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The Value of the Follow-Through Derives from Motor Learning Depending on Future Actions
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1 Report The Value of the Follow-Through Derives from Motor Learning Depending on Future Actions Highlights d Future movements determine which motor memory is currently active and modifiable Authors Ian S. Howard, Daniel M. Wolpert, David W. Franklin d d d Skills that otherwise interfere can be learned if each has a unique follow-through A single skill is learned faster if its follow-through is consistent Selection of motor memories depends on both lead-in and follow-through movements Correspondence (I.S.H.), (D.W.F.) In Brief For a motor skill to be learned, its motor memory must be stored, protected from interference, and reactivated for modification during practice. Howard et al. demonstrate that future movement determines which motor memory is currently active and that a consistent follow-through constrains skill acquisition to a single memory, thereby speeding up learning. Howard et al., 2015, Current Biology 25, February 2, 2015 ª2015 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved
2 Current Biology 25, , February 2, 2015 ª2015 The Authors The Value of the Follow-Through Derives from Motor Learning Depending on Future Actions Report Ian S. Howard, 1, * Daniel M. Wolpert, 2,3 and David W. Franklin 2,3, * 1 Centre for Robotics and Neural Systems, University of Plymouth, Portland Square, Plymouth PL4 8AA UK 2 Computational and Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK Summary In ball sports, we are taught to follow through, despite the inability of events after contact or release to influence the outcome [1, 2]. Here we show that the specific motor memory active at any given moment critically depends on the movement that will be made in the near future. We demonstrate that associating a different follow-through movement with two motor skills that normally interfere [3 7] allows them to be learned simultaneously, suggesting that distinct future actions activate separate motor memories. This implies that when learning a skill, a variable follow-through would activate multiple motor memories across practice, whereas a consistent follow-through would activate a single motor memory, resulting in faster learning. We confirm this prediction and show that such follow-through effects influence adaptation over time periods associated with real-world skill learning. Overall, our results indicate that movements made in the immediate future influence the current active motor memory. This suggests that there is a critical time period both before [8] and after the current movement that determines motor memory activation and controls learning. Results and Discussion For a motor skill to be learned over a prolonged period of time, the motor memory of the skill must be stored, protected from interference by intervening tasks, and reactivated for modification when the skill is practiced. Given the widespread notion of the importance of a consistent follow-through in many sports [1, 2], here we examine whether the currently active motor memory might depend on the movement that we are going to make in the near future. We examine a motor skill that is known to be long lasting but also subject to interference learning to reach in the presence of a dynamic (force-field) perturbation generated on the hand by a robotic interface [4, 9]. When two force fields that act in opposing directions are presented alternately, there is substantial interference, preventing learning of either [4 7]. We first examined whether linking such skills that interfere to different follow-through movements might activate separate motor memories for each, thereby allowing both skills to be learned without interference. 3 Co-senior author *Correspondence: (I.S.H.), (D.W.F.) This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Participants grasped the handle of a robotic interface (Figure S1) and made a reaching movement (in one of four directions) through a perturbing force field to a central target, followed immediately by a second unperturbed, followthrough movement to one of two possible final targets (Figure 1A, follow-through; see the Supplemental Experimental Procedures for full details). The field direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise) was randomly selected on each trial but was uniquely specified by the target (present throughout the trial) to which the follow-through movement would be made (association of force-field direction and follow-through movement was counter-balanced across participants). So that predictive force compensation could be assessed independently from co-contraction, channel trials [10, 11], in which the movement was confined to a simulated mechanical channel from the starting to central target, were randomly applied throughout the experiment. Participants performed 75 blocks of 18 trials each in the force field, and to examine learning, we compared differences in the kinematic error and force compensation between the first four blocks and final four blocks in the exposure phase using an ANOVA with a main factor of epoch (two levels) and random factor of participant (eight levels). We found both a significant reduction in kinematic error (Figure 1B, brown; F 1,7 = 16.8; p = 0.005; hand paths shown in Figure S2A) and increase in force compensation (Figure 1C, brown; F 1,7 = ; p = 0.004) reaching around 40% of full compensation over a session. In contrast, when a second group of participants were presented with the final target, which again was predictive of the field direction, but did not follow-through to the target (Figure 1A, no follow-through), there was substantial interference between the motor skills, as expected [8, 12, 13]. Although we observed a small reduction in kinematic error in this group (Figure 1B, blue; F 1,7 = ; p = 0.01; hand paths shown in Figure S2B) there was no significant increase in force compensation (Figure 1C, blue; F 1,7 = 0.434; p = 0.531), suggesting that participants solely used non-specific co-contraction to reduce their error [14 16]. Finally, we contrasted the adaptation in the two groups of subjects using an ANOVA with epoch (two levels) and group (follow-through or no follow-through). There was a significant interaction effect for both kinematic error (F 1,124 = 7.388; p = 0.08) and force compensation (F 1,124 = 21.55; p < 0.001), indicating that interference was strongly reduced in the follow-through group. These results show that (despite the unperturbed kinematics of the movements to the central target being similar for both final targets; Table S1), when a follow-through movement is made that is predictive of the field direction, there is substantial reduction in interference. This suggests that different follow-throughs may activate distinct motor memories. Therefore, during skill learning on a single task, identical future movements on each trial (i.e., consistent follow-through) may access a single motor memory. In contrast, a variable follow-through may access multiple motor memories across trials, with any learning being spread across multiple memories, leading to a decrease in the speed of skill acquisition. We tested this prediction in two groups who experienced a single force field whose direction was fixed across all trials.
