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UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL. L'INTENTION DE DÉMARRER UNE ENTREPRlSE PARMI LES ÉTUDIANTS(ES) EN INGÉNIERIE ET EN GESTION LIBANAIS
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1 " UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL L'INTENTION DE DÉMARRER UNE ENTREPRlSE PARMI LES ÉTUDIANTS(ES) EN INGÉNIERIE ET EN GESTION LIBANAIS MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRlSE EN ADMINISTRATION DES AFFAIRES "PROFIL RECHERCHE" PAR MICHEL RAAD MARS 2009
2 UNIVERSITY OF QUEBEC IN MONTREAL INTENTION TO START A BUSINESS AMONG LEBANESE ENGINEERING AND BUSINESS STUDENTS THESIS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLEMENT OF THE REQUlREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (RESEARCH PROFILE) BY MICHEL RAAD MARCH 2009
3 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU Rév ). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur) concède à l'université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son) travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur) autorise l'université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son) travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur) à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.»
4 REMERCIEMENTS Je voudrais exprimer ma plus profonde gratitude envers mes professeurs, Dr. Roy Toffoli et Dr. Jocelyn Desroches pour leur patience, leurs conseils et leur soutien inconditionnel. Leurs encouragements et leurs idées se sont avérés très précieux pour l'enrichissement de ce mémoire. Leurs questionnements m'ont inspiré et m'ont poussé à examiner en profondeur le sujet de cette recherche. Ainsi, j'ai énormement appris en réalisant ce travail. Je voudrais également remercier Dr. Bouchra M'Zali pour ses inestimables suggestions et ses précieux conseils particulièrement durant mon séjour à Montréal. J'aimerais aussi remercier Mr. Raymond Laliberté et ma collègue Elissar Toufaily pour leur assistance au chapitre V qui présente les résultats des analyses, la discussion et la technique informatique. Je suis aussi reconnaissant à l'université Libanaise Canadienne d'aïntoura à Kesrouane Liban, qui était auparavant le partenaire de l'université du Québec à Montréal. Ce partenariat m'a offert l'opportunité de poursuivre mes études de Maîtrise, et d'obtenir à travers le programme conjoint un double diplôme. Cette expérience ainsi que mon immersion dans la culture Canadienne, ont été très enrichissantes autant sur le plan professionnel que personnel. Enfin, je souhaite exprimer ma reconnaissance la plus profonde à ma famille à laquelle ce mémoire est dédié. À ma femme Mayssa, je dis: tu as été très généreuse en plaçant mes priorités au-dessus de tes objectifs personnels; je te dis toute ma considération et mon amour. À ma précieuse fille Elena je dis: tu as été mon inspiration pendant les moments les plus difficiles de ma vie.
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervising professors, Dr. Roy Toffoli and Dr. Jocelyn Desroches for their patience, guidance and unconditional support. Theil' encouragements and thoughts were very valuable in enriching this paper. Their provoking questions inspired me and brought me to explore this research in depth. learned a lot in the process of completing this work and acquired an extensive knowledge on the topic of entrepreneurship. Thanks to Dr. Bouchra M'zali for her invaluable suggestions and precious advice, especially during my stay in Montreal. would also like to thank Mr. Raymond Laliberté and my colleague Elissar Toufaily for their assistance in chapter V, which included the analyses, results and discussion using the SPSS program as a tool. am grateful as weil to the Lebanese Canadian University at Aïntoura Kesrouan Lebanon, the ex-partner of the University of Quebec in Montreal. This partnership has offered me the opportunity to complete my MBA studies through a dual program, and receive a double diploma. This experience and the exposure to the Canadian culture, were very enriching on the personal and professional levels. Finally, my deepest appreciation to my family; this paper is dedicated to you. To my wife Mayssa, say: You were very generous and you unselfishly put my priorities ahead of your personal goals; ah my respect and love. To my precious daughter Elena say: You were the inspiration during the most difficult times of my life.
6 List of Figures List of Tables Résumé Summary TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERI RESEARCH OVERVIEW. Introduction.2 Entrepreneurial Intentions 5.ix xi xiii xiv.2. Nature of Entrepreneurial Intentions Research in the Field Advantages of Relevant Studies 7.3 Students' Entrepreneurial Behavior. 8.4 Entrepreneurship in Lebanon The Lebanese Economy and the Crucial Role of the Entrepreneurs Small and Medium Entreprises SMEs by Size and Sector Type of SMEs New SMEs Registry Challenges Facing SMEs 23 Business Forms and Structure 24 Sources offinancing 28 From Trading Mentality to Entrepreneurial Spirit. 30 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW Historical Background Entrepreneurship Dimensions 39
7 VI 2.2. Individual Dimension Cultural Traits Personal Values Traits Individual Characteristics Organizational Dimension Type of Project Role Models Reference Group Environmental Dimension Political Economical Social Resources 79 CHAPTERIII MODEL DESIGN AND HYPOTHESES 8 3. Problem Definition Purpose of the Study Approaches to Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship as Intentional Planned Behavior Theory - Driven Models of Intentions Shapero's Model of the Entrepreneurial Event (SEE) Ajzen's Theory ofplanned Behavior (TPB) Entrepreneurial Intention Model Conceptual Framework Dependent Variable Independent Variables Individual Variables Organizational Variables Environmental Variables Formulation of Hypotheses 04 Il
8 Vil CHAPTERIV RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Sampling Method Questionnaire Development Questionnaire Design Measurement Scales 4.3 Procedures of Data Collection Questionnaire Pre-Test Data Collection Difficulties 7 CHAPTER V ANALYSES AND RESULTS 9 5. Descriptive Analysis Individual Characteristics Organizational Characteristics Environmental Characteristics Intention to Start a Business Ilustrative Statistics Bivariate Analysis Cross Tabulation and Chi-Square One way ANOVA Test Factor Analysis and Principal Components Analysis 42 l 5.3. Individual Variables Environmental Variables Intention to Start a Business 58
9 -.- l, Il 5.4 Regression Analysis 5.4. Individual Variables Organizational variables Environmental Variables Final Model _ CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Results and Discussion Limitations Recommendations APPENDIX Research Questionnaire, _ VIII BIBLIOGRAPHY _
