text:
PDGF-B-driven gliomagenesis can occur in the absence of the proteoglycan NG2
In the last years, the transmembrane proteoglycan NG2 has gained interest as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diverse tumor types, including gliomas, because increases of its expression correlate with dismal prognosis. NG2 has been shown to function as a co-receptor for PDGF ligands whose aberrant expression is common in gliomas. We have recently generated a glioma model based on the overexpression of PDGF-B in neural progenitors and here we investigated the possible relevance of NG2 during PDGF-driven gliomagenesis.
The survival curves of NG2-KO mice overexpressing PDGF-B were compared to controls by using a Log-rank test. The characteristics of tumors induced in NG2-KO were compared to those of tumors induced in wild type mice by immunostaining for different cell lineage markers and by transplantation assays in adult mice.
We showed that the lack of NG2 does not appreciably affect any of the characterized steps of PDGF-driven brain tumorigenesis, such as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) induction, the recruitment of bystander OPCs and the progression to full malignancy, which take place as in wild type animals.
Our analysis, using both NG2-KO mice and a miRNA based silencing approach, clearly demonstrates that NG2 is not required for PDGF-B to efficiently induce and maintain gliomas from neural progenitors. On the basis of the data obtained, we therefore suggest that the role of NG2 as a target molecule for glioma treatment should be carefully reconsidered.
Gliomas are tumors of the central nervous system often characterized by poor survival. Their most aggressive form, glioblastoma, exhibits a dismal prognosis mainly due to its prominent infiltrative ability and to its high radio- and chemo-resistance. Because of this, it is of primary importance to identify molecules that can be used as therapeutic targets. The transmembrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 has been proposed as one of these candidates
NG2 is expressed in human gliomas and its expression correlates to their malignancy
Here, in order to investigate the potential role of this proteoglycan in the formation and progression of PDGF-expressing gliomas, we tested the ability of PDGF-B overexpression to induce brain tumors in NG2-KO mice. The generation of high grade gliomas in this context clearly demonstrated that NG2 is not necessary for the induction and progression of glial tumors, reducing the chances of treating gliomas by inhibiting the function of NG2.
Retroviral vectors
The cDNA of human PDGF-B, derived from the RCAS-pBIG plasmid (kindly provided by Dr. E. Holland, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA), was inserted into the SalI site upstream the IRES sequence of the pCEG retroviral backbone (kindly provided by Gordon Fishell, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York, USA), generating the PDGF-B/GFP construct. The same PDGF-B cDNA was inserted also into the blunted PmeI/SfiI sites of the pCAG:Ds-Red vector (kindly provided by Dr. M. Goetz, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Germany), upstream the IRES-Ds-Red reporter cassette to form the PDGF-B/Ds Red vector. The engineered miRNA directed against the mRNA of NG2 (the sequence is available on request) was designed using the BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer software of Invitrogen and cloned following the BLOCK-iT™ Pol II miR RNAi Expression Vector kit (Invitrogen) into the gateway cassette (Invitrogen) of the pCDB-GW vector together with the EmGFP cDNA. As negative control we used the miRneg oligo supplied in the kit and we cloned it in the pCDB-GW plasmid. The pCDB-GW vector was derived by the pCEG vector after the deletion of the GFP cDNA and the insertion of the gateway cassette in the SalI site.
Replication-defective retroviral supernatants were prepared by transiently transfecting plasmids into Phoenix packaging cells as described in
Cell cultures
Primary cultures of embryonic neural precursors were obtained from embryonic day 14 (E14) mouse embryos. Dorsal and ventral regions were separated and kept in HBSS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) added with 1 mM HEPES (Invitrogen). Forebrain explants were then incubated in 1 ml of trypsin/EDTA (Invitrogen) at 37°C for 15 minutes and then mechanically dissociated with a glass pipette in DMEM medium added with 10% foetal calf serum (Invitrogen). Cells were then plated at a density of 3.5 × 105 cells/cm2 onto poly-D-lysine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) coated coverslips. Retroviral supernatants were added immediately after plating. Cells were cultured in a chemically defined medium (SATO medium
Tumor cell cultures were established as described in
Quantification of cell foci density
For foci formation, cells were allowed to overgrow on 6-well plates and then the average number of foci in 4 mm2 area was determined for two wild type and two NG2-KO glioma cultures. For each well, three random areas were analyzed and the count was repeated for three days to monitor foci formation during time. The experiment was then repeated twice.
Quantification of infiltrating cells
For infiltrating cell quantification at least two NG2-KO and three wild type gliomas were analyzed. Tumor cells migrated in the healthy brain tissue were identified in brain sections by means of their immunopositivity to GFP. To determine the number of infiltrated cells, brain regions of 0.1 mm2 near the tumor masses were analyzed. The number of infiltrating cells per mm2 was then obtained for each section and used to calculate the average number of infiltrating cells for the two tumor groups (wild type and NG2-KO).
In vivo injections
Mice were handled in agreement with Italian guidelines and regulations about animal use for scientific purposes (D.lvo 27/01/1992, n. 116). All procedures were approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal Experimentation of the National Institute of Cancer Research and by the Italian Ministry of Health. All experiments were performed on C57BL/6 mice and C57BL/6 NG2 null mice (kindly provided by Dr. William B. Stallcup) which in the text are referred to as wild type and NG2-KO mice, respectively.
Cells transplantation into adult mouse brains were performed as previously described in
Immumostainings on brain sections or cultured cells were performed using the following antibodies: mouse monoclonal antibodies against Nestin (1:250; BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, 1:200; Sigma); rabbit polyclonal antibodies against Olig2 (1:200; Sigma) and NG2 (1:300; Chemicon-Millipore, Billerica, MA); chicken polyclonal antisera against GFP (1:500; Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom); rat monoclonal antibody against PDGFR-alpha (1:100; BD Pharmingen) and CD31 (1:500; BD Pharmingen). Binding of primary antibodies was revealed with appropriate secondary Alexa Fluor 488 (1:500; Invitrogen), Dy-Light 488 or Dy-Light 549 (1:500; Jackson Immunoresearch, West Grove, PA) or Cy3 (1:100; Jackson Immunoresearch)-conjugated antibodies. Nuclei were stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) solution (1 μg/ml; Sigma). Fluorescence images were analyzed with the ImageJ software (W.S. Rasband, ImageJ, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD;
Vessel density quantification
Blood vessels were identified by immunopositivity to the CD31 antigen. CD31-stained sections from three wild type and two NG2-KO PDGF-B induced gliomas were analyzed. For each glioma, two different sections were taken, including at least two microphotographs for each section. In each microphotograph, at least two regions of 0.06 mm2 within the tumor were randomly selected to measure the area occupied by CD31 positive cells. This was done by using a threshold mask in the ImageJ software to circumscribe the immunopositive regions whose areas were measured by using the
Quantitative PCR
RNA was extracted from two wild type and two NG2-KO PDGF-B induced glioma cultures with QIAzol reagent (Qiagen s.p.a., Milan, Italy) according to the manufacturer's guidelines. cDNA was then obtained from 500 ng of RNA using the iScript retrotranscription kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on 1:100 of the retrotranscription reaction using iQ SYBRGreen Supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories). PCR was performed in triplicate and repeated twice. PDGF-B mRNA quantifications were normalized to the housekeeping gene Rpl41 (NM_018860). The sequences of the primers are available on request.
Western blot
Two NG2-KO and two wild type PDGF-B induced glioma cultures were harvested in lysis buffer containing: 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton® X-100 detergent and protease inhibitors (Complete, Roche Applied Science). The level of PDGFR-alpha and phosphorylated PDGFR-alpha were previously normalized to alpha-tubulin, then the ratio between the activated and the total receptor was considered. Western blot was performed using the following antibodies: mouse anti-phospho PDGFR-alpha (1:1000; Gentaur Molecular Products, Bruxelles, Belgium), mouse anti-alpha-tubulin (1:5000, Sigma), rat anti-PDGFR-alpha (1:5000, BD Pharmingen), and the secondary anti-mouse (1:5000, Pierce) and anti-rat (1:5000, GE Healthcare) antibodies conjugated to HRP.
Data analysis
Means and standard errors were calculated from different experiments. "n"; denotes the number of cells counted in the
We previously demonstrated that an early event following the retroviral overexpression of PDGF-B consists of the re-specification of cultured embryonic neural precursor cells to an oligodendroglial identity
Figure 1
PDGF-B transduction induces an oligodendroglial fate in cultured neural progenitor cells
PDGF-B transduction induces an oligodendroglial fate in cultured neural progenitor cells. (A-B, left side) Histograms showing the percentage of Olig2-positive cells in PDGF-B (red bars) and control (green bars) transduced cortical (A) and GE (B) cultures obtained from wild type and NG2-KO embryos. (A-B, right side) Immunofluorescence micrographs of cortical (A) and GE (B) cultures derived from wild type and NG2-KO mice following the transduction with PDGF-B/GFP or control retroviruses. The immunoreactivity to Olig2 and GFP is shown in red and in green, respectively. NG2-KO cultures: nExp = 3; Wild type cultures: nExp = 2. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 in a 2-tailed Student's t-test. Scale bar: 50 μm
The above data demonstrate that NG2 is not necessary for PDGF-B overexpression to induce an oligodendroglial fate in cultured neural progenitor cells.
Recently it has been proposed that NG2 may have a role in the induction of gliomas by PDGF-B
Figure 2
PDGF-B overexpression induced gliomas in NG2-KO mice
PDGF-B overexpression induced gliomas in NG2-KO mice. (A) Survival curves following PDGF-B embryonic transduction of NG2-KO (green line) and wild type (black line) mice. The Log-rank test performed on the survival curves of NG2-KO and wild type animals showed that there are no significant differences (Log-rank Test = N.S.) between the two distributions. (B-C) Fluorescence images of PDGF-B-induced tumors in NG2-KO (B) and wild type (C) mice. (D-M) Coronal sections of tumors obtained in NG2-KO (D, F, F', H, I) or wild type (E, G, G', L, M) mice stained with DAPI for nuclear staining in blue and antibodies for the indicated antigens (D-G', I, M) or with hematoxylin and eosin (H, L). F' and G' are magnifications of the insets in figures F and G respectively, arrowheads point infiltrating cells. NT: non-tumor zone; T: highly cellularized tumor zone. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (B-E); 100 μm (F-M).
Moreover, similarly to PDGF-B-induced tumors in wild type mice, NG2-KO gliomas showed all the typical features of high grade human gliomas, such as densely cellularized areas, highly vascularized regions and cells with a remarkable ability to infiltrate the healthy areas of the brain (Figure
Additional file 1
Lack of NG2 expression does not impair vessels formation in PDGF-B-induced tumors. Histogram shows the percentage of tumor area occupied by vessels (identified by immuno-positivity to CD31 marker) in wild type and NG2-KO PDGF-B-induced gliomas.
Click here for file
However, it is important to note that PDGF-B induced gliomagenesis could occur in NG2-KO mice due to a compensatory event based on a higher activation of PDGFR-alpha or to a higher PDGF-B expression level. To rule out these possibilities we decided to quantify the level of phosphorylated PDGFR-alpha protein and of PDGF-B mRNA. As shown in Additional file
Additional file 2
The level of PDGFR-alpha activation and of PDGF-B expression is similar in wild type and NG2-KO glioma cells. (A) Western blot of two wild-type (WT) and two NG2-KO (KO) PDGF-B-induced glioma cultures for the indicated proteins. The ratio between the level of activated PDGFR-alpha and total PDGFR-alpha is shown in the histogram. Values were normalized to the WT-1 culture. (B) Histogram shows the levels of PDGF-B mRNA relative to the housekeeping gene Rpl41 in wild type and NG2-KO glioma cultures. Values represent the means of real-time PCR quantifications for two independent cultures per condition.
Click here for file
However, the above observations do not clarify whether NG2 has a role in the determination of the glioma subtype. We therefore analyzed tumors induced by PDGF-B in NG2-KO mice by assessing the expression of a panel of markers which allow distinguishing between different neural cell types. Analogously to tumors induced in wild-type mice, those induced in NG2-KOs did not express the astrocytic marker GFAP, even if GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes were frequently abundant within tumor masses (Figure
Figure 3
PDGF-B overexpression induced oligodendrogliomas in NG2-KO mice
PDGF-B overexpression induced oligodendrogliomas in NG2-KO mice. (A-H) Immunofluorescence stainings of NG2-KO (A, C, E, G) and wild type (B, D, F, H) glioma sections with anti-GFP antibody in green, DAPI for nuclear staining in blue and antibodies for the indicated antigens in red. Scale bar: 50 μm
In primary PDGF-B-induced gliomas generated in wild type animals, there are abundant untransduced (GFP-negative) OPCs
Figure 4
PDGF-B-induced tumors recruit OPCs also in the absence of NG2 expression
PDGF-B-induced tumors recruit OPCs also in the absence of NG2 expression. (A-H) Immunofluorescence stainings of NG2-KO (A-D) and wild type (E-H) glioma sections with anti-GFP antibody in green, DAPI for nuclear staining in blue and antibodies for the indicated antigens in red. The left column of the figure corresponds to tumor infiltrated regions, while pictures on the right represent normal brain regions next to tumor areas showing the basal level of OPC markers expression for comparison. Scale bars: 50 μm
We then evaluated if gliomas induced by PDGF-B overexpression in NG2-KO mice maintain the ability to propagate as tumors after
Figure 5
Cells derived from PDGF-B-induced gliomas are tumorigenic also in the absence of NG2 expression
Cells derived from PDGF-B-induced gliomas are tumorigenic also in the absence of NG2 expression. (A) Survival curves following transplantation into adult brains of PDGF-B-induced tumor cells derived from wild type (black line) or NG2-KO (green line) mice. The Log-rank test performed on the two survival distributions showed that there are no significant differences (Log-rank Test = N.S.). (B) Fluorescence image of a NG2-KO secondary tumor. (C-F) Coronal sections of secondary tumors derived from NG2-KO (C-D) or wild type (E-F) mice stained with DAPI (C, E) or hematoxylin and eosin (D, F). NT: non-tumor zone; T: highly cellularized tumor zone; Dashed contours highlight the tumor mass; arrows point pseudopalisade structures. Scale bars: 1 mm (B); 100 μm (C-F).
Additional file 3
Cells derived from PDGF-B-induced gliomas generated in NG2-KO mice are tumorigenic. Survival curves following injection of PDGF-B induced tumor cells derived from NG2-KO mice into NG2-KO (blue line) or wild type (red line) recipients.
Click here for file
The histological analysis of the secondary tumors derived from NG2-KO primary gliomas revealed large, highly cellularized, compact masses with pseudopalisades surrounding necrotic areas (Figure
Another feature of PDGF-B-induced tumors is their capability to be cultured
Figure 6
PDGF-B-induced tumors can be propagated in culture also in the absence of NG2 expression
PDGF-B-induced tumors can be propagated in culture also in the absence of NG2 expression .(A-H) Immunofluorescence stainings of NG2-KO (A-D) and wild type (E-H) glioma cultures with anti-GFP antibody in green, DAPI for nuclear staining in blue and the antibody for the indicated antigen in red. (I) Histogram showing the percentage of cells expressing the indicated markers in NG2-KO (red bars) and wild type (blue bars) glioma cell cultures. (L-M) Bright field microphotographs of NG2-KO (L) and wild type (M) glioma cells showing the ability to form foci in vitro. Scale bars: 50 μm (A-D); 100 μm (L-M).
We have recently reported that a hallmark of highly malignant PDGF-B-induced gliomas is their
Additional file 4
Cells derived from PDGF-B-induced tumors form foci in vitro also in the absence of NG2 expression. Histogram shows the average number of foci in the analyzed area (4 mm2) for the wild type and the NG2-KO glioma cultures (p = 0.7).
Click here for file
However, all the above observations do not exclude the possibility that compensatory effects, which may occur in NG2-KO embryos, could mask the actual role of NG2 during the development of a glioma in a normal context. We therefore analyzed this issue by using an engineered microRNA (miRNA-NG2) to silence NG2 expression in wild type PDGF-B induced glioma cells. To test the silencing efficiency of the miRNA-NG2, we transduced glioma cells, already expressing a PDGF-B/DS Red vector, with retroviral vectors expressing GFP and either the miRNA-NG2 or a negative control miRNA (miRneg, not complementary to any cellular mRNA) and, after 7 days, we compared the expression of NG2 in the two conditions. As shown in Figure
Figure 7
NG2 silencing does not impair the tumorigenic potential of cells derived from PDGF-B-induced tumors
NG2 silencing does not impair the tumorigenic potential of cells derived from PDGF-B-induced tumors. (A-B) Immunofluorescence stainings of PDGF-B-induced glioma cultures transduced with miR-NG2 (A) or miRneg (B) and stained with anti-GFP antibody in green, anti-NG2 antibody in red and DAPI (nuclei) in blue. (C-D) Histograms showing the efficiency of miR-NG2 silencing in PDGF-B-induced glioma cultures (C) or in cells extracted from a secondary tumor generated by the intracranial injection of PDGF-B-induced glioma cells previously transduced with miR-NG2 (miR-NG2 secondary tumor; D). GFP positive cells represent glioma cells which were actually transduced with miR-NG2, while GFP-negative cells were not transduced. (E) Fluorescence image of a miR-NG2 secondary tumor. (F) Immunofluorescence staining of miR-NG2 secondary tumor cells with anti-GFP antibody in green, anti-NG2 antibody in red and DAPI (nuclei) in blue. Scale bars: 50 μm (A-B, F); 0.5 mm (E).
To evaluate the possibility that NG2 may be necessary for the tumor-propagating potential of PDGF-B induced gliomas, we transduced cells from two independent gliomas with the miRNA-NG2, the miRneg or a vector carrying only GFP and we injected them into the brains of adult mice (miRNA-NG2: n = 6; miRneg: n = 9 ; control GFP: n = 18). Since the retroviral infections never resulted in the transduction of all cells, we injected mixed populations of transduced and untransduced cells. We reasoned that if NG2 silencing exerted negative effects on the tumorigenic potential of these cells, this would result in the formation of GFP-depleted secondary tumors. The use of mixed populations allowed us to have an internal control of gliomagenesis that eliminated the doubt about any technical problem which may occur during injection. Moreover, to avoid stochastic cell population effects from depleting secondary tumors of the GFP-positive cell fractions, we only injected glioma populations containing at least 40% GFP-positive cells. After injection, no significant difference in the percentage of GFP-positive secondary tumors was shown between mice injected with miRNA-NG2- (67%) and control- (67%) transduced cells (Table
Table 1
NG2 silencing did not prevent tumorigenesis driven by PDGF-B induced glioma cells.
GFP-positive tumors
GFP-negative tumors
not analyzed *
no tumor **
The percentage of tumors for the indicated classes were shown. * Tumors were not analyzed because the mice were found already dead and the fluorescent signal was no more reliable due to autofluorescence. ** Mice that did not develop a tumor.
Since not all the cells expressing an engineered miRNA usually reach an adequate level of gene silencing, we quantified the percentage of NG2 expressing cells in one miRNA-NG2 infected secondary glioma to rule out the possibility that GFP-positive secondary tumors would exclusively derive from cells maintaining NG2 expression. As shown in Figure
All those data demonstrate that PDGF-B induced gliomagenesis can occur after the abrogation of NG2 expression, thus raising serious doubts on the efficacy of NG2 targeting as therapy against gliomas.
The observation that human gliomas often highly express NG2 suggested that this molecule could play an important role in gliomagenesis
Moreover, we tested the relevance of NG2 during PDGF-B-induced gliomagenesis. Our results clearly show that NG2 is dispensable for the formation of gliomas following the overexpression of PDGF-B and that tumors induced in NG2-KO animals are indistinguishable from those observed in wild type mice. This suggests that tumor development occurred analogously in the two contexts. The similarities between NG2-KO and wild type gliomas include the presence of highly infiltrating cells, a typical feature of human gliomas, and vascularized areas which ultimately require the induction of angiogenesis, indicating that in this context this process is not significantly influenced by the lack of NG2. Importantly, the absence of NG2 did not significantly affect the ability of gliomas to be maintained for long term in culture, to override cell-cell contact inhibition of proliferation forming cell foci in vitro and to regenerate a glioma after orthotopic transplantation, all features representing functional proxies for high malignancy
Moreover, the use of an engineered miRNA directed against NG2 in wild type glioma cells strengthens our results, eliminating the possibility that glioma formation in NG2-KO mice could be due to compensatory events taking place in these animals. Our data also confirm previous observations performed in different experimental systems
It is furthermore to be noted that since NG2 seems to influence specifically PDGF-A-driven signaling and PDGF-A can also induce the formation of gliomas
We conclude that, unexpectedly, the lack of NG2 does not prevent the generation of malignant gliomas driven by PDGF-B overexpression. Moreover, an accurate comparison of gliomas induced by PDGF-B in NG2-KO and wild type mice did not reveal any significant difference in terms of tumor development, histopathology, molecular marker expression, ability to propagate in vitro and to regenerate tumors after orthotopic in vivo transplantation.
Questioning the potential role of NG2 in glioma formation, our data reduce the expectations on the proteoglycan NG2 as a target molecule for the treatment of this kind of tumor. We therefore think that our findings are important to redirect the scientific research involved in the development of new glioma therapies.
DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GE: ganglionic eminences; GFAP: glial fibrillar acid protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; OPCs: oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; KO: knockout
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
MT and IA planned and carried out most of the experiments and drafted the manuscript. FC planned and carried out part of the experiments and critically revised the manuscript draft. RP helped to provide the NG2-KO strains. ET carried out the embryonic injections and helped to acquire the data. PM conceived and planned the experiments and critically revised the manuscript draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported by a NUSUG grant from AIRC (Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) by a PRIN 2008 grant from Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca and by Fondazione CARIGE (Basi molecolari e cellulari dei gliomi: individuazione di marcatori diagnostici e di nuovi bersagli terapeutici).
The glial precursor proteoglycan, NG2, is expressed on tumour neovasculature by vascular pericytes in human malignant brain tumours
NG2/HMP proteoglycan as a cancer therapeutic target
The NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan: role in malignant progression of human brain tumours
Correlation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression on proliferating brain capillary endothelial cells with the malignant phenotype of astroglial cells
Expression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell antigens by gliomas: implications for the histogenesis of brain tumors
CD44 adhesion molecule and neuro-glial proteoglycan NG2 as invasive markers of glioma
The progenitor cell marker NG2/MPG promotes chemoresistance by activation of integrin-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling
NG2 expression regulates vascular morphology and function in human brain tumours
NG2 proteoglycan promotes angiogenesis-dependent tumor growth in CNS by sequestering angiostatin
Differential phosphorylation of NG2 proteoglycan by ERK and pkcalpha helps balance cell proliferation and migration
NG2 proteoglycan promotes endothelial cell motility and angiogenesis via engagement of galectin-3 and alpha3beta1 integrin
Spreading and focal contact formation of human melanoma cells in response to the stimulation of both melanoma-associated proteoglycan (NG2) and alpha 4 beta 1 integrin
PDGF (alpha)-receptor is unresponsive to PDGF-AA in aortic smooth muscle cells from the NG2 knockout mouse
Participation of the NG2 proteoglycan in rat aortic smooth muscle cell responses to platelet-derived growth factor
Interaction between NG2 proteoglycan and PDGF alpha-receptor on O2A progenitor cells is required for optimal response to PDGF
High-affinity binding of basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-AA to the core protein of the NG2 proteoglycan
Glioblastoma subclasses can be defined by activity among signal transduction pathways and associated genomic alterations
Platelet-derived growth factor and its receptor expression in human oligodendrogliomas
Platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors in human glioma tissue: expression of messenger RNA and protein suggests the presence of autocrine and paracrine loops
Expression of messenger rnas for platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha and their receptors in human malignant glioma cell lines
Integrated Genomic Analysis Identifies Clinically Relevant Subtypes of Glioblastoma Characterized by Abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1
PDGFR alpha-positive B cells are neural stem cells in the adult SVZ that form glioma-like growths in response to increased PDGF signaling
PDGF-B induces a homogeneous class of oligodendrogliomas from embryonic neural progenitors
Glial progenitors in adult white matter are driven to form malignant gliomas by platelet-derived growth factor-expressing retroviruses
Tumor progression and oncogene addiction in a PDGF-B-induced model of gliomagenesis
PDGF autocrine stimulation dedifferentiates cultured astrocytes and induces oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas from neural progenitors and astrocytes in vivo
The characteristics of astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas are caused by two distinct and interchangeable signaling formats
Combined activation of Ras and Akt in neural progenitors induces glioblastoma formation in mice
Ink4a-Arf loss cooperates with kras activation in astrocytes and neural progenitors to generate glioblastomas of various morphologies depending on activated Akt
Induction of brain tumors in mice using a recombinant platelet-derived growth factor B-chain retrovirus
Dependence of autocrine growth factor stimulation in platelet-derived growth factor-B-induced mouse brain tumor cells
The NG2 proteoglycan promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and developmental myelination
A role for the NG2 proteoglycan in glioma progression
Production of high-titer helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection
Growth of a rat neuroblastoma cell line in serum-free supplemented medium
PDGF stimulates the massive expansion of glial progenitors in the neonatal forebrain
NG2 precursor cells in neoplasia: functional, histogenesis and therapeutic implications for malignant brain tumours
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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West Calls for Direct Talks in Russia-Ukraine Crisis
March 05, 2014 11:52 AM
The U.S, Britain, and Ukraine have called for direct talks between Ukraine and Russia, saying they are crucial to resolving the conflict in Ukraine's Crimean region.
The foreign ministers of those three nations, including U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, issued a joint statement Wednesday after talks in Paris.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov was also in Paris for the talks by the so-called Budapest agreement group, but did not attend the meeting. Under the Budapest Memorandum of 1994, the U.S., Britain and Russia agreed to support Ukraine's territorial integrity.
The U.S. State Department said Kerry, who met with Ukrainian officials in Kyiv on Tuesday, spoke privately with Lavrov and urged him to engage in talks with his new counterpart from Ukraine, interim foreign minister Andriy Deshchytsia.
In Wednesday's statement, Washington, London, and Kyiv also called for international observers to be deployed in Ukraine immediately, especially in eastern Ukraine and Crimea, near the Russian border.
British Foreign Secretary William Hague said earlier that the U.S. and Britain are pursuing "every diplomatic opportunity" to bring Russian and Ukrainian officials into contact with each other.
Hague said there will be "costs and consequences" for Russia if diplomatic progress is not made. He said Russia understand that its pattern of intervening in countries like Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova will change its relationship with European nations.
Meanwhile, Russian President Vladimir Putin was quoted Wednesday as saying he does not want the "political tension" between Russian and Ukraine to detract from economic cooperation between the two countries.
Western leaders have been calling for a de-escalation of tensions sparked when Russian forces moved into Ukraine's Crimean peninsula late last week. The West has suggested the crisis could be resolved if Russia pulls back its forces to their bases on the Black Sea and allows in international monitors.
But Lavrov said Wednesday that Russia cannot order pro-Russian armed forces in Crimea, which he described as "self-defense" forces, back to bases, because they are not Russian forces.
And he said allowing international monitors into Crimea is not Russia's decision, but the decision of Ukrainian and Crimean authorities.
Ukraine's new prime minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk told the Associated Press in an interview Wednesday that he would like a special task force established to discuss Crimea's status.
"Crimea is, was, and will be an integral part of the state of Ukraine. We believe that we need to establish a task force to establish what kind of additional autonomy Crimea could get."
He blamed Mr. Putin for the region's current unrest and said Ukrainian leaders "cannot figure out" why Mr. Putin has sent Russian troops into Crimea. He expressed fear that Russia could expand its presence to other Russian-speaking parts of Ukraine.
Crimea is set to hold a referendum on its future status on March 30. Ethnic Russians make up nearly 60-percent of the peninsula's population.
The head of the European Union's executive arm, European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, said Wednesday the EU is ready to provide Ukraine, which is teetering on the brink of bankruptcy, with $15 billion in aid in the coming years.
The Obama administration on Tuesday announced a $1 billion energy subsidy package for Ukraine.
NATO and Russia have agreed to meet Wednesday in Brussels for talks on the crisis in Ukraine -- their first public contact since the Crimea crisis began. NATO said Tuesday the Russian military presence in Ukraine presents "serious implications for the security and stability of the Euro-Atlantic area."
Kerry was in Kyiv on Tuesday to meet with Ukrainian officials and said the United States wants to see a peaceful resolution to the crisis.
The Crimean peninsula was placed under Ukrainian control in 1954 by then-Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. It remained part of Ukraine when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. Crimea has a tiny border with Russia on its far eastern point, and the Crimean port of Sevastapol is home to Russia's Black Sea fleet.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Here is a collection of Jia Xu's weapons in the Warriors series.
Dynasty Warriors 7Edit
Jia Xu uses the chain and sickle as his default weapon in the game and its various spin-offs.
Dynasty Warriors NextEdit
|Harvest Sickle
|Base Attack: 30+
|Number of Hits: 4~5
|Hunting Sickle
|Base Attack: 40+
|Number of Hits: 5~6
|Dark Thresher
|Base Attack: 50+
|Number of Hits: 6
Dynasty Warriors 8Edit
Jia Xu still uses the chain and sickle as his default weapon in this title.
Dynasty Warriors: GodseekersEdit
Warriors Orochi 3Edit
|Harvest Sickle
|Base Attack: 4
|Compatibility Bonus: 7
|Hunting Sickle
|Base Attack: 7
|Compatibility Bonus: 11
|Dark Thresher
|Base Attack: 12
|Compatibility Bonus: 14
|Soul Reaver
|Base Attack: 20
|Compatibility Bonus: 18
Big Star WeaponsEdit
Jia Xu uses the following big star weapons in the game.
- Frog's Tongue
- Zhong Hui's Dryer
Warriors Orochi 3 UltimateEdit
|Soul Reaver X
|Base Attack: 60
|Compatibility Bonus: 18
|Mystic Thresher
|Base Attack: 55
|Compatibility Bonus: 18
Acquiring Mystic WeaponEdit
- Chapter 2: Battle of Kyūshū - Defeat Himiko and 300 enemies in under 5 minutes.
- Chapter 2: Battle of Jiange - Defeat Wen Chou, Yan Liang, and 500 enemies in under 7 minutes.
- Chapter 3: Battle of Changban (Redux) - Defeat Wu Ban, Zhou Cang, Chen Wu, and 500 enemies in under 10 minutes.
- Chapter 3: Breakthrough at Guangzong - Defeat 1,000 enemies in under 11 minutes.


