text:
Bureaucracy and Modernity: A Comparative Qualitative Analysis of Public Administration in the West and OIC States
- Moris Summers
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Bureaucracy and Modernity: A Comparative Qualitative Analysis of Public Administration in the West and OIC States Joseph Kaminski, Purdue University abstract: Many of the 57 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) states have been unsuccessful at incorporating modern bureaucracy into their political systems. While much of the Islamic world, particularly the Gulf States, have vast resources and oil wealth, they have had problems properly administering benefits in a way that is fair and beneficial to their citizens. Recurring themes can be readily identified in the literature on bureaucracy in Islamic states today: corruption, nepotism, and incompetence. Each particular state has its own unique circumstances surrounding modernization and bureaucratic development. The essay looks first at the development of bureaucratic theory in the West. It then addresses the theoretical question as to the compatibility of Western bureaucracy to Islamic states. The essay s final part examines and compares a few particular Islamic states in Central and South Asia as well as the Gulf States and the Middle East and North Africa. Introduction As the twentieth century progressed, it became evident that bureaucracies and public administration would be absolutely essential in the west. Following the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt incorporated the largest expansion of administrative power and capacities the United States had ever seen. In an effort to combat high unemployment and underdevelopment, Roosevelt implemented numerous bold programs. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and the WPA (Works Progress Administration) were all examples of organized, well-funded governmental efforts to modernize the underdeveloped infrastructure of the United States and put unemployed Americans back to work (Kennedy, 1999; Smith, 2005). At the heart of these massive, state-sponsored projects was a re-conceptualization of the role of the bureaucracy. The Islamic world today finds itself in a similar position in which the United States found itself during the Great Depression. Islamic states today are experiencing high unemployment, economic stagnation, and increasing political strife. Inadequate implementation of modern technology, corruption, nepotism, cronyism, gender discrimination, and general incompetence on the part of unqualified and under-trained administrators are all problems with public administration in member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) ( Jreisat, PB&J: Politics, Bureaucracy, and Justice vol. 3 no ; Ayubi, 1989; Common, 2008). Bureaucratic modernization must be at the forefront of transforming the Muslim world. This paper first looks at the development of bureaucratic theory in the west. It then addresses the theoretical question as to the compatibility of western bureaucracy to Islamic states in general. The final part of this paper will examine and compare a few particular Islamic states in South Asia, the Gulf States, and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and bureaucracies in the West and Islamic States. The Development of Bureaucratic Theory and the West: The Modern Beginnings Perhaps the most prolific and well-known theorist on bureaucracy is the great German sociologist Max Weber. Weber (1964) argued that the future of the world would not necessarily result in global Communism, as envisioned by Marx, nor any other particular political ideology. He did argue that what was certain was that the future would be marked by expanding networks of formal rules and procedures and along with it, expanding bureaucratic institutions with greater and greater power. When considering the broader philosophical issue of where a state s authority is derived, Weber contests that authority comes from three sources. He defines these sources as traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal. As wtamu.edu/pbj 1
2 Bureaucracy and Modernity: A Comparative Qualitative Analysis of Public Administration in the West and OIC States societies become more developed, rational legal authority becomes more formalized. Weber s argument is that the bureaucracy is the embodiment of rational-legalistic authority. On bureaucracies and vertical hierarchical organization, Weber states: The principle of office hierarchy and of the successive stages of appeal requires a clearly ordered system of authority and subordination involving supervision of the lower offices by the higher ones; a system which simultaneously accords the governed the possibility of appealing, in a regulated fashion, the finding of a lower agency to the corresponding superior agency. (1964, p. 60) Bureaucracies operate within the framework of codified written laws that can be referred to for clarification of procedures. Weber argues that a bureaucracy is a formal organization that is rule bound. Each individual has a specific function within the bureaucracy. Offices are organized hierarchically. Rules are technical; workers are separate and distinct from other officials. Administrative acts are formally written and distinguished, and issues pertaining to legal authority can be adjudicated by different agencies within the organization itself (Weber, 1964). This is to say, if one has a grievance, there is a formal procedure and body that exists for adjudicating their grievance. This also means that individuals cannot act on their own accord when deciding procedures. A wellorganized bureaucracy can help with the flow of government and can cut down on violence based on resentment resulting from arbitrary enforcement of the laws. The notion of fairness is emphasized and embodied within the confines of a well-functioning bureaucracy. The work of Herbert Simon looks at the decisionmaking process and how decisions are made in large organizations. Efficiency and practicality should be goals of any administrative decision (Simon, 1997). Chester Barnard, like Simon, argues that the way individuals make decisions should be and generally is qualitatively different from how administrative agencies make decisions. According to Barnard (1938), the decisions that an individual makes as a member of an organization are quite distinct from his personal decisions (p. 77). Other than the obviously different scope of personal and administrative decisions, the necessity of rationality is absolutely essential in any and every administrative decision in a way that it is not always the case in personal decisions. To give a crude but to the point example, one can decide to eat chocolate ice cream as opposed to vanilla for no particularly rational reason; maybe one had a taste for it, or maybe it was on sale at the grocery store. Regardless of one s reason for choosing the particular flavor they did, the consequences of the decision to eat chocolate ice cream will most likely have minimal consequences or long term ramifications. Bureaucratic decisions must always have a reason behind them. The most seemingly benign administrative decision could impact a very large number of people and could have long-lasting ramifications. Effective bureaucracies and public administrative agencies follow rational patterns of decision making. Paraphrasing Simon (1997) on page 66 of Administrative Behavior, rational decisionmaking in the administrative arena includes considerations of the following: 1. Responsibility to democratic institutions in guiding value determinations 2. Allocating resources based on relative importance of factual and ethical issues involved 3. Considering factual evidence and alternatives that could be more effective 4. Administrators being accountable for all value judgments, major or minor The effective administrative agency or administrator is one who can keep these four broad guidelines in mind when making decisions. Opportunity costs factor into any administrative decision. Any particular choice x, will limit the possibility of enacting choice y and choice z. Utilizing such a set of protocols helps make the decisionmaking process more nuanced. As Simon (1997) notes, there is no one particular way to make a decision regarding often complex rules or regulations. The best way to approach the decision-making process at the organizational level is to go into the process with some type of consistent approach or basic questions that can be applied to as many decisions as possible. Simon also addresses the question and role of authority in organizations. Simon (1997) defines authority, not in terms of the sanctions of the superior, but in terms of the behaviors of the subordinate (p. 183). This is a behavioral approach to understanding the exercise of authority. A way to measure one s authority is to examine the things those who are subordinate do. Greater authority means getting more people to more frequently behave in the way the superior desires. The authority of a particular individual or particular sub-agency within a larger agency has an enormous impact on the formal structure of any organization (Simon, 1997). Sometimes authority is derived directly from one s title. Being CEO or Senior Ex- 2 PB&J vol. 3 no. 2
3 Joseph Kaminski ecutive of any agency automatically carries with it some power. Authority can also be derived from charismatic sources. One s own experience within a particular organization can also be a source of authority. Effective leaders are able to get obedience from those below and support from those who are important. The function and role of bureaucracy in the west has been well-studied by scholars for well over one hundred years. According to Wilson (1887), on the goal of the study of administration, It is the object of administrative study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or energy (p. 1). Wilson sought to incorporate studies of government with studies of bureaucracy and public administration. For Wilson, the two were becoming increasingly intertwined as the United States grew territorially and economically. In order to effectively administer an increasingly powerful empire, Wilson felt that political scientists needed to include bureaucracy as a part of their research program. Wilson (1887) sought to make bureaucracy function in a more business-like manner: This is why there should be a science of administration which shall seek to strengthen the paths of government, to make its business less unbusinesslike, to strengthen and purify its organization, and to crown its duties with dutifulness. This is one reason why there is such a science. (p. 201) Wilson sought to shape the development of modern bureaucracy in a similar way to the functioning of an efficient large corporation. New Models of Public Administration: the 1980s and Beyond Over the last thirty years, there have been advances in the theorizing of public administration. New Public Management was perhaps the most popular model of administration for those who focused on the primacy of management in the 1980s and 1990s. In the twenty-first century, specifically following the events of 9/11, a new approach to management was introduced called Digital Era Governance (DEG). New Public Management (NPM) has sought to emphasize improvements in service quality, and employee em powerment (Kaboolian, 1998; Jriesat, 1999). The thrust of NPM is that deregulation is the best route to improve administration. It also seeks to increase competition amongst bureaucratic agencies by breaking them down into smaller competing parts. The argument is that competition between agencies will improve overall productivity. The peak of this theory about management occurred during the 1980s and 1990s when deregulation was popular amongst reformers of government agencies. Many proponents of NPM support neo-liberal market values and come from business schools. Following catastrophic security failures, such as 9/11, and regulatory failures of financial markets, some theorists argue that NPM theories need to be reconsidered (Bastow, Dunleavy, Margetts, & Tinkler, 2006). They have been replaced by a new approach called digital era governance. These theorists contest that NPM theories insistence on fragmented, competing agencies has led to breakdown in communication amongst agencies and has facilitated in making corruption easier and accountability more difficult. The approaches towards management of DEG focus on reintegrating government integration and maximizing digitization (Bastow et al., 2006). Modern information technologies are critical to DEG approaches to government agency reform and improvement. This newest model also places new emphasis on the emerging field of cyber security. Administrative agencies must be alert and responsive to cyber terrorism and the theft of confidential information. Islamic states should consider both of these theoretical developments in public administration theory when improving their own bureaucracies. Bureaucracy and Islam At least in principle, the west has been effective at the implementation of bureaucracy and formal procedures. Despite all of the internal problems with large scale bureaucracies like the TVA, such bureaucratic programs did manage to modernize the vastly underdeveloped southeastern part of the United States. Before getting to the specific individual cases, one must first address the larger theoretical question about the compatibility of Islam with bureaucratic procedures. Can Islamic states have modern bureaucratic apparatuses and still be Islamic? Is bureaucracy a necessarily secular phenomenon? Evidence shows that Islam and bureaucracy are by no means mutually exclusive. Islamic states absolutely must consider the importance of a well-developed and functioning bureaucracy. vol. 3 no. 2 PB&J 3
