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Automatic amygdala response to facial expression in schizophrenia: initial hyperresponsivity followed by hyporesponsivity
Cognition and behavior: learning and behavior
It is well established that the amygdala is crucially involved in the processing of facial emotions. In schizophrenia patients, a number of neuroimaging findings suggest hypoactivation of the amygdala in response to facial emotion, while others indicate normal or enhanced recruitment of this region. Some of this variability may be related to the baseline condition used and the length of the experiment. There is evidence that schizophrenia patients display increased activation of the amygdala to neutral faces and that this is predominantly observed during early parts of the experiment. Recent research examining the automatic processing of facial emotion has also reported amygdala hyperactivation in schizophrenia. In the present study, we focused on the time-course of amygdala activation during the automatic processing of emotional facial expression. We hypothesized that in comparison to healthy subjects, patients would initially show hyperresponsivity of the amygdala to masked emotional and neutral faces. In addition, we expected amygdala deactivation in response to masked facial emotions from the first to the second phase to be more pronounced in patients than in controls.
Amygdala activation in response to angry, happy, neutral, and no facial expression (presented for 33 ms) was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging in 30 schizophrenia patients and 35 healthy controls. Across all subjects, the bilateral amygdala response to faces (relative to the no facial expression condition) was larger in the initial phase (first half of trials) than in the second phase (second half of trials). During the initial phase, schizophrenia patients exhibited an increased right amygdala response to all faces and an increased left amygdala response to neutral faces compared with controls. During the second phase, controls manifested a higher right amygdala response for all faces and a higher left amygdala response to angry faces than patients.
Schizophrenia patients are characterized by high initial amygdala responsivity to facial expressions at an automatic processing level, which substantially decreases with time. Amygdala deactivation over time might reflect an automatic mechanism by which schizophrenia patients suppress the processing of facial stimuli. This blocking mechanism could help patients avoid overstimulation during social interactions.
Over the last few decades, many studies have reported abnormalities in the processing of facial emotions in schizophrenia patients. Most studies find that patients show significant deficits in facial affect recognition
Thus far, only a few studies have investigated the automatic processing of facial emotion and its neural correlates in schizophrenia. This is surprising because emotional reactions are generally elicited involuntarily and emerge without conscious effort
To our knowledge, only two neuroimaging studies have examined the automatic processing of facial emotion in schizophrenia. According to the results of Das et al.
Because previous findings regarding the automatic amygdala response to facial emotion have been inconsistent, further research on this issue is required. The first aim of the present study was to examine whether schizophrenia patients manifest amygdala hyperactivation to facial expression at an automatic processing level. Automaticity of processing can be assumed when processing occurs rapidly, unintentionally, and with no or minimal attention
Our second aim was to investigate the time-course of the neural processing of facial emotion. It has been shown that affective priming with masked emotional faces emerges strongly in initial presentations but decreases rapidly with repetition
We hypothesized that compared to controls, patients would initially manifest heightened amygdala activation in response to all facial expressions (versus no facial expression). Second, we expected that both schizophrenia patients and controls would show stronger amygdala activation to angry, happy, and neutral faces during the initial phase than during the second phase of the experiment. Third, we hypothesized that amygdala deactivation from the initial to the second phase would be more pronounced for patients than controls.
Behavioral results
Subsequently, 2 (group)*2 (phase) ANOVAs were conducted for all affective priming conditions (i.e., angry, happy, and neutral). The results from the 2*2 ANOVA for angry primes indicated a significant effect of phase (F(1,63) = 4.487, p = 0.038), as mean evaluative ratings were more positive during the second phase. The main effect of group was not significant (F(1,63) = 1.008, p = 0.319) but the interaction between phase and group was close to significance (F(1,63) = 3.495, p = 0.066). According to the results from independent two sample t-tests, negative priming for masked angry faces tended to be stronger in patients than in controls during the initial phase (t = −1.77, df = 63, p = 0.083) but was similar during the second phase (t = 0.50, df = 63, p = 0.622).
According to the results from the 2 (group)*2 (phase) ANOVA for happy primes, there were no significant effects of phase (F(1,63) = 0.106, p = 0.746) or group (F(1,63) = 0.281, p = 0.598) nor was there a significant group*phase interaction (F(1,63) = 0.027, p = 0.871).
The results from the 2 (group)*2 (phase) ANOVA for neutral primes indicated a marginally significant effect of phase (F(1,63) = 3.714, p = 0.058). Priming scores for neutral faces were more negative during the second phase compared to the initial phase. Neither the effect of group (F(1,63) = 0.009, p = 0.925) nor the interaction between phase and group (F(1,63) = 0.176, p = 0.676) were significant.
fMRI results
Full factorial ANOVA model: group*phase*condition
The results from the 2 (group: schizophrenia patients and healthy controls)*2 (phase: first and second half)*3 (condition: angry, happy, and neutral) full factorial ANOVA revealed no effect of group on amygdala activation. The effect of phase on amygdala activation was significant (left peak voxel xyz: -20 -4 -20, cluster size: 128, F(1,378) = 28.11, Z-score = 5.07, p = 0.0000002; right peak voxel xyz: 22 0–20, cluster size: 104, F(1,378) = 12.81, Z-score = 3.36, p =0.0004), indicating that amygdala activation was larger during the initial phase than in the second phase. Condition showed an effect on right amygdala activation (peak voxel xyz: 24–4 -18, cluster size: 45, F(2,378) = 6.81, Z-score = 3.02, p = 0.001). The group*condition and phase*condition interaction effects on amygdala activation were not significant, but the interaction between group and phase was significant (left peak voxel xyz: -26 -2 -12, cluster size: 75, F(1,378) = 12.02, Z-score = 3.24, p = 0.0006; right peak voxel xyz: 26–4 -14, cluster size: 81, F(1,378) = 18.37, Z-score = 4.07, p = 0.00002). Furthermore, the group*phase*condition interaction effect was significant for the left amygdala (peak voxel xyz: -28 -6 -14, cluster size: 58, F(2,378) = 9.75, Z-score = 3.79, p = 0.00008).
Post-hoc analyses
Activation of the left amygdala in response to angry faces as a function of group and phase
Results from a 2 (group)*2 (phase) ANOVA indicate a significant effect of phase on left amygdala activation, with higher amygdala recruitment during the initial phase of the experiment (peak voxel xyz: -20 -6 -18, cluster size: 114, F(1,126) = 28.17, Z-score = 4.90, p = 0.0000005). Group status had no significant main effect on amygdala activation but the interaction between group and experimental phase on left amygdala activation was highly significant (peak voxel xyz: -24 -2 -14, cluster size: 97, F(1,126) = 19.26, Z-score = 4.07, p = 0.00002).
Subsequent post-hoc t-tests showed that controls manifested higher left amygdala activation during the second (but not the first) phase of the experiment than patients (peak voxel xyz: -24 -4 -16, cluster size: 118, t(63) = 4.40, Z-score = 4.09, p = 0.00004). Patients exhibited no stronger activation than controls in response to angry faces.
