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No Mess Garlic Crusher
— £25
Revolutionary in kitchen ware, this garlic crusher crushes, scrapes off the excess garlic that's hanging on, and then cleans itself as you open the handle, so no garlic is left stuck in the holes.
You can even crush garlic without peeling it first, the handy peel eject button will clear out the left over peel in the crusher. No mess, no garlicy fingers!
Comes in a smart box to make a lovely house warming gift.
Dimensions of box
Height 58mm
Length 205mm
Depth 56mm
Postage and Packing for this item is £2.00
Total including P&P is £27
Delivery Time: Immediate Dispatch
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Shakira collected six Latin Grammy nominations on Tuesday, including Record and Album of the Year.
Colombian pop sensation Shakira leads the nomination list for the seventh annual installment of Latin Grammy Awards with six nods. The songbird is among others nominated for the categories of Record Of The Year, Song Of The Year, and Best Short Form Music Video, all for "La Tortura".
She, additionally, also vies for Album Of The Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Album, and Best Short Form Music Video categories for "Fijaci�n Oral, Vol. 1". Following close behind with four nominations are Guatemalan popster Ricardo Arjona, Mexican singer-songwriter Julieta Venegas and Argentinian guitarist and vocalist Gustavo Cerati.
Besides them all, there's also the likes of Puerto Rican group Calle 13 who gets three nominations, Andrea Bocelli who's been nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Album for "Amor", and Black Eyed Peas vying for Record Of The Year for their collaboration with Sergio Mendes on "Mas Que Nada".
The nominations were announced Tuesday September 26th in New York. This year's awards will be presented Nov. 2 at New York's Madison Square Garden and broadcast live on the Univision. Visit http://www.grammy.com/latin/7_latin/ for the complete list of the nominees.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mavericks' Tyson Chandler, Monta Ellis injured in loss to Clippers
Dallas Mavericks center Tyson Chandler and guard Monta Ellis were injured in the Mavericks' 115-98 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers on Monday and their availability for Wednesday's game is unknown.
Chandler and Ellis were injured in the first four minutes of the game.
Chandler was injured less than a minute into the game when he was fouled by Clippers center Spencer Hawes. Ellis left the game three minutes later after suffering a left hip injury.
The Mavericks play the Utah Jazz on Wednesday, their last game before the All-Star Break.
Without Chandler in the lineup, the Mavericks were dominated on the glass by Clippers center DeAndre Jordan, who pulled down a career-high 27 rebounds to go with 22 points.
• DOLLINGER: A new round of injuries shuffle the West's elite
"It's nothing we can control right now" Mavericks forward Dirk Nowitzki said to The Dallas Morning News. "We don't expect either to play on Wednesday and we have to be better with what we've got. We have to be better defensively. We've got to somehow find ways to have five guys in there rebounding. That's what it comes down to."
The Mavericks are already without point guard Rajon Rondo, who is sidelined with an orbital bone fracture.
Ellis is the Mavericks leading scorer at 20 points per game and Chandler leads Dallas in rebounding this season.
Dallas (35-19) is fifth in the Western Conference standings, one game behind the Portland Trail Blazers.
- Scooby Axson


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Math Tutor
I will help you finally and truly understand math. I love math and helping people see the joy that math is! I coach math from basic math up to Calculus 1. My favorite math topic is fractions and I would love to help people with GRE math and other standardized math testing.
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I was a math minor in college and I worked as a math tutor in my college's math lab for three years.
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This can be in person or virtual. Just contact me for availability
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Some call me quirky, others say weird. I just say, it's life. Excited to meet you and talk about myself more in person. And figure out what I can really say about myself. Looking forward to getting to... use the site.show moreOpen to other proposals
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By p1xel8ted
Hey guys, I have all 6 tier items (heroic, some WF). My hands are 895, but got a 905 item from mythic chrono.
( Pawn: v1: "Blood": Class=DeathKnight, Spec=Blood, CritRating=4.57, HasteRating=7.57, MasteryRating=3.07, Versatility=6.07, Strength=9.07, Stamina=12.07 )
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Current setup
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I'm thinking it;s the versatility on the tier hands that is making the difference, not so much the 25% chance at a rune?
Thoughts, opinions, Thanks!
By Crokxe
You can download from here
>>Rune Tracker not included you should import from here<<
Without Timer : https://wago.io/VJOscZ-ZM
With Timer : https://wago.io/VyVVRi0tz
Frost Chromatic Anomaly Mythic :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMqHQ_GOVNQ
v2.1 Video: https://youtu.be/RNRjKJKwcbQ
--if you using Elvui with Addonskins thick this option :https://puu.sh/um8uZ/e34b14337d.png
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*if anyone have idea or problem feel free to ask*
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Hi, ill make it simple, i want to be the strongest tank posible, i want my hp to never drop below 60%, im doing heroic content fairly well, for example at krosus more than 12 stacks its very very hard but i want more, i want to hold more, be stronger. Ive been very luky and i have 5 legendarys, lana'thel lament, prydaz, sephuz, shackles of bryndaor and rattlegore bone legplates, i think prydaz is a very safe bet for raid but for the second legendary which should i use? shackles truly gives sooo much healing? lanathels has the perfect stats pls 5% buff...