4 Bureaucracy and Modernity: A Comparative Qualitative Analysis of Public Administration in the West and OIC States Scholars who study public administration in Arab States recognize the need for administrative reform in these regions. There is a relation between economic prosperity and effective administration. According to Jamil Jreisat (1999), Links between economic growth and administrative reform are universally acknowledged (p. 20). He goes on to argue that competent decision making and professional public service are prerequisites to any significant progress in regards to development and modernization. The Iranian Revolution was a major blow to modern bureaucratic development in Islamic states. Despite the political and economic corruption under Shah Palavhi, efforts to develop modern bureaucratic procedures and administration in Iran were all but destroyed following the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Imam Khomeini (1970) was quite hostile to the concept of bureaucracy when he crafted his model of the state. In his words, In addition, superfluous bureaucracies and the system of file-keeping and paper-shuffling that is enforced in them, all of which are totally alien to Islam, impose further expenditures on our national budget not less in quantity than the illicit expenditures of the first category (Khomeini, 1970, p. 31). He goes on to say, These superfluous formalities, which cause our people nothing but expense, trouble, and delay, have no place in Islam (Khomeini, 1970, p. 31). For Khomeini, bureaucracy was a product of westernization and was not to be a part of his new model of an Islamic state. This meant that a very select few wielded a great deal of power and influence in Khomeini s system. As the late dissident cleric, Ayatollah Montazeri (2000) later argues, these particular jurists, while being well-read in religious law, were not qualified to handle bureaucratic matters. Despite Khomeini s rhetoric, bureaucracy has had a long history within the Islamic framework. The keeping of records and written documentation of law is critical in any functioning state. Imam Khomeini s contestation that bureaucracies and their superfluous formalities have no place in Islam is not correct, and history proves this point. The formalities that are inherent in an effective functioning bureaucracy are quite compatible with an Islamic framework. According to historian Albert Hourani (1991), bureaucracy was integral to the functioning of the Ottoman Empire. The Empire was a bureaucratic state, holding different regions within a single administrative and fiscal system (Hourani, 1991, p. 207). He goes on to argue that Turkish was established as the specific administrative vernacular. Many of the administrators were converts from all over the empire. Not only did the bureaucracy link the economic and political elements of the empire, but it also connected the people of varying tribes and cultural backgrounds. The importance of bureaucracy in the Islamic world even pre-dates the Ottoman Empire. Ibn Khaldun wrote nearly two hundred years prior to the Ottoman Empire at a time when the vast majority of the people were illiterate. In regard to the positions of the pen, Ibn Khaldun (2205) states: Each of the instruments through which help may be given has many different subdivisions. The pen has such subdivisions, for instance, as the pen of letters and correspondence, the pen of diplomas and fiefs, and the pen of bookkeeping, which means the offices of chief of tax collections and allowance and of minister of the army. (p. 189) The need for written records has always been important. In reality, what is the Qur an other than a written account of the decrees and commands of God? Ibn Khaldun (2005) argues throughout The Muqaddimah, written in 1377, that when an empire begins to enter into a stage of decline, often the bureaucracy becomes corrupt. The ruler becomes increasingly despotic, arrogant, and less just (Khaldun, 2005). This leads to a centralization of power and increased nepotism and corruption. Once formal procedures are regularly ignored, this represents the beginning of the end. As mentioned, the religious framework of Islam is also dominated by such formalities. The rule of Islam is hierarchically organized, much like an effective bureaucracy. In Islam, the Qur an and Sunnah are primary sources of legislation, followed by the hadeeth, followed by conventional wisdom. A well-organized modern bureaucracy in practice should also have a well-defined vertical hierarchy of organization, in which each position has a specific, welldefined task for which that position is responsible (Moe, 1984). Such organization makes accountability easier, and allows one to more easily fix the broken cog in the wheel; this allows for greater fairness and helps minimize excess and waste (Moe, 1984). Well-defined bureaucracies can also allow for a standard of evaluation that the people can use when evaluating the efficiency of a particular bureaucracy s leadership structure. Are the leaders adhering to the codified legal codes, or are they arbitrarily exercising power? Questions like these can be addressed with a codified set of procedures and laws. Islam as a religion is not the obstacle to modernization; rather the obstacles can be found in the deeply embedded cultural values of individual states. As mentioned, 4 PB&J vol. 3 no. 2
5 Joseph Kaminski the prevalence of nepotism and cronyism has been a major hindrance to the development of modern bureaucratic institutions in OIC states ( Jreisat 1999; Common 2008). The Sunnah of the Prophet Mohammed is explicit in articulating that no individual is above the law. The laws must apply equally to all citizens within Islamic society. Indeed then, it appears that bureaucracy is not only compatible to Islamic political institutions, rather it is fundamental. According to Hai and Nawi (2007), the concept of al-shura (the council) is one of the core principles of organizing an Islamic state. This concept of a consultative council that assists in the process of decision-making dates all the way back to the very beginnings of Islam. The key elements of al-shura that most scholars today agree upon are the following: Meeting or consultation that follows the teachings of Islam. Consultation following the guidelines of the Qur an and Sunnah. There is a leader elected among them to head the meeting. The discussion should be based on mushawarah (consensus) and mudhakarah (remembrance of the Sunnah and Hadith). All the members are given fair opportunity to voice out their opinions. The issue should be of maslahah ammah (public interest). The voices of the majority are accepted, provided that it does not violate with the teachings of the Qur an or Sunnah. (Hai, & Nawi, 2007) These basic ground rules for al-shura can easily all be applied to the way bureaucracies operate in an Islamic state. The rules, if properly observed, could easily transform the way decision-making and public administration are handled throughout the OIC states. In the hadeeth of both Bukhari and Sahih Muslim in regard to the judge: Amr bin al-as heard Allah s messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) as saying, when a judge gives his decision, having tried his best to decide correctly and is right, there are two rewards for him; and if he gave judgment after having tried his best (to arrive at a correct decision) but erred, there is only one reward for him. (Ramadan, 2006, p. 20) The issue of justice is obviously quite important in Islam. This problem of arbitrary enforcement of laws is at the core of the corruption that plagues the Islamic world. Many states in the Islamic world do not have well-defined bureaucracies that treat individuals equally. The adjudication of disputes must be handled in a fair and evenhanded manner. This is also something that is inherent within the original framework outlined by the Prophet Mohammed. Well-defined bureaucratic procedures can mitigate civilian anger at perceived unfairness. Bureaucracy: Afghanistan and South Asia The situations surrounding political participation and bureaucratic development differ between OIC member states. Central and South Asia compared to the Middle East have many differences in the way their bureaucracies are theoretically conceived and functionally operate. It is generally accepted that South Asia is more democratic than the Middle East, especially the Gulf States. According to Muqtedar Khan (2006), Secular Muslim s hold power in most of the Muslim world except Iran, South Asia is more democratic than the Middle East (p. 153). Khan argues that the role females play in the political systems of Bangladesh and Pakistan are evidence of greater political access for the population of these nations as opposed to Gulf States. In 1973, Prime Minister Bhutto revamped the Pakistani system of public administration banning castes. Bhutto also made efforts to limit wanton corruption that marked administration in Pakistan during the colonial era. While females have greater influence in the realm of public administration in Pakistan than in the Gulf States, they still are underrepresented and not treated equally by western standards. According to Nasir Islam (2005) women rarely reach the highest echelons of the pay scale in public administration, Compared to some 800 men [in Pakistan] in the BPS scales 20 and above, there are only 19 women holding posts in these grades (p. 167). It is also noted that cultural norms in Pakistan, like the Gulf States, limit women s social mobility, especially within the realm of public administration. Gender differentiation of roles assigns women to domestic roles and encourages an early marriage, having a family and take care of children and domestic work (Islam, 2005, p. 167). Many husbands actively discourage their wives from working outside the house, regardless of household income. Men in Pakistan would rather be poorer and have more control of their spouse than to have greater wealth and less control. While this may be far less common in the west, it is very common throughout the Muslim world (Almaney, 1981; Islam, 2005). This also means that many highly qualified vol. 3 no. 2 PB&J 5
