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Towards Secure Deletion On Smartphones
- Owen Morton
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1 Towards Secure Deletion On Smartphones Michael Spreitzenbarth 1 Thorsten Holz 2 1 Laboratory for Dependable Distributed Systems University of Mannheim, Germany 2 Horst Görtz Institute for IT-Security Ruhr-University Bochum Abstract: Nowadays, smartphones constitute one of the most commonly used electronic devices. Today s smartphones combine a variety of different technologies: they offer in addition to excellent mobile availability and connectivity also high-speed data transfer for the user. Moreover, they are multimedia capable due to their integrated digital camera or music player, and offer a wide variety of communication services like , SMS or MMS. Consequently, they are used increasingly as a mobile office. In this paper, we outline the possibilities and obstacles of secure deletion, namely the problem of deleting sensitive data on a smartphone in such a way that this data cannot be restored during a later forensic investigation. In order to guarantee the complete deletion of data, it would be necessary to access the memory chip directly such that we can overwrite the address space of existing data with arbitrary data. However, this approach is not possible when dealing with smartphones due to several reasons. On the one hand, the user s activities are restricted on the device, which implies that farreaching system interventions cannot be conducted easily. On the other hand, writing on a specific physical address is hindered due to the use of wear leveling algorithms on flash chips, which are intended to optimize durability. We discuss these problems in detail and introduce an approach to more securely delete data under certain constraints. 1 Introduction A smartphone is a mobile handset that offers a wide variety of different technologies which reassemble typical functionality of a PC: besides offering excellent mobile availability and connectivity, also high-speed data transfer via universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) and wireless local area network (WLAN) are available to a user such that she is always connected to the Internet. Moreover, smartphones are multi-media capable due to an integrated digital camera or music player, and not to forget they serve the function of text-based communication via , multimedia messaging service (MMS), and short message service (SMS). Consequently, they are used increasingly as a mobile office, thanks to the various office applications available for mobile phones. Another aspect which should not be neglected is the fact that current smartphones are more fre-
2 quently equipped with GPS modules, that enable the user to make use of the mobile phone for navigation purposes. One of the drawbacks of this development is the fact that smartphones also store a lot of sensitive data like for example contact information (e.g., phone numbers or full address details), messages that might contain sensitive information, or private photos. Unfortunately, there is typically no easy way to delete this information from a given phone. Due to the fact that the second market (e.g. ebay) for smartphones is increasing the deletion of these data becomes more and more important. There are two main obstacles that complicate secure deletion, i.e., the problem of deleting sensitive data on a smartphone in such a way that this data cannot be restored during a later forensic investigation: limited interactions with the device and wear leveling. On the one hand, smartphones offer only a limited user-interface and the user s activities are often restricted to interaction with (pre-)installed tools on the device. This often prohibits system interventions which require privileged access to the device. On the other hand, there is a subtle physical peculiarity of smartphones that needs to be taken into account: mobile devices typically use flash chips to store data and these components use a technique called wear leveling to evenly distribute write access across the flash chip. When implementing secure deletion, we thus need to take this physical requirement into account. In this paper, we outline the possibilities and obstacles of secure deletion and introduce an approach to more securely delete data under certain constraints. This paper is outlined as follows: In Section 2, we discuss related work in the area of secure deletion. We provide a brief background on wear leveling and the implications of this approach in Section 3. In Section 4, we introduce an approach to securely delete data under certain constraints, which we evaluate in Section 5. Finally, we conclude the paper in Section 6. 2 Related Work We are not the first to study the problem of secure deletion and thus we provide an overview of related work on this topic. One of the first papers in the area of secure deletion was published by Gutmann, who analyzed how data from magnetic and solid-state memory can be deleted in a secure way [Gut96]. He introduced the 35-pass overwrite technique to address the implications of different encoding schemes used by hard drives. Furthermore, he noted that A good scrubbing with random data will do about as well as can be expected. [Gut96] which is true for magnetic and solid-state memory, but some obstacles need to be addressed when dealing with flash chips as we explain in the next section. Bauer and Priyantha proposed a technique to perform secure deletion at the filesystem level: they implemented an extension to the ext2 filesystem that asynchronously deletes file data and meta-data by overwriting this data according to best known practices [BP01]. Joukov et al. extend this approach to also handle ext3 filesystems and discuss in detail the problem of secure deletion [JPZ06]. We implemented a similar approach that can be used
3 on mobile phones. Leet et al. discuss a method that can handle NAND flash file systems and the authors provide a proof-of-concept implementation for YAFFS [LHC + 08]. The main idea behind their approach is to encrypt files and forces all keys of a specific file to be stored in the same block, thus only a single erase operation is need to delete the key as a result, the file can not be accessed anymore. Our approach is more light-weight and we overwrite the data according to best know practices. Specific aspects of the secure deletion problem like secure deletion for a versioning filesystem [PBH + 05] or a secure peer-to-peer backup system [BBST01] have been discussed in the literature. Typically, all these approaches implement different techniques to overwrite data and relevant meta-data with random data to impede forensic analysis. We perform a similar approach when dealing with flash chips. 3 Background: Wear leveling In this section, we explain the different wear leveling techniques and the implied consequences for our approach. First, we outline general approaches of wear leveling followed by a technique which is used in more recent Nokia smartphones. Flash chips have the drawback that their content can only be changed a limited number of times: at some point, after 100,000 or more cycles depending on the actual chip, so much voltage or time is required to either program or erase the cell (or both) that it becomes impractical to use it any further. The lifetime of that cell has ended at this point. To address this problem, the technique of wear leveling for a memory controller has been introduced: it provides a method to distribute the access the cells at times when it is detected that they are receiving significantly uneven use. The exact procedure of those operations is described in the following. Figure 1 schematically depicts the memory operation techniques [LNTG08]. Here, the storage space is separated into single blocks whereby those blocks again consist of several blocks. If the user now sends data which are attached to a logical address, this logical address is converted with the help of an address translation table into a physical memory address, i.e., to a block within the bank. This address translation table can be reprogrammed by a processing unit in order to change the physical address of the block in which data are intended to be stored. The process of reprogramming is used to lade the whole memory equally often with writing operations. In order to do such reprogramming, information on storage characteristics and storage occupancy are collected. Therefore, the number of writing operations on each storage block is stored. If it is the case that this number exceeds the average value of the other blocks by a certain amount, the wear leveling process is started. When wear leveling is accomplished, two main events occur. First of all, data of the heavily used blocks are swapped with the data of those blocks which are least used. In a second step, the address translation table is modified such that the new physical addresses are connected to the old logical ones. Consequently, a data block having the same logical address as prior to wear leveling is now written on another physical address than beforehand.
