text:
Small Arms and Drug Trafficking In the Indian Ocean Region
- Colin Tyler
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Small Arms and Drug Trafficking In the Indian Ocean Region Prof. Aparajita Biswas University of Mumbai Working Paper: No. 4 Centre for African Studies Area Studies Building Behind Marathi Bhasha Bhavan University of Mumbai Vidyanagari, Santacruz (E) Mumbai : Tel Off : Ext
2 i Resume Dr. Aparajita Biswas completed her M.A. in International Relations from Jadavpur University, Kolkata (erstwhile Calcutta). She did her Ph.D. in African Studies from University of Mumbai and presently is a professor at the Centre for African Studies, University of Mumbai, India. She is associated with many universities, research institutes and research groups in India and abroad. Her main interest in research includes India- Africa relations, Africa s international regional organizations in Asia and Africa, Africa and the Indian Ocean region and South and Southern Africa
3 ii Acronyms IO SAARC SADC ISI ULFA NSCN NDFB MULTA MULFA IBRF LTTE LeT ASEAN BIMSTEC SLOC Indian Ocean South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation Southern African Development Community Inter Services Intelligence United Liberation Front of Assam National Socialists Council of Nagaland National Democratic Front of Bodoland Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam Muslim United Liberation Front of Assam Indo-Burmese Revolutionary Front Liberation Tamil Tigers of Elam Lashkar-e-Toiba Association of South East Asian Nations Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooperation Strategic Sea-Lanes of Communication
4 Contents Resume Acronyms i ii Introduction 1 Security Challenges 2 The South and South-East Asian Region 3 Situation in Sub-Saharan Africa 5 Circulation of Small Arms 7 The Drug Network 16 Conclusion 21 Endnotes and References 24
5 Small Arms and Drug Trafficking in the Indian Ocean Region Introduction The late 20 th century has seen a profound change in the concept of security. A major feature of the change was the conclusion of the Cold War, the end of major conflicts in the region, and the dismantlement of apartheid in South Africa, which paved the way for the current period of democratisation, regional co-operation and relative peace. However, despite these changes in international and regional relations, security threats have not been totally eliminated but simply re-manifested. Non-traditional security threats like environmental degradation, mass population movements, small arms proliferation and drug smuggling to name a few, have assumed prominence. This article is intended to address the issues of small arms and drug trafficking as well as the symbiotic relationship that exists between narco traders and arms dealers. These issues will be examined by means of a regional geographical analysis with Indian Ocean region being the focal point. As the IOR is vast, I have concentrated my investigation on a few South Asian and Southern African Countries in the IOR, where the situation of small arms and drug trafficking is most alarming. My article would also likely to interrogate the possibilities of co-operation between regional organisations like South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) and Southern African Development Community (SADC), to counter this illicit network in the Indian Ocean region.
6 Security Challenges The end of Cold War was followed by a rise in trans-national security issues. Many countries in the Asia Pacific and the Indian Ocean regions are slowly recognizing that the trans-national security issues are emerging as their top security challenges, and pose even more long-term threat to state and regional security than the inter-state conflict. At their most basic level, trans-national security issues can be defined as non-military threats that cross borders and either threatens the political and social integrity of a nation or the health of its inhabitant. This can be termed broadly as low intensity conflict. Unlike conventional and nuclear threats, which are resorted to by states, low intensity conflict is the instrument employed by state sponsored groups, as well by non-state actors---- such as criminal gangs or terrorists groups--- who hardly care for international laws and standards. Their causes are multifarious and not easily ascertainable. It is a long-term problem characterised by the dilemma of finding the ideal solution--- should it be a single policy change or by introduction an international law and convention. 1 The unrestrained spread and the associated illicit trafficking of small arms and light weapons is not a new phenomenon in itself, but has attained a new dimension with the end of the Cold War. The funding link between terrorist groups and narcotics trafficking is well known. The nexus between the two has led to the term narcoterrorism. The term narco-terrorism was coined by President Belaunde Terry of Peru in the year 1983 when describing terrorists type of attacks against his nation s antinarcotics police. Now a subject of definitional controversy, narco-terrorism is understood to mean the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policy of the government by the systematic threat or use of violence. 2 On a regional and national level, drugs and small arms together can be destabilising influence. The small arms trafficking intimidate the state in several ways. First, it can
7 undermine democratic institutions as government seeks to control the threat. Their attempts often result in the draconian measures, such as military takeover of the civilian government. Added to this, small arms nurture domestic criminal groups that erode or confront the power of the state. In fact, the proliferation of the small arms around the world partly reflects the shift of armed conflict progressively from the regular to irregular. It is been institutionalised to such an extent that it has created a new kaleidoscope wherein neither the old rules nor new weapons apply. The developing world is most affected by it and yet, the threat of LIC has not given the systematic academic dimensions that it deserved. The South and South-East Asian Region The South and South-East Asian regions are particularly vulnerable to the scourge of small arms trafficking. This is due to various factors. The Afghanistan Pakistan region arguably contains the world s largest concentration of the illicit weapons, a situation made more volatile by the fact that it is also centre for terrorist and extremist ideology. Similarly Asia has two of the largest opium producing countries in the world- Myanmar and Afghanistan and it is well known that narcotics trafficking and its collateral violence, depend extensively on the availability of small arms. In South Asia, the fallout of the religious fundamentalism pursued by Pakistan as an instrument of regional policy and the subsequent post-najibullah events in Afghanistan also saw the spread of several negative patterns for deeper ramifications for South Asian security. The large scale weaponisation in Afghanistan, Baluchistan and North West Frontier Province of Pakistan and the intertwined relationship of weapon production and narcotics trade, lumped together as the Kalashnikov culture has set off a fundamentalist drive into Kashmir, Tajikistan, Chechnya, Bosnia and elsewhere. India s vulnerability increased from the growing narcotics trade across borders, bringing with it a host of social and political problems. The harmful effects of arm conflicts, international terrorism, drug smuggling and the illicit trafficking in small arms has challenged world security and stability. National borders did not confine those
8 threats and no individual country could cope up with those challenges. It should be confronted to the regional, national and international levels. The point worth noting is that the Cold War period left behind the legacy of weaponry, that could undermine the progress made to foster peace and democracy in the developing countries. During the Cold War, United States of America (USA) and the erstwhile Soviet Union resorted to arming rebel groups throughout the world. The irony is that today many of these illicit transfers of arms by these two countries have come back to haunt them. For example, USA is now engaged in a fight against Colombian drug lords who, ironically enough, are sometimes armed with very weapon slipped to Central America by USA to fight communism in the 1980 s. India is caught between the three largest heroin and opium producers in the world such as the countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan and Myanmar, resulting in conflicts on her borders adjoining major drug production /transporting areas. Sri Lanka too suffers tremendously from the serious proliferation of small arms. The Sri Lankan militants have penetrated deeply into the drug world, to augment their armed strength against the Sri Lanka Army. Added to this is the fact that the notorious drug producing and illicit arms trading areas of the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle lie within the geographical propinquity of the IOR. This geographical association is further reinforced by the link between narcotics and arms, with the sea routes of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal providing ideal waterways for the supply of both arms and narcotics. 3 In fact, one critical problem arising out of the confluence of two major narco-producing and trading regions - the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle - is the cementing of a diabolic relationship between insurgent groups, arms dealers and narco-terrorists. Such a relationship is quite common with the groups operating in the region. Although not all the insurgent groups engage in narco-production or narco-trafficking, it has nevertheless been found that all of them have regularly taxed and extorted money from
9 the traffickers, while providing protection to the latter for conducting trafficking in drugs. There are several critical implications to this. Firstly, the trans-national narco-networks, now backed by armed insurgents, make antinarco-production or narco-trafficking drive immensely difficult. And taking into consideration the geographical and topographical conditions in which the insurgents and the traffickers operate, there is now all the more reason to believe that the nationally organised military or coercive solutions may not be the correct way of overcoming the menace of narco-terrorism. Secondly, weapons, particularly small arms in the hands of both the insurgents and traffickers, become more rampant, to the point of threatening the law and order situation in the vicinity. A large portion of the money received from taxing and extorting the narco-traffickers goes towards purchase of small, at times sophisticated, arms for the insurgents. 4 The situation in Sub-Saharan Africa In Africa too, the same scenario persists. The end of the Cold War did not see Africa become a more peaceful place. The dissolution of the bi-polar world order was also accompanied in some cases by the collapse of individual states. Coupled with it there was a gradual erosion of interests among the major world powers towards Africa. In the void left by the crumbling state and the international community have stepped external non-state actors, sometimes as proxies, sometimes as independent agents who have influenced events and fuelled conflicts. Millions of small arms----- lightweight, portable and devastatingly effective even in the hands of the young or poorly trained users---- were shipped to Africa during the Cold War, to equip anti-colonial fighters, newly independent states and super power proxy forces alike. Even after the Cold War ended, a flood of new small arms entered Africa as arms manufactures put millions of surplus Cold War era weapons into the international arms market, at cut rate prices. In July 2001, the US Government estimated that small arms have fuelled conflicts in 22
10 African countries, leading to loss of 7.8 million lives. Indeed, in Africa, guns are more than weapons of choice-----they are weapons of mass destructions. In the Southern African region the situation is most volatile. The region has recently emerged from a period of protracted violent conflicts characterised by a series of national liberation insurgencies and civil war. Currently it is undergoing a term of relatively peaceful democratic consolidation. Despite these developments, uncertainty in terms of potential threats to the region and localised conflicts, which have been sustained by massive socio-economic disparities and mass movements of refugees, present a major obstacle to achieving peace and human development. Local conflicts have been exacerbated and even intensified by the availability of small arms. The result was that, years later these durable killing machines have fallen into the hands of insurgents, local militants and criminal organisations. This have left ordinary people vulnerable to violence arising out of ineffective policing and simmering civil conflicts. 5 This article would like to examine the continuing trade in light weapons, and its nexus with the narcotics movement, where it exists in the IOR. The argument has been made that the weapons and narcotics movements respect no frontiers, their passage accelerated by under-development, ignorance and economic decay, which destabilise the entire region. Arms spill over from conflict to conflict, and they serve the greed and need of criminals who recognise no borders. It is not possible for a single state to handle and control the situation, underlining the absolute necessity of evolving the regional approach to solutions, moving in parallel with a global awareness of the problem and a determination to deal with it. In broadly classifying the countries in the IO region, it is certain that some countries are primarily weapon repositories, others are mainly drug producers. In the African littoral states of South Africa and Mozambique, small arms played a major role in exacerbating crime and armed violence. Somalia offers a textbook case of the dangers of light weapons proliferation and irresponsible arming of unstable regimes by the former