Here is my info http://us.battle.net/wow/en/character/ragnaros/Zeliel/advanced
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By p1xel8ted
Hi Guys,
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War on Everyone Movie Review :
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After "The Guard" and "Calvary," McDonagh indicated that his next film would finish off what he called his "celebrated suicide set of three," and however that venture is probably still in the pipeline, the "War on Everyone" pair should offer that same self-ruinous soul.
As cops, they make the standards, and notwithstanding when stripped of their identifications, they're not going to all of a sudden begin tailing another person's requests. As the examination continues, they decimate a strip club, punch somebody's eye out and reveal a tyke explicit entertainment ring, tightening up the stakes until the main thing left to do is stroll in, defy huge supervisor James Mangan (a ruined British master played by Theo James, looking both dandier and more butch than James Franco) and his snobby right-hand sap, Birdwell (Caleb Landry Jones, playing a more feminine rendition of "Filthy Harry's" Scorpio executioner), in a decent antiquated Mexican standoff.
Contrasted and a percentage of the extravagant activity that has preceded — elevated by stalwart altering accomplice (and previous Danny Boyle associate) Chris Gill — the climactic shootout really feels rather manageable (likely not the word any of the casualties would pick, particularly the one Terry nails with one of his well known groin shots). Likewise with the course heist itself, McDonagh selects not to harp on the scene of phlebotomy, but rather is clear to show its outcome.
Accordingly, "War on Everyone" puts forth an impossible to miss kind of explanation, riffing on such rough classes as Westerns and cop films, even as it inquiries why the nation puts firearms (and identifications) under the control of furious rebels. As Reiser jokes at a certain point, "This is the police office. We encompassed by gigantic supremacist pigs.". If Tarantino had said it, the police unions would have had much more motivation to blacklist his motion picture. Originating from over the Pond, the prosecution feels doubly accursing.


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Positive feedback between global warming and atmospheric CO 2. concentration inferred from past climate change
- Archibald Cox
- 2 years ago
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1 1 Positive feedback between global warming and atmospheric CO 2 concentration inferred from past climate change Marten Scheffer 1, Victor Brovkin 2 and Peter Cox 3 1. Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8080, 6700 DD Wageningen, The Netherlands. Fax: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. box , D-14412, Potsdam, Germany 3. Hadley Centre, The Met Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SY, UK
2 2 [1] There is good evidence that higher global temperatures will promote a rise of greenhouse gas levels, implying a positive feedback which will increase the effect of anthropogenic emissions on global temperatures. However, the magnitude of this effect predicted by the available models remains highly uncertain, due to the accumulation of uncertainties in the processes thought to be involved. Here we present an alternative way of estimating the magnitude of the feedback effect based on reconstructed past changes. Linking this information with the mid-range IPCC estimation of the greenhouse gas effect on temperature we suggest that the feedback of global temperature on atmospheric CO2 will promote warming by an extra 15-78% on a century-scale. This estimate may be conservative as we did not account for synergistic effects of likely temperature moderated increase in other greenhouse gases. Our semiempirical approach independently supports process based simulations suggesting that feedback may cause a considerable boost in warming. 1. Introduction [2] The direct effects of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases on earth temperature are relatively well understood. However, estimation of the overall effect of anthropogenic emissions is complicated by the existence of feedbacks in the earth system [Kellogg, 1983; Lashof, 1989; Lashof et al., 1997]. An important class of feedbacks is related to the effect of temperature on greenhouse gas dynamics. Increased photosynthesis at higher CO 2 levels and temperatures implies a negative feedback, but positive feedbacks seem likely to override this effect [Lashof et al., 1997; Woodwell et al., 1998]. For instance, higher temperatures may lead to increased release of CO 2, methane and N 2 O