Activation of the left amygdala in response to happy faces as a function of group and phase
A group*phase ANOVA revealed a significant effect of phase on left amygdala activation (peak voxel xyz: -20 -4 -18, cluster size: 111, F(1,126) = 29.49, Z-score = 5.01, p = 0.0000003), indicating that the left amygdala response to happy faces was larger in the initial phase than in the second phase. Group status had no significant effect on amygdala activation, and the interaction between group and phase was also not significant.
Activation of the left amygdala in response to neutral faces as a function of group and phase
A group*phase ANOVA again revealed a significant effect of phase on left amygdala activation (peak voxel xyz: -24 2–16, cluster size: 67, F(1,126) = 10.80, Z-score = 3.01, p = 0.001). Group status had no significant effect on left amygdala activation, but the interaction between group and phase was significant (peak voxel xyz: -26 -2 -12, cluster size: 51, F(1,126) = 11.30, Z-score = 3.08, p = 0.001).
Subsequent post-hoc t-tests showed that patients exhibited left amygdala hyperactivation in response to neutral faces during the initial phase, compared to healthy controls (peak voxel xyz: -24 0–14, cluster size: 52, t(63) = 3.16, Z-score = 3.04, p = 0.001). During the second phase, no significant difference in left amygdala activation between patients and controls emerged.
Activation of the right amygdala in response to all faces as a function of group and phase
To clarify the group*phase interaction effect, we compared the right amygdala response to all faces (angry, happy, and neutral) between groups for both phases of the experiment (see Figure
Figure 1
Schizophrenia patients manifest increased right amygdala response to faces (versus no facial expression) compared to healthy controls during the first phase of the experiment (A) and healthy subjects show increased right amygdala activation in response to faces compared to patients during the second phase (B)
Schizophrenia patients manifest increased right amygdala response to faces (versus no facial expression) compared to healthy controls during the first phase of the experiment (A) and healthy subjects show increased right amygdala activation in response to faces compared to patients during the second phase (B). Blood oxygenation level-dependent responses are superimposed on MNI standard brain template. Coordinates in the reference frame of MNI space. Color bar:
The present study revealed new insights into abnormalities in the perception of facial emotion at an automatic processing level in schizophrenia patients. None of the participants included in our analyses had subjective awareness of emotional primes. Therefore, the emotional expression in prime faces was most likely processed automatically, without time for overt attention. As hypothesized, in response to angry, happy, and neutral faces versus no facial expression primes, we observed increased right amygdala activation in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls during the initial phase. For the left amygdala, we found a heightened response in patients only to neutral faces compared to controls. These results are consistent with those of Rauch et al.
As hypothesized, patients showed an initial bilateral amygdala hyperresponsivity to masked neutral faces compared to healthy controls. Several previous studies have demonstrated that schizophrenia patients exhibit amygdala hyperactivation to neutral faces in paradigms using unmasked face stimuli
Our hypothesis that amygdala activation in response to all facial primes would be reduced in the second compared to the first phase of the experiment was confirmed by the observed main effect of phase. These effects of time could be due to habituation upon the second presentation of the stimuli. Repetition suppression has previously been observed in the amygdala for subliminally presented facial emotions
Our fMRI results corroborate the hypothesis that schizophrenia patients manifest a stronger decrease in the (right) amygdala response to facial stimuli over time than healthy individuals. During the first phase, patients showed stronger activation of the amygdala in response to faces than did controls, whereas in the second phase of the experiment, healthy individuals manifested stronger amygdala activation than patients. The decreases in amygdala activation observed in patients can be viewed in the context of their high levels of initial activation. The mechanisms underlying these effects of repetition and time may reflect an initial hypersensitivity to facial emotions and a subsequent down-regulation of activity. It appears that the processing of emotional faces is automatically suppressed over time in patients. This suppression could represent a compensatory mechanism for initial limbic hypersensitivity. The switch of patients from amygdala hyperactivation to hypoactivation (compared to healthy subjects) might reflect inhibitory processes. Blocking of amygdala responsivity might protect schizophrenia patients from overstimulation during social interactions.
Our findings on the automatic processing of emotional faces are consistent with observations from research on controlled emotion processing in schizophrenia. According to Holt et al.
To draw stronger conclusions, our finding of a switch from amygdala hyperactivation to hypoactivation in schizophrenia should be replicated. Further studies should examine the time-course of limbic activation during automatic as well as controlled processing of emotionally relevant stimuli in more detail. In addition, re-analyses of prior studies with a focus on time-course could provide valuable information. In particular, studies reporting amygdala under-recruitment during emotional face processing should be reconsidered
According to our behavioral data, patients' ratings were negatively biased by angry facial expressions. In the initial phase, patients' evaluative ratings of neutral mask faces tended to be more negative when preceded by angry faces than when preceded by no facial expression primes, compared to healthy individuals. These findings corroborate previous results from affective priming studies, suggesting that schizophrenia patients exhibit a stronger negative evaluative bias in response to covert negative facial expressions than do healthy individuals
Some limitations of our study need to be acknowledged. First, our operationalization of time-course by dividing the experiment into two equivalent halves, with prime stimulus repetition between halves, was rather coarse. We analyzed ten events per condition and phase, but amygdala blocking might occur even earlier, possibly after only two or three presentations. More fine-grained experimental designs and time-sensitive methods such as EEG-informed fMRI might help uncover precisely when blocking processes begin. All patients in our study received atypical antipsychotics. Future research must clarify the effects of antipsychotic medication on the time-course of activation of the amygdala during emotional face processing. There is evidence from longitudinal fMRI research that treatment with atypical antipsychotics is associated with a reduction of the amygdala response during emotional processing in schizophrenia
In the present study, we investigated amygdala responses to facial expression at an automatic processing level in schizophrenia. To examine the time-course of automatic emotion processing, our fMRI priming experiment was split into two halves, in which identical facial expressions were presented. As hypothesized, across priming conditions and groups, we observed a reduction of amygdala activation during the second compared to the first phase of the experiment. Schizophrenia patients are characterized by high initial amygdala responsivity to facial expression at an automatic processing level, which substantially diminishes over time. High initial activation of the amygdala to faces in schizophrenia could indicate a greater degree of automatic encoding and increased allocation of resources to processing these social stimuli. Amygdala deactivation over time might reflect an automatic mechanism by which schizophrenia patients suppress the processing of facial stimuli. This blocking mechanism could help patients avoid overstimulation during face-to-face contact. Finally, compared to healthy individuals, schizophrenia patients manifested initially enhanced bilateral amygdala responses to faces with neutral expression. Schizophrenia patients may perceive neutral facial expressions as ambiguous social cues, and the use of neutral faces as a baseline condition may therefore be inadequate for future neuroimaging research on the automatic processing of facial emotion in schizophrenia.