4 Figure 1: Schematic illustration of ways in which the solid state memory may be operated [LNTG08] Figure 2 illustrates another approach of wear leveling by means of a process flow diagram [LNTG08]. In this diagram, the process of wear leveling is initialized by the system. This initialization can either be started by a system service or by a memory controller. The rest of the process is mostly identical to the already described one, except for the fact that in this case an additional spare bank is used. Data of the least used bank is written to the spare bank and data of the heavy used bank is now written to the least used bank, which in turn is now empty. In another step, the heavy used bank is converted to the new spare bank. The following process is now again identical to the previously described one. Those two figures illustrate that there are various approaches for the execution of wear leveling. However, all approaches have the intention of even wear of the storage spaces. According to Symbian OS Internals [sym09] and Samsung [Fla07], Nokia uses in its current device series (e.g.: N-Series) Samsung OneNAND [sam09] storage with a modification of the already described wear leveling techniques. In this case, no swapping of data on the blocks is conducted due to time reasons; instead, a delete- and write-operation is saved. This happens by the storage of the erase-count of each block. If we would now like to write to a block having a higher count than one of the non-used blocks, the block which has not been used up to now is deleted and the write operation is done on that block. The real selected block is now marked as non-used and shifted to the so-called garbage queue, which is ordered descending according to the erase-count. If at a later point in time a block for writing is needed, its erase-count is compared to the block on first position of the queue, and the block with the lowest erase-count of those two is chosen for the writing
5 Figure 2: Flow diagram showing a preferred operation of the memory system [LNTG08] operation. There are two methods of deleting data stored on blocks within the garbage queue: the first approach is to delete data when the block is inserted into the queue, while in the second approach data will be deleted as soon as the block leaves this queue and is then re-used for storing new data. When inquiring Samsung which approach is used in OneNAND chips, the company did unfortunately not answer our request. 4 Towards Secure Deletion on Symbian Phones In order to develop a tool that helps to securely deleting data on a smartphone, we have resorted to the programming language Python. Concretely, we used Python for S60 [Nok08]
6 (also known as pys60) available in Version The Python for S60 platform simplifies application development and provides a scripting solution for the Symbian C++ APIs. Within this development platform, we have developed a tool named SecDel which currently possesses the ability to delete SMS messages, telephone directories, as well as, calendar entries from a given phone. Moreover, it contains an update-function, which allows the user to load modules, which are developed in the future, via the Internet. In the following, we discuss the secure deletion of telephone book entries exemplarily and in detail. When deleting calendar entries and SMS messages, we have only focused on specific aspects of these methods, as the remaining procedure is very similar in all cases. The contacts module offers an API to address book services allowing the creation of contact information databases. The contacts module represents a Symbian contact database as a dictionary-like ContactDB object, which contains Contact objects and which is indexed using the unique IDs of those objects [ST07]. As shown in the upper part of Listing 1, the ContactDB is opened and the unique ID and the entry title is read out of all entries with the help of a loop, both parts are then consolidated into one list element. def s e a r c h C o n t a c t s ( ) : appuifw. n o t e ( u s e a r c h i n g C o n t a c t s..., i n f o ) db = c o n t a c t s. open ( ) l i s t 3 = [ ] f o r d b i d in db : i d = s t r ( db [ d b i d ]. i d ) t i t l e = db [ d b i d ]. t i t l e e l e m e n t = ( i d + + t i t l e ) l i s t. append ( e l e m e n t ) s e l e c t i o n = appuifw. m u l t i s e l e c t i o n l i s t ( l i s t, checkbox, 1) f o r k in s e l e c t i o n : c o n t a c t i d = l i s t [ k ]. s p l i t ( ) [ 0 ] c o n t a c t i d = i n t ( c o n t a c t i d ) # change v a l u e kind = [ c i t y, company name, c o u n t r y, d a t e, d t m f s t r i n g, e m a i l a d d r e s s, fax number, j o b t i t l e, n o t e, pager number, phone number, po box, p o s t a l a d d r e s s, p o s t a l code, s t a t e, s t r e e t a d d r e s s, u r l, video number, p i c t u r e, second name, voip, s i p i d, p e r s o n a l r i n g t o n e, s h a r e v i e w, p r e f i x, s u f f i x, p u s h t o t a l k, l o c a t i o n i d i n d i c a t i o n, l a s t n a m e, f i r s t n a m e, mobile number ] f o r t y p e in kind : f o r i in r a n g e ( 0, 1 0 ) : t r y : i f db [ c o n t a c t i d ]. f i n d ( t y p e ) [ i ]. v a l u e : db [ c o n t a c t i d ]. f i n d ( t y p e ) [ i ]. v a l u e = u XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX e x c e p t :
7 c o n t i n u e # d e l e t e c o n t a c t db. d e l i t e m ( c o n t a c t i d ) appuifw. n o t e ( u C o n t a c t d e l e t e d!, conf ) Listing 1: Secure deletion of contacts used in SecDel After such a list element has been created from each of the telephone book entries, it is saved in a list. Then a Multi-Selection-Listbox is created with the help of this list. This listbox (see Figure 3) enables the search for entries and marking of several entries in order to delete all these entries at once. Figure 3: SecDel select contacts which should be deleted In the next step, the script separates the ID of the selected list entries from the title in order to search the whole entries in the database again. If the corresponding entry is found, all existing objects within this entry, no matter how often they occur, are overwritten with a sign chain, consisting of 59 times X. We have chosen the length of 59 due to the fact that this is the maximum allowed length of characters which is available for the longest of the available objects. We conduct this step in order to make sure that none of the characters of the initially entry is still available afterwards. In Figure 4, we depict an entry of the telephone s address book which has been overwritten in the above described way. Figure 4: SecDel contact entry after renaming it After successful overwriting, the objects of all previously chosen entries are deleted from the database. This is communicated to the user in another message.
