photo paper with fine archival ink and is held together with a magnet clip for hanging. They've printed recipes on the back 2 cards for easy reference and storage. We have them at Click! for $21 -- a great gift with local roots.
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|Property type
COSY SEMI-DETACHED COTTAGE PERFECT FOR COUPLES OR FAMILIES. SLEEPS 2 2 COMPLIMENTARY GIFT FOR SPECIAL BIRTHDAYS NEWLYWEDS AND ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS PLEASE ADVISE AT TIME OF BOOKING. DOGS STAY FOR FREE UP UNTIL 31 MARCH 2017 This delightful 18th century stone cottage is tucked away in the popular area of Trenant Vale a short stroll from the large children s park and playing fields that sit on the banks of the River Camel. A walk across the foot bridge takes you to the bustling market town of Wadebridge offering a wide choice of local shops and a variety of restaurants and cafes. Spend the day on the Camel Trail 17 miles of traffic free walking and cycling alongside the river. Bikes are available for hire in Wadebridge. A 5 mile bike ride from Wadebridge leads you to the Cornish fishing port of Padstow. The town is filled with galleries shops pubs and restaurants including Rick Stein s popular seafood restaurant and bistro. Ideally situated for touring the whole of Cornwall there are numerous attractions to suit all tastes including Crealy Adventure Park Newquay Blue Reef Aquarium The Eden Project and the house and gardens of Lanhydrock. The popular beach of Polzeath is a 5 mile drive away and Rock beach which is also close by is dog friendly all year round. Surfing spots include Newquay and Watergate Bay both within a half hour drive. This cosy accommodation with many period features offers TWO bedrooms: 1 double with original floorboardsand 1 small twin with 2 6 beds suitable for children under 10 years only TV and DVD. Bathroom: family size with shower attachment shower over bath and WC. Lounge: cosy with TV Freeview DVD hi-fi iPod dock original floorboard ceiling and woodburner (first basket of logs included). Tiled flooring throughout downstairs. Kitchen/diner: with seating Belfast sink Aga electric cooker fridge/freezer dishwasher and microwave. A washing machine is situated in an outdoor shed. Outside: to the rear a small enclosed courtyard with BBQ and seating. Amenities: off-road parking for 1 vehicle next to the cottage or roadside to the front (on a first come first served basis). Bed linen towels wi-fi and electric included. 3 dogs welcome. Additional info: welcome Cornish cream tea on arrival. For family/friends holidays there is a sister cottage next door property code SNOWD. Location: dog friendly Rock beach 5 miles convenience store and pubs within walking distance.
Pub nearby
Wadebridge, North Cornwall
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Here some suggested organisations that offer expert advice on SN.
How do you cope?(10 Posts)
Hello, I posted last week about my nine month old little boy who is described as floppy. He can roll onto his front and tries to crawl but hasn't quite got there. He isn't sitting yet although he is fine in his bumbo and isn't weight baring. His fine motor skills are fine, babbling, picking up and has no problem eating. So I was referred to a specialist who I saw yesterday. My little one had, had bloods taken in the week and the results so far are negative . Apparently that means he doesn't have any form of serious muscular dystrophy. When she saw him yesterday she said his eyelids were a big droopy and his pallet a little high( really I can't see anything but maybe that's just me ) she was lovely but said its going to be a long process of eliminating what it isn't , and the next things they are testing for take two months for the results! I'm a mess, how do I manage for two months its sending me in sane already!! And I've already diagnosed him with the worst condition and can't stop crying!! Can anyone who has been through this please tell me his they coped without going in sane?? X
Message withdrawn at poster's request.
Message withdrawn at poster's request.
Stop googling now. You will drive yourself nuts, convince yourself it's something terrible and make yourself horribly depressed. Trust me I know.. I did the LOT!
Also..sometimes there AREN'T answers. Nearly 50% children don't ever get a diagnosis (according to my son's Paediatrician). Sometimes you have to wait and see, watch and wait, being pro active in enlisting support (physio, OT, school later on) and just let your child show you the way.
BTW the docs usually pick up all sorts of 'features' My DS has a high palate, droopy open mouth, vaguely dysmorphic features (allegedly..he looks fine to me)
We never did get a diagnosis for what has caused his difficulties, but we have received help and services etc fine nevertheless.
Hang in there.
Thank you all for your replies.
Poltergoose, no he's not in pain he's a very happy little boy!
Starfish enterprise , thanks I will try and join that group. The wait is for a couple of things. An appointment for a rest that tests the muscles and a test for two conditions sma 2 and something I can't remember the name of? Was you little one tested for these?
Medusaishavingabadhairday thanks for your reply. Could I ask what symptoms your little one had and how they are getting on now?
DS2 was very floppy from birth. Couldn't latch on to feed either. Very very slow to get head control, sit (about 11 months) smile (also 11 months) . All milestones delayed. Saw a paed when he was 3 months who kindly informed me she thought he was brain damaged. Later saw the neuromuscular people at GOSH who did loads of tests for MD etc, and a muscle biopsy which was mildly abnormal but non specific. He was consequently labeled with Congenital Hypotonia, hypermobility and developmental delay.
Saw genetics who flagged up 'markers' (wide spaced eyes, high palate, open mouth etc) still no diagnosis.
Added in speech delays later....