The original sample included 36 schizophrenia patients and 42 healthy controls, aged between 18 and 55 years. For all participants, exclusion criteria were a history of neurological disease, severe head trauma causing loss of consciousness, substance abuse during the last six months, and the usual magnetic resonance imaging contraindications. All subjects had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. Control subjects were thoroughly investigated by trained psychologists and were free of any lifetime history of psychiatric disorders, as diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Axis I disorders
Five patients and six controls had to be excluded due to excessive movement during the functional scans or due to technical problems with the response boxes. One patient and one control subject had to be excluded because they reported (subjective) awareness of the primes, leaving a final sample of 30 patients and 35 controls. Table
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 1989 and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Münster. After a complete description of the study, written informed consent was obtained. Patients received a financial compensation of 50 €, and controls received 40 €.
Experimental design
Participants viewed gray-scale normalized face stimuli that were selected from a standardized picture set
Figure 2
Examples of faces presented in the four prime conditions (happy, angry, neutral, and no facial expression)
Examples of faces presented in the four prime conditions (happy, angry, neutral, and no facial expression).
Figure 3
Sequence of events within trials of the fMRI experiment
Sequence of events within trials of the fMRI experiment. Subjects had to evaluate the neutral mask face as expressing negative or positive feelings by pressing one of four buttons. In our example, a trial with an angry prime is shown.
The paradigm consisted of two experimental phases, each with 40 trials: 10 with angry, 10 with happy, 10 with neutral, and 10 with no facial expression primes. In both phases, we used stimuli of the same ten actors, which were presented in a pseudo-randomized order. The transition from the initial phase (first half) to the second phase (second half) was not marked. The experiment lasted 12 min. Thus, our paradigm was a repetition priming paradigm with 40 stimuli presented in the first half of the experiment and the same 40 stimuli presented in the second half of the experiment. Stimuli were shown in a fixed pseudo-random order format. That means that randomization was implemented with the restriction of no repetition of an individual (taken from the Pictures of Facial Affect
To assess the success of masking, subjects were questioned after the experiment as to whether they had noticed anything out of the ordinary, and whether they had seen anything just before the neutral target faces. None of the participants included in the subsequent statistical analyses reported noticing emotional facial expressions prior to presentation of the neutral faces.
Behavioral affective priming scores were calculated by subtracting the mean evaluation score for the no facial expression prime condition from the mean evaluation scores for angry, happy, and neutral prime stimuli. Thus, negative scores indicate a negative evaluative bias and positive scores indicate a positive evaluative bias. Data were analyzed with a 2 (group)*2 (phase)*3 (condition) ANOVA using SPSS (IBM, Armonk, New York). Group (patients versus controls) was a between-subjects factor, and phase (initial versus second) and condition (angry versus happy versus neutral) were within-subjects factors. To overcome violations of sphericity in the data, the Greenhouse-Geisser statistic is reported for repeated-measures effects.
fMRI methods
Images were projected to the rear end of the scanner (SharpXG-PC10XE with additional high frequency shielding; Osaka, Japan). T2* functional data were acquired in a 3-Tesla scanner (Gyroscan Intera 3.0 T, Philips Medical Systems, Best, NL) using a single shot echoplanar sequence, with parameters selected to minimize distortion in the regions of central interest while retaining adequate S/N and T2* sensitivity. Volumes consisting of 36 axial slices were acquired (matrix 64 * 63, resolution 3.6 * 3.6 * 3.5 mm; repetition time = 2.5 s, echo time = 35 ms, flip angle = 90°) 288 times in a slow event-related design.
Functional imaging data were motion-corrected using a set of six rigid body transformations determined for each image, spatially normalized to standard MNI space (Montreal Neurological Institute) with a voxel size of 2 * 2 * 2 mm and smoothed (Gaussian kernel, 8 mm FWHM) using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM5, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK). Statistical analysis was performed by modeling the different perceptual conditions (angry, happy, neutral, no facial expression) as variables within the context of the general linear model convolved with a standard hemodynamic response function. Fixed-effects analyses were performed at the individual level to generate individual contrast maps, and random effects analyses were performed at the group level. On a single subject level, contrast images were calculated for each of the two phases comparing each facial expression condition (angry, happy, neutral) with the no facial expression baseline condition, resulting in six contrast maps.
Second-level fMRI analysis
Standard univariate group-level statistics were conducted using SPM5. For all analyses, the amygdala was chosen as the a priori region of interest (ROI). The amygdala was defined according to Tzourio-Mazoyer et al.
Second-level fMRI data analyses were performed using SPM5. First, we computed a 2*2*3 full factorial ANOVA model with one between-subjects factor (group: patients versus controls) and two within-subjects factors (phase (first phase versus second phase) and condition (angry versus happy versus neutral face)) for the bilateral amygdala. Next, to clarify the significant group*phase*condition interaction found for the left amygdala, we computed separate 2 (group)*2 (phase) ANOVAs for each of the three facial expression conditions (i.e., angry, happy, and neutral). If required, t-tests for independent samples were subsequently applied to compare amygdala activation between groups for specific facial conditions and phases. Finally, to further analyze the significant group*phase interaction found in the initial ANOVA for the right amygdala, we compared activation of the right amygdala between groups in the initial and then in the second phase on all facial expression conditions by modeling the relevant between-group contrasts (all faces vs. no facial expression).
Competing interests
All authors declare that there are no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: TS, HK, and CL. Performed the experiments: CL, MR, KW, and JB. Performed patient recruitment and established patient diagnoses: CL, BM, and RL. Analyzed the data: TS, CL, and UD. Contributed materials and analysis tools: BM, JB, PO, RL, AK, WH, VA, and HK. TS and CL drafted the manuscript, and all authors revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported by grants from the German Research Foundation DFG to Thomas Suslow and Harald Kugel (SU 222/5-1 and 5–2).
Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review
Emotion processing and its relationship to social functioning in schizophrenia patients
Amygdala recruitment in schizophrenia in response to aversive emotional material: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
Neural systems for recognizing emotion
Differential amygdala activation in schizophrenia during sadness
An fMRI study of facial emotion processing in patients with schizophrenia
Differential amygdala response during facial recognition in patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI study
18FDG PET study of amygdalar activity during facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia
Differential patterns of initial and sustained responses in amygdala and cortical regions to emotional stimuli in schizophrenia patients and healthy participants
Neuroscience projections to current debates in emotion psychology
Affect, cognition, and awareness: affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures
Emotional priming of facial affect identification in schizophrenia
Affective priming in schizophrenia with and without affective negative symptoms
Functional disconnections in the direct and indirect amygdala pathways for fear processing in schizophrenia
Increased medial temporal lobe activation during the passive viewing of emotional and neutral facial expressions in schizophrenia
Increased amygdala activation during automatic processing of facial emotion in schizophrenia
Automaticity: a theoretical and conceptual analysis
Dynamic variations in affective priming
Differential prefrontal cortex and amygdala habituation to repeatedly presented emotional stimuli
Amygdala and fusiform gyrus temporal dynamics: responses to negative facial expressions
The human amygdala in schizophrenia
The amygdala: vigilance and emotion
Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces
Overactivation of fear systems to neutral faces in schizophrenia
Emotional face processing in schizophrenia
The amgydala is involved in affective priming effect for fearful faces
Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression
A differential neural response to threatening and non-threatening negative facial expressions in paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenics
Changes in prefrontal and amygdala activity during olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia
Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS)
Multiple choice vocabulary test MWT as a valid and short test to estimate premorbid intelligence
Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain
An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets


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It's easy for Ravens fans to take comfort in their team's last playoff showdown against the Patriots. Back in 2009, the Ravens traveled into New England during the AFC wild card round and proceeded to dismantle the home team, 33-14.