3 398 A B Figure 1. Associating Different Follow-Through Movements with Motor Skills Reduces Interference (A) Participants made an initial movement to a central target (green circle). During exposure trials, a velocity-dependent curl force field (force vectors shown as blue arrows) was applied during this movement, and the field direction (clockwise [CW] or counter-clockwise [CCW]) was determined by a visual target location (T1 or T2). A follow-through group made a subsequent unperturbed movement to the target location, whereas a no-follow-through group remained at the central target. The directions of the force-field (CW or CCW) and follow-through movement (+45 or 245 ) were counter-balanced across participants. Participants made movement in four directions but for clarity only one direction is shown. (B and C) The kinematic error (B) and force adaptation (C) (mean 6 SE across participants for pairs of blocks, combining adjacent even and odd blocks) for the follow-through (brown) and no-follow-through (blue) groups. See also Figures S1 and S2 and Table S1. Both groups made a movement in the force field to a central target followed by an unperturbed follow-through movement to a final target (Figure 2A). For one group, the follow-through movement was always made to the same target (consistent follow-through), whereas the other group made a followthrough movement on each trial to a randomly selected target from nine possible locations (variable follow-through). The direction of the force-field and follow-through movements was counter-balanced across participants. Importantly, the kinematics (and variability) of unperturbed movements to the central target were not significantly different between the two groups (Table S2), and there was no difference in the initial errors in the force field between the two groups (ANOVA on maximum perpendicular error of the first two exposure trials with a main factor of experimental group: F 1,46 = 0.801; p = 0.375). However, significantly faster learning was observed for the consistent, compared to the variable, follow-through group for both kinematic error (Figure 2B; F 1,5940 = ; p < 0.001) and force compensation (Figure 2C; F 1,660 = 3.921; C p = 0.048) as shown using an ANOVA across all exposure trials with the main effects of experimental group and trial number. The same analysis, performed on the first one-third of the exposure trials, showed significantly faster learning for the consistent compared to the variable follow-through group for both kinematic error (F 1,1980 = ; p < 0.001) and force compensation (F 1,220 = 9.057; p = 0.003). By the end of the session, there were no significant differences in either the kinematic error (F 1,94 = 1.668; p = 0.2) or force compensation (F 1,94 = 0.163; p = 0.687) (ANOVA on the last four trials with the main effect of experimental group), showing that both groups eventually learned the same amount for this simple skill. We used a dual-rate model to examine whether changes in the parameters that govern learning might account for the differences that we observed in skill acquisition rate, but not final level of learning. The time course of learning novel dynamics is well accounted for by two interacting processes: a fast process that adapts and decays quickly and a slower process that adapts and decays more gradually [17]. Each process is characterized by a learning rate that controls how strongly the motor memory is updated based on errors and a retention factor determining the movement-to-movement retention of the motor memory. We fit this dual-rate model to our participants learning (model is fit to the group-averaged data; Figure 2C, thick lines), and this showed that the differences between the groups was primarily due to the retention factor of the fast process (Figure 2D; A fast p < between groups, other parameters non-significant), suggesting that variable follow-through leads to decreased retention across trials [18]. Could our results on simple force-field learning over the course of an experimental session apply to real-world learning taking place over much more extended periods? In real-world tasks, such as a tennis or golf stroke, the lead-in to the movement is critical for task success, as it will determine characteristics such as variability at contact [19, 20]. Moreover, the recent past has been shown to also affect the selection of the current motor memory [8]. We examined the extent to which two motor skills, opposing force fields, could be simultaneously learned when the skill being currently experienced depended on a nonlinear combination of the past (lead-in) and future (follow-through) movements. Participants made movements from two possible starting locations (Figure 3A; S1 or S2) through two via points (V1 and V2) to one of two possible target locations (T1 or T2). A force field was applied between the via points whose direction on each trial was uniquely specified, according to an exclusive-or (XOR) rule, by the starting and target locations used on that trial (Figure 3A). Critically, the direction of the force field could not be predicted based on either the start location or the target location alone, but rather depended on both the start and final locations in a non-linear manner. The direction of the force field relative to the movements was counterbalanced across participants. Participants performed 240 blocks of 26 trials over 5 days, and to examine learning, we compared differences in the kinematic error and force compensation for the first four blocks and final four blocks in the force field using an ANOVA with a main factor of epoch (two levels) and random factor of participants (six levels). This was a surprisingly hard task to learn, and over the 5 days of practice, participants showed both a strong and gradual reduction in error (Figure 3B; F 1,5 = ; p = 0.002) and increase in force compensation (Figure 3C; F 1,5 = ; p = 0.001) to around 50%. Participants learned to access the motor memories based on the nonlinear rule as
4 399 A B C D Figure 2. Consistent Follow-Through Improves Learning Rate (A) Participants made a movement to a central target (green circle) followed by a follow-through movement to a target. During exposure trials, a curl force field was applied on the movement to the central target. The consistent-follow-through group always made the follow-through movement to the same target, whereas for the variable-follow-through group the target was randomly selected from nine possible locations on each trial. The direction of the force-field and follow-through movement was counter-balanced across participants. (B and C) The kinematic error (B) and force adaptation (C) (ten-trial running mean 6 SE across participants) for consistent-follow-through (red) and variablefollow-through (blue) groups. Solid lines show fits of a dual-rate model to force compensation. There are 40 channel trials for each participant, plotted according to the trial number at which they were presented in a pseudo-random fashion. (D) Parameters of fits (with 95% confidence intervals) of the dual-rate model to both groups. See also Table S2. shown by the force compensation being of the appropriate sign for all four possible movements (Figures 3D and S3), with the largest variance in the data accounted for by an XOR rule (Figure 3E). These results demonstrate that participants can utilize both past and future movements to produce a nonlinear separation of motor memories. This shows that the temporal events in close proximity to a movement, both before and after, are critical in determining the motor memory in which the skill is stored. Moreover, even for a relatively simple skill, such as force-field learning (compared to a tennis or golf stroke), the learning is slowly acquired over time courses on the order of real-world skill learning and is highly dependent on both the lead-in and follow-through. Although we have focused on learning simple force fields in constrained arm movements, previous work suggests that the mechanisms underlying such learning generalize to whole-body movement such as posture [21] and walking [22 24], as well as other more naturalistic movements [25]. Previous studies have examined a range of contextual cues that might allow the separation of motor memories. While static cues (e.g., color) have a very limited ability to separate motor memories [12, 13], dynamic moving cues [13, 26], different