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Merowe, Sudan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Merowe is a town in Northern State, Sudan, near Karima Town, about 330 kilometres (210 mi) north of Khartoum. It is the site of the Merowe Dam project.
Merowe is 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) from Merowe Airport, and is served by a branch of the national railway network.
See also[edit]
Coordinates: 18°29′00″N 31°49′00″E / 18.48333°N 31.81667°E
|This Sudan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Please enter your Mobile Number and Education Level to proceed.
Exam Results Are Out! Don't Panic, Scientifically Plan Your Career
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Hello there! Hearty Congratulations for completing your Chartered Accountancy course. Glad that you are also working in a PSU. I liked your query very much since I appreciate your willing ness to further continue your education while doing your job. I have been an Educationist and have been counselling students from the commerce / management fiedl for more tha 7 years now and have been teaching and writing for many years now. To add value to your resume and to supplement your CA qualification there are many options available. Full time courses, part time courses, distance learni
No course is Hard in this world, it all depends on our will & determination.Well if you talk about CA. it is known to be a toughest course amonst all accounting institutes in India.Reasons - why it is regarded as toughest:1) This course actually make a person an expert in almost every field of finance & commerce, such:> Accounts> Financial Mgt> Auditing> Cost Mgt> Company Law> Other Allied laws> Direct Tax> Indirect Tax> Other subjects2) It is course where you have to do lot of self study. You need to study on daily basis to be an expert in the field.3) Durin
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Everybody has some career goals in mind. Something they are thinking of doing or becoming. For Commerce students, there are many avenues where they can build up a good career in future. Company Secretary Course is one such course which can be taken as a profession.It is good choice to pursue "[Company Secretary][1]" along with Graduation.Stages to become Company Secretary The student who would like to join the course after 10+2 pass or equivalent has to undergo 3 stages to pursue the Company Secretaries Course.Foundation Programme. [Executive Programme][2]. Professional ProgrammeThe Student wh
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text:
Handpained and signed Fenton glass basket/vase
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: -
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Oct 26, 2008
- Channel: Auction House
Welcome to our auction! You are bidding on a handpainted and signed Fenton basket/vase. Clear glass handle and ruffled edge. Aprx. 7 1/2" tall and 4 1/2" wide. No chips or cracks. You have 7 days from end of auction to pay for your item. We accept only US bids. Paypal only please. We require insurance on items over $10 which is responsibility of buyer. No refunds or returns. Thank you for visiting our auction and good luck on your bid!