8 A particularity exists when we deal with calendar entries or notes: here the stored dates and times as well as the point of time of reminders are either deleted completely or reset to the , 00:00 o clock by the code fragment shown in Listing 2. In addition, repeated events are converted to unique events before they are deleted from the database, such that this fact does not reveal any information. db2 [ c a l e n d a r i d ]. s e t r e p e a t ( None ) i f ( db2 [ c a l e n d a r i d ]. t y p e == n o t e ) : # c l e a r d a t e and t i m e db2 [ c a l e n d a r i d ]. s e t t i m e ( None ) e l s e : # s e t d a t e t o db2 [ c a l e n d a r i d ]. s e t t i m e ( 0, 0) Listing 2: Code excerpt of SecDel which changes the date and time values As a further module, we have included an update-function by which it is possible to load future modules and extensions via an Internet connection belatedly. As a second additional update, we have included a remote service function. It happens sometimes that one loses his smartphone, or that it is stolen. Typically a user can only hope that the important data stored on the phone are not used by the finder or thief. To address this problem, we have developed the following function: if SecDel is kept active in the background, it analyzes every SMS message in the inbox regarding a certain message sequence. As an authentication process, the user can specify a password which has to be in that message, too. If the phone now receives a SMS message with the sequence run secdel in the first line and a password in the second line, the tool will validate the password and start with the immediate deletion of all data as described above. The validation of the password should prevent a denial-of-service attack. This process is done with the help of a callback function which triggers this behavior. The inbox object s bind() function binds a callback function to an event that is generated by an incoming message. In our case, the function msg rec() is called up as soon as a new SMS is received on the smartphone. Apple s iphone implements a similar protection technique that enables a user to remotely wipe the phone, which erases all personal data and restores the phone to the factory settings. 5 Evaluation The operations we have discussed in the previous sections have been tested on a Nokia E90 phone with Symbian OS version 9.2 installed. For the verification of secure deletion on this generation of smartphones, currently only few technical possibilities exist. The reason lies in the fact that Symbian has introduced security restrictions (also called Capabilities [Symb]), which disable any foreign access to all important private files. In order to get to those storage spaces, we need an All Files capability by which our software agent becomes certified (compare [Syma]). The All Files capability is one of the Manufacturerapproved capabilities, which are highly sensitive capabilities that can only be obtained from the device manufacturer, even if it is just for experimenting on a phone under our
9 control. Getting these capabilities requires a user to pass a complex certification process, and to have an ACS Publisher ID from Verisign [ST07]. Due to the reasons stated above, we had to resort to a smartphone using an older Symbian version for the purpose of verification. When using older Symbian versions, the stated security restrictions had not been implemented yet. In this case, it is also not possible to create a memory dump with the help of flasher-tools like Twister Box. The single solution which is currently realizable, apart from de-soldering the memory element, is constituted by the solution with the help of a software agent. This agent is installed on the memory card of the mobile device and creates a dump of saved files from this location. Installing the agent on the memory card rather than on the smartphone itself provides the advantage that nearly no data will be changed during the installation process. This could be realized on condition of dumping the original inserted memory card on a bigger one and then installing the software agent on the new card. In Figure 5 we show the logical paradigm workflow of these tools. Figure 5: Workflow of a software agent by means of Panoptes For this purpose, we used a Nokia N70 phone and the software agents MIAT (of the University of Rome [MO07, DM08]) and Panoptes (which has been developed within a diploma thesis [Spr09]). After comprehensive tests, we received notice that these tools are not able to restore any deleted data. Within the data, which had been saved with the help of MIAT and Panoptes, we could neither find data which had been deleted by the Symbian interface, nor were data detectable which had been deleted by the tool SecDel. To the best of our knowledge, SecDel thus securely deletes data on the tested phone by overwriting the relevant data with garbage. Without any doubt, the most perfect solution for the verification of the depicted operations and the throughout validation of the implemented wear leveling technique of the memory element, would be the de-soldering of the flash storage chip and the subsequent direct analysis of this element. Unfortunately, we were not given the possibility to do so which is why we resorted to the approaches presented beforehand. Another drawback of desoldering is the fact that this approach is questionable from a forensic perspective since evidence might be destroyed during the process.
10 6 Conclusion and Future Work In this paper, we presented the various influences which are related to secure deletion of data on mobile phones. In the beginning, we explained the different kinds of wear leveling used for flash storage. In general, wear leveling describes the possibility of extending the economic life-time of a flash chip by exchanging blocks on which data are used very frequently with those on which data are used less frequently. With the help of this process, the whole storage element is equally burdened with write operations in order to prevent deficiencies within single sections. In this context, various approaches exist to implement this concept. In most cases, those differ only in the handling of data which are stored on the blocks which should be swapped. When dealing with current Nokia smartphones, these blocks are deleted completely before data is written on these blocks again. As a result, the problem of reading out file fragments in the so-called slack space does not exist on these phones. Slack space is the unused space in a disk cluster: some file systems use fixed-size clusters and even if the actual data being stored requires less storage than the cluster size, an entire cluster is reserved for the file. Since always complete blocks are deleted, we can ignore this problem on mobile phones. Subsequently, we presented a tool which tries to delete personal data on the smartphone in a secure way. This means that data is deleted in such a way that restoring them is not possible. We implemented this technique by overwriting the existing data with known garbage and thus erasing the information. Our evaluation suggests that this overwriting is successful and all relevant information is deleted. Unfortunately, we were not able to thoroughly verify the depicted deleting operations in a forensically correct way due to the fact that we did not possess the needed means to de-solder and examine the flash chip. We could only prove with the help of the tools MIAT [MO07, DM08] and Panoptes [Spr09] that deleted data are not contained in the files intended for storage any longer. Due to this reason, the tool can not guarantee secure deletion, but rather more secure deletion. The combination of overwriting of the data and the subsequent deletion of them on the operating system level on the one hand, as done by SecDel, and the wear leveling process on the memory level on the other hand, as done by the build in flash modules, significantly increase the difficulty to restore this data. Our future work will focus on the development and improvement of forensically sound analysis tools for Symbian OS and other operating systems for mobile devices, e.g., Google Android or iphone OS. At the same time, we will also work on improving the secure deletion tool which we have introduced in this paper, especially on improving the evaluation to verify that the deleted data can indeed not be restored. References [BBST01] Christopher Batten, Kenneth Barr, Arvind Saraf, and Stanley Trepetin. pstore: A Secure Peer-to-Peer Backup System. Technical report, MIT, [BP01] Steven Bauer and Nissanka B. Priyantha. Secure data deletion for Linux file systems. In USENIX Security Symposium, 2001.