concurrent motion of the other arm [27 29], or the lead-in to a movement [8, 30] often have a substantial effect. Moreover, separating the location of learning either proprioceptively or visually facilitates learning of opposing force fields [13, 31, 32]. Models of such contextual effects in the motor system posit that they arise from the engagement of separate neural populations, e.g., [27]. Since it known that that future motor planning affects neural activity [33], it seems likely that the follow-through effect that we report either directly engages the separate neural populations that leads to the generation of movement or does so by affecting the initial state of the dynamical systems of neurons in the motor system that control movement [34]. Although we have shown that consistent follow-through leads to faster learning through selection of a single memory, this does not preclude other potential advantages of the follow-though, such as injury reduction or other biomechanical advantages [2]. Although several contextual cues have previously been shown to reduce interference [13, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36], our study is the first to show that different followthrough movements can reduce interference substantially, demonstrating the importance of future motor events in controlling current motor learning. Our findings suggest that distinct follow-throughs associated with different motor skills, such as different tennis strokes, will help maintain these skills in separate motor memories, thereby protecting them from interference when learning other skills. Moreover, even for a single skill, maintaining a consistent follow-through will speed up learning. An intriguing question is why a particular followthrough might be preferred when learning a skill. Our results suggest that variability in the follow-through, which might arise from planning variability [37], motor noise [19, 20, 38], or other sources of variability [39], would lead to a reduction in the speed of skill acquisition. Therefore, it may be optimal to choose the follow-through for a skill that can be executed with the minimum variability. Supplemental Information Supplemental Information includes Supplemental Experimental Procedures, three figures, and two tables and can be found with this article online at
5 400 A B C D E Figure 3. Participants Show Extended Learning of Skills that Nonlineary Depend on Both Lead-In and Follow-Through (A) Participants made movements from one of two start locations to one of two target locations (four possible movements). Movements had to pass through two via points (V1 and V2). On each exposure trial, a force field was applied in the region between the via points (exposure region), and the field direction (CW or CCW) was uniquely specified by the combination of the start and target locations according to an XOR rule (table). The direction of the force field (CW or CCW) was counter-balanced across participants. (B and C) The kinematic error (B) and force adaptation (C) (mean 6 SE across participants for pairs of blocks, combining adjacent even and odd blocks) over the 5 days of the experiment. (D) The force compensation averaged over the last 20 blocks (mean 6 SE across participants) for each of the four movements, with dashed bars indicating full compensation. (E) Average of the variance explained by a regression analysis across participants. The regression analysis was used to predict the pattern of compensation (D) by fitting weights to the four possible patterns (bias, start, target, XOR) across the movements. The percentage shows the amount of the variance in force compensation explained by these four patterns (see the Supplemental Experimental Procedures for details). See also Figure S3. Author Contributions I.S.H., D.M.W., and D.W.F. designed the study. I.S.H. ran the experiments. I.S.H., D.M.W., and D.W.F. performed the data analysis. I.S.H., D.M.W., and D.W.F. wrote the paper. Acknowledgments We thank the Wellcome Trust (WT091547MA and WT097803MA), Human Frontier Science Program, Plymouth University, and Royal Society (Noreen Murray Professorship in Neurobiology to D.M.W.) for support. We thank Sae Franklin and Christopher Ford for their assistance with running the experiments and Amy Bastian for comments on the manuscript. Received: September 8, 2014 Revised: October 28, 2014 Accepted: December 15, 2014 Published: January 8, 2015 References 1. Karageanes, S.J., and Scher, S. (2005). Baseball. In Principles of Manual Sports Medicine, S.J. Karageanes, ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins), pp Knudson, D., and Elliott, B. (2004). Biomechanics of tennis stroke. In Biomedical Engineering Principles in Sports, G.K. Hung and J.M. Pallis, eds. (Kluwer Academic), pp Shadmehr, R., and Holcomb, H.H. (1997). Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation. Science 277, Brashers-Krug, T., Shadmehr, R., and Bizzi, E. (1996). Consolidation in human motor memory. Nature 382, Caithness, G., Osu, R., Bays, P., Chase, H., Klassen, J., Kawato, M., Wolpert, D.M., and Flanagan, J.R. (2004). Failure to consolidate the consolidation theory of learning for sensorimotor adaptation tasks. J. Neurosci. 24, Karniel, A., and Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A. (2002). Does the motor control system use multiple models and context switching to cope with a variable environment? Exp. Brain Res. 143, Krakauer, J.W., Ghilardi, M.F., and Ghez, C. (1999). Independent learning of internal models for kinematic and dynamic control of reaching. Nat. Neurosci. 2, Howard, I.S., Ingram, J.N., Franklin, D.W., and Wolpert, D.M. (2012). Gone in 0.6 seconds: the encoding of motor memories depends on recent sensorimotor states. J. Neurosci. 32, Shadmehr, R., and Brashers-Krug, T. (1997). Functional stages in the formation of human long-term motor memory. J. Neurosci. 17, Scheidt, R.A., Reinkensmeyer, D.J., Conditt, M.A., Rymer, W.Z., and Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A. (2000). Persistence of motor adaptation during constrained, multi-joint, arm movements. J. Neurophysiol. 84, Milner, T.E., and Franklin, D.W. (2005). Impedance control and internal model use during the initial stage of adaptation to novel dynamics in humans. J. Physiol. 567, Gandolfo, F., Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A., and Bizzi, E. (1996). Motor learning by field approximation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, Howard, I.S., Wolpert, D.M., and Franklin, D.W. (2013). The effect of contextual cues on the encoding of motor memories. J. Neurophysiol. 109, Burdet, E., Osu, R., Franklin, D.W., Milner, T.E., and Kawato, M. (2001). The central nervous system stabilizes unstable dynamics by learning optimal impedance. Nature 414, Osu, R., Franklin, D.W., Kato, H., Gomi, H., Domen, K., Yoshioka, T., and Kawato, M. (2002). Short- and long-term changes in joint co-contraction associated with motor learning as revealed from surface EMG. J. Neurophysiol. 88, Franklin, D.W., Osu, R., Burdet, E., Kawato, M., and Milner, T.E. (2003). Adaptation to stable and unstable dynamics achieved by combined impedance control and inverse dynamics model. J. Neurophysiol. 90, Smith, M.A., Ghazizadeh, A., and Shadmehr, R. (2006). Interacting adaptive processes with different timescales underlie short-term motor learning. PLoS Biol. 4, e179.
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text:
Performing Arts
If you have a talent to act, sing, dance or a love of music you will enjoy QAC's Performing Arts programmes. Based in the new music studios and staging performances throughout the year, our Performing Arts students are constantly showcasing their fun, creativity and energy.
What the students say
QAC is an amazing College with some great facilities. Staff treat me like an adult and I have the opportunity to try new experiences.
Michael - 18
Performing Arts Student