6 Bureaucracy and Modernity: A Comparative Qualitative Analysis of Public Administration in the West and OIC States women are leaving their posts after marriage and are being replaced by less qualified males. Pakistan, much like the Arab states, is a much more collectivist rather than individualistic society (Islam, 2005; Jreisat, 1999). Family connections and relations dominate most aspects of daily life. Similar patterns of nepotism and cronyism seen in the Gulf States are also present in Pakistan (Islam, 2005). The situation in Pakistan has deteriorated significantly over the past 15 years. Pakistan went from being ranked 53rd in overall corruption by the transparency international rankings down to 92nd by 2003 (Islam, 2005). Things have continued to spiral out of control from 2003 until As of 2010, Pakistan was ranked 143rd out of 178 (Transparency International Corruption Index Rankings, 2010). The situation in Afghanistan surrounding bureaucracy is perhaps the direst in the entire Muslim world. As corrupt as Pakistan is, Afghanistan ranked an egregious 176th out of 178 in the corruption standings in 2010; tied with Myanmar and only ahead of Somalia (Transparency International Corruption Index Rankings, 2010). Afghanistan is by most metrics a nation state only by definition. Benedict Anderson (1983) in his classic work exploring the phenomenon of nationalism, Imagined Communities, argues that an accompanying element of the modern nation state and modern forms of public administration was an ebbing of religiosity. Yet for all the grandeur and power of the great religiously imagined communities, their unselfconsciousness coherence waned steadily after the middle ages (Anderson, 1983, p. 16). Anderson contests that in Western Europe, the eighteenth century marks not only the dawn of the age of nationalism, but the dusk of religious modes of thought. This led Europe to modernize and develop bureaucratic institutions. Religious modes of thought simply have not eroded away in Afghanistan. If anything, religiosity has become even stronger in recent years following the Soviet and American invasions. I would not argue that Islam is why bureaucracy is underdeveloped in Afghanistan, but its particular interpretation and implementation in places like Afghanistan, along with other cultural and even geographical considerations, has most certainly had some impact on why, from an administrative perspective, things are the way they are. The rapid increase in literacy and the development of administrative vernaculars during the sixteenth century in Europe has yet to happen in Afghanistan. Prior to the sixteenth century in Europe, the church leaders who spoke Latin controlled daily political affairs. Few people could speak it, and even fewer could read it. The development of administrative vernaculars created one national administrative language that everyone could speak and understand, hence giving more power to the people and weakening the strength of the church. The birth of administrative vernaculars predated both print and the religious upheaval of the sixteenth century, and must therefore be regarded as an independent factor in the erosion of the sacred imagined community (Anderson, 1983, p. 41). The spread of literacy in Europe allowed for the development of more centrally administered states with extensive bureaucratic apparatuses. Afghanistan in many ways is similar to pre-sixteenth century Europe in this regard. Afghanistan never experienced this mass advancement in literacy or an administrative vernacular which translated into western styled administration and bureaucracy. At the very least, in the other Islamic countries there is one clearly dominant language and this same dominant language is also the language of administration. Despite the official language used by the Afghan government being Dari, a dialect of Persian, not everyone in Afghanistan can read it or speak it. Numerous local languages are spoken throughout Afghanistan including Persian dialects, Pashto, Uzbek, Turkmen and approximately 30 other minority languages. Afghanistan has a 34% literacy rate according to a 2008 Ministry of Education report. The male literacy rate was 50% while the female literacy rate was a staggering 18% (Afghan Ministry of Education Report, 2008). With such low literacy rates, it is no surprise that Afghanistan never developed modern administrative bureaucratic procedures. There were never enough literate people in any one language to manage complicated paperwork and keep effective records. Bureaucracy: the Middle East and Gulf States While Afghanistan is perhaps the least developed particular state in terms of bureaucratic development in the Islamic world, the most backwards Islamic region in terms of bureaucratic development are the oil-rich Gulf States. In the Gulf States, bureaucracy and public administration during the last century has been ineffective to say the least. They have been the worst at following the Weberian model in the Muslim world. While some of these states operate under charismatic or traditional leadership, they have yet to truly enter into the formalized rational-legal realm (Kamrava, 2005; Peterson, 2005). Written formal procedures have not taken shape in the Gulf States the way they have in the west, nor have roles been as clearly 6 PB&J vol. 3 no. 2
7 Joseph Kaminski defined between officials and those holding positions of power. Very few women have roles of any significance within the sphere of public administration in Gulf States (Khan, 2006). The recent Middle Eastern uprisings have occurred not because of bureaucratic quagmires, such as long lines at the Bureau of Motor Vehicles or people angered at filling out extensive paperwork to receive tax benefits. Rather, these uprisings and government overthrows have occurred due to the arbitrary enforcement of the rules, especially on those who are in power or are closely connected to it. According to Jabbra and Jabbra (2005), Furthermore, there are no appropriate safeguards and proper checks and balances to protect the Arab public from bureaucratic abuses (p. 135). While bureaucracies in western popular culture are loathed, the reality is that society cannot function adequately without them (Olsen, 2005). Human beings have limited attention spans and, by nature, like to follow routines and patterns (Rockman, 2000). These routines and patterns are essential for stability in any regime. When the routines and patterns of public officials are not transparent or just, people start to take notice, and the legitimacy of the government comes into question, especially in this age of Twitter and Facebook. There is little doubt this has been the case in Egypt, Tunisia, Bahrain, Yemen, Libya, and now possibly Jordan and Syria. Some scholars go as far as to argue that Arabic is not conducive to formalized written regulations and procedures. According to A.J. Almaney (1980), The intrinsic characteristics of Arabic (musicality, resonance, and elegance), coupled with the Arabs infatuation with sounds and form rather than content, serve as impediments to clear communication (p. 12). Despite the impediments to communication that Arabic may present due to its intrinsic form, this does not mean Arabic cannot be an effective language of commerce and governance. While Arabic may have unique morphological and phonetic components, this does not mean Arabic-speaking states cannot make a better effort to incorporate modern methods of filing and record keeping. Without turning this into a discussion on linguistics, one can simply look at Italian as an example of a language that possesses a rich variety of morphological and phonetic elements. Nonetheless, it was the language of opera and commerce in the Mediterranean during the renaissance. Most contemporary scholars recognize that Arab states have not been quick enough in acquiring the modern technological components of bureaucratic administration. As a consequence, there is a lack of recorded information about policy decisions. Any information tends to be unreliable and restricted as most decisions are based on the personal preferences of the most senior leaders (Common, 1989, p. 179). The lack of recorded information and transparency can be traced back to the roots of the problem; nepotism and cronyism. Jamil Jreisat (1999) in regard to the general cronyism and nepotism that dominates in Arab States argues: Political regimes are deliberate in limiting the scope and directions of change. Political leaders often endorse personnel training or simplification of procedures; they also sprinkle their public statements with calls for more efficient and effective management. At the same time, these political leaders continue to promote to senior government positions unqualified relatives, cronies, and loyalists and to protect various corrupt practices in conducting the public s business. (p. 22) Nepotism and cronyism are cancers to effective public administration. The corruption and incompetence in many ways spurs from the highly centralized, authoritarian states themselves. Authoritarian states are less transparent and critical of procedural protocol. Jreisat (1999) goes on to argue that there are some specific reasons for this backwardness of Arab bureaucracies. He cites imperialism, which kept the Arab states fragmented, as one major factor. The British during their control of the Middle East regularly did numerous things to weaken any efforts at legitimate local bureaucratic legislation, via payoffs and other underhanded deals. A second issue that plagues Gulf States in particular is centralized control of things like public utilities, banks, railways, gas, electricity, and other major aspects of public life. Without any oversight or legitimate competition, there is minimal public demand for bureaucratic transparency. A third factor Jreisat looks at is the demographic shift in Arab populations. He cites World Bank data and contests that the disproportionate number of people under thirty years of age has placed new burdens on bureaucratic performance ( Jreisat, 1992, 1999, 2009). According to Nazih Ayubi (1989), Arab bureaucracies suffer from problems related to overstaffing and low productivity, partially due to the phenomenal population growth experienced by Arab societies in the last 50 years. As mentioned, each particular Islamic state has its own unique problems that surround its bureaucratic development. Some states have been more effective than others in managing their bureaucracy. According to Common (1989), in Bahrain and Oman, the main problem is vol. 3 no. 2 PB&J 7
8 Bureaucracy and Modernity: A Comparative Qualitative Analysis of Public Administration in the West and OIC States that there is little political pluralism. He notes that political parties are banned, and this historically has resulted in greater stability in these particular regimes in comparison to other Gulf States. While the oil revenues in these particular states have been very large, the modernization of Bahrain and Oman has not yet occurred. Administrative change in Oman has been more incremental than in Bahrain. The structure of the constitutionality of the state explains this difference. According to Common, Oman has a set of basic laws which at some level underpins its decision-making process. Bahrain does not have such a set of laws. Common concludes that traditional Islamic and Bedouin values dominate the political and social landscapes of Bahrain and Oman. In particular there is a high degree of collectivism within in-groups (tribe or extended family), and high individualism with out-groups (non-kin and foreign workers) (Common, 1989, p. 183). These particular traditional values make modernizing bureaucracy quite difficult. Families in these particular countries often take care of each other, and do not even really expect any type of assistance from their governments. This obviously works well for the wealthiest and most powerful families, but those who are poor or are of foreign descent are at a major disadvantage. In a 2009 article, Jreisat contests that all of the Arab states still need to modernize. There are new models of information systems available. Even though incorporating new information technologies can be expensive, they need to be done. Jreisat (2009) states: Coordination and institutionalizing information systems, however, compel organizations to also confront challenges. One is the choice of technology that is most relevant and economical to the organization. Second is the quality and relevance of data gathered and transmitted by technology. Third is the interconnectivity, cross-organizations and cross-cultures that expands the horizons of management beyond the traditional boundaries. (p. 39) It is via modernization that bureaucracies are better equipped to address and confront issues related to performance. In Lebanon and Egypt, the general lack of modern technological systems, coupled with buildings that are not structurally equipped to handle such systems have been quite problematic ( Jabbra & Jabbra, 2005). Jreisat (2009) is particularly disappointed with Saudi Arabia which failed to assume the leadership role that it should in modernizing the region. He contests that in spite of Saudi Arabia s almost endless oil supply and ability to generate wealth, the smaller, less influential Gulf States actually have made greater efforts at modernization ( Jreisat 2009). Bureaucratic expansion has not resulted in greater accountability in the KSA. The new and rapid expansion of the bureaucracy did not provide an environment conducive to the internalization and development of accountability among the new Saudi public servants ( Jabbra & Jabbra, 2005, p. 141). Confusion and poorly defined roles continue to plague Saudi Arabia. Jabbra and Jabbra (2005) go on to argue that there are six specific cultural streams that largely account for the reason Gulf States are the way they are. They argue that over-centralization, outmoded systems, administrative expansion, overstaffing, rigidity, and complex rules and salary structures are all problems endemic to Arab states ( Jabbra & Jabbra, 2005). As the world becomes more technologically advanced, Arab and non-arab Islamic states are going to have to be even more focused on developing their bureaucratic administrations if they are to remain even remotely competitive with other rising international powers in East Asia and Latin America that have made stronger efforts at modernizing their bureaucracy. Civil servants continue to need vastly improved training and education (Nakib, 1972). The days of an absolute monarch making a verbal decree and expecting that to be final are all but over. Conclusion: Literature Gaps and the Future The question of assimilating religious minorities is perhaps the area in which the literature on bureaucratic development in Islamic states is the weakest. While some states are almost entirely Muslim, other states, such as Egypt, have sizeable minority Christian populations. The question of accommodating for these minorities is an essential question that future literature should seek to address. Within the framework of Islamic law, Christians and other non-muslim groups are not subject to the principles of Shari a law. Non-Muslims have historically been permitted to behave as they wish in their own homes. According to Sherman Jackson (2005), This applied not only to soft disagreements, for example, pork consumption, but to practices deemed by Muslims to be downright morally repugnant (p. 144). Of course, this does not mean that the issue of applying legal and administrative procedures amongst these populations has been solved. During the Middle Ages those Christians and Jews were not obligated to adhere to the Shari a law, according to Mark Cohen (1995). Jews were allowed to adjudicate their legal matters in Halakhic courts (Cohen, 1995). In 8 PB&J vol. 3 no. 2
