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Visualisation and Instructional Design. John Sweller School of Education University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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1 Visualisation and Instructional Design John Sweller School of Education University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia University of New South Wales Abstract Human cognitive architecture includes a working memory of limited capacity and duration with partially separate visual and auditory channels, and an effectively infinite long-term memory holding many schemas that can vary in their degree of automation. These cognitive structures have evolved to handle information that varies in the extent to which elements can be processed successively in working memory or, because they interact, must be processed simultaneously imposing a heavy load on working memory. Cognitive load theory uses this combination of information and cognitive structures to guide instructional design. Several designs that rely heavily on visual working memory and its characteristics are discussed in this paper. Knowledge of human cognitive architecture is essential for instructional design, and visual cognition is a central aspect of human cognition. Not surprisingly, there are several instructional design effects that rely heavily on the manner in which humans visually process information. This paper discusses some relevant information structures, cognitive structures and instructional designs that rely on our knowledge of visual information processing. A. Information structures While considerable work by many researchers over several decades has been devoted to the organization of human cognitive architecture, far less effort has gone into investigating the information structures that must have driven the evolution of that architecture. Some work has been carried out by Sweller (1994) and Halford, Wilson and Phillips (1998). Sweller (1994) suggested that all information can be placed on a continuum according to the extent to which the elements that constitute the information interact. At one extreme, there is no interaction between the elements that need to be learned. They are independent. Element interactivity is low, or indeed, non-existent, and that means each element can be considered and learned serially without reference to any other element. Because elements at the low element interactivity end of the continuum do not interact with each other, there is no loss of understanding despite each element being learned individually and in isolation. Understanding is defined as the ability to process all elements that necessarily interact, simultaneously in working memory. Learning such material 1501
2 imposes a low cognitive load because each element can be learned without reference to other elements. At the other extreme of the continuum, there is close interaction between the various elements that need to be learned. Element interactivity is high which means that if the material is to be understood, all of the information with its multiple elements must be processed simultaneously, imposing a heavy cognitive load. B. Human cognitive architecture The term cognitive architecture refers to the manner in which cognitive structures are organized. This section describes those aspects of human cognitive architecture relevant to visually based instructional design and around which there is broad agreement. 1. Working memory. Initially designated short-term memory (e.g. Miller, 1956) it is now more commonly referred to as working memory (e.g. Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) to reflect the change in emphasis from a holding store to the cognitive system s processing engine. Working memory can be equated with consciousness in that the characteristics of our conscious lives are the characteristics of working memory. The most commonly expressed attributes of working memory are its extremely limited capacity, discussed by Miller (1956) and its extremely limited duration, discussed by Peterson and Peterson (1959). In fact, both of these limitations apply only to novel information that needs to be processed in a novel way. Well-learned material, held in long-term memory, suffers from neither of these limitations when brought into working memory (Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995). While initially conceptualized as a unitary concept, working memory is now more commonly assumed to consist of multiple streams, channels or processors. For example, Baddeley (e.g. Baddeley, 1992; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) divided working memory into a visuo-spatial sketchpad for dealing with 2 dimensional diagrams or 3 dimensional information, a phonological loop for dealing with verbal information and a central executive as a coordinating processor. A major consequence of the limitations of working memory is that when faced with new, high element interactivity material, we cannot process it adequately. We invariably fail to understand new material if it is sufficiently complex. In order to understand such material, other structures and other mechanisms must be used. Processing high element interactivity material requires the use of long-term memory and learning mechanisms. 2. Long-term memory. Because we are not conscious of the contents of long-term memory except when they are brought into working memory, the importance of this store and the extent to which it dominates our cognitive activity tends to be hidden from us. Given this hidden nature of long-term memory, it is not surprising that modern research into long-term memory post-dated research into working memory. It took some time for researchers to realize that long-term memory is not just used to recognize or recall information but rather, is an integral component of all cognitive activity including activities such as high-level problem solving. When solving a problem, it was previously assumed that knowledge stored in long-term memory was of peripheral, rather than central importance. De Groot s (1965) work on chess (first published in 1946) demonstrated the critical importance of long-term memory to higher cognitive functioning. He demonstrated that memory of board configurations taken from real games was critical to the performance of chess masters who were capable of visualising enormous numbers of board configurations. This skill depended on schemas held in long-term memory. 3. Schemas. Knowledge is stored in long-term memory in schematic form and schema theory describes a major learning mechanism. Schemas allow elements of information to be categorized 1502
3 according to the manner in which they will be used. Thus, for example, we have a schema for the letter a that allows us to treat each of the infinite number of printed and hand-written variants of the letter in an identical fashion. Schemas first became important cognitive constructs following the work of Piaget (1928) and Bartlett (1932). They became central to modern cognitive theory, especially theories of problem solving, in the 1980 s. As well as the work of de Groot (1965) and Chase and Simon (1973), Gick and Holyoak (1980; 1983) demonstrated the importance of schemas during general problem solving and Larkin, McDermott, Simon and Simon (1980) and Chi, Glaser and Rees (1982) demonstrated the critical role of schemas in expert problem solving. As a consequence of this work, most researchers now accept that problem solving expertise in complex areas demands the acquisition of tens of thousands of domain-specific schemas. These schemas allow expert problem solvers to visually recognize problem states according to the appropriate moves associated with them. Schema theory assumes that skill in any area is dependent on the acquisition of specific schemas stored in long-term memory. Schemas, stored in long-term memory, permit the processing of high element interactivity material in working memory by permitting working memory to treat the many interacting elements as a single element. As an example, anyone reading this text has visual schemas for the complex squiggles that represent a word. Those schemas, stored in long-term memory, allow us to reproduce and manipulate the squiggles that constitute writing, in working memory, without strain. But, we are only able to do so after several years of learning. 4. Automation. Everything that is learned can, with practice, become automated. After practice, specific categories of information can be processed with decreasing conscious effort. In other words, processing can occur with decreasing working memory load. As an example, schemas that permit us to read letters and words must initially be processed consciously in working memory. With practice they can be processed with decreasing conscious effort until eventually, reading individual letters and words becomes an unconscious activity that does not require working memory capacity. Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) demonstrated the contrast between conscious and automated processing. Kotovsky, Hayes and Simon (1985) demonstrated the benefits of automated processing to problem solving skill. High element interactivity material that has been incorporated into an automated schema after extensive learning episodes can be easily manipulated in working memory to solve problems and engage in other complex activities. C. Some Instructional Effects Cognitive load theory (Sweller, 1988; 1994; 1999; Sweller, van Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998) deals with the interaction of information and cognitive structures and the implications of that interaction for instruction. There are many instructional effects that follow from the theory. Those effects that rely on aspects of visualisation will be discussed in this section. 1. The split-attention effect. Consider a student attempting to study a conventionally structured worked example such as that of Figure 1. The diagram in isolation provides no instruction. The associated statements such as Angle DBE = Angle ABC are unintelligible without a diagram. Meaning can only be derived from the worked example by mentally integrating the diagram and the statements. Mental integration requires working memory resources because learners must search for referents. When a geometry statement refers to Angle ABC, learners must search the diagram for Angle ABC in order to understand the statement. Locating referents requires working memory resources that are unavailable for learning. 1503