11 [DM08] [Fla07] Alessandro Distefano and Gianluigi Me. An overall assessment of Mobile Internal Acquisition Tool. Digital Investigation, 5: , Flash Software Group. XSR1.5 WEAR LEVELING. Technical report, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, [Gut96] Peter Gutmann. Secure deletion of data from magnetic and solid-state memory. In USENIX Security Symposium, [JPZ06] Nikolai Joukov, Harry Papaxenopoulos, and Erez Zadok. Secure deletion myths, issues, and solutions. In Second ACM Workshop on Storage Security and Survivability, [LHC + 08] Jaeheung Lee, Junyoung Heo, Yookun Cho, Jiman Hong, and Sung Y. Shin. Secure deletion for NAND flash file system. In ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, [LNTG08] Karl MJ Lofgren, Robert D Norman, Gregory B Thelin, and Anil Gupta. Wear Leveling techniques for flash EEPROM systems. United States Patent, April [MO07] Pontjho M Mokhonoana and Martin S Olivier. Acquisition of a Symbian Smart phone s Content with an On-Phone Forensic Tool. Technical report, Information and Computer Security Architectures Research Group, [Nok08] Nokia. PyS60 Library Reference, edition, Dezember [PBH + 05] Zachary N. J. Peterson, Randal Burns, Joe Herring, Adam Stubblefield, and Aviel D. Rubin. Secure deletion for a versioning file system. In USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST), [sam09] SAMSUNG OneNAND TM, September global/business/semiconductor/products/fusionmemory/ Products_OneNAND.html. [Spr09] Michael Spreitzenbarth. Mobile Phone Forensics. Diploma Thesis, University of Mannheim, [ST07] Jürgen Scheible and Ville Tuulos. Mobile Python: Rapid Prototyping of Applications on the Mobile Plattform, volume 1st. Wiley, October [Syma] Symbian Press. Complete Guide to Symbian Signed. symbian.org/wiki/index.php/complete_guide_to_symbian_ Signed. [Symb] Symbian Press. Plattform Security. index.php/platform_security_(fundamentals_of_symbian_c%2b% 2B). [sym09] Symbian OS Internals, September wiki/index.php/symbian_os_internals/.
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text: Kuro Image Gallery Sprite Gallery Standard spritesEdit By himselfJumping on Ryōken Hōinbō's backNormalNormal/Hōinbō talkingHōinbō thinkingHōinbō thinking/talkingLicking Hōinbō while he smirksHōinbō smirking/talkingLicking Hōinbō while being pettedBeing petted//Hōinbō talkingBeing looked at by HōinbōBeing talked to by HōinbōBeing fed and pettedBeing fed and petted/Hōinbō talkingAdd a photo to this gallery Retrieved from "http://aceattorney.wikia.com/wiki/Kuro_-_Sprite_Gallery?oldid=82222" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Character sprites Add category Cancel Save

subset: commoncrawl


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
What are our rights if we entered into a one-year lease on 9/30/09 to rent a house but the owner stopped making mortgage payments shortly thereafter? We just found out that the house is being foreclosed on and going up for auction next month. House/rent is being managed by a property management company but the owners are the ones who signed the lease. Once the house sells at auction, does the new owner have a right to kick us out immediately or do they have to honor the existing lease? Do we have any legal recourse?
review this law (Protecting Tenants at Foreclosure Act of 2009): http://www.nlihc.org/doc/701-704-Public-Law-111-22.pdf
At a minimum, if the house is sold at foreclosure auction to a purchaser who will occupy it as a primary residence, they will have to give you at least 90 days written notice to vacate. If it is simply sold back to the bank or mortgage company holding the mortgage, they must observe the terms of your lease (that is, you will enjoy the entirety of your lease term). Either way, you will almost certainly be able to enjoy the full term of your lease since we are about 90 days from September 30th, 2010. California state law may give you even more rights, but cannot reduce the rights given by this federal law.Ask a similar question
The Protecting Tenants at Foreclosure Act requires that tenants without a lease be given 90 days notice AFTER the sale to vacate the premises, or, if there is a written lease such as yours, that you be permitted to remain in the premises until the end of the lease ter on 9/30/10.
There is an exception--if the buyer intends to use the property as a principal residence, or if the buyer is a bank and they have a contract to sell the property to someone intending to use the property as a principal residence, then the tenant with a written lease can not stay until the end of the term, but still has to be given 90 days' notice.
The law is not well written. It does not address the question of whether rent must be paid to the new owner. Once the property is sold at foreclosure, there is no lease, unless you and the new owner agree to a new lease. The old lease no longer exists so you do not have an obligation to pay rent on it, and unless you and the new owner make an agreement, there is no rent obligation on your part to make.
As for legal recourse, I presume you mean against the landlord? Well, in your particular situation, I do not see that you will be prejudiced by the sale, meaning you will have suffered no damages, since you will be able to stay until 9/30 no matter what. If you had just signed a lease and your lease term would have ended 5/31/11 and you have to move and your new rent is higher, then you might have a cause of action against the old landlord, but lets face it, the old landlord is running for cover. You would have to start chasing him, and as you can see, you will be standing in line behind a whole bunch of other creditors. You might be able to recover money through a garnishment of the bank, if CA law permits.Ask a similar question
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E4657 Panelled skirt frock dress in shirtwaist styloe. Buttons to waist. Small square collar. Long or short sleeves. Capelet.