subset: commoncrawl


text:
CLINTON — Clinton School District officials and parents identified a Facebook webpage they say is an example of cyberbullying by local students and worked to quickly get it taken down.
Clinton Superintendent Deb Olson said she received a couple of emails from parents Thursday morning about the page that is critical of some students at Washington Middle School. She said the staff began working immediately to work to get the page taken down and find out who was involved.
"Our goal (was) to get it down as soon as possible because the comments were 'hurtful' to many people," she said.
The superintendent said the district will use the situation as a learning tool to teach students about the type of animosity that can grow out of cyberbullying. There will also be consequences for the students who started the page, called "WMS rejects," based on the student conduct policy, Olson said.
The superintendent said while the school does not have control of what students do outside of school hours, she was pleased there were many people who contacted school leaders about the page. She said she appreciated the number of people who are looking out for the students.
Washington Middle School Principal Brian Kenney said a collaborative effort of parents, students, staff and Clinton Police Department, the school's administration and student resource officer identified the people responsible for the Facebook postings that made many inappropriate comments about WMS students.
Kenney said Officer Shane Haskell investigated the incident, interviewing those involved and gaining an admission of responsibility.
The principal said they were glad to bring the issue to a quick closure, and will use the experience to talk to students and staff about bullying and "to bring this type of activity to a stop."
A review of the page indicates it was established Wednesday morning, but it was no longer accessible Thursday night.


text:
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Rolling Stones Concert To Air On PPVIn Demand, WWE To Distribute Band's Dec. 15 New Jersey Concert 10/15/2012 6:31 AM Eastern
In Demand and WWE will distribute live via pay-per-view the Dec. 15 Rolling Stones music concert, the parties said Tuesday.
The concert, which will be held at the Prudential Center in Newark, N.J.. is the last of four live concerts featuring the legendary rock band as part of its 50th anniversary tour. The
PPV event will retail at a suggested price of $39.99 for the standard-definition feed and $44.95 for the high definition feed, said In Demand.
Satellite distributors DirecTv and Dish have also signed on to carry the live PPV event, said WWE.
The concert tour marks the first time in more than five years since band members Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Charlie Watts and Ronnie Wood all performed together on stage. The other three shows shows will take place on Nov. 25 and 29 at London's O2 Arena and Dec. 13 at the Prudential Center.
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Author has written 11 stories for Harry Potter, Rurouni Kenshin, Batman, Gundam Wing/AC, and Anime X-overs.
UPDATE: We're back! They've let us post again! (Thank you very much for that, by the way!) Yay! We're back! We're back! We're back!
Well, we're excited about it anyway... *turns back and sulks*
Greetings muggles and other wannabe wizards:
We would like to start by stating that we are in no way, shape or form JK Rowling. We do not even think we could be tranfigured into JK Rowling with a lot of time and work.
ponders* Would that be considered an animagus transformation?
Anyway, we're posting this journal (which was found after a certain prisoner saw fit to take off about three years ago) from Cell 13 of Azkaban. We are sending this out on the backs of cockroaches which we have trained to type (because honestly, what else do we have to do in Azkaban). Please excuse the typos as the cockroaches have very poor vision, thus making it difficult for them to edit. On the plus side, since we hear that cockroaches can survive even one of your ridicuous nuclear bombs; neither rain, nor snow, nor nuclear holocost will keep us from posting this journal to you.
ponders* Of course, there will be no one left to read it... and nothing left to post it on... oh well...
Any and all flames will be laughed at by the dementors who make us feel far worse than you ever could.
Have a nice day, or at least a better one that we are having.
The Wailing Weirdos of Cell 13
Where's my mommy...?
P.S. We have tried to send a message to our mother, but she is afraid of cockroaches... if you see her please direct her to this site...
throws rock at dementor*
Go away...
huddles in cell, crying*


text:
Beer Style: Imperial IPA (14C)
Recipe Type: partial mash
Yield: 5 US gallons
Pliny the Elder clone.
Original Gravity: 1.070
Final Gravity: 1.012
Alcohol by Vol: 7.9%
Bitterness IBU: 91.0
Recipe Type: partial mash
Yield: 5.00 US Gallons
4 gallons at 160 to kettle and add grain bag for 30 min steep. Rinse grains and add enough water to kettle for 7.5 gallons including Sorghum. Achieve hot break and boil for 90 minutes following above hop and fining addition times. At KO add last hops and whirlpool for 10 minutes prior to cooling. Cool, transfer and pitch yeast and ferment at 68. After primary rack to secondary and add first dry-hop addition and ferment at 60 for two weeks with an additional dry-hop addition the last five days. Rack to keg or prime with 5oz priming sugar and Bottle, condition bottles for 10-14 days.
Source: Douglas


text:
Sphinx-lined road found in Egypt
Egyptian archaeologists have discovered an ancient road lined with sphinxes in the southern city of Luxor.
It is the first time archaeologists have revealed the road's actual route, even though it is mentioned in many ancient texts.
The road reportedly led from the temples of Luxor north to the temple of an ancient goddess called Mut in Karnak.
The Egyptian government says 12 sphinxes were found along the road and were inscribed with names from the last dynasty of pharaohs, from around 360BC.
Most of the sphinxes were missing their heads.
Ancient Egyptians used the road once a year for religious processions.
Egypt is now working to excavate the road's entire length.
They say it was heavily damaged during Roman times by the construction of more roads and houses on top of it.
Topics: archaeology, science-and-technology, egypt
First posted