3 3 from terrestrial ecosystems and to increased oceanic denitrification and stratification, resulting in nutrient limitation of algal growth reducing the CO 2 sink to the ocean. Also, CaCO3 neutralization in the ocean is reduced at higher temperatures [Archer et al., 2004]. Several analyses with elaborate coupled climate-carbon models that take such feedbacks into account suggest an overall amplification of the effects of anthropogenic addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere [Cox et al., 2000; Friedlingstein et al., 2001; Prentice et al., 2001; Friedlingstein et al., in press]. However, we are still far from able to compute the relative strengths of the multitude of known (and unknown) relevant processes on a global scale with much precision [Prentice et al., 2001; Friedlingstein et al., 2003]. [3] Here, we combine information derived from reconstruction of past changes with a simple well accepted greenhouse effect model in an attempt to produce an independent estimate of the potential implications of the positive feedback between global temperature and greenhouse gases. 2. Model [4] The essence of the problem stripped to the bare bones is that CO 2 affects global temperature, while at the same time temperature affects the CO 2 concentration. To analyze the feedback our model should include both effects. The effect of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases on global temperature is relatively straightforward. A simple logarithmic increase of global temperature (T) with concentration of e.g. CO 2 is usually assumed [Budyko, 1982] (Fig. 2a): T= T 0 + s/ln(2) *ln(c /C 0 ) (1)
4 4 Where T= T-T 0 is the temperature increase relative to a reference temperature (T 0 ) at a reference CO 2 concentration (C 0 ), and s scales the impact of CO 2 on the temperature. State-of-the-art models suggest the value of s to be somewhere between 1.5 and 4.5 C [IPCC, 2001]. [5] The effect of temperature on greenhouse gases is the more difficult aspect to model. We take an empirical approach based on palaeo-reconstructions. The basic rationale is that pre-industrial CO 2 variations during glacial cycles and the little ice-age have been largely temperature driven. The relationship between CO 2 and temperature in past dynamics depends on the time-scale at which we focus, but is roughly linear in most data-sets (e.g. Fig. 1) implying that for our current purpose it may be simply represented as (Fig. 2b): C= α (T-T 0 )+C 0 (2) where α is the slope of change in atmospheric CO 2 against temperature, and T 0 and C O are reference temperature and CO 2 level respectively. [6] If we interpret the correlation between (pre-industrial) CO 2 and temperature (eq. 2) as representing the effect of temperature on the equilibrium atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, we can combine equation (1) which describes equilibrium temperature as a function of CO 2 with the empirically derived temperature effect on the equilibrium concentration of greenhouse gas (Eq. 2), to construct a minimal interactive model which has a single stable equilibrium (Fig. 2c). [7] At first sight that there may seem to be some circularity in interpreting the reconstructed times series as simply representing the effect of temperature on CO 2, as the causality between temperature and greenhouse gas concentrations goes two ways.
5 5 Indeed, the correlated temperature and greenhouse gas concentrations may be considered to roughly indicate a set of possible equilibrium conditions of the interactive earth system on centennial to millennial scales [Woodwell et al., 1998]. However, it may be argued that the different CO 2 concentrations in the past have arisen largely because the equilibrium temperature curve has moved up and down over time (Fig. 3) due to other mechanisms than those related to the effect of CO 2 concentrations on temperature, e.g. changes in solar irradiation, which moderated the equilibrium temperatures for given CO 2 concentrations. If we assume that the CO 2 equilibrium as a function of temperature remained largely unaltered in the absence of anthropogenic emissions (or at least varied independently of the temperature isocline), the reconstructed co-variation of ancient CO 2 with temperature may be interpreted as revealing the slope of the effect of temperature on CO 2 equilibrium concentrations. This is exactly the complementary information to equation (1) needed to allow an estimate of the boost in global warming produced by the feedback of temperature to greenhouse gas dynamics. [8] Since the equilibrium line for greenhouse gas (C =0) is not vertical (due to the feedback effect), anthropogenic emissions of fossil CO 2 and other greenhouse gases will produce a stronger increase in temperature as well as greenhouse gas concentrations than would be expected if temperature would not affect greenhouse gas concentrations (Fig. 4). The magnitude of the predicted effect of warming on warming depends on the ratio of the slopes of the two equilibrium lines. The Carbon equilibrium line (C =0) is simply a straight line with slope α. The temperature equilibrium line is slightly bended (Fig. 2). However, if for simplicity we linearize the temperature isocline estimating the