10 LIST OF FIGURES 2. Who is the entrepreneur? Cultural model of indigenous entrepreneurial attitude Three levels of uniqueness in human mental programming Model depicting the relationship between culture and entrepreneurial orientation, as it relates to entrepreneurship and global competitiveness Theoretical model of relations among motivational types of values, higher order value domains and bipolar value dimensions An economic-psychological model of determinants of entrepreneurial intentions The new venture process The entrepreneurial process located within its environment and time Model of the relationship between environmental dimensions and interest in business stali-up, A framework for describing new venture creation Shapero's model of entrepreneurial event Ajzen's theol'y ofplanned behaviour The context of intentionality Graphical illustration of the entrepreneurial intentions model Variables in new venture creation A model of organization formation Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions in Lebanon (conceptual framework) Hypotheses l Dependent variable: Intention to start a business Independent variables: Gender and age 33
11 x 5.2 Dependent variable: Intention to start a business Independent variables: Gender and work experienee 5.3 Dependent variable: Intention to start a business Independent variables: Gender and university Dependent variable: Intention to start a business Independent variables: Field of studies and age Dependent variable: Power Independent variables: Gender and age Seree Plot: Individual variables Seree Plot: Environmental variables 55 il 34
12 LIST OF TABLES. ESCWA countries and their contribution in private business and employment 20.2 New companies registered ( ) 23.3 Challenges facing SMEs in Lebanon Characteristics most often attributed to entrepreneurs by behaviorists Types of entrepreneurs Association between Hofstede's dimensions and entrepreneurial traits Associations of single values with motivational types of values Hofstede's cultural dimensions with a set of entrepreneurial traits at the individuallevel Schwartz's personal values and 3 personal value traits Socio-demographic variables of the Lebanese engineering and business students Preparedness of the Lebanese engineering and business students for an entrepreneurial career Type of business variables Organizational variables: Role models Organizational variables: Reference group support Political characteristics Economie characteristics " Social characteristics Resource characteristics Miscellaneous variables Intention to start a business factor. 32
13 Gender and university cross-tabulation Gender and field of studies cross-tabulation CUITent situation and university cross-tabulation Preparedness of business students by universities Preparedness of engineering students by universities Abbreviation list of individual variables Factor analysis of individual traits Summary and item-total statistics Environmental variables prior to applying factor analysis Factor analysis of environmental variables Summary and item-total statistics Factor analysis of variables related to the intention to start a business Summary and item-total statistics Regression on individual variables Regression on organizational variables Regression on environmental variables Summary of regression analysis XIl
14 RÉSUMÉ L'esprit d' entreprenariat est le catalyseur de l'économie libanaise. Il est connu que le Libanais est né «entrepreneur». Nous tenterons, à travers notre recherche, de trouver les éléments qui animent toute intention de démarrer une entreprise au Liban, et plus pmiculièrement chez les étudiants(es) en ingénierie et en gestion. En outre, cette recherche identifie aussi les attributs communs chez ces étudiants(es), et essaye de trouver quels sont les facteurs qui puissent entraver ou encourager un comportement entrepreneurial. Particulièrement, notre travail décèle le niveau de l'intention entrepreneuriale, s'il varie entre les hommes et les femmes, les étudiants en ingénierie et les étudiants en gestion, et à travers les différentes universités. Cette étude nous a permis de déterminer un grand nombre de variables au niveau individuel, organisationnel et environnemental qui ont le potentiel de formuler une intention à s'engager dans les affaires. En conséquence, nous avons élaboré nos hypothèses et construit notre cadre conceptuel. Pour cela, 35 étudiants(es) en ingénierie et en gestion de deux universités différentes ont été sélectionnés. Les résultats ont montré que cinq variables individuelles et une quant à 'organisation, ont caractérisé notre modèle final: l'attitude d'innovation, le Compolement de Type A, le Pouvoir, l'accomplissement, le Sexe et le Soutien Familial. Par contre, les paramètres liés à l'environnement ne semblent pas peser dans la balance pour un étudiant au cours d'un processus décisif pour s'engager ou ne pas s'engager dans les affaires au futur. En fait, les entraves les plus importantes sont l'indisponibilité de fonds et les risques liés au pays, ainsi que les facteurs motivant, dont la rentabilité et le développement personnel. Les étudiants(es) en ingénierie et en gestion ont montré un empressement important à s'aventurer, à entreprendre, mais ceux en ingénierie, à la différence des autres, pensent ne pas être assez préparés par les programmes d'études universitaires. Cependant, les hommes sont davantage reconnus que les femmes en tant qu'initiateurs en affaires. À la fin, nous avons mentionné quelques limites concernant notre étude, et des suggestions pour une future recherche. ~I
15 SUMMARY Entrepreneurship is the catalyst of the Lebanese economy. They say "the Lebanese is a born entrepreneur". This research attempts to find the distinguishing determinants behind the intention to create an enterprise in Lebanon particularly amongst engineering and business students. Consequently, this paper examines whether common attributes are identified amongst these students and what are the perceived factors that might inhibit or encourage such entrepreneurial behavior. AIso, this work identifies if the level of entrepreneurial intention varies between males and females, engineering and business students or across different universities. The literature review has permitted us to determine a large number of individual, organizational and environmental variables that have the potential of formulating an intention to start-up a business in the future. Accordingly, we have built our conceptual framework and elaborated our hypotheses. Two universities and 35 business and engineering students were selected for this study. Results showed that five individual and one organizational variables characterized our final model: Innovation attitude, Type A Behavior, Power, Achievement, Gender and Family Support. The environmental variables do not seem to have a high priority for the student during a decision process to start or not to start a business in the future. The most important barriers are non-availability of funds and country risk; the two factors that motivate students the most are profitability and personal growth. Males are recognized more than females as business initiators. Both engineering and business students showed an important readiness to venture, but engineers unlike business students, did not think they were prepared enough by the universities' curriculum. At the end, we mention the limitations of this study and sorne suggestions for future research.