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|Please note: This article is about the Caliph at Medinaat al-Salaam. For other uses of the term, please see Puja (disambiguation).
Puja al-Rahbi, the "Believer", was the son of Adira and succeeded his mother in the position of Caliph as Puja I in 1155, after she stepped down due to health problems, [1] and clearly continuing the same policies. [2]
Youth Edit
Puja was a popular figure among both tke court and tkh common folk of Medinaat al-Salaam and known for his foolhardy adventures. [1] The Assassin Traditionalists attempted to take his life. [3]
Ruhmalist temple Edit
Somehow Puja managed to enter into a Ruhmalist temple. He retrieved an idol which was behind a pillar of light. [4] The ruhmalists noticed the robbery and found him with the idol in his hands. [5] Puja escaped aided by Adnan, the Robber, while they were pursued by the Ruhmalist goddess, Kali-Ma the Destroyer. [6]
Caliph Edit
Puja married with a former khadi, San'a. In 1155 his mother retired, and he became the Caliph. The same year the couple had a son, Adnan, [1] who bore this name to honor his uncle Adnan, the Robber. [7] In 1167 his mother Adira passed away. [1]
Ambassador from Rokugan Edit
In 1169 Puja requested for a representative of the Dragon Clan in Medinaat al-Salaam. The Dragon Clan Champion Togashi Satsu sent word that a Dragon ambassador would head for his city. [8]
External Links Edit
- Puja the Believer (LBS - The Awakening)
The sources relating to this article are in conflict with each other.
|In the fiction The Haze of Time happened in 1169 the Caliph was treated as female. In the "Legend of the Burning Sands Roleplaying Game, Chapter 2 - Medinaat Al-Salaam" Puja was the Caliph at that time, and was male.--Oni no Pikachu 22:07, December 19, 2011 (UTC)
|Preceded by:
1155 - Present
|Succeeded by:
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Legend of the Burning Sands Roleplaying Game, p. 161
- ↑ Legend of the Burning Sands Roleplaying Game, p. 97
- ↑ Legend of the Burning Sands Roleplaying Game, p. 164
- ↑ Dangerous Maneuvers (LBS - The Awakening flavor)
- ↑ Puja the Believer (LBS - The Awakening Picture and flavor)
- ↑ The Thoroughfare (LBS - The Awakening flavor)
- ↑ Re-Awakening, Part 1, by Lucas Twyman
- ↑ The Haze of Time, by Brian Yoon
|This article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by adding to the information here.


text:
It's Turkey-Lurkey Time, As Burt Bacharach Would Say
November brings with it Thanksgiving, which in turn brings with it the annual Houston Press accounting of the Turkeys of the Year here in Houston.
Last year was easy, of course: any year that includes the e-mail antics of District Attorney Chuck Rosenthal is pretty much a no-brainer. When a year includes a free-spending, high-living president of a financially crippled school, like TSU's Priscilla Slade, the selection process is also relatively simple.
But what about 2009?
In sports, we had an incredibly bad Astros season, a couple of no-show Rockets stars, and the usual Texans dance between high hopes and despair.
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In politics, there was Peter Brown, spending his wife's money like Priscilla Slade on a Cribs bender, only to finish close to fourth place in the mayoral primary.
In terms of entertainment, let's just say that Tom DeLay -- who's won a Turkey award so often he's probably had to build a new den -- has improbably found a way to possibly win another despite his retirement from attempting to ruin America's democratic system of government.
But we are completely and utterly open to nominations here. We want no good Turkey possibility to go unexamined.
So have at it -- nominate any Houstonian you think has accomplished enough this year to deserve this signal honor. Use the comments, or e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
And yes, Congressman, you can enter yourself.
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O'Ryan - Something Strong (1991) [1993, Japan]
Title:Something Strong
Year Of Release:1993-12-15 (1991)
Label:Toshiba-EMI Ltd./Zero Corporation (Japan)
Genre:Rock, Melodic Rock, AOR
Quality:FLAC (img.+.cue+.log) | MP3 320kbps
Total Time:41:24
Total Size:354,74 | 154,38 Mb (Full Scans)
WebSite:Album Preview Yesterday, 22:21
Merv "Spam" Spence is an Irish musician & Producer, best known for his work with Wishbone Ash and Trapeze. Spence moved to Staffordshire from Ireland in the late 1970s, and began playing with bands such as The Jury and Big Daisy. During Spence's time in local bands, he was spotted by Mel Galley, who promptly offered Spence the bassist and vocalist position in Trapeze, which had been left vacant since Peter Goalby had left to join Uriah Heep. Spence briefly toured with the band, and during his tenure recorded one album's worth of material, which - due to Galley's departure to replace Bernie Marsden in Whitesnake - remains unreleased. Several of the songs from these sessions however (Demos exist in bootleg form), would form the basis for Galley's Phenomena project. Following the break-up of Trapeze, Spence was offered an audition for Wishbone Ash while he was pitching demo material to various outlets. On the strength of his vocal range and enthusiasm, Spence became a member of the band. Spence would perform on one album by the band, 1985's Raw to the Bone. Spence left Wishbone Ash in 1986 "to pursue family matters". He has since released two solo albums under the name "O'Ryan" (his mother's maiden name), 1993's Something Strong and 1995's Initiate.
Release of this CD: 1993, December, 15 [Toshiba-EMI Ltd./Zero Corporation (Japan), Cat.# XRCN-1085 / EAN: 4959407000853]
(p)(c) 1993 Parachute Music Ltd.
Manafactured by Toshiba-EMI Ltd. in Japan.
Made in Japan by Zero Corporation.
Backing Vocals - Brigitte Petereit
Bass - Dieter Petereit
Drums - Curt Cress
Executive Producer - Mervyn Spence
Guitar - Peter Weihe
Keyboards - Dieter Petereit, Pit Löw
Lead Vocals - Mervyn Spence
Mastered By - David Glover, Mervyn Spence
Producer - Dieter Petereit, Mervyn Spence
Songwriter - Alfred Dubell (tracks: 1), Dieter Petereit, Mervyn Spence
01. Stronger Than Love (04:24)
02. Reaction (04:34)
03. Don't Let It Slip Away (05:50)
04. Shaky Ground (04:02)
05. Something Strong (04:38)
06. Emer May (04:51)
07. Blood Upon A Stone (04:44)
08. Lying Eyes (04:13)
09. Deeper Than The Ocean (04:05)
Premium O'Ryan - Something Strong (1991) [1993, Japan] Fast & Anonymous
Mirror Links
Author: BaDshaH17