9 Joseph Kaminski recent times though, this line has been blurred. What has been termed by many as the Great Islamic Awakening of the late twentieth century will bring these issues back to prominence. Future legal decisions and scholarly literature in this area of administrative and legal policy will be critically important. A second area of weakness in the literature and research in the area of public administration in Islamic states is that most of the top research comes from the same scholars. While public administration and bureaucracy in the west has been widely studied by a veritable army of scholars for over a century now, the scholarship on bureaucracy in the Muslim world has been studied in depth only by a handful of scholars. When conducting research, the same four or five names keep reappearing as a source in almost every article. Most of the prominent scholars reside in the United States. Based on available biographical information, most are senior faculty or are retired at this point. There is nothing inherently bad about this, but it does mean that more people, especially younger scholars, need to get involved and offer new approaches and perspectives in this particular area of bureaucracy studies. The literature seems to show that the future is wide open still in these developing states. At the core of the recent uprisings in the Middle East is an anger at the perceived incompetence and corruption of governments led by dictators and out of touch monarchs. The leaders of Tunisia and Egypt were uprooted not simply because they were not democratic. They were uprooted because their populations were tired of the ineptitude of their leadership. Vast oil resources mean that money to modernize existing infrastructures exists in the Gulf States and Middle East. Even in Afghanistan, it is now widely believed by geologists that there is billions of dollars worth of mineral resources that are readily and easily available for mining (Risen, 2010). Modernizing government and public institution is more a question of will rather than resources in this particular area of the world. Recent uprisings in states traditionally dominated by authoritarian regimes may signal the end of the good old boys system. Demands for fairness and transparency may very well spur a renaissance in attitudes and research surrounding methods of public administration in this vital part of the world. joseph kaminski is a PhD candidate. vol. 3 no. 2 PB&J 9
10 Bureaucracy and Modernity: A Comparative Qualitative Analysis of Public Administration in the West and OIC States References Afghanistan Ministry of Education Afghan ministry of education report Retrieved from /Content/files/079_1388%20English%20Report.pdf Almaney, A. J. (1981). Cultural traits of the Arabs: growing interest for intergenerational management. Management International Review, 21(3), Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities. New York, NY: Verso Publishers. Ayubi, N. (1989). Bureaucracy and development in Egypt today. In J. Jabbra (Ed.), Bureaucracy and development in the Arab World (pp ). New York: E. J. Brill Publishers. Barnard, C.I. (1938). The functions of the executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bastow, S., Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., & Tinkler, J. (2006). Digital era governance: IT corporations,the state and e-government. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cohen, M. (1995). Under crescent and cross: the Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Common, R. (2008). Administrative change in the Gulf: modernization in Bahrain and Oman. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 74, Hourani, A. (1991). A history of the Arab peoples. New York: Warner Books. Hai, J. C., & Nawi, N. F. (2007). Principles of public administration: an introduction. Kuala Lumpur: Karisma Publications. Ibn Khaldun. (2005). The Muqaddimah: an introduction to history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Islam, N. (2005). National culture, corruption, and governance in Pakistan. In O.P. Dwivedi & J. Jabbra (Eds.), Administrative culture in a global context (pp ). Whitby, Ontario: De Sitter Publications. Jabbra, J., & Jabbra, N. (2005). Administrative culture in the Middle East In O.P. Dwivedi & J. Jabbra (Eds.), Administrative culture in a global context (pp ). Whitby, Ontario: De Sitter Publications. Jackson, S. (2005). Islam and the black American: looking towards the third resurrection. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Jreisat, J. E. (1992). Managing national development in the Arab states. Arab Studies Quarterly 14(2), Jreisat, J. E. (1999). Administrative reform and the Arab world economic growth. Policy Studies Review, 16, Jreisat, J. E. (2009). Administration, globalization, and the Arab states. Public Organization Review, 9, Kaboolian, L. (1998). The new public management. Public Administration Review. 58(3), Kamrava, M. (2005). The modern Middle East. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Kennedy, D. M. (1999). Freedom from fear: the American people in depression and war, New York: Oxford Press. Khan, M. (2006). The politics, theory, and philosophy of Islamic democracy. In M. A. Khan (Ed.), Islamic democratic discourse (pp ). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Khomeini, I. (1970). Governance of the jurist. Institute for the Publication of Imam Khomeini s Works: Tehran, Iran. Translated by Hamid Algar. Moe, T. (1984). The new economics of organization, American Journal of Political Science, 28, (4), Montazeri, G. A. (2000). Democracy and constitution. Retrieved from Nakib, K. (1972). Bureaucracy and development: a study of Lebanese civil service (Doctoral Dissertation). Florida State University, Florida. Olsen, J. (2005). Maybe it s time to rediscover bureaucracy. Journal of Public Administration and Theory, 16, Peterson, J. E. (2005). The emergence of post-traditional Oman. Durham Middle East Papers. Sir William Luce Publication Papers No. 5. University of Durham. Risen, J. (2010, June 13). US identifies vast mineral riches in Afghanistan. The New York Times. Retrieved from Ramadan, H. (2006). Understanding Islamic law: from classical to contemporary. New York: Altamira Press. Rockman, B. (2000). Theory and inference in the study of bureaucracy: micro- and neoinstitutionalist foundations of choice. Journal of Public Administration and Theory. 1, Simon, H. (1997). Administrative behavior. (4th ed.). New York, NY: The Free Press. Smith, J. S. (2005). Building New Deal Liberalism: the political economy of public works, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Transparency International Transparency International Corruption Index Rankings Retrieved from /cpi/2010/results Wilson, W. (1887). The study of administration. Political Science Quarterly. 2(2), Weber, M. (1964). The theory of social and economic organization. New York: The Free Press. 10 PB&J vol. 3 no. 2
Updated 24 June 2009 COMMITTEE ON CULTURE, SCIENCE AND EDUCATION Hearing on Islam, Islamism and Islamophobia in Europe Rapporteur: Mr Mogens Jensen, Denmark, Socialist Group Copenhagen, Tuesday, 8 SeptemberMore information
Kansas Board of Regents Precollege Curriculum Courses Approved for University Admissions
Kansas Board of Regents Precollege Curriculum Courses Approved for University Admissions Original Publication April 6, 2011 Revision Dates June 13, 2011 May 23, 2012 Kansas Board of Regents PrecollegeMore information
POLITICAL SCIENCE. Department of Law and Politics. BACHELOR OF ARTS (General) POLITICAL SCIENCE. Please refer to the general regulations
FACULTY PROFESSOR(S) R. M. Myers, B.A. (Hons), M. A., Ph.D. (Toronto) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR(S) D. A. Jackson, B.A. (Hons), M.A. (Toronto) ASSISTANT PROFESSOR(S) N. Cruickshank, B.A. (Hons), M.A. (WilfridMore information
Tennessee Curriculum Standards for High School World History Correlations to Wright Group/McGraw-Hill s World History
Tennessee Curriculum Standards for High School World History Correlations to Wright Group/McGraw-Hill s World History Course Description: In World History High School, students study the history of humankindMore information
Separating Facts from Myths. By: Christine Nguyen
Separating Facts from Myths By: Christine Nguyen In the Middle East o The religions of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam were born TRUE! Three of the world's major religions -- the monotheist traditionsMore information
Lecture Outline. Middle East & North Africa. History of Islam. Facts of Islam (p.175-6) More Facts of Islam
Lecture Outline Middle East & North Africa May 13, 2010 GEOG 1982 Islam History & Facts Distribution Veiling Political Islam Middle East 20 th century history Arab Israeli Conflict Northern Africa HistoryMore information
Political Science Courses-1. American Politics
Political Science Courses-1 American Politics POL 110/American Government Examines the strengths and weaknesses, problems and promise of representative democracy in the United States. Surveys the relationshipsMore information
Course Description Bachelor in Public Administration
Course Description Bachelor in Public Administration 1606202 New Public Management This course is designed to give students the opportunity to understand the theoretical foundations of new public management,More information
PUBLIC POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION CURRICULUM Master of Arts DEGREE REQUIREMENTS Credits PA8100 Public Admin & Governance 1 PA8101 Policy Analysis and Challenges 1 PA8102 The State & the Economy 1 PA8103More information
SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 9. Curriculum Map and Standards MODERN WORLD HISTORY. Office of Teaching and Learning Curriculum Division
SOCIAL STUDIES MODERN WORLD HISTORY GRADE 9 Curriculum Map and Standards 2015-2016 Aligned with Ohio s Learning Standards for Social Studies and the Common Core State Standards for Literacy in History/SocialMore information
MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2012 question paper for the guidance of teachers 0495 SOCIOLOGY. 0495/13 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 90
www.xtremepapers.com UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2012 question paper for the guidance of teachersMore information
War, Peace and International Relations in Contemporary Islam:
The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies Established by the Charles H. Revson Foundation War, Peace and International Relations in Contemporary Islam: Muslim Scholars on Peace-Treaty with Israel YitzhakMore information
Competitive Advantage of Libyan Business Environment
Economics World, ISSN 23287144 May 2014, Vol. 2, No. 5, 325332 D DAVID PUBLISHING Competitive Advantage of Libyan Business Environment Salem Abdulla Azzaytuna University, Tripoli, Libya The economic developmentMore information
What is Corruption: A political and philosophical approach Conference at the Resource etwork for Economics and Business Education, Almaty.