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This is a popular full of adventure video installment in which player are to play an important role for his job. This installment was developed by under the banner of very popular gaming industry named as Variable State. In this player are to play the role of investigator who has to investigate the problem and he has to given the proper solution for this. As you can say that if there is any problem then player are to comes here and he has to investigate it. Download Virginia Game Free For PC.
Screenshots Of Game:
As you can see that in this screenshot there is investigate team who has to doing investigation about problem. This installment was published by under the banner of 505 Games. As you can see that in the hand of player there is a pic of man who was clear in creating problems for innocent peoples so this pic was send to them and now they are to investigate this man and they are to gives the results about this.Free Download Virginia 2016 Game.
In this main thing is that there is a helper for the player who has to makes many helps of hero in his missions. I Want to tell you here in this installment there are so many missions and player are to completes these mission one by one means when player completes one mission then he can unlock the other mission and can be play in easy way. Agent Of FBI has to play an important role in all over the matter. This installment was Written by Jonathan ,Terry Kenny And Matt Wilde.
System Requirements:
- Operating System: Microsoft Windows, 7,8,8.1
- CPU: 2,9 GHz
- CPU Speed: Free Space: 5 GB
- Mouse
- Video Card: 2 GB
- Sound Card: DirectX Version 11
How To Install:
- Click On The Link
- Extract The File
- Select The File
- Open The Folder
- Enjoy!
Click Here!
It is not release yet i will upload the link when it will be released.