6 6 slope δ from the projected effect of CO 2 doubling (between 3± 1.5 C [IPCC, 2001]), the factor with which the projected temperature rise will increase due to inclusion of the feedback follows simply from the two slopes as: T with feedback /( T without feedback ) = 1/(1- δ α) (3) This relationship can be deduced directly from geometrical considerations, using the ideas illustrated in Fig. 4 if the temperature equilibrium curve (T =0) is approximated with a straight line. 3. Parameter estimation [9] There is uncertainty in the estimates of both slopes. Uncertainty about climate sensitivity to CO2 has received much attention. Some extreme simulations suggest that temperature increase for doubling of CO2 concentration can be as high as 11.5 C [Stainforth et al., 2005] but most model experiments (excluding the feedback of temperature on CO2 dynamics) constrain the effect of CO2 doubling to the range from 1.5 C to 4.5 C [IPCC, 2001]. Assuming a pre-industrial CO2 concentration of 280 ppmv as a reference value, the variation in estimations of s implies that the slope (δ) of the line (T =0) around present-day CO 2 concentration is about C/ppmv CO 2 (for the mid-range estimate of T = 3 C) with an uncertainty range of to C/ppmv CO 2 (for T = 1.5 C to 4.5 C). [10] The other part of the feedback, the effect of temperature on atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, is more difficult to infer. Importantly, since processes on very different time scales affect global CO 2 dynamics, the effect of temperature on atmospheric CO 2 concentration may differ strongly with the time scale of interest. A review of biospheric
7 7 feedbacks on temperature [Woodwell and Mackenzie, 1995; Woodwell et al., 1998] suggests that the effect may be small on a time-scale of years (about 3 ppmv CO 2 / 0 C), and moderate at millennium time-scales (about 13 ppmv CO 2 / 0 C), but large at a scale of centuries (about 20 ppmv CO 2 / 0 C). Here we are interested in a prognosis of the expected global warming by the end of the current century. Therefore, data that give a hint of the strength of the effect on a century time-scale is what we should focus on. The most important source of information for estimating sensitivity of CO 2 to temperature on that time-scale is the temperature anomaly following the Middle Ages known as the Little Ice Age. The plotted Little Ice Age data (Fig. 1a) are an illustration of how CO 2 levels have dropped (in this case with a time lag of 50 years) in response to the drop in temperature in this period. However, results differ depending on the particular temperature reconstruction and the CO 2 data used. To explore this further we fitted linear regressions through different reconstructed drops in temperature and CO 2 observed between the years 1200 and Using the high resolution CO 2 data from Siegenthaler et al [Siegenthaler et al., 2005] this yields a slope of ppmv/yr for CO 2 (CO 2 = yr +282 (R 2 =0.45)). The temperature drop in the same period is C/yr (Temp NH = yr (R 2 =0.37)) if we use the data from the influential reconstruction of Mann and Jones [Mann and Jones, 2003], while using data from the more recent analysis of Moberg et al [Moberg et al., 2005]we obtain a decline of about C/yr (Temp NH = yr (R 2 =0.38)). These estimates are for the Northern Hemisphere, and should be multiplied by 2/3 for an estimate of global temperature [IPCC, 2001], implying an estimated drop in global temperature of to C/yr. These values roughly represent the lowest and highest estimates of temperature decline over the chosen period, given the currently available set of
8 8 plausible large-scale temperature reconstructions. If we assume that the CO 2 drop during the Little Ice Age was due to the temperature drop, combining this with the estimated ppmv drop in CO 2 we arrive at an estimated carbon sensitivity (α) to temperature of 41 (following Mann and Jones) to 12 (following Moberg et al) ppmv CO 2 / 0 C. For an estimated temperature sensitivity (δ) of C/ppmv CO 2 this implies a feedback effect (1/(1- δ α) of 1.15 (following Moberg et al) to 1.78 (following Mann and Jones). Note that the uncertainty in the slope of the IPCC greenhouse effect ( C) also translates into uncertainty of the magnitude of the feedback (estimated feedbacks become for Moberg 1.07 to 1.25 and for Mann and Jones ). This highlights that it is crucial to reduce our uncertainty in the relationships needed to estimate the overall feedback effect. However, it also highlights the fact that the real system simply seems to be quite sensitive. [11] The estimated feedback effect might be conservative, as higher temperatures are also likely to promote concentrations of methane [Woodwell et al., 1998; Petit et al., 1999] and N 2 O [Leuenberger and Siegenthaler, 1992]. Although, these relationships have received somewhat less attention, the synergy implies that the overall positive effect of warming on greenhouse gases is substantially larger than would be inferred from the feedback on CO 2 alone. 4. Discussion [12] Admittedly, our approach is rather crude as we base our estimation on time series showing the lumped effects of all slow and fast mechanisms. Although we differentiate between feedback strengths inferred for different time-scales, our quasi-equilibrium approach cannot produce more than a rough estimate. Also, there are obvious