4 A 600 D B 400 C E In the above figure, find a value for Angle DBE. Solution: Angle ABC = Angle BAC Angle BCA (Internal angles of a triangle add to = = 80 0 Angle DBE = Angle ABC (Vertically opposite angles are equal) = 80 0 Figure 1: An example of a conventional, split-attention diagram and text The working memory load can be reduced by physically integrating diagrams and statements. Rather than placing statements below or next to the diagram as normally occurs, relevant statements can be incorporated within the diagram so that a search for referents is eliminated (see Figure 2). If conventionally structured worked examples are compared with physically integrated examples, results normally demonstrate an advantage for the integrated versions resulting in the split-attention effect. Various versions of the effect have been demonstrated using a wide variety of instructional materials under a wide variety of conditions (Bobis, Sweller & Cooper, 1993; Cerpa, Chandler & Sweller, 1996; Chandler & Sweller, 1992; 1996; Mayer & Anderson, 1991; 1504
5 1992; Mwangi & Sweller, 1998; Sweller, Chandler, Tierney and Cooper, 1990; Tarmizi & Sweller, 1988; Ward & Sweller, 1990). A D B = C E Figure 2: An example of an integrated diagram and text 2. The modality effect. While physical integration of multiple sources of information can be highly effective, there is an alternative that is equally effective and under some circumstances, may be preferable. The split-attention effect relies on the visual modality with visual search being reduced by the use of physical integration. Visual search means that the visual channel only (the visuo-spatial sketchpad of Baddeley, 1992 and Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) is being used and overloaded under split-attention conditions. There is considerable evidence that effective working memory can be increased by using dual rather than a single modality (e.g. Penney, 1989). While the visual and auditory processors of working memory are not fully separate in the sense that one does not obtain a simple additive increase in processing capacity by presenting some material visually and some in auditory mode, there is considerable empirical evidence of a measurable increase in working memory capacity when using both modalities (Allport, Antonis, 1505
6 & Reynolds, 1972; Brooks, 1967; Frick, 1984; Levin & Divine-Hawkins, 1974). From a theoretical perspective, capacity should increase to the extent that visual and auditory processors can function autonomously without sharing other cognitive structures that limit capacity. Some of the empirical evidence of an increase in working memory capacity when using both modalities also provides evidence for a partial autonomy of the auditory and visual channels. The possibility of increasing working memory capacity by using dual rather than a single modality should have instructional consequences. For example, under split-attention conditions, rather than presenting a diagram and written text that should be physically integrated, it may be possible to present a diagram and spoken text. Because the diagram uses a visual modality while speech uses the auditory modality, total available working memory capacity should be increased resulting in enhanced learning. The instructional modality effect occurs when learners, faced with two sources of information that refer to each other and are unintelligible in isolation, learn more when presented with one source in visual mode and the other in auditory mode rather than both in visual mode. This effect has been demonstrated on a number of occasions (Jeung, Chandler & Sweller, 1997; Mayer & Moreno, 1998; Moreno & Mayer, 1999; Mousavi, Low & Sweller, 1995; Tindall-Ford, Chandler & Sweller, 1997). 3. The redundancy effect. Both the split-attention and the modality effects occur under very specific conditions. They are only obtainable when multiple sources of information refer to each other and are unintelligible in isolation. For example, a diagram and text will not yield either the split-attention or the modality effects if the diagram is fully intelligible and fully provides the information needed, with the text merely recapitulating the information contained in the diagram in a different form. Under such circumstances, the text is redundant. The redundancy effect occurs when additional information, rather than having a positive or neutral effect, interferes with learning. For example, rather than integrating a diagram with redundant text or presenting the text in auditory form, learning is enhanced by eliminating the text. There are many different forms of redundancy. As described above, diagram/text redundancy occurs when a self-explanatory diagram has additional text re-describing the diagram (Chandler & Sweller, 1991). Mental activity/physical activity redundancy occurs when, for example, learning how to use a computer application by reading a text has the added physical activity of using the computer (Cerpa, Chandler & Sweller, 1996; Chandler & Sweller, 1996; Sweller & Chandler, 1994). Either reading the text in a manual or surprisingly, physically using a computer, can be redundant and interfere with learning. Summary/detailed exposition redundancy occurs when a summary alone results in enhanced learning compared to a summary plus a full exposition (Mayer, Bove, Bryman, Mars & Tapangco, 1996; Reder & Anderson, 1980; 1981) Lastly, auditory/visual redundancy occurs when the same material, presented simultaneously in written and spoken form, results in a learning decrement compared to the material presented in written or auditory form alone (Kalyuga, Chandler, & Sweller, 1999; 2000; Mayer, Heiser & Lonn, 2001; ). The redundancy effect is one of the more surprising cognitive load effects with many people finding it quite counterintuitive. Most of us feel that even if additional explanatory material is not beneficial, at the very least it should be neutral. In fact, the addition of redundant information can have strong, negative consequences. The effect can be understood in cognitive load theory terms. If one form of instruction is intelligible and adequate, providing the same information in a different form will impose an extraneous cognitive load. Working memory resources will need to be used to process the additional material and possibly relate it to the initial information. It is 1506
7 likely to be only after the learner has processed the additional information that he or she will be aware that the activity was unnecessary. At that point, the damage may have been done. 4. The element interactivity effect. The split-attention, modality and redundancy effects all occur as a consequence of instructional procedures designed to reduce working memory load. It might be expected that the instructional procedures would only be effective where the material being learned imposed an intrinsically high cognitive load. If material does not impose a high cognitive load, the additional load due to inadequate instructional procedures may not matter a great deal because working memory capacity may not be exceeded. An extraneous cognitive load due to inadequate instructional procedures may be irrelevant if the intrinsic cognitive load imposed by the structure of the information is low. Since low element interactivity material has a low intrinsic cognitive load, we can predict that cognitive load effects may disappear when learning such material. The effects may only be obtainable using high element interactivity material. Chandler and Sweller (1996) and Sweller and Chandler (1994) demonstrated that the split-attention and redundancy effects could readily be demonstrated using high element interactivity material but disappeared when low element interactivity material was used. Tindall- Ford, Chandler and Sweller (1997) similarly found that the modality effect could only be obtained using high element interactivity material. Marcus, Cooper and Sweller (1996) found that diagrams for which we have schemas facilitated understanding when compared to text but only under conditions of high element interactivity. The finding that cognitive load effects can only be obtained using high element interactivity material demonstrates the element interactivity effect. It consists of an interaction between the split-attention, redundancy and modality effects and the complexity (as measured by element interactivity) of the material being learned. While it has not been tested using other cognitive load effects, there is every reason to suppose it could be obtained with all other effects based on a limited working memory. 