text: Complete that look that you desire with our fantastic award winning furniture, and brighten up your home with this stunning Antique French Side Table. Hand crafted and carefully built to the highest quality, this Side Table will be sure to amaze. Working exceptional either on its own or co-ordinated alongside our marvelous shabby chic furniture.


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1P High Interrupt Capacity Circuit Breaker 30A 120/240VAC
SQUARE D| Zoro #: G0630953| Mfr #: QO130VH
Zoro #: G0630953Mfr. Part #: QO130VH
$27.06 /ea
Orders over $50.00 ship free. DetailsStandard ground shipping
Technical Specifications
|Zoro #: G0630953 Mfr #: QO130VH
|Item: Plug In Circuit Breaker
|Number of Poles: 1
|Length: 3.00"
|Depth: 2.91"
|Width: 0.75"
|Standards: UL Listed , CSA Certified
|Circuit Breaker Type: High Interrupting Capacity
|Terminal Connection: Screw Clamp
|Series: QO
|Max. AIR Rating: 22kA
|DC Voltage Rating: Not Rated
|AC Voltage Rating: 120/240VAC
|Max. Wire Size: 8 AWG
|Min. Wire Size: 14 AWG
|Amps: 30
|Country of Origin (subject to change): Mexico
Product Description
Plug In Circuit Breaker, Amps 30, Number of Poles 1, Circuit Breaker Type High Interrupting Capacity, AC Voltage Rating 120/240VAC, DC Voltage Rating Not Rated, For Use With QO Load Centers and NQOD Panelboards, Series QO, Terminal Connection Screw Clamp, Min. Wire Size 14 AWG, Max. Wire Size 8 AWG, Length 3.00 In., Width 0.75 In., Depth 2.91 In., Standards UL Listed , CSA Certified, Max. AIR Rating 22kA


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Look out, TV viewers: Political advertising for the 2012 elections is "all but certain" to set records.
Moody's Investors Service predicts in a new report that revenue from political ads for the presidential campaign and statewide races for governor and Congress will grow by 9% to 18% next year over the 2010 levels.
That could mean about $3 billion spent on TV ads, up from $2.3 billion last year.
One key change: The U.S. Supreme Court ruling last year that companies and unions can spend virtually unlimited amounts of money to support or defeat a candidate.
Moody's cited a handful of small- and medium-sized broadcast companies that could benefit next year, such as Barrington Broadcast Group, which has two dozen stations, and Gray Television, which has 36 stations.
Barrington, for example, has operations in South Carolina, Michigan and Ohio -- states that figure prominently in the presidential race. Gray's has operations in Florida, Wisconsin, Virginia and Colorado -- all either key states in the White House contest or states that will have major Senate races.
"Virtually all U.S. broadcasters will benefit from spending on political ads in 2012 but especially those speculative-grade operators that saw the biggest percentage increases in total revenues from political ads in 2010," said Carl Salas, vice president-senior analyst for Moody's, who wrote the report.
Next year's presidential contest is likely to be the first $2 billion election for the White House, when all the spending by Obama and the GOP nominee is put together.
There also will be a pitched battle for power in Congress, especially the Senate.
Democrats have a 53-47 edge in that chamber, but Republicans have vowed to take control in 2012. Democrats have 23 seats to defend in the Senate, compared with 10 for the GOP.
Catalina Camia leads the OnPolitics online community and has been at USA TODAY since 2005. She has been a reporter or editor covering politics and Congress for two decades, including stints at The Dallas Morning News and Congressional Quarterly. Follow her at @USATOnPolitics.
USA TODAY's Jackie Kucinich (@jfkucinich) and Fredreka Schouten (@fschouten) also contribute to the OnPolitics blog.


