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The role of social media in the Arab uprisings past and present
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1 WESTMINSTER PAPERS in communication and culture VOLUME 9 / ISSUE 2 / APRIL 2013 The role of social media in the Arab uprisings past and present EDITORS: Maha Taki Lorenzo Coretti Internet Activism and the Egyptian Uprisings: Transforming Online Dissent into the Offline World Tim Eaton The Kill Switch as Suicide Switch : Mobilizing Side Effects of Mubarak s Communication Blackout Paolo Gerbaudo From Arab Street to Social Movements: Re-theorizing Collective Action and the Role of Social Media in the Arab Spring Mohamed Ben Moussa Social Media, Surveillance and Social Control in the Bahrain Uprising Marc Owen Jones Is it Possible to Understand the Syrian Revolution through the Prism of Social Media? Juliette Harkin Social Media and the Syrian Revolution Hussein Ghrer (with afterword by Maurice Aaek)
2 Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture Editorial: Maha Taki*...1 Internet Activism and the Egyptian Uprisings: Transforming Online Dissent into the Offline World Tim Eaton...3 The Kill Switch as Suicide Switch : Mobilizing Side Effects of Mubarak s Communication Blackout Paolo Gerbaudo...25 From Arab Street to Social Movements: Re-theorizing Collective Action and the Role of Social Media in the Arab Spring Mohamed Ben Moussa Social Media, Surveillance and Social Control in the Bahrain Uprising Marc Owen Jones Is it Possible to Understand the Syrian Revolution through the Prism of Social Media? Juliette Harkin Social Media and the Syrian Revolution Hussein Ghrer (with afterword by Maurice Aaek)
3 editorial Maha Taki Editorial Board Dr Anthony McNicholas Editor Carlos Barrenche Edmundo Bracho Lorenzo Coretti Rikke Bjerg Jensen Benedetta Brevini Lawrie Hallet Jonathan Ilan Philip Lin Andrea Medrado Helena Nassif Tim Riley Kristin Skoog Professor Colin Sparks Maha Taki Yennue Zarate-Valderrama Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture is published by the Communication and Media Research Institute of the University of Westminster. The views expressed by authors in WPCC are neither those of the Institute nor those of the University. The content of this journal is University of Westminster ISSN: (Print) (Online) Printed by Evonprint *This issue has been co-edited with Lorenzo Coretti. Contact wpcc Dr Anthony McNicholas CAMRI University of Westminster Watford Road Northwick Park Harrow HA1 3TP United Kingdom E: westminster.ac.uk/research/a-z/camri/wpcc Social media in the Arab world before the recent revolutions had been described as marginal, alternative and elitist, and their impact minimal because of the low penetration rates of the internet. The 2011 events across the Arab world have brought social media to the forefront, with many crediting Facebook, weblogs and Twitter with facilitating the revolutions that have taken place. Yet we have not fully understood the role of social media during the recent events and the convergence of social media with not only mainstream media but also with actual street demonstrations. Moreover, the role and significance of social media during recent events across the Arab world has varied greatly. What are the cultural, technical and political variables that are conducive to using social media for mobilization? How have citizens and states used social media during the uprising and beyond? How do we research social media movements in the Arab world? A total of six articles in this issue aim to answer these questions. Eaton s article investigates the use of internet activism in Egypt during the 2011 events. In detail, the article outlines how social media were used by Egyptian internet activists to increase mobility on the ground, starting from the Facebook campaign We Are All Khaled Said and leading to the ousting of Mubarak. Gerbaudo s article, on the kill switch as a suicide switch, focuses on one critical event during the 2011 uprising in Egypt: the internet blackout imposed by Mubarak s regime during the first days of the 2011 Egyptian revolution and its effect on mobilization. Using empirical research conducted with online activists, the article reflects on the highly complex and ambivalent relation between offline collective action and social media. Ben Moussa s article takes a step back and examines the strengths and limitations of various theoretical approaches to researching collective action in the Arab world. Critical of the common pitfalls of technological, social and cultural determinism, the author suggests a multidisciplinary approach that draws on social movement theory, radical democracy theory and alternative media theory to study Muslim-majority societies. Marc Owen Jones turns our attention to a country largely ignored by the mainstream media, Bahrain. His 10-month virtual ethnographic study, conducted during the uprising in 2011, examines how the Bahraini regime used social media in a number of different ways to suppress both online and offline dissent. Such methods included naming and shaming, offline intelligence gathering and passive observation. This is followed by the insights of an academic and practitioner into the use of social media during the Syrian uprising, which continues two years after the initial revolt in Harkin s article explores the changing media ecology in Syria since the uprising and focuses on how Syrian society is constructing alternative ways of disseminating information. 1 1