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Related terms for "grid transformer ":
power grid transformer companies
, electric power grid transformer companies
SUNRISE Power Transformer GmbH was 2003 in Hamburg as a sales office established by EAGLERISE Electric & Electronic Co. Ltd, from which we are supervising and developing the European market. We provide customized solutions for industry power supply and evergy feeding as well as the lighting power supply.
based in Hamburg, GERMANY.
Solar Electric Supply, Inc. is a leading solar system integrator & wholesale solar distributor and supplier of solar panel systems. Our services include but not limited to residential solar systems, commercial solar systems, industrial off grid solar systems and all types of on grid or Grid ties Solar Systems.
based in Soquel, CALIFORNIA (USA).
Energiequelle's primary field of activity is the planning, project development and construction of wind energy plants for its own company and also for third parties, comercialisation included. And of course, the company also offers management for the turnkey delivered facilities. An independent monitoring system allows individual power plants to be monitored, controlled ...
based in Kallinchen, GERMANY.
Grid Solutions, a General Electric and Alstom joint venture, is serving customers globally with over 20,000 employees in approximately 80 countries. Grid Solutions helps enable utilities and industry to effectively manage electricity from the point of generation to the point of consumption, helping to maximize the reliability, efficiency and resiliency of the grid.
based in Atlanta, GEORGIA (US) (USA).
Development and manufacture of modular power supply systems - Inverters (off-grid, on-grid), Hybrid systems, Charge controllers, UPS systems. Complete and innovative solutions for the Telecommunications, Renewable Energy, E-mobile, Battery formation.
based in Sofia, BULGARIA.
Hubei Tianrui electronic Co.Ltd is a well-known manufacture of current transformers and sensors for protective purpose, a leader in this field. Found in 1996 in Tianmen Hubei, Hubei Tianrui electronic focus on developing and produce current & voltage transformer. First introduced O ring current & voltage transformer into protective relays and other automotive ...
based in Tianmen, CHINA.
Founded in 2008 and led by a team of seasoned entrepreneurs from the telecom, utility and renewable energy industries, Demand Energy has architected the most comprehensive platform for integrating big-data analytics with energy storage at the edge of the utility grid. Our cloud-based, battery agnostic solution is running distributed energystorage systems today that are ...
based in Liberty Lake, WASHINGTON (USA).
The sun is a constant supplier of renewable energy (light and warmth). With a solar/PV installation ( PV- Photovoltaic) you can make this energy into electricity. Converting sunlight to electricity can be done without substantial works to you current electricity installation. So you can also produce renewable energy with a solar installation which is positive for your ...
based in Alsemberg, BELGIUM.
Unertech, a high- tech green energy company, specializes in Solar PV grid connected inverter, Solar PV off-grid inverter, Solar PV grid connected fittings and Solar PV system integrations. Quality is our core value and we strictly abides ISO9001 system requirement to reach the highest standard possible in the industry. Our products have passed CE and TUV certification. UL ...
based in Weihai, CHINA.
PowerWill New Energy Technology Co., Ltd specializes in R&D, manufacturing, marketing and service of solar products and intelligent grid products. For those products, we have got the certificates or test reports from CQC, CGC, TUV, VDE, SAA etc. PowerWill possesses all series of on-grid PV inverter from 3kw-5kW, 10kW-20kW, 100kW-500kw, off-grid PV inverter from 300VA to ...
based in Nanjing city, CHINA.
In 2008, IDS GmbH have strengthened their position on the market as a specialist for grid management as well as control systems, automation, telemetry and communication systems. IDS Development focuses on Smart Grid Solutions. The rapid growth of the renewable energy sector and the lack of suitable storage facilities have created new problems for all the involved parties, ...
based in Ettlingen, GERMANY.
Dynapower has designed and built power electronics that meet some of the most challenging power conversion demands for Fortune 500 companies, small enterprises, research institutions, and government agencies the world over. Dynapower designs and builds all manner of power electronics — energy storage inverters, rectifiers, custom transformers, frequency converters — in ...
based in South Burlington, VERMONT (USA).
Sputnik Engineering AG, a Swiss company, is one of the world's leading manufacturers of grid-connected solar inverters. Under the name SolarMax the company develops, produces and sells inverters for every facility – from photovoltaic systems on single-family homes whose kilowatt output is modest, to the solar power plants whose output is measured in megawatts. The ...
based in Biel/Bienne, SWITZERLAND.
EnSync Energy Systems is enabling the future of electricity with advanced energy management systems critical to a global economy becoming increasingly reliant upon the expansion of renewable energy. Whether part of the grid power transmission and distribution network, or behind the meter in commercial, industrial and multi-tenant buildings, EnSync technology brings ...
based in Menomonee Falls, WISCONSIN (USA).
BECO ENERGY SOLUTIONS is one of the UK's longest established designers and installers of Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems. With over 30 years experience, we specialise in PV systems for domestic, commercial, marine & off-grid uses. We also install wind turbines, LED lighting for commercial buildings, battery back-up systems and can even reduce your electricity ...
based in Totnes, UNITED KINGDOM.
Magnetech Industrial Services is a leading provider of comprehensive facility maintenance services from the transformer to the driven component. We also offer preventive and predictive maintenance, asset managment and engineering services. Repair, refurbish, rewind AC/DC motors, generators, excitors, turbines, transformers, circuit breakers, switchgear. Substation design, ...
based in Massillon, OHIO (USA).
Shenzhen Sinexcel Electric Co., Ltd. is a hi-tech enterprise specializing in power electronics technology .Sinexcel provides New Energy and Smart Grid Industries with high quality and cost-effective power electronics products and solutions. The products and technologies of Sinexcel cover various industries. Sienxcel`s self-developed Shinewise series grid-connected ...
based in NanShan District,, CHINA.
EMPO-NI has specialized on development and marketing of solar technology for OFF-GRID already years ago. We create solar solutions Engineered and Made in Germany. EMPO-NI develops equipment for standard off-grid applications as well as custom designs. Our engineering team creates mathematical models, programs microcontroller and develops digital, analogue and power ...
based in Düsseldorf, GERMANY.