5. The imagination effect. Assume a novice who has acquired some limited schemas. To attain relatively high levels of expertise, further learning will need to include automation of the previously acquired schemas that normally includes continuing to study the material until desired levels of performance have been attained. An alternative is to attempt to imagine the procedures that have been learned. Imagining requires the learner to mentally run through or visualise the procedures in working memory. For high element interactivity material, processing information in working memory is impossible until schemas have been acquired. Once they have been acquired and the learner has moved towards the right of the matrix of continua, imagination techniques should be feasible and practice through imagination should assist in automation. Continuing to study the material should be unnecessary because studying high element interactivity material is designed to provide the guidance necessary to reduce search while acquiring schemas. If schemas have already been acquired, there is no longer any need to provide instructional guidance to reduce search because. Using those schemas to imagine the procedures learned should facilitate further learning through automation in a manner that studying the instructions may not. Cooper, Tindall-Ford, Chandler and Sweller (2001) tested this hypothesis and found that learners given instructions to imagine a set of procedures that needed to be learned performed better than learners given conventional study instructions. This imagination effect was only obtained using learners with sufficient knowledge to be able to process all of the required information in working memory. For complete novices who were unable to process the high element interactivity material in working memory, a reverse imagination or study effect was 1507
8 obtained with study instructions proving superior to imagination instructions. In other words, the effect obtained depended on the levels of expertise of the learners. Higher levels of expertise could reverse the effect obtained. The ideal form of instruction depended on the expertise of the learners. The instructional designs described in this section differ from many instructional designs in that they are very closely tied to our knowledge of information structures and human cognitive architecture. Indeed, they were generated directly from that knowledge. The designs not only flow from our knowledge of visual working memory, they can provide additional information concerning its characteristics. References Allport, D., Antonis, B., & Reynolds, P. (1972). On the division of attention: A disproof of the single channel hypothesis. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255, Baddeley, A. & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.) Recent advances in learning and motivation (Vol 8, pp ). New York: Academic Press. Bartlett, F. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. London: Cambridge University Press. Bobis, J., Sweller, J., & Cooper, M. (1993). Cognitive load effects in a primary school geometry task. Learning and Instruction, 3, Brooks, L. (1967). The suppression of visualization by reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, Chase, W. G. & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, Cerpa, N., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1996). Some conditions under which integrated computerbased training software can facilitate learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research., 15, Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991). Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 8, Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1992). The split-attention effect as a factor in the design of instruction, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 62, Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1996). Cognitive load while learning to use a computer program. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, Chi, M., Glaser, R. & Rees, E. (1982). Expertise in problem solving. In R. Sternberg (Ed) Advances in the psychology of human ntelligence (pp. 7-75). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Cooper, G., Tindall-Ford, S., Chandler, P. & Sweller, J. (2001). Learning by imagining. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 7, De Groot, A. (1965). Thought and choice in chess. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton. (Original work published 1946). Ericsson, K. A. & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102, Frick. R. (1984). Using both an auditory and a visual short-term store to increase digit span. Memory & Cognition, 12,
9 Gick, M. L. & Holyoak, K. J. (1980). Analogical problem solving. Cognitive Psychology, 12, Gick, M. L. & Holyoak, K. J. (1983). Schema induction and analogical transfer. Cognitive Psychology, 15, Halford, G., Wilson, W. & Phillips, S. (1998). Processing capacity defined by relational complexity: Implications for comparative, developmental, and cognitive psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, Jeung, H., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1997). The role of visual indicators in dual sensory mode instruction, Educational Psychology, 17, Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P. & Sweller, J. (1999). Managing split-attention and redundancy in multimedia instruction. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P. & Sweller, J. (2000). Incorporating learner experience into the design of multimedia instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, Kotovsky, K., Hayes, J. R. & Simon, H. A. (1985). Why are some problems hard? Evidence from Tower of Hanoi. Cognitive Psychology, 17, Larkin, J., McDermott, J., Simon, D., & Simon, H. (1980). Models of competence in solving physics problems. Cognitive Science, 4, Levin, J. & Divine-Hawkins, P. (1974). Visual imagery as a prose-learning process. Journal of Reading Behavior, 6, Marcus, N., Cooper, M., & Sweller, J. (1996). Understanding instructions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, Mayer, R., & Anderson, R. (1991). Animations need narrations: An experimental test of a dualcoding hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, Mayer, R., & Anderson, R. (1992). The instructive animation: Helping students build connections between words and pictures in multimedia learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, Mayer, R., Bove, W., Bryman, A., Mars, R., & Tapangco, L. (1996). When less is more: Meaningful learning from visual and verbal summaries of science textbook lessons. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, Mayer, R., Heiser, J. & Lonn, S. (2001). Cognitive contraints on multimedia learning: When presenting more material results in less understanding. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, Mayer, R. & Moreno, R. (1998). A split-attention effect in multimedia learning: Evidence for dual-processing systems in working memory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(2), Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, Moreno, R. & Mayer, R. (1999). Cognitive principles of multimedia learning: The role of modality and contiguity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, Mousavi, S. Y., Low, R. & Sweller, J. (1995). Reducing cognitive load by mixing auditory and visual presentation modes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87,
10 Mwangi, W. & Sweller, J. (1998). Learning to solve compare word problems: The effect of example format and generating self-explanations. Cognition and Instruction, 16, Penney, C.G. (1989). Modality effects and the structure of short term verbal memory. Memory and Cognition, 17, Peterson, L. & Peterson, M. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, Piaget, J. (1928). Judgement and reasoning in the child. New York: Harcourt. Reder, L. & Anderson, J. R. (1980). A comparison of texts and their summaries: Memorial consequences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, Reder, L. & Anderson, J. R. (1982). Effects of spacing and embellishment on memory for main points of a text. Memory & Cognition, 10, Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search and attention. Psychological Review, 84, Shiffrin, R., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12, Sweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty and instructional design. Learning and Instruction, 4, Sweller, J. (1999). Instructional design in technical areas. Melbourne: ACER Press. Sweller, J., & Chandler, P. (1994) Why some material is difficult to learn. Cognition & Instruction, 12, Sweller, J., Chandler, P., Tierney, P. & Cooper, M. (1990). Cognitive load and selective attention as factors in the structuring of technical material. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, Sweller, J., van Merrienboer, J., & Paas, F. 1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10, Tarmizi, R. & Sweller, J. (1988). Guidance during mathematical problem solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, Tindall-Ford, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1997). When two sensory modes are better than one. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3, Ward, M. & Sweller, J. (1990). Structuring effective worked examples. Cognition and Instruction, 7,
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text:
IKD Express
for busy people on a budget
Does this sound like you?