4 Internet Activism and the Egyptian Uprisings: Transforming Online Dissent into the Offline World Tim Eaton BBC Media Action The article by prominent blogger Hussein Ghrer is a sober examination of the role of social media during the uprising in Syria. It highlights the importance of cultural, social and political factors that affect how and why people use internet tools. It contrasts the use of social media in Syria with social media use in Tunisia and Egypt, reminding us again of the importance of context. Unfortunately Ghrer was arrested on 16 February 2012, two days after submitting his first draft to WPCC. Online journalist, and friend of Ghrer, Maurice Aaek, comments on the article a year later, in February Tim Eaton currently works for BBC Media Action on media development projects in the Middle East. He previously completed his postgraduate degree at the University of Exeter, majoring in Middle East Studies. He is also a former researcher for Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs. Tim has a long-standing interest in the politics of Egypt, where he worked as a political researcher at the Ibn Khaldun Center throughout the 2005 elections. This article aims to investigate the role of internet activism in the 2011 Egyptian uprisings. It suggests that the significance of internet activism in Egypt in this period was twofold: first, in its utility as a tool for activists to mobilize, organize and inspire Egyptians to take to the streets on 25 January 2011; and, second, in its use as a medium to document events in Egypt beyond the reach of the authorities. Particular attention is paid to the growth of the We Are All Khaled Said (WAAKS) campaign on Facebook and its capacity to translate online dissent into the offline world. The transformation of protesters into citizen journalists through information and communication technologies, and Twitter in particular, is examined for its success in challenging the narrative set by Egyptian state media and in providing a window into events for the outside world. Keywords activism, Egypt, Facebook, internet, revolution, Tahrir, Twitter Tim Eaton: BBC Media Action 2 3
5 westminster papers volume 10 issue 2 / APRIL 2013 Internet Activism and the Egyptian Uprisings: Transforming Online Dissent into the Offline World Tim Eaton BBC Media Action On 11 February 2011, Vice-President Omar Suleiman took to the stage to announce that Hosni Mubarak, Egypt s ageing autocrat, had resigned his post as president. Only three months earlier, such an outcome had seemed unthinkable, as Mubarak s National Democratic Party (NDP) celebrated an overwhelming victory in elections marred by widespread vote-rigging and repression. The intervening period bore witness to a remarkable mobilization, as first tens of thousands, then hundreds of thousands, and eventually over a million Egyptians took to the streets to demand his removal. Through the use of technology, and social media in particular, these events were brought into the living rooms of people across the world, enabling them to witness events in unprecedented detail and with unprecedented speed. The growth of online political activism, referred to in the article as internet activism, has sparked a major debate between those who see it as a powerful new weapon in the arsenal of opposition activists in the Middle East and those who believe it overblown. 1 The resulting discourse has, however, led to a conflation of the motivations for political actions, and the tools activists use to carry them out, in a battle over causality. Yet this is a largely artificial debate, as the motivation behind the actions of activists was opposing the repressive system of government that Egyptians rose up to protest: internet activism was no more than a tool which activists used to get their messages across and coordinate their actions. It is suggested here that the significance of internet-based information and communication technologies (ICT) in this period is twofold: first, in their utility as a tool for activists to mobilize, organize and inspire Egyptians to take to the streets on 25 January 2011; and, second, in their use as a medium to document events in Egypt beyond the reach of the authorities. Indeed, this ability to get people to the streets rather