That game provided the script for how to dominate the Patriots. While the defense allowed 33 points - 24 in the first quarter alone - Tom Brady and the offense managed less than 200 total yards. Brady, meanwhile, threw for a mere 132 in the loss.
A lot has changed since that rendezvous two seasons ago, particularly Brady's supporting cast. In 2009, Brady's targets consisted of Randy Moss, Julian Edelman, Chris Baker, Kevin Faulk and Sammy Morris.
Not exactly your Pro Bowl roster.
Sunday, however, presents a much more daunting task for the Ravens secondary. Only Edelman remains from the last matchup, but on the field will be reception-hungry Wes Welker, veteran Deion Branch and New England's two-headed tight end monster in Rob Gronkowski and Aaron Hernandez.
Let's start with Welker, who missed the Patriots' wild card contest with the Ravens two years ago due to a season-ending knee injury. Prior to being lost for the year, Welker was putting together one of the most prolific seasons in history. Through 13 games, Welker had hauled in 123 passes, tied for second-most in NFL history. Even more impressive, those 123 passes came on just 162 targets, meaning that 76 percent of the time you threw the ball to Welker, he was going to catch it. This year Welker hasn't shown signs of slowing down. He led the Patriots with 122 receptions and 1,569 receiving yards.
Then there's the tag team of Gronkowski and Hernandez. We touched on these guys yesterday, but it's worth repeating. Hernandez compiled a season any coach would be proud of, especially for a guy in his second season as a pro. The former University of Florida standout caught 79 balls for 910 yards and seven touchdowns. On any other team he'd be considered the top tight end, if only his teammate hadn't had the greatest single season for a tight end in league history.
Like his teammate, Gronkowski recently finished his second regular season campaign. In 2010, he showed flashes of production, hauling in 10 touchdowns on only 42 receptions. Seeking to improve upon his rookie season, Gronkowski certainly proved his worth. The second-year tight end caught 90 passes for 1,327 yards and a record 17 touchdowns. He's 6-foot-6 and 265 pounds, hardly an easy target to bring down in the open field. Add to that the fact that the league is still getting used to seeing receiving tight ends on the field at the same time and it's an advantage in the passing game Brady certainly didn't have two years ago.
Will it make a difference? We'll see on Sunday.

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Mission Impossible recorded one of his rare wins at Newcastle last week and looks vulnerable under a penalty. Neither Bond Club nor Rich Again could cope with a rise in the weights last time having won their penultimate starts while Amis Reunis finished only just ahead of Slim Chance when second over track and trip last week. Haydock winner Woodland Girl could figure with a belated reappearance under her belt but a chance is taken on SEAL ROCK. He won four times in this country before racing in Ireland and makes his debut for John Quinn off a much lower mark now back on these shores.
Mission Impossible 6-1 (9-10) Mid-division, headway over 2f out, ridden over 1f out, led last 75 yards, kept on, won at Newcastle 6f hcp 0-65 (6) gs beating Another Royal (8-12) by hd, 12 ran.
Seal Rock 5-2fav (10-0) Ridden to soon lead, headed inside first furlong, soon tracked leader, pushed along under 2f out, led 1 1/2f out, headed over 1f out, kept on one pace, 2nd of 7, 5l behind Calm Bay (9-0) at Down Royal 5f hcp 50-80 gf in Jun.
Enderby Spirit (GR) 40-1 (8-13) Dwelt, towards rear, ridden over 1f out, never a factor, 16th of 17, 10l behind See The Storm (8-10) at Redcar 6f hcp 0-85 (4) gd in Jul.
Just The Tonic 14-1 (9-5) Towards rear, weakened 2f out, 12th of 13, 20l behind Big Storm Coming (9-9) at Newcastle 7f hcp 0-75 (5) gs.
Rich Again (IRE) 4-1 (9-3) Slowly away in rear, hampered 2f out, ran on, nearest finish, 6th of 9, 3 1/2l behind Mister Manannan (9-13) at Beverley 5f hcp 0-75 (5) gf in Jul.
Woodland Girl 25-1 (8-1) Slowly away, always behind, 12th of 17, 5l behind See The Storm (8-10) at Redcar 6f hcp 0-85 (4) gd in Jul.
Bond Club 10-3fav (9-12) Behind, driven on stands side over 1f out, stayed on inside final furlong, never any chance with leaders, 6th of 10, 5l behind Incomparable (8-6) at Beverley 5f hcp 0-65 (6) gs in Jun.
Slim Chance (IRE) 8-1 (9-11) Mid-division on inside, headway chasing leaders over 2f out, ridden and every chance when hung left off rail inside final furlong, lost 2nd final 100 yards, kept on same pace in 3rd, 3rd of 13, 2l behind Bajan Bear (10-7) at Carlisle 6f ladies hcap (5) gd.
Amis Reunis 40-1 (9-2) Chased leaders, led over 1f out, headed and not pace of winner final 100 yards, held on for 2nd, 2nd of 13, 1 3/4l behind Bajan Bear (10-7) at Carlisle 6f ladies hcap (5) gd.
Sewn Up 10-3 (8-12) Held up mid-division, ridden to chase leaders well over 1f out, kept on same pace, no impression in 4th inside final furlong, 4th of 8, 5l behind Secret City (8-12) at Ayr 7f hcp 0-65 (6) gf in Jul.


text:
· Responsible for the enforcement of Human Resource policies and procedures for more than 500 plus staff
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· Major contributor to leadership teams for organizational development and strategic planning.
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· Provided support to all Departments by conducting employee counseling.
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Michelle Bush, MD, FAAD
Board Certifications
Board-certified by the American Board of Dermatology
Hospital Privileges
Dr. Bush has hospital affiliations at Dermatologist, Dermatology, Marlborough Hospital, Marlborough, MA (2009- ); Dermatologist, Dermatology, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, MA (2005-2009).
Undergraduate & Medical SchoolHarvard Medical School, Massachusetts (2001, MD)
Post-Medical School TrainingInt, Internal Medicine, Newton Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA (2001-2002); Res, Dermatology, New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, MA (2002-2005)
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Driver // Peter Fetela
I've always wanted to become a rally driver, but in Poland I couldn't find funding to do it, so I hang out and helped friends to work on their cars and learn.
When I came to US in 2005 I was able to buy my first Subaru Impreza WRX STI a year later.
I competed in local autocrosses and Rallycrosses using it.
My debut in rally was 2009 STPR in Open Light class in regional rally. That same year I was able to achieve a championship runner-up position in Rally America Central Region Championship.