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Trinity Baptist Church exists to Glorify God with Christ-like Disciples who make other Disciples.
Our church has been proclaiming the gospel of Christ and "Making Servants for the Savior" in the greater Burlington, Vermont area since 1972. We invite you to come worship with us!
Adult & Teen Sunday School: 9:00 AM
Morning Service: 10:00 AM
Evening Service: 6:00 PM
Expeditions (3-years old thru 6th grade): 6:00 PM (September - May)
Youth Group: 6:00 PM
SNAC will be twice a month after the evening service starting on January 15th 2017. Sign up sheets will be in the coatroom. Contact Anne Parkinson or the Church Office with any questions.
Family Night: 7:00 PM
Currently we are going through the series "Considering Our Way".
300 Trinity Drive Williston, VT 05495 | 802.878.8118
© 2009-2012 Trinity Baptist Church | Web site design by Your Creative People (Greenville, SC). Easy site updating through Backstage CMS.


text: Science "Citizen Science" Gains Momentum In Northwest And Nationally By Tom Banse • Aug 8, 2012 Photo by Tom Banse / Northwest News Network Public participation in scientific research is mushrooming in the Northwest and across the country. The trend is called "citizen science." It can take the form of volunteer monitoring and data collection, or crowd-sourced science, or science education with a research component. One sign the movement is gaining acceptance and credibility: It's a big topic of discussion at a science conference in Portland this week. Correspondent Tom Banse reports. Swimming In The Olympics: What A Drag By Kirsten Peters • Jul 18, 2012 Photo courtesy Washington State University Republished from WSUNews PULLMAN, Wash. - I swim laps at noon several times a week. I enjoy the water, and the gentle exercise is good for my aging joints. Fuel Cells Could Power Your Neighborhood By Courtney Flatt • Jun 12, 2012 Researchers have developed a fuel cell that could one day power your neighborhood. From EarthFix, Courtney Flatt explains, this new system is much more efficient than power plants. Pages« first ‹ previous 1 2


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Intern Diary: Last Post by Yours Truly, ilkadj2012-10-01 3 Share Tweet
So here it is, my last entry for the Diary of an Intern Series. Hopefully they will continue this series, so that Lomo friends will still be able to get the feeling of how fun an internship at Lomography can be. So without further ado, this is my farewell post to all of you loyal readers.
But don't worry, I will try to keep my lomo blog as alive as possible, so that we can still keep in touch! The internship was a fun experience. I learned many things and I've met so many great people. And best of all, I came upon a very nice and fun hobby, film photography!
I know I am not an expert yet, but I'm not planning to be one anyway. It gives me enough joy to be able to capture something on film. There's something nostalgic and exciting about it. So to make this farewell easier, I will leave you with a number of my photos to enjoy (and probably laugh at – because you thought it was gonna be wow, but it was more like, what the?).
Enough with the chit-chat. I will bid farewell for now. Hope to see you guys some other time and perhaps in some other place.
Tschüssi baba!
written by ilkadj on 2012-10-01 #lifestyle #lomography #entry #internship #intern-diary #ilkadj #last-post


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5 Consequences Of Binge Drinking
Binge drinking is defined as any time that an individual drinks to excess or consumes enough alcohol to make them seriously impaired. What constitutes binge drinking may vary quite a bit from person to person, but it is generally agreed that the average man is said to have engaged in binge drinking if he has consumed more than five drinks in two hours and the average woman if she has had four or more. Though it is certainly common for people who are addicted to alcohol to engage in binge drinking, many people who binge drink are not alcoholics. Binge drinking is very dangerous and can lead to serious health problems, both in the long and short term. Here are just a few of the risks that are posed by binge drinking.
1. Damage to Short and Long Term Memory
Excessive alcohol use causes damage to brain cells and can have an impact on both short term and long term memory loss. College students who regularly engage in binge drinking have been shown to perform much more poorly in tasks that involved remembering a visual object or a piece of information that was taken in visually. People who frequently binge drink are also commonly found to have a harder time making decisions and processing information according to whether it is relevant or not.
2. Damage to Liver
The liver is the organ in the body that processes every substance that enters the body, whether it is food and nutrients or drugs or other toxins. The liver is an integral part of the body's ability to metabolically process any items which need to be flushed out of the body, and proper functioning of the liver is an important part of the functioning of many of the body's vital organs, including the heart. Binge drinking causes serious damage to the liver and may result in conditions like hepatitis and cirrhosis.
3. Impaired Learning Skills
Severe alcohol use has a profound impact on the brain's ability to function properly and may result in a lower ability to retain information and for the brain to develop in young people. College students who binge drink may cause serious damage to their brain and may experience an inability to function in classes or to enjoy the mental benefits of education. Impaired learning caused by alcohol can be detrimental to drinkers of all ages, because it can also impact a person's ability to grow psychologically or emotionally.
4. Increased Risk For Dangerous Behavior
When a person binge drinks, their behavior is severely altered. They may often "black out" meaning that they truly do not have a good sense of where they are or what is happening around them. This can be a very harmful situation to be in, as it may put a person at an increased risk for engaging in violent behavior or other behavior that could lead to legal problems, inkling driving under the influence, which is very dangerous and can lead to fatalities for both the driver and the other motorists on the road. Blacking out can also put a person at high risk for being the victim of a serious crime.
5. Risk of Physical Injury
Heavy alcohol use is tied to lowered motor skills, which make a person much less likely to be able to walk a straight line and may put them at a much higher risk for falling or obtaining other injuries a s result of their diminished motor skills. It is possible for a person who is binge drinking to become severely injured and not feel the effects until the next day.


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Though site managers at day cares have a range of responsibilities, nothing is more important than keeping children safe and developing programming that supplements what they learn in school or at home. Yours is a management position, so expect to work closely with your staff, evaluate their performance and make sure they meet any state requirements for working with children.
Primary Responsibilities
As the site manager at a day care, you are primarily responsible for supervising and training your staff and developing age-appropriate programs and standards for your enrolled students. You may need to help resolve problems between children or between a child and one of your staff members. You may also need to file reports and handle aspects of your site's payroll and budget. If you work at a day care that is part of a national chain or franchise, you may also need to make sure your site meets your parent organization's standards and regulations.
Other Responsibilities
Depending on where you work, you may be responsible for making sure your site is maintained and cleaned according to state regulations. You may also oversee what your enrolled students eat and drink during the day, making sure to accommodate for a child's allergy or special dietary needs.
Education and Experience
You'll need at least a high school diploma to become a day care site manager, though some employers may require you to have at least an associate degree in early childhood education. How much experience you need varies by employer. To work as a day care site manager for the Pasco County School System in Florida, you need at least three years of related experience. It waives this experience requirement if you have an associate degree that includes 12 hours of study in early childhood or elementary education.
Depending on the state where you work, you may need to earn Child Development Associate, or CDA, certification that the Council for Professional Recognition offers. To earn this certification, you need a high school diploma and some experience in the field. You'll take a course, during which you must distribute and collect family questionnaires, prepare a professional portfolio and write a professional philosophy statement and six reflective statements of competence. You must also pass a certification exam. A representative from the Council for Professional Recognition will also observe you working with children.
Licensure and Other Requirements
Along with certification, you may also need to be licensed before you can work at a day care, let alone as a day care site manager. In Florida, for example, you have to be licensed as a child care director and meet all state requirements for child care workers. You may also need to pass a background check and be current on your immunizations.
You not only need to love children but you'll need considerable patience. Children, no matter their ages, can tax even highly trained personnel. You should have strong communication skills, know how to supervise and train your staff and work well with others and on your own. You should also know how to work with parents and respond to their questions and concerns. Expect them to have opinions about everything, from how you do your job to when and how often you take your children outside or give them snacks. Diplomacy more than anything will help you keep your cool regardless of the situation.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Preschool and Childcare Center Directors
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: What Preschool and Childcare Center Directors Do
- Association of College Unions International: Child Care Manager
- Pasco County Schools: Child Care Site Manager
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: How to Become a Preschool or Childcare Center Director
- Council for Professional Recognition: Child Development Associate (CDA) Credential
Photo Credits
- Jupiterimages/Goodshoot/Getty Images