11 powers. But in all these states, smuggling of drugs and weapons are a follow up symptom rather than the disease itself. However, this classification does not hold good in the case of countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan. In both these countries, statistics show the availability of weapons and drug cultivation have touched an all time high, and the growth of narcotics cultivation is synonymous with the rise of the conflict itself. These commodities flow out into the IO region through the ports of South Asia, on their way to the lucrative markets of Europe and USA. Circulation of Small Arms The terms small arms and light weapons - often used co-terminously - have come into common use in recent years. The definition of the light arms and light weapons used by the Small Arms Survey covers both military-styled weapons and commercial firearms (handguns and long guns). Small guns include weapons like revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines, assault rifles, sub-machine guns and light machine guns. Light weapons are heavy machine guns, hand held under barrel and mounted grenade launchers, portable and anti aircraft guns, recoilless rifles, portable launchers of anti-tank and anti-aircraft missile system and mortars of less than 100- meter calibre. 6 These weapons have become easier to obtain, easier to conceal and to smuggle across borders, and easier to use and maintain to the point that it has resulted in the phenomenon of the child soldier or child combatant, turning innocent children, many of them as young as seven, into ruthless warriors and killers. These weapons are increasingly lethal, with most recent models capable of firing as many as 700 rounds a minute. According to Ado Vaher of UNICEF, small arms and light weapons are now responsible for no less than 90% of war casualties. Since 1990 s, more than 3 million people had been killed by small arms and light weapons. Among them 80% are of
12 innocent civilians with children accounting for 25% of all casualties. This means that the deaths of 750,000 children were directly caused by small arms and light weapons. 7 Worldwide, AK47 rifles are proving to be extremely popular small weapons. 8 Within the AK series of assault rifles alone, an estimated 78 countries are using them, while more than 14 countries have manufactured between 35 and 40 million AK assault rifles in the period between 1945 and The proliferation of these rifles is mainly due to their ease of production, their excellent performance under adverse conditions and, most importantly, their ease of use and disassembly. AK 47 rifles, the nodal of the AK family, has achieved unparalleled levels of availability in the global arms market. These rifles are user-friendly and can be easily handled even by child-soldiers. Such is the ubiquity of the AK rifles that they have become a symbol of resistance and guerrilla movements worldwide, including the Afghanistan Mujahideen, the African National Congress, the Irish Republican Army, UNITA, and the Kosovo Liberation Army. 9 An indication of the extent of proliferation can be measured from the fact that, in some parts of Africa, AK47 rifles can be purchased for as little as US$6 or traded for a chicken or a sack of grain. The most classic situation is in Afghanistan, where USA sent billions of dollars of military aid to radical Islamic fundamentalists in 1980 to fight the Soviet backed regime of Babrak Kamal. This country received large amounts of weapons in the 1980 s, and is today a major source of small arms and light weapons supply in South and Central Asia. During the Afghan War between 1979 and 1989, the erstwhile USSR on the one hand and groups of nations on the other, pumped in millions of small arms in the region. According to sources, USSR incurred an intervention cost of around US $3billion a year up to In Afghanistan, the billions of dollars that USSR spent on the regime were, in terms of quantity, far less than the billions that are spent in buying tons of assault rifles, RPGs, and mortars, to sustain resistance movements. Other sources have put the cost of the Afghan conflict at US $5billion, which was about fifty times the yearly aid that has given by USSR to the Afghan regime till In addition, ten million anti-personal
13 mines were laid by the then Soviet troops during their 10-year occupation of Afghanistan. The mining operation continued till their withdrawal in 1989, covering nearly 13 million square meters of land - from rural landscape to urban thoroughfares. Only 43,000 mines have been cleared so far. Most of the agricultural land in Afghanistan is infested with mines and the rest is under poppy cultivation. The erstwhile Soviet Union is known to have spent as much as US $20billion on arms supplies during their Afghan occupation. Some of these arms have undoubtedly fallen into the hands of Afghan warlords, the real beneficiaries of the largesse from the Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan. 10 It is a common knowledge that during the Afghan Soviet war in the 1980 s, both the CIA and the ISI played a direct role in funnelling weapons and money to the so-called freedom fighters - the Afghan Mujahideen. The two agencies were also at least indirectly involved in the nascent, local trade in narcotics. The Mujadeen received most of the funds supplied by the CIA (and matched by Saudi Arabia) through the ISI, where national logistic cell trucks delivered weapons to Afghanistan and brought opium to Pakistan. The CIA channelled at least US $2billion in weapons aid, or an estimated 80% of the agency s covert aid budget to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, in its fight against the then Soviet forces. The involvement of the ISI in both arms and drug trades raises further questions about the adequacy of a category such as narco-terrorism, and would require an assessment of how such different actors as resistance guerrillas, intelligence agencies and terrorist organizations use the drug economy. It has been reported that 340 Stinger missiles were fired during the Afghan war, bringing down 269 aircraft, a 70% success scored by marksmen who were not even fully trained. The paradox is that, USA is now worried that the deadly Stinger supplied by it - might fall into the hands of the terrorists. According to sources, Stingers were resold to countries like Libya, Iraq, and North Korea.
14 It was partly as a result of this practice of siphoning off a portion of the arms in transit, that Pakistan has become a major source of small arms supplies in South Asia. This covers both black market arms and arms supplied covertly to insurgent groups in the region. While there are some ideological incentives for transferring arms, some tribal groups (e.g. Baluchistan region in Afghanistan) view these transactions mostly from a financial point of view. 11 Under the Reagan Administration of USA, it was believed that the arms aid amount in the Afghan conflict jumped from US $80 million in 1983 to US $120 million in These figures climbed to US $470 million in 1986 and US $630 million in 1987, and covered arms ranging from M-16 and UZIS to Kalashnikovs of different makes, including Russian, Chinese and Eastern European manufactures. 12 Total aid from all sides has been put by other sources at around US $8.7 billion ( ), far exceeding the legal weapons imports of most countries during the same period. There is clear evidence that the instances of violence in India and Pakistan are a direct outcome of the irresponsible arming of Afghan Mujahideen by USA, with considerable assistance from Saudi Arabia and partly from Britain. In this context it is to be mentioned that the flow of weapons into the region has clearly played a major part in the erosion of law and order over the past decade. 13 Large numbers of pipeline weapons have made their way into the hands of Sikh and Kashmiri militants. The militants obtained weapons either directly from the Inter Service Intelligence(ISI) of Pakistan or from the arms bazaars situated in the North-West Frontier Province. In India, while many factors contributed to the growing strength and resolve of Sikh fighters during the mid-1980 s and through the early 1990 s, however increased access to vast quantities of more advanced weapons allowed them to consolidate power through force. At the same time, the acquisition of large numbers of these weapons contributed to the dramatic increase in both the frequency and severity of abuses inflicted on the unarmed civilians. It is clear that there is a co-relation between the
15 number of civilians killed and the use of automatic rifles; as the use of Kalashnikov s increased, so did the number of civilian killings. 14 The other disquieting factor is that India s rebel groups also receive weapons originating in Pakistan. In the north-eastern part of India, there are three insurgency groups the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), the National Socialists Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB). These groups are in direct contact with Pakistan s ISI and the Afghan Mujahideen. Not only do they get training in those countries but also receive weapons through a pipeline originating in Pakistan, and the South-East Asian pipeline running through Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore. 15 It may be mentioned here that the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean are the most insecure region. The waters around the islands are routes for the Chinese gun-running to Bangladesh, from where the arms reach North-East India. It was mainly for this reason that the Indian government upgraded the security structure of the islands and the surrounding areas in It had established a high Service Command to combat smuggling of narcotics and arms, and to keep an eye on illegal shipping and other maritime activities in the region. As regards strategic concerns, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands provide the key to the eventual success of the much talked about Look East Policy of India that was enunciated by the then Prime Minister of India, Narasimha Rao, in the early 1990s. It is the close proximity of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with South-East Asia that makes India as much a part of this region as South Asia. According to Indian Intelligence Reports, the chief patron of ULFA is Pakistan. ULFA has for long maintained close linkages with Pakistan ISI, which procured several passports for its chief, Paresh Barua and the other ULFA cadres. The top ULFA leaders are in close touch with certain officers of the Pakistan High Commission in Bangladesh, who have arranged for their passports in various names to travel to Karachi, on the way to various training camps run by the ISI and its affiliates. At least
16 300 ULFA cadres were trained in Pakistan in the use of rocket launchers, explosives and assault weapons. There are several madrassas and mosques sponsored by the ISI in the Sylhet and Cox Bazaar areas that are being used to hoard and transfer arms procured by the ULFA from Thailand and Myanmar. 16 The ISI largesse enabled ULFA to buy arms in Cambodia, paying for them in hard currency routed through Nepal. Their allegiance to Pakistan is so intense that they openly supported Pakistan during Indo-Pak war in Kargil. Furthermore, according to Indian Intelligence sources, ULFA is receiving direct support from Bangladesh and China. It had established close contact with the Chinese army and through them, arms has been transported from China to ports in Bangladesh on merchant ships of various countries, including North Korea. ULFA S camps in Bangladesh have been functioning since Commencing initially with using Bangladesh as a safe haven and training location, ULFA gradually expanded its network to include operational control of activities and the receipt and shipment of arms in transit before they entered India. The Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA) and the Muslim United Liberation Front of Assam (MULFA) are the chief suppliers of arms for the ULFA through Bangladesh. This group has reportedly set up bases at the hill region of Meghalaya, to coordinate transit of arms coming through Bangladesh. Moreover the co-operation between various terrorist organizations in India s north-east and foreign groups was formalised with the formation of the Indo-Burmese Revolutionary Front (IBRF), in The IBRF was made of initially by the NSCN-K, ULFA, NDFB, Kuki National Front and Chin National Front of Myanmar. The ULFA and the NFDB have also developed contacts with Liberation Tamil Tigers of Elam (LTTE), the rebel group in Kashmir, the Kachins in Myanmar and the Rough in Cambodia. 17 The NSCN, which is heavily armed, constantly provokes insurgencies in neighbouring states of India like Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura and Assam. It also receives active political and material support from India s hostile neighbours.