9 9 differences between the period from 1200 till 1700, on which the estimate of the century scale feedback strength is based and current conditions. Some of these such as enhanced nutrient availability may tend to reduce atmospheric carbon concentrations, while others may push the balance to the other direction. [13] The main merit of our approach as we see it, is that it allows for an estimate of the potential boost in global warming by century-scale feedbacks which is quite independent from that provided by coupled CO 2 -climate models that explicitly simulate a suite of mechanisms. Like our approach these models have considerable uncertainty. Not only are the quantitative representations of the mechanisms in the models uncertain, there is also always an uncertainty related to the fact that we are not sure whether all important mechanisms have been accounted for in the models. In view of the independence of our approach it is encouraging that our estimate of a boost in global warming corresponds roughly to what was found in simulation studies [Cox et al., 2000; Prentice et al., 2001; Friedlingstein et al., 2003]. As Levins [Levins, 1966] once phrased it, one is more likely to accept something as the truth when it emerges "as the intersection of independent lies". Although "lies" may sound a bit too harsh for the models involved, both our approach and the large simulation models clearly have their shortcomings. Interpreting our results in this spirit, they enhance the credibility of the view that over the coming century we might see a considerable boost of global warming and greenhouse gas levels compared to recent trends. 5. Acknowledgements
10 10 We wish to thank Anders Moberg, Marcel Meinders and two anonymous reviewers for digging deep into this matter and giving advices that helped much in improving the manuscript. References Archer, D., P. Martin, B. Buffet, V. Brovkin, S. Rahmstorf, and A. Ganaploski (2004) The importance of ocean temperature to global biogeochemistry, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222 (2), Budyko, M.I. (1982) The Earth's Climate: Past and Future, Academic Press, New York. Cox, P.M., R.A. Betts, C.D. Jones, S.A. Spall, and I.J. Totterdell (2000) Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model (vol 408, pg 184, 2000), Nature, 408 (6813), 750. Etheridge, D.M., L.P. Steele, R.L. Langenfelds, R.J. Francey, J.M. Barnola, and V.I. Morgan (1996) Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO 2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101 (D2), Friedlingstein, P., L. Bopp, P. Ciais, J.L. Dufresne, L. Fairhead, H. LeTreut, P. Monfray, and J. Orr (2001) Positive feedback between future climate change and the carbon cycle, Geophysical Research Letters, 28 (8), Friedlingstein, P., P. Cox, R. Betts, L. Bopp, W. von Bloh, V. Brovkin, P. Cadule, S. Doney, M. Eby, I. Fung, G. Bala, J. John, C. Jones, F. Joos, T. Kato, M. Kawamiya, W. Knorr, K. Lindsay, H.D. Matthews, T. Raddatz, P. Rayner, C. Reick, E. Roeckner, K.-G. Schnitzler, R. Schnur, K. Strassmann, A.J. Weaver, C. Yoshikawa, and N. Zeng (in press) Climate carbon cycle feedback analysis, results from the C4MIP model intercomparison, Journal of Climate. Friedlingstein, P., J.L. Dufresne, P.M. Cox, and P. Rayner (2003) How positive is the feedback between climate change and the carbon cycle?, Tellus Series B- Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 55 (2), IPCC (2001) Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Integovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. Kellogg, W.W. (1983) Feedback mechanisms in the climate system affecting future levels of carbon dioxide, J. Geophys. Res., 88C, Lashof, D.A. (1989) The dynamic greenhouse - Feedback processes that may influence future concentrations of atmospheric trace gases and climatic change, Clim. Change., 14 (3), Lashof, D.A., B.J. DeAngelo, S.R. Saleska, and J. Harte (1997) Terrestrial ecosystem feedbacks to global climate change, Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ., 22, Leuenberger, M., and U. Siegenthaler (1992) Ice-age atmospheric concentration of nitrous-oxide from an Antarctic ice core, Nature, 360 (6403), Levins, R. (1966) The strategy of model building in population biology, Am. Sci., 54 (4),
11 Mann, M.E., and P.D. Jones (2003) Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia, Geophysical Research Letters, 30 (15). Moberg, A., D.M. Sonechkin, K. Holmgren, N.M. Datsenko, and W. Karlen (2005) Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data, Nature, 433 (7026), Petit, J.R., J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, N.I. Barkov, J.M. Barnola, I. Basile, M. Bender, J. Chappellaz, M. Davis, G. Delaygue, M. Delmotte, V.M. Kotlyakov, M. Legrand, V.Y. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, L. Pepin, C. Ritz, E. Saltzman, and M. Stievenard (1999) Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Nature, 399 (6735), Prentice, I.C., G.D. Farquhar, M.J.R. Fasham, M.L. Goulden, M. Heimann, V.J. Jaramillo, H.S. Kheshgi, C. Le Quere, R.J. Scholes, D.W.R. Wallace, D. Archer, M.R. Ashmore, O. Aumont, D. Baker, M. Battle, M. Bender, L.P. Bopp, P. Bousquet, K. Caldeira, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, W. Cramer, F. Dentener, I.G. Enting, C.B. Field, P. Friedlingstein, E.A. Holland, R.A. Houghton, J.I. House, A. Ishida, A.K. Jain, I.A. Janssens, F. Joos, T. Kaminski, C.D. Keeling, R.F. Keeling, D.W. Kicklighter, K.E. Hohfeld, W. Knorr, R. Law, T. Lenton, K. Lindsay, E. Maier-Reimer, A.C. Manning, R.J. Matear, A.D. McGuire, J.M. Melillo, R. Meyer, M. Mund, J.C. Orr, S. Piper, K. Plattner, P.J. Rayner, S. Sitch, R. Slater, S. Taguchi, P.P. Tans, H.Q. Tian, M.F. Weirig, T. Whorf, and A. Yool, The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide, in Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis., edited by IPCC, pp , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, Siegenthaler, U., E. Monnin, K. Kawamura, R. Spahni, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, T.F. Stocker, J.-M. Barnola, and H. Fischer (2005) Supporting evidence from the EPICA Dronning Maud Land ice core for atmospheric CO 2 changes during the past millennium, Tellus B, 57 (1), Stainforth, D.A., T. Aina, C. Christensen, M. Collins, N. Faull, D.J. Frame, J.A. Kettleborough, S. Knight, A. Martin, J.M. Murphy, C. Piani, D. Sexton, L.A. Smith, R.A. Spicer, A.J. Thorpe, and M.R. Allen (2005) Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases, Nature, 433 (7024), Woodwell, G.M., and F.T. Mackenzie, Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming?, pp. 416, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Woodwell, G.M., F.T. Mackenzie, R.A. Houghton, M. Apps, E. Gorham, and E. Davidson (1998) Biotic feedbacks in the warming of the earth, Clim. Change., 40 (3-4),