- You pretty much already know what you want for your IKEA kitchen
- You just need a "second set of eyes" to check your design for potential problems
- You're very busy, and you prefer to do everything through email
We'll Design an IKEA Kitchen for You in as Little as 3 Business Days
All you need to do is take some pictures and answer some questions. We'll turn around the first kitchen design for your review in three business days. We try hard to get it right the first time, but just in case, IKD Express includes two free design revisions.
IKD Express
It's simple, really.
- IKD Express is email only
You'll work entirely online with your designer, and not by phone, when you buy IKD Express.
- Just 2 revisions
While our premium package offers unlimited revisions, IKD Express only includes 2 revisions. Additional revisions cost $95 each.
Otherwise, the packages are nearly identical. You'll still get a professional IKEA kitchen design, full-color renderings, a complete shopping list, and the rest.
Tell Us About Your Kitchen
Here's what we'll need from you after you buy:
- Design Preferences. We need to know which IKEA kitchen cabinet types, door styles, drawers, and other design wishes for your new kitchen.
- Kitchen measurements. We need to know the size of the walls, windows, doors, and ceiling height.
- Photos of your kitchen using your smartphone. You don't need a fancy camera to show us the 360° view of your kitchen.
Don't Wait Until the IKEA Kitchen Sale to Design Your Kitchen
IKEA knows how popular their kitchen sales are. So why do they always run out of inventory during the sale?
The last thing you want is for IKEA to hold up your new kitchen. Do you really want to wait around for the other half of your IKEA kitchen to come back into stock? No, you don't.
Beat the sale crowds when you let us design your kitchen now. Start your design now, and you'll be ready to shop on the first day of the sale.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Accelerated Airy beams have previously been generated using a cubic phase pattern that represents the Fourier transform of the Airy beam. The Fourier transform of this pattern is formed using a system length of , where f is the focal length of the Fourier transform lens. In this work, we directly generate the Airy beam using a phase pattern encoded onto an LCD. Experimental results show a deflection that depends on the square of the distance from the LCD and match theoretical predictions. However the system length is much shorter.
© 2009 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
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Jeffrey A. Davis, Mark J. Mitry, Miguel A. Bandres, Isaac Ruiz, Kevin P. McAuley, and Don M. Cottrell
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text:
Ramco Systems
A developer of management software designed for mid-market businesses.Speak with a Ramco Systems provider
Ramco Systems, a part of the USD 1 Billion Ramco Group, is a leading software company focused on consulting, products, and managed services business. Started as an R & D division of Ramco Industries Limited in 1992, Ramco Systems was later established as an independent company in 1999. Headquartered in Chennai, the company has 17 offices spread across India, APAC, US, Canada, Europe, Middle East and Africa. The company focuses on providing innovative business solutions that can be delivered quickly and cost-effectively in complex environments.
Ramco has over 150,000 users from 1000+ customer organizations, globally since its inception. The company provides solutions to multiple verticals including banking, insurance, manufacturing, supply chain, aviation, transportation and logistics, healthcare, governance, retail and more.
The company has been assessed for ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 27001:2005 information security standards. Ramco's BPO unit is SAS 70 Type II certified. Ramco Systems is a public listed company and traded in BSE, NSE and MSE. The company currently employs over 1,800 employees.
Product Lines
Ramco DecisionWorks
A web-based multi-module management system designed by Ramco Systems.
Ramco ERP Suite
A full ERP system designed by Ramco Systems for large enterprises.
Market Focus
Evaluations of Ramco Systems products by market segment:
Get Software Recommendations
For over 15 years, independent software experts have helped more than 200,000 businesses find the right software for their needs. We'd love to help you, too.


text: The August 2014 issue featuring Nicki Minaj. The 2014 Fader photo shoot is a set of promotional photos of Nicki Minaj taken for The Fader magazine. GalleryEdit Add an image OuttakesEdit Add an image Retrieved from "http://nickiminaj.wikia.com/wiki/The_Fader_photo_shoot_(2014)?oldid=58328" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Photo shoots 2014 Add category Cancel Save


text:
$1,200.00 1 year ago
Canon EOS 400D Rebel XTi - 6 lenses, much more - $1200 (Haines, OR)
Used, Canon EOS 400D Rebel XTi, 6 lenses, 5 filters, charger, 2 batteries, USB cable, video cable, 2GB compact flash card and fisheye for one lens. We no longer need this setup. All components have been taken very well care of and in great working condition. Investment was well over $3500. Asking $1200 FIRM, cash only, for complete bundle. SERIOUS INQUIRIES ONLY. Email or PM with questions. BUNDLE
1 year ago
Eastern Oregon, OR


text:
Friday, January 25, 2013
Ratua Private Island Resort
Ratua Island is ideally suited for a romantic destination wedding in a beautiful, private and unique setting. There are a variety of picturesque locations on the island to choose from, whether it be an intimate twilight ceremony on the pier with canapés and cocktails, a relaxed blessing on the beach with a gourmet BBQ lunch, or a more formal evening ceremony at the Yacht Club with a sit-down candlelit dinner.
Couples can choose from a traditional legal wedding to a religious blessing, a renewal of vows or a simple commitment ceremony. The staff will also arrange and advise you on all your legal requirements and help find the right celebrant for you, as well as wedding planners who can manage all the details from coordinating group travel arrangements, arrivals and transfers, to hair and make-up, flowers, catering and bar services, entertainment, decoration, wedding cakes, wedding favours, invitation coordination, photography and videography, local transport, as well as arrange additional activities for before and after the event.