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Jesse McConnell" <jesse.mcconn...@gmail.com>
|Re: Preparing for continuum-1.1-alpha-1
|Tue, 13 Mar 2007 18:02:39 GMT
On 3/13/07, Carlos Sanchez <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > A bit of (constructive) criticism ahead > These are the numbers I see in jira right now > 1.1-alpha-1 11 > 1.1-alpha-2 72 > 1.1-alpha-# 156 that is correct, and I frankly don't think there is a hill of beans chance of resolving all of those. The alpha-1 numbers are mostly trivial issues that just need to be looked at, the alpha-2 are ones that I figure we really ought to be addressing since they (largely) address functionality that ought to be fixed or exist. I see the alpha-2 ones getting resolved on a hopefully weekly/fortnight schedule, pushing those issues not resolved forward to alpha-3 until they are either resolved, or moved into that alpha-# version. If anyone has an issue in alpha-# they really want resolved they can fix it and put it in the alpha-2 or 3 or live with it not making it into release. perhaps I should rename the alpha-# to 'bucket', stuff that someone had a problem with and ought to be fixed, that we'll get to if we can, but its not a blocker or anything. but you are correct, no way all that will get done > Am I the only one that thinks we are lost? > 230+ issues before having even a beta? > do we want to release the final 1.1 in 2050? I was thinking 2039, just in time for us to run out of long timestamps or something > it shouldn't take us long to get dependencies released, this is our > process, if the process needs to be improved we can talk about it, but > apply it only sometimes doesn't sound right > I would like us to get out of the habit of forcing releases of alpha-foo all over the place just to release something that is...alpha. so how do we fix _that_? :) > if nobody takes care of an issue or there's no patch that issue should > be pushed, period. > This is a community and if people don't help on their own issues > and/or they can't convince somebody to help too bad for them. this is where you hit upon a problem I have with doing issue triage...I have a real hard time just closing something as 'Can't Reproduce' or 'As Designed' or whatever...so I just shoved it into alpha-#...Future was easy, those were new things to design or whatever... > i would get alpha 1 out of the door right now, as long as there is no > blocker issues, I think that's the hint, if there are no blocker > issues the release can't be blocked, and many people have already > asked about making a release. > > > This is how it looks to me from outside, as I didn't have time lately > to work on Continuum. to be perfectly honest, I think there are a number of smelly parts inside of continuum right now, I have worked out designs and written mails on the subject a number of times to this list, but I haven't had the time to just sit down and fix the things I find most annoying, I tried with rahul back around xmas but I wasn't able to focus on it like I had hoped...so one of my prime motivations in pushing to get this released as an alpha is to, as trygve said, just get something out there since its been so long. There are a lot of nice improvements in continuum, but there are a chunk of nasties that I think with the proper time and some motivation we can get ironed out. anyway, thats enough for me... jesse p.s. and no one has mentioned capturing all the changes into documentation yet...omg that will be a pain...
|View raw message


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Definition of lowercase
of a letter
: having as its typical form a f g or b n i rather than A F G or B N I
Origin and Etymology of lowercase
from the compositor's practice of keeping such types in the lower of a pair of type cases
First Known Use: 1683See Words from the same year
Definition of lowercase
transitive verb
: to print or set in lowercase letters
First Known Use of lowercase
LOWERCASE Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of lowercase for English Language Learners
: having as its typical form a, b, c rather than A, B, C : not capital
LOWERCASE Defined for Kids
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Isla de Juventud (Island of Youth)
isla de Juventude (The Island of Youth) is located almost directly south of Havana, a large island about 50 miles long and 50 miles wide.
The Island of Youth is famous for it's incredible scuba diving. Most of it is done off the Southwest coast at the Colony Hotel or from a live aboard boat. There are more than 56 different dive sites here for the scuba divers.
There are about 70,000 Cubans living on the Island and more than half of them live in the capital city of Nuevo Gerona.
One can find lots of crocodiles, deer and boar in the southern part of the island. Millions of turtles come ashore to lay their eggs in season.
Tourists make Villa Tesoro or the Colony or a live aboard their home away from home while SCUBA diving on the Island of Youth.