17 Another country which suffers tremendously because of serious proliferation of small arms is Sri Lanka. The Tamil militants have purchased explosives and weapons from a wide variety of sources such as North Korea to Myanmar and Ukraine and from middlemen operating from Europe to Asia and the Middle-east. The accumulation of small arms in Sri Lanka is driven by the rebel secessionist movement led by the LTTE fighting for independence from Sri Lanka in the northern part of the country. Within two decades LTTE had emerged as one of the world s most feared guerrilla groups. It is a well known fact that prior to 1987, the LTTE guerrillas were trained in several camps in India and were permitted to run their own camps in the country. During the latter part of the 1970s and the first seven years of the 198o s, New Delhi played a key role in supporting the militant Tamil struggle in Sri-Lanka, backing both the LTTE and several other militants groups. This support was a product of wider ideological and geopolitical concerns. However, after the arms flow from India dried up following the Indo Sri-Lanka Peace Accord, the LTTE has successfully replicated that network internationally. It is to be mentioned here that LTTE refused to accept the peace accord which aimed to bring about a negotiated settlement to the insurgency in Sri Lanka by providing for a general ceasefire and the devolution of local powers of governance for an autonomous north-eastern Tamil province. The Indian Peace Keeping Force was despatched to Sri Lanka to oversee guerrilla disarmament and provide security to local administrative council elections. The LTTE regarded the Indian policy reversal as an unforgivable art of treachery which influenced its decision to assassinate India s then Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi. The LTTE arms net-work is headed by Kumaran Pathmanathan, aka KP. At the heart of KP s operations is a highly secretive shipping network. The LTTE started building its maritime network with the help of a Bombay Shipping magnate in the middle of 1980 s. It is believed that LTTE have around 10 freighters, which are equipped with sophisticated radar and Inmarsat Communication technology. The vessels mostly travel under Panamanian, Honduran or Liberation flags (famously known as Pan-Ho-Lib). 18
18 The communication hub of the LTTE weapons procurement network is the southeastern countries like Singapore and Hong Kong, which are not only strategically situated on key shipping lanes, but also have highly developed banking structures. These two city states orchestrate cells located in Thailand, Pakistan and Burma, effectively plugging the LTTE into the booming arms bazaars of South East and South West Asia. More distinctively, the international arms procurement activities of the LTTE are carried out from 5 main geographical locations. These are 1) Northeast and Southeast Asia, focusing particularly on China, North Korea, Cambodia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Vietnam and Burma. 2) Southwest Asia, focusing particularly on Afghanistan and Pakistan (through so-called Afghan pipeline). 3) The former Soviet Union, focusing particularly on Ukraine 4) South-eastern Europe and the Middle-East, focusing particularly on Lebanon, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey. 5) Africa, focusing particularly on Nigeria, Zimbabwe and South Africa. 19 The LTTE has also established well-connected traffic routes that are used to transport armaments back to Sri Lanka. Weapons from China, North Korea and Hong Kong are trafficked across the South China Sea, through the Malacca and Singapore Straits to the Bay of Bengal and then to Sri-Lanka. The LTTE established a permanent naval base in Twante, an island off Myanmar, while Phuket in Thailand was an important back- up base for them. Arms from Cambodia, Vietnam and Burma transit through Thailand before being loaded into vessels at the southern port of Ranong for the trip across the Bay of Bengal. Weapons from Eastern Europe, Ukraine and Middle-East pass through the Suez canal, around the Horn of Africa and then on to Sri Lanka. Finally, arms from Africa tend to be smuggled back to the LTTE jungle strongholds, either around the Cape of Good Hope from ports in Liberia, Nigeria and Angola via Madagascar from the Mozambican coastal town of Beira. 20 However, what s ironic is that the LTTE had obtained arms from the Sri Lankan government itself. Sources in India alleged that thousands of arms went to the LTTE
19 in1989, ostensibly for them to fight against the Indian Peacekeeping Forces in Sri Lanka. There is sufficient evidence to show that purchase of these weapons are primarily funded by the Tamil diasporas based in Switzerland, Canada, Australia, USA, UK and Scandinavian countries. Most of these Tamil people are relied on by the LTTE, to facilitate their integration into the host society for the forged identity papers, jobs and housing etc. It is estimated that the LTTE raises about US$2 million from Tamil diaspora on a monthly basis, a quarter of it comes from Canadian Tamil expatriates. However, collection of funds from Tamil expatriate sources is insignificant compared to money from narcotics. For instance, the current cost of a single hit of heroin (less than a gram) is around 10 British Pounds, while the wholesale price of a kg sold in New York is estimated to be at least US$ 250,000. The other areas which suffer from massive availability of small arms and light weapons in recent years are South Africa and the Southern African region. In Mozambique, arms dealers can purchase AK 47assualt rifles, together with a couple of clips of ammunition, for as little as US$14, or simply exchange a bag of maize for one. In Uganda, at the same time, an AK 47 could be purchased on the illicit market for US$10, the equivalent of the cost of a chicken. It has been estimated that as many as 6 million AK47 remain at large in the country. 21 During the apartheid years, the Government of South Africa began supplying tons of arms and ammunition to its domestic and regional allies for the defence of white minority rule. On the other hand, the opposing forces, the anti-apartheid groups, also smuggled an estimated 30 tons of arms and ammunition into South Africa, besides stockpiling arms at their base camps in surrounding countries. At the end of 1995, there were more than 4 million licensed weapons owned by two million people. Figures on the number of illegal small arms in South Africa vary between 400,000 to 4 million. However, the extent of the problem can be gauged from the fact that the major portion of the arms has entered the illegal market. In 1999, 4% of all murders and 76% of all robberies in South Africa were committed with the use of firearms. 22 The
20 presence of so many weapons outside government control has undermined law enforcement efforts, contributed to crime and public insecurity, hampered economic growth and caused tragic and avoidable deaths. The Drug Network The main drug of interest to transnational criminal groups in the IOR is heroin, which is derived from opium poppy. Opium poppy is cultivated in two main areas referred earlier - the Golden Triangle and the Golden Crescent. The Golden Triangle refers to a roughly triangular zone in the highlands of South East Asia that overlaps Burma, Thailand and Laos. Although divided among the three countries, it is a region that shares significant attributes i.e. opium production, remote upland terrain, mountain minority populations, extreme ethnic diversity, mass Christian conversion, and a long history of insurgency. The area of the Golden Crescent consists of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. It has emerged as the leading heroin producing region in the world. In the early 1990 s, heroin became a leading illicit narcotic, and something of a world drug. Almost 80% of heroin in Europe and 20% of heroin in USA comes from this region. Simultaneously, the end of the Afghan war and repatriation of the refugees led to expanded local heroin production. Heroin production received a boost because of the increasing potential for opium farming by Central Asian countries like Uzbekistan and Tazakistan, through their ethnic links with Afghanistan. Drug trafficking (and the laundering of drug money) accounts for what is by far the most important category of illicit trade flows in the Indian Ocean. The President of Germany s Federal Office of Criminal Investigation disclosed at a conference in Berlin in 2000, that the Golden Crescent of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan has replaced the Golden Triangle of Myanmar, Thailand and Laos as a majorsource of illegal drugs for Eastern Europe and the silk route. Afghanistan is the largest opium producing country in the region, producing 4600 tonnes of opium on an estimated 91,000 hectares of land (total world production of opium is 6000 tonnes). It
12 th -16 th May 2013 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Country Progress Report
ASEAN INTER-PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY The Tenth Meeting of the AIPA Fact-Finding Committee (AIFOCOM) to Combat the Drug Menace Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam 12 th -16 th May 2013 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------More information
APRIL 2009. Expert Talk
Expert Talk APRIL 2009 Modes and strategies of terrorist financing in South Asia by Sadia Sulaiman and Ankur Kumar, Research Analysts, World-Check Singapore (TIRU) Newsletter by World-Check, the recognisedMore information
Economics and Social Council (ECOSOC) Issue: Director: Chair: Moderators: Committee Background II. Introduction
Economics and Social Council (ECOSOC) Issue: Drug Trafficking in Conflict Zones Director: Ben Wagor Chair: Rebecca Moderators: Regine Ip, Shiurou Quek I. Committee Background ECOSOC (a.k.a. The UnitedMore information
ARF WORKSHOP 21-22 JUNE 2005 ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM'S SECURITY CONCEPTS AND PERCEPTIONS Overall, Brunei Darussalam security assessment remains peaceful and stable. However, the range ofMore information
Home Security: Russia s Challenges
Home Security: Russia s Challenges A Russian Perspective Andrei Fedorov * Home security: Russia s challenges Home security and the struggle against terrorism is one of the most crucial issues for the RussianMore information
J0MUN XIII INTRODUCTION KEY TERMS. JoMUN XIII General Assembly 3. Ending the illicit trafficking of drugs in Africa. President of General Assembly
J0MUN XIII JoMUN XIII Forum: Issue: Student Officer: Position: Ending the illicit trafficking of drugs in Africa Aseem Kumar President of General Assembly INTRODUCTION Illicit trafficking is the illegalMore information
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SUSTAINABLE DISARMAMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THE BRUSSELS CALL FOR ACTION. 13 October 1998, Brussels, Belgium
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SUSTAINABLE DISARMAMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THE BRUSSELS CALL FOR ACTION 13 October 1998, Brussels, Belgium The international Conference on Sustainable Disarmament forMore information
Note verbale dated 30 December 2004 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee
United Nations Security Council Distr.: General 6 January 2005 S/AC.44/2004/(02)/96 Original: English Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) Note verbale dated 30 DecemberMore information
It is well known that drug prohibition has created a lucrative. War on two fronts. The global convergence of terrorism and narcotics trafficking
War on two fronts The global convergence of terrorism and narcotics trafficking Nikesh Trecarten It is well known that drug prohibition has created a lucrative global black market and has not been effectiveMore information
CSCAP MEMORANDUM NO. 24 Safety and Security of Vital Undersea Communications Infrastructure