16 CHAPTERI RESEARCH OVERVIEW In this chapter, we introduce the reader to the subject of entrepreneurship in general, and explain how it is the driving force in any modern economy. Then, we explain the nature of entrepreneurial intentions that are aimed at creating a new venture or creating new values in existing ventures. After that, we examine the most important research in the field and enumerate the advantages of relevant studies. Finally, we focus on the student's entrepreneurial behavior and we conclude with a brief history of Entrepreneurship in Lebanon.. INTRODUCTION Entrepreneurship, the creation of new economlc entities, IS central to the evolution of organizations and economies (Aldrich, 999). Entrepreneurial activity is a vital component of national economic growth and development because it encourages innovation, fosters job creation, and improves global competitiveness for both firms and entire countries (Bednarzik, 2000; Keister, 2000). Reynolds considers that there are at least three ways that entrepreneurial activity can have consequences for a nation: the first one lies in the absolute scope of effort devoted to entrepreneurial initiatives, which by definition brings novelty, innovation and change, thus, enhancing national competitiveness; the second one is the impact on job creation through new start-up firms, and the third is the creation of new business entities stratification in an economy (Haltiwanger and Krizan, 998). (Reynolds, 2002). New business formation shapes the nature of social and economic
17 2 Small and micro enterprises set up by independent, self-employed, ownermanagers, make up the large majority of business entities in the western world. In the United States, small firms (mostly consisting of a single establishment with a maximum of 00 employees) constitute more than 90% of the entire business population (Kuratko and Hodgetts, 998). In the European Union, micro enterprises (with less than 0 employees), small enterprises (with 0 to 49 employees), and medium-sized enterprises (with 50 to maximum 250 employees), collectively known as SME's, constitute 99.8% of ail enterprises. More interesting is that 90% of SME's are micro enterprises, and the greatest concentration of SME's lies in Southem Europe, where we find a much larger concentration offamily-owned business (Busuttil, Drake, Magri, Mallia, 999). New business formation is also a key potential path for upward social mobility. Entrepreneurship and self-employment enable individuals to accumulate wealth, to expand their social contacts, and to improve their social and economic standing (Bates, 997). Consequently the families of entrepreneurs would also experience upward mobility, either immediately or over time. Many business owners, particularly those who create large firms, employ family members in their business ventures, and sorne pass on their businesses to their families, either during their lives or as a part of an inheritance (Keister 2000). As a result, the group of self-employed families will be able to accumulate great wealth and move to upper wealth classes through time. Not only direct families, but extended relatives and their respective children, would take advantage of the upward social mobility. There is no doubt that the dri ving force in the modern economy for the past 0 years and the foreseeable future is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are meeting the world's economic needs through the creation of thousands of new businesses each year. Job creation and economic growth have become the domain of the new ventures and the entrepreneurs who create them. Although entrepreneurship clearly has important social and economic consequences, we know little about the specifie factors that lead ta the creation of a new business. On the other hand, a great deal is known about the
18 3 characteristics of entrepreneurs and the motives that have urged them to set up a business venture. Previous research has examined the importance of various demographic variables and personality traits focusing on entrepreneurs actually working in a business and has ignored persons who intend to start a new business (Mazzarol, Volery, Doss and Thein, 999). In order to gain a comprehensive picture of entrepreneurship (and of the baltiers and triggers affecting start-ups), both groups must be studied. It's not sufficient if we only approach those who have fulfilled their objectives. While new business stmt-up activities can be found in ail nations, one can also detect multiple differences across nations in the rate of business start-ups. The propoltion of adults involved in starting a new business in the United States, for example, is cultently five times the proportion found in Sweden and ten times the proportion found in Japan (Reynolds, 2000). To promote entrepreneurship, a big range of programs and services have been implemented to provide a better infrastructure for new ventures. Part of these initiatives, such as business plan competitions, education centers and chairs for entrepreneurship are targeted on students as future entrepreneurs (Luthje and Franke, 2003). Graduates in teclmical disciplines, more than others, are expected to start businesses in dynamic and innovative areas, thus promoting significant economic growth and increase in employment (Robels, 99). It IS not clearly known whether contextual founding conditions or personality traits drive the student's career decision towards self employment. In order to design effective programs, policy makers have to know which of l, these factors are decisive, (Scott and Twomey, 988). If the willingness to set up a new business is mainly shaped by the founding related conditions, an improvement of these conditions would have an effect on the entrepreneurial intent. In this case, government policy makers need to increase their contribution to improve education, infrastructure,
19 4 and legal conditions to provide financial support for potential business founders. However, if the entrepreneurial intentions were inhibited due the student's personality, it is very hard to change the personality traits in the short term because they are comparatively stable; only university programs, training courses and cultural effects can help cultivate and bring to matrnity the entrepreneurial tendencies of promising students. The research reported in this paper attempts to answer the following question: What are the individual, organizational and environmental determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among Lebanese engineering and business students? What's the role of socio-cultural, political and economic contextual factors in developing entrepreneurial conditions, which in tum shape both the skills and motivation of future potential entrepreneurs? The research will also contribute in identifying: The students predisposed to start-up a business The students that choose self-employment The students who pursue an employment status rather than ownmg a business or being self employed The entrepreneurial orientation among Engineering versus Business students, and whether discipline matters The perceived obstacles that potential entrepreneurs might face in trying to start-up a business The level of entrepreneurial intention varying across different universities The duration between graduation and the initiation of the entrepreneurial process The contribution of culture in shaping the Lebanese individual to engage in an entrepreneurial activity An effective program that policy makers in the government and universities couid consider in order to promote entrepreneurship in Lebanon
20 5.2 ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS.2. Nature of Entrepreneurial Intentions "Intentionality is a state of mind directing a person's attention (and therefore experience and action) toward a specifie object (goal) or a path in order to achieve something (means)" (Bird, 998). Considered as a psychological process, intention has been studied by different theorists. William James (890/950) interpreted will (i.e. intention) as an independent faculty of the mind, operating through a person's attention and consent to "let it be so" (Zeigarnik, 927). Addressing the tension aspects of intention, showed that a person's intentions sustain value or effort despite interruptions. Other theorists have found that the process involves persistence, perseverance and courage (Bugental, 980). Modern theorists describe intention as one variable within larger psychological models. Cognitive theorists (Fishbein and Ajzen, 975) have demonstrated the importance that intentional elements, such as expectation, attention, and belief, have on behavioral outcomes. It is known that entrepreneurial intentions are aimed at either creating a new venture or creating new values in existing ventures (Katz and Gartner, 986)..2.2 Research in the field The widespread hopes that small and new firms will solve problems of unemployment and economic development have spurred academic interest JO entrepreneurship, understood as the creation of new independent firms. The traditional research has emphasized psychological and non-psychological factors to explain who starts a new firm and why someone does. Within the psychological factors, endless lists of entrepreneurial traits were suggested (Hornaday, 982). Several human attributes such as the need for achievement