I have debuted in the National Championship in 2012, but so far was not able to secure funding for the entire series.
My best results include:
- 2011 LSPR - 2nd overall
- 2012 Rally West Virginia (NASA) - 1st overall on day 2
- 2013 Rally in the 100 Acre Wood - 6th overall and 3rd in Open class 2013 STPR 7th overall and 4th in open class
2013 NEFR 6th overall
- 11th overall in National Championship 2013
How did you get started in Rally or Rallycross?
My first rally was STPR in 2009, but I have competed in autocross and rallycross before hand when I bought my first Subaru in US. 3 days Team O'neil Rally School in 2011
What are your future goals?
Still a young driver, so the goal is to learn and gain more experience.
// AboutName - Peter Fetela
Hometown - Tarnow,Szczucin,Delastowice, Poland
Occupation - semi trailer mechanic, owner of Fetela Rally Inc (mobile trailer repair)
// Career Results
// News
April 21, 2015
Rally America Returns to the Shadow of Mt. Hood for the 2015 Oregon Trail Rally
The Rally America National Championship heads west after a two month break...
September 02, 2014
Fetela Rally Team Has Weekend of Ups and Downs at Ojibwe
It was a very difficult weekend for the entire Fetela Rally Team. While driver...
July 28, 2014
Piotr Fetela Places in Top Five at New England Forest Rally
Piotr Fetela from Hanover Park, IL and co-driver Dominik Jozwiak from Nanuet,...
October 19, 2013
2013 LSPR Rally Day Two Updates
The second day of the Lake Superior Performance Rally begins with Subaru Rally...
October 08, 2013
Fetela Rally Team Seeks Top Ten Finish at Lake Superior Performance Rally
The Fetela Rally Team announces their participation in the last round of...
June 05, 2013
Green APU Rally Team Hold Their Own in Rally America!
The Susquehannock Trail Performance Rally (STPR) turned out to be very...
May 09, 2013
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|Home > Amilcar
♂ Amilcar
What does Amilcar mean?
Amilcar [amil-car] as a name for boys has its root in Latin, and the meaning of Amilcar is "son of Melqart". Amilcar is a Portuguese, Spanish form of Hamilcar (Latin): from hi and Melqart.
VARIANT AmilcareCREATIVE FORMS
(male) Amilar, Amilas, ..
(female) Amilar, Amilva, .. MIDDLE NAME PAIRINGS
Amilcar Jessie (A.J.), ..
How popular is Amilcar?
Amilcar is a rare given name for men but a somewhat popular surname for both adults and children (#95567 out of 150436, Top 64%). (2000 U.S. CENSUS)
Amilcar has not made it into the list thus far. (TOP BABY NAMES, 2015)
Similar NamesRecommended names are Adelmar, Adlar, Agilan, Ailean, Ailmer (see Aylmer), Akila, Akilla, Algar, Alistar, Allgar (see Alger), Allvar, Alvar, Amias, Amidan, Amil, Amir▲, Amiran, Amishar, Amitai, Amital, Amitay, Ammar, Atila, Avishar, Aylmar, Hilar, Millar, Tilar and Wilmar. Like Amilcar, these names are not frequently used.See names in meaning and etymology.


text: Heres the episode guide, it's short for now 1st season Guide 2nd season Guide Retrieved from "http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Sticks_and_Stones_Episode_Guide?oldid=48657" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Sticks and Stone Wiki


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The Latest on the Dell Buyout Saga
Delleholders angry about the company's sale to founder Michael Dell and buyout firm Silver Lake are still angry, David Benoit writes on MoneyBeat.
They aren't swayed by guidance Monday from proxy advisers Institutional Shareholder Services, Glass Lewis and Egan-Jones that shareholders vote in favor of the deal next week. Benoit runs through some of the vocal opponents to the deal, and says that the continuing concerns of shareholders make it too early to say the buyout group will win the vote.
Meanwhile, Ronald Barusch writes in his Dealpolitik column that the Dell saga is a classic example of how in the M&A world, a deal can turn on a dime. Just last Friday, the deal looked on life support, he writes. It didn't look like Silver Lake or Michael Dell would sweeten the offer to get it over the finish line. Now, the backing of the three proxy advisers changes the equation.
Here's all of the Journal's latest coverage on the Dell buyout offer. And below is a video from the Digits show today about why those angry shareholders are still, well, angry.
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Enjoy this Alan Watts sampler, with one selection from each of the 16 talks from our new, never before released series of recordings from this entertaining and provocative master.
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Is this friendship dying? Next chapter!(67 Posts)
Hi all,
Thought I'd post again as got great advice last time plus I awoke to a new development & needed some help to decide what to do!
Quick background if you didn't read last post: BF & I friends for over 5 years. Bridesmaids for each other, she's my DD's Godmother. This last year I've been making the effort to contact her, she never makes first move & this year I've had a pretty rough year - 2 major surgeries and I lost a baby. She really hasn't been there.
Anyway last week I asked whether I should just let things be. General consensus was just be there if she wants to see you. Shouldn't be all or nothing. In the week it was her birthday. Dropped round a present and card but I couldn't stay long as she was having a stressful time at work and wanted to rest. I asked her if she was planning on doing anything nice for her b'day, she said her DH was taking her for dinner. I logged into FB this morning and there were photos of a dinner party with some of my other friends. Now I'm really confused (& hurt). No-one mentioned a party & now it seems like it isn't just my BF that's distancing herself, other friends are too (unless they went to party expecting to see me & if they did what did she tell them?).
I can't for the life of me figure out what I've done to warrant this treatment. What do I do? Confront? Ignore? Can't stop thinking about it.
OP why don't you just ring her up and talk to her. Tell her you've felt there's distance between you and you aren't sure if you've just grown apart because you're now two very different people. Ask her if she feels you haven't been there for her and then, if you want, tell her you feel a bit unsupported.
You need to communicate though, you need to see what her pov is and where, if anywhere, you can take this friendship.
I'm not sure it would be a good idea to ask her outright. It puts her in an awkward position and causes tension.
I think you have a good idea what's going on. I think your friend has probably just moved on she sounds quite immature and as other posters have said you aren't massaging her ego anymore. Just let it be. Keep her as an acquaintance who was once a friend. If you put her on the spot she will probably make a drama out of it and it could cause an atmosphere with your other friends.
I think it depends on the nature of the friendship TheArticFunky, how it used to be especially. I wouldn't have a problem saying it to some of my friends, others yes but some would welcome the honesty outright rather then distancing and uncertainty on both or one side.
If you want the friendship back OP or the closure of 'knowing' then ask her either call or email. If you can distance (she sounds like she may not be too bothered but only you can guess that for sure) then just withdraw and find like-minded people to spend time with.