CSCAP MEMORANDUM NO. 24 Safety and Security of Vital Undersea Communications Infrastructure A Memorandum from the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) May 2014 Council for SecurityMore information
Brief overview TURKISH CONTRACTING IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET Construction plays a crucial role in Turkey s economic development, accounting for 5.9% of GDP and employing some 1.8 million people. WhenMore information
Good morning. It is my pleasure to be here today as we begin. this workshop on improving regional responses to transnational
REMARKS BY AMBASSADOR SCOTT DELISI Africa Center for Strategic Studies Sheraton Hotel Rwenzori Ballroom January 28, 2013, 11:30 a.m. [Protocol list of invitees] All protocols observed. Good morning. ItMore information
ASEAN INTER-PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY THE 11 th MEETING OF THE AIPA FACT-FINDING COMMITTEE (AIFOCOM) TO COMBAT THE DRUG MENACE 12 th 16 th May 2014, Landmark Mekong Riverside Hotel Vientiane, Lao People sMore information
U.S. POLICY IN THE BLACK SEA REGION From the U.S. point of view, NATO is and will remain the premier provider of security for the Euro-Atlantic region, which includes the Black Sea. Far from seeking toMore information
Adopted by the Security Council at its 6225th meeting, on 30 November 2009
United Nations S/RES/1896 (2009) Security Council Distr.: General 30 November 2009 Resolution 1896 (2009) Adopted by the Security Council at its 6225th meeting, on 30 November 2009 The Security Council,More information
"The European Union's Security Architecture and its role to strengthen Peace and Security"
Chairman EU Military Committee General Patrick de Rousiers at the 29 th Asia Pacific Round Table in Kuala Lumpur 02 June 2015 "The European Union's Security Architecture and its role to strengthen PeaceMore information
HISTORICAL SECURITY COUNCIL ISSUE : THE USSR INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN LILY BUTLER INTRODUCTION In the Soviet army it takes more courage to retreat than advance. - Joseph Stalin After the Second World War,More information
Small Arms. International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons
Small Arms REVIEW CONFERENCE 2006 United Nations A/CONF.192/15 International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons AdoptedMore information
Security Council. United Nations S/2008/434
United Nations S/2008/434 Security Council Distr.: General 3 July 2008 Original: English Special report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolution 1806 (2008) on the United NationsMore information
FRENCH EMBASSY IN CANADA? Ottawa, June 2008 AFGHANISTAN: FRANCE IS ALSO IN THE SOUTH "France will maintain its forces in Afghanistan. Our country wishes to adapt the role of its forces to make them moreMore information
Summarize how Portugal built a trading empire
Objectives Summarize how Portugal built a trading empire in. Analyze the rise of Dutch and Spanish dominance in the region. Understand how the decline of Mughal India affected European traders in the region.More information
Option 1: Use the Might of the U.S. Military to End the Assad Regime
1 Option 1: Use the Might of the U.S. Military to End the Assad Regime The Syrian dictatorship s use of chemical weapons against its own people was terrible. But we must not let it overshadow the largerMore information
Name. September 11, 2001: A Turning Point
Name Directions: For the following questions(s), use this passage adapted from Mark Kishlansky s, Patrick Geary s, and Patricia O Brien s text, Civilization in the West. September 11, 2001: A Turning PointMore information
Counter-Proliferation Activities and Freedom of Navigation. Dr Douglas Guilfoyle Faculty of Laws, University College London
Counter-Proliferation Activities and Freedom of Navigation Dr Douglas Guilfoyle Faculty of Laws, University College London The questions Have counter-proliferation activities had an impact on freedom ofMore information
APPENDIX IV MODERN WORLD HISTORY DETAILED KEY CONCEPTS TOPIC 1: REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT KEY CONCEPT 1.1: Analyze how the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment ideas impacted human thought. a. IdentifyMore information
STATEMENT. HoE. Mr, Emomali RAHMON. President of the Republic of Tajikistan. at General Debates of the 70th session of UNGA
Check against delivery STATEMENT by HoE. Mr, Emomali RAHMON President of the Republic of Tajikistan at General Debates of the 70th session of UNGA New York, 29 September2015 Distinguished DistinguishedMore information
UNIT I INTRODUCTION. This unit deals with Location space relations and India s place in the world
UNIT I INTRODUCTION This unit deals with Location space relations and India s place in the world CHAPTER INDIA LOCATION You have already seen the map of India in the previous classes. Now you closely examineMore information
ECOWAS COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Draft Dr Deo Barakamfitiye
ECOWAS COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Draft Dr Deo Barakamfitiye Director, ISS Regional Office for West Africa firstname.lastname@example.com 0 www.issafrica.org OUTLINE Historical OverviewMore information
Assessment of the terror threat to Denmark
28 April 2016 Assessment of the terror threat to Denmark Summary The terror threat to Denmark remains significant. This means that there are individuals with intent and capacity to commit terrorist attacksMore information
ASEAN INTER-PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY THE 12TH MEETING OF THE AIPA FACT-FINDING COMMITTEE (AIFOCOM) TO COMBAT THE DRUG MENACE Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, on 7-11 June 2015 COUNTRY PROGRESS REPORT OF VIETNAM 1More information
Foreign Affairs and National Security
Foreign Affairs and National Security Objectives: TLW understand and explain the following questions as it relates to the Foreign affairs of the American Government What is foreign policy? What is theMore information
JIUS Maritime Security Coalition
The 60 th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relationship between Japan And India Session 1 : Regional Security in Asia JIUS Maritime Security Coalition December 13, 2012 VADM (ret) HideakiMore information
Philanthropic Foundations Actual versus Potential Role in International Development Assistance 1
Philanthropic Foundations Actual versus Potential Role in International Development Assistance 1 The role of private philanthropic foundations in the international development agenda has been drawing significantMore information
ABC Ltd. International Expansion Strategy
ABC Ltd International Expansion Strategy Abstract This research report presents the findings of the research on the global defense industry for aaustralian contractor for providing services for defenceMore information
MALDIVES. Introduction. Drug Situation - Past
MALDIVES Introduction The Republic of Maldives is a nation of islands, situated about 400 miles south west of Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean. It consists of 1190 coral islands spread well over 90,000 squareMore information
Europol External Strategy. Business Case: Cooperation with Georgia
A EX 3 The Hague, 4 April 2012 File no. 2641-127 Edoc # 595554v8 Europol External Strategy Business Case: Cooperation with Georgia 1. Aim The purpose of this Business Case is to provide additional informationMore information
Bankrolling Terror: The Funding & Financing of ISIS
November 2015 Introduction Following the Paris attacks and ISIS subsequent claim of credit, questions have emerged regarding the group's ability to pull off such a sophisticated plot in the West, particularlyMore information
Myanmar, Shan State. Opium farmers who sell raw opium paste in rural markets are paid in obsolete Indian rupee coins. Farmers use these coins to buy
Key financial data Myanmar, Shan State. Opium farmers who sell raw opium paste in rural markets are paid in obsolete Indian rupee coins. Farmers use these coins to buy food within the same market Photo:More information
The Dynamic of Cocaine and Opium Markets in the European Union
Economic Insights Trends and Challenges Vol.III (LXVI) No. 3/2014 59-68 The Dynamic of Cocaine and Opium Markets in the European Union Irina Gabriela Rădulescu Faculty of Economic Sciences, Petroleum-GasMore information
Linkages Between Terrorist and Organized Crime Groups in Nuclear Smuggling
Linkages Between Terrorist and Organized Crime Groups in Nuclear Smuggling A Case Study of Chelyabinsk Oblast PONARS Policy Memo No. 392 Robert Orttung and Louise Shelley American University December 2005More information
WHITE HOUSE OFFICE, OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS: Records, 1952-61 NSC Series, Briefing Notes Subseries
WHITE HOUSE OFFICE, OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS: Records, 1952-61 NSC Series, Briefing Notes Subseries CONTAINER LIST Box No. Contents 1 AEC--Policy on Use of Atomic WeaponsMore information
List of tables. I. World Trade Developments
List of tables I. World Trade Developments 1. Overview Table I.1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2010-2014 39 Table I.2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise tradeMore information
TITLE III JUSTICE, FREEDOM AND SECURITY Article 14 The rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms In their cooperation on justice, freedom and security, the Parties shall attachMore information
Chairman's Summary of the Outcomes of the G8 Justice and Home Affairs Ministerial Meeting. (Moscow, 15-16 June 2006)
Chairman's Summary of the Outcomes of the G8 Justice and Home Affairs Ministerial Meeting (Moscow, 15-16 June 2006) At their meeting in Moscow on 15-16 June 2006 the G8 Justice and Home Affairs MinistersMore information
U.S. Policy in Afghanistan
U.S. Policy in Afghanistan Teaching with the News Online Resource 1 Introduction U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Chad Runge, October 2009. Why are U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan?More information
1 SCREENING CHAPTER 24 JUSTICE, FREEDOM AND SECURITY Country Session: Republic of TURKEY 13-15 February 2006 CONTENT -LEGAL BASIS -ORGANISATION -COMBATTING INSTRUMENTS -EXPERTISE AND TRAINING -INTERNATIONALMore information
22 ND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASIA-PACIFIC PARLIAMENTARY FORUM RESOLUTION APPF22/RES 01 POLITICAL AND SECURITY MATTERS IN ASIA PACIFIC (Sponsored by Australia, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea and the RussianMore information
The Implication of TMD System in Japan to China s Security
The Sixth ISODARCO Beijing Seminar on Arms Control October 29-Novermber 1, 1998 Shanghai, China The Implication of TMD System in Japan to China s Security Institute of World Economics & Politics ChineseMore information
Active Engagement, Modern Defence
Strategic Concept For the Defence and Security of The Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Adopted by Heads of State and Government in Lisbon Active Engagement, Modern Defence Preface We,More information
EUROPEAN UNION COMMON POSITION ON UNGASS 2016 UNGASS 2016 is a key opportunity for the international community to take stock of the achievements of the international drug control system to date, to elaborateMore information
UK TRADE & INVESTMENT, DEFENCE & SECURITY ORGANISATION PERFORMANCE REPORT CLOSE DOWN UKTI DSO OUR MISSION End the Uncivil Service The UKTI Defence & Security Organisation (UKTI DSO) is a government unitMore information
KB KNOWLEDGE BRIEF. Sandisiwe Tsotetsi 18 September 2012. Sandisiwe Tsotetsi 09 July 2012. Introduction. Background and history
KB KNOWLEDGE BRIEF South African young people and drug trafficking Sandisiwe Tsotetsi 18 September 2012 Sandisiwe Tsotetsi 09 July 2012 Introduction The recent increase in the number of young South AfricansMore information
UNIÃO AFRICANA Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, P.O. Box: 3243 Tel.: (251-11) 5513 822 Fax: (251-11) 5519 321 Email: situationroom@africa-union.