For an extended celebration, Ratua Island and its surrounding archipelago are a stunning destination to spend quality time with your friends and family. Enquire about the custom designed wedding packages to find out how Ratua Island can make your day, weekend or week special.
Visit Ratua Private Island.
Posted by The Bride's Diary at 9:38 AM 0 comments
Labels: Destination Weddings, Honeymoon, Island, Resorts, Vanuatu
Monday, January 21, 2013
Stay for Twice as Long and for Half the Price at Sonaisali Island Resort, Fiji
The deal includes 50% off room rates, return private car transfers from Nadi Airport to Sonaisali Island Resort, tropical buffet breakfast daily, free upgrade from Beachfront Hotel room to Oceanview Bure, kids 18 and under stay for free, a sunset cruise for 2 people, a welcome cocktail, and kids 12 years and under eat for free and receive free kids club access.
A prestigious and private vacation destination, Sonaisali Island Resort Fiji is a true island escape, with an abundance of tropical beauty, an extensive range of activities and a relaxed and friendly ambience.
Situated 300 metres off the main island of Viti Levu, Sonaisali Island Resort is only 25 minutes from Nadi International Airport and 15 minutes from Nadi town and is the gateway to the Coral Coast, Mamanuca and Yasawa Island groups.
Dedicated to total relaxation, enjoyment and service, Sonaisali offers a wide range of activities including swimming, tennis, shopping excursions, village trips, horse riding, sailing, fishing, jet skis, paintball, surfing and daily snorkelling and dive trips. Fijian cultural entertainment, including authentic Firewalking and traditional Meke are performed weekly and a Kids Club operates daily from 9am - 9pm.
Guests can also relax and be pampered at The Frangipani Health and Beauty Spa. Designed as a sanctuary for the inner self to refresh and rejuvenate the spirit as well as ones physical being, the Spa is open daily and offers an extensive selection of treatments.
This deal is valid for sale until 28 February 2013 and valid for travel until 31 October 2013.
Six nights at Sonaisali Island Resort starts from only AUD$550 per adult, and includes free upgrade to an oceanfront bure, airport transfers, breakfast daily, a sunset cruise, welcome cocktail, kids 18yrs and under stay for free and kids 12 years and under eat for free and receive free kids club access.
Visit Viva Holidays.
Posted by The Bride's Diary at 11:43 AM 0 comments
Labels: Destination Weddings, Fiji, Holiday, Resorts
Wednesday, January 16, 2013
Your Wedding Celebration at Alila Villas, Soori
Alila Villas represents a new generation of exclusive timeless properties that blend with the ultimate in luxury with innovative lifestyle. Alila Villas Soori has brought new meaning to stylish and luxurious yet relaxed beachfront living. Located along the southwest coast of Bali, not far from the island's famous Tanah Lot Temple, Alila Villas Soori lies on a gentle slope between verdant rice terraces and beautiful black-sand beaches overlooking the azure Indian Ocean.
Alila Villas Soori is a blissful destination to mark new beginning in your lives. Diverse range of wedding venues are available to cater any of your special occasions, whether intimate family celebrations or gala in shimmering coastline.
Wedding packages are tailored to sweep couples off their feet:
Alila Villas Soori is a blissful destination to mark new beginning in your lives. Diverse range of wedding venues are available to cater any of your special occasions, whether intimate family celebrations or gala in shimmering coastline.
Wedding packages are tailored to sweep couples off their feet:
Beachfront Wedding Celebration
A romantic beachfront affair including a two-night honeymoon getaway in an Ocean Pool Villa – an idyllic tropical venue for an intimate ceremony.
A romantic beachfront affair including a two-night honeymoon getaway in an Ocean Pool Villa – an idyllic tropical venue for an intimate ceremony.
Opulent Soori Wedding
Wedding in the resort's Ten-bedroom Residence features a classic and elegant white-themed decoration.
Wedding in the resort's Ten-bedroom Residence features a classic and elegant white-themed decoration.
Splendid Soori Wedding
Set in the splendour of the Soori Residence overlooking the ocean with spectacular settings to celebrate truly magical Bali weddings.
Posted by The Bride's Diary at 10:40 AM 0 comments
Labels: Bali, Destination Weddings, Destinations, Resorts
Tuesday, January 15, 2013
Valentine's Day in Paradise...
Jean-Michel Cousteau Resort is an all-inclusive property on the island of Vanua Levu, Fiji. Overlooking the peaceful waters of Savusavu Bay, the world-class resort offers luxurious accommodations, built on 17 acres of a former coconut plantation. Couples will stay in bures, traditional thatched-roof Fijian huts that provide privacy, comfort and personalised service. All rooms are outfitted with private patios from which to enjoy the island's spectacular sunsets. To ensure a truly serene environment, bures have no telephones or televisions.
Other optional romantic activities include a day trip to a private island, snorkeling/scuba diving, private dining, and in-room or beachside spa treatments.
Couples looking to extend their stay in paradise can receive free room nights with a special Valentine's Romance Package available only for couples stay five to eight nights and receive two nights free; or stay for 10 nights and receive three nights free. Other romantic additions include:
- Bottle of sparkling wine upon arrival
- Two 60-minute Fijian Bobo massage treatments (one per adult per bure)
- Half-day private island escape with a picnic breakfast or lunch
- Private dinner in a special romantic location
The Valentine's Romance package is valid for travel from Jan. 9 through March 31, 2013. For more information or to book the package, call 800.246.3454 or email email@example.com
Visit Jean-Michel Cousteau Resort.
Visit Jean-Michel Cousteau Resort.
Wednesday, January 9, 2013
ARIA Resort and Casino, Las Vegas
The centrepiece of the CityCentre complex, ARIA excels at exclusivity in the midst of the Strip's hottest action. The tower has a sleek, curvilinear look and boasts 4,004 rooms. Light floods the leafy lobby, entrée to ARIA's impressive offering: 15 restaurants; eight bars, clubs and lounges; three pools; and 150,000-square-foot casino.
Bed & Bath ...
Whether you take in Cirque Du Soleil's Zarkana or bet big at the tables, you're retiring to ARIA's to sleek, spacious rooms at the end of the night. Guestrooms are covered in muted tones, with pops of dark purple or sage, which lets the views — sparkling and generous — take centre stage. From your bed, gaze out at the lights and relax!
Beyond ...
Beginning in Winter 2012, ARIA is the exclusive home of Zarkana by Cirque du Soleil, a stunning acrobatic spectacular set in a fantastical world of whimsy and romance. More than 1.5 million people experienced the show in Madrid, Moscow and New York, and it's the Strip's hottest ticket.