To be honest Im not sure she will give you a straight answer. I had a similar experience , a BF and godmother to my dd who droppped me after some ridiculous issue over our older sons. She gradually started inviting all our mutual friends to things and not me and when I asked her if there was an issue she denied it and threw me the odd crumb suggesting we do something together in a month or so's time and when we were out gradually started ignoring me. Its awful now as we just don't speak, but see each other a lot. Now I look back, the signs of her behaviour were always there, shes treated other people badly and they weren't surprised. Im really sorry for you because its awful when you go through a tough time to find people you cared about aren't the people you thought they were. Like you say, the church and its community can provide a religious influence on your dd and my advice would be to find other friends to throw your energies into. As you say why waste your energy by throwing parties for these old friends. Life is too short to waste it on people that can't be there for you. Find people who can whilst remaining civil and light hearted to these other so called frineds. So yes do the inane rubbish talk on facebook but detach yourself from it and put your energy in other people. PM me anytime
Great post earlier by minnie.
Also agreeing with TheArctic about reclassifying the relationship into something not as big, that's if you really can't face a gentle talk with her.
I think you just relaise southeastdweller, that the friendship isn't that deep by the actions of the friend and then the conversation doesn't seem worth having.
But at least there's a chance she'll know what happened. And she's got not much to lose anyway by the sounds of it.
I had this a few years ago my friend was being off with me,we never lived in each others pockets.Was supposed to be going away on a weekend,didnt hear fro her all week,the thursday she pops up and sprouts some shite.We went anyway had a good time but i could feel something wasnt right.So i askThated her if i did something to offend her she said no.A few months later i had my baby,she was away on holiday.
She turns up 6 weeks later,says we have to get together soon.4 months later she was supposed to meet me,never turned up.
What really hurt was i was out with the baby in the cold to meet her.
I went home and rang her no answer.So i deleted her number ,i got the hint.
That was 2 years ago and havent heard from her since.I would let her get in contact and if she doesnt you know where you stand.
No, I uess youre right. Maybe your pride if she says nothing! Hope you got some answers to your situation southeastdweller. Its not pleasant is it?
It's really awful, Laura, but this thread's been helpful. It hurts. Working up to a gentle but firm chat soon.
Call me naieve (if only I could spell it), but isn't searching people's activities on Facebook, sort of spying on people?
You have my biggest sympathies OP, esp. after buying present etc, so I don't doubt your dilemma/situation.
But isn't looking up friends and what they're doing, sort of spying on them? Nothing good can come of it IMO. And equally, I would add, nothing good can come of putting up photos of a birthday party to all and sundry, but not including other friends.
She didn't say she searched, she said the photos came up. So it's the OP's friends that were there. One of whom she could ask if she can't ask the person in question.
Or you could play her at her own game and see how she likes it and have a party and not invite her. Might show her how hurtful it is.
I don't really get this picking up and dropping friends, like gradually no longer wearing a dress you were once mad about. And for her to bustle you out of the house saying she was 'stressed'
urgh and urgh. Not sure she's worth the breath tbh. That is just shitty. Plastering photos all over fb with your mutual friends. urgh.
I'm in two minds about this. I'm in a similar position in that a very old friend seems to be distancing herself - I saw her in a supermarket recently, stood in front of her, and she pretended to not see me (you couldn't make this up...). It is now clear that she has been doing a planned exit for some time (went right over my head lol) and I'm wondering about whether to write to her. I've tried talking to her (in a non-confrontational way) but all I get is the fobbing off stuff. If I wrote it wouldn't be angry, just mystified; a kind of farewell letter.
But I'm not sure someone who gets you out of her house (when you've come a long way to give her a present), then invites all your friends to a party - when she is your dd's gm - is worth it. She sounds ignorant.
If talk to her in person and say you feel disappointed about the party and support.
My dearest best friend and me went through a mutual experience (a very stressful, work related course) it was extremely wearying, and time consuming.At the end of this she told me she wanted a break, to be just with her family, who she thought she had neglected over the months we had worked together on this course.
Several weeks turned into several months of occasional phone contact, until her niece contacted me to tell me my dear friend was terminally ill, saw her a couple of times, during which we talked about things that she said only I would have raised, and which she desperately wanted to talk through, she died before we had a chance to stop talking about everything she wanted to say.
All I would say is meet up, try to get things out in the open and sort out how your friendship will go forward, tell her you love and miss her (if you do), tell her how much you need her (if you do) at least have the conversation, then you know you have done everything possible for someone you love and care for, if she doesn't need it right now, let her know that if she ever does again, your love for her is still there.
best wishes for you, losing the closeness of a valued friend, in whatever way, hurts.
I would let it go, and te friendship tbh, sounds like you have grown apart
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Citizens for Objective Public Education (COPE) is a Kansas-based group whose name suggests a corollary of Badger's Law. COPE "promotes the religious rights of parents, children, and taxpayers" and claims that public schools "promote a 'non-theistic religious worldview' by allowing only 'materialistic' or 'atheistic' explanations to scientific questions," which is false (if anyone could offer a genuine non-materialistic explanation for anything in science – "and then a miracle happened" is not an explanation – it would be allowed). In particular, the group filed a suit (details here) in 2013 challenging Kansas's science standards because they include the teaching of evolution, which COPE claims is a religion and therefore should be excluded from science classes: by teaching evolution "the state would be 'indoctrinating' impressionable students in violation of the First Amendment." COPE's mission, by contrast, is to create "religious[ly] neutral" schools won't promote "pantheistic and materialistic religions, including Atheism and Religious ('Secular') Humanism" – a category that includes "Darwinian evolution" and apparently the Big Bang.
COPE was founded in 2012, with young-earth creationist Jorge Fernandez as president (Fernandez has published articles in Journal of Creation and on the True.Origin Archive website). He was later replaced by Robert P. Lattimer, the current president. Lattimer has previously been involved with Science Excellence for All Ohioans, a creationist group that – backed by the hate-group The American Family Association and strongly supported by Governor Taft's chief of staff, Brian Hicks – tried to undermine the treatment of evolution in Ohio's state science standards in 2002 (Lattimer himself was, for some reason, appointed to the Ohio science standard writing committee). Back then, the goal was to lobby the Ohio Board of Education to give intelligent design creationism (ID) equal time with evolution in science classes; after the Dover trial that goal has become unrealistic (to Lattimer's intense dismay), so in Kansas the goal was modified to rather banning science in general from science classes.
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- Assassinorum Executioner Force: Rulebook (7th Edition), pg. 31
- Codex: Assassins (3rd Edition), pg. 5
- Codex: Assassins (2nd Edition), pp. 20-23
- Codex: Grey Knights (5th Edition), pg. 52
- Codex: Necrons (3rd Edition), pg. 8
- Rogue Trader: The Navis Primer (RPG), pg. 116
- Nemesis (Novel) by James Swallow


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Browse Open Jobs
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Dean of Students
Job Type
Part Time
School Year
Immediate, 2017-18
Aspire Public Schools
Bay Area, Central Valley, Los Angeles
The Dean of Students is responsible for supporting the site principal in building a culture that fosters respect and is driven by the principals of "College for Certain". This valuable role will integrate strong models of relationship development, collaborative learning along with conflict resolution skills through managing student behavior that allows our students to thrive in their learning environments.