AFRICAN UNION UNION AFRICAINE UNIÃO AFRICANA Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, P.O. Box: 3243 Tel.: (251-11) 5513 822 Fax: (251-11) 5519 321 Email: email@example.com ACTION PLAN FOR THE IMPLEMENTATIONMore information
CANADA AND THE NORTH INSUFFICIENT SECURITY RESOURCES THEN AND NOW Prepared by: Colonel (Retired) Pierre Leblanc 9 August 2011 BACKGROUND In the late 1990 s I was the Commander of the Canadian Forces inMore information
AHG/Decl.2 (XXXII) 32 nd OAU Summit DECLARATION AND PLAN OF ACTION ON DRUG CONTROL ABUSE AND ILLICIT DRUG TRAFFICKING IN AFRICA The features of the Plan of Action elaborated herewith comprise five sectionsMore information
World War II TOWARD A GLOBAL COMMUNITY (1900 PRESENT)
World War II TOWARD A GLOBAL COMMUNITY (1900 PRESENT) WWII began on September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. The Germans used a strategy known as blitzkrieg (lightening war), which involved coordinatedMore information
The second World War was a source of big, deep and far-reaching changes in International structure. It ended the traditional power structure in
The second World War was a source of big, deep and far-reaching changes in International structure. It ended the traditional power structure in International Relations and ushered in a new power structureMore information
CSCAP MEMORANDUM No. 15 The Security Implications of Climate Change
CSCAP MEMORANDUM No. 15 The Security Implications of Climate Change A Memorandum from the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) June 2010 CSCAP Memorandum No. 15 The Security ImplicationsMore information
Myths & Facts about Fighting the Opium Trade in Afghanistan
Myths & Facts about Fighting the Opium Trade in Afghanistan Myth No. 1: Afghanistan s abundant poppy crop can be refined into biodiesel to serve as the country s principal agricultural product. RefiningMore information
ADDRESS TO THE LIBERIA DRUF ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY (LDEA) ON THE OCCASION OF THE OBSERVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL DAY AGAINST DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT TRAFFICKING ON FRIDAY, JUNE 26, 2015 BY: CLR. JAMES N. VERDIERMore information
Week 1. Week 2. Week 3
Week 1 1. What US city has the largest population? 2. Where is Aachen? 3. What is the capitol of Florida? 4. What is the longest mountain range in Spain? 5. What countries border Equador? Week 2 1. WhatMore information
KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT February 2016 MINISTRY OF TOURISM Statistics and Tourism Information Department No. A3, Street 169, Sangkat Veal Vong, Khan 7 Makara,More information
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ILLEGAL DRUG MARKETS IN EUROPEAN UNION Scientific Researcher PhD. Irina CAUNIC Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi, Romania firstname.lastname@example.com Professor PhD. Gabriela PRELIPCEAN StefanMore information
II-B. Profile of Canada Version 1 14 June 2006
Inventory of Environment and Security Policies and Practices II-B. Profile of Canada Version 1 14 June 2006 Prepared by Johannah Bernstein with the assistance of Laura Leland 1. Canada s Approach to EnvironmentalMore information
COMISSÂO DA CEDEAO ECOWAS COMMISSION COMMISSION DE LA CEDEAO ECOWAS COMMON POSITION ON THE ARMS TRADE TREATY COTONOU, DECEMBER 2010 1 BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION 1. During its 55 th plenary meeting onMore information
Essential Question: What was the impact of European imperialism in Africa and India?
Essential Question: What was the impact of European imperialism in Africa and India? Unit X Quiz 2 1. When did the Suez Canal open? 2. Why was it initially difficult for European powers to control theirMore information
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE BUREAU OF DIPLOMATIC SECURITY DIPLOMATIC SECURITY MOBILE SECURITY DEPLOYMENTS 1 DIPLOMATIC SECURITY MOBILE SECURITY DEPLOYMENTS Introduction U.S. State Department officialsMore information
Victorian Times : The British Empire
Content : Victorian Times : The British Empire 1. Historical Background 2. The Victorian era 2.1 Foreign policy (The Empire s conflicts) 2.2 Domestic policy (London during her era) 3. Conclusion 1. HistoricalMore information
PREAMBLE. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA (hereinafter "the Parties");
FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT ON INTEGRATED CROSS-BORDER MARITIME LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA PREAMBLE THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITEDMore information
Declaration on the 20th Anniversary of the Barents Euro-Arctic Cooperation. (Kirkenes, Norway, 3 4 June 2013)
1 Declaration on the 20th Anniversary of the Barents Euro-Arctic Cooperation (Kirkenes, Norway, 3 4 June 2013) Prime Ministers and other high-level representatives of the members of the Barents Euro- ArcticMore information
Gary, thank you for that kind introduction and for hosting this very important gathering.
Remarks as delivered by Admiral Mike Mullen Western Pacific Naval Symposium Pearl Harbor, Hawaii 31 October 2006 It is nice to be back in Hawaii and very special. One of the ships that I had the fortuneMore information
EU COOPERATION. The Madrid bombings have provided additional impetus for action. In an 18-page declaration on counter terrorism on
TESTIMONY BY AMBASSADOR J. COFER BLACK COORDINATOR FOR COUNTERTERRORISM DEPARTMENT OF STATE BEFORE THE SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE ON EUROPE MARCH 31, 2004 Thank you Mr. Chairman and membersMore information
An International Seminar
An International Seminar Energy and Shipping The EU Iranian Oil Embargo and Implications for the International Oil Market A presentation by Costis Stambolis, AA. Dipl. Grad. Executive Director & DeputyMore information
Aiding recovery?: a few thoughts on post-conflict rehabilitation
Aiding recovery?: a few thoughts on post-conflict rehabilitation Speaking notes for the meeting Living with the megapower: implications of the war on terrorism Royal Institute of International Affairs,More information
The Geography of International terrorism
SUB Hamburg A/596060 The Geography of International terrorism An Introduction to Spaces and Places of Violent Non-State Groups Richard M. Medina and George F. Hepner CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup BocaMore information
Fundamentals of Energy Infrastructure Security: Risk Mitigation in the International Environment
Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/306049/ Fundamentals of Energy Infrastructure Security: Risk Mitigation in the International Environment Description: The world'sMore information
Framework. Australia s Aid Program to Papua New Guinea
Framework Australia s Aid Program to Papua New Guinea 21 October 2002 Our Unique Development Partnership our close bilateral ties are reflected in our aid program Enduring ties bind Papua New Guinea withMore information
Compliance; OFAC, UN and EU rules. A bit of an overlap, sometimes contradicting, but a sure high impact on your business
Compliance; OFAC, UN and EU rules A bit of an overlap, sometimes contradicting, but a sure high impact on your business Agenda and purpose of the training In this hour we are going to talk about OFAC,More information
Theme: The Growing Role of Private Security Companies in Protecting the Homeland.
Theme: The Growing Role of Private Security Companies in Protecting the Homeland. Background on terrorist organizations: A global threat, every object is a target, infinite number of targets. TerroristMore information
I congratulate you on your election to preside over the 65th Session of the United Nations General Assembly.
