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Conceived and designed the experiments: NAC JHF. Performed the experiments: NAC JHF. Analyzed the data: NAC JHF. Wrote the paper: NAC JHF.
Current methods for the detection of contagious outbreaks give contemporaneous information about the course of an epidemic at best. It is known that individuals near the center of a social network are likely to be infected sooner during the course of an outbreak, on average, than those at the periphery. Unfortunately, mapping a whole network to identify central individuals who might be monitored for infection is typically very difficult. We propose an alternative strategy that does not require ascertainment of global network structure, namely, simply monitoring the friends of randomly selected individuals. Such individuals are known to be more central. To evaluate whether such a friend group could indeed provide early detection, we studied a flu outbreak at Harvard College in late 2009. We followed 744 students who were either members of a group of randomly chosen individuals or a group of their friends. Based on clinical diagnoses, the progression of the epidemic in the friend group occurred 13.9 days (95% C.I. 9.9–16.6) in advance of the randomly chosen group (i.e., the population as a whole). The friend group also showed a significant lead time (p<0.05) on day 16 of the epidemic, a full 46 days before the peak in daily incidence in the population as a whole. This sensor method could provide significant additional time to react to epidemics in small or large populations under surveillance. The amount of lead time will depend on features of the outbreak and the network at hand. The method could in principle be generalized to other biological, psychological, informational, or behavioral contagions that spread in networks.
Current methods for the detection of contagious outbreaks ideally give contemporaneous information about the course of an epidemic, though, more typically, the indicators lag behind the epidemic.[1]–[3] However, the situation could be improved, possibly significantly, if detection methods took advantage of a potentially informative property of social networks: during a contagious outbreak, individuals at the center of a network are likely to be infected sooner than random members of the population. Hence, the careful collection of information from a sample of central individuals within human social networks could be used to detect contagious outbreaks before they happen in the population-at-large.
A contagion that stochastically infects some individuals and then spreads from person to person in the network will tend, on average, to reach centrally located individuals more quickly than peripheral individuals because central individuals (as defined in various ways described below) are a smaller number of steps (degrees of separation) away from the average individual in the network (see Figure 1).[4]–[6] Indeed, although some contagions can spread via incidental contact, the duration of exposure between people with social ties is typically much higher than between strangers, suggesting that the social network itself will be an important conduit for the spread of an outbreak.[5], [7] As a result, we would expect the S-shaped epidemic curve [8], [9] to be shifted to the left (forward in time) for centrally located individuals compared to the population as a whole (see Figure 2). This shift, if it could be observed, would allow for early detection of an outbreak.
Prior modeling research suggests that vaccinating central individuals in networks could enhance the population-level efficacy of a prophylactic intervention [10]–[13] and other work suggests that optimal placement of sensors in physical networks (such as water pumping stations) could detect outbreaks sooner.[14] However, mapping a whole network to identify particular individuals from whom to collect information is costly, time-consuming, and often impossible, especially for large networks.
We therefore explore a novel, alternative strategy that does not require ascertainment of global network structure, namely, monitoring the friends of randomly selected individuals. This strategy exploits an interesting property of human social networks: on average, the friends of randomly selected people possess more links (have higher degree) and are also more central (e.g., as measured by betweenness centrality) to the network than the initial, randomly selected people who named them.[15]–[19] Therefore, we expect a set of nominated friends to get infected earlier than a set of randomly chosen individuals (who represent the population as a whole). More specifically, a random sample of individuals from a social network will have a mean degree of μ (the mean degree for the population); but the friends of these random individuals will have a mean degree of μ plus a quantity defined by the variance of the degree distribution divided by μ. Hence, when there is variance in degree in a population, and especially when there is high variance, the mean number of contacts for the friends will be greater (and potentially much greater) than the mean for the random sample. This is sometimes known as the "friendship paradox" ("your friends have more friends than you do") [15]–[19].
While the idea of immunizing such friends of randomly chosen people has previously been explored in a stimulating theoretical paper [12], to our knowledge, a method that uses nominated friends as sensors for early detection of an outbreak has not previously been proposed, nor has it been tested on any sort of real outbreak. To evaluate the effectiveness of nominated friends as social network sensors, we therefore monitored the spread of flu at Harvard College from September 1 to December 31, 2009. In the fall of 2009, both seasonal flu (which typically kills 41,000 Americans each year [20]) and the H1N1 strain were prevalent in the US, though the great majority of cases in 2009 have been attributed to the latter.[1] It is estimated that this H1N1 epidemic, which began roughly in April 2009, infected over 50 million Americans. Unlike seasonal flu, which typically affects individuals older than 65, H1N1 tends to affect young people. Nationally, according to the CDC, the epidemic peaked in late October 2009, and vaccination only became widely available in December 2009. Whether another outbreak of H1N1 will occur (for example, in areas and populations that have heretofore been spared) is a matter of some debate,[1] but many scholars have been studying the situation from biological and public health perspectives.[21], [22]
We enrolled a total of 744 undergraduate students from Harvard College, discerned their friendship ties, and tracked whether they had the flu beginning on September 1, 2009 (from the start of the new academic year) to December 31, 2009. This sample was assembled by empanelling two groups of students of essential analytic interest: (1) a sample chosen randomly from the 6,650 Harvard undergraduates (N=319), and (2) a "friends" sample (N=425) composed of individuals who were named as a friend at least once by a member of this random sample (see Supporting Information Text S1 for more details).
In addition, as a byproduct of empanelling the foregoing group of 744 students, we wound up having information about a total of 1,789 uniquely identified Harvard College students (who either participated in the study or who were nominated as friends or as friends of friends); we used this information to draw the social network of part of the Harvard College student body (see Supporting Information Text S1 for more details).
All subjects completed a brief background questionnaire soliciting demographic information, flu and vaccination status since September 1, 2009, and certain self-reported measures of popularity. We also obtained basic administrative data from the Harvard College registrar, such as sex, class of enrolment, and inter-collegiate sports participation.
We tracked cases of formally diagnosed influenza among the students in our sample as recorded by University Health Services (UHS) beginning on September 1, 2009 through December 31, 2009. Presenting to the health service indicates a more severe level of symptomatology, of course, and so we do not expect the same overall prevalence using this diagnostic standard as with self-reported flu discussed below. However, UHS data offer the advantage of allowing us to obtain information about flu symptoms as assessed by medical staff.
Beginning on October 23, 2009, we also collected self-reported flu symptom information from participants via email twice weekly (on Mondays and Thursdays), continuing until December 31, 2009. The students were queried about whether they had had a fever or flu symptoms since the last email contact, and there was very little missing data (47% of the subjects completed all of the biweekly surveys, and 90% missed no more than two of the surveys).
Self-report of symptoms rather than serological testing is the current standard for flu diagnosis. Similar to previous studies,[23] students were deemed to have a case of flu (whether seasonal or the H1N1 variety) if they reported having a fever of greater than 100° F (37.8°C) and at least two of the following symptoms: sore throat; cough; stuffy or runny nose; body aches; headache; chills; or fatigue. We checked the sensitivity of our findings by using definitions of flu that required more symptoms, and our results did not change (see Supporting Information Text S1). As part of the foregoing biweekly self-reports, in order to complement the UHS vaccination records, we also ascertained whether the students reported having been vaccinated (with seasonal flu vaccine or H1N1 vaccine or both) at places other than (and including) UHS.