21 6 (Mc Cielland, 96), desire for independence (Cromie, 987), internai locus of control (Ct'omie and Johns, 983) etc..., make up these traits. This approach is characterized by collecting data among entrepreneurs and thus focuses on ex-post situations. Gartner (988; 989) criticizes that these studies assume that the entrepreneur's traits, attitudes and beliefs do not change because of the experience itself. However, individuals seldom behave consistently in different times and situations and it is likely that the experience from the entrepreneurial event may affect the individual's behavior. It eventually turned out that this line of research was unable to give more than a small fraction of the answer to the question "what makes people found new firms?" (Davidson 992; Gartner 989; Low and Mac Millan, 988). It has been argued that personal background characteristics have a more reliable influence on the decision to found one's own firm than psychological traits (Reynolds, 99). Due to the limited success of the trait approach, studies had to view firm creation in context. One way of doing this is to apply a more aggregate level of analysis and to look for national level variables that can explain variations in the rate of new firm formation (Aldrich and Wiedenmayer, 993). This approach has proven successful in many studies. Regardless of this success the need for disaggregate level understanding of the process leading to new firm formation remained. Therefore, researchers like Bird, Shapero and Sokol have tried to develop integrated explanatory models that take into account the general psychological characteristics of prospective entrepreneurs and the domain-specifie attitudes, personal background, and situational variables (Bird, 993; Shapero and Sokol, 982). A great deal of this approach focuses on the pre-decision stage (i.e. interest, entrepreneurial career preference) (Bird, 988; Krueger, 993). Given that the decision to found a firm can be taken as reasoned action or planned behavior, the relationship Hartwick and Warshaw, 988). between intentions and actual behavior should be very strong (Ajzen, 99; Sheppard,
22 7 On the other hand, the entrepreneurial event approach stresses that intentions are a strong predictor of individual behavior such as starting a new firm (Ajzen, 99; Krueger, 993). We don't start a business as a reflex, but rather respond to the conditions around us by starting a new venture. Yet, we think about it first, analyze the cues from the environment around us and set about constructing the perceived opportunity into a suitable business proposition. Finally, in psychological studies, intentions have proven the best predictor of planned behavior especially when that behavior is rare, hard to observe, or involves unpredictabe time lags (Krueger, Reilly and Carsrud, 2000). Thus, entrepreneurship is exactly the type of planned behavior (Bird and Katz, 988) for which intention models are ideally suited. If intention models prove useful in understanding business venture formation intentions, they offer a robust theoretical framework for understanding and prediction. Empirically, we know that predicting entrepreneurial activities ony on situational (such as employment status) or personal (such as personality traits) factors result in small explanatory power and predictive validity. Intention models have the potential to increase our ability to understand and predict entrepreneurial activity..2.3 Advantages of Relevant Studies The study of entrepreneurial intentions has some distinctive advantages over comparisons between potential entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Firstly, "the intentions based approach" offers testable, theory-driven models of how exogenous factors (demographics, traits, CUITent situation) affect entrepreneurial attitudes, intentions and behavior (Krueger and Carsrud, 993).
23 8 Secondly, the approach minimizes the chances of identifying as determinants of entrepreneurial behavior, the individual characteristics that might develop as a consequence of running one's own business. Tt sheds light on the characteristics that lead people to found their own firms. Thirdly, for the purpose of policy decisions targeted at stimulating new firm formation, it is more useful to know what kind of individuals are intending, therefore planning to go into business for themselves, than to learn about the characteristics of those who already are entrepreneurs and own their companies. Investigating the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions may also contribute in helping policy makers to find measures that are effective in turning potential entrepreneurs into real business founders..3 STUDENTS' ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOR Undergraduates and graduates often consider the founding of a company as an attractive alternative compared to salaried employment. This choice may be based on their inclination to feel disappointed with conventional jobs in large companies, which in turn increases the desirability of self-employment (Kolvereid, 996). Advantages related to employment, such as job security and reward for loyalty, have lost their attraction (Jackson and Vitberg, 987), compared to work values such as independence, challenge, and self-realization, usually connected with self-employment. Several studies supported the above; 25% of English students interviewed regarding their future occupation, indicated that they had a business idea, and 4 % were interested in self-employment (Luthje and Franke, 2003). After having conducted a survey among college students, Karr (985) found that 46% consider that owning a business is a good opportunity in the future. Moreover, a large number of MBA Students from top business schools in the USA showed enthusiasm for entrepreneurship. 44% of
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Sine Qua Non The Duel Syrah 2008
Syrah/Shiraz from California
Winemaker's Notes
Blend: 88% Syrah, 6% Grenache and 6% Viognier
Critical Acclaim
The Wine Advocate - "A prodigious effort that possesses overflowing richness and depth, the 2008 Syrah The Duel (88% Syrah, 6% Grenache and 6% Viognier, all from the Eleven Confessions Vineyard) delivers an off-the-hook drinking experience with decadent cassis, blackberry, smoked meats, crushed flowers and hints of spice all soaring from the glass. A full-bodied, unctuous Syrah that stays fresh and elegant, with vibrant acidity, it needs a solid decant if drinking anytime soon and will see its 20th birthday in fine form. Drink now-2028."
Vinous / Antonio Galloni - "The 2008 Syrah The Duel, from Manfred and Elaine Krankl's Eleven Confessions Vineyard, is also impossibly young, with little in the way of flavor development. I typically enjoy the Sine Qua Non reds either upon release or around age ten, so I probably should have followed my own advice. The 2008 is beautiful, but it will clearly be even better in another few years' time. This is one of the most reticent bottles of the 2008 I have tasted."
Wine Spectator - "Pure, rich and deeply flavored, centered around ripe, restrained plum and blueberry flavors, with touches of spice, cedar, tobacco and crushed rock. Ends with a subtle, detailed aftertaste. Drink now through 2021."
- View All
Sine Qua Non Winery
Sine Qua Non was created after the 1994 harvest of a Bien Nacido Syrah named "The Queen of Spades". Winemaker Manfred Krankl feels strongly that each vintage is a completely unique wine and thus he gives each wine a unique name. He also creates the artwork for each new label himself. Previously, Manfred had made wines with Bryan Babcock and John Alban and still sources much of his fruit from Alban's vineyard. The basic white wines have always been a white blend of Chardonnay, Roussanne and Viognier and a red wine based on Syrah plus Grenache. Sometimes there are small quantities of Rose and a Grenache-based red.
Sine Qua Non has its own winemaking facility in Ventura, California not far from the Santa Barbara vineyards where the fruit is sourced from. In the last few years Manfred and his wife, Elaine, have begun creating their own vineyards dedicated to Rhone varietals. Their winemaking philosophy is to work in very small batches, gravity flow, natural yeasts (unless a fermentation problem is anticipated), long lees aging for the whites and repeated racking for the reds to open them up. This is a modified explanation of a very dedicated and artistic approach to winemaking. The wines are simultaneously very rich and elegant, superbly balanced and thoroughly harmonious with food, never overwhelming. View all Sine Qua Non Wines
About Other California
California has nearly 100 American Viticulture Areas (AVAs) and accounts for almost 90% of wine production in the United States. In our section of Other California, we include wines from smaller AVAs as well as wines from the California AVA. Here are a few smaller AVAs you may see on the label:
Livermore Valley AVA, located right outside of San Francisco and home to wineries such as Wente.
Lodi County AVA, an AVA further east of San Francisco and known for its excellent, old-vine Zinfandels.
San Francisco Bay AVA, a sprawling AVA that covers Contra Costa, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties, to name a few. Wine that holds only the California AVA is typically a wine that includes grapes from a number of different AVAs, which leads to the general labeling of the wine as California. This does not denote the quality of the wine, only the diversity of where the grapes originate.