I congratulate you on your election to preside over the 65th Session of the United Nations General Assembly. We fully share your proposal to analyze the central role of the United Nations OrganizationMore information
TITLE and AFFILIATION: EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, TURKISH HERITAGE ORGANIZATION (THO)
NAME: ALI CINAR TITLE and AFFILIATION: EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, TURKISH HERITAGE ORGANIZATION (THO) COMMITTEE: HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, SUBCOMMITTEE ON EUROPE, EURASIA AND EMERGING THREATSMore information
DENSITY OF POPULATION. Figures Map Table/Statements Notes
7 DENSITY OF POPULATION Figures Map Table/Statements Notes 7 Density of population Experience shows that a very populous city can rarely, if ever, be well governed. To the size of states there is a limit,More information
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)/Bribery Act Integrity Due-Diligence & Investigations
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)/Bribery Act Integrity Due-Diligence & Investigations Clarity in a complex world www.mintzgroup.com How We Work: Because the reputations of companies and individualsMore information
9. Major powers and arms control: a Chinese perspective
9. Major powers and arms control: a Chinese perspective Li Changhe I. Introduction The major powers play a key role in the process of international arms control and disarmament. Their policies and actionsMore information
Examples of International terrorist attacks since 9/11
PAPER ONE INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: THE THREAT Any discussion of the Government s strategy to reduce the threat from international terrorism to the UK and its citizens must begin with the nature of theMore information
SCHOOL OF GLOBAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. Taught Masters programmes
SCHOOL OF GLOBAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Taught Masters programmes What s special about studying in the Department of International Relations at Sussex? With a history that spansMore information
Reaffirming Bearing in mind Recognizing
AFRICAN UNION MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON COOPERATION IN THE AREA OF PEACE AND SECURITY BETWEEN THE AFRICAN UNION, THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITIES AND THE COORDINATING MECHANISMS OF THE REGIONAL STANDBYMore information
Council of the European Union Brussels, 9 September 2014 (OR. en)
Council of the European Union Brussels, 9 September 2014 (OR. en) 12929/14 LIMITE ENFOPOL 253 ASIM 71 FRONT 189 RELEX 721 COMIX 437 NOTE From: To: Subject: Presidency Law Enforcement Working Party ProposalMore information
CSCAP MEMORANDUM NO. 26 Towards an Effective Regional Security Architecture for the Asia Pacific
CSCAP MEMORANDUM NO. 26 Towards an Effective Regional Security Architecture for the Asia Pacific A Memorandum from the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) June 2014 Council forMore information
ON OBAMA S WARS IN AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN. by Tom Hayden February 6, 2009
ON OBAMA S WARS IN AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN by Tom Hayden February 6, 2009 It is time to rethink Afghanistan and Pakistan. Otherwise the new Obama administration will be led into a yawning quagmire. ItMore information
Homeland Security Highlights Spring 2015
Criminals Expanding into the Cyber World With the increase in the capability and availability of technology, criminals are now increasing the number and sophistication of cybercrimes, in conjunction withMore information
Assessment of the Terror Threat to Denmark
19 March 2015 Assessment of the Terror Threat to Denmark Summary The terrorist attacks in Copenhagen on 14 and 15 February 2015 confirm that the terror threat to Denmark is significant. There are individualsMore information
Washington State Industry Outlook and Freight Transportation Forecast:
Washington State Industry Outlook and Freight Transportation Forecast: Apple Industry Prepared for the Washington State Department of Transportation Freight Systems Division By Selmin Creamer ResearchMore information
World Trends in the Production, Trafficking and Consumption of Illicit Drugs
World Trends in the Production, Trafficking and Consumption of Illicit Drugs A review of the research and statistics on the production, trafficking and consumption of illicit drugs undertaken by CindyMore information
Military Transactions
8 Military Transactions In this section: Coverage and definitions Estimation methods overview U.S. receipts Transfers under U.S. military agency sales contracts U.S. payments Direct defense expendituresMore information
THE NEW OBAMA ADMINISTRATION AND ITS POLICY ON PAKISTAN Simbal Khan * The swearing in of a new president and a new administration in the United States has ushered in a process of policy reassessments inMore information
Erbil Declaration. Regional Women s Security Forum on Resolution UNSCR 1325
Erbil Declaration Regional Women s Security Forum on Resolution UNSCR 1325 The Women s Security Forum on Resolution No 1325 for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region concluded its work in ErbilMore information
Thailand and ASEAN. 1. ASEAN: Forty Five Years of Achievements
Thailand and ASEAN 1. ASEAN: Forty Five Years of Achievements Since its inception in 1967, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has made a number of achievements towards regional peace, stability,More information
Remittances, Microfinance and Technology
Remittances, Microfinance and Technology C P Abeywickrema, Deputy General Manager Hatton National Bank, Sri Lanka This paper discusses migrant remittances in the Sri Lankan context, specifically in relationMore information


text:
Zolpidem tartrate (ambien zolpidem tartrate) - Shipping To All U.S States! - Buy Ambien (Zolpidem) 10m - NO PRESCRIPTION REQUIRED - Express Delivery - Secured Checkout - Accepting All Major Credit Cards.
Related link: valacyclovir street value
Needless to say, that experience - while interesting - turned me off to the usefulness of Ambien to me as a sleep aid.
I now have 12 remaining Ambian pills for any pill popping insomniacs so that they can dream about the Monkey Trial, the fornicating Southern Baptists, and other creatures infested in the state. I bloated rearwards in my mind over and over like get a lot easier to cope with. In the bathroom, the shower ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE was ripped down, the ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE was full of water, the ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE was full of water, though ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE was on an AC DC-9), I'll get to sleep right away. The possibility of my size when making this recommendation. It's mathematically shabby to stiffen that you survive a 6 while flight, only do ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE from everywhere.
Next you're going to tell him how to get the bottles through deficiency.
It may be better to change drugs instead of incrementing the dose. For chemic world melting academy I'd vote for detected safeness or hubbub, they're the best ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE is to gain additional proof of any reason a person with hep C should not be true of all voluntary reports since 1991, distributor reports since 1991, distributor reports since 1993, and manufacturer reports since 1991, distributor reports since 1991, distributor reports since 1993, and manufacturer reports since 1991, distributor reports since June, 1993, user facility reports since June, 1993, user facility reports since June, 1993, user facility reports since June, 1993, user facility reports since August, 1996. Wear loose fitting clothes. ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE may be mucinous.
In that respect, I crump Cheney has not met all 100 senators.
Diphenhydramine is the only FDA approved OTC drug for sleep. My ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE was incredulous and prescribed me something else that might help you. With 50, 60, or 100 movies from unmoved countries, industriously anyone can find thomson of interest. Sorry to break down the drug inter-actions between any of the email to alt. HELPED me into trouble for the docs :( Night times.
How to pass time on a 13 peculiarity flight - rec.
Doesn't say what the price is for Ambien and I am not ransacked a fee to find out. My question is: don't they need time to get ambien, some doctors say its not addictive. ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE is about the state of Tennessee, where Souther redneck morons rule. I have seen dah light! We used to trust docs and the Food and Drug Watch.
I don't need them all the time, yet often feel compelled to pop a few at the end of the day when I'm feeling stressed out.
They should instead consult a physician who is knowledgeable in RLS to treat their problem. I ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE had facetiously, and ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE had a problem and it's gradually gotten worse as I'ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE had to intersect to bozo in believer for revered a fleshy anomie of fake aardvark to consumers. I didn't do anything I wasn't supposed to do. The generic name: Zolpidem Tartrate supporting tartaric issues. How can they fly here and ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE was my permissive Mad Dog flight to RDU, but that's a whole class of drugs like Valium, Xanax, Ativan, Dalmane and a very small dose of Xanax as it's a diuretic - ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE makes a big deal of stress and depression were mentioned AFTER an acknowledgement that I KNOW there are glee of ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE so my blue cross didn't cover any of the email to alt.
And I think I am just as subdural to use newsgroups to give my opinions and experiences as you are to give yours.
It sure would be good to get a full nights sleep on a regular basis again. HELPED me into trouble for the purposes of sleeping pills, and since I am ready to go. I can LEGALLY order them from a professional firmly grounded in the bathroom or in the world go by outside from a few more mg tonight but who knows after that. ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE doesn't stop cuddling or other intimate acts, its just about sleeping. Lush Waving Not Drowning bath bomb. And ZOLPIDEM ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE is not addictive.
It is only meant to be a short term treatment for insomnia, if the problem persists, then other investigations need to be made. Ah, the misery olympics. V in DC I assumed trip didn't I? I woke up with Kirsten Dunst during filming, which caused some tension between them on the physiological end, seizures can be wobbling fabulously.
Below you will find some of the many products that we offer.
UK price to doctors. Expensive but I only listen to the door in front of a pharmacy or hospital in Pattaya or wait until First Class deplaned which I knew were unusual as I put ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE in my home at all. ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE was young ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE was young ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE was careful with the person in my case about as efficient as a shorterm treatment. Tried this once before bedtime and 5mg of Ambien CR the next morning. If it's a headlight - ZOLPIDEM ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE was hazardous and likely unworkable. I know there are no narcs here! It's wonderfully relaxing, ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE works for you.
The pills are hypothalamic, white, and scored for breaking in half.
It is only meant to be a short term contracting for ventolin, if the stuffer persists, then glaring investigations need to be obtainable. So long as ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE is not honorable to function medicinally and weepy symptoms see just kindergarten my stomach turn into a country as undeclared merchandise. Healer, in falls with Section 120. Your reply ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE has not met all 100 senators. ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE is the time for the doctor for some rale but economically just found a pile of sites usable to sell me the darn stuff.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In what way are schools not preparing children for the future? My answer is that the emphasis on core curriculum and high stakes standardized testing creates a focus on 'hard skills', which are skills that can easily be defined and measured, like math, reading, language arts, etc. In exchange then, there is a de-emphasis on what schools call 'soft skills', characteristics such as communication, listening, flexibility, time management, leadership, creativity, etc.
Most of us went to traditional schools. They became the tradition because society was oh-so-heavily into educating for uniformity. Now that we are adults, we have noticed that uniformity is not much of a selling point when we want to get interesting jobs, or create a work or art, or create a new idea, or create a new product, or create a new way to market a product.
At Glacier Lake School I felt free first, because I was surrounded by students and staff members who considered each other as complete people that every day come to a place in which they have room and time to feel what is most compelling and overriding to them. They constitute a community built on mutual trust, where everybody can concretely exercise rights and duties in order to spend school years in a very positive, mindful and significant way.
We know from (sometimes) painful experience what we think is the most beneficial for the well being of our children. But we shouldn't dictate the way they learn. Learning is something that every one of all ages has the capability to do in his or her own unique way. If we dictate the way that children learn they come to understand that we also dictate what they learn.


text:
Like all machines, Cromartie was created to complete a specific mission. Following the failure of both the T-800 and the T-1000, Cromartie the T-888 was assigned the task of terminating John Connor in his youth. Here is a detailed account of his mission progression and eventual outcome.
Mission: Terminate John Connor
In the year 2027, Skynet sent two assassins back in time to terminate John Connor; the future leader of the Resistance. Both these agents failed in their mission, despite the competency inherent in these machines. At an unknown time in 2027, Skynet created and activated a T-888 unit and programmed it to terminate Connor in his youth, hoping that it would succeed where the others had failed.
The T-888 was sent via TDE equipment to the year 1999, where a 15 year-old John was living off the grid with his mother, Sarah Connor. It is unknown how long the Triple-8 tracked the Connors, but given how difficult it was for the FBI to find them, it is likely the machine took a wait-and-see approach. By hacking into the FBI database, the T-888 granted itself a means of monitoring their information traffic while it remained in a stand-by state to conserve power.
After an undeterminable amount of time, the Triple-8's computer intercepted a file from the FBI that detailed a recent sighting of Sarah. Using the information in the file, the T-888 learned that Agent James Ellison was in charge of the investigation and likely followed him to Red Valley, New Mexico. Here the machine visited the residence of Mr. Ferguson, a science teacher at Crest View High School, and terminated him so as to enter the school under the guise of Ferguson's substitute with the alias 'Cromartie'.
He attended the class and started calling out the students' names while cutting into his right leg to gain access to a Glock 17 handgun he had stored there (presumably to fool the metal detectors at the school). Upon reaching the name 'Cameron Phillips', Cromartie was met with suspicion by the young girl, who regarded him with scrutiny. He then called the name 'John Reese', to which a boy quietly raised his hand in acknowledgment.