text:
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text:
I was thinking about writing this for a while now. Hope you like it.
Part 1
I'm operating on pure adrenaline. Every step is an effort. An effort to survive. My lips part, struggling to find air. The blood running down my arm doesn't help either. Right now, I need to find something that will stop the bleeding. If I can do that, I can live. I struggle to take my mind off the wound. I try to think of who I am and what got me here.
My name is Garret Woods, and I am 15 years old. I live in District 1, and I volunteered for the Hunger Games, just like my brother, who eventually became a victor. My district partner was Sparkle Adams, and she died on the second day when a pack of muttations attacked our group. On Day 4, the Capitol decided that it was the right time to drop small bombs into the arena. A bomb landed near the Career camp, and gave me the injuries I have now and seperated me from the group.
A stab of pain from one of my many shrapnel wounds puts me back to reality.That I need to survive, like my brother did. I continue to hobble through the forest, my eyes peeled for a plant that could help me. I could ask for a sponsor gift, but it might not get here in time. About a minute later, I find what I am looking for. A big, large plant that I could use for bandages. But as I reach for them, the world starts spinning. I start to lose my balance, and then I fall to the ground, landing on my injured arm.
"Not now." I say to the sky as I black out.
Part 2
Once I come to, I am sure that I died from blood loss, and figure that I am heaven.
"Am I in heaven?" I say to no one in particular, hoping for an answer.
"No, you're still in the Hunger Games." A girl is approaching me, and it's time I make my move. I shove her up against the tree I was laying on, and hold a knife to her throat(with my good arm, of course).
"I have two questions for you, why are you here, and one reason why I shouldn't slit your throat right now." I say. The girl, however stays calm. My eyes start to focus on her, and see that she is the district 7 girl. What gives it away is her long black hair that shines in this late afternoon light, and her deep brown eyes. I wonder how she made it this far.
"I want to make an alliance with you, and the reason I should live is I patched up your injuries." she says. She points down, and I look at what she is pointing at. All of my wounds are almost gone, except for the arm one, which is heavily bandaged. But I still have one more question.
"Why would you want to make an alliance with me, a career?" I say. But now I ask out of curiousity, and my knife has returned to its holster.
"Because you're not like the rest of them." she whispers. I have to strain my ears to hear it.
"How so? I joined up with them, didn't I?" I say.
"I was there when my district partner got killed." she says softly. You could see that she was obviously trying not to cry.
That was when the careers were looking for people to kill after the bloodbath. When they found the 7 boy, alone and without a weapon to defend himself, they got him cornered and wanted to kill him. I tried to have him join our alliance, to avoid his death. But the rest of the careers laughed off my suggestion, and the 4 girl impaled him with a spear.
Since her crying would give away our location, I embrace her like I would my little sister back home and say, "It's okay, it's okay. He's in a better place right now." She removes herself from my embrace and starts to wipe away the tears that have started to form on her face. Again, I have one more question for her.
"Allies?" I say. She looks up, and I see her smile for the first time that I've seen her. She extends her hand.
"Allies." she says, and for some reason we shake on it.
Part 3
A small noise woke me up during the night.
It could've been a mutt, a twig crunching underfoot, or a cannon blasting to signify another one gone from these games.
But that doesn't matter. All I know is, my newlyfound ally is in danger.
The person she is facing looks like the girl from District 5, and she seems to be losing.
Even though she is fighting with her best weapon, an axe, the 5 girl is using 2 knifes, which seem to be suprisingly effective. Even though the 7 girl, who is my ally, hasn't recieved a wound yet, she is obviously giving ground against the girl with the ferocious knifes.
"Now or never." I think as the knife that I posess is already sliding from my scabbard.
When that is accomplished, I sneak in behind the 5 girl. Luckily, she still hasn't wounded my ally, who is still fighting back.
And then with one swing that I have practiced for many years, I decapitate the 5 girl without a second thought.
Part 4
As the 5 girl goes down, my ally looks at me with horrified eyes. A cannon sounds.
"Is it over?" she says.
"Yes. It is." I say. I sway on my feet a little bit as I said that, and then I collapse. Apparently I barely had the strength to do that one little task. Right now, the careers would be laughing at my weakness.
"H....How man....many are left?" I try to say.
"Counting you and me, there's only 7 left." she says. That's a relief. The faster I can get home, the better.
"How have y....you stayed alive this whole time? W....was it your axe skills?" I ask. I really want to know how someone as beautiful as this stayed alive this whole time.
"I have pretty good abilities with finding berries and plants. And yes, part of it was the axe." she says with a smile. She sits down next to me and puts her arm around my shoulder. I can practically feel her breath on my face.
"Thanks for saving me. That really shows that you care about me. If you didn't, you would've let the 5 girl kill me." she said quietly. She embraces me, and gives me a kiss on the cheek. For a second, I want to kiss her back, to feel her soft lips in my own, but I shake it off.
"No problem. It wasn't any trouble at all." I say. I look down to she that she already fell asleep in my arms. She looks so beautiful, I want to wake her up and tell her, and maybe kiss her. But I can't. I can't fall in love in this arena. It's what happened to my brother that convinced me......
Flashback: Garret's Brother's Hunger Games
My brother won the 57th Hunger Games to become District 1's 23rd victor. I was 7 at the time. I still remember the shock of him being reaped into the Hunger Games. That's right, I said reaped. He had no intention of volunteering, because he wasn't big or strong like some of the other tributes. That's why he didn't join the careers for most of the games. In the beginning, he avoided death after death with his cunning and his wit. When there was only 15 tributes left, the careers found him and were about to slit his throat. With his ability as a smooth talker, he was able to find his way into the careers. When he was with them, he fell in love with the District 2 girl. She had the same feelings for him, and they wanted to be together forever.
Unfortunately, this was the Hunger Games.
My brother, the 2 girl, and the 6 boy made it to the final 3. The 6 boy was a little insane, and attacked them with a fork. Weird, right? Anyways, the 2 girl easily took him out with a spear, but before dying, the guy takes his fork and throws it into her eye. She loses blood fast, and my brother stays with her until she dies. He is then declared the victor.
Flashback: The Confession
When my brother got home from the games, I expected us to go back to the way we were. When I think about it now, I realized that it would never happen. The mental wounds of the Games run too deep to heal. My brother used to be a real people's person. There was never a day where he wasn't making someone smile or laugh with his wit. Nowadays, he is very quiet and freaks out over small stuff, like one day when I took out a knife to cut a piece of bread for a snack. He nearly had a heart attack. One day, when I told him I had a girlfriend, to hopefully lighten the day for him, he turned psycho on me and said,
"Never let what happened to you happen to me. Remember that."
I wish he said it quietly, but he shouted so loudly, I could swear half of District 1 could hear. On that day, I broke up with my girlfriend, and I have never had one since. But the 7 girl might change that. I think that she could be the exception......


text: Turning to the issue of commissions paid to brokers, Smith said that currently the top brokers are producing the lion's share of business, thus commissions are higher. As sales volume increases, more brokers will enter the market and less commissions will be paid to those newer brokers, thus lowering the average. Cramer said that with 26% of the realty market, Realogy is a pretty big player.


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text: By DAVID ESPOWASHINGTON (AP) â¿¿ The White House and a key congressional Democrat hinted at fresh concessions on taxes and cuts to Medicare and other government benefit programs Wednesday as bargaining with Republicans lurched ahead to avoid the year-end "fiscal cliff" that threatens to send the economy into a tailspin. Increasing numbers of rank-and-file Republicans also said they were ready to give ground, a boost for House Speaker John Boehner and other party leaders who say they will agree to higher tax revenues as part of a deal if it also curbs benefit programs as a way to rein in federal deficits. "I'll go anywhere and I'll do whatever it takes to get this done," President Barack Obama said as he sought to build pressure on Republicans to accept his terms â¿¿ a swift renewal of expiring tax cuts for all but the highest income earners. "It's too important for Washington to screw this up," he declared. For all the talk, there was no sign of tangible progress on an issue that marks a first test for divided government since elections that assured Obama a second term in the White House while renewing Republican control in the House. "It's time for the president and Democrats to get serious about the spending problem that our country has," Boehner said at a news conference in the Capitol. He, like Obama, expressed optimism that a deal could be reached. At the same time, he publicly disagreed with one GOP lawmaker, Rep. Tom Cole of Oklahoma, who said he was ready to go along with Obama's plan to renew most but not all of the expiring income tax cuts. "It'll hurt the economy" to raise rates for anyone, said Boehner. Separately, at a closed-door meeting with the rank and file, the speaker told fellow Republicans they are on solid political ground in refusing to let tax rates rise. He circulated polling data showing the public favors closing loopholes to raise revenue far more than it supports raising rates on incomes over $250,000.