Student Life & Culture
• Implement, model and enforce policies and practices as they relate to student discipline and Aspire cultural norms.
• Respond to complaints or investigations involving student behavior.
• Participates and lead when required parents conferences involving matters related to discipline and attendance.
• Document, manage and report on student discipline data utilizing systems such as OnCourse.
• Oversee and develop student mediation/conflict resolution programs.
• Respond to and participate in complaints or investigations of student misbehavior. Work with school site staff such as principal, psychologists and counselors in determining in making appropriate recommendation for resolutions.
• Provide supervision of students during school sponsored activities.
• Plan and organize extracurricular activities that support the development of student interpersonal skills and relationships.
• Lead student life activities including athletics, programs, social activities, music and drama activities, student governments, assemblies, contests and publications, as appropriate.
• Manage relationships with outside vendors, contractors and entities that provide student activities, as necessary.
• Assign work of, supervise and evaluate direct reports.
• Effectively build and maintain relationships with parents, community stakeholders, sponsoring district and neighborhood schools that establish mutual trust, respect and cooperation.
• Acts as a resource partner to school faculty with classroom management including support of academic programs are operating in a professional manner and in compliance with applicable regulations. May support such academic programs as; Special Education services, CST, CAHSEE, CELDT and any other required assessments.
• Work collaboratively with Principal and Home Office to achieve site and organizational goals.
• Lead projects as assigned by principal that may include, process improvement, cycle of inquiry-driven and/or instructional improvements.
• Lead and participate in appropriate staff meetings and trainings including traveling within and outside of school region.
Student Safety
• Collaboratively work with students, parents and school staff to build a learning environment that is safe and productive.
• Adopts and manages processes to safeguard students while on campus.
• Manages emergency issues in alignment with Aspire practices while ensuring the learning environment is positive and productive.
• Participates and trains staff on safety drills, emergency plans, and policy development related to safety.
Additional Duties
• Demonstrate knowledge of, and support, Aspire Public Schools mission, vision, value statements, standards, policies and procedures, operating instructions, confidentiality standards, and the code of ethical behavior.
• Performs other related duties as required and assigned.
1) Required knowledge, skills & abilities:
• Knowledge of business and management principals and processes involving; program development, planning, resource allocation and coordination of people and resources.
• Excellent organization, time management and follow-up skills; high sense of urgency; demonstrated ability to successfully handle multiple projects concurrently; ability to work as a team and in stressful environments.
• Ability to provide excellent communication and present information and ideas so that others will understand.
• Knowledge of how to interact, develop interpersonal relationships and work collaborative with persons from varying backgrounds and experiences.
• Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation and ability to make assessments and recommendations.
• Knowledge of applicable and appropriate strategies of conflict resolution methods.
• Knowledge of applicable laws, Education code, regulations that govern educational practices.
• Ability to collect, analyze and interpret data.
2) Minimum educational level:
• Bachelor's Degree required; Masters or Ph.D. in Education preferred
• Valid credential preferred
3) Experience required:
• 3+ years working in underserved communities as a full-time teacher, required
• 5+years teaching and/or administrative experience, preferred
Apply On-line
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National Enquirer Whitney Houston Casket Photo
February 24, 2012 by staff
National Enquirer Whitney Houston Casket Photo, The National Enquirer has sparked controversy by publishing a photo alleged to show Whitney Houston in her coffin.
The US tabloid ran on its cover a close-up image apparently depicting the late singer lying in a golden casket, accompanied by the headline: "Whitney: Her Last Photo."
The publication also promised to relay "all the details" of her burial, claiming that she was laid to rest "in jewelry worth $500,000″, "wore her favorite purple dress" and "had gold slippers on her feet".
The image was claimed to have been taken at Houston's private viewing at the Whigham funeral home in Newark, New Jersey on February 17. No photographer has been identified.
Other media outlets and their audiences have expressed outrage at the National Enquirer for publishing the photo, with The Washington Post saying that "a line has been crossed", Perez Hilton branding the action as a "tasteless, insensitive, morbid thing to do" and Gossip Cop saying that it "represents the very worst of predatory paparazzi culture".
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


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Been very long since I've visited this site!
Life has been busy with two munchkins :) The girls are doing great and have bonded. Ella is in love with her baby sister. She loves to feed her and sing to her. Having two is twice the fun! So glad that we did it!
Thanks! :D Everyone is doing great! The husband and Ella are very helpful. I was induced with Grace at 41 weeks. I had an epidural so I didn't feel much pain. It was after that messed me up! My body was aching and how much it hurt to pee lol I forgot about all that fun stuff. I pushed Grace out with 5 pushes. Very awesome since Ella took an hour of pushing! The lack of sleep was torture. Now she is a pretty good sleeper. The swing we got for Grace is a life saver. Helps with her gas! So doing pretty good :)
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About Sara Walker
Current: Rancho Cordova, California
Birth: September 24
On Moms.com since: Apr 15, 2014
I have an off the wall seven year old and a curious two year old. I love both of my girls and can't imagine life without them. I'm in my first semester of college right now at the age of 27. I'm studying to be a nurse.


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text: Bovada Sportsbook credits players with Portland series bets By SBR Friday, April 29, 2016 Share with: Online sportsbook Bovada (SBR rating A) has agreed to credit all players who had wagers on Portland to win their series vs. the LA Clippers with wins. Management believed that there was human trader error which was covered in their policy with respect to bad lines, but the failure to notify players of the cancellation prompted Bovada to in good faith credit the players with wins in good faith, regardless of the result of the wagers. SBR Forum posters complained oiriginally that the wagers on Portland were cancelled and speculated it was due to the market reaction on Blake Griffin's injury.


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On average, listings lease in the $40's per square foot per year. The University Place region is seeing a a rise in rates. In the last 3 months, the median rate went up $20 per sqft per year. That's a 94% rise in rent.
Compared to the rest of the Houston Metro market, the University Place region has greater rates, and you'll need to pay a premium to be in this hot region.
In the last 90 days, 13 listings have been listed, which means new availabilities most likley are leasing quickly. You'll want to be prepared to make an offer immediately. About 69% of the available space in the University Place are subleases, so you might be able to snag a great spot on a short term. There aren't many listings below 2,000 square feet on the market, so finding a space for a small business might be tough.
The standard measurement for office space in this area is around 1,210 sqft. Most buildings in this area are approximately 2 floors. Most buildings in this market were built in 1968 and are Class B.
Not much of the real estate is used for commercial space, so it might be hard to find office space. Public administration is the dominant industry in this region. Commute by motorcycle is the most popular way to get to work amongst University Place residents. Commuting between 20 and 25 minutes a day is the norm for those who opt to reside in this part of town.
Trends and status of the commercial real estate market in University Place.
Market Report
Real time and historical data on commercial real estate listings in University Place.