To be clear, we are not suggesting that a person's precise position in the observed network, nor indeed whether he was nominated as a friend or not (and by whom), traces out the actual path by which he acquired (or did not acquire) the flu. The topological parameters we measured here, or indeed the fact that a person was deemed to be a member of the friend group, serve as proxies for the subject's actual location within what is an essentially unobservable social network (including real friends, relatives, casual contacts, and so on) through which the flu spreads by inter-personal means. Being a "friend" is a marker for a person's social-network position, whatever the path of infection to this person actually is. Of course, it is likely that measured friendship networks are related to contact networks more generally: for instance, people with more friends should come into greater contact with more strangers both directly and indirectly via their friends.
By December 31, 2009, the cumulative incidence of flu in our sample was 8% based on diagnoses by medical staff, and it was 32% based on self-reports, which mirrored other studies of school-based outbreaks and also contemporaneous national estimates for the college-student population.[23], [24] As expected, the prevalence was higher by the self-report standard. We studied the association of several demographic and other variables with cumulative flu incidence at day 122 (the last day of follow-up) to see whether they predicted an increase in overall risk. None of these variables was significantly associated with flu diagnoses by medical staff (see Supporting Information Text S1), so we focused on the effect of these variables on shifts in the timing of the distribution.
As hypothesized, the cumulative incidence curves for the friend group and the random group diverge and then converge (Figure 3). NLS estimates suggest that the friends curve for flu diagnosed by medical staff is shifted 13.9 days forward in time (95% C.I. 9.9–16.6), thus providing early detection. This represents approximately 60% of one standard deviation in the time-to-event in the whole sample. The results also indicate a significant but smaller shift in self-reported flu symptoms (3.2 days, 95% C.I. 2.2–4.3). In the case of both the clinical and self-reported diagnostic standards, the estimates are robust to a number of control variables including H1N1 vaccination, seasonal flu vaccination, sex, college class, and inter-collegiate sports participation (see Supporting Information Text S1).
The foregoing estimates rely on full information ex post, but we wondered when it would also be possible to detect a difference in the friend group and the random group in real time, given less complete data. We therefore estimated the models each day using all available information up to that day. For flu diagnoses by medical staff, the friend group showed a significant lead time (p<0.05) on day 16, a full 46 days before the estimated peak in daily incidence in visits to the health service. For self-reported flu symptoms, the friend group showed a significant lead time by day 39, which is 83 days prior to the estimated peak in daily incidence in self-reported symptoms. Thus, a comparison of outcomes in the friends group and the randomly chosen group could be an effective technique for detecting outbreaks at early stages of an epidemic.
A possible alternative to the friendship nomination procedure would be to rely on self-reported popularity or self-reported counts of numbers of friends in order to identify a high-risk group. We measured our subjects' self-perceptions of popularity using an eight-item scale, but this did not yield a significant shift forward in time for flu diagnoses (see Supporting Information Text S1). Moreover, controlling for self-reported popularity did not alter the significance of the lead time provided by the friend group for either flu diagnoses by medical staff or self-reported flu symptoms. These results suggest that being nominated as a friend captures more network information (including the tendency to be central in the network) than self-reported network attributes. Such information collected about one person, from another, might also be more accurate [12].
Although the method described here does not require information about the full network, our survey took place on a college campus in which many nominators were themselves nominated, and the same person was frequently nominated several times. Hence, our data collection procedures wound up yielding information about 1,789 unique, inter-connected students who were either surveyed or were identified as friends by those who took part in the study. A connected component of 714 people was in turn apparent within these 1,789 individuals. We illustrate the spread of flu in this component in Figure 4, which shows the tendency of the flu to "bloom" in more central nodes of the network, and also in a 122-frame movie of daily flu prevalence available online (see Supporting Information Video S1).
Sampling a densely interconnected population also allowed us to actually measure egocentric network properties like in-degree (number of times a subject was nominated as a friend), betweenness centrality (the number of shortest paths in the network that pass through an individual), coreness (the number of friends an individual has when all individuals with fewer friends are iteratively removed from the network), and transitivity (the probability that two of one's friends are friends with one another). This would not be possible in a deployment of the friends' technique in larger populations (wherein surveyed individuals would be much less likely to actually be connected to each other). The results showed that, as expected, the friend group differed significantly from the random group for all these measures, exhibiting higher in-degree (Mann Whitney U test p<0.001), higher centrality (p<0.001), higher k-coreness (p<0.001), and lower transitivity (p=0.039).
We hypothesized that each of these measures could help to identify groups that could be used as social network sensors when full network information is, indeed, available (see Figure 5). For example, we expect in-degree to be associated with early contagion because more friends means more paths to others in the network who might be infected. NLS estimates suggest that each additional nomination shifts the flu curve left by 5.7 days (95% C.I. 3.6–8.1) for flu diagnoses by medical staff and 8.0 days (95% C.I. 7.3–8.5) for self-reported symptoms. On the other hand, the same is not true for out-degree (the number of friends a person names). Pertinently, this is the only quantity that would be straightforwardly ascertainable by asking respondents about themselves. However, there is low variance in this measure in the present setting since most people named three friends (the maximum allowed by our survey).
We also expect betweenness centrality to be associated with early contagion. NLS estimates suggest that individuals with maximum observed centrality shift the flu curve left by 16.5 days (95% C.I. 1.9–28.3) for flu diagnoses by medical staff and 22.9 days (95% C.I. 20.0–27.2) for self-reported symptoms, relative to those with minimum centrality. A related measure, k-coreness, also suggests that people at the center of the network get the flu earlier. NLS estimates suggest that increasing the measure k by one (the range is from 0 to 3) shifts the flu curve left by 4.3 days (95% C.I. 1.8–6.5) for flu diagnoses by medical staff and 7.5 days (95% C.I. 6.8–8.2) for self-reported symptoms. Moreover, both betweenness centrality and k-coreness remain significant even when controlling for both in-degree and out-degree, suggesting that it is not just the number of friends that is important with respect to flu risk, but also the number of friends of friends, friends of friends of friends, and so on [6].
Finally, we expect transitivity to be negatively associated with early contagion. People with high transitivity may be poorly connected to the rest of the network because their friends tend to know one another and exist in a tightly knit group. In contrast, those with low transitivity tend to be connected to many different, independent groups, and each additional group increases the possibility that someone in that group has the flu and that it spreads to the subject. NLS estimates suggest that individuals with minimum observed transitivity shift the flu curve left by 31.9 days (95% C.I. 23.5–43.5) for flu diagnoses by medical staff and 15.0 days (95% C.I. 12.7–18.5) for self-reported symptoms compared to those with maximum transitivity. Moreover, transitivity remains significant even when controlling for both in-degree and out-degree.
For many contagious diseases, early knowledge of when – or whether – an epidemic is unfolding is crucial to policy makers and public health officials responsible for defined populations, whether small or large. In fact, with respect to flu, models assessing the impact of prophylactic vaccination in a metropolis such as New York City suggest that vaccinating even one third of the population would save lives and shorten the course of the epidemic, but only if implemented a month earlier than usual.[25], [26] A method like the one described here could help provide just such early detection.
In fact, this method could be used to monitor targeted populations of any size, in real time. For example, a health service at a university (or other institution) could empanel a sample of subjects who are nominated as friends and who agree to be passively monitored for their health care use (e.g., in the form of visits to health care facilities); a spike in cases in this group could be read as a warning of an impending outbreak. Public health officials responsible for a city could also empanel a sample of randomly chosen individuals and a sample of nominated friends (perhaps a thousand people in all) who have agreed to report their symptoms using brief, periodic text messages or an online survey system (like the one employed here). Regional or national populations could also be monitored in this fashion, with a sample of nominated friends being periodically surveyed instead of, or in addition to, a random sample of people (as is usually the norm). Since public health officials often monitor populations in any case, the change in practice required to monitor a sample of these more central individuals might not be too burdensome.