In the Area ...
Start your ARIA experience at the spa — clear your mind, and sinuses, in the Shio salt room or sweat out the toxins on the heated Ganbanyoku beds before a Thai poultice massage. Head to the promenade level for memorable Wagyu beef at Jean Gorges Steakhouse, sup on tapas and sangria at stylish Julian Serrano or enjoy a farm-to-table feast at Chef Shawn McClain's Sage. After trying your luck at the tables, hit hotspot Haze, a bi-level massive nightclub with electronic music and a rotating roster of DJs that includes resident DJ Pauly D.
Visit Jetsetter and book your next holiday to Las Vegas today!
Wednesday, January 2, 2013
The Orator Hotel, Samoa
An oasis with tropical gardens and mountain views to make your special day simple and natural. Love is like wildflowers. It is often found in the most unlikely places. Let Samoa and Orator Hotel make your wedding dat feel like a warm, carefree moment.
Orator Hotel is an oasis in the middle of a forest located 10 minutes from Apia (Capital City of Samoa). With 23 individual villas, 3 cascade swimming pools, tropical wedding garden set up this getaway oasis is the ideal nature's altar for your special day. They offer wedding packages for both blessing and reception and accommodation for all your guests.
Make Orator Hotel and Samoa the start of your new lives together.
Visit Orator Hotel.
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WORLD CONFERENCE on CULTURE @ STOCKHOLM
|Hässelby Slott - Hasselby Castle- serves as a Nordic Center for Culture. But now it will receive cultural guests from the whole world.
The UNESCO report "Our Creative Diversity" has inspired the Swedish Minister of Culture, Marita Ulvskog, and the Swedish Government to invite all Ministers of Culture in the world to a follow up conference in Stockholm 30 March - 2 April 1998. The conference has been prepared by a working group in the Ministry of Culture in Stockholm in close cooperation with UNESCO officials in Paris. About 1000 participants and guests are expected to attend the conference. Also a large number of NGOs (Non govermental Organizations) will arrange seminars and meetings at a conference centre nearby the meeting place of the Ministers. Read also the European Council of Artists' (ECA) comments to items on the agenda of the UNESCO conference in Stockholm on Cultural Policies for Development.
KLYS - Swedish Joint Committee for Literary and Artistic Professionals - has been provided with resources from the Swedish Government, the European Cultural Capital Stockholm-98, the Nordic Council of Ministers and the Swedish Institute to organize a parallell world conference with colleagues from all over the world. Since our Ministers are meeting to discuss issues of great concern for us all we find it appropriate to strengthen the cooperation in our field of culture. It is also a unique opportunity to bring up questions of mutual interest with the Ministers. We may also invite some of them to our conference for discussions.
The conference hosted by KLYS will take place att Hässelby Slott - an old castle i the neighbourhood of Stockholm. It operates as a Nordic Centre for Culture and KLYS has also invited its sister organizations in the Nordic countries to join Sweden in the preparation of the conference. Also ECA - European Council of Artists - will contribute to the arrangements of this world conference that will host about 100 participants.
There will be three main items on the agenda:
It is obvious that within the field of culture it has been possible to establish relations and cooperation over political bounderies. The literary and artistic community can not be divided into nations and short term of thinking. No artist is "owned" by his state. The world of culture is a world of its own. In our conference several speeches will be delivered from delegations from countries in conflict. Papers will be presented by Izzat Ghazzawi - President of the Palestinian Writers Union - as well by Sami Michael, an outstanding Israeli writer. The Mexican poet and President of Pen International, Homero Aridjis, will be among the key note speakers. There are also delegations invited from India and Pakistan, from Greece and Turkey and from other areas of conflict.
|The role of culture in areas of conflict - Izzat Ghazawi, president of the Palestinian Writers union and Sami Michael, wellknown Israeli writer, will both address the participants of the conference.
Also when it comes to the second point on the agenda, "The impact of new technology on the development of Culture" there will be speeches delivered from many countries. Innovations like Internet and "Print-On-Demand" may have revolutionary effects for all of us. In just seconds new unknown manuscripts can be distributed and printed across the world, freedom of speech may be safeguarded in a fantastic new way. To demonstrate the power of the new technology the whole conference will be broadcast on Internet simultaneously every 30 minutes to give our abscent friends opportunity to follow what is being said and by e-mail given a chance to intervene in our discussions.
Even if the world is very different and very "unjust" when it comes to the point "The economical status of the Artist" you will immediately notice the same sort of smile where ever you ask any person that has devoted his life to art, may it be in Sweden, Malaysia or Africa. At the same time as we discuss this and similar items in our conference the Ministers are discussing the same issues just some half hour away. But if you compare their economical conditions with our world you must share the astonishment expressed by the Norwegian famous classic poet Sigbjörn Obstfelder (1866-1900):
I must have put my feet on wrong globe:
Here everything is so strange!
During the conference there will be a TV-link between the Ministers in The "People´s House" in the city of Stockholm and the Castle of Hässelby. Minibusses will also bring interested delegates to and from the city.
KLYS - Swedish Joint Committee for Literary and Artistic Professionals - that serves as an umbrella organization for 19 cultural unions, is happy to be able to invite colleagues from the whole world to Stockholm. We promise to do our best to make their stay as valuable as possible and hope that we all together may join forces in order to strengthen the cultural values that we share as intellectuals of this world.
Peter Curman
President of Swedish Joint Committee for Literary and Artistic Professionals (KLYS)
A message from the Stone Age welcomes the guests of Hässelby. Not e-mail but stone-mail. Unbeatable as backup memory (from the 11th century)!


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We spent a week here in October 2010. Self catering accommodation with good quality bathroom and well equipped kitchen. Nice pool which was being used even at that time of the year by other guests. Magnificent view up to the hill town of Pienza, a 5 minute drive away. This is one of our favourite parts of Italy and this was a good base to enjoy it from. The owner lived nearby and was available when needed but otherwise we were left alone in a restored farmhouse with 2 or 3 other apartments. Very quiet and tranquil.
Property: Agriturismo MarinelloAddress: Strada Provinciale della Montagna SNC, 53026, Pienza, Italy
Location: Italy > Tuscany > Province of Siena > Pienza
Free Parking Pets Allowed ( Dog / Pet Friendly ) Swimming Pool
Ranked #26 of 62 Specialty Lodging in Pienza
Price Range (Based on Average Rates): $
Number of rooms: 5
- Reservation Options:
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My first book Twists, Turns, and Yellow Brick Roads was published in 2016.