text:
Multiscale modeling and interoperability in MOOSE
Eighteenth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting: CNS*2009
Eighteenth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting: CNS*2009
MOOSE (Multiscale Object Oriented Simulation Environment;
Multiscale modeling and scalability
Specialized Numerical Engines
We have implemented Hines' solver for biophysical models of neurons and a GSL- (GNU Scientific Library-) based solver for kinetics of biochemical signaling networks. In terms of speed of execution, the Hines' solver matches the performance of GENESIS, whereas the kinetics' solver is 10×–50× faster than GENESIS. A Gillespie solver for stochastic chemical kinetics has been implemented.
SigNeur is a set of tools to specify multiscale neuronal models comprising of biochemical signaling and cellular biophysics. The user embeds reaction networks in different parts of a cell, and specifies an appropriate solver for each part of the model (e.g., a stochastic chemical solver for small volumes). Communication is managed seamlessly between solvers. A specific example is upregulation of AMPA receptors in a spine, which is conveyed from a chemical solver to a neuronal solver, and interpreted there as an increase in maximal synaptic conductance.
A developer- and user-friendly framework has been implemented using the MPI (Message Passing Interface) standard to allow MOOSE to run in parallel on a cluster. Both developers and users can think of their problem in a serial fashion, with the underlying framework managing cross-node communication and load-balancing. MOOSE has successfully cleared a large set of unit tests on a 64-node Linux based Opteron cluster.
PyMOOSE is a Python-based scripting interface to MOOSE implemented using SWIG (Scalable Wrapper Interface Generator). This lets us use Python to mediate communication among Python-aware simulators. For example
MUlti SImulator Coordinator (MUSIC)
The capability to read and write models of chemical signaling in the simulator-independent Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is currently being implemented and tested in MOOSE.
Johannes Hjorth helped in implementing the MUSIC interface. The MOOSE website was implemented by GV Harsharani. This research was supported by DAE-SRC, DBT, NCBS/TIFR, EU-India Grid and SBCNY/NIGMS.
GENESIS: A system for simulating neural networks
PyMOOSE: interoperable scripting in Python for MOOSE
The NEURON simulation environment
MUSIC – multisimulation coordinator: Request for comments
NEST (Neural Simulation Tool)


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Just checking to see if you got my PM the other day mate?
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.the prince and the knight by no0724FGARKWatch
©2014-2017 no0724FGARK
I like the detail you put into it. The poses look really cool and also I enjoy how Cal is there to as well. The shading you put in is awsome. The back looks cool with the circle like stuff in the back. They kinda look mad at each other for some reason for me, hehe. Dave's sword and Dirk's katana are as well awsome. And I gotta love the way you did there hair. I also enjoy the shine parts in the drawing. Dave looks kinda taller than Dirk from my perspective . And so I just wanna say it looks really amazing c:
The Artist thought this was FAIR
1 out of 1 deviants thought this was fair.
^_^ Nothing beats a good pair of Striders.
ohhh!!! thats alot of improvement OuO!!!
i really like how you drew these fine striders~!
i really like how you drew these fine striders~!
Love your backgrounds, they're so cool
This is awesome ^_^


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SIA Acc. 83-057, Berger, Andrew John 1915-1995, Andrew John Berger Papers, 1947-1983
- Creator:
- Berger, Andrew John 1915-1995
- Title:
- Andrew John Berger Papers, 1947-1983
- Data Source:
- Smithsonian Institution Archives
- Dates:
- 1947, 1947-1983
- Summary:
- These records consist of papers documenting the professional career of Andrew John Berger, an ornithologist. Materials include general correspondence; letters regarding his work on "The Hawaiian Goose" book; files pertaining to his work on the Kirtland's warbler; and a gallery proof of "Hawaiian Birdlife." Correspondents include George Miksch Sutton and Olin Sewall Pettingill.
- Topics:
- Birds, Kirtland's warbler, Ornithology
- Subjects:
- Sutton, George Miksch 1898-1982, Pettingill, Olin Sewall 1907-2001, Berger, Andrew John 1915-1995
- Place:
- Hawaii
- Form/Genre:
- Manuscripts, Collection descriptions
- Local Number:
- SIA Acc. 83-057
- Physical Description:
- 1 cu. ft. (1 record storage box)
Finding Aids to Personal Papers and Special Collections in the Smithsonian Institution Archives
Table of Contents
Accession 83-057
Berger, Andrew John, 1915-1995
Andrew John Berger Papers, 1947-1983
Collection Overview
|General Information About This Collection
|Smithsonian Institution Archives, Washington, D.C. Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
|Berger, Andrew John, 1915-1995
|Andrew John Berger Papers
|1 cu. ft. (1 record storage box)
|Accession 83-057
|Language of Materials:
Descriptive Entry
This accession consists of papers documenting the professional career of Andrew John Berger, an ornithologist. Materials include general correspondence; letters regarding his work on The Hawaiian Goose book; files pertaining to his work on the Kirtland's warbler; and a gallery proof of Hawaiian Birdlife. Correspondents include George Miksch Sutton and Olin Sewall Pettingill.
Index Terms
This collection is indexed under the following access terms. These are links to collections with related topics, persons or places.
- Pettingill, Olin Sewall, 1907-2001
- Sutton, George Miksch, 1898-1982
- Berger, Andrew John, 1915-1995
- The Hawaiian Goose (Monograph : 1980)
- Hawaiian Birdlife (Monograph : 1981)
Physical Characteristics of Materials in the Collection
Administrative Information
Preferred Citation
Smithsonian Institution Archives, Accession 83-057, Andrew John Berger Papers
Container List
Box 1
Folder 1 Curriculum Vitae and Bibliography
Folders 2-3 Galley proof on The Hawaiian Goose book and for Hawaiian Birdlife, 2nd Edition
Folders 4-5 Miscellaneous correspondence, 1956-1982
Folders 6-7 Correspondence between Berger and Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr., 1956-1982
Folder 8 Correspondence between Berger, Janet Kear, and Alexander Wetmore regarding The Hawaiian Goose book, 1968-1981
Folders 9-11 Correspondence between Berger and George Miksch Sutton, 1947-1983
Folder 12 Berger's work with the Kirtland's Warbler, 1954-1980
Folder 13 Miscellaneous Newsletters and Reports
- Finding Aid encoded on: 5-2-2017
- Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com
Using the Archives' Collections
The Smithsonian Institution Archives welcomes personal and educational use of its collections unless otherwise noted. Please cite the Smithsonian Institution Archives as the source of the content, and when possible, link to the Smithsonian Archives website (siarchives.si.edu). Please let us know how you are using our collections for your projects. If you would like to see a collection in person, please note that most records and special collections are stored off-site, so researchers should contact the Reference Team at least one week prior to visiting to ensure that records can be made available in the Archives Reading Room. For information on commercial licensing or other uses, visit Rights and Reproductions. More information available within the Smithsonian's Terms of Use policy.
Note: In order to access PDFs, you must have the Adobe Acrobat Reader software which is available free of charge.