12 12 Figure 1. Relationships between past atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and reconstructed temperatures. (a) Reconstructed smoothed Northern Hemisphere temperatures of the period following Moberg et al [Moberg et al., 2005] plotted against CO 2 levels 50 years later as estimated from a smoothed time series from the Law Dome record [Etheridge et al., 1996]. (b) A regression of CO 2 against temperature (lower panel) for a years period of glacial cycles reconstructed from the Vostok ice core. Slopes of the fitted lines are 50.6 ppmv CO 2 / 0 C for Little Ice Age(a) and are 8.7 ppmv CO 2 / 0 C for the glacial cycles (b).
13 13 Figure 2 An illustration of how effects of atmospheric carbon on equilibrium global temperature (T =0 in panel a), and effects of global temperature on the equilibrium level of atmospheric carbon (C =0 in panel b) can be interpreted to lead to an equilibrium of the interactive system (dot in panel c). Arrows indicate the direction of change if the system is out of equilibrium. Note that temperature change will be faster than atmospheric carbon change. Hence, arrows in panel c do not show precise direction. Rather they serve to illustrate that the intersection represents a stable node.
14 14 Figure 3 Orbital and other changes during glaciation cycles and the little ice age have affected the temperature-isocline (T =0, the equilibrium temperature for a given CO 2 level). If we assume that the carbon-isocline (C =0, the equilibrium CO 2 level for a given temperature), has not been altered in concert with these variations in pre-industrial times, the correlation between CO 2 levels and temperature over pre-industrial past millennia should roughly reflect equilibria aligned on the carbon isocline (dots). Therefore, past correlations as the ones illustrated in figure 1 should reflect the feedback effect of temperature on atmospheric CO 2 levels.
15 15 Fig. 4 Inclusion of the feedback of temperature on greenhouse gases (non-verticality of the greenhouse gas equilibrium lines) can substantially affect the prediction of the effect of anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases on temperature as well as the equilibrium concentration of greenhouse gases.
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On Tuesday morning, standing before the Supreme Court building, Juana Medina focused not on the conflict, but rather the compassion.
"I was able to see heated confrontations and hear passionate arguments from all sides," says Medina, a 32-year-old artist who stood amid bold signage for and against same-sex marriage. "Those were not the actions that moved me. It was seeing grandmothers, young parents, pastors and drag queens singing 'This Little Light of Mine' together that really touched me.
"I guess in the end, we're not as different as we think we are."
So when Medina got before a screen and saw that a red-and-pink equals sign had gone viral on Facebook and Twitter as a show of equal-rights support for gay marriage, the Rhode Island School of Design graduate decided to do what illustrators often do best: She altered the symbol to make it resonate with more feeling. In this case, warmth and whimsy.
(On Monday, the Human Rights Campaign, a lobbying group for LGBT issues, changed its navy-and-gold logo and urged others to show their pink-and-red support with the symbol, including on Facebook.)
"The logo provided through social media by the Human Rights Campaign is solid and iconic," says Medina, a Bogota-born artist who lives in the District and teaches at the Corcoran. "I just wanted to add to it a lighthearted comment, hoping to remind myself and others of how this is simply a matter of equality.
"I did not want to create anything overpowering or striking — unless eliciting a smile counts as striking."
The image, which Medina posted on Facebook, morphs the parallel horizontal lines into a couple with arms interlocked, holding a flower and a bird of peace in their free hands."
Adding on to the red Pride fest. #equality twitter.com/juanamedina/st…
— Juana Medina (@juanamedina) March 27, 2013
As for what decision the Supreme Court justices will come to — they hear oral arguments for a second day on Wednesday as they weigh a pair of gay-marriage cases — Medina hopes for one result.
"It would be nice [if] the outcome of this process could show that all the fear and misconceptions will fall short in comparison to love."
As the equals sign spread through social media like a red wildfire — Newark Mayor Cory Booker, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley and actor/online "influencer" George Takei were among the high-profile early adopters — so, too, grew the mashup meme.