than its ability to keep them there was the primary success of internet activism in this period, and its significance was reduced once the momentum of events had reached the mainstream. However, without the initial call to arms online and Facebook s ability to get thousands though not millions into the streets, then the demonstrations might never have reached the mainstream majority of Egyptians, and Mubarak might have survived. At the very least, it is difficult to disagree with Ahdaf Soueif in positing that without internet activism the fledgling Egyptian revolution could not have happened in the way that it did, nor for that matter at such speed (Idle and Nunns, 2011). Internet Activism and its Political Uses Before embarking on a study of internet activism it is of course first necessary to define what is meant by the term. The one to be used here is the broad definition provided by Vegh (2003), who writes that internet activism is a politically motivated movement relying on the internet using strategies that are either internet-enhanced or internet-based. Beyond this, we can divide internet activism into three categories
6 Internet Activism and the Egyptian Uprisings The first is awareness and advocacy also known as participatory journalism which refers to the use of the internet as an alternative news source to counter the control of information channels opposed to the interests of the activists. The second category, organization and mobilization also known as mediated mobilization is also pivotal to understanding the significance of internet activism in the Egyptian 25 January movement. This form of internet activism is used in a number of ways, but of most interest here are calls for offline action, such as demonstrations, as was witnessed in Egypt. Finally, action/reaction activism often dubbed Hacktivism is used to describe malicious attacks by activists to bring down or paralyse websites (Lievrouw, 2011). Hacktivism played a minimal role in the 25 January movement so little attention will be paid to it here. Analysis of internet activism is a relatively new and fast-moving field due to the rapid development of the technologies in use on the ground by activists. Large gaps in our understanding inevitably remain. Thus far, academic literature in the field of communications has predominantly focused on the media landscapes of western societies and activists seeking the downfall of capitalism or mass media. On the other hand, many political scientists have heralded the importance of freedom of expression through the internet in the Middle East, though few tackle the specifics of how this may actually effect political change. This study aims to navigate between these two approaches to posit that the internet is indeed an effective tool for such a goal. While the current literature has its limitations, many of the applications of internet activism identified by communications theorists have proved to be perceptible in the Egyptian uprisings. For while the costs of opposition and problems of accessibility may be greater in an authoritarian context, the capabilities of new ICTs and processes of informational distribution are transferrable. In his 2000 work, The Virtual Community, Rheingold observed that through the use of technology, people are able to create networks of communication instantly as a result of their perpetual connectivity. 2 Using the example of SMS distribution through mobile phones, Castells notes that, in a world of networked mass communication, one message from one messenger can reach out to thousands, and potentially hundreds of thousands as it proliferates through the network society (Castells, 2009: 348). Buchanan has dubbed this the small world effect, as access to each network offers the potential to reach a potentially infinite number of further networks should the receiver of information choose to further disseminate it to his/her personal network (quoted in Castells, 2009: 348). For Castells, this form of networked distribution is key, because it means that, at every stage, the receiver identifies the information as coming from a known and, crucially trusted, source. This transforms the wireless communication network into a network of trust, in which the receiver is likely to show greater faith in the information. According to his communication power theory, these wireless communication networks and networks of trust evolve into networks of resistance, which prompts mobilization against an identified target (Castells, 2009: 302). It is suggested here that Castells model of communication power through wireless communication is clearly apparent in the context of the conduct of internet activism in the Egyptian uprisings. Just as a mobile phone user would disseminate information to people in his/her phone book, a Facebook or a Twitter user s created content is disseminated to his/her friends or followers 