text:
As you may have heard, President Obama has been talking about taxes. He speaks of his proposal in the language of tax reform, but sadly, when one dives into the details, there's more tax than reform.
In setting forth his principles, the President asserts the need for lower tax rates and fewer deductions. These goals dovetail with the vision of tax reform shared by many pro-growth reform advocates, myself included.
Lower marginal rates promote a more efficient use of capital as taxpayers feel less need to seek shelter for their income in economically less productive activities. Narrowing the universe of tax deductions and credits serves the same purpose and promotes the deployment of capital where it will be used most efficiently. Broadly speaking, this applies to both the corporate and individual tax codes.
President Obama's plan, unfortunately, drops any pretense of reform just beyond its opening paragraphs. After tossing a nod to lower rates, the President's recommendation to the Joint Committee on Deficit Reduction moves on to enumerate the deductions and credits that he says should be eliminated.
The only mention of tax rates is to advocate an increase for higher-income taxpayers by allowing the two highest tax rates for individuals to revert to their pre-2001 levels. All in all, the President's recommendations include a tax increase of almost $1.6 trillion over ten years.
Tax reform should be a major goal of the current Congress, and I am hopeful that we will have the opportunity to consider such a proposal in the coming months. In 1986, Republicans and Democrats came together on a tax reform plan that limited deductions and taxed income at one of two rates: 15 or 28 percent.
Over the years, Congress has added various deductions and credits. At the time, each proposal may have sounded good to a majority, but the combined effect of these provisions has been to produce a complicated tax code that does more to distort investment than to promote economic growth and job creation.
It's time to change directions and work for real tax reform, and in this regard, I'm disappointed in the President's proposal.
Source: http://petri.house.gov/presidents-tax-plan


text:
User:Trisha I. Ibeh/Notebook/Trisha Notebook/2014/01/28
From OpenWetWare
< User:Trisha I. Ibeh | Notebook | Trisha Notebook | 2014 | 01
|Biomaterials Design Lab
| Main project page
Previous entry Next entry
BSA Magnetic Particles Day 5
Create BSA. AuNPs and magnetic BSA AuNPS
Separately make BSA- AuNPs the same way as in steps 1-4 but with ratios of:
Once the gold was added to the solution within the ratios of 105- 150, the solution immediately turned purple indicating that nanoparticles were formed. After about 10- 15 minutes, a green precipitate that was initially believed to be fibers were formed. This is due to the reduction of the gold by the FeSO4*7H2O.


text:
Energy is one of the most crucial necessities that we require for survival. It provides life-sustaining and health-promoting goods, starting with the electricity that powers almost everything we utilize in our homes, work and other activities, to the fuel that allows us to get from one place to another. However, not all energy is concerned about how it affects our health. The most harmful source of energy consists of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel – coal, oil, and natural gas – produces several pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and hydrocarbons.
These pollutants are then released into the air that in turn affect our health as illnesses develop. Some of the illnesses that have been reported across the U.S. due to pollution are asthma, headaches, pneumonia, cardiovascular ills, chronic bronchitis, acute bronchitis, just to name a few.
A healthy and clean energy alternative to fossil fuel is solar power. Some advantages of solar energy are it has no air and water pollution and no threats to our public health. Because solar power reduces all pollutants that fossil fuel generates, respiratory and cardio health illnesses are then improved.
To learn about how fossil fuel is accountable for climate change, read, Should I Be Concerned About Climate Change?


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September was one of 'those' months here in the Violet Posy household every electrical item suddenly seems to be on it's last legs. My Mac is making weird noises and white screening, the kitchen is finally getting replaced along with the somewhat dead oven and microwave. The latest thing in that long line……. the car.
Anyone who knows me, knows that I've been going on about getting a newer car for at least 3 years. But like all things it's money, and while I could still get away with throwing a couple of hundred pounds worth of repairs at it every 6 months it was ok. But now it's 9 years old, it's done 103,000 miles, the drivers window no longer works, it's misfiring when water gets into the sparks which means no washing windows with screen wash, don't get it cleaned and never ever drive it in the rain! More worryingly for me is that the misfiring means I can't really get above 45 mph and the steering now feeling very wobbly and that lack of safety means it's time for her to go.
So I got all excited this week, going online and comparing second hand cars should I get a 1.6 or a 1.4, what colours are available etc and I've finally settled on a 2004 1.6 Black Reanult Scenic – very nice and cheap (hurrah!)
I'm getting really sad about parting with my old car. I've never owned a car as long as I've had her. She was originally my Dad's, he sensibly realised that Paul and I were meant to be and bought a 'proper' family car a Renault Scenic, knowing that at some point he'd have a grandchild that wouldn't possibly fit her and all her stuff into either of the tiny cars we had at the time.
It was my wedding car, Dad drove me, my mum and bridesmaids to my wedding in it.
He did pass the car onto us when Miss L was born (I have truly wonderful parents!) we sold both our little cars which enabled me to stay off work with our beautiful little girl and just had our Scenic. It was our first grown up family car.
When we had the psycho builder neighbour from hell at our old house when Miss L was a baby, we literally lived in the car to get away from him. We drove hundreds of miles in it seeking sanctuary at my parents house, B&B, Holiday cottages anywhere to escape the building working next door which often went on into the early hours. We moved houses putting all the important stuff in the car because you can get so much in it, It's taken us on holidays, beach trips and days out, Miss L's first days at nursery and school she was in the car. She even decorated her window with stickers when she was about 2 and they are still on there.
So when I take her in next week to be scrapped, I suspect I'll be distraught. I'm going to really miss my car….