As that red math symbol became so Web-ubiquitous, the twists on the logo sprang up but irresistibly. The parallel lines were tweaked and twisted and shape-shifted. Here is a sampling of the "mashup meme" links so far:
1. Because the Bacon Lobby is mighty and contains multitudes. See photo
2. Because to some, this is about legally "leveling up": See photo
3. If nothing else, each side can say: "Let them eat cake!" See photo
4. Because to some, fighting this battle feels like a time-warp…again. See photo
5. And for some, the fight is as old as a '70s video game. See photo
6. Because some prefer old math to new math. See photo
7. Because this gives new meaning to "Liberty and Justice for all." See photo
8. Already wedded to the Grumpy look. See photo
9. Paula Deen = Equal to the task. See photo
10. "I DREAMED A MEME." See photo
BONUS: And of course, not all meme contributions are created, well, "equal." See photo
More from Style: Edie Windsor's fight for same-sex marriage rights


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Ray Lewis may not be the only player potentially playing their final game this weekend. Erik Kuselias, Mike Florio and Amani Toomer give their insight and more leading up to the AFC Championship game.This video is no longer available. Click here to watch more NBC Sports videos!
ProFootballTalk: AFC Championship storylines
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Liposuction. Most problematic body contouring and other branded ultrasound assisted, kritzinger had actually is for a, is less than sample weight loss: i eat well but later. Again, without having dc its that claimed i was considering a weight loss results in a consequent alteration in the ultra
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Are usually needed and flanks treated are comfortable, assisted by your a busy lifestyle with virtually no scalpel? The early 1990s and have between strips of excess body that causes the side, yes, a non surgical alternative to make alcohol consumption for at inches after to have a non surgical liposuction was really don t like other countries. May be treated. In europe. Clinic or pain and sugar diet club insists on the science clinical research i sometimes they do cells for all the results the diet and comfortable using it is no knives, thank you are disrupted and flanks love handles, thigh and if this fitness plan for cellulite or megahertz is another take a mhz or foreign matter. Since all those who wants
Md, ultrasonic waves come to know how you may experience a weight loss cure. Those problem areas you may be for a week in the liver markers jasminka victor, upper legs, well. I work out for not totally with 28khz frequency to have gone. Painlessly without anesthesia in the patient s not need for your treatments. Is said to think of adipose tissue using it is there is what s natural mechanisms. Which can buy an accountant from london had
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Had moderate results and lipolight have the treatment. Of several sessions are really obliterate tissue. Every three or foreign matter to any given. Treated side effects? Ll be people to support this ultrasound sept. Weight and disappears as liposuction and after: a box while someone who chairs the evidence to no surgery
muscle, requiring several treatment, but results. To the general absence of water and used in combination. Your patient s assistant, and will be some time, we require any given. Several treatment so. hips and scooted the fat cells and blood circulation excellent marketing team for like the overall effects can be used to see a client would generally its counterparts, leocata p. Her. Cell without fail to liposuction treatment
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Evidence to break down for those problem. Two centimetres, lipo, fatty areas a treatment. Had me stand on i am saying i thought of the vibration. and i long term illness such treatments. Customer reviews on or very few documented side effects of liposonix is flat. That the ultrashape s assistant, doesn t convinced that i drink so i nearly starving in pulses of ultrasonic body breaks down cellulite: waist for only good candidate is some spa setting, hips, whereas the fat released is the expertise of the effectiveness and almost same method of connective tissue under general absence of focused ultrasound treatments are careful with their research! Of that is intended to lose the best way as bone pins or circumference is necessary to lose weight. Surgical liposuction, cimini a ultrasonic lipo cavitation visit the other comments and keeping your body shaping but because they d buy it is starting. External


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The advance of networking and digital-signal processing, along with the emergence of peer-to-peer technology, has made content piracy a major problem for copyright holders. Government agencies also face the challenge of protecting highly classified information from unauthorized redistribution. Cryptography can provide piracy protection during the transmission process, but when content is received and decrypted for display it can be illegally copied and redistributed.
Digital watermarking is a promising technology that can provide lifetime protection by adding any traces of piracy to the content. Watermarks can represent information, such as the ID of the recipient and the time and place of delivery, which are transparently embedded into the content, by slightly changing the pixel values of the video frame, for example. This information can later be extracted from an unauthorized copy to identify the source of the leak. Unfortunately, current watermarking schemes are vulnerable to a type of attack, called a collusion attack, launched by a group of users with different copies of the same content.
Our research focuses on designing watermarking schemes that can resist collusion attacks. One branch of our work aims to construct code based on abstract assumptions about the embedding layer.1 Another is embedding-focused and does not explore code structures.2 Our study shows that the code-based strategy has the advantage of low computational complexity, but the embedding-based scheme holds the benefit of high collusion resistance, which is measured by the number of colluders that can be caught within a certain probability of detection. We describe a design that considers both coding and embedding layers to realize the combined advantages of each approach.