CNPV, founded in 2006, is a leading multi product solar company that produces ingots, wafers, cells and solar modules, and has strong presence in the solar photovoltaic space that designs, manufactures and supplies highly efficient and cost effective terrestrial crystalline solar photovoltaic modules, which provide reliable and environmentally clean electric power to ...
based in Shandong Province, CHINA.
Our company is carrying out projects that will not only be potentially very profitable for our shareholders, but they will also contribute to the preservation of the environment and to the increase in the quality of life of many people. Indeed, this will be a meaningful part of the major transformations occurring in the world in this century.
based in London, UNITED KINGDOM.
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Exclusive: Simon Kinberg Talks Star Wars Rebels
On the connections with Episode VII...
Although there are still 14 long months until Star Wars Episode VII reaches us, there is a new TV series to fill the darkness: Star Wars Rebels. In an exclusive interview, Empire sat down with its co-creator, writer and producer Simon Kinberg to find out what's in store – especially in relation to the activities of one J. J. Abrams...
The show is set half a decade before A New Hope, meaning Kinberg "always felt it would lead into IV and potentially set up characters you might not meet until V, or VI, or even VII, but the notion was that this would stand alone from Episode VII. That doesn't mean that we can't introduce Easter eggs that will pay off in VII, VIII, IX."
Empire attempted its best Jedi mind trick to glean more details – particularly to learn whether main Rebels villain The Inquisitor (Jason Isaacs) will pop up in Episode VII... Alas, secrecy still reigns: "On Star Wars I get a Force Choke when I start saying things I shouldn't say."
What we do know is that The Inquisitor is "less of a believer in the Empire and the cause of the Empire than perhaps Darth Vader, and more of a hunting dog." So not a Sith, per se? "I don't know how much I'm allowed to say about that, but no, per se."
Although the animated series is primarily targeted at a younger audience, Kinberg also insists it won't be all sweetness and sunshine: "We are not afraid to take those characters to some dark places. In the first season, there are some backstories that get revealed for main characters that are a lot darker and more dramatic than anything I've ever seen in animated TV, and which have the same depth and childhood trauma that the characters in the movies had."
For more, and for exclusive coverage of Interstellar, Nightcrawler, Mortdecai and an epic West Wing reunion, check out the new issue of Empire, out on Thursday September 25 - or you can subscribe here. Star Wars Rebels begins on Disney XD on October 3, while Star Wars Episode VII will be out on December 18, 2015.


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ValentinoBlack Leather Strappy "Mask" Block Gladiator Sandals
Black strappy leather sandals with bronze toned and gold toned ornamental mask detailing on block heel. Lace-up and ankle wrapping tie closure. Fringe and cut outs at counter. Squared toe. Comes with box and dust bag. Please note this new item comes to you directly from a high-end boutique. Retails for $1,595. Size: 37.5; Multiple sizes available.
Made in: Italy Color: Black Fabric Content: Leather Condition: New in box. A few scratches on insoles. No other visible signs of wear from trying on.
Measurements & Sizing
- Heel: 2.25"
- Insole Length: 9.75"
- Insole Width: 3.375"
- Outsole Length: 10"
- Outsole Width: 3.25"
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
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|Carlos Araya <car...@cvc.edu>
|Cocoon 1.8.X and 2.0B2 coexisiting on the same servlet engine?
|Mon, 23 Jul 2001 13:27:50 GMT
Good morning: I would like to test cocoon2b2, but need to maintain my installation of Cocoon1 to publish some of the content I'm using. Is there any problem with installing Cocoon2 in the same Tomcat installation that hosts Cocoon1? Or should I install a new instance of Tomcat and put Cocoon2 there? Thanks Carlos -- --- P |Carlos Araya _ |WebCT Administrator/Trainer G |California Virtual Campus, Region 1 ---- C/O De Anza College 10650 Bubb Road Cupertino, CA 95014 mail: firstname.lastname@example.com web: http://www.cvc1.org (work) http://www.silverwolf-net.net (personal) PGP Fingerprint: E629 5DFD 7EAE 4995 E9D7 3D2F 5A9F 0CE7 DFE7 1756 Paradoxically, a refusal to 'put monetary value in life' means that life is often undervalued -- Artificial intelligence, A Modern Approach --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, email: email@example.com
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Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
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Running Time: 156 minutes
Released: 02/2010
Studio Name: Red Light District
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General enquiries
+44 (0) 20 7079 4399
Call HCA from 8am-8pm Mon-Fri and 9am-5pm Sat
HCA Healthcare UK
Our Specialists
Dr Christos Toumpanakis
MD, PhD, FRCP
Gastroenterology, Endoscopy, Gastroscopy, Colonoscopy, Hepatology
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, coeliac disease, chronic diarrhoea, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, gastro-intestinal problems in patients with congenital immunodeficiencies
Dr Christos Toumpanakis is a Consultant in Gastroenterology and Neuroendocrine Tumours in Centre for Gastroenterology and Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit ' ENETS Centre of Excellence of Royal Free Hospital, London. He is also an Honorary Senior Lecturer at University College of London, and has been awarded as 'Top-Teacher of the Year' in 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2014. He graduated from Medical School-University of Athens, Greece, in 1994, obtained his Specialty Title in Gastroenterology and Hepatology in 2004, and his PhD from University of Athens in 2007. His main interests, apart from General Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, include gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, celiac disease, chronic diarrhoea, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and gastro-intestinal problems in patients with congenital immuno-deficiencies. His Sub-Specialty is 'Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumours (NETs)' and he is considered as one of the International experts in that field. He has significant clinical experience in all types of gastro-entero-pancreatic, as well as bronchial NETs and in all available treatment options. He is lecturing regularly in several International Conferences and published many original papers and Reviews. He is a member of the Advisory Board of the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS), the Editor of ENETS CME program, a co-author of ENETS, UK and Ireland NET Guidelines, as well as a member of the Advisory Board of the 'UK NET patients' foundation'. He is leading a NET Clinical Research Group and his main research interests include novel biomarkers and molecular imaging in NETs, mesenteric fibrosis and carcinoid heart disease.
© copyright 2008 - 2017 HCA Healthcare UK.