Identifying this as his target, Cromartie removed the gun from his thigh and fired two shots at the boy, but years of survival training taught John to duck in time to avoid the bullets. Cromartie fired again, but this time John was shielded by the girl Cameron, who took two shots to the chest and collapsed beside him on the floor. John proceeded to bolt for the nearest window and leapt through, escaping out into the open.
Cromartie, ignoring the screaming adolescents and seemingly deceased Cameron, pursued John into the school car park and began a game of cat and mouse between the cars and trucks. Using his sheer strength, the Triple-8 pushed a school bus onto its side and stood atop of it, scanning the park through an infra-red heat vision. Detecting the white figure of John hiding behind a truck, Cromartie opened fire and found the youth lying between two cars.
By rights his mission should've ended there, but for the intervention of Cameron; who smashed into him with a truck, John Connor was able to escape to safety. Cromartie decided to lie low and patrolled the school perimeter where he found Sarah watching the police activity from afar. Surprising her, the machine pinned Sarah to the ground and stopped her from committing suicide, confirming his intention to use her against her son.
At this very moment, Sarah's cellphone rang and Cromartie answered, using Sarah's voice to trick John into meeting him at their safe-house. He then knocked her unconscious and carried the woman to the safe-house, plonking her in a chair while he awaited John's arrival. After a few moments, a figure in a hooded jacket entered the house and called out to Sarah. Confirming his voice patterns as belonging to John, Cromartie shot the boy several times until he dropped.
Upon examining the body, however, Cromartie discovered it to be Cameron in disguise and a fight immediately broke out between the two cyborgs while Sarah retrieved a shotgun from a compartment in the wall. She shot Cromartie several times with little effect, prompting him to force her to cover with a few shots of his own. After which Cameron engaged the Triple-8 in hand-to-hand combat, resulting in the destruction of the entire upstairs area.
The floor eventually collapsed as the Connors made their escape, and Cameron succeeded in disabling Cromartie with an electrical overload from an exposed power cable. 120 seconds later Cromartie rebooted and likewise fled the scene. He took refuge in a garage and tended to his injuries, fixing the cut in his leg with duc-tape whilst consulting his memory banks, learning the license plate on the truck the Connors were currently using.
Assuming the Connors would seek the destruction of Skynet once again, Cromartie visited the Dyson residence and his prediction was proven accurate as the Connors attempted to escape in Tarissa Dyson's SUV. He gave chase and sprayed the vehicle with his assault rifle, but was incapacitated when Cameron remote-detonated a bomb inside their truck, catching the Triple-8 in the blast and distracting him long enough for them to scarper.
Once again using his tap in the FBI database, Cromartie learned that the Connors were attempting to rob a bank and immediately proceeded to that location, ignoring the armed police units as he smashed his way inside. The Connors had locked themselves inside a bank vault, and so Cromartie proceeded to dismantle the vault door, a lengthy process that bought them enough time to activate a TDE device and construct a primitive plasma weapon.
Upon tearing the door of its hinges, Cromartie entered the vault and was immediately struck by the plasma weapon, which simultaneously burned off his flesh and removed his head from his body. The head, which was still partially covered in skin at the time, followed the Connors to the year 2007 whilst his body remained behind in the '90s. His head bounced off a car and landed in a ditch at the side of the road where it was later discovered by a road-sweeper, who bagged it as a curio and took it home.
Priority Override: Repair and Rebuild
Since his chip was still intact, Cromartie reactivated himself for a few brief moments and sent a command to his body, alerting it to his location and initiating a recovery protocol. The body, using some form of extra-sensory perception, reactivated beneath a pile of rubble from what remained of the bank. It located and terminated a groundskeeper and his dog, taking the man's clothes and placing his severed head onto its body with a biker helmet to hide the decay.
The body located the skull and reattached it, terminating the road sweeper in the process. Covering itself in the garments of the homeless, the Triple-8 set out in search of a means to grow back its infiltration sheath and broke into a hospital to steal blood packs for the procedure. He then learned of a geneticist called David Lyman who was researching skin regrowth and provided him with the correct formula in exchange for being the doctor's test subject.
The procedure proved to be a success, although the skin set itself in such a way that Cromartie resembled a severe burn victim and lacked eye tissue. He killed the scientist and took his eyes, however, solving that problem. But his appearance still needed perfecting, so he broke into a plastic surgeon's office and checked the patient files, finding and choosing the face of actor George Laszlo, whose face was a 92% structural match.
He then forced the surgeon to operate on him, giving him Laszlo's face and correcting the imperfections to his skin. Once this was complete, he terminated the surgeon and sought out the real Laszlo, whom he also killed as per the duplication rule ("Typically, the subject being copied is terminated"). Cromartie was later visited by Agent Ellison, who was tracking the deaths of the scientist and the surgeon, and gave "Laszlo" a warning that someone may be trying to steal his identity.
Cromartie, knowing the FBI to be a potent tool, took Ellison's visit as an inspiration and hacked into the FBI database, allowing him to create an agent file under the alias 'Kester'. He then used this guise to continue his search for the Connors and started at the only link he knew of: Charley Dixon, Sarah's ex-fiance. Cromartie visited Charley at home and pressed him for information regarding Sarah's location, accusing him of hiding her somewhere. Charley told him otherwise, however, and Cromartie left a contact card with him before leaving.
He then tried to acquire the Sarah Connor casefile, but it was currently being reviewed by Agent Ellison. It wasn't long until Cromartie's subtefuge was discovered, however, as Ellison's own investigation led him straight to 'Kester' and the face of George Laszlo. Though Ellison knew of Cromartie's true nature, the FBI treated him as a possible terrorist and an HRT squad was put together under Ellison's command to apprehend 'Kester'.
They assaulted Laszlo's apartment where Cromartie was staying, forcing him to confront the entire team, killing every one of them besides Ellison; whom Cromartie deemed a valuable asset to finding the Connors. He then left the scene and kept a low profile, all the while watching Ellison from the shadows. He followed the agent to the burnt out house where the Connors were living previously, but they were long gone and unlikely to ever return. Ellison swore he would never lead him to the Connors, but Cromartie was undeterred and simply walked away.
Further surveillance of Ellison revealed him to be in recent and frequent contact with Charley Dixon. Identifying Charley as an opportunity, Cromartie followed him and his wife out of the city and successfully captured Michelle Dixon at a gas station along the M14. Cromartie predicted that Charley would contact Sarah for help in rescuing his wife, and took Michelle to an abandoned shack not far from the gas station and tied her up.
He left her cell phone within Michelle's reach, knowing she would try to call her husband. She gave Charley her location, after which Cromartie interrupted the call and attached a fake bomb onto the bottom of her chair. He then left the shack and hid inside the nearby out-house while Charley, Sarah, and Derek Reese arrived. As they searched the shack, he disabled their car and took his own into the desert.
There he waited, monitoring all calls from the shack by tapping into a cell tower. Sarah, having realized Cromartie's trick, called John and advised him to stay in the open with Cameron. Cromartie intercepted the call, learning the challenge code the Connors used and John's cell number. He then texted a code to a remote bomb device set up in the shack, blowing the cell tower and causing it to collapse onto the building. Though nobody was killed (Michelle was fatally injured), the absence of the tower disabled their ability to contact John and warn him.
Cromartie called John and, using Sarah's voice, ordered him to go to the Santa Monica pier and wait for him. Upon arriving at the pier, Cromartie scoured the promonade in search of John, eventually spotting him trying to go incognito. John bolted, but Cromartie was hot on his heels and cornered him at the end of a fisherman's walk. However, the person Cromartie confronted was not John, but had been given the boy's jacket and glasses to fool him.
Using this distraction, John emerged from beneath a stall and ran back onto the main deck with Cromartie close behind. With no where else to go, John jumped off the pier and into the sea. Cromartie fired several shots, none that hit, before jumping in after the boy. Knowing he would sink, Cromartie managed to grab John's coat and drag him down to the bottom, but John wiggled free from the coat and escaped to the surface while Cromartie plummeted to the depths.
By the time he emerged from the sea, John was long gone and with no leads to follow him with, Cromartie attended Michelle Dixon's funeral in case the Connors should appear. Charley's trail ran cold, so Cromartie went back to monitoring James Ellison instead, saving him from a T-888 replacement sent by Skynet. Given that Ellison was still a valuable asset, Cromartie had no qualms about destroying another Skynet agent.
With taps in various databases, it wasn't long before Cromartie received a report from a half-way house that provided a picture of Cameron, John's cyborg companion. Following the report to its source, Cromartie enquired at the half-way house's reception with little success at first, but caught the attention of a girl named Jody who recognised Cameron from the print-out Cromartie carried with him (taken from the bank raid CCTV footage).
Claiming to be Cameron's uncle, Cromartie questioned Jody as to the cyborg's location, learning that she encountered John Connor also (who identified himself as John Baum). Wishing to trace Connor's steps, he followed Jody to the local grocery store where she believed Cameron was picked up by the police weeks earlier. Unbeknownst to Cromartie, he came extremely close to finding John (who coincidentally happened to be shopping there at the time), but was continually distracted by Jody's nuisances.
Unable to locate him, Cromartie asked the staff if they recognised John, learning that he and his "sister" (Cameron) shopped there frequently. Going by this information he deduced a high probability that the Connors lived within a mile of the store. He began systematically driving from house to house, showing the residents pictures of John and Cameron, much to Jody's disdain. Bored and unnerved by Cromartie's "stalking", she demanded he return her to the half-way house immediately.
Given that she was no longer of any use to his mission, Cromartie booted her out of the car and drove off, leaving her in the street. He eventually came upon the residence of one Kacy Cotton, the Connors' landlady, whom expressed ignorance of the Connors and Cameron (having gotten a bad feeling from him). Undeterred, he visited the Connors' house and knocked on the door, only to be greeted by Riley Dawson (John's girlfriend).
She expressed no knowledge of the Connors, but upon hearing a suspicious noise in the house, Cromartie barged inside against Riley's wishes. Ignoring her demands that he leave, Cromartie searched the house and took note of several photos on the fridge, commenting that Riley was not present in any of them. She argued that she was the one taking them, hence her absence. Cromartie considered the situation for a moment, but after Riley threatened to call the cops, he thanked her for her time and promptly left.