Moreover, whereas officials responsible for a single, relatively small institution might possibly actively seek out central individuals to vaccinate them (hence potentially confounding the utility of such individuals as sensors), such a focused vaccination effort would be unlikely to be initiated with a regional or national sample, given the likely irrelevance of vaccinating the actual sensor sample members as a means to control any wide-scale epidemic. Regardless, since the people being followed as sensors would, in most cases, be only a small fraction of all the central people in a population (let alone of all the people in the population as a whole), even if they were actually treated (after an epidemic were noted to have affected them), it seems unlikely that this would materially affect the course of the epidemic or compromise the utility of the central individuals as sensors. Nevertheless, mathematical modelling of such procedures would help us to better understand what role sensors might play in helping to reverse the course of an epidemic.
The difference in the timing of the course of the epidemic in the friend and random groups could be exploited in at least two different ways. First, if solely the friends group were being monitored, an analyst tracking an outbreak might look for the first evidence that the incidence of the pathogen among the friends group rose above a predetermined rate (e.g., a noticeable increase above a zero background rate); this itself could indicate an impending epidemic. Second, in a strategy that would yield more information, the analyst could track both a sample of friends and a sample of random subjects, and the harbinger of an epidemic could be taken to be when the two curves were seen to first diverge from each other. Especially in the case of the spread of contagions other than biological pathogens, the difference between these two curves provides additional information: the adoption curve among the random sample provides evidence of secular trends in the population, whereas the difference between the two curves provides evidence of a network (inter-personal) effect, over and above the baseline force of the epidemic.
While our goal here was to evaluate how the method of surveying friends could provide early detection of contagious outbreaks in general, it is noteworthy that, in the specific case of the flu, the method we evaluated appears to provide longer lead times than other extant methods of monitoring flu epidemics. Current surveillance methods for the flu, such as those implemented by the CDC that require collection of data from subjects seeking outpatient care or having lab tests, are typically lagging indicators about the timing of the epidemic (information is typically one to two weeks behind the actual course of the epidemic).[1] A proposal to use Google Trends to monitor online searches for information about the flu suggests that this approach could offer a better indicator, providing evidence of an outbreak at least a week before published CDC reports.[2], [3] Another innovative proposal involved the use of a prediction market that also accelerated the warning [27]. However, while potentially instantaneous, the Google Trends and prediction market methods would only, at best, give contemporaneous information about rates of infection. In contrast, we show that the sensor method described here can detect an outbreak of flu two weeks in advance. That is, the sensor network method provides early detection rather than just rapid warning.
Moreover, the sensor method could be used in conjunction with online search. By following the online behavior of a friend group, or a group known to be central in a network (for example, based on e-mail records which could be used to reconstruct social network topology), Google or other search engines might be able to get high-quality, real-time information about the epidemic with even greater lead time, giving public health officials even more time to plan a response.
How much advance detection would be achieved for other pathogens or in populations of different size or composition remains unknown. The ability of the proposed method to detect outbreaks early, and how early it might do so, will depend on intrinsic properties of the thing that is spreading (e.g., the biology of the pathogen); how this thing is measured; the nature of the population, including the overall prevalence of susceptible or affected individuals; the number of people empanelled into the sensor group; the topology of the network (for example, the degree distribution and its variance, or other structural attributes) [6], [28]; and other factors, such as whether the outbreak modifies the structure of the network as it spreads (for example, by killing people in the network, or, in the case of spreading information, perhaps by affecting the tendency of any two individuals to remain connected after the information is transmitted). The amount of time, in terms of early detection, provided could thus vary considerably, depending on attributes unique to each setting.
While the social network sensor strategy has been illustrated with a particular outbreak (flu) in a particular population (college students), it could potentially be generalized to other phenomena that spread in networks, whether biological (antibiotic-resistant germs), psychological (depression) [29], normative (altruism) [30], informational (rumors), or behavioral (smoking) [31]. Outbreaks of a wide variety of deleterious or desirable conditions could be detected before they have reached a critical threshold in populations of interest.
We obtained written informed consent from all participants and the study was approved by and carried out under the guidelines of the Committee on the Use of Human Subjects in Research at Harvard University.
To measure self-perceived popularity, we adapted a set of 8 questions previously used to assess the popularity of co-workers.[32]
To ascertain friends, we asked: "We will ask that you provide us with the names and contact information of 2-3 [of your] friends…. Please provide the contact information for 2–3 Harvard College students who you know and who you think would like to participate in this study."
We used friendship nominations to measure the in-degree (the number of times an individual is named as a friend by other individuals) and out-degree (the number of individuals each person names as a friend) of each subject. The in-degree is virtually unrestricted (the theoretical maximum is N – 1, the total number of other people in the network) but the out-degree is restricted to a maximum of 3, given the way we elicited friendship information.
We measured betweenness centrality, which identifies the extent to which an individual lies on potential paths for contagions passing from one individual to another through the network; this quantity summarizes how central an individual is in the network (see Figure 1).[33] Additionally, we measured k-coreness, which identifies the number of friends a person has after all individuals with fewer friends are iteratively removed from the network. Recent work suggests this measure may be more appropriate than centrality for understanding spreading processes in correlated networks [6]. We measured transitivity as the empirical probability that two of a subject's friends are also friends with each other, forming a triangle (see Figure 1). This measure is just the total number of triangles of ties between an individual and his or her social contacts divided by the total possible number of triangles.
We used Pajek [34] to draw two-dimensional pictures of the network, and we implemented the Kamada-Kawai algorithm, which generates a matrix of shortest network path distances from each node to all other nodes in the network and repositions nodes in an image so as to reduce the sum of the difference between the plotted distances and the network distances.[35] A movie of the spread of flu with a frame for each of the 122 days of the study is available online (see Supporting Information Text S1).
We calculated the cumulative flu incidence for both the friend group and the random group using a nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate (NPMLE) [36]. We also calculated the predicted daily incidence using an estimation procedure designed to measure the shift in the time course of a contagious outbreak associated with a given independent variable (see Supporting Information Text S1). In this procedure, we fit the observed probability of flu to a cumulative logistic function via nonlinear least squares (NLS) estimation [37]. To derive standard errors and 95% confidence intervals, we used a bootstrapping procedure in which we repeatedly re-sampled subject observations with replacement and re-estimated the fit [38]. This procedure produced somewhat wider confidence intervals than those based on asymptotic approximations, so we report only the more conservative bootstrapped estimates. Finally, we calculated how many days of early detection was possible for groups with various network attributes by multiplying the coefficient and confidence intervals in the foregoing models by the mean difference between the above-average group and the below-average group (see Supporting Information Text S1).
Progression of flu contagion in the friendship network over time.
Methods and Regression Output Tables.
We thank David Rosenthal and Paul Barreira for advice about flu at Harvard College and for access to the University Health Services data. We thank Paul Allison, Guido Imbens, Jukka-Pekka Onnela, and Paul Tarini, for helpful comments. We thank Weihua An, Tom Keegan, Mark McKnight, Laurie Meneades, and Alison Wheeler for help with data collection and preparation. We thank all the students who contributed their time and consented to having their health records examined. And we thank the Harvard University Provost's Office for support of the data collection effort.
Competing Interests: The authors have an equity stake in a company, MedNetworks, that is licensed by Harvard and UCSD to apply some of the ideas embodied in their work.
Funding: Supported by a grant from the Office of the Provost, Harvard University (Steve Hyman). The analysis was partially supported by grants from the National Institute on Aging (P-01 AG-031093) and by a Pioneer Grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.