Registered Name: HCA International Limited; The part of the UK in which it is registered: England and Wales;
Registered Number: 03020522; Registered Office Address: 242 Marylebone Road London NW1 6JL.
£500m has been invested by HCA International in the latest medical technologies and facilities over the last 10 years.
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text:
Please take a moment to take the Title I survey
Welcome to Cary Elementary
Home of the SOARING Cardinals!
John B. Cary Elementary is a neighborhood school serving nearly 400 students. The campus features a quarter mile track, playground, basketball courts and a baseball field. We are also excited about our outdoor classroom and gardens. Our Main Office is open from 7:00am-3:00pm. Students may enter the building beginning at 7:00am. Breakfast is served from 7:00-7:20am. Instructional hours are 7:30am-2:05pm. If your child arrives at or after 7:30am, please park and walk into the building. An adult must sign the Tardy book while the child receives a Tardy slip.
Cary Talent Show


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SEVERAL years ago a computer programmer and electronics wizard named Ryan Sheldon was presented with the task of developing a keyboard for a challenging crowd. It was a group that had never used computers, that had difficulty performing fine hand movements and that would rather romp in the trees than learn to type.
Mr. Sheldon's mission was to design a wireless keyboard for bonobos -- small apes that are often called, inaccurately, pygmy chimpanzees -- so they could use it to communicate. His supervisor was Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, a scientist who has been trying to prove that the animals are capable of developing language.
Before enlisting the help of Mr. Sheldon, Dr. Savage-Rumbaugh and other researchers at Georgia State University had been communicating with the bonobos by pointing to a board arrayed with symbols, or lexigrams, that represented words. The researchers would touch the lexigrams while demonstrating their meanings. Their hope was that the bonobos would also point to the lexigrams to communicate.
The lexigram board was not ideal, however. Dr. Savage-Rumbaugh wanted something that would show the apes that they could generate their own words by touching the symbols. One intermediary answer was a joystick that the bonobos used to point to lexigrams on a computer screen. But it was awkward and hard to transport in the woods outside Atlanta where much of the research is done.
Mr. Sheldon's solution is a wireless keyboard that sends radio signals to a computer that then ''speaks'' the bonobos' words by playing recorded voice files in English.
Mr. Sheldon completed the first keyboard a year ago. Since then, four have been built, and a couple of electronics companies have agreed to manufacture the parts. Mr. Sheldon, who learned to program on his own and does not have a college degree, has since opened his own company, National Control Devices, that will continue to develop the devices.
Each keyboard weighs about six pounds and consists of three panels covered with grids of colored lexigrams. There are 384 lexigrams in all, representing words from ''a'' to ''yours.'' Sometimes, Mr. Sheldon said, the bonobos will string the words together to communicate larger thoughts. Such word sequences, Dr. Savage-Rumbaugh has argued, show that the bonobos are capable of constructing sentences. (Other scientists, notably Noam Chomsky, dispute her research, arguing that the apes are merely being conditioned to react to certain stimuli.)Continue reading the main story
So far, Mr. Sheldon said, the bonobos show no signs of repetitive stress injuries or other ailments that afflict humans who use keyboards. But at least one ape has demonstrated a tendency to take out his frustration on the device. When Kanzi, a particularly vain bonobo, discovered that he was passed up in a recent photo shoot, he tore at the keyboard with his teeth. ''He ripped each panel just enough to stop them from working,'' Mr. Sheldon said.Continue reading the main story


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- George Orwell
Orwell got to the point in his novel 1984. Because victims will eventually say anything, torture is a notoriously unreliable method of interrogation. It is similarly a worthless tool of persuasion. Indeed, the only thing torture is good at is causing pain and deepening hatred. That is why civilized societies view torture with revulsion.
Still, the practice seems to be only too common in Iraq. Photos of Iraqi prisoners abused by American captors have sparked a widening international scandal. On Tuesday, a videotape posted on a radical Islamic Web site showed militants beheading abducted American civilian Nick Berg. They claimed they were retaliating for the abuses.
Vicious murder and prisoner mistreatment can never be condoned. Yet some influential voices in the USA and the Arab world have calibrated their condemnations to fit their political beliefs, as if torture might be acceptable in the pursuit of certain goals.
That's an unconvincing argument in the wake of photos showing U.S. soldiers forcing naked prisoners to simulate sex acts, chaining them and placing women's panties on their heads and collaring them on leashes.
The resulting furor in Congress inevitably was exploited to score political points. In a hyperbolic speech on the Senate floor, Sen. Ted Kennedy, D-Mass., a leading critic of the Iraq war, likened the U.S. treatment of prisoners to Saddam Hussein's torture tactics. Might as well compare the acorn to the oak.
On the other side, Sen. James Inhofe, R-Okla., seemed ready to rationalize the abuses. The Abu Ghraib prisoners who were singled out aren't there "for traffic violations," he said. "They're murderers; they're terrorists; they're insurgents." The Red Cross, however, estimates that as many as 90% of detained Iraqis have been arrested by mistake. No matter. Inflicting humiliation and pain is torture. Nothing in the nation's core values justifies it.
The Arab media, alive with extensive coverage of abused Iraqis, were more subdued about Berg's death. That provided another example of how a slanted view and muted reports can tacitly condone torture. Nonetheless, several Arab analysts saw the killing for what it was: a vile, coldblooded act.
Cruelty is always indecent, whether the victim is an innocent American civilian or a suspected Iraqi insurgent.
No political end can justify the means of torture, because no noble cause will ever flourish in such ignoble soil.


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Premium Subscribers & members of my network may view my contact information.
Employment at NovaMed Pharmaceuticals Inc:
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NovaMed is a leading Venture back start up pharmaceutical compnay based in Shanghai. It is currently focussed on the commercial , regulatory and drug development opportunities in China.
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This flat is located in one of the best areas of Castellana and counts with a magnificent terrace, desired by anyone who is looking for such types of benefits in the Salamanca District.
The area counts with the best centers of leisure, shopping and services in Madrid. This is an elegant building dating back from the 50s, with concierge service, elevator, freight elevator, central heating and low administrative fees, which converts the property into a great real estate purchase opportunity.