3 who can then choose to comment on it or forward it, at which point the information is then transmitted to their networks. This permits the creation of networks of trust and, in the Egyptian case, the fostering a network of resistance against the Mubarak regime. This study therefore seeks to illustrate how the impact of online insurgent politics of the internet activists in the form of mediated mobilization and participatory journalism was multiplied through communication power to create the popular base for protest in the offline world. Internet Activism and Political Opposition in Egypt Before tackling the events of Tahrir, it is first necessary to briefly discuss the status of internet activism and internet use in Egypt prior to the demonstrations. Although the international newspaper headlines may suggest differently, the mass expression of dissent in Egypt s streets in January and February 2011 did not come from nowhere and the use of internet activism to express that dissent was also not something that was new. There had in fact been a steady flow of political dissent aimed at dislodging Mubarak, with internet activism at the forefront. By 2005, Egypt was home to a thriving and diverse blogosphere of committed and insightful political commentators who began to challenge the narrative of the state-run media, uncovering major stories that the state-controlled sector either couldn t or wouldn t run (Eaton, 2011a). This first generation of internet activists was also integral to the ground-breaking Kefaya movement ahead of the 2005 presidential elections in Egypt, where they would blood many of the strategies used in the build-up to the 25 January 2011 protests. Yet, as may be expected with any technology-enabled phenomenon, the patterns of activists online behaviours shifted with developments in technology. The entrance on the scene of social media from 2007 onwards brought a new generation of internet activists to the fore (interview with Gamal Eid, 2011). These activists were less interested in the long treatises on political developments that the blogger community had tirelessly created and were instead quick to act, exploiting the capability of social media for mediated mobilization. The staging of protests in 2008, in part coordinated through Facebook, was a sign of things to come. By the lead-up to the 2011 demonstrations, internet activism had come a long way in Egypt, and it was expressed in many forms. Although it had not succeeded in reaching the mainstream of Egyptian society, it had laid the 6 7 7
7 Internet Activism and the Egyptian Uprisings groundwork for the future by establishing some isolated networks of resistance within Egyptian political society and developing tactics to maximize their impact through the diffusion of communication power. The size and representativeness of such networks should not be overstated, however. Despite breakneck growth in internet penetration in Egypt, its use remained far from universal at the time of the demonstrations. In May 2011, official Egyptian government statistics concluded that there were over 25 million internet users in Egypt, inclusive of those who use the internet through their mobile nearly a 60-fold increase since 2000 (MCIT, 2011). Nevertheless, the penetration of the internet remained, and remains, uneven and subject to socio-economic barriers. Research by BBC Media Action carried out in March and April 2010 found that 55 per cent of Egyptian non-internet users did not know how to use a computer and that 43 per cent could not afford a computer of their own (BBC Media Action, 2010). Such numbers support the views of many scholars who have advocated caution regarding whether internet activism could be the primary driver of revolution in the Middle East. 4 Nevertheless, internet activism formed a fundamental cog in the machine of the opposition, as the following case study seeks to illustrate. The Prelude: We Are All Khaled Said and Mediated Mobilization of the Protests The brutal murder of 28-year-old Khaled Said at the hands of Egyptian police in Alexandria in June 2010 caused outrage. His death became a cause célèbre for internet activists. The official line that he had died while choking on a bag of drugs convinced no-one. Pictures of Said s severely beaten corpse published by the blogger Zeinobia showed his skull and jaw with clear fractures that left the police claim that he had died of asphyxiation untenable (Zeinobia, 2010). One thousand people attended Said s funeral in Alexandria, while activists protested outside of the Interior Ministry s offices in Cairo (Al Amrani, 2010). Following Said s death, Wael Ghonim, an Egyptian Google executive who was working on the Mohamed El Baradei campaign, established a Facebook group 5 open for all Facebook members to join and campaign against police brutality. In doing so Ghonim sparked an online mobilization that