What is Corruption: A political and philosophical approach Conference at the Resource etwork for Economics and Business Education, Almaty. 1 Ata HOODASHTIAN, Ph.D. Abstract This study about CorruptionMore information
Political Science. 222 2014-2016 Haigazian University
Political Science Coordinator: Maximilian Felsch, Ph.D. The Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences offers the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in Political Science. On completion of the degree in PoliticalMore information
Department of Political Science
Colorado State University 1 Department of Political Science Office in Clark Building, Room C346 (970) 491-5156 polisci.colostate.edu (http://polisci.colostate.edu) Professor Michele Betsill, Chair UndergraduateMore information
Muslims of Europe Charter
Muslims of Europe Charter Since early 2000, the Federation of Islamic Organisations in Europe (FIOE) debated the establishment of a charter for the Muslims of Europe, setting out the general principlesMore information
Development of Public Administration in China: Since 1978 Mao Shoulong (Draft)
Development of Public Administration in China: Since 1978 Mao Shoulong (Draft) Since the end of 1978, China s economy has developed very quickly because of the introducing of reform and opening up policy.More information
Turning insult into opportunity: Anti-Shari ah sentiments in America and their implications for American Muslims Celene Ayat Lizzio
Turning insult into opportunity: Anti-Shari ah sentiments in America and their implications for American Muslims Celene Ayat Lizzio By many measures, Muslims in the U.S. are thriving, satisfied, and optimistic,More information
Different Faces of Shari a: Women s Aspirations in Saudi Arabia and South Asia by Karl G. Feld and Will Hayes D3 Systems, Inc.
Different Faces of Shari a: Women s Aspirations in Saudi Arabia and South Asia by Karl G. Feld and Will Hayes D3 Systems, Inc. May 3, 2009 Survey research has a role to play in providing Muslim women withMore information
CHAPTER 11: The Problem of Global Inequality
CHAPTER 11: The Problem of Global Inequality MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The claim that poverty is unethical is essentially a. Normative c. political b. theoretical d. scientific 2. Self-interest is an importantMore information
Women s Finance in the MENA region
Women s Finance in the MENA region This document is an adaptation by AFAEMME of the report Ready for Growth: solutions to increase access to finance for women-owned businesses in the Middle East and NorthMore information
Advanced Placement (AP ) Social Studies Courses
Advanced Placement (AP ) Social Studies Courses The AP social studies courses are intended to provide a rigorous college level introduction to the social sciences for high school students. While no officialMore information
A Region by Any Other Name...
A Region by Any Other Name.... Janet Hall Bethany Public Schools, Bethany, Oklahoma firstname.lastname@example.com OVERVIEW: It is often true that a place may be categorized as belonging to more than one region,More information
Naif Arab University for Security Sciences (NAUSS): Pursuing excellence in security science education and research
Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine 2014; Volume 1 Issue (0), 5-11 5 Naif Arab University for Security Sciences Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine www.nauss.edu.saMore information
Governance as Stewardship: Decentralization and Sustainable Human Development
Governance as Stewardship: Decentralization and Sustainable Human Development by Jerry VanSant Research Triangle Institute USA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)More information
Origins of the Ottoman Empire After Muhammad s death in 632 A.D., Muslim faith & power spread throughout Middle East
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Origins of the Ottoman Empire After Muhammad s death in 632 A.D., Muslim faith & power spread throughout Middle East Islam Map By 1215, foreign invaders (Mongols from eastern Asia) tookMore information
Business Climate and Good Governance
Business Climate and Good Governance Abstract Msc Besmira Manaj European Delegation, Albania This paper consists of three factors, namely: Good Governance, Business Climate and Corruption. How they affectMore information
m a s t e r o f s c i e n c e i n
m a s t e r o f s c i e n c e i n Global affairs The M.S. in Global Affairs is the flagship graduate program of the Center for Global Affairs (CGA), ranked by the Foreign Policy Association in 2010 andMore information
Nursing s Social Policy Statement
CHAPTER 1 Nursing s Social Policy Statement Catherine E. Neuman, MSN, RN, NEA-BC Overview Nursing is a part of the society from which it grew and continues to evolve. As a profession, nursing is valuedMore information
TURKEY AT THE CROSSROADS: POLITICS AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN AN EMERGING POWER IN THE MIDDLE EAST Marshall Student Center Room 3707 University of South Florida Thursday, March 24, 2011 Sponsored by the DepartmentMore information
Bachelor's Degree in Political Science
Description for all courses in Political Sciences for Bachelor's Degree in Political Sciences. Bachelor's Degree in Political Science Department s Compulsory & Elective Requirements Course DescriptionsMore information
Table of Contents. Executive Summary 1
Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Part I: What the Survey Found 4 Introduction: American Identity & Values 10 Year after September 11 th 4 Racial, Ethnic, & Religious Minorities in the U.S. 5 StrongMore information
The Secularization of the Modern American University
The Secularization of the Modern American University BY J. A. APPLEYARD, S.J. IN CONVERSATIONS ON JESUIT HIGHER EDUCATION, 10 (1996): 31-33 Appleyard is a Professor of English literature and the Vice PresidentMore information
Are Skill Selective Immigration Policies Just?
Are Skill Selective Immigration Policies Just? Douglas MacKay c 2014 Douglas MacKay Are Skill Selective Immigration Policies Just? Many high income countries have skill selective immigration policies,More information
Course Description BA Program Political Science Department
Course Description BA Program Political Science Department Principles of Political Science 2308101 This course discuss the different definitions of the political science, also it discuss the differentMore information
THE HON JULIA GILLARD MP DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER Minister for Education Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations Minister for Social Inclusion
THE HON JULIA GILLARD MP DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER Minister for Education Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations Minister for Social Inclusion SPEECH ***CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY*** Address to SydneyMore information
Generally Accepted Recordkeeping Principles
Generally Accepted Recordkeeping Principles Information Governance Maturity Model Information is one of the most vital strategic assets any organization possesses. Organizations depend on information toMore information
SYG 2000 Course. 1. Define Sociology and explain the insights and benefits of the sociological imagination/perspective.
SYG 2000 Course Introduction to Sociology Learning Objectives In General, always be able to present a review of the key insights from any classroom video or activity connected to each chapter. Also, knowMore information
Forum for proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought
Forum for proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought The World Forum for Proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought is the only and most welcomed Forum among Muslim Community in both Shia a and Sunni s. TheMore information
AMERICANS ON GLOBALIZATION: A Study of US Public Attitudes March 28, 2000. Appendix D: Demographics
AMERICANS ON GLOBALIZATION: A Study of US Public Attitudes March 28, 2000 Appendix D: Demographics Summary In most cases, there were minimal variations between different demographic groups in attitudesMore information
of travel works relevant to my dissertation research dating from as early as the 1850s (the vernacular
Daniel Majchrowicz AIPS Post- grant report Thanks to an old colonial policy of shipping to the metropole at least one copy of every work published in British India, the India office of the British LibraryMore information
Writing a Masters Dissertation writing a first draft. Dr Reza Gholami Academic Development Directorate (ADD) email@example.com
Writing a Masters Dissertation writing a first draft Dr Reza Gholami Academic Development Directorate (ADD) email@example.com Aims & Outcomes To gain an understanding of the common difficulties and problemsMore information
Is China Catching Up with the US?