Fast forward in time. he eventually walked (2.5 yrs) talked (4 + ) Wears splints (AFOs) , has had physio and speech therapy,Many years later he is a tall handsome and VERY talkative young man of 16. Yes he has special needs... he still wears splints on his legs because his muscle tone is poor, and he has some learning disabilities and autism. He has just left special school,where he has done amazingly well.. the only pupil to sit a proper GCSE. (in maths his one 'normal' ability)
He's never going to win the olympics, but he can walk, and swim. He has friends, and is a happy boy.
Hoping you will have a similar outcome... some of the muscle tests are not terribly nice (biopsy is fine, nerve conduction not so nice) but at least you are getting things ruled in/out quickly.x
Thanks for the reply.. There is some hope then.. With regards to the nerve conduction can I ask would u put your son through it again? I don't want the full details as I've already scared myself half to death but don't want to put him through anything pointless or anything where there is a better alternative ? X
Our DD is 3.5 now and we are just coming to the end of the really really hard first few years. The tests are a nightmare, its horrible to wait and not even be sure what youre hoping for - any answers at this age are generally not what you'd want to hear. But somehow you gte through it. Step away from Dr Google, he's not your friend. Your various therapists will start soon and give you more positive things to focus on.
Focus on your support networks and whatever helps you stay sane and stay together as a family.
Our DD has significant and complex needs, shes a little mystery as far as modern medicine is concerned, shes unlike any child our pead has seen, all her tests are clear. Shes still very significantly delayed but we are starting SN nursery in just over 2 weeks and she is an adorable little girl. Some of her frustration is easing, altho she still cant speak we are better at manageing her needs and shes usually happy and smiley. Weve had excellent experiences with nursery and other childcare, she has made more genuine loving bonds with people than I would have dreamed of. It will be ok, but this bit is just really hard.
We were told our muscle biopsy would take a few months, it ended up being over a year and then came back normal. It was awful, but we nearly lost dd, so I was pretty numb anyway.
I google. For me knowledge is power, and I am stronger after shaking in the night.
In answer to how you "cope", I'm not sure we have any real choice. This is the hand we were dealt and so we endure the awful bits, crumble a bit sometimes and live the happy bits hard. Dd is a joy and I am often truly amazed that I am lucky enough to have her.
I have been where you are. And so I know that nothing we can say helps.
Except that we have been there. I love zzzz answer. We don't cope, but we don't have a choice. Unfortunately that's the naked truth. Be kind to yourself. Cry with and for your beloved child. Try to enjoy the present anyway. It does get better (because you get used to it), but it didn't help me when people pointed that out at all.
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Guest Reviews
Overall Rating
8.7 Excellent
Based on 28 reviews
Pros: The placement of the hostel is good, quiet area not far from Pelô.
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Elaine, a human given name originally meaning "the sun", may refer to:
- Elaine Descroix, a Manticoran politician.
- Elaine Dumarest, a Havenite politician.
- Elaine Dunharrow, a Manticoran spacer in the 16th Century PD.
- Elaine Komandorski, a former Mesan genetic slave also known as Georgia Sakristos or Georgia Young.
- Elaine Mayhew, second wife of Protector Benjamin IX of Grayson.
|This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page.


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Educational films
Internet videos
|Persona incaricata:
|Reed Kroloff
|Tipo materiale:
|Clipart/images/graphics, Risorsa internet, Videorecording
|Tipo documento
|Risorsa Internet, Computer file, Materiale visivo
|Tutti gli autori / Collaboratori:
|TED (Organization); Films for the Humanities & Sciences (Firm); Films Media Group.; Films on Demand.
|Numero OCLC:
|Nota sulla lingua:
|Films on Demand digital educational video.
Item Number: 48367.
Films on Demand is distributed by Films Media Group for Films for the Humanities & Sciences, Cambridge Educational, Meridian Education, and Shopware.
|1 streaming video file (15 min.) : sound, color, digital file
|Optimism and architecture --
Architecture in a different way --
Current split of architecture: step-by-step assembly --
Pleasure and architecture.
|Altri titoli:
|Reed Kroloff, architecture, modern and romantic
Architecture, modern and romantic
TED Talks
Known throughout the architecture community for his award-winning tenure as editor-in-chief of Architecture magazine, Reed Kroloff came into the spotlight after Hurricane Katrina. As Dean of Architecture at Tulane University, he was responsible for bringing back 97% of the school's student body and 100% of its faculty after the disaster. He was appointed to the Bring New Orleans Back Commission by New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin in 2005 in order to assist in the reconstruction of the city and to help avoid creating "a bad cartoon version of what New Orleans actually is." Kroloff continues to promote excellence in urban design through his writing and his consulting firm Jones Kroloff. In this TEDTalk, he gives us a new lens for judging new architecture: is it modern, or is it romantic? He provides glorious images from two leading practices and a blistering crique of the 9/11 planning process.
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320 Sq Ft Office with new carpet, paint and lighting. Large shared foyer/waiting room. Can be combined with unit next door for over 700 square feet. Includes Most utilities, Tax and CAM. Busy Stoplight Corner - Easy to find with great exposure to Rte 30 traffic & 80th Ave - Plenty of parking.
The listing information set forth on this site is based upon information which we consider reliable, but because it has been supplied by third parties to our franchisees (who in turn supplied it to us) , we cannot represent that it is accurate or complete, and it should not be relied upon as such. The offerings are subject to errors, omissions, changes, including price, or withdrawal without notice. All dimensions are approximate and have not been verified by the selling party and cannot be verified by Sotheby's International Realty Affiliates LLC. It is recommended that you hire a professional in the business of determining dimensions, such as an appraiser, architect or civil engineer, to determine such information.