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A weekly look at the Vikings' upcoming matchup featuring numbers that shouldn't give the reader a headache or require an advanced mathematics degree to decipher.
Week 11
Arizona Cardinals (4-4-1) at Minnesota Vikings (5-4)
Last Week
The Vikings couldn't produce offensively beyond a 20-point second-quarter flurry in losing their fourth straight game, 26-20 at Washington. Arizona survived four turnovers, thanks to Chandler Catanzaro's 34-yard field goal as time expired in beating San Francisco, 23-20.
The Series
Including two playoff games (both won by Minnesota), this will be the 27th meeting between the franchises. The Vikings hold a 15-11 advantage. The most recent matchup occurred in Arizona last December when the Cardinals held on for a 23-20 win.
Freaky Facts
Despite running just four plays in the third quarter and allowing four consecutive field-goal producing drives in the second half, the Vikings edged Washington in time of possession, 30:04 to 29:56.
Minnesota wideout Stefon Diggs is the first player in NFL history to record 13 or more receptions in consecutive weeks. In his last three games, Diggs has been targeted 42 times and has snagged 34 of those passes.
According to Pro Football Focus, Washington running back Rob Kelley accumulated 73 yards after contact against the Vikings. That figure exceeded Minnesota's total ground-game output (47 yards).
Scary Stats
The Vikings' average of 69.8 rushing yards per game is nearly 100 yards below Dallas' average (161).
In the final 22 minutes at Washington, the Vikings ran the ball four times and netted one yard.
Minnesota is scoreless in the first quarter during its four-game losing skid. For the season, the Vikings are 29th in the league, averaging 2.6 first-quarter points.
Deceptive Digits
Minnesota is second in the NFL in terms of average starting position (their own 32-yard line), yet the team ranks 27th in points per drive (1.51).
Arizona is last in the league in average first-quarter points (1.6), but ranks sixth in first-quarter time of possession percentage (55.79).
Turnover Tale
The Vikings remain second in the league in turnover differential at plus-12. Arizona is 15th with an equal number of giveaways and takeaways.
First-Down Focus
If there is a positive in the loss at Washington, the Minnesota offense continued to improve its first-down production. A week after averaging 6.59 yards on first down versus Detroit, the Vikings averaged 6.71 yards against Washington. Most of that damage was through the air. Minnesota averaged 8.68 yards on its 19 first-down passes but a measly 2.3 yards on 12 first-down runs.
The Vikings kept Washington guessing on first down during the first half by running nine times and passing eight. In the second half, Minnesota became one-dimensional on first down. The Vikes passed 11 times on 12 first-down snaps.
Breaking Down Bradford
According to the stat sheet, Minnesota's Sam Bradford had a sparkling afternoon in the nation's capital. He compiled a 104.9 rating in completing 31 of 40 passes for 307 yards (6.6 per attempt) with two touchdowns and an interception.
However, those numbers were inflated by a short-passing attack. Per PFF, Bradford's average depth of target was a mere 5.3 yards, the lowest in the league in Week 10. Of course, the short, quick passing game relied on by the Vikings is necessitated by an ineffective offensive line, which PFF ranks 30th in pass-blocking grades. That shortcoming was very apparent during Minnesota's potential game-winning drive. When Bradford desperately needed time to throw, the line surrendered two consecutive sacks that extinguished any chance for victory.
For the season, Bradford has completed 197 of 283 attempts (69.6 percent) for 2,022 yards (7.1 per attempt) with 11 TDs and two interceptions. He's definitely in a groove with Diggs, who has 26 catches the past two weeks and ranks third in the league with 61 receptions.
Arizona Watch
The Arizona defense has been strong all season, ranking second against the pass (195.2 yards a game) and 12th versus the run (100 yards a game). The Cardinals' 1.35 points allowed per drive is best in the NFL. The Vikings, who appear to be going back to T.J. Clemmings at left tackle, will be challenged by Arizona's explosive linebackers Markus Golden and Chandler Jones. The two have combined for 13 of the club's 24 sacks.
Cornerback Patrick Peterson also should prove to be a challenging matchup for Diggs. Against the 49ers, the perennial All-Pro gave up only five yards in 41 snaps in coverage, according to PFF.
Grounded Game
The Vikings thought they had an opportunity to finally establish a running attack against Washington, which was surrendering 123.8 yards a game and 4.9 yards per attempt. However, the ineptitude continued for Minnesota with just 47 yards (2.2 a carry). The Vikings' propensity of running Matt Asiata up the gut on third-and-1 situations continued to cost them, as he was stuffed twice in the second half. Earlier in the game, it took him three attempts to score from the 1-yard line.
Asiata and fellow running back Jerick McKinnon have combined for 481 yards and a 2.98 per-carry average. As a team, the Vikings are averaging a historically low 2.7 yards a carry.
If the Vikings couldn't run on Washington, they shouldn't expect much success against the Cardinals. Arizona is eighth best in the league, allowing just 3.8 yards per rush.
Palmer's Performance
Arizona quarterback Carson Palmer has battled back from a tough start to play solid football during the past several weeks. He threw for 376 yards against the 49ers and for the season is 207 of 331 (62.5 percent) for 2,444 yards (7.4 per attempt) with 11 TDs and eight interceptions. His rating is 86.0.
Palmer's primary target is nine-time Pro Bowler Larry Fitzgerald, who is second in the league with 68 catches for 687 yards (10.1) and five touchdowns. Other dangerous downfield targets include John Brown, who has 30 catches for 380 yards (12.7) and one score and Michael Floyd, who has snagged 24 passes for 358 yards (14.9) and three touchdowns.
While the stationary Palmer has plenty of weapons, he is prone to taking sacks and committing turnovers. He's been sacked 26 times in 2016, and in addition to his eight interceptions, he's fumbled 10 times.
Vikings Watch
Palmer is a tempting target for Minnesota's floundering pass rush. The Vikings have just seven sacks in their past six games. Against Washington, they blitzed Kirk Cousins 45.7 percent of the time but recorded just 14 pressures and one sack, according to PFF. The lack of pressure certainly hurt the Vikes on third down as Washington converted six of 12 attempts in compiling 388 yards (260 passing and 128 rushing). The Minnesota defense now ranks sixth against the pass, giving up 211.8 yards a game.
Minnesota struggled against Washington's mediocre running game, allowing Kelley to gain 97 yards on 22 carries and the team to average 4.6 yards per attempt. Missed tackles continue to plague the Vikings, notably Pro Bowl safety Harrison Smith. PFF calculates that Smith has missed seven tackles the past three games, which matches his 2016 full-season number.
The Vikings defense is 10th in the league, giving up 97 yards a game on the ground. Minnesota is allowing 4.1 yards a carry, which ranks 14th.
Arizona Asset
The Vikings will face a significant challenge in trying to stop Arizona running back David Johnson, who paces the team in rushing with 760 yards (4.3 a carry) and is the club's second-leading receiver with 40 catches for 453 yards (11.3). Johnson has scored 10 touchdowns.
Best of the Rest
Vikings on offense
Vikings points per game: 19.4 (26th)
Arizona points allowed per game: 17.8 (third)
Vikings total offense: 302.3 yards (32nd)
Arizona total defense: 295.2 (second)
Cardinals on offense
Arizona points per game: 22.4 (20th)
Vikings points allowed per game: 16.9 (first)
Arizona total offense: 382 yards (eighth)
Vikings total defense: 308.8 yards (third)
According to FiveThirtyEight, Minnesota has a 54 percent chance of beating Arizona.
WhatIfSports.com's NFL simulation engine had the Vikings winning 44.7 percent of the 501 simulated matchups with the Cardinals. The average score had the Cardinals prevailing, 25-23.


text:
- Description
- Location
- Features
Charming apartment for rent near the sea
This is a brand new apartment in Barceloneta neighborhood, very sunny and close to the port of Barcelona. It has an area of 50sqm and consists of a living room with magnificent views overlooking the port, a fully equipped kitchen with utility room, a double bedroom with closets and a bathroom. The property has a parking space in the same building and a large storage room.
- Flat for rent
- Surface: 50 m²
- Bedrooms: 1
- Bathrooms: 1
- Parking places: 1
- Features
- ✔ Lift
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text:
Robert S. French, PGA
Main Address:
PGA Tour Superstore #801
1751 E Bayshore Rd
East Palo Alto, CA 94303-2523
(650) 600-5200
1751 E Bayshore Rd
East Palo Alto, CA 94303-2523
(650) 600-5200
Robert French is a PGA Professional in East Palo Alto, CA. The PGA of America comprises 27,000 men and women professionals with one singular goal in mind - to make the game of golf more enjoyable for you.
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text:
A military truck overturned on the Western Kentucky Parkway, sending two people to the hospital with injuries, on Friday afternoon, Sept. 16.
At around 3:13 p.m. on Friday, the Grayson County Sheriff's Office (GCSO), Leitchfield and Clarkson Fire Departments, and Grayson County Emergency Medical Services (GCEMS) responded to the 118 mile marker of the westbound side of the Western Kentucky Parkway (the parkway).
According to responding GCSO Deputy Joey Beasley, leading up to the crash, the military truck was travelling eastbound on the parkway when its driver's side front tire blew, causing it to cross the median and overturn on its passenger side on the westbound side of the parkway.
Two individuals inside the military truck at the time of the crash were reported injured and transported from the scene by GCEMS to Hardin Memorial Hospital in Elizabethtown to receive medical treatment.
The Kentucky State Police also responded to the crash.
No other details were available on the scene. The Grayson County News-Gazette will follow this story as it develops. For updates, visit www.gcnewsgazette.com.
Reach Matt Lasley at 270-259-9622, ext. 2015.