12 Is China Catching Up with the US? Kenneth Lieberthal Opinion Kenneth Lieberthal Is China Catching Up with the US? While China has emerged as a key player in global affairs, significant challenges toMore information
AP Practice Exam Questions
The Bill of Rights did not come from a desire to protect the liberties won in the American Revolution, but rather from a fear of the powers of the new federal government. Assess the validity of the statement.More information
WOMEN AND LAND RIGHTS WOMEN AND LAND RIGHTS: LEGAL BARRIERS IMPEDE WOMEN S ACCESS TO RESOURCES SEPTEMBER 2013 CONNECT A THOMSON REUTERS FOUNDATION SERVICE WOMEN AND LAND RIGHTS: LEGAL BARRIERS IMPEDE WOMENMore information
Public Administration Reform Process In Macedonia: Between Politics And Good Governance
Public Administration Reform Process In Macedonia: Between Politics And Good Governance Branko Dimeski Assistant Professor, Department of Administration and Management Information Systems, St. KlimentMore information
Curriculum Development for Doctoral Studies in Education
Curriculum Development for Doctoral Studies in Education Irine BAKHTADZE * Abstract Profound changes in high education which started in 1996 in Georgia have to be continued. We have to explore potentiallyMore information
Analyzing Post-Conflict Justice and Islamic Law
UNITED STates institute of peace peacebrief 87 United States Institute of Peace www.usip.org Tel. 202.457.1700 Fax. 202.429.6063 March 23, 2011 Scott Worden E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Phone: 202.429.3811More information
Human Resource Management
Synopsis Human Resource Management 1. The Origins and Nature of Human Resource Management understand what is meant by human resource management (HRM). describe the main factors which led to the emergenceMore information
Yonsei University Courses Political Science & International Studies
Yonsei University Courses Political Science & International Studies POL2101 Ancient and Medieval Western Political Thought The course examines the political ideologies and the backgrounds of principalMore information
International Relations
International Relations The major in international relations is administered by the International Relations Committee: Professors Ferraro (politics), Hashmi (international relations), Jones (Russian andMore information
Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau on Government
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION Bill of Rights in Action 20:2 Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau on Government Starting in the 1600s, European philosophers began debating the question of who shouldMore information
World History Modern Times
World History Modern Times Until lions have their historians, tales of the hunt shall always glorify the hunters. ~African Proverb History is a kind of introduction to more interesting people than we canMore information
Political Science/Public Administration
166 College of Arts and Sciences Political Science/Public Administration James B. Hogan, PhD, Chair Objectives Politics is essential to the human condition. It is expressed in patterns of influence amongMore information
World History Course Summary Department: Social Studies. Semester 1
World History Course Summary Department: Social Studies All World History courses (Honors or otherwise) utilize the same targets and indicators for student performance. However, students enrolled in HonorsMore information
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for Social Development in Arab States
MOST Policy Brief Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for Social Development in Arab States Dr. Dima Jamali The Management of Social Transformation (MOST) Programme's primary purpose is to transfer relevantMore information
Profile. Jerusalem University College
Profile Jerusalem University College 6 Profile History Located on Mount Zion, adjacent to the southwest corner of the Old City wall, Jerusalem University College had its beginnings as the Institute ofMore information
Comments on Professor Takao Tanase s Invoking Law as Narrative: Lawyer s Ethics and the Discourse of Law
Proceedings from the 2005 Sho Sato Conference in Honor of Takao Tanase Comments on Professor Takao Tanase s Invoking Law as Narrative: Lawyer s Ethics and the Discourse of Law Norman Spaulding StanfordMore information
The Gardens of Islam:
The Gardens of Islam: Earthly Paradise Revisited Dr. Safei Hamed Texas Tech University Department of Landscape Architecture The Muslims emphasized the injunctions to dress the garden and keep it-man theMore information
The Rise and Spread of Islam Study Guide
The Rise and Spread of Islam Study Guide Terms: Bedouins: Nomadic people of Arabia who eventually became Islamic. Ka aba: Place believed where Abraham had worshipped. When Mohammed prayed there with theMore information
CHAPTER 13: International Law, Norms, and Human Rights
CHAPTER 13: International Law, Norms, and Human Rights MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Why did the former Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, state that the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 was illegal?More information
Unit 7 Lesson 2 The Republic and Roman Expansion
Unit 7 Lesson 2 The Republic and Roman Expansion Lesson 2 The Republic and Roman Expansion 1. checks and balances a. A government with three parts 2. civic duty b. The most powerful elected officials inMore information
School of Social Work
Social Work 282 School of Social Work St. Patrick s Building 469 Telephone: 788-5601 Fax: 788-7496 The School Director of the School: Gillian Walker Supervisor of Graduate Studies: Allan Moscovitch TheMore information
Human Rights. 1. All governments must respect the human rights of all persons.
Human Rights 1. All governments must respect the human rights of all persons. Governments must respect human rights for three reasons: First, human rights are necessary for democracy. If the people doMore information
The Printing Press: A Vehicle for Modernity
The Printing Press: A Vehicle for Modernity November 3, 2010 Ailsa Lapp COMM345 Assignment #1 Professor: Virginia McKendry Throughout the history of civilization, the invention of printing has been arguedMore information
National Commission for Academic Accreditation & Assessment. Standards for Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Higher Education Programs
National Commission for Academic Accreditation & Assessment Standards for Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Higher Education Programs November 2009 Standards for Quality Assurance and AccreditationMore information
Honours Political Science, Law and Politics Specialization
Department of Political Science Honours Political Science, Law and Politics Specialization This program offers a specialized concentration of learning within the four-year Honours Political Science degree.More information
Constitutional Design
Constitutional Design Q.1) Explain the following terms:- a) Preamble: It is an introductory statement in a constitution which states the reasons and guiding values of the constitution. b) Clause: ClauseMore information
Teaching Notes CYBER U: The Accreditation of Jones International University. Joslyn Ogden
Institutions in Crisis Teaching Notes CYBER U: The Accreditation of Jones International University Joslyn Ogden In March of 1999, the North Central Association s (NCA) Commission on Institutions of HigherMore information
On the Relationship between Empowerment, Social Capital and Community-Driven Development. by Christiaan Grootaert
August 11, 2003 On the Relationship between Empowerment, Social Capital and Community-Driven Development by Christiaan Grootaert The purpose of this brief note is to provide some thoughts on the conceptualMore information
Political Parties Law
In the Name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful Political Parties Law Chapter one General Provisions Article 1 This law is adopted pursuant to article 32 of the 1964 Constitution on the establishment,More information
The Work on Gender Mainstreaming in the Ministry of Employment by Agnete Andersen, legal adviser
The Work on Gender Mainstreaming in the Ministry of Employment by Agnete Andersen, legal adviser Agnete Andersen The outset for the work on gender mainstreaming Gender equality is a difficult bird becauseMore information
POLITICAL SCIENCE. Major in Political Science. Faculty
SACRED HEART UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATE CATALOG 2012-2013 POLITICAL SCIENCE The Political Science major seeks to awaken in students an appreciation and an understanding of politics and government in theMore information
Silliman University Divinity School [MASTER OF DIVINITY] Major in Christian Education (Thesis Track)
2009 Silliman University Divinity School [MASTER OF DIVINITY] Major in Christian Education (Thesis Track) Page 2 of 10 Master of Divinity Major in Christian Education First Year (3) 1 st Semester UnitsMore information
value equivalent 6. Attendance Full-time Part-time Distance learning Mode of attendance Yes Yes No Minimum length of programme 1 year 2 years n/a
PROGRAMME APPROVAL FORM SECTION 1 THE PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION 1. Programme title and designation Political Economy of the Middle East 2. Final award Award Title Credit ECTS Any special criteria value equivalentMore information
history (his) History
history (his) Mark R. Correll, Chair Mark T. Edwards David Rawson Charles E. White The fundamental purpose of the department of history, politics, and geography is to aid the student in gaining an understandingMore information
World History: Essential Questions
World History: Essential Questions Content Standard 1.0: Culture encompasses similarities and differences among people including their beliefs, knowledge, changes, values, and traditions. Students willMore information
Description of the program
Study program Faculty Cycle Public Administration Public Administration and Political Sciences Undergraduate ECTS 180 Offered in Tetovo and Skopje Description of the program The program for Public AdministrationMore information
SOCIAL STUDIES TEST for e-lessons day 2
SOCIAL STUDIES TEST for e-lessons day 2 Name Directions: Use your own piece of paper as your answer document. Do not print off the test. You will need to only turn in your answer document. 29. The ColdMore information
Job Search Resources for International Students
Job Search Resources for International Students Returning Home The differences from a United States job search Are you considering returning home after your studies? In addition to preparing for your relocation,More information
Undergraduate Catalog
Department Head: Professor John T. Rourke Department Office: Room 137, Monteith Building Undergraduate Catalog 1998-1999 POLITICAL SCIENCE (POLS) For major requirements, see the College of Liberal ArtsMore information
Double Master s Degree Program in International Relations between The University of Haifa and The University of Warsaw
Double Master s Degree Program in International Relations between The University of Haifa and The University of Warsaw Beginning in October 2015, students at the University of Haifa will have an opportunityMore information
PhD in Theology - Course Descriptions
PhD in Theology - Course Descriptions Interdisciplinary Core Courses DS9010 Research Methods & Design A doctoral seminar that deals with the essential elements of academic research and writing, includingMore information
All the children around the world should have the same rights, regardless of
1 Children s Rights in Saudi Arabia All the children around the world should have the same rights, regardless of where they live or what their religion is. The United Nations wrote a covenant to save theMore information
Course Title Course Code : INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN HISTORY : HST114 Recommended Study Year* : Year 1 No. of Credits/Term : 3 Mode of Tuition Class Contact Hours Category in Major Prog. Prerequisites Co-requisitesMore information
ALF Turkey Network Administration
Anna Lindh Euro-Mediterranean Foundation for the Dialogue Between Cultures Survey Evaluation Report on Turkey Network Voluntarism and Active Participation (Step-4) 2011 ALF Turkey Network AdministrationMore information
Is New Public Management Really Dead?