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- Cochin fowl
- Cochin fowl Co"chin fowl`, (Zo["o]l.) A large variety of the domestic fowl, originally from Cochin China (Anam). [1913 Webster] ||
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
cochin — n. [a shortened form of cochin china fowl.] an Asian breed of large fowl with dense plumage and feathered legs. [WordNet 1.5] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Cochin — [kō′chin΄, käch′in] n. [after Cochin China, place of orig.] [also c ] any of an Asiatic breed of large domestic fowl with black, buff, white, or gray plumage and thickly feathered legs: also called Cochin China … English World dictionary
cochin china — noun Asian breed of large fowl with dense plumage and feathered legs • Syn: ↑cochin • Hypernyms: ↑domestic fowl, ↑fowl, ↑poultry * * * noun see cochin 1 … Useful english dictionary
cochin — /koh chin, koch in/, n. one of an Asian breed of chickens, resembling the Brahma but slightly smaller. [1850 55; short for Cochin China fowl] * * * ▪ India town and major port on the Arabian Sea, west central Kerala state, southwestern… … Universalium
cochin — n. (in full cochin china) 1 a fowl of an Asian breed with feathery legs. 2 this breed. Etymology: Cochin China in Vietnam … Useful english dictionary
cochin — co•chin [[t]ˈkoʊ tʃɪn, ˈkɒtʃ ɪn[/t]] n. ahb. an Asian chicken, resembling the Brahma but slightly smaller • Etymology: 1850–55; short for Cochin China fowl … From formal English to slang
cochin china — n. breed of large fowl developed in Asia with thick feathers and feathered legs … English contemporary dictionary
domestic fowl — noun a domesticated gallinaceous bird thought to be descended from the red jungle fowl • Syn: ↑fowl, ↑poultry • Derivationally related forms: ↑fowl (for: ↑fowl) • Hypernyms: ↑ … Useful english dictionary
chicken — I (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) n. fowl, cock, hen, pullet; fryer, broiler, capon; slang, coward (See cowardice). See birds, food. II (Roget s IV) n. 1. [A barnyard fowl] Syn. chick, hen, rooster, pullet, cock, cockerel, capon,… … English dictionary for students
Barnevelder — The Barnevelder is a medium heavy breed of chicken named after the Dutch town of Barneveld.It is a cross of local Dutch chickens with Asian breeds such as the Brahma, Cochin, Croad Langshan and Malay. HistoryHans Schippers, the Dutch authority on … Wikipedia


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Am I a candidate for rhinoplasty? I'm afraid of its disadvantages, help please. (Photo)
Doctor Answers 5
Rhinoplasty candidate, some advices:
Thank you very much for sharing your concerns with us.
The harmony between facial parts makes us instinctively recognize the beauty... without knowing it, without defining it, just a perception that surprises and captivates us.
In this regard, I suggest perform a Closed Rhinoplasty (without visible scars) to treat the tip, base and nasal bridge.
With this procedure you get a delicate nose, better harmonize with your other facial features.
Dr. Emmanuel Mallol Cotes.-
Asian Rhinoplasty
An important step in choosing the right nose for you is choosing the right surgeon. Looking at his/her before and after photos will give you a good sense of his/her aesthetic. Once you have found an experienced Asian rhinoplasty specialist, be clear about your aesthetic goals. He/she will be able to perform computer morphing of your pictures to give you a sense of what is technically achievable and what is appropriate for your face, and recommend any adjunctive procedures to attain the best result for you.
Learn more: http://www.donyoomd.com/services-asian-rhinoplasty.php
Asian rhinoplasty
Best wishes
Theodore T Nyame MD
You might also like...
Asian Rhinoplasty
Based from your photos, you have low profile bridge and tip, thick skin, short nose appearance, and relatively broad bridge. Your nose can be augmented using either silicone or cartilage, which can be harvested either from your rib, ear, or septum.
To gain significant augmentation of the bridge, rib cartilage is your best option if you want to use cartilage. If you are fine with silicone, you can also have the option of using silicone for your bridge and cartilage either septal or ear cartilage for the tip.
The harvesting ear cartilage usually doesn't leave a noticeable scar since it can be well-hidden, while harvesting rib cartilage may leave a mark, especially on Asian skin.
As for long term result, the possibility of extrusion is actually very low. Once the result of Rhinoplasty settles, the chance of disfiguring it by from trauma is just the same as when you haven't had your nose done.
Asian rhinoplasty and what to expect long term
I'll attach a video.
Chase Lay, MD
Asian facial plastics
Learn more: http://www.chaselaymd.com/before-after-gallery-san-jose/rhinoplasty-for-the-asian-nose/
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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- The Multitasking Mom or Dad: For the mom or dad who wants to reduce their stress levels this year, ADT Pulse can be programmed to take care of your day-to-day responsibilities, making home management less stressful even if you work outside the home. Through the ADT Pulse app for iPhone and Android, Pulse users can create a schedule to turn off lights the kids always forget or check-in via live video to make sure children are working on their homework each day.
- An Energy-Conscious Consumer: For those planning to cut costs in 2013, Pulse has a programmable thermostat that automatically adjusts the temperature in your home. According to the US EPA's Energy Star Program, by properly programming your thermostat settings, you can save about $180 every year in energy costs.
- A Protective Parent: For the parents who work full time and want to feel more connected to their kids, ADT Pulse's alert capabilities can let you know when your kids come home from school with a text message or e-mail. If your children do not come home when expected, ADT Pulse can even send an alert noting that the front door was not opened on schedule. Backed by six ADT-owned and operated customer monitoring centers, ADT Pulse can be on alert for you and your family to help protect and connect what matters most.
- The Concerned Caretaker: For families who want to show special loved ones that they're always there for them, ADT Pulse provides constant connection throughout the day. For example, if your elderly mother usually wakes up before 9:00 am, but the motion sensor in your kitchen does not detect movement, ADT Pulse can send a text so you can proactively check on her instead of worrying from afar. Users can even unlock their front or back doors in real time from any web-connected device to let a visiting nurse into the home.
Every January, Americans take time to reflect on the previous year, creating resolutions for the year ahead. Whether they aim to save money or spend more time with loved ones, consumers look for ways to get back on track after the hectic holiday season. By providing home management with the push of a button, the ADT PulseSM home automation system can help consumers easily stick to their resolutions in 2013, and get more time back in their busy schedules. "Our customers have told us that maintaining an organized, productive routine while trying to save money can be a huge challenge," said Tony Wells, chief marketing officer at ADT. "With their needs in mind, we've further built out the ADT Pulse ecosystem by allowing users to keep track of their home and control its functions such as lights, thermostats and door locks from almost anywhere." ADT Pulse can be programmed to set a routine for a smarter home to help you better meet your resolutions – no matter what your personality:


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From email@example.com Mon Feb 04 23:55:55 2008
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So, I was talking with JQJ213 the other day, and he pointed out something to me... You can purchase a 305 horsepower AWD 6-speed manual Japanese luxury sedan in the US!
look for yourself! Acura offers a manual equipped TL with SH-AWD! I did not believe it myself, but I checked, and lo and behold, there it is! I never knew that before, and I doubt many people do...
Props to you, JQJ213 for finding it! :)