subset: commoncrawl


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Arnold Wilson Cowen
|Arnold Wilson Cowen
December 20, 1905
Norse, Bosque County, Texas, United States
|October 28, 2007
(aged 101)
Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
Arnold Wilson Cowen (December 20, 1905 – October 28, 2007), also known as "Wilson Cowen", was successively a trial commissioner, a trial judge, and the chief judge of the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims. Subsequently, he became a senior circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
Wilson Cowen was born in Norse, not far from Clifton, in Bosque County, Texas. He excelled in high school and won a scholarship to the University of Texas at Austin. In 1928 he received his LL.B. from the University of Texas School of Law. He was in private practice of law in Dalhart, Texas from 1928 to 1934. He won election as a county judge of Dallam County, Texas, as a Democrat in 1934. Dallam County was hard hit by the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, and Cowen found himself involved in federal programs to ameliorate conditions in the region. He was appointed in 1938 to the Farm Security Administration and served with in several roles until 1942.
He became a trial commissioner at the Court of Claims in 1942, but took a leave of absence the following year to serve as Assistant War Food Administrator. He was a Special assistant to the U.S. secretary agriculture in 1945. He returned to the Court in 1945, and was appointed chief trial commissioner in 1959. President Lyndon B. Johnson nominated him in 1964 to take the place of Chief Judge Marvin Jones, who was retiring. He assumed the status of senior judge in 1977, and became a senior circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit by operation of the Federal Courts Improvement Act in 1982. He retired from active service in 1997.
Judge Cowen was interviewed to describe his experiences of the Dust Bowl for the television series The American Experience in a documentary entitled "Surviving the Dust Bowl", which aired in 1998.
He died in Charlottesville, Virginia.
Bibliography and references[edit]
- Arnold Wilson Cowen at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
- The United States Court of Claims : a history / pt. 1. The judges, 1855-1976 / by Marion T. Bennett / pt. 2. Origin, development, jurisdiction, 1855-1978 / W. Cowen, P. Nichols, M.T. Bennett. Washington, D.C.: Committee on the Bicentennial of Independence and the Constitution of the Judicial Conference of the United States. 1976.
- United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit: A History: 1990–2002 / compiled by members of the Advisory Council to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in celebration of the court's twentieth anniversary. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. 2004.
- Surviving the Dustbowl, at PBS's website, accessed on 3/12/2007.
- "The American Experience" Surviving the Dust Bowl (1998) on IMDb
- 1905 births
- 2007 deaths
- American centenarians
- Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
- Texas state court judges
- Judges of the United States Court of Claims
- United States Article I federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
- 20th-century American judges
- People from Bosque County, Texas


text:
The Mehlville Early Childhood Preschool Program offers an integrated curriculum using a constructivist approach. This approach allows children to construct knowledge through play and hands-on experiences. Curriculum in seven core content areas is naturally embedded across the school day and the daily schedule. The seven curricular areas are: Personal and Social Development, Language and Literacy, Mathematical Thinking, Scientific Thinking, Social Studies, The Arts and Physical Development.
Our Mission:
Mehlville Early Childhood . . . working in partnership with families and community to provide an educational foundation for children.


text:
M. Louise Pernod
Executive Recruiter @ Hire Options
No approved endorsements
About M. Louise Pernod
Mary Louise Pernod founded Hire Options Inc. in 2000, after spending the better part of her 20 year business career hiring, developing, and managing outstanding sales people.
Prior to founding Hire Options, Mary Louise worked in a range of management and leadership positions at RH Donnelly, the publisher of Yellow Pages directories across the United States. Under Mary Louise's leadership at RH Donnelly, the firm was able to consistently increase sales in the New York Metropolitan area, while developing successful new products and sales strategies. And as Director of Training and Development, Mary Louise created and implemented an innovative management development program for high potential salespeople and sales managers.
Prior to her career at RH Donnelly, Mary Louise taught adult education classes in communications at business colleges and educational services
If you notice offensive or incorrect information, please contact us.


text:
As you prepare for spring cleaning you'll want to add some essential oils to either your washing water or your rinsing water. As you do your spring cleaning, essential oils can be useful to disinfect and leave all the areas you clean with a light scent.
A good dilution to add to your bucket will be about 8 drops of essential oil to 1/2 gallon of warm water.
Favorite oils to use are Lavender, Cypress, Orange, Lemon, Lemongrass, and Grapefruit.
A blend of these may appeal to many spring cleaners too! Many of these oils have Anti bacterial, anti-fungal and other germicidal properties.
Of course the uplifting properties will help your spring chores to fly by and be done shortly!
If you don't have time to blend your own there is the option of using one of our Pre-blended All Purpose cleaners.
All the products listed in the article are available at our Shopping Site - see link below.
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text:
by despratelyinlovewithher
Dear Lord I love her a lot and want to get married to her. If I don't get married to her I want to die, I want to end my life. My world is empty without her. I can't imagine my life without her. I don't want to live my life without her. I need a miracle to get married to her. Thanks to you I was able to express to her that I would die without her. Even though she said that she doesn't see me that way, I still love her a lot. I love her because I trust you, and I really don't want to live if I can't spend my life with her. My life is worthless and void without her as my life partner. Dear Lord I did meet her because of you. I beg you to get me married to her. I don't know why I love her that much. She is my life otherwise I am dead. I want to drop dead if I can't get married to her
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Miracle Prayer.
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ABB Ltd., Europe's largest electric engineering company, said two former chief executives might return part of their severance pay, as investors demand more accountability and transparency after the collapse of the Enron Corporation and the Swissair Group last year. The executives, Percy Barnevik, above, and Goran Lindahl both signaled a willingness to settle, an ABB spokesman said. The company has demanded that they pay back an unspecified part of the $137 million they received.Continue reading the main story
What's Next


text:
Run Like The WindedI
(Heaven's Mouth)
(Heaven's Mouth)
It was not only the light in the kitchen that made him look worn,
The aged television star in his early 30s,
Though it is fair to say it was an awful light
And it is fair to say I felt exactly as he looked.
Outside on the patio somebody is always falling into the pool.
the thar there
with beaks
and scuttle-things
in the sea-kitchen
yr brethren
blueblack alone
best not talk down
we've days alone and
rough clumsy-edges
"My silver's gone," he said. "I'm cavitied."
This long night,—
one thousand dreams,
and one life,
You come to,—
a scampering away,
the barely breathing
the dare not make a move
sleeptide receding
and one thousand's room
There was like a layer of sticky brown dirty sweat over our bodily proceedings and there was like wobbly long wide grins under outsized noses and googly eyes and our running joke was about being covered in a charlie sheen.
I said, "If you need me I'm going to be one thousand miles over here on the edge of the room with a charlie sheen."
"Over here with my mary-kate and ashley ulcer."
The last joke of the evening wasn't even really a joke. It ended with a punch line about "our inexorable march into oblivion."
When I went home and laid down I kept thinking about how my mom so often described things as being "too rich for my blood."
he was out there
playing catch with his self
in the yard
he was out there
grappling with his self
in the yard
"Whatever happened to all the fist pumps?? The Summer of the Fist Pump???"
a little wet behind the leers
he had a pair of knockers on him
He shut doors quietly behind him as he went into and out of rooms and I knew him to be a decent man. We were a little older then. Thankful. As I stand here and look out across these faces I cannot help but be carried away. That was the love of my life. Oh Lord. I'm gone.
on cracks and related fissures
where day lights seep
a dream of entire heads of hair
clogging the shower's drain—
remembered in shower, staring
at few hairs and drain
Turn light into sand and glass
And glass into light,—
A city of light and glass!
A city of looking!
All done up in claws, Bird Boy clacks into the kitchen and collapses. Them clicks in throat, them clatters in chest. Them flightless yearnings. From one thousand miles up it looked as though he lay atop a blanket of feathers fanned around him in a perfect circle. Around that radius the tops of heads turned down not-knowing what to do in this, and somebody falling away.
early early morning
the damp outside
the body bundled
en route with letters in hand
to post
destinations in mind
explanations made
a dream of resolution
we wish for more than letter
"His words don't hold truck with me."
That one-man show was the funniest, most heartbreaking thing I ever saw. The Day We All Caught Dysentery Down To The Waterpark. The funny, the truly funny. It was equal parts memoir, historical epic, dreamstate, and vision of the future. Dare I use the word holy? Religious, anyway. His journals contain allusions to a longer work called Shit The Whirlwind. He maintained that reality had become "a kind of propaganda B-movie." The finest thing was the sound of him laughing.