OECD Journal on Budgeting Volume 2010/1 OECD 2010 Is New Public Management Really Dead? by Jouke de Vries* This article, originally presented as a keynote speech at the June 2009 meeting of the OECD WorkingMore information
Introduction to Political Science POS-101-TE
Introduction to Political Science POS-101-TE This TECEP tests concepts taught in a one-semester course in political science. Topics include: political and governmental structures, functions, and processes;More information
Terence Halliday, Center on Law and Globalization co-director, addresses the Council on. Foreign Relations on China s Future
A Partnership of the American Bar Foundation and the University of Illinois College of Law FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Lucinda Underwood E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Phone: 312.988.6573 Fax: 312.988.6579More information
Political Science Courses
Political Science Courses CPO 2002 INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE POLITICS (3) Introduction to politics in different states; comparison and analysis of representative European and non-western political systems.More information
Summary of Chicago, Illinois, Meeting about a Long-Term Proactive Initiative on Tax and Budget Issues
Summary of Chicago, Illinois, Meeting about a Long-Term Proactive Initiative on Tax and Budget Issues I. About the Meeting The meeting was held on March 22, 2004, from 9 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. and was hostedMore information
Center for Effective Organizations
Center for Effective Organizations TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT: SIMILARITIES, DIFFERENCES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS CEO PUBLICATION G 92-16 (219) EDWARD E. LAWLER III University of SouthernMore information
DRAFT: JUNE 2012 NIGERIA: FROM SHARI A MOVEMENT TO BOKO HARAM By Ali A. Mazrui Director, Institute of Global Cultural Studies and Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities Binghamton University StateMore information
Key Issues in Religion and World Affairs
Key Issues in Religion and World Affairs Yüksel Sezgin Syracuse University November 14, 2014 firstname.lastname@example.com This is a brief summary of Prof. Yüksel Sezgin s talk delivered on 11/14/2014 at BostonMore information
Deutsche Bank Dr. Bernhard Speyer/Dr. Stefan Schäfer Deutsche Bank AG/DB Research P.O. Box 60272 Frankfurt, Germany e-mail: email@example.com Tel. +49 (0)69 910 31832 Fax +49 (0)69 910 31743 03.09.2007More information
C H A R T E R O F V A L U E S OF C I T I Z E N S H I P AND I N T E G R A T I O N SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL - MINISTRY OF INTERIOR OFFICIAL TRANSLATION ITALY AS A COMMUNITY OF PERSONS AND VALUES Italy is one ofMore information
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2008 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2008 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 7 Compare and contrast the political ideas of Hobbes and Locke. 9 8 Points Thesis clearly compares and contrasts the political ideas of HobbesMore information
CEAS ANALYSIS. of the Law on Amendments of the Law on the Security Intelligence Agency
CEAS ANALYSIS of the Law on Amendments of the Law on the Security Intelligence Agency Belgrade, July 2014. CEAS is supported by the Rockefeller Brother s Fund The views and analysis in this report do notMore information
CRIMINAL JUSTICE. CJ 0002 CRIME, LAW, AND PUBLIC POLICY 3 cr. CJ 0110 CRIMINOLOGY 3 cr. CJ 0130 CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHY: THEORY AND PRACTICE 3 cr.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE CJ 0002 CRIME, LAW, AND PUBLIC POLICY 3 cr. Introduction to crime, criminal law, and public policy as it pertains to crime and justice. Prerequisite for all required criminal justice courses,More information


text:
An exhibit on legendary journalist Walter Cronkite, who died last year, opens today at the LBJ Library on the University of Texas campus in Austin.
KVUE-TV has video of the exhibit and Cronkite throughout his career. The exhibit chronicles his rise from a newspaper delivery boy, his years at the University of Texas to a reporter and then TV anchor who became known as the most trusted man in America.
"People understood that Walter represented objectivity in delivering factual news as he best knew it," Don Carleton, executive director of the Briscoe Center for American History, which is sponsoring the exhibit, told the TV station.
Cronkite was told about the exhibit before he died.
"He was delighted," Carleton said. "I think he would really love it, frankly, because I think we emphasized the kind of thing that was really important to him -- not that he was a celebrity -- that he was a working journalist and that was everything to him."
(Posted by Carolyn Pesce)
Doug is an unrepentant news junkie who loves breaking news and has been known to watch C-SPAN even on vacation. He has covered a wide range of domestic and international news stories, from prison riots in Oklahoma to the Moscow coup against Mikhail Gorbachev. Doug previously served as foreign editor at USA TODAY. More about Doug
Michael Winter has been a daily contributor to On Deadline since its debut in January 2006. His journalism career began in the prehistoric Ink Era, and he was an early adapter at the dawn of the Digital Age. His varied experience includes editing at the San Jose Mercury News and The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Also: Follow On Deadline on Twitter

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hoplax is a power user tool to store bookmarks in text files and manage them efficiently. Bookmarks stored in Hoplax are easy to edit and search with normal Unix tools and editors. They are easy to synchronize with git/svn/darcs/etc. Bookmarks can be categorized easily into files, and you can choose to not synchronize a file to a computer, e.g. confidential company bookmarks to home computers. The filtering is smarter than the browser's location bar. Keyword bookmarks with multiple parameters and auto-completion are supported.
Hovitaga OpenSQL Editor is a powerful tool for SAP consultants, ABAP developers, and basis administrators that helps to work with the database of a SAP system. It provides an intuitive way to build ad-hoc reports and statistics with OpenSQL commands. Writing programs that access the database in any form becomes much easier since all commands accessing the database can be developed, tested, and analyzed with many user-friendly features.
Hovitaga Report Generator is an ABAP add-on that accelerates SAP reporting by significantly reducing development time. This is achieved with automatic ABAP code generation, which eliminates manual programming of code that is always part of every report but is always different. Depending on the generation settings, 200-1000+ lines of ABAP code can be generated in a few minutes.
InstaSearch is an Eclipse IDE plug-in for performing quick and advanced searches of source code files. It uses the Apache Lucene library for indexing and fast searching of files in the workspace. The search is performed instantly as you type, and resulting files are displayed in an Eclipse view. Each file then can be previewed using a few of the most closely matching and relevant lines. A double-click on the match leads to the matching line in the file.
LibrePlan is a Web application for project planning, monitoring, and control. It is a collaborative tool to plan, monitor, and control projects and has a rich Web interface that provides a desktop-like user experience. All the team members can take part in the planning, which makes it possible to have real-time planning. It was designed for a scenario where multiple projects and resources interact to carry out the work inside a company. It makes it possible to communicate with other company tools, providing a wide set of Web services to import and export data.
Linux Automation Tool allows GUI automation on Linux and adds accuracy and speed to your repetitive tasks. The GUI is easy to understand and the application is natively compiled for Linux. You do not need Java or anything extra to run this Linux Automation Tool. The software is supported with video tutorials and a customer support team. 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the software application are available.
Panel Fix is a program that allows you to save and restore the positions and states of GNOME panel applets. It can be useful if your panel applets get rearranged against your will. When saving applet configuration, the program will also save some additional information for easier manual configuration.


text:
What's the treatment for spinal fluid leak? Any answers would be greatly appreciated.READ MORE
Treatment for spinal fluid leak?
Some procedures like epidurals have a risk of causing a spinal fluid leak. Spinal fluid slowly leaks out of the hole left from the needle used for the spinal tap. Spinal headaches, nausea, and dizziness can result from such a complication.
Normally the hole will repair itself within 24 hours if you lie down and stay hydrated, but sometimes a "plug" is needed. This fix is called a "blood patch" because blood is used to patch the hole and fix the leak.
Always call your doctor if you are experiencing complications from a procedure.
Here are some links that might be helpful to you and you're dealing with these issues:
Understanding Back Pain and Sciatica
Dr. Christina Lasich, MD
FROM OUR COMMUNITYYou should know Answers to your question are meant to provide general health information but should not replace medical advice you receive from a doctor. No answers should be viewed as a diagnosis or recommended treatment for a condition. Content posted by community members does not necessarily reflect the views of Remedy Health Media, which also reserves the right to remove material deemed inappropriate.DISPLAY TEXTLINK URL
Most PopularDaily LifeCommon Foods that Cause Pain


text:
Koromone Koroye is an English teacher who works at an international school in Lagos, Nigeria. She writes in her spare time and has worked as a writer for Mashable and Ebony Magazine. She has a passion for travel writing, editorial and SEO content. You can find her on twitter @koromone_k
Get 1 Travel Story per Month We dislike spam as much as you, that's why we will bring you one inspirational travel story every month.We respect your privacy


text:
By Michael Hann
LONDON, Feb 8 (Reuters) - It was a day for the debutants as Tony Pulis-inspired Crystal Palace powered away from the relegation zone with a 3-1 home victory over West Bromwich Albion on Saturday.
Deadline-day signings Scott Dann, Joe Ledley and Tom Ince were included in the team and two of the new boys made an instant impact against lacklustre West Brom with Ince and Ledley grabbing first-half goals.
West Brom introduced Thievy Bifouma at the start of the second half and the on-loan Espanyol striker scored 40 seconds into his debut.
Any hopes of a comeback were undone though when former Arsenal striker Marouane Chamakh converted a penalty after being brought down by England goalkeeper Ben Foster in the 69th minute.
"Tom took his goal with aplomb and he did all the unglamorous stuff. We are pleased with him, Dann and Ledley," said Pulis who has never been relegated in his 21 years as a manager.
"I am pleased for the group, it is the group that has taken us to where we are at the moment and it will be the group that decide whether we're good enough to stay in the Premier League," he told reporters.
Palace, who were favourites for relegation at the start of the season, have been rejuvenated since Pulis replaced Ian Holloway.
The Londoners have won six games since the Welshman took charge in November to climb to 13th in the table, three points clear of the drop zone.
"We've got a very tough run of games coming up. The important thing is that you stay focused," said former Stoke City boss Pulis.
"I've managed in the Premier League for six years now and the one thing you should never do for a club our size is get complacent.
"It is important you keep picking points up. The great thing about today is we've got a win and three points in the Premier League is enormous."
West Brom are third from bottom on 23 points, having won once in 15 matches.
"We have 13 cup finals and 13 battles to go," said Spanish manager Pepe Mel who has gone four games without a victory since taking over from the sacked Steve Clarke.
"We must win as many of these as we can and the players must come with me for this battle." (Editing by Tony Jimenez)


text:
Total time: 30 minutes
Servings: 4
Ginger wasabi mayonnaise
3/4 cup mayonnaise
1/4 cup pickled ginger
2 tablespoons powdered wasabi
2 tablespoons chopped red onion
1 teaspoon white pepper
1. Place the mayonnaise, ginger, wasabi, onion and pepper in a food processor and blend to mix. Set aside.
Asian slaw
2 cups thinly sliced nappa cabbage
2 tablespoons rice vinegar
1 tablespoon sesame oil
1/4 cup chopped green onions
1. Place the cabbage in a large bowl. Blend the vinegar, oil and onions in a food processor, then pour over the cabbage and toss to coat.
