text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 28, 2002
|Filing date
|May 19, 1999
|Priority date
|May 20, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Junji Kato, Takehiko Nakano
|Original Assignee
|Sony Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (55), Classifications (13), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to data communications, and more particularly to a technique by which individual devices connected to a data bus can each transmit data to other devices at a maximum speed.
As "smart" devices have proliferated in recent years, a trend is emerging in which everyday electronic devices such as video tape recorders (VTRs), televisions, personal computers, etc., can communicate with one another via connection to a common data bus. Among the many considerations in performing such data communication is the selection of appropriate data transmission speeds. When devices connected to a common bus have differing data communication speed capability, it is necessary to select a data transmission speed at which a transmitting end can transmit data and a receiving device can receive data. Moreover, if there is another apparatus (relay apparatus) between the transmitting and receiving devices, it is necessary to select a data transmission speed at which the relay apparatus can operate.
An international I/O connection standard, namely, the IEEE 1394-1995 serial bus standard, has been promulgated to provide a universal protocol for data communications over a serial bus. This standard defines a digital interface for data communications, thereby eliminating the need for an application to convert digital data to analog data before it is transmitted across the bus. Likewise, a receiving application will receive digital data from the bus rather than analog data, and will therefore not be required to perform A/D conversion.
The IEEE 1394 standard has been adopted to implement an inexpensive high-speed architecture which supports both asynchronous and isochronous format data transfers. Isochronous data transfers are real-time transfers which take place such that the time intervals between significant instances have the same duration at both the transmitting and receiving applications. Each packet of data transferred isochronously is transferred in its own time period. An example of an application for the transfer of data isochronously would be from a video recorder to a television set. The video recorder records images and sounds and saves the data in discrete chunks or packets. The video recorder then transfers each packet, representing the image and sound recorded over a limited time period, during that time period, for display by the television set. Multiple channels are provided for isochronous data transfer between applications. A six bit channel number is broadcast with the data to ensure reception by the appropriate application. This allows multiple applications to simultaneously transmit isochronous data across the bus structure. Asynchronous transfers are traditional data transfer operations which take place as soon as possible and transfer an amount of data from a source to a destination.
FIG. 19 is an arrangement of a number of devices with information processing capability connected to IEEE 1394 serial buses. In this example, IEEE 1394 serial buses 10-1 to 10-7 interconnect a personal computer (PC) 1, an integrated receiver/decoder (IRD) 2, a digital video tape recorder (digital VTR) 3, an editor 4, a MiniDisk (MD) deck 5, a monitor 6, a hard disk drive (HDD) 7 for storing image data and audio data, and a server 8. These devices satisfy the IEEE 1394 standard as well as the IEC 61883 standard providing audio-visual (AV) data transmission based on IEEE 1394. Each connected device constitutes a node (i.e., an accessible unit) in IEEE 1394, and each device has its own maximum data communication speed at which it is capable of performing data transmission and reception. According to the IEEE 1394 standard, the maximum speed for any given device can be either 98.308 Mbps, 196.608 Mbps or 392.216 Mbps, designated herein as speeds S100, S200 and S400, respectively. The maximum data communication speed for a particular device is, of course, dependent upon that device's hardware capabilities. A device can always transmit and receive data at lower speeds; for instance, a device having S400 capability can communicate at S100 or S200 if necessary. Data transmission based on S100 can be performed by all apparatuses satisfying the IEEE 1394 standard. When devices with different maximum communication speeds are connected to a common bus, a transmitting device must transmit at a transmission speed that can be relayed by another device operating as a relay.
FIG. 20 depicts illustrative maximum data communication speeds for the devices of FIG. 19. Thus, PC 1 has a maximum data communication speed of S400; editor 4 has a maximum speed of S200; and so forth. For example, both the MD deck 5 and the digital VTR 3 are S400 devices, and do not connect to an apparatus for transferring data between them, whereby they would always communicate with each other at S400 speed. On the other hand, if a slower device is operating as a relay for a faster device, the faster device cannot communicate through the relay device to other devices at its maximum speed capability. For instance, both the MD deck 5 and the PC 1 can transmit at S400, but since the receiver/decoder 2 with only S200 capability is connected therebetween in their transmission path, they can only communicate at S200 speed.
The IEEE 1394 serial bus standard defines a function called a "bus manager" which performs the services of: advanced bus power management; maintenance of a speed map of the data communication speed capabilities of the bus-connected devices; maintenance of a topological map of the connected devices; and bus optimization based on information obtained from the topological map. As part of the bus optimization, the bus manager determines the maximum speeds at which each device is able to transmit data in consideration of the current topology. The bus manager provides each device with maximum data transmission speed information in accordance with the optimization. Thus, a device connected to the IEEE 1394 serial bus sets, based on the information from the bus manager, a data transmission speed for transmission of data to a particular device connected to the bus. In this manner, communication is executed at a maximum data transmission speed enabling communication. When a new device is added to or removed from the bus, the speed map as well as the data speed information provided to the bus-connected devices are updated.
The IEEE 1394 standard also requires an entity called an isochronous resource manager. This entity functions to provide facilities for: allocation of isochronous bandwidth; allocation of channel numbers; and selection of a cycle master.
According to the IEEE 1394 serial bus standard, the existence of the bus manager is optional. However, if a bus manager is absent, the isochronous resource manager exercises a subset of the management responsibilities normally assumed by the bus manager. (The latter circumstance assumes that isochronous traffic is to take place. If there is no isochronous resource manager, no isochronous traffic is allowed.) In this case, if devices on the IEEE 1394 serial bus have S200 or higher speed capability, and a device acting as a relay also has S200 or higher capability, the devices must nevertheless perform initial communication based on S100 because they do not obtain information on a suitable data transmission speed to an apparatus at a receiving end. Thus, when no bus manager exists, a problem arises in that the devices connected to the IEEE 1394 serial bus use a minimum speed to perform data transmission.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for transmitting data among devices connected to a common data bus at maximum speeds.
It is another object of the invention to provide a method for transmitting data among devices connected to an IEEE 1394 serial data bus, even if no bus manager is present.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a device connectable to a data bus, which is capable of determining appropriate transmission speeds for transmission of data to other devices connected to the bus.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide an improved method for data communication on a data bus.
In accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method and apparatus for transmitting data among devices connected to a data bus at maximum speeds. Each device may be capable of transmitting data at a number of speeds. A transmitting device first transmits a data packet onto the bus with ID information of a target recipient device, at the maximum transmission speed of the transmitting device. If an acknowledgement signal confirming receipt of the initial data transmission is received from the target recipient device, then the transmission speed for subsequent data transmissions to that device is set to the speed of the just-transmitted data. Otherwise, the transmission speed is reduced and the process is repeated. Once an acknowledgement is received and the speed is set, the speed may be stored in a memory of the transmitting device for use in subsequent data transmissions to the recipient device. The subsequent data transmissions may be asynchronous and/or isochronous data transmissions. The process is repeated to establish maximum suitable transmission speeds to other target recipient devices connected to the bus.
The invention has particular utility when used in conjunction with an IEEE 1394-1995 serial bus interface in the absence of a bus manager. Following a bus reset operation in which the memory of each device containing transmission speed information is cleared, individual devices reestablish appropriate data transmission speeds to each of the other devices by transmitting packets at varying speeds, if necessary, until an acknowledgement is received from each respective device.
The following detailed description, given by way of example and not intended to limit the present invention solely thereto, will best be appreciated in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals denote like elements and parts, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of hardware within a digital VTR;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a digital VTR according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating functions performed in accordance with the IEEE 1394 protocol;
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an asynchronous subaction structure;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the condition of nodes initiating arbitration;
FIG. 6 illustrates the operation of a node that received a request signal;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating the operation of a node as a root when it outputs a grant-signal;
FIG. 8 illustrates the operation of a node that received a grant-signal, and the operation of a node that received a deny-signal;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating the condition of a node when it initiates data transmission;
FIG. 10 illustrates message transmission and reception between link layers during asynchronous communication;
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an isochronous subaction structure;
FIG. 12 illustrates a cycle of data transmission among apparatuses connected based on IEEE 1394;
FIG. 13 depicts an example of an asynchronous packet structure;
FIG. 14 is a table illustrating main elements of an asynchronous packet;
FIG. 15 depicts an acknowledge-packet structure;
FIG. 16 is a table describing different acknowledgement codes of an asynchronous packet;
FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a process for transmitting data by a transmitting end device to a receiving end device connected to a bus in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating another process for transmitting data in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 19 shows an arrangement of various devices connected to IEEE 1394 serial buses; and
FIG. 20 depicts an arrangement of devices of various data speed capability connected to a bus.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in the context of an apparatus and method for performing high speed data transmission on an IEEE 1394 serial bus. It is contemplated, however, that the invention may be practiced in conjunction with other data bus protocols. Thus, the following detailed description is for illustrative purposes only.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a function block diagram of a digital video tape recorder (VTR) 3 is shown. Digital VTR 3 will be described hereafter as, an illustrative information processing apparatus configured to transmit data at maximum speeds on a data bus to respective recipient devices in accordance with the invention. The means employed within VTR 3 to carry out the novel data communication technique, however, may be incorporated within any information processing apparatus connected to the bus.
VTR 3 includes a recording/reproducing unit 21 that records and reproduces data to/from a loaded videotape (not shown). A liquid crystal display (LCD) 23 and a touch panel 24 are connected to an internal bus via an input/output (I/O) interface 22. The LCD 23 displays display data supplied from the recording/reproducing unit 21, a central processing unit (CPU) 25, or an IEEE 1394 interface 28. The touch panel 24 supplies I/O interface 22 with a signal in accordance with an operation by a user.
CPU 25 executes various programs, including an application program to establish a suitable data transmission rate or rates for transmission of image, audio and other data to other devices connected to the bus. A read only memory (ROM) 26 stores fixed program data and operation parameters used by CPU 25. Random access memory (RAM) 27 stores programs executed by CPU 25 as well as parameters that necessarily change during program execution. Interface 28 is an I/O interface configured in accordance with the IEEE 1394 standard, and transfers data between the internal bus and one or more external IEEE 1394 serial buses. (It is noted that when a plurality of buses such as 10-3 and 10-4 of FIG. 19 are connected to the same device, the plurality of buses may be considered as part of a common bus.) The internal bus is the vehicle by which data is transferred among I/O interfaces 22 and 28, recording/reproducing unit 21, CPU 25, ROM 26 and RAM 27.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a program that is executed mainly by CPU 25 in the digital VTR 3 (or other apparatus connected to the serial bus) having the above-described hardware. Recording/reproducing unit 21 controls recording and reproduction of data to/from a mass media storage unit, e.g., a videotape in this example. A communication speed setting unit (transmission speed setting means) 32 selects a predetermined transmission speed from among transmission speeds 98.308 Mbps, 196.608 Mbps, and 392.216 Mbps for data transmission to a target receiving end device connected to the bus. Speed setting unit 32 requests a serial bus control unit (data transmission means) 35 to perform the data transmission at the selected transmission speed. An acknowledgement (ACK) detecting unit 33 (detecting means) detects an acknowledgement signal from the target receiving end device, which is sent to confirm receipt of a data transmission to that device by the VTR 3. Based on the reception signal detected by the ACK-detecting unit 33, the communication speed setting unit 32 determines whether data can be transmitted to the target receiving end device at the transmission speed at which packets were transmitted.
A communication speed storage unit 34 (transmission speed storage means) stores a list of maximum transmission speeds corresponding to the various devices connected to the bus. Each stored speed represents the speed at which data can be suitably transmitted by VTR 3 to the associated device. The speeds are determined by speed setting unit 32 based on the acknowledgement signals sent from the respective reception devices. Speed storage unit 34 clears the stored information when the IEEE 1394 serial bus is "reconfigured" or "reset". (According to the IEEE 1394 standard, the bus is automatically reset whenever a device is added to or removed from the bus.) The serial bus controller 35 has a communication procedure based on IEEE 1394, and transmits data to other apparatuses connected to the IEEE 1394 serial bus, or receives data and confirmation signals from the other apparatuses connected to the IEEE 1394 serial bus.
A preferred method by which a data transmission speed to a target reception device is determined by speed setting unit 32 will be described later with reference to FIGS. 17 and 18. Briefly, the preferred method entails first transmitting data to a target recipient device at the maximum transmission speed of the transmitting device, VTR 3 in this example. If an acknowledgement to the initial data transmission is received from the target reception device, then the selected transmission speed is the maximum speed (e.g., speed S400); otherwise, the next lower speed (S200) is selected as a candidate and an attempted data transmission is performed at S200. If an acknowledgement is received to the lower data speed transmission, then S200 is selected as the speed for future data transmissions; otherwise, speed S100 is selected. The process is repeated when a transmission is attempted to another target device. Accordingly, maximum data communication speeds are set in an efficient manner without the need for a bus manager to provide the speed information.
IEEE 1394 Communication Protocol
For a better understanding of the applicability of the present invention to devices that communicate in accordance with the IEEE 1394 protocol, certain aspects of this protocol will now be described. Embodiments of a data communication method of the invention will be presented subsequently.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a functional layer structure in accordance with the IEEE 1394 protocol. The protocol defines a hierarchical structure comprised of three layers—a transaction layer 42, a link layer 43, and a physical layer 44. The three layers can be considered to exist in each node connected to the serial bus. The layers communicate with one another, and each layer may communicate with an optional serial bus management entity 41. The transaction layer 42 and the link layer 43 each communicate with another functional block (e.g., the recording/reproducing unit 31 shown in FIG. 2). There are four types of transmission/reception messages used in this communication: a request; an indication; a response; and a confirmation. The arrows shown in FIG. 3 represent these communications. Each communication in which ".req" is added to the end of an arrow name represents a request. Similarly, ".ind" represents an indication, ".resp" represents a response, and ".conf" represents a confirmation. For example, "TR_CONT.req" represents a request communication sent from the serial bus management 41 to the transaction layer 42.
The transaction layer 42 satisfies a request response protocol required in the ISO/IEC 13213 standard by providing, in response to a request from another functional block (e.g., the communication speed setting unit 32 shown in FIG. 2), asynchronous data transmission to a target device connected to the bus. The transaction layer 42 processes data for asynchronous transmission, but does not perform processing for isochronous transmission for transmitting data such as images and sound. In accordance with the transaction layer 42 protocol, data is transmitted asynchronously among devices using three transactions—a read transaction, a write transaction, and a lock transaction. The lock transaction is used to eliminate a problem caused by a split transaction consisting of two or more packet transmissions in the link layer 43.
The link layer 43 performs operations such as data transmission using acknowledge-signals, confirmation of data errors, and data framing. A request for isochronous data transmission service from another functional block (e.g., the recording/reproducing unit 31 shown in FIG. 2) is made to the link layer 43. Transmission of one packet by the link layer 43 is called a "subaction". There are two types of subactions—an asynchronous subaction and an isochronous subaction. In an asynchronous subaction that transmits node identification (node ID) data specifying a node and an address in the node, the node that received data responds using an acknowledge-signal. In an isochronous broadcast