ultimately led to the demonstrations in Cairo on 25 January 2011 and, eventually, Mubarak s ouster. The group s name in Arabic, Kulina Khalid Said ( We Are All Khaled Said WAAKS) expressed the sentiment perfectly, and soon caught on online. There were, and are at the time of writing, in fact two WAAKS pages: one in English and one in Arabic. The administrator for the English page was Mohamed Ibrahim, an Egyptian IT consultant, and Ghonim occupied the same position for the Arabic page, with assistance from Abdel Rahman Mansour, another activist who had contacted him through Facebook (interview with Wael Ghonim, 2012). Both groups were open to all, but only Ghonim, Mansour and Ibrahim were able to clear postings to appear on the groups wall. 6 Although the independent website for the Khaled Said cause states that the administrators had never met before embarking on the campaign (WAAKS, 2010), the symmetry of the English and Arabic versions is remarkable. From the outset, the groups founding in July, the WAAKS webpages remained consistent and focused upon building solidarity for the cause. On 2 August, Ibrahim wrote: Our cause is not just Khaled Said s brutal torture to death We are standing up for the many Khaled Said s [sic] who were and are still being tortured in Egypt We will not rest until we succeed. Are you with us to the end? (WAAKS English, 2010) From the beginning, WAAKS attempted to move its internet activism from the online to the offline world through mediated mobilization. In his recently released memoir, Ghonim noted that this was WAAKS ultimate aspiration (Ghonim, 2012a). It did so initially with some success, albeit not on a nationally significant scale: four silent protests were staged across Egypt, beginning late in July, decrying the actions of the police and security forces. Ghonim estimated that approximately 300 people participated in Alexandria although a much smaller number around 20 in Cairo (interview with Wael Ghonim, 2012). However, the cause rapidly proliferated throughout Egyptian Facebook networks. Only a month after the death of Said, the New York Times carried a story on the fledgling movement, reporting that the Arabic WAAKS had over 190,000 members (Fahim, 2010). By 3 August, Ghonim reported that the Arabic page had 250,000 members (WAAKS Arabic, 2010). In contrast, the English page reported that it had reached only 10,000 members in November (WAAKS English, 2010). The posts of the Arabic page therefore receive greater attention here. Following the relative success of the silent protests in July, the groups retained their focus on the pursuit of the Khaled Said case through the Egyptian courts. Yet, as elections approached, the groups called for a Day of Anger ahead of the presidential election. The campaign was, however, derailed as the WAAKS Arabic group was mysteriously deleted, presumably by the Egyptian security forces. The next day, 26 November, the group was resuscitated, albeit with the loss of all previous content (WAAKS Arabic, 2010). The protests went ahead, with hundreds not thousands taking to Cairo s streets (Associated Press, 2010). Afterwards, and throughout the elections, many pictures, video clips and news items were listed on the walls of the Arabic and English groups. The campaign built steadily over the next two months, although it is unclear exactly 8 9 9
8 Internet Activism and the Egyptian Uprisings how and when the administrators chose 25 January as the date for protest. In his memoirs, Ghonim claims that Mansour mentioned 25 January as the potential date in late December. It was at this point that Ghonim decided to discuss the idea still under the cloud of anonymity on an online chat forum with one of the leaders of the 6 April movement, Ahmed Maher (Ghonim, 2012a). However, it took a further two weeks for 25 January which is National Police Day in Egypt to be set as the date for demonstrations on WAAKS. And when it was, it was not Ghonim, Ibrahim or Mansour that first called for them. Instead, on 14 January, a YouTube interview of a former Egyptian police officer living in exile in the United States, Omar Afifi, was posted on the WAAKS Arabic site in which he called for a demonstration to show solidarity with Tunisians; the resignation of Egyptian Interior Minister Habib Al Adly; and the repeal of Emergency Law in Egypt (YouTube, 2011b). In posting the video on the WAAKS Arabic wall, Ghonim did not seek ownership, writing clearly, Omar Afifi: calls on Egyptians to demonstrate on 25 January (WAAKS Arabic, 2011). Even when Afifi s call was repeated on 18 January, Ghonim still made clear that this was Afifi s call and not WAAKS. In the one major divergence between the English and Arabic sites, Ibrahim was already calling for demonstrations without affiliation to Afifi on 15 January. Regardless, it was a recording by a young Egyptian woman, Asma a Mahfouz, posted on WAAKS Arabic