text:
Sade - Cherish the Day (Free Download Link) Remastered MP3
Free Album Download Link: http://bit.ly/tRZ9wZ Sade - The Ultimate Collection (Remastered) Album.
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Lana Del Rey - Summertime Sadness (Studio Acapella) MP3
112 BPM - Key D# Minor Free Download: http://sh.st/vO0cU More Acapellas Here: http://sh.st/v3gzs Like Us On Facebook: http://sh.st/v3gbt Follow Us On Twitter: ...
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Sade's official music video for 'The Sweetest Taboo'. Click to listen to Sade on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/SadeSpotifyA?IQid=SadeTST As featured on The Ultimate ...
The Sweetest Taboo
SadeIf I tell you If I tell you now Will you keep on Will you keep on loving me If I tell you If I tell you how I feel Will you keep bringing out the best in me You give me, you give me the sweet[...]
Lil Durk - My Beyoncé (Explicit) ft. Dej Loaf MP3
Download Durk's "My Beyonce" feat. Dej Loaf: http://defj.am/MyBeyonce?IQid=VEVO Stream " My Beyonce" on Spotify: http://defj.am/sMyBeyonce?IQid=VEVO ...
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Sade - No ordinary love (HQ) MP3
best quality. remastered version from "the best of sade" (1994).
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On this episode of Ndani Sessions, Adekunle Gold gives a breathtaking rendition of his hit single, Sade. Enjoy! Subscribe to the NdaniTV youtube channel here: ...
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Remaking Sade - Sweetest Taboo Instrumental [HD] MP3
Since My Last Sade Cover, I've had a lot of people request me to do another Sade song instrumental. This is one of my favorites.Hope you enjoy! Watch Me ...
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Music video by Sade performing Is It A Crime. (C) 2002 Sony Music Entertainment (UK) Ltd.
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Shai If I Ever Fall In Love 1992 Acapella Version In High Quality.
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Definitely had a 'dafuq did I just make' kinda moment this week. Sorry guys lol.. Leave your dear ryan's in the comment section below and you could be ...
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want this track in mp3? check http://mp3catch.net Sade - Maureen Sade - Maureen Sade - Maureen.


text:
Theresa Faughnan, director of operations for the Center of Comparative Physiology
Click here to register for this PREP course.
The Public Research Education Program (PREP) is a series of courses developed by various research support offices in conjunction with other health system offices. The courses offer CME credits and are designed to increase quality of research throughout the health system and streamline the process of conducting research.
PREP courses also aim to enhance and expand investigator capacity to conduct research. PREP courses are free and open to all Northwell Health employees, students, and volunteers. In addition, interested research collaborators and community partners are welcome to attend.
Light refreshments will be served at the courses held at the Goldman B Conference Room.
Don't forget to check out select videos of PREP courses online.


text:
Official Solution:
First, you notice that all of the front-facing books are in groups that are alphabetical order...except one that seems very out of place:
- Bhutto
- Boyle
- Brown
- Catton
- Coben
- Coelho
- Collins
- Colfer
- Conquest
- Connelly
- Cussler
- Deaver
- Evanovich
- Evanovich
- Furnivall
- Furnivall
- Garnder
- George
- Gilbert
- Grafton
- Grisham
- (unshown)
- (unshown)
- Hilerbrand
- Hoag
- (Hosseini)
- Iggulden
- Indridason
The Siren by Tiffany Reisz is terribly out of place, and totally in the wrong section of the bookstore. Or extra resourcefulness points if you image-search this photo to find the right book.
Now, looking at the clue, you realize that the first letters of the first four quoted words are: ISBN. So you're looking for an ISBN number.
Then, in the second part of the clue, you find that there are 13 books in the Series of Unfortunate Events Collection, so you must be looking for and ISBN-13 code instead of an ISB-10. So, doing a search gives you your answer: 9780778313533


text:
Fluent 6.1/6.2 UDF compatability
When reading in cases developed in Fluent 6.1, into Fluent 6.2, Fluent isn't happy with 6.1 udf names, since they have changed the convention to dll::udfname.
This makes going between computers ugly, not to mention what to do when working with archived files.
Anyone have a workaround for this? Fluent support had told me there would be no problem upgrading, but I haven't seen any fixes from them.
Re: Fluent 6.1/6.2 UDF compatability
Unfortunately I have your same problem...Luca
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 19:37.


text:
Listen to free music played by PositiveVibration
Blip.fm is internet radio made social. It's easy to search for, play, and discover free music recommended by real people. Join today to create your own free station and start listening to @PositiveVibration.
PositiveVibration "He who is not busy being born, is busy dying."
Feb 28, 2010 at 5:20 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES
PositiveVibration Haha.. Sunday feels like that for me! @warhorus: "It's a Monday. Song title says it all." (reblip)
Green Day – Brain Stew| play
PositiveVibration Can't forget The Dead when times are tough! @GR8FL
Feb 28, 2010 at 5:14 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES
PositiveVibration Very True! @GR8FL: (reblip)
R.E.M. – Everybody Hurts| play
PositiveVibration @GR8FL: "@Shellsie @organicsue trying to get some faith back after yesterday when someone hit my car while it was parked in a lot & drove off" (reblip)
Neil Young – Lotta Love| play
PositiveVibration @Plan3t_t3ch: "Thanks for your props @2liveis2fly @theFRUKE !!! @LikeAnAngel @rokkikokki" (reblip)
PositiveVibration @onesanz: "...and u may find yourself" (reblip)
PositiveVibration Haha. It has been cold here! @HappyDayz: "Who wants a cold beverage to celebrate Hump Day? Okay, you East Coasters might want a hot toddy instead!" (reblip)
G. Love and Special Sauce – Cold Beverages| play
Feb 28, 2010 at 5:06 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES
PositiveVibration @ShebaJo: "rb, have never heard this one! cool @Frauenpower: "Herman's Hermits – Something Is Happening"" (reblip)
Feb 28, 2010 at 5:01 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES
PositiveVibration @ShebaJo: "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress ~the Hollies" (reblip)
The Hollies – Long cool woman in a black dress| play
PositiveVibration @blues_b_us: "@SarahABQ: "I'm doN as gr8 as this tune!! :-) thx @420thoughts: "Thanks! *hugs* How's everyone? @SarahABQ """ (reblip)
James Gang – Funk Number 49| play
PositiveVibration bad ass! @blues_b_us: "Warren Haynes – One.. imho, better than Sting" (reblip)
Warren Haynes – One| play
PositiveVibration Last night someone ragged on me for not being educated on The Who. Thanks for the help. =) @Buzzz: "Good night !!! @Lothlorien" (reblip)
The Who – My Generation| play
PositiveVibration @rtn: "THIS ONE IS FOR @G_RAT!" (reblip)
PositiveVibration @jpblogger: ""got to have ..." Thx! rb @SGMan "Kaya ~ Bob Marley @jpblogger"" (reblip)
Kaya – Bob Marley (Lyrics)| play
Feb 28, 2010 at 4:53 pm via YouTube | AMAZON | ITUNES


text:
Sue Farrell, a benefits counselor with the Area Agency on Aging, will speak about Medicare at 10:30 a.m. Wednesday at a Lions Club Park Senior Center luncheon.
Bring a dish to serve six people or more if bringing a guest or pay $5 per person.
The senior center is at 1700 E. Stan Schlueter Loop, Killeen.