About CaliforniaIt's not rare to see a wine's country of origin listed as "California." A country unto itself in the wine world, California makes enough varieties and styles to match many European wine countries. It produces a diverse range of wines that span the quality spectrum.
The most famous of the California wine regions is Napa Valley, and these wines are certainly outstanding – but it's not as broad and diverse as its larger neighbor, Sonoma County. Down south, Santa Barbara's Santa Maria Valley is well-known for its Rhône blends, as well as cool-climate varieties like Pinot and Chardonnay. The Central Coast, the largest California AVA, has many different microclimates that lead to a wide range of wines with many sub-AVAs.
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Rooms of type studio are not available for the period 03.07.2017 - 30.08.2017.
Rooms of type apartment are not available for the period 03.07.2017 - 29.08.2017.
Rooms of type dbl room are not available for the period 20.07.2017 - 07.08.2017.
No booking fees apply. Cancellation is FREE, except for last minute bookings - you can see the terms for free cancellation when you select dates and services.
No booking fees apply. Cancellation is FREE, except for last minute bookings - you can see the terms for free cancellation when you select dates and services.
Price includes free use of: Wi-Fi internet in the hotel, Parking, Lounge, Children playground, Children swimming pool, Deckchairs, Parasols, Gameroom.
All prices are per room/apartment per day, on Half board (breakfast and dinner) basis.
The additional person discounts are from the regular price per person.
Please, use the booking form, to get a price for your period of stay, number of people and meals included.
The regular prices are NOT valid during national holidays, Christmas and New Year periods!
Hotel rating:9.4/10 based on 9 reviews
Special offers - hotel accommodation discounts and holiday package deals
Pay 12, Get 14 overnights , 14 overnights in the period 05.09.2017 - 30.09.2017 , for reservations made before 16.09.2017 . » Book now
Pay 6, Get 7 overnights , 7 overnights in the period 05.09.2017 - 30.09.2017 , for reservations made before 23.09.2017 . » Book now
hotel overview:
Miramar Hotel located near Sozopol-Kavatsi and offers modern rooms and friendly service. Each room is spacious, comfortable and overlooking the sea. The hotel is situated on the beach and promises an unforgettable holiday.
Location:view the map
The hotel is located 50 meters from the beach Kavatzite and 3 km south of Sozopol.
Address: Beach Kavatsite Sozopol, Sozopol 8130, Sozopol
Distance to beach:
Distance to center: 2.7km
Distance to airport: 39km
Distance to bus station: 5km
Distance to railway station: 30km
Distance to cash machine: 5km
Distance to exchange office: 5km
Distance to restaurants: 0,05km
Distance to supermarket: 0,1km
Distance to shops: 5km
hotel facilities:all facilities
Facilities: swimming pool, children's pool, a restaurant with a summer garden, lobby bar, pool bar, parking, luggage room, kids club, playground, elevator, security.
Free services:
Wi-Fi reception and lobby
Nursery (no animation)
Luggage room
services extra charge:
Late check-out
Telephone and fax services
Laundry service (on request)
Room service
Lobby bar with alcoholic beverages
A-la carte restaurant
Doctor - 24 hours. (on call)
Car Rental
Children's room
Internet in rooms (extra charge)
Airconditioning in the hotel:
Safe at the reception: yes, on payment
Wi-Fi internet in the hotel: yes, free
Reception: 24 hours
Elevator: yes, 2
Rooms and Accommodation:rooms details
Miramar Hotel consists of 82 double rooms, 2 single rooms, 1 room for disabled, 4 studios and 9 apartments with 196 bed capacity in total.
- air conditioning - LCD TV - mini-bar - telephone - bathroom with shower - extending armchair
- two / three beds - air conditioning - LCD TV - mini-bar - telephone - bathroom with shower - extending armchair
- bathroom with shower - extending armchair - two / three beds - air conditioning - LCD TV - mini-bar - telephone
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Upcoming events in Sozopol
Places to go in Sozopol
Deals & discounts in Sozopol
- Bed only
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News from Sozopol
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- Bulgarian hotels offer up to 30% price reductions at the end of the season
- More tourists are interested in Sozopol this summer
- Church and monastery complex on Saint Anastacia Island are renovated
- Bulgarian movies presented in Sozopol
- Better tourist season 2011
- Sozopol festivals started
- More Finnish and Iranian tourists at Bulgarias Black Sea
- Bulgaria expects a growth of 20% of the number of German tourists
- Bulgaria ranks 6th in Europe for clear sea waters


text:
$64.00 $110.00
Thoughtfully made of quality linen, the Nairobi Lattice Pillow offers a casual, intelligent piece to a variety of transitional and modern design settings. Belonging to the broader Nairobi collection, this global pillow comes in multiple options. Best when creatively included with other pillows of similar style, it can tie together the design of any room.


text:
Insulated open ended wrenches are rated for safe working up to 1000V. Professional grade tools are long life insulated.
22-19035 - Nine Pice Industrial VDE Tool Set
Professional quality tool set feature an industrial brushed finish and ergonomic insulated cushion grips rated for safe working up to 1000V.
22-19040 - 13 Piece VDE Open Ended SAE Wrench Set
22-19050 - Nine Piece SoftGrip Pliers and Cutters Set
Nine piece tool set contains a variety of pliers and cutters for use on a wide range of applications. Each tool has soft cushion grip which provide comfort during use. A molded storage tray keeps tools organized when not in use.
22-19065 - Drive-Loc SoftFinish Cushion Grip Handle for Drive-Loc Blades
SoftFinish cushion grip Drive-Loc handle securely holds Drive-Loc blades and allows fast, easy blade adjustments in 1/8" increments.
An excellent place to purchase items at a great price. Thank you!


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Murder Arrest After Teenager's Body Found
A man has been arrested on suspicion of murder following the death of a teenage woman at a seaside caravan park in Herne Bay.
With the Christmas anti drink drive campaign underway in Kent; a motoring law specialist has issued a Top 12 Dos and Don'ts for drivers
David Barton who practices in Maidstone points out 211 people failed breath tests in Kent last Christmas and virtual courts mean you can lose your licence within 90 minutes of being charged
Here are his tips
1. Remember that alcohol affects different people in different ways. It varies depending on age, gender and body mass. Many wrongly believe that food intake helps; it doesn't. Drinking on an empty stomach might make you feel different, but won?t affect the result.
2. It takes around an hour and a half for the average person to metabolize one standard drink. The time taken is often greatly underestimated, which is why driving the morning after can be just as risky. A sleep will not necessarily have got rid of the alcohol in your body and drivers are frequently caught out the next morning - particularly if it's an early start going to work. A heavy and long night can take until mid-afternoon the following day to clear.