It is dedicated to my children with a single message:
Something interesting About Me: Ten days before 9/11, my wife and I quit our corporate NYC jobs. We sold our house in Clifton, NJ, packed up our two goofy Labrador Retrievers and moved to Vermont.
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Mega Yacht
Barcelona Yacht Repairer Adds New Shiplift
Yacht service, refit, repair and maintenance yard Marina Barcelona 92 (MB'92) has awarded a contract to Pearlson Shiplift Corporation (PSC) for the design and supply of a new shiplift and transfer system as part of an expansion project underway at the Barcelona shipyard. The first phase of the Shiplift project will provide a platform of 81 meters by 20 meters with the capability to lift and transfer mega yachts of up to 105 meters length. The system is designed to enable future increases in length and capacity for mega yachts of up to 120 meters length. The largest mega yachts can be docked in the graving dock, which is located in the expanded MB'92 site. The shiplift and single level transfer system has been custom designed to maximize the productivity of the site layout. The transfer cradles will enable the mega yachts to be moved longitudinally and laterally between the shiplift and the designated shore maintenance berths using rail mounted, rotatable bogie units. The new Pearlson Shiplift will benefit from PSC technology originally established in 1957 with the invention of the Syncrolift system by Raymond Pearlson and its subsequent development worldwide. Expertise accumulated over more than 50 years is now vested in PSC under the direction of Douglas Pearlson, company president and son of Raymond Pearlson.
Navis to Supply Joystick System for Yacht Newbuild
Navis Engineering is to supply its JP4000 Joystick Control System to Drettmann Yachts for a 24m Explorer Series vessel under construction at Acico Yachts BV in Enkhuizen in the Netherlands. The yacht features unique electrical podded thrusters in both the stern azimuth and bow tunnels which dramatically reduce sound and vibration and the JP4000, adapted to individual customer requirements, adds greater control and flexibility when maneuvering or with the integrated autopilot at sea.
MarineMax Expands into Yacht Management, Placement, Chartering
At a special press event held at the Palm Beach International Boat Show, MarineMax announced today that they are expanding into yacht management, crew placement and charter of luxury megayachts. Bob Saxon Associates, has joined MarineMax as part of the new endeavor that will be headquartered at the MarineMax Yacht Center in Pompano Beach, Florida. "We are excited to announce this strategic initiative," offered Bill McGill, MarineMax President and CEO
Marine, NL, Joins ShipConstructor Community
Marine, The Netherlands, is the latest company to join the ShipConstructor community. General Manager Stefan Raev, already a ShipConstructor expert for well over 10 years, brings significant experience and industry knowledge. Following a Master's Degree in Naval Architecture at Varna University, Raev quickly became Production Manager at Varna Shipyard. A few years later he took the position of Manager Repair & Production at Kuwait Shipbuilding & Repair Yard and later
Abu Dhabi MAR Kiel
As of September 1, 2011, the contracts for the acquisition of the former HDW Gaarden GmbH in Kiel have entered into force. Abu Dhabi MAR Kiel GmbH starts with 172 employees, the facilities, equipment and infrastructure of the former HDW Gaarden, working on first orders of its target markets offshore, mega yachts and construction of special vessels. Management Directors of this new company are Ms Susanne Wiegand and Mr Holger Kahl
Imtech Marine Opens Two New Offices in Spain
Imtech Marine, global full-service provider of tailor-made, innovative marine technology solutions, opened a new office in Barcelona on November 1, just weeks after adding Valencia to its extensive global network. In October 2011, Imtech Marine opened its first Spanish office in Algeciras. With the latest Spanish additions the Rotterdam-headquartered company now has 94 offices worldwide, strategically located on major shipping lanes and in shipbuilding centers.
BC Ferries Sells Queen Of Victoria
The Queen of Victoria has been sold to a private operator in the Dominican Republic, BC Ferries' president and CEO Bob Lingwood announced. A total of six bids were received for the 38-year-old ferry and evaluated during the public bid process. "We've accepted an offer of $550,000 Canadian for the Queen of Victoria, which has become surplus to our needs," said Lingwood. R & G Importadora & Exportadora, the new owner, is expected to take possession of the vessel by the end of the year.
Luxury Cruise Ship Launch by Fincantieri
Fincantieri launch 'Le Soleil', a super luxury cruise ship for French shipping line Compagnie du Ponent (Bridgepoint Group). The ship will be delivered in June 2013 and will be essentially more like a mega yacht in size and fitting out with a paramount attention to interior detail. Le Soleil, which will fly the French flag, is the third twin following "L'Austral" and "Le Boreal", the two mini cruise ships delivered in May 2010 and April 2011 respectively.
PlanetSolar Solar Powered Ship
Imtech N.V. (technical services provider in Europe) is acting as technology partner of PlanetSolar, a solar energy powered ship. In 2011, PlanetSolar will set sail on a world cruise of approximately 50,000 km, with the aim of promoting solar energy and the use of environmentally-conscious alternative fuel for sailing. PlanetSolar is a high-tech 85 ton, 31 meters (101.7 ft) long and 15 meters (49.2 ft) wide catamaran, covered by 537 m2 of solar panels
ABB Propulsion, Automation and Software for Five Cruise Ships
ABB will supply the complete power, propulsion and automation package for a series of new cruise vessels being built by MV WERFTEN for Genting Hong Kong brands Crystal Cruises and Star Cruises. The three Crystal Cruises' luxury "Endeavor Class" mega-yachts will feature a Polar Class 6 and enable cruising in the Arctic; then follow the route of migrating whales along the coast of the Americas and Europe to Antarctica during winter.
Poseidon Meets Substantial Water Needs
Large offshore vessels and drilling platforms have atypical water demands. Daily personal use often pales in comparison to shipboard and production operation needs. FCI Watermakers' high-output Poseidon+ produces 54–103m3/14,265–27,210 gallons of fresh, pure water per day.
Viega Names Fortuny Technical Manager
Viega LLC has hired Yasmin Fortuny as its new technical manager for its shipbuilding and cruise business development division in the Florida, Puerto Rico, Bahamas and Caribbean regions. In this position, Fortuny is responsible for positioning Viega as the primary choice for marine
Marine Professionals commemorates 20th anniversary
Marine Professionals Inc. (MPI) is marking its 20th year in business, kicking off a year-long commemoration with a new celebratory logo and a secondary, complementary visual. The anniversary logo symbolizes MPI's success over the past 20 years
Maritime Cook Islands Technical Department Reconstituted
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FORAN Signs Contract with NODOSA Shipyard
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Polymer: An Alternative Bearing Material
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DNV GL to Class Endeavor Expedition Yachts
MV WERFTEN said it has contracted DNV GL for the classification of the Endeavor-class vessels. The contract includes three 20,000 GT mega yachts, which will be three of the first passenger ships to be classified according to the new DNV GL rules.