text:
Drava is engaged in the business of running and fitness. Its activities include coaching, conducting talks on running for individuals and institutions.
Please read this before you proceed.
If you are interested please fill up the questionnaire at http://goo.gl/forms/pvjT3ALQFP which we use to have discussions with potential trainees. It helps us avoid asking standard questions and focus on specific queries of yours when we talk. It also helps us not miss obvious queries at the beginning. We don't coach people for less than 12 weeks since we believe it isn't enough time to make significant changes to one's performances in less than that duration.
Once you have done that, we will talk and work out specifics like locations, timings, fees, etc. In case you are outside Bangalore and want to be coached remotely (Yes, there is such a thing. Even some elite athletes train like that) wherein we design a custom-training plan, track you on a daily basis, have weekly discussions on the phone or Skype, etc, mail us and we shall work something out.
We charge INR 14,000/- for 12-16 weeks for Bangalore based trainees
INR 12,000/- for 12-16 weeks
I love to run. It has changed my life. It could change yours too.
In Jan 2011, I ran my 5th Mumbai Marathon in 4:05:20. I had run 10 marathons or distances over that till then and never managed to break even 4 hours for a marathon. 14 weeks later, under the guidance of an amazing coach, I ran a marathon in 3:09:46.
I enjoyed that experience so much that I quit my job soon after and took up full-time coaching, while continuing to enjoy my running, to this day. You may not need to quit your job but you could try and improve your running under the guidance of a coach.
I would love to show you what you can do with targeted training.
Personal bests:
Marathon: 03:04:16
Half Marathon: 1:27:02
10k: 39:45
You can read the longer version here
Here are some testimonials:
Testimonial 1
Testimonial 2
I love to run trails and spend the rest of my time designing for digital and print.
I started running 10 years ago and have never looked back since. Most of my experience has been experience gained through personal experiences. I have run several marathons and a few ultras (mainly 50,75 and 100k).
In 2011 I got my first customized training plan. I went from 3.30 Marathon in February to a 3.08 in December.
In 2015 I decided to spend more time training and also training people, so quit my job and joined Dharmendra full time.
Personal bests:
100k: 12:06:18 (2010)
50k: 03:58:56
Marathon: 03:07:45 (2011)
Half Marathon: 1:26:33 (2015)
10k: 39:30
Feel free to email us for training needs, or to just say hello!


text:
|Hero Number
|Paradigm Shift
|Psycho Rift
Clara is a playable hero in Paradigm. She is one of the 10 free heroes introduced at launch.
Clara is a member of the Psiwitch coven, a group of female engineers that take their craft to a whole new level. Infusing their very life force into machinery, their craft has taken a level more akin to magic than technology. Clara herself has entered the Paradigm as a sort of rite of passage, something all aspiring Psiwitches must do.
Clara is a pale female human of below average height, presumably of Western European descent. Her hair is tied into a bun in the back, and forms a single large lock in the front that continuously covers one yellow (presumably cybernetically enhanced) eye. Only her head and torso are organic, and her limbs have been replaced with ebony-black mechanical replicas, decorated with yellow lights.
She herself wears a pair of white cargo shorts, a black tank top, a digital "cloak" consisting of a stream of black and purple pixels, and a comically large witch hat equipped with an antenna and a scouter-like device. She consistently holds a rod-like weapon with several glowing rods emanating from the top; this is referred to as her Wand and is her primary weapon.
Clara is a young individual, still retaining a large amount of childhood innocence. She does her best to cheer up her allies and make friends with them, and becomes shocked when a death on either team occurs near her.
Clara is an "anti-support" Hero who relies on softening up her team's enemies in order to help defeat them and claim the objective. She is not truly one to deal direct damage, however, and has low overall power. Though this can be alleviated by striking a foe with defense-lowering skills, Clara should stay out of the action's center as much as possible.
|Quick Attack
|Heavy Attack
|Keep Away
|A quick slap followed by a thrusting attack with Clara's wand. The thrust is slightly stronger than the slap, and actually has the capacity to push away a target.
|Charge Launcher
|Clara launches a shard of purple energy forward at high speed. Hold down the heavy attack button to charge energy and release more shards; when charged to the maximum, five shards will be fired.
|Special Ability 1
|Special Ability 2
|SaL3M Virus
|Using this move brings up a large targeting reticule on the ground, aimed where Clara is looking. From here, the move can either be cancelled or confirmed; if confirmed, Clara casts a computer virus over all enemy targets in the reticule, lowering their strength, defense, movement speed, and ability charge time.
|Hexadecimal Equation
|Clara summons a sphere made of purple fire and sends it towards the nearest enemy within her line of sight. The orb passively deals damage over time as well as lowering defensive stats. Only one orb can exist per Clara at any given time.
|Paradigm Shift
|Psycho Rift
|Clara's Paradigm Shift.
Triggering this ability creates a slowly expanding circle around Clara; press the button again to slightly damage and paralyze all enemy entities within. If Clara is killed while the circle is still growing, it triggers automatically.
— Upon joining a match
"H-hi, everyone! H-how're you all doing?"
— Upon joining a match
"Sigh... I really d-don't want to do this..."
— Upon using SaL3M Virus
"I apologize for this!"
— Upon using SaL3M Virus
"May the b-black arts guide me!!"
— Upon using Hexadecimal Equation
"Target locked. DEF d-decreased by 33%."
— Upon using Hexadecimal Equation
"T-take this!"
|Character Specific
— After defeating Lisette.
"I-I'm sorry! You scared me!"
— After defeating Alister.
"That's what you get. Meanie."
— After defeating Maloha.
"It's a shame, I actually would have l-liked to try your juice. Sorry."
— After defeating President Minxie.
"P-Please don't sue me!"
— After defeating Jailbird.
"I-I assume this is bringing in a criminal? A-Am I right?"
- Clara was heavily inspired design-wise off of the Pokémon Chandelure, and her playstyle is partially based off of the Overwatch character Zenyatta.