on 18 January appears to have tipped the balance. I am talking to you to deliver a simple message, said Mahfouz. We want to go down to Tahrir Square, if we still want honour and to live with dignity, then we have to go down to claim our rights on January 25 (YouTube, 2011a). Later that day, a link to register for the protests was introduced on the WAAKS Arabic site. Facebook users needed only to list a contact address to be provided with the information and instructions from the WAAKS administrators on the plans for the protests. If anyone wanted to express his or her own views, an online form could be found to do so (WAAKS Arabic, 2011). Incredibly, it was only 11 days before Egyptians took to the streets that the protests were first advocated by Afifi, and WAAKS started to register participants only a week before that. The mobilization in the coming period was unprecedented. Within two days of the announcement, Ghonim claimed that the news had reached 500,000 Egyptians online through the reposting of information on other Facebook pages, including the 6 April movement (80,000 members), Nizar Qabany (157,000 members) and the Egyptian Sugar Cane Juice group (250,000 members). By that time, 27,000 had already signed up to physically take part in the protest (Ghonim, 2012a). By 17 January the WAAKS English page was calling for worldwide demonstrations in front of Egyptian embassies. These started with New York, London, Madrid and Bologna, where protests took place on 23 January, a Sunday (Frenchman, 2011). Nevertheless, it would be misleading to suggest that there was any sense of what was to come following the initial hours of the protest on 25 January. Ghonim s post on WAAKS in the early hours of the day sounded hopeful: If 100,000 take to the streets, no one can stop us I wonder if we can?? (WAAKS Arabic, 2011). For the next two and a half weeks the world was transfixed by the demonstrations that eventually forced Mubarak out on 11 February. Internet Activism During the Protests The success of the internet in getting Egyptians into the streets in January 2011 is remarkable considering the known costs of opposition in Egypt. While WAAKS had hundreds of thousands of members no agreed figure exists although Ghonim claims that 100,000 registered to participate (interview with Wael Ghonim, 2012) it is unknown how many of them were in the streets on 25 January. Nevertheless, the tens of thousands that were in the square were a major increase over previous demonstrations. In fact, the determining factor of the demonstrations success was the ability of the activists to attract people onto the streets something that David Faris (2010) had identified as the fundamental failure the previous protests advocated online in Egypt. This was different on 25 January, as the demonstrations that started in different areas of Cairo picked up people as they went through the streets. 7 And the people that they picked up were from all walks of life: middle class and working class, educated and uneducated. This success highlights the pitfalls of much of the criticism surrounding the impact of internet activism in effecting political change; for once internet activism managed to begin to mobilize society on the streets in combination with more established political opposition movements, it achieved the popular base necessary for the conduct of communication power. The fact that organization may have been started by a somewhat elitist set of activists with access to computer-mediated communication (CMC) through the internet does not mean that the impact of internet activism was restricted to the online world. The Egyptian government s unprecedented decision to cut off the internet on 28 January (see Figure 1) was a testament to the gravity with which it treated the threat of internet activism. But it also meant that the vast majority were unable to get online. It is important to note that WAAKS Arabic was no exception, going offline between 28 January and 2 February. While the government presumably hoped that activists would flounder once deprived of their means of communication, the opposite proved true. When the government blocked cell-phones people seemingly switched to a more traditional form of communication word of mouth. In many ways the move appears to have enticed people from their homes down to the streets to see for themselves (interview with Sherif Mansour, 2011). Despite the blackout, many activists soon managed to find proxies to get back online, or simply sent their updates to friends and relatives outside of the country to post their updates online. Yet, the critical mass had already been reached. The argument put forward by some, that internet activism played little part in effecting Mubarak s ouster due to the fact the protests continued throughout the blackout, misses the point: the damage had already been done