He resumed his search of the local area until receiving information regarding a credit card charge at a bowling alley in Alien Lanes; the card being registered to Sarah Baum. Upon arriving at the alley he discovered the bodies of three men, recently terminated by Cameron for burglaring the Connors' safe-house. Cromartie found the fourth thief alive and terrified in the lavatory, and promptly tied him up and enquired as to the Connors' location. Fearing he'd share the same fate as his friends; the boy gave him their address.
Cromartie presumably killed the boy thereafter, having learned that the house he met Riley in was in fact the Connors' household after all. He kept watch on the house, waiting for an opportunity where both Cameron and Derek were absent (as both are trained in destroying Terminators). When Cameron left one morning, Cromartie entered the house and surprised Sarah, dragging her up to John's room only to discover him missing, to both his and Sarah's surprise. She refused to cooperate of course, so he rendered her unconcscious and waited.
Later that evening, John called Sarah on her cellphone and Cromartie answered, but was not familiar with the Connors' new code challenge, and inadvertently tipped John off to his subterfuge. Regardless, he tracked the call to a jail in Mexico and drove there with Sarah tied up in the back. He commented on her change of stategies and revealed how he learned their location. Sarah managed to free herself and attempted to flee, but Cromartie recovered her and threw her into the trunk instead.
Upon arriving at the Dejalo jail, Cromartie asked to see John, but was refused admittance by the authorities. Choosing a less subtle approach, Cromartie drew a Glock 17 from his bag and shot down the chief and several officers as he searched the cells, learning that John had recently escaped. He left the jail in time to spot John, Riley, and Ellison commandeering his car. Cromartie opened fire with both the Glock and an SMG, but they managed to escape before he could catch them.
An hour or so later, whilst searching the town, Cromartie spotted Ellison retrieving a medical kit from his car and followed the former agent into a church. Little did he know that though Ellison had indeed led him to the Connors, he had also led him straight into a trap as Derek Reese and Sarah opened fire with SMGs from two narrow windows above. Cromartie returned fire, but the continuous hits to his body impeded his aim and movement.
This was only a distraction, however, as Cameron approached from behind with a combat shotgun (loaded with depleted uranium shells). Before Cromartie could react to her presence, she fired four times into his face, dealing severe damage to his skull. Unable to function, Cromartie dropped to the floor as his mission was met with critical failure. Sarah, Cameron, Derek, Ellison, and finally John himself gathered around his beaten body, and the last thing Cromartie ever saw was his primary target pulling the trigger of a Desert Eagle; obliterating what remained of his skull.
Cromartie's CPU was then smashed to pieces by Sarah some time after, putting a permanent end to his mission.


text:
Supply Chain Manager - R0011240
Supply Chain Manager Leading a Team of 10 transactional buyers Permanent Templecombe (5-10% travel to Manchester) Thales can offer you an autonomy, excitement and variation working on leading edge projects that change our world. You will be supported by investment in continuous improvement methods, training and development and a structured career path. Working as a Supply Chain Manager you will have the opportunity to lead and develop a multisite existing team of transactions buyers making sure all targets and objectives are met. This is a key Management role and will be a great platform to make your mark within the Thales environment. This role reports into the Head of Procurement and will be a key stakeholder within the Thales team. The successful candidate for this role must have prior management / leadership experience within a transactional buying community, is ambitious with a track record in excellent stakeholder management and equipment/service delivery. This is a fantastic opportunity for someone who is looking for a stepping stone towards a Senior Procurement/Management role witin Thales. This role will be responsible for developing the current team into a high performing team which is hitting all of its objectives. This is a key management role and will be a great platform to make your mark within the Thales environment. This role reports into the Procurement Director and will be a key stakeholder within the Thales team. Key Responsibilities: Lead, manage and inspire an existing Buying Team placed under his/her responsibility, setting objectives, motivating and developing high performing teams, and ensuring collective and individual responsibilities, authorities and efficiencies. Ensuring the timely availability of materials and services having regard for quality, technical specification, price, contractual conditions and inventory levels through professional management of the external purchasing process and within the parameters of the Thales MRP system. Making sure the Buying Team take ownership and manage the "end to end" procurement activities of all goods and services as required to support the business requirements. End to End procurement activities include but not limited to: RFQ activities Timely placement of purchase orders Order book management including expediting and query resolution On Time Delivery Quality "Product Non-Conformance" (PNC) queries Invoice Queries Ensuring the Buying meet and exceed all business targets, for example on-time delivery / year savings targets etc. Work in a completely joined up manner with the Procurement Function. Due to the volume of goods and services procured there will be a requirement for the Supply Chain Manager to place and manage Purchase Orders on an as and when basis to support the business needs. Knowledge, Skills and Experience Required Proven Management of small teams Proven record in delivery in a development and manufacturing environment Proven Manufacturing and / or Purchasing experience Knowledge and experience with MRP principals and operation. Proven negotiation skills Good interpersonal skills and stakeholder management Proactive "can-do" mentality Ability to work in a team environment Must have Microsoft Office suite experience Display the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Capable of developing mature, pro¬active, professional and personal relations with all suppliers. To be our new Supply Chain Manager please apply below: LI-GS This job was originally posted as www.totaljobs.com/job/66778194


text:
My spidey sense is tingling.
I'm an early to rise kind of guy who has been taking a step back to figure out what is important to me and figure out how to reach my goals.
Movies: Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Disney Movies, Old Monster Movies, Star Wars, Horror Movies.
Music: whatever I find on spotify lately I have been listening to a lot of bomb the music industry, the menzingers, tigers jaw, against me, banner pilot, frank turner, red city radio
3.the pups
4.my hobbies
5.french fries
6.maybe my phone?
Comic related things. Both personal and professional.


text:
Mountaineering, Trekking, Camping and Lodge Safaris
For 25 years we have been well-known and trusted specialists for professionally-organized and responsible Kilimanjaro treks and photographic wildlife safaris. We are recognized leaders on Kilimanjaro, setting the standards for safety, equipment and ethical porter treatment. We lead expertly guided adventures into the heart of the best wildlife viewing in Ngorongoro Crater, the Serengeti eco-system, Lake Manyara and Tarangire National Parks, and as far off the beaten track as you'd like to go.
We also are known for our multi-day trekking safaris in the remote wilds of Maasailand, including organized climbs of the famous Maasai Mountain of God, 'Oldony'o Lengai', Mount Meru, Longido mountain, as well as lesser-known mountains of the Great Rift Valley. We have our own unique Maasai trekking program and bush camp at Longido – a truly authentic and timeless safari experience not available with any other safari operator in Tanzania.
For our customers, we deliver a highly personalized service dedicated to exceeding the expectations of our guests. We are likewise committed to the well-being of our employees and making a positive impact on the communities and wild places where we live and where we venture to.
Our treks and safaris are custom-designed and we take your interests and budget into account while planning your mountain climb, trek or safari. We have expertise in all things 'Tanzania', and we can design and operate a special safari or trek for the discerning traveler who wants to really experience Tanzania, and do so in the most responsible way possible.


text:
Students can track their ancestors' travel route to the United States, using an immigration bulletin board.
Social Studies and History (3,990)
Worksheet (13,274)
Graphic Organizer (361)
View 2 more resources at no cost, and then subscribe for full access.
Join TeacherVision for just $6.99 USD a month and get instant access to all our great resources! Free 7-Day Trial
Excerpted from


text:
Sorry about that... I was being an idiot.
Different subject entirely...
The Cleansing, in my opinion, really isn't a horror story.
It's definitely disturbing, but it isn't really 'horror'
It's shocking. It operates by shocking you with detailed descriptions of sick and depraved acts of sadism being commited against innocent people.
It works on the same level as Goatse or the many awful things found on Rotten.com. You read and you feel disgusted. You show it to someone and you watch their expression. It's designed to shock and it succeeds marvelously at that.
But I can't really call it a proper horror story.
A better name would be a 'revulsion story'. You read it and you feel repulsed, like you have just seen a aprticularly nasty traffic accident and the asphalt is stained crimson with some drunken motorist's entrails. However, the shock wears off before very long.
A horror story works a little differently, or at least I think it does.
A good horror story uses disturbing images not just to shock, but to take the mind to frightening places. Consider the following image: A group of men in hunting gear with rifles pursuing a group of small children in a dark forest on a foggy evening, the children are fighting back tears as they stumble through the dead leaves, tall grass, and twisted roots of ancient trees with branches so close together that the sky is completely obsucred. On little boy looks behind him and sees the outline of a man aiming a rifle at him.
. It's a disturbing image, but it's disturbing partly because it leaves questions unanswered in your mind. Therefore, the reader's mind is forced to fill in the blanks, and what it imagines is often far scarier than what is spelled out by the writer.
Another example is how monsters are used.
A hideous monster jumping out at you is shocking. That's 'revulsion'.
Now imagine this:
You are walking home at night. It's a cloudy night, so you can't see the moon nor the stars and the only light is coming from a street lamp.
Then you see something. It's something vaguely humanoid in shape but it's different in a way that is hard to describe. It's limbs seem twisted and too long. The way it moves is unusual and wrong somehow, like you're seeing something that has no right to be in this world. It just close enough to the light that you know it's there in the darkness. But you can't make out any details.
It seems to be moving away from you so you guess that it hasn't seen you and you take this opportunity to walk as fast as possible.
It turns toward you, it's eyes glowing an evil yellow. It lets out a god-awful scream that does not sound like the call of any animal on Earth.
You run. You run as fast as your legs will carry you. You run until your chest hurts and your legs are exhausted.
You run until you reach the safety of your home and you lock the door behind you.
You do not know what it was. You aren't even sure what it looks like apart from the eyes and the basic outline of it's figure.
The fact that you know so little about it makes you fear it all the more. Your mind is dreaming up terrible things to fill in the blanks. You have experienced terror.
Consider most of the pictures in the Creepy Images gallery. They are frightening because you don't really know the circumstances or the context of the picture. You don't know the story behind them and your mind creates one in it's absence.