4 (6-ounce) center-cut ahi steaks, sushi grade
1/4 cup soy sauce
4 egg buns, cut in half


text:
Cheri Bradshaw Photo Photographer
Kawahinealoha AndradeModel Female Costa Mesa, California, US
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/kawahinealoha
Mayhem # 2676067
About MeHello I am Kawahinealoha Andrade my name is a mouthful so most people call me by my nickname Katie. I recently moved to Southern California from Hawaii, I attend Orange Coast College where I play basketball. Pursuing my model career right now and look to get big things out of it.
Have you worked with Kawahinealoha Andrade? Add Credits for Kawahinealoha Andrade! >>
Cheri Bradshaw Photo Photographer
Jeff Waters Photography Photographer
Anthony Colunga Photographer
Warpath Photography Photographer
Napoleon aka Nap Photographer
Edwin Cruz Photographer
Loading Content


text:
40 OZ NYC Winter Delivery Available Now
Tuesday Nov 26 2013
40 OZ NYC have been known for their bold hats and collaborative projects with many giants in the industry. This season, the New York based brand releases a set of garments utilizing the same esthetics. The monochromatic collection ($36-60) features the classic 40 OZ NYC logo as well as other designs paying homage to their roots of New York City. Pick up a piece or two today! Phone Orders 702-463-3322 or email@example.com. International Shipping available.
- Francis Santos
[nggallery id=1298]
- Francis Santos
[nggallery id=1298]


text:
Global Logistics Provider(or GLP), the leading global provider of modern logistics facilities part-owned by Singapore's sovereign-wealth fund, is set to acquire a $1.1 billion worth US logistics portfolio from Hillwood Development Company. The move facilitates its aggressive efforts to expand in U.S. over the last two years as the rise of online shopping drives up the values of distribution centers. GLP will be the asset manager and expects to retain a stake of approximately 10% post-syndication. The US$1.1 billion transaction is expected to be funded by US$470 million of equity and US$635 million of debt. Chuck Sullivan, President and Chief Operating Officer of GLP US said,
The portfolio being acquired from Hillwood is one of the highest quality logistics real estate portfolios in the US. This transaction, which will be immediately accretive to GLP, demonstrates our ability to leverage our existing platform to pursue enhanced network benefits in the strongest US markets.
The acquisition solidifies GLP's position as the second largest owner and operator of logistics facilities in the US with no additional overhead. The initial closing portfolio of US$700 million is 100% leased with a weighted average lease expiry of 9 years. A further US$400 million of development assets shall be acquired in phases upon completion and full lease-up.
The acquisition structure of the development assets integrates a set of stringent lease-up metrics which lock in long-term tenants for GLP while eliminating lease-up risk. This transaction widens GLP's footprint in the US to 187 million sq ft. GLP is the second largest logistics property owner and operator in the US and the largest in China, Japan and Brazil.
GLP owns and operates a global portfolio of 52 million square meters (560 million square feet) that caters primarily to domestic consumption. Its 4,000 customers include some of the world's most dynamic manufacturers, retailers and third party logistics companies.


text: To get from Genoa a Trentola-Ducenta by train you can catch one of the 8 trains that everyday travel between Genova Piazza Principe and S. Marcellino-Frignano, the closest station to the city. The first train to S. Marcellino-Frignano leaves from Genova Piazza Principe at 05:51 and the last train departs at 23:17. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 07:35 hours. On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to S. Marcellino-Frignano and book the best itinerary starting from Genova Piazza Principe.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Jukka Zitting (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Created: (JCR-1994) ExportSysViewTest fails with: System property org.xml.sax.driver not specified
|Sun, 22 Feb 2009 16:01:01 GMT
ExportSysViewTest fails with: System property org.xml.sax.driver not specified ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Key: JCR-1994 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/JCR-1994 Project: Jackrabbit Content Repository Issue Type: Bug Components: jackrabbit-jcr-tests Affects Versions: 1.5.0, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2.1, 1.1, 1.0 Reporter: Jukka Zitting Assignee: Jukka Zitting Priority: Minor The ExportSysViewTest class uses the XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader() method that depends on the system property "org.xml.sax.driver" being specified. Apparently using a TransformerFactory works around this issue in some way, as the problem only appeared once we changed the XML export feature to use a custom serializer class instead of a JAXP Transformer for serialization (see JCR-1952). The current workaround is to explicitly force a Transformer to be loaded, but we really should fix the cause of this issue for example by replacing the XMLReader instance with a SAXParser. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
|View raw message


text:
Glucobay Acarbose 100 Mg
glucobay acarbose 50 mg
acarbose tablets ip glucobay 50
Both he and Russell played 21 minutes and no one sure when it will end, only that Scott said he will re-evaluate the lineup in five to 10 games.
glucobay 50 mg acarbose
One helpful tip from financial planner Andrew Tate of Minneapolis, Minneapolis: Put away a large percentage of so-called "found money," or any cash that comes in unexpectedly
precose package insert
precose drug class
buy acarbose tablets
buy acarbose
When you are paid to be successful, when you are paid to win in a bottom-line business and we are not, of course, there is going to be tension."
buy precose online
glucobay acarbose
glucobay acarbose 100 mg
These sidewalk grates can be found on E
obat glucobay 100 acarbose
buy precose
precose dosage
glucobay 100 acarbose
In fact, the German arrived in the league lanky and underweight, unable to bang down low with the bigger bodies of the NBA as a 20-year-old.
acarbose precose side effects
buy acarbose uk
glucobay 50 acarbose
I think a lot of schools are starting to understand the value of practical courses, courses that really help prepare students for what the real world of practicing is going to be like


text:
Clostridium tetani is grown in modified Mueller-Miller casamino acid medium without beef heart infusion.7 Tetanus toxin is detoxified with formaldehyde and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and diafiltration. Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids are individually adsorbed onto aluminum phosphate.Store Generic Avodart at room temperature at 77 degrees F (25 degrees C) in a tightly-closed container, away from heat and light. Brief storage between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 to 30 degrees C) is permitted. Do not store in the bathroom. Generic Avodart capsules may soften and leak if stored at high temperatures. If your capsules crack and leak, do not use them. Contact your pharmacist. If your skin comes in contact with the leaking capsules, wash the area immediately with soap and water. What are the precautions when taking dabigatran etexilate mesylate (Pradaxa)Buy Cardura 1mg
To help keep track of your doses, use the original container. Use Fexofenadine-D with caution if you have high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, increased pressure in the eyes, prostate problems, or hyperthyroidism. S using it and check with your doctor if it causes nervousness, dizziness, or sleeplessness.
vaginal yeast infection, ATRIPLA is a fixed-dose combination tablet containing efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF). SUSTIVA is the brand name for efavirenz, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. EMTRIVA is the brand name for emtricitabine, a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine. VIREAD is the brand name for tenofovir DF, which is converted in vivo to tenofovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (nucleotide) analog of adenosine 5'-monophosphate. VIREAD and EMTRIVA are the components of TRUVADA.If you notice any changes in your vision while taking this drug, call your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible. S using this medicine and call your health care provider right away if you have a loss of sight in one or both eyes.MalignancyViagra Capsules 50mg
Further reading: common depressive disorders and related conditions
Over 120 lbs (Over 120 lbs) 3 tabletsBuy Aygestin 5mg
S using fluticasone and call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:
If a pregnant or breastfeeding woman is exposed to Generic Avodart, the drug may harm the developing babyPrev page:Topamax 50mg Price


text:
Mercedes Super Bowl Commercial Introduces 2011 Lineup; Cameo by Sean 'P. Diddy' Combs
Mercedes has released the full version of the commercial it will air during the Super Bowl – the German automaker's first.
Introducing the brand's new lineup for 2011, it includes an impressive look back at 125 years of impressive vehicles and even a cameo by none other than Sean 'P. Diddy' Combs.
See the video after the jump:
Get the Flash Player to see this player.


text:
A Change Is Gonna Come By: Elizia Brittian
Bayyinah Sullivan
& Phillip Simmons Why we chose this song... Why We like this song... Unique Musical Elements... The End!!!! Sam Cooke's Background! We wanted a song that would introduce our classmates to something different, something many of them have never heard! We wanted to teach them about an era that many of them know little to none about African American music. His message represented a time period that many people born after that era know very little about. He speaks of a time in American history where racism, classism, and sexism was trying to be eradicated from their lives. The soulful violin entrance automatically grabs your attention and holds it until his voice comes in. The horns in the background add emphasis to his most influential lyrics further set the mood of the song. The musical instrumentation is almost powerful enough to bring you tears, combined with the lyrics it can be utterly heart wrenching which is exactly what he wants. It appears that the horns used a sound altering devices to give them a more pronounced voice in the piece, and the soft percussion gently moving the beat along in the background makes your head sway despite the heart breaking message of the song. He was born January 22, 1931 as Sam Cook and later added the E onto Cooke to use as his stage name. He wrote many genres of music including Gospel, Pop, and R&B. He is even considered to be one of the founders of American Soul music. His musical influence lead to the rise of many other great musician such as Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, and even Stevie Wonder. He had 30 U.S. to 40 hits between the years of 1957 and 1964, his music continued to reach such success even after he passed in 1964. Sam Cooke was mortally wounded by a shot to the torso on Dec. 11 1964, by the manager of the hotel he was staying in at 33. Rumors of attack and rape circulated round his death though the rape charges have been debunked and even the supposed attack of Bertha Franklin has caused many to speculate the true facts surrounding his death. Thank you for listening! We hope you enjoyed!
Present Remotely
Send the link below via email or IMCopy
Present to your audienceStart remote presentation
- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present
- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account
- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation
- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation
- Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article
Do you really want to delete this prezi?
Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again.
Make your likes visible on Facebook?
Connect your Facebook account to Prezi and let your likes appear on your timeline.
You can change this under Settings & Account at any time.
Untitled Prezi
No description
Elizia Brittianon 24 April 2013
Comments (0)
Please log in to add your comment.