3. Plan ahead. If you know you are going to be partying hard, plan a taxi, or a place to stay for the night. If you don?t plan, you will be tempted to drive and alcohol distorts judgment. Just have a safe way of getting home to bed.
4. Don?t make the mistake of thinking a train journey from London will get rid of alcohol. The police do monitor stations to catch drivers as they leave the car park after their journey home.
5. Don?t sleep in your car. I have known drivers prosecuted for being drunk in charge because they were found asleep in their cars in car parks. It is very risky, particularly if you sleep in the front seat. It leads to the same disqualification.
6. Expect a breath test at any time. If you are involved in an accident, whether it's your fault or not, you will be tested.
7. It is a myth to think you can drive a short distance over the limit and not be prosecuted.
8. In difficult weather conditions you are expected to drive to suit the circumstances. Dangerous driving is increasingly being prosecuted and carries a long disqualification and imprisonment.
9. Leave plenty of time because journeys take longer in winter. Speed and accidents do go together.
10. Mobile phone use is viewed seriously by the courts. Texting your Christmas present list whilst driving is to be avoided! It can lead to a dangerous driving charge.
11. Check your insurance documents. I meet many clients who misunderstood their cover believing wrongly that they were covered for driving other vehicles. Driving without insurance is a strict liability offence which means mistake is no defence. It also carries 6 points, taking you instantly towards 12 and disqualification.
12. Young drivers in their probationary period (first two years) need to be aware that if they pick up 6 points their licences will automatically be revoked. It's easily done with two modest speeding offences carrying 3 points each.
A man has been arrested on suspicion of murder following the death of a teenage woman at a seaside caravan park in Herne Bay.
Whitstable famous event is on this weekend but it's been scaled back from last year
Isabelle Lowden raised the alarm after spotting smoke coming from neighbour's home
Several homes and businesses were flooded
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Sigh. I was excited over this. In a new interview for Entertainment Weekly, Scott Gimple confirmed that Morgan, played by the excellent Lennie James, will not return this season, but does not rule out future appearances.
EW: Of course, whenever we talk I always have to ask you about Morgan, played by Lennie James. Any chance we'll get to see him again before season 4 ends?
GIMPLE: He will not be definitely in season four. Somebody misquoted me on that. Will he be on the show again? Yes. I am absolutely certain of that.
Gimple also answered many other questions, from the mysterious "Gareth" character to the Sanctuary to the possibility of seeing Lilly and Tara again.
EW: Is the storyline with Lilly or Tara or anyone from the Governor's camp finished? Could we see any of those people again?
GIMPLE: When anybody doesn't die onscreen, I assume it's possible that we will see them again. Judith is a different thing — her fate most likely cannot be shown on television. I will say there are some eagle-eyed people on the internet out there who have scoured the advertisement and pre-released things and they believe they have spotted Tara. People on the internet are smart, so I'd say we'll probably be seeing Tara.
EW: What about this other new character named Gareth I've heard whispers about?
GIMPLE: I can say very little. Kind of from the books, kind of not totally from the books. Comic fans would not know him. He was an invention that was inspired for the show.
EW: Let's go through some other loose ends. Are we going to learn anything about that faint radio signal that Daryl heard in the car talking about sanctuary?
GIMPLE: Absolutely, sooner rather than later.
EW: What about the rat vivisection and zombie feeding by the gate? Will we get more clarity on who was responsible for that?
GIMPLE: I love that I can say these yeses. Yes, that answer doesn't come as quickly though.
Lennie James, on the other hand, was cast as the lead in the 13-episode Sky1 miniseries, Critical, created by Jed Mercurio, who worked with James on BBC2's Line of Duty and BBC3's Bodies.


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Team notes
National League
Arizona Diamondbacks
The Diamondbacks hoped to sign free-agent lefty David Wells,
38, who was impressed with his Dec. 18 visit to Phoenix. Wells' 2001 season
with the White Sox was shortened by a back injury. He had surgery on two disks
and said he's about 90% and should be at full strength in two months.
All that seems to stand in the way of him joining Arizona
is the possibility he'll sign with the Yankees.
Wells said he felt wanted by the Diamondbacks and that
it's just a matter of "pulling the trigger."
Atlanta Braves
The Braves signed first baseman Julio Franco and backup catcher Eddie
Perez to minor league contracts. Both had been offered arbitration.
Atlanta might platoon Franco with B.J. Surhoff,
who was displaced in left when third baseman Vinny Castilla was signed,
moving Chipper Jones to left.
Wes Helms also is available at first, although his
brief stint there this past season left the Braves wanting more.
Perez, 33, is a long shot to make the club after the Braves
re-signed Javy Lopez to a one-year, $6 million contract and Paul Bako
to a one-year, $750,000 contract as his backup.
Chicago Cubs
Rondell White's decision to sign with the Yankees could turn out to be the
best thing Cubs fans could have hoped for. After White rejected the Cubs' two-year
offer, the team turned its attention to Moises Alou.
The Cubs and Alou agreed on a three-year deal for about
$27 million, with a mutual option for 2005. Alou is 35 and had knee surgery
three years ago, but he still hit .331 this past season with 27 homers and 108
Jim Hendry, vice president of player personnel,
said Alou's age was not a major concern.
"We feel he has a few more good years in him," Hendry said.
Alou led the NL in 2001 by batting .424 against left-handers. The Cubs went
just 14-22 against lefty starters. Alou would hit fifth to provide protection
for Sammy Sosa and Fred McGriff.
Cincinnati Reds
The Reds rejected an offer they almost couldn't refuse.
Free-agent closer Jeff Shaw offered his services at a bargain, but the Reds
said they still can't afford him.
Shaw said he'd pitch in 2002 for $1.5 million, with $4.5
million deferred over 10 years after he retires.
Young was named MVP and won The Good Guy Award. Scott
Sullivan was Pitcher of the Year.
Colorado Rockies
Colorado acquired left-hander Dennys Reyes from
Cincinnati in hopes he will become what Gabe White was for the Rockies
in 2000.
To get Reyes, they traded the Gabe White of 2001. White
went 11-2 with a 2.36 ERA in 2000 with Colorado and Cincinnati. He was 1-7,
6.25 ERA this past season, so the Rockies decided the $5.625 million owed him
over the next two seasons was too much.
Reyes was acquired with infielder Pokey Reese for
White and right-handed pitching prospect Luke Hudson.
A day later, the Rockies sent Reese to Boston for catcher
Scott Hatteberg (.245 average, three homers, 25 RBI). The Rockies did
not tender Hatteberg a contract, making him a free agent. They hope to sign
him for less than he would have gotten in arbitration and use him in combination
with Gary Bennett (.273-1-4 after being claimed off waivers from the
Mets) or Ben Petrick (.238-11-39).
"Having the year that I did last year gave me quite a bit
of confidence," said Stark, who went 14-2 at Triple-A Tacoma and went 1-1 in
three big-league appearances.
Florida Marlins
The Marlins have been operating without a manager or general
manager and with an owner on his way out. So they've made no significant trades
or signings.
Florida's acting three-man GM committee was ordered not
to do anything until the team officially was sold from John Henry to
Expos owner Jeffrey Loria.
The Marlins had hoped to upgrade at shortstop and could
have landed Miami native Ricky Gutierrez at a hometown discount of about $3
million a season. But the instructions were not to pull the trigger.
Teut was 45-39 with a 4.39 ERA in five minor league seasons
and will compete for a spot in the bullpen or backup in the rotation.
Houston Astros
Jeff Bagwell doesn't believe the Astros have made
the necessary moves to compete in the NL Central.
"We haven't gotten better," he said. "We've maybe taken
a little step backward."
The Cardinals added closer Jason Isringhausen and first
baseman Tino Martinez, while the Cubs signed former Astros outfielder Moises
Meanwhile, the Astros didn't pursue their top two free
agents, Alou and Vinny Castilla. Instead they went the cost-efficient route
by signing outfielder Brian L. Hunter, catcher Gregg Zaun, outfielder
Orlando Merced, infielder Jose Vizcaino and reliever Doug Brocail.
With Bagwell in the No. 3 spot, the Astros are counting
on Lance Berkman to repeat his breakout 2001 season and Richard Hidalgo
to rebound from a disappointing offensive performance.
Los Angeles Dodgers
Looking to shore up their rotation, the Dodgers signed
a familiar face: Hideo Nomo.
The club agreed to a two-year deal with the right hander.
He spent 2001 with the Red Sox, pitching a no-hitter and
leading the AL in strikeouts. Nomo was a member of the Dodgers from 1995-98,
going 45-36.
The club also named Matt Slater as director of professional
scouting and Jeff Schugel as special assistant in international scouting.
Milwaukee Brewers
After standing by idly during the winter meetings, the
Brewers finally made some moves, albeit within their own ranks.
The club signed right-hander Jeff D'Amico to a one-year
contract. It also offered contracts to second baseman Ronnie Belliard
and pitchers Jamey Wright, Chad Fox and Valerio De Los Santos,
all of whom are arbitration eligible.
Infielder Mark Loretta was another name coming
up as possible trade bait, but his injuries this past season and a $5 million
salary were hang-ups.
Montreal Expos
Interim general manager Larry Beinfest has been
able to do little to improve his team for 2002 with contraction rumors running
rampant. He was, however, able to make some small strides.
The Expos agreed to arbitration with pitchers Carl Pavano
and Javier Vazquez, catcher Michael Barrett and Gold Glove shortstop
Orlando Cabrera.
The club also agreed to a one-year deal with pitcher Masato
Beinfest, who has not been given a payroll figure by management,
earlier signed veteran backup catcher Randy Knorr and left-handed reliever
Joey Eischen, who will be spring training non-roster invitees.
New York Mets
The Mets are going to unload a pitcher before spring training.
With the addition of Shawn Estes, they have six starters, including Al
Leiter, Kevin Appier, Steve Trachsel, Bruce Chen and
Glendon Rusch.
General manager Steve Phillips said Chen could go
to the bullpen, but that seems highly unlikely.
Instead the Mets are expected to try to deal one of the
pitchers for a starting outfielder.
Philadelphia Phillies
As the Phillies look to 2002, they have reached back for
a piece of their past.
Dave Hollins, who played on the 1993 World Series
team and personified that club's hard-nosed play, signed a minor league contract
with an invitation to major league camp.
Hollins, 35, batted .272 with 16 homers in 89 games at
Triple-A Buffalo this past year.
Rookie Johnny Estrada was rushed to the big leagues
after Lieberthal was lost for 2001 with a serious knee injury in May.
Estrada, 25, still is considered a top prospect, but the
Phillies want him to play regularly at Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre.
The trade that brought three pitchers from the White Sox
for Todd Ritchie ended Jose Silva's tenure with the Pirates.
In order to clear the necessary space on the 40-man roster,
Silva was designated for assignment before being traded to the Reds for minor
league right-hander Ben Shaffar.
Silva always has had a great arm, but his five years with
the Pirates were marred by injuries and ineffectiveness. This past season was
no different, as he compiled a 6.75 ERA in relief before suffering a season-ending
broken leg in June.
St. Louis Cardinals
The Cardinals plugged their biggest remaining hole by signing first baseman
Tino Martinez to a three-year, $21 million contract.
Martinez, who turned 34 in December, has driven in 100
runs in six of the last seven years. He will take the place of Mark McGwire,
who retired after the season.
The earlier trade of Dustin Hermanson was what enabled
the Cardinals to free up enough money to go after Martinez.
With the signing, the Cardinals' probable starting lineup
for next season becomes a little clearer. Rookie of the Year Albert Pujols
won't be needed at first base, so he could wind up at third or in left field.
If he plays third, Placido Polanco could become a utilityman.
San Diego Padres
Shortstop Ramon Vazquez is having a heck of a winter.
With the Mariners, he was slated either to back up Carlos Guillen or to return
to Triple-A for a second consecutive year, but a trade to San Diego landed him
a probable starting job.
As if that weren't enough, he's also enjoying a terrific
winter. Through mid-December, he was leading the Puerto Rican League with a
.375 average and had four homers and 22 RBI in 34 games.
San Francisco Giants
The Giants pursued four of their free agents, and all four
will return.
They re-signed pitchers Jason Schmidt and Jason
Christiansen and catcher Benito Santiago and, in the biggest story
of all, retained exclusive rights to Barry Bonds when the four-time MVP
accepted salary arbitration.
The only question is how much Bonds will be paid and for
how long. Bonds is coming off one of the most productive seasons of all time
and could ask for more than Alex Rodriguez's average annual salary of $25 million.
If he wins in arbitration, the Giants' payroll could
be significantly higher than what they projected.
But both sides said they want to consummate a long-term
contract before it reaches such a process.
"This is great for the organization and great for the fans
to know he'll be with us at least one more year," co-owner Peter Magowan
said. "Now, we have sufficient time to pursue what both sides want to do: conclude
a long-term agreement."
The club might try to settle with Bonds before the hearing.
Bonds and the Giants must submit salary figures Jan. 18. A hearing would be
scheduled for February.


text:
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text:
WORLD CUP '94; A 4th World Cup for Brazil
By LAWRIE MIFFLIN
Published: July 18, 1994
"Making soccer history" was the theme United States organizers chose for the 15th World Cup, and yesterday Brazil played along, becoming the first nation to win the World Cup four times and the first to win it in a penalty-kick shootout. Brazil defeated Italy, also a three-time champion, in that one-on-one tie breaker after a scoreless tie in regulation time and 30 minutes of overtime.
As 94,194 people sat on the edge of their Rose Bowl seats in Pasadena, Calif., and some 2 billion television viewers worldwide grew white-knuckled, Brazil converted three penalty shots to Italy's two. Italy's star, Roberto Baggio, missed his team's final shot, sending it over the crossbar.
The final game of the month-long tournament, held in the United States for the first time in the Cup's 64-year history, had been anticipated as a showdown between teams with brilliant attack virtuosos, Italy with Baggio and Brazil with Romario and Bebeto. But neither team had yet encountered a defense of the other's caliber.
The Brazilians' syncopated playmaking created the better scoring chances, and as they kept whirling, the Italians began to look like 1930's dance marathon contestants, grimly hanging on. Several, including Baggio, played with injuries.
"Of course, penalty kicks don't necessarily mean the best team came out on top," said Claudio Taffarel, Brazil's goalie. "But we believe this was our destiny."
Celebrations went on all night throughout Brazil, where today was declared a national holiday. In Italy, where the game ended after midnight, there was gloom.
Brazil, considered the cradle of creative soccer, also won the World Cup in 1958, 1962 and 1970. Italy won in 1934, 1938 and 1982.
SportsMonday, C1.
Photo: Goalkeeper Claudio Taffarel of Brazil being mobbed after missed shot by Italy's Roberto Baggio gave Brazil the World Cup. (Reuters)


text:
BOSTON (AP) The Boston Globe suspended veteran sports writer Ron Borges on Monday amid accusations he plagiarized part of a football column from another reporter.
The Globe's editor, Martin Baron, said in a story posted on the newspaper's website that Borges had included in his football notes column last Sunday material written by Mike Sando, a reporter for The News Tribune of Tacoma, Wash.
"The Globe does not tolerate plagiarism," Baron said in a statement. "Extensive passages written by the Tacoma reporter were used verbatim in the column by Borges, and that is prohibited."
Borges, a sports writer at the paper for 24 years, was suspended without pay for two months and barred from broadcast appearances for the same period, Baron said.
The Globe said Borges, its national football writer, used without attribution material from a notes exchange used by NFL writers.
In notes exchanges, writers typically share information about their teams with their colleagues. However, the information is usually attributed to the original paper or used as background material.
Globe sports editor Joe Sullivan said Borges was not aware the material had been published in the News-Tribune on Feb. 25.
The allegations of plagiarism first arose on a website, coldhardfootballfacts.com.
Borges declined comment to The Associated Press on Monday night.
Dan Totten, president of the Boston Newspaper Guild, said the union was standing by Borges.
"Ron Borges is a talented veteran of The Boston Globe sports pages whose work is of the highest caliber. Ron's work is widely appreciated and respected within the sports journalism world. The Boston Newspaper Guild stands with Ron and we will defend him and see that justice prevails," Totten said.
Sando, reached by telephone by the AP, declined to comment and referred questions to Dale Phelps, the News Tribune's deputy managing editor.
"It's kind of an unfortunate circumstance from my point of view," Phelps said, "but we don't have any anger or anything. For us, it's an issue for them to deal with at their paper."
Globe sports columnist Bob Ryan was suspended for one month without pay in 2003 for his remarks on a television show that the wife of New Jersey Nets guard Jason Kidd needed someone to "smack her." Ryan apologized for the comment.
In 2000, Globe columnist Jeff Jacoby was suspended for four months for failing to cite sources in a column. Patricia Smith resigned in 1998 after admitting she fabricated characters and quotes in her columns, and Mike Barnicle resigned later that year because he was unable to verify facts in a 1995 column.
Copyright 2007 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Conversation guidelines: USA TODAY welcomes your thoughts, stories and information related to this article. Please stay on topic and be respectful of others. Keep the conversation appropriate for interested readers across the map.


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The University Secretariat (Governance) Office ensures the documents available on the Planning & Reporting page are the approved versions. The office supports the Board of Governors, General Faculties Council and the Senate by ensuring the organizational processes are efficient and effective and that the institution (students, faculty and staff) and community are well-informed and prepared to support the Strategic Plan of the University of Lethbridge.
For more information please visit the Governance web page.
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text:
David Unaipon By Jonathan Valis David Unaipon was born on the 28th of September1872 at Point Mcleay mission
He died on the 7th of Febraury 1967 (aged 94) at Tailem Bend, South Australia He was educated at the Raukkan mission school as a
bootmaker David Unaipon is the man on the Australian $50 note. He was inquisitively religious believing in both traditional Aboriginal and
Christian spirituality Unaipon began his education at the age of Seven at the
Point Mcleay mission school On the 4th of January 1902 he married Katherine Carter, a Tangani
woman He was an Australian Aboriginal of the Ngarrindjeri
people, a preacher, inventor and writer. Some of his traditional
Aboriginal stories were published
in a 1930's book, "Myths and Legends of the
Australian Aboriginals, under the name of
anthropologist William Ramsay Smith. His Aboriginal surname is Ngunaitponi Raukkan mission Unaipon had a talent for public speaking, which he used
to his advantage to promote that Aboriginals should
have the same rights as white skinned people. His inventions gave him the nickname " The black leonardo" by the media He wrote his autobiography,
"My life story" in 1951 As early as 1914, Unaipon had anticipated the concept of a helicopter by applying the principle of the boomerang. David became the first Aboriginal writer to have his book published Mechanical Shearer Thank you for listening and I hope you enjoyed it
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text:
The Cabinet approved the agreement with Syria about the deployment of Russian air group
On Friday 29 July was published the decree of the Russian government, signed by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev's approval of the Agreement with Syria about the deployment in this country of the Russian air group videoconferencing. The resolution involves the transfer of the document of the President of Russia Vladimir Putin to introduce in the state Duma for ratification.
The agreement was signed in Damascus on 26 August 2015. Earlier it was reported that it is on a permanent basis. The agreement involves the deployment of Russian air base at the airfield Hamim free.
The deployment of Russian troops in Syria. Chronicle of eventsRelated posts:


text:
Application Process
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This diverse, fast-paced rotational programme covers four demanding and absorbing placements across multiple UK cities.
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During the 10-week programme, you'll experience a range of audit teams – from those which focus on particular business functions, to those which specialise in particular areas of audit, such as risk. This variety will ensure you get the most rounded experience possible. Not only will your time in different areas give you a comprehensive understanding of the business, it will allow you to start developing your specialist audit methodology for your future career.
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