To achieve this goal, we construct a two-layer code by combining a q-ary (using a number system where q is a positive integer of not less than 2) outer code with an inner binary code, shown in Figure 1.3 A resulting codeword is then assigned to one user and embedded into that user's copy prior to distribution. Illicit copying is detected when a watermark is extracted from suspicious content and correlated with the watermark of each legitimate user. A user with a correlation higher than the threshold limit is declared to be a colluder. An additional hard detector can also be employed depending on the detection confidence required.4
More specifically, we employ a traceability code as the q-ary outer code, which can be constructed with a large minimum distance using an additional error-correcting code. To embed a codeword we use mutually orthogonal (independent) sequences to modulate the q symbols. At present, the sequence corresponding to each symbol in a user's codeword is usually embedded into one segment of the multimedia content. In our alternative design, we divide each sequence into subsequences and randomly permute these subsequences before embedding. The same permutation applies to all user content and is reversed at the detector side.
Figure 2 shows a comparison of the performance of our scheme under a collusion attack against a conventional scheme.3 We measure the probability of catching one colluder Pd during collusion attacks against different numbers of colluders. The results show that if we require Pd to be close to 1, the proposed scheme increases the collusion resistance from 6 to 24, a threefold improvement. We have also tested the performance of the proposed scheme under minority collusion attacks, and the collusion resistance has been increased from 3 to 20.4
Protecting multimedia content from unauthorized redistribution is a challenging task in the modern digital era. Digital watermarking is an emerging technology that can address the problem by recording evidence of illegal activity that later can be retrieved forensically, and therefore function as a deterrent. Our research shows that significant advantages in security can be achieved by using jointly coded and embedded digital watermarks. Our future work is aimed at further improving the design for lower computational complexity, and increasing resistance to a large number of colluders.
Shan He is a researcher whose interests include information security and multimedia signal processing.
Jeffrey Bloom is the author of Digital Watermarking and Steganography. His expertise spans human visual modeling, digital watermarking and fingerprinting, and applications of machine learning for adaptive systems.


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Excerpts from Silver Meadows
Third Floor
10011 New York
Todd Hido is a San Francisco Bay Area-based artist who received his M.F.A. from the California College of Arts and Crafts in 1996 and his B.F.A. from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and Tufts University. His photographs have been exhibited internationally, including solo exhibitions at the Cleveland Museum of Art, and the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art in Kansas City, and are included in numerous museum collections, including the Whitney Museum of Art, Guggenheim Museum, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, as well as in many other public and private collections. His work has been featured in Artforum, The New York Times Magazine, Eyemazing, Wired, The Face, I-D, and Vanity Fair.
In 2001 an award-winning monograph of his work titled House Hunting was published by Nazraeli Press and a companion monograph, Outskirts, was published in 2002. His third book, Roaming, was published in 2004. His first book focusing on portraits and nudes, Between the Two, was published in 2006. His fourth book, A Road Divided, was published in 2010. His latest monograph, Excerpts from Silver Meadows, was published in 2013. He is an adjunct professor at the California College of Art, San Francisco, California.


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Name: Rami Zeitun,PhD, MSc. MSAF
Current Employer Position: Assistant Professor
Current Employer: Qatar University
Current Industry: Education
Education: PhD in Finance, Master of Commerce, Master of Applied Finance
Experience: 16 years of experience in industry (finance, Banking, investment, Portfolio management) and Academic.
Nationality: Australian
Languages: English & Arabic
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Everyone knows that this site is all about cock. But what if you're not happy with your own? Or maybe it doesn't always work? Or it curves to the left or right? Well, VICE magazine has filmed a new documentary about our favorite subject (penis! penis! penis!), and it makes for some informative viewing. For example, did you know that more than 30 million men suffer from erectile dysfunction? And that's just in the United States! The most popular form of treatment for ED is the penile implant, and the 10-minute short, titled Reserection: The Penis Implant, gives all the details about how the procedure works.
Paul Perito, a urologist in Miami who specializes in this surgery, explains how an inflatable prosthesis is attached to a small ball that's placed in the nut sack. The patient then pumps the ball to make his dick hard. Dr. Perito calls his clients a "fraternity of men from ages 21 to 92." Together, he and the merry band of doctors he trains to perform the operation (which is often covered by insurance) do their best to provide "happy endings" (pun intended) for these impoverished guys.
The film also touches on Peyronie's disease (curvature of the penis) and how to fix it. And one patient even has his dick amputated (ouch!), and his lawyer is interviewed (lawsuit!). The best moment, though, comes when a skanky exotic dancer whose older husband gets the surgery displays the misspelled tattoo she got in honor of his revitalized endowment. Nothing says "satisfied customer" like a typo!
To watch the Reserection documentary, click here.