"Ottantacinque" Wins German Design Award
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Mega Yacht Shipped from Lavrion to Dubai
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Five Minutes with Paul Switzer
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Genting Hong Kong Acquires Nordic Yards
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Lucas is Director, Customer Service & Membership, Suntex Marinas
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Alphatron Marine Expands in Spain
Alphatron Marine opened Alphatron Marine Iberia in Madrid, a strategic location serving Spain and Portugal. Alphatron Marine Iberia will have as priority the promotion of JRC and Alphatron Marine products, including the AlphaBridge.
Wilhelmsen Ships Service: Mastering Complex Logistics
From racing boats to steel pipelines, windmill blades to massive hydraulic hammers, Wilhelmsen Ships Service (WSS) says its personnel in the Middle East can move just about anything, anywhere. Last summer, WSS was contracted to source ocean transportation options for the return of
IMTRA Acquires Custom Product Sales Talent
Marine Manufacturer Adds Talented Technical Sales Professional To Expand Key Big Boat Market Segment Presence IMTRA, the leading manufacturer and importer of quality marine products, announced today the addition of Prentice Weathers to its sales team.


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April 2012
Would you like to know where Australia's frontrunners are for booming population growth and healthy construction figures? Read on for a rundown of the country's population and building growth hotspots.
Construction levels and population growth are seen as two key indicators of a healthy property market. Thankfully, the Housing Industry Association (HIA) and JELD-WEN have put together a list of the country's top performing regions on both counts.
The report, Population & Residential Building Hotspots, has delved into the figures for all of the country's statistical local areas (SLAs), and has identified those 'hotspots' that match two key criteria:
So where are Australia's building and population hotspots? (Scroll down to see the list.)
Source: HIA–JELD-WEN Population & Residential Building Hotspots
Perhaps surprisingly, number one in the list is the Canberra City SLA, whose annual population growth rate of 39.6% in particular outstrips the rest of the top 20 by some margin. Add to this what the report describes as the area's "apartment boom" and the Canberra City SLA is a clear winner. With the Federal Government making cutbacks in an effort to deliver its promised budget surplus by 2012/13, however, Canberra City's top billing may not last for long.
A couple of Victoria's growth corridors to the north and south west of the Melbourne CBD take out the next two spots, and in terms of representation in the top 20 Victoria comes up trumps with nine SLAs in the list. This is an outcome "reflective of Victoria realising much of its residential construction potential", says the report, with new housing starts having hit a record high in 2009/10 "and was not much below that record again in 2010/11".
Western Australia takes out five of the top 20 hotspot places, followed by Queensland (3), the ACT (2) and the Northern Territoty (1). New South Wales failed to make the top 20, but the report notes that the "former high flyer" of Canada Bay just misses out at number 21.
"The other two absentees from the top 20 national Hotspots list were Tasmania and South Australia, which was not unexpected given that in 2010/11 these two were the slowest growing states in Australia in terms of population growth," adds the report.
"Looking forward, our outlook for new home building suggests we may see a change in the mix of the top twenty Hotspots over the next two or so years. Specifically, with an expectation that Victorian home starts will continue to ease we may see Western Australia, Queensland and NSW pick up a few extra positions between them. In other words, we may see the composition of the Top 20 Hotspots become a bit more balanced across the larger jurisdictions."
Read on for a state-by-state breakdown of the country's top population and building hotspots:
Visit the where to buy now section of our property investment forum for more hotspot chat.
More stories:
Australia's most outrageous rents
Meet the cash flow kings of Australia
Australia's shrinking populations
Can you afford to buy in this suburb? Find out how much you can borrow
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I didn't think about all this...thanks for sharing this post.
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25 November 2007,
Hong Kong
Price realised HKD 1,687,500
I NYOMAN MASRIADI (b. Indonesia 1973)
Badanku Kurang Besar (My body is not big enough)
signed and dated 'MASRIADI/21 Des 2001' (lower centre); signed and dated again and titled (on the reverse)
mixed media on canvas
56 3/4 x 78 3/8 in. (144 x 199 cm.)
New York +1 212 636 2000
London +44 (0)20 7839 9060
Hong Kong +852 2760 1766
Shanghai +86 21 6355 1766
Witty, sarcastic and humerous, My body is not big enough encapsulates the essence of Masriadi's narration. The protagonist is characteristically stylized which remains faithful to the artist's signature caricature style. Once again the title of the work My body is not big enough forms an integral part of the narration. The message is both cynical and humorous as the enormous torso of the protagonist is contrasted with the out-of-proportionally small bottom part of the body and the effect is immediate and right in one's face.
Very often in his works, Masriasdi reveals a distinct interest in navigating between the terrain of addressing the social conditions of contemporary Indonesia and the pondering of human's Mentality and Morality. It is this tendency towards the metaphysics that renders the work so very appealing as ones glances pass the apparent and the skin-deep. Masriadi approaches his subjects through the incorporation of mirth, iconic images amassed from the popular literature and media and last but not least, his own creation.
It is also notable that the artist has adapted a caricature style for his works. Masriadi is after all an artist growing up the great age of comics and the popularization of television. The great American pop artists have long seen the affinity of Modernity with comics and cartoons. However, instead of blindly following the Great American/Western visual vocabulary, Masriadi as a young Indonesian artist is looking for his equivalent of a Superman that would be emotive for his peers and audience in his immediate environ. This great, bloated figure always carrying a mocked expression seems to the artist's answer for now in his search of a hero for his narration.
The striking red under pant attached with a tag shows the hero is in a contest of bodybuilding. In spite of the apparent build, the artist is telling us that the hero is feeling insecure and dissatisfied, and with his cutlery he is very determined to eat more and further builds his body. The subjugation of individualism or perhaps more appropriately, the conformity of an individual in a community of uniform education bombarded by televised advertising reduced our muscular hero to a twit, squeamish and half-witted and thus poignantly conveys the message of the artist.
From Yves Saint Laurent in Paris to David Hockney in New York, the must-see shows for the second half of 2017
Beyond Boundaries will offer avant-garde masterworks in Paris, New York and Geneva through the second half of 2017