text:
The prime minister of Norway Erna Solberg officially opened the Gudrun platform in the North Sea on 19 August. This is the first new Statoil-operated platform on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) since Kristin in 2005.
Gudrun is the first in a long line of new field developments operated by Statoil, and therefore it represents a new era on the NCS.
The next in line is Valemon, which is scheduled for start-up later this year. Gina Krog and Johan Sverdrup on the Utsira High are next in the North Sea.
We also have Aasta Hansteen and Johan Castberg to come in northern Norway. Johan Sverdrup alone will ensure value creation for another 40-50 years from the NCS.
Global strategy
Gudrun is the result of a global development strategy. The jacket has been delivered by Kværner Værdal in mid-Norway, and the living quarters by Apply Leirvik at Stord in western Norway.
The topside was provided by Aibel with sub-supplies from Thailand, Poland and from Haugesund in Western Norway. The helideck was constructed in China.
Gudrun has been put on stream on time and below the cost estimate of the plan for development and operation (PDO). The global puzzle has helped keep the costs down.
The development has demonstrated the strong competitiveness of the Norwegian supplier industry.
"Gudrun has proven that we are able to take our industry into a new era with global competition and local value creation," said Statoil's chief executive Helge Lund in his speech at the opening.
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Principle of Decrease
by Brenda Emmons
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"The LORD said to Gideon, 'You have too many people for Me to hand the Midianites over to you" Judges 7:2.
Gideon was facing his biggest fear for his imminent future…the battle was on the horizon and he was going to experience the challenge. Gideon had calculated…considered…counted on his number of men who would go with him into the experience. But God had different ideas as He usually does. While Gideon's focus was security, God's focus was his dependency…while Gideon put his trust his numbers God demanded his trust in One number – Yahweh. God arranged circumstances wherein Gideon had no choice but to let go of his trust in numbers and lean completely on God. God continued to dwindle down his men and decrease his resources until Gideon's army was down to the bare bone – from 32,000 to 300 men.
We all have dreams for our future but when we allow the pursuit to become greater than the One who will get us there we run the risk of experiencing God's principle of decrease. Within His will, God wants us to have the desires of our heart but only as a result from the overflow of our intimate relationship and trust in Him. If He feels that we are going about our life trusting in our own numbers and resources, He will set up the principle of decrease. If we meet our goals in exactly the manner we planned for, we leave no room to witness God's power and His grace. Our flesh will tell our spirit that we did a good job and that the armies we built were sufficient for the battle. This will never fly in the economy of God.
I find it interesting that in my Bible as the Lord is speaking the word Me is capitalized while referring to Himself. When we live our life with God capitalized over ourselves then we will walk in victory when facing any future event knowing with complete confidence that it was the Lord who gave us success – not our plans.
'Be careful that your heart doesn't become proud and you forget the LORD your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt, out of the place of slavery' Deut 8:14.
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Tablets Huawei 2 products found
Huawei Tablets- An enriching experience
Established as a telecommunication company in 1987, Huawei initially specialized in the manufacture of phone switches. The brand soon expanded and emerged as a full-fledged telecommunication network worldwide. However, this growth by Huawei did not lead to poor quality of communication devices, but instead they made their name famous among the Chinese consumer markets. Currently the brand is manufacturing products and providing services in the field of telecommunication, with some trendy electronic devices available in the market which are Huawei Tablets.Buy Best Huawei Tablet at Daraz.com.bd
While looking for a tablet with high specifications, you should make sure that you consider quality as well. Huawei tablets fits well in both of the above categories and are a great device for experienced users. Moreover, Huawei Tablets are available at affordable price rates, in case you are low on budget then a Huawei Tablet should be an ideal choice. Although, Huawei Tablets are quite new to consumers, the brand name should be acknowledged, before making your purchase as it comes under one of the best quality manufacturers of telecommunication.
Huawei has a range of tablets available in the market, that differ in style, design, features and with advanced electronic technology. So you can find the latest Huawei Tablets at Daraz.com.bd. They are also available in a variety of colors, so you can choose your preferred color. Apart from this, Daraz.com.bd has the most affordable Huawei Tablet prices in Bangladesh. Furthermore, the online store delivers the best Huawei Tablets in Bangladesh to your doorstep, saving you the hassle of shopping and bargaining for your gadgets. So you do not need to think twice while buying a Huawei Tablet from Daraz.com.bd as they promise you the top quality products.Why choose Huawei tablets?
Huawei MediaPad T series
Tablet series: Huwaei's MediaPad T series is perfect to run media related files and games. It is also quite resourceful as it comes in various forms and sizes.
Technical Specifications: The MediaPad T tablets run on either Android 4.3 JellyBean or 4.4.2 KitKat with EmotionUI. The devices come with a 1.2GHz quad-core processor, full HD screen and great storage capacity, which is up to 8GB.
Available Products : The MediaPad T series comprises of the T1 tablet, available in varying sizes, which are 7-inches, 8-inches, and 10-inches.


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Kiegészítő készlet a GoPro kamerákhoz, mely tökéletes minden sporthoz.
- Accessory set for GoPro action cameras, perfect for all sports activities
- 3-way swivelling arm for all imaginable shooting angles
- The high-quality 3M adhesive technology ensures a consistently reliable hold also in the rain and cold
- Set comprising two different adhesive mounts, two different quick-release fasteners, one 3-way swivelling arm and one long replacement screw
Adhesive pads
- 2-part replacement set consisting of one straight (e.g. for car windows) and one curved (e.g. for sports helmets, handlebars) adhesive mount
- If required the adhesive pads can be cleanly removed when heat (hairdryer) is applied
Note for Consumers:
Only use the adhesive pads on dust and grease-free surfaces. Be sure to apply the mount at room temperature, and also allow at least 12 hours for the mount to properly adhere to the surface.


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Stores »
Alot of people know Fox Racing Inc for their motorcross racing, but this cadet sunglasses are a plus....
I don't need a helmet, but this one is bad ass!
We are a community of shoppers sharing our best finds from across the web.
© 2017 ThisNext, Inc. ThisNext is a member of BUZZMEDIA Entertainment, a division of BUZZMEDIA.


text: I just wanted to say, I don't think I'm actually a big fan of horror unless its really creative. Some horror movies like paranormal activity I've only watched to see why they're so scary, but they haven't scared me. Thats why almost all of my pastas tend to have a creative twist in them like the giraffe figurine or the forbidden triangle (which have african themes) often involving mythology. One pasta I do really like is abandoned by disney which is the only one that has scared me, so...why are the ones like jeff so much more popular? Anyway I was wondering if there are any other stories like mine around the site as I'd really like to read those.


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Inspiring contemporary or jazz dance costume has front zipper. Sequin floral lace sleeves and upper back. Open back detail. Nylon spandex.
When you need ballet costumes, recital costumes, jazz costumes, lyrical costumes, hip hop costumes, tap costumes or any of your dancewear or dance studio supplies, you can find them here. We've got everything you need, with a complete line of theatre costumes and dance costumes!


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Higher cotton costs, a result of rising wages in China, are just one reason why Next clothes will be 8% more expensive this year, one of many inflationary rises that the company's customers are facing.
Wheat prices are also at an all-time high, which means a loaf of bread is soon to get pricier.
Petrol costs will rise again as the oil price takes off, and the increase in VAT is also poised to hit wallets.
Wolfson, a Tory peer, backs the VAT increase. "I think it is the most sensible tax to rise and I don't think it will create massive problems," he said.
Wolfson added that he expects the economic recovery to be "subdued".
"The big unknown is what effect the price increases will have on demand. In terms of the general economic environment, I'm not anticipating that the year ahead is going to be dramatically different from last year."
Wolfson is looking to source cotton from different suppliers, still in the Far East, to mitigate the bubble.Reuse content


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French Cake & Sauce ( Passed Down by Generations)
READY IN: 50mins
Recipe by Terry E
It goes a long way and tastes so good. This one was passed down from my husband's grandmother.
Top Review by Enchantressa34
This sounds incrediable! I will be making it this next week. Let you know how I liked it! Kim
See Discussion:1 Review
Ingredients Nutrition
CAKE (Gateau A La Jeanette)
- 1⁄2 cup butter
- 1 cup sugar
- 2 eggs
- 1 1⁄2 cups flour
- 2 1⁄2 teaspoons baking powder
- 1 pinch salt
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- 3⁄4 cup milk
SAUCE (Sause Pourpudding CHomeur)
- 2 cups brown sugar
- 2 cups boiling water
- 1⁄4 cup butter
- 1 teaspoon flour
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
Directions See How It's Made
- Mix cake ingredients together in order; after adding each one, mix.
- In different bowl mix sauce ingredients together in order; after each one, mix.
- Pour cake mixture in GLASS 11x14-inch cake pan then sauce over top from side to side through the cake till all the sauce is used.
- Bake at 350°F degrees for 30-35 minutes.
- It looks like a lot of work but it's not and the end results is well worth it.


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Two Knox residents were arrested this weekend as a result of a police investigation into a possible methamphetamine lab.
On Friday, February 3rd, officers from the Starke County Sheriff's Department and Hamlet Police Department served an arrest warrant on Phillip Mullins in the 3000 block of 400 North in Knox, and found him, as well as a female and child, inside the residence. After Mullins was arrested, police also located an inactive methamphetamine lab, a hydrochloric acid generator, and several items associated with manufacturing methamphetamine, in addition to marijuana and other paraphernalia.
Mullins and the female suspect, Angela McDougal, have preliminary charges of Possession of Methamphetamine, Possession of Marijuana, and Possession of Paraphernalia. Mullins is also charged with three non-support warrants, Maintaining a Common Nuisance, and Taking a Child to a Nuisance, and McDougal faces an additional charge of Visiting a Common Nuisance.