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Description: "With authority and grace" (Essence), Imani All Mine tells the story of Tasha, a fourteen-year-old unwed mother of a baby girl. In her ghettoized world where poverty, racism, and danger are daily struggles, Tasha uses her savvy and humor to uncover the good hidden around her. The name she gives her daughter, Imani, is a sign of her determination and fundamental trust despite the odds against her: Imani means faith. Surrounding Tasha and Imani is a cast of memorable characters: Peanut, the boy Tasha likes, Eboni, her best friend, Miss Odetta, the neighborhood gossip, and Tasha's mother, Earlene, who's dating a new boyfriend. Tasha's voice speaks directly to both the special pain of poverty and the universal, unconquerable spirit of youth. Authentic in every detail, this is an unforgettable story. As Seventeen declared, "Porter's candid narrative will have you hooked from the opening sentence."
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All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.
List price: $14.95Copyright year: 1999Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyPublication date: 5/10/2000Binding: PaperbackPages: 224Size: 5.75" wide x 8.25" long x 0.50" tall Weight: 0.440Language: English
Adult/young adult author Connie Porter was born in Buffalo, New York, where she started pursuing a writing career in high school. Porter began her career by writing articles for magazines and book reviews in newspapers. She then went on to write the novels All-Bright Court and Imani All Mine.
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text:
Deep in Snow
Revelstoke, Winter 2012 (ISBN: 978-1-927783-00-9)
by Mike O'Brien & Marthe Bijman
About the Book
Skiing in Revelstoke, February 2013 - Photos mostly by Mike O'Brien, text and design by Marthe Bijman
We like Revelstoke. It's about 7 hours' drive from Coquitlam, via Highway 1, north from Mission to Kamloops, then east through Salmon Arm and winding passes to the town next to the railway. We like it because it's a real, working town. It doesn't have many aspirations to glamour.
Nowadays, rich people are buying condos and building mansions on the slopes. Part of me wishes that the resort development is successful and that it continues to grow. The other part of me wishes that it will always be a bit obscure so that there will never be the crowds like at Whistler, or these days, Cypress.
Yet, down-town, where the old railway houses, like little wooden jewellery boxes, sit propped up in the snow, the heart of Revelstoke will always beat just as it has done for centuries. And we, the visitors, will pass on through, leaving nothing but ski tracks in the snow.
Features & Details
- Category Travel
Standard Landscape, 10×8 in, 25×20 cm
80 Pages
- Publish Date Feb 26, 2013
- Language English
- Tags British Columbia, history, snow, Canada, Revelstoke, skiing
About the Creator
Marthe Bijman designs books with her own photos as well as the excellent photos taken by Mike O'Brien, a Geologist, on his travels around the world.
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Sh'tan was a Vulcan male in the mid-24th century. He was a civilian bioengineer, and one of the first Federation scientists to examine an Azziz organic space vessel. (DS9 - The Lives of Dax short story: "The Music Between the Notes")
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These guides will show you step-by-step how to export references from various databases into your RefWorks account.
Use Interlibrary Loan to request materials (articles, books, etc.) not owned by ASU Library.
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Use the Catalog Search box below or the Catalog link from the main Library page.
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Exiting your business
While you are appropriately focused on the near-term business goals of the emerging company, it is important to focus some attention on possible exit strategies and/or business succession.
Our corporate and wealth planning lawyers work collaboratively to implement a strategy that passes the business or wealth generated by the business to future generations. Areas we advise on include:
- tactics you can expect the purchaser to employ
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- heads of terms or a letter of intent?
- regulatory clearances
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- entrepreneur's relief in the UK
- managing the transaction
- commencing your new project
- transfer of assets before and after the exit


text:
The weak rally is still playing out. We maintain that a dip is likely over the short term
The market was up today, taking a cue from global bourses, with bank and software stocks supporting the uptrend. The Sensex ended at 17,558, higher by 55 points (0.3%) and the Nifty ended at 5,278, higher by 24 points (0.4%). The market started the day with a sharp rise and touched the intraday high of 17,646 in the early morning session. However, it pared its gains and traded throughout the day in a narrow range.
Asian markets rose for the first time in four days as improved quarterly results buoyed investors' sentiment. Key benchmark indices in China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Indonesia were up by 0.08% to 1.42%. Taiwan's main index fell 0.62%. US stocks surged on Thursday (29th April), after fear subsided over the eurozone debt crisis. The Dow rose 122 points (1.10%) to 11,167. The Nasdaq gained 40 points (0.63%) to 2,512 and the S&P 500 was up 15 points (1.3%) to 1,206. The US economy's growth is expected to slow down in the first quarter. However, growth in consumer and business spending is likely to be robust. The Bank of Japan has said that it will soften monetary policy further to spur economic growth. The central bank kept the interest rate unchanged at 0.1% at its policy meeting. It also forecast that the consumer price index will edge up to 0.1% by March 2012, relieving concerns over the persistent price decline that is threatening Japan's economic recovery.
Closer home, the consumer price index (CPI) rose 14.86% in March from a year earlier. The industry secretary said that the industrial output growth in March is expected to be around 15% on a year-on-year basis. In February, industrial output grew an annual 15.1%. The government has pledged to reduce the fiscal deficit and also increase spending in infrastructure and has announced changes in personal tax slabs for individuals. The government is set to borrow a record $100 billion in FY11 to fund its fiscal deficit, which is projected to be 5.5% of gross domestic product. The fiscal deficit has been a dominating factor in the monetary policy of the Reserve Bank of India, limiting its option in its fight against inflation which is near 10%.
Foreign institutional investors were net buyers on Thursday of Rs90 crore. Domestic institutional inventors also bought stocks worth Rs266 crore. The rupee was strong due to the small gain in the equity markets and on the weakness of the dollar.
Spanco (up 17.4%) and GTL (up 1.4%) have emerged as the highest bidders to distribute power in two cities in Maharashtra. The bids were called by State-owned Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company for appointing licensees to distribute electricity in Nagpur and Aurangabad. Pantaloon Retail (up 1%) and its unit Future Value Retail plan to issue non-convertible debentures worth Rs750 crore in the next three-four months. The proceeds will be used to repay debt and convert certain short-term loans into longer duration debt. MindTree (down 0.08%) has received an application development service offer from the government's Unique Identification (UID) Project at a cost of about Rs20 crore. Peninsula Land (up 0.61%) has invested Rs115 crore to acquire a plot for redevelopment in south Mumbai. Air India has written to the government, asking it not to allow the tie-up between Kingfisher Airlines (up 2.5%) and British Airways, arguing that the move will hurt its commercial interests. Puravankara Projects (up 3.8%) plans to launch about 18 million square feet of residential space in FY11 on the upsurge in demand for houses in south Indian cities. Jindal Steel & Power (up 0.3%) is close to acquiring Oman-based Shadeed Iron and Steel for nearly $500 million. Tata Motors (up 3.5%) touched its 52-week high taking a cue from the surge in its ADRs which rose 2.46% on Thursday.
UltraTech Cement (down 4.5%) posted growth of 3% in sales; its operating profit declined 24% in the March quarter over the year-ago period.
The government has already approved 20% share sale in the steel major, which will include 10% equity dilution by the government and the company raising fresh equity in the same proportion
The government today said that it is targeting to raise Rs18,000 crore through the 20% share sale in the country's largest steel-maker SAIL, reports PTI.
"At current prices, total receipt from the disinvestment and issue of fresh equity would be approximately Rs18,000 crore," steel minister Virbhadra Singh informed the Rajya Sabha today.
The minister, however, said, "The actual amount that would be raised through disinvestment as well as from FPO would depend on a number of factors, including the prevailing market conditions, share price and the investors' interest at the time of the actual disinvestment."
The SAIL counter today closed at Rs218.55, down 1.38%, on the BSE.
The government has already approved 20% share sale in the steel major, which will include 10% equity dilution by the government and the company raising fresh equity in the same proportion. At present the Centre holds about 85% stake in the steel major.
The Centre is likely to go ahead with divestment in 12-15 public sector units, including SAIL, Coal India, Hindustan Copper, SJVNL and EIL—among others—in the current fiscal to raise about Rs40,000 crore.
The government had announced new FDI norms last year that say that if indirect FDI in an Indian company exceeds 50%, its investment in subsidiaries will be treated as foreign investment
The government today said that ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank cannot be called 'Indian-owned' banks, setting at rest the debate generated over the nationality of the top two private sector lenders, reports PTI.
"At best, these two can be called as Indian-controlled banks," DIPP secretary RP Singh said today when asked about the government's stance in the wake of the two seeking clarifications on the matter.
"ICICI Bank managing director & CEO (Chanda Kochhar) met me day before yesterday, she has discussed (the issue) with me," Mr Singh said.
ICICI Bank had maintained that it continues to be an Indian bank as both its management and board were Indian.
However, both ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank have over 74% foreign holding, including that of foreign banks and overseas institutional investors.
"Banks will be covered in one paper which we are trying to bring out on the financial aspects totally," Mr Singh said, referring to the six discussion papers on FDI that the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion is planning to bring out soon.
"You know the definition of what is a company controlled by Indians and what is the definition of a company owned by Indians," Mr Singh said.
Going by the definition, both entities are certainly banks not owned by Indians, because equity of at least 74% or around 74% is from outside, he pointed out, buttressing the government's stand.
But they can be construed as banks controlled by Indians if the majority of directors are Indians and right to directorship is with Indians. So depending upon that, both banks are construed as banks controlled by India, but they can certainly not be called banks owned by Indians.
"There is a way of resolving their problem. We will try to find a solution for that. The handicap they are suffering, we will try to resolve," Mr Singh said.
The banks' claim that they are Indian is significant in the light of the government announcing new FDI norms last year that say that if indirect FDI in an Indian company exceeds 50%, its investment in subsidiaries will be treated as foreign investment.
Moreover, in calculating indirect foreign investment in an Indian entity, the sum total of FDI, stake from Non-Resident Indians, American and Global Depository Receipts, foreign currency convertible bonds and convertible preference shares will be taken into account.
Both ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank have insurance ventures, where FDI is capped at 26%.