A property that needs update, but its pillars structure allows us to form a new total distribution of the house. It now includes three bedrooms, two bathrooms, an ample kitchen, lounge, distributor, a lunge with accessible balcony and a fabulous terrace.
The house is located in the Salamanca District, more precisely in Castellana, a predominantly residential and commercial area. The real estate properties in this area are among the most expensive in Madrid. The Serrano and José Ortega y Gasset Streets (Lista) are famous for prestigious luxury shops, which makes of this are a favorite one for profiles with high purchasing power.
This zone is easily distinguishable due to its imposing façades, that make Madrid one of the European capitals by excellence in terms of classic and cutting-edge architecture.
The house has a strategic location: just a few steps away from Serrano Street and La Castellana, with an excellent communication with the rest of the city by car, bus or metro, through the main artery of Madrid, La Castellana. Its is very about 100 m. away from the U.S. Embassy and Instituto de Empresa.
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This property offers the pleasure of living in a quiet and comfortable district, in the best area of Madrid.
Availability to be agreed. The exposed information is offered by third parties, merely for information and it is supposed to be correct. Our company does not guarantee its veracity. The offer is submitted to errors, price changes, omission and/or withdrawn of the market without previous notice. The expenses of Contract and Fees of the Agency run at the expense of the tenant, other particular conditions as duration, deposit, guarantees, consumptions or community expenses if present, they will be specified in separate document.


text:
Shanghai Marriott Hotel City Centre
Shanghai Marriott Hotel City Centre
555 Xi Zang Road (Middle)
Huangpu District
Shanghai, PRC 200003
To make reservations please call the reservations department at +86 21 2312 9888*6226 during office hours (local Shanghai time) of Monday to Friday 09:00 – 17:30 and request the negotiated rate for ExL's 5th Digital Pharma China. Reservation requests can also be emailed to firstname.lastname@example.com, again requesting the negotiated rate for ExL's 5th Digital Pharma China.
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Hassan Schroeder <hassan.schroe...@gmail.com>
|Re: Tomcat Manager sees distribution directories as applications
|Fri, 30 Oct 2009 21:07:31 GMT
On Fri, Oct 30, 2009 at 2:03 PM, Jonathan Mast <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > When I log into the Tomcat Web Application Manager, in addition to the > actual webapps defined in server.xml, it also lists the /bin, /conf, /logs, > /temp, /lib and /work directories of the Tomcat installation as if they are > webapps. > > I doubt this is correct, so how do I fix it? Sounds like your server.xml is wildly wrong. :-) You might want to post a sanitized de-commented version here... -- Hassan Schroeder ------------------------ email@example.com twitter: @hassan --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Introduction to Urban Design (ARCH9100)
This introductory unit of study will provide students with the necessary skills to participate effectively in the urban design studios and will include site, spatial and public domain analysis, map and plan reading, visual, verbal and written communication techniques, and basic computer-based 3-dimensional modelling and numerical analysis. This unit will introduce students to the objectives and principles of urban design by analysing a number of public spaces, the spaces between buildings and the public domain and urban conditions in Sydney.
Our courses that offer this unit of study
- Graduate Certificate in Heritage Conservation
- Graduate Certificate in Urban Design
- Graduate Certificate in Urban and Regional Planning
- Graduate Diploma in Heritage Conservation
- Graduate Diploma in Urban Design
- Graduate Diploma in Urban and Regional Planning
- Master of Heritage Conservation
- Master of Urban Design
- Master of Urban and Regional Planning
- Master of Urbanism (Heritage Conservation)
- Master of Urbanism (Urban Design)
- Master of Urbanism (Urban and Regional Planning)
Further unit of study information
Intensive delivery for total of 38 hours
Formative assessment (60%), summative assessment (40%); assessments comprise both group and indivdual components. Peer review of group work will be required.
Faculty/department permission required?
Unit of study rules
Additional Information
Students may be granted advanced standing based on experience and a portfolio.
Study this unit outside a degree
Non-award/non-degree study
If you wish to undertake one or more units of study (subjects) for your own interest but not towards a degree, you may enrol in single units as a non-award student.
Cross-institutional study
If you are from another Australian tertiary institution you may be permitted to underake cross-institutional study in one or more units of study at the University of Sydney.


text:
Removal & Installation
- Raise and support the vehicle.
Remove the wheel mounting nuts, then the tire and wheel assembly.
NOTEIn some cases, it may be necessary to retract the caliper piston in its bore a small amount in order to provide sufficient clearance between the pads and the rotor to easily remove the caliper from the knuckle. This can usually be accomplished before the guide pin bolts are removed, by grasping the inboard side of the caliper and pulling outward working with the guide pins, thus retracting the piston. Never push on the piston directly as it may get damaged.
- Remove the two bolts securing disc brake caliper and adapter bracket to the steering knuckle.
- Remove the disc brake caliper and adapter bracket from the knuckle and rotor as an assembly.
- Hang the assembly out of the way using wire or a bungee cord. Use care not to overextend the brake hose when doing this.
- Remove any clips retaining the brake rotor to the wheel studs. Slide the brake rotor off the hub and bearing.
To install:
Inspect disc brake pads before installation.
- Clean the hub face to remove any dirt or corrosion where the rotor mounts.
- Install the brake rotor over the studs on the hub and bearing.
- Install the disc brake caliper and adapter bracket assembly over the brake rotor and knuckle.
- Install the mounting bolts securing the caliper adapter bracket to the knuckle. Tighten the bolts to 108 N·m (80 ft. lbs.).
- Install the tire and wheel assembly. Tighten the wheel mounting nuts to 135 N·m (100 ft. lbs.).
- Lower the vehicle.
- Pump the brake pedal several times before moving the vehicle to set the pads to the brake rotor.
- Check and adjust the brake fluid level in the reservoir as necessary.
- Road test the vehicle and make several stops to seat the brake pads to the rotor.


text:
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Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons Inc (ASPS) is the peak body for Specialist Plastic Surgeons (both reconstructive and cosmetic). Our main role is to protect the integrity of Plastic Surgery as a specialty. Our mission is to provide the highest quality plastic surgery care to all Australians. Read more
Phone: +61 2 9437 9200
Fax: +61 2 9437 9210
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