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Childhood classmates turned high school sweethearts, Jacque and Kevin said their "I do's" on a gorgeous August day at their Mayowood Stone Barn wedding. Their rustic chic affair was nothing shy of amazing and the mint colored bridesmaid dresses beautifully complemented the soft, natural colors of the venue. Surrounded by friends and family, the social couple wanted a day filled with fabulous food, great music, and lots of fun dancing. In the end, their rustic barn wedding was an absolute dream come true.
Q. Why did you choose Kennedy Blue for your girls?
A. We loved the Kennedy blue dresses the moment the girls tried them on. They were flattering on all of my bridesmaids, and the girls said that they were super comfortable. I loved the mint colored bridesmaid dresses and also loved that it was a little different from most of mints that I had seen. The girls felt like beautiful goddesses, and the long, flowy dresses fit right in with the style of my rustic chic wedding.
Q. Describe your "couple's style".
A. Kevin and I have a very "easy" relationship. It sounds pretty cliché', but he is my best bud and there is never a time when I don't want him around. We are both very easy going, and neither of us like conflict. Of course we are nowhere near perfect, but our personalities sync very well.
Q. What advice would you give to other brides?
A. I am going to give advice that I definitely did not follow: Keep it simple and follow your gut. While planning, all decisions seem difficult. Try not to over think them. Try to make decisions right away rather than putting them off and stressing. It is easier said than done, but you will be happier when everything is set in stone.
I really loved this wedding and blog post! I loved not only seeing the super cute bridesmaid dresses the bride picked out but how the dresses went well with the whole theme of this rustic wedding. The Question & Answer sections are unique and informative. Thanks for the awesome blog! Love reading it!
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Taking Your Measurements
For the most accurate measurements, do not measure over your clothing. Your measurements should be taken while wearing undergarments similar to the ones you will wear with your dress. The measuring tape shouldn't be pulled too tight or have too much slack, and should always be parallel with the floor.
**Wedding apparel is typically sized differently than retail clothing, so keep in mind that it's not uncommon to find yourself requiring alterations.
Bust size: Wrap the tape around your back and under your arms at the fullest part of your bust (not underneath the bust).
Waist size: While standing up straight, bend at the waist to one side. Take the measurement where the natural crease happens in your side. This should be a few inches above your belly button.
Hip size: Standing with your feet together, wrap the tape around the fullest part of your hips and butt to get this measurement.
Choosing your correct size
Compare these three measurements to the Kennedy Blue size chart above. It is very important that you order the largest size that corresponds to your measurements. For example, if your bust measures 40.5" (size 12), your waist measures 31" (size 10) and your hips measure 41.5" (size 8), we advise that you order a size 12, and get your dress altered down to custom fit your body. Ordering anything smaller than a size 12 would not fit in the bust area. Please note: Our bridal gown size chart is different than the bridesmaids sizing and is listed below.


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Difference between revisions of "Spotland, Lancashire Genealogy"
(added info and links)
m (Text replace - "http://www.1881pubs.com/ for details of public houses in the 1881 census<br>" to "")
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{{British Census|306934}}
{{British Census|306934}}
==== Poor Law Unions ====
==== Poor Law Unions ====
Revision as of 12:02, 29 September 2012
England Lancashire Lancashire Parishes
Chapelry History
SPOTLAND, a division or township with a chapel, in the parish and union of Rochdale, hundred of Salford, S. division of Lancashire, 1¼ mile northwest of Rochdale, containing, the hamlet of Whitworth. The church, dedicated to St Clement 'was erected in 1835'.
In 1846 a portion of the township was formed into the church district at Healey. At Whitworth is a third, more ancient chapel established by the year 1748.
There are places of worship for Wesleyans and other dissenters.[1]
Spotland St Clement is an Ecclesiastical Parish in the county of Lancashire, created in 1840 from Rochdale St Chad, Lancashire Ancient Parish.
Other places in the parish include: Brandwood, Brandwood Higher End, Brandwood Lower End, Catley Lane, Chadwick, Woodhouse Lane, Clay Lane, Failinge, Failworth, Wolstonholme and Cheesdon, and Cheesedon.
Civil Registration
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD.
Church records
Include here information for parish registers, Bishop's Transcripts and other types of church records, such as parish chest records. Add the contact information for the office holding the original records. Add links to the Family History Library Catalog showing the film numbers in their collection
Parish registers for Spotland, 1835-1919 Microfilm of original records at the Manchester Archives Central Library in Manchester, England. Spotland was a chapelry in Rochdale parish. The church was known as St. Clement.
Manchester Archives Central Library call nos.: L 247.
| Content
| Film
| Baptisms, 1835-1894.
| FHL BRITISH Film
2356366 Items 5 - 6
| Marriages, 1835-1892. Burials, 1835-March 1864.
| FHL BRITISH Film
| Burials, February 1864-1871. Banns, 1859-1919.
| FHL BRITISH Film
2356369 Items 1 - 4
Bishop's transcripts for Spotland, 1837-1843 Microreproduction of original manuscripts housed at the Lancashire Record Office, Preston.Bishop's transcripts of the chapelry of Spotland (St. Clements), in the parish of Rochdale St Chad, Lancashire.Lancashire Record Office: DRM/2/305a
| Content
| Film
| Baptisms and burials, 1837-1843.
| FHL BRITISH Film
1545804 Item 5
Census records
Census records from 1841 to 1911 are available online. For access, see England Census Records and Indexes Online. Census records from 1841 to 1891 are also available on film through a Family History Center or at the Family History Library.
Poor Law Unions
Probate records
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Lancashire Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
Maps and Gazetteers
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.
Web sites
| This section requires expansion with:
any relevant sites that aren't mentioned above..
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=53029 British History online Spotland
- ↑ A Topographical Dictionary of England by Samuel Lewis (1848), pp. 159-164. Adapted. Date accessed: 21 July 2010.


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Australia: small player in a big market
Page Tools
Ships, communications technology, military vehicles and dual-use components are our main exports.
Australian companies are building Anzac frigates for New Zealand, supplying engineering vehicles for Chinas army and helping Pacific nations, such as Fiji, better secure their munitions stores. The Federal Government says Australia exported about $10 million of weapons and ammunition in 2000. It lists our main export markets as the US, Britain, New Zealand, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait.
All proposed exports of defence equipment are subject to case-by-case government review and licensing procedures. Permits are issued only after human rights and Australian security issues have been taken into account.
A spokeswoman for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade told The Age that Australia had given in-principle support to Britains proposal to establish an international arms trade treaty to prevent the proliferation of weapons in developing nations.
She said the Government would not comment on the activities of arms exporting countries. But she said the Government was generally opposed to arms being sold to countries subject to UN arms embargoes or where they could be used to compromise the rights of citizens.
Recent experiences in Bougainville and the Solomon Islands clearly illustrate the sensitivity of our region to destabilising accumulations of weapons, she said.
Get The Age home delivered for as little as $2.70 a week*


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Accommodations in SchwienauSee All
Explore popular vacation packages for Schwienau, Germany and kick-start your vacation planning for free. Schwienau is located at a short trip away from Hamburg a major city in Germany. Take a short trip from Schwienau and set some time aside to explore the Hamburg. Dotted with places like St Michaels Church, Planten Un Blomen, Speicherstadt; it will definitely be a good idea. To explore Schwienau, set aside 1 to 2 number of your days. You'll be coming back for more!
Explore the best journey planner for your visit to Schwienau and create a flawless plan in few simple steps!


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Best-1 32oz Hummingbird Feeder
The Original Best-1 Hummingbird Feeder in a large 32 ounce size. The glass bottle is both easy to fill and to clean. The bright red base comes apart for easy cleaning and the circular perch gives hummingbirds an easy place to eat and rest. Features 8 bee and wasp proof feeding ports. Made in the USA!