9 Internet Activism and the Egyptian Uprisings Figure 1: The internet blackout in Egypt on 28 January Source: Labovitz (2011). Figure 2: Main usage of Facebook throughout demonstrations Source: Dubai School of Government (2011). Nevertheless, the internet was not blocked for the entirety of the demonstrations: internet activism remained an important tool for the protesters. A survey by the Dubai School of Government (Figure 2) carried out in March 2011 found that Egyptian Facebook users believed that nearly 85 per cent of Facebook usage throughout the demonstrations was to promote and organize activism, raise awareness and spread information about events as they happened the fundamentals of mediated mobilization and participatory journalism. Only 15 per cent of respondents believed that Facebook had any social or entertainment role throughout the protests (Dubai School of Government, 2011). Twitter cannot be said to have had the same mass impact as Facebook. It had only around 130,000 members in Egypt, against Facebook s 7 million users in Egypt in May 2011 (Dubai School of Government, 2011). Yet, while it was not able to effect mass mobilization on its own, it was able to play a significant role in enabling mediated mobilization and participatory journalism through the facilitation of perpetual connectivity. Certain platforms lend themselves to specific tasks. As a tool for advocacy of a cause, Facebook was clearly most suited to a campaign against police brutality. Yet, while Facebook was most important in the build-up to the protests, Twitter was a far more effective tool for activists once on the ground, as they were often able to use the Twitter interface through their mobile phones. The following tweet from the well-known blogger Mahmoud Salem, sent on 11 February, offers a good example: Need more protesters on the salah salem side. There are only 1000 there with thousands on the roxy side. Pl retweet #jan25 (Idle and Nunns, 2011: 212). This short message is a perfect snapshot of the utility of Twitter. The update was sent to those protesting and following #jan25 on Twitter to communicate a weakness in the protest, circumnavigating the need for a chain of command and allowing the protesters to respond quickly to emergent threats. Moreover, the request to retweet was heeded by 235 people, allowing the information access to 235 further networks of people. In this manner, just as through Facebook, information cascades through networks at high speed to provide activists information in almost real time. 8 The 140 character limit micro-blogs on Twitter were far quicker than through the WAAKS Facebook interface, which required administrator approval of postings. Furthermore, while SMS messages of similar length could be sent, the time that it takes the phone to send will increase as the number of recipients multiplies. This does not affect Twitter: contact with the entire community is nearly instantaneous. As Figure 3 illustrates, the number of Twitter posts in Egypt under the hashtag 9 #jan25 which became the WAAKS of the Twitter world exploded either side of the internet blackout, and closely mirrors patterns of Twitter use in the whole of Egypt
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DecoBeer: St. Patrick's Day
- November 27, 2016
( 183)
Deco Beer is the photo editing tool for decorating your photos with beer themed stickers. Greet your friends with St Patric day inspired collages or create a holiday selfie!
Works, but frustrating. Not as easy to manipulate stickers. Haven't found an un-do option. Ads flash along the side.
It's for St. Patrick's Day, but it can also pass for beer too!
Decobeer ..St Patrick's Day Really good app ....
Photos are all upside down
Doesn't Work Just keeps spinning & doing configuration....
Easy Fun for St Patrick's day
What's New
Sharing images to WhatsApp and Viber was fixed

subset: commoncrawl


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Eudora McVeigh is a villainess from Murder, She Wrote. She appeared in "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall", the two part 5th season finale of the show.
She was portrayed by the late Jean Simmons, who famously appeared as Norah Satie in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Eudora McVeigh (like Jessica Fletcher) is a mystery novelist, but in Part 1, she was turned down and let go in favor Jessica; being told that her work had been suffering since her marriage to Hank Shipton. Furious, Eudora became villainous and planned to steal Jessica's spotlight. She visited Jessica at her home with a basket of apples, and while conversing after dinner, the evil Eudora drugged Jessica's coffee. Later that night, Eudora snuck into Jessica's room and stole her manuscript for her latest novel, with the plan to make it her own. Part 1 ended with the revelation that one of the apples in Eudora's basket was poisoned, as Seth Hazlitt took a bite and collapsed.
Eudora also planned to beat Jessica to the punch as far as solving the murder of a PI, but in Part 2, she ended up being accused of the murder after Jessica learned about the poisoned apple, which left Seth hospitalized. Eudora admitted to drugging Jessica and stealing the novel, but not to the murder, which was turned out to be committed by Eudora's stepson, Bobby, in an attempt to frame Eudora. In the end, Eudora apologizes to Jessica for her actions, and stated that her marriage to Hank is over and she'll be moving in with her sister.
- The episode had several references to Snow White, with Eudora (despite being redeemed in the end) representing the Evil Queen.


text: Posted January 31, 2009 moto q freezes alot, crashes, won't let you update software on it after 30 days of purchase, won't connect to pc, horrible battery, lots of other issues i prefer to not get into it's only good for throwing off an airplane -0/10 (it's that's bad) I have this same phone. I have had to have it replaced 3 times in less than 14 months. It is always crashing. I have had it over 2yrs now, and it is better than the other phones I have had, but only because it is the only smart phone I ever owned. (4/10 *'s) Believe it or not, my favorate phone of all of them I ever had was the old Nokia candybar phone. The one you could put differant faces, lights, and all kinds of upgrades. It was a lot of fun. Like getting a new cell phone everytime I went to the mall. I was always buying sh*t for that phone. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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This guitar resides in the London Hard Rock Cafè. It's one of the first of the HRC memorabilia collection.more
Butler can be seen in this photo playing a Fender Lead II.more
Seen playing a Fender Lead II in this picture.more
This picture from Annie's performance at Coachella 2015 shows her using the Lead II. Originally a Fender Lead II Circa 1980. It has a lots of changes: 2 EMG pickups, refinished green, added Roland synth pickup with pin output as well as regular output. Neck has considerable wear but she plays and sounds great.more
Steve Morse can be seen playing a Fender Lead II in this picture.more
In [this article](http://www.smokemusic.tv/content/follow-roger-millers-lead?page=0%2C1), Bob Moses notes, "I spent a lot of time with those Leads during Burma's first incarnation, watching from behind Roger's amp, minding the guitars. I owned four over the years, including the early Lead II that is Roger's primary guitar now."more
In this photo taken from his instagram, Peter can be seen showing off a red Fender Lead II on the top right.more
visible in video and in othersmore
Really good guitar. Not as much tone and distortion, though, as I have a Lead II with 2 single-coil pickups, but sounds amazing for clean jazz events.


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- Last login Nov 12, 14 @ 6:25 am
Official Black Friday / Cyber Monday thread
Post all Black Friday/Cyber monday sales/ coupons you know of. Ill start it off. BBC/Ice cream: 1 - 35% discount on Summer 11 T-shirts(BBC, Ice Cream & BGC) and Summer Hats. Coupon Code: wkndEVENT expires sunday at midnight 2 - 50% discount on Season 11 & Season 12 Goods Coupon Code: suPernova Supreme: From tomorrow Friday November 25th through Monday, November 28th, all orders over $50 will be shipped for free. *u.s orders only. *excluding North Face Rolling Thunder Bag2 Weeks ago in Fashion
Where to sell stuff(not on Hypebeast)
Hey guys, I bought a lot of stuff from supreme this season that I have been planning on selling most of it.(zippo, paisley hoodie, dice, biggie shirt, ect...) To sell on this forum, the prerequisites are that you must 1.) be a member for 90 days 2.) have 50 posts. I just joined the site so I do not meet either of those. I was wondering what some other good ways are to sell clothing online other than ebay. Are there any other good websites/forums that you guys list your stuff on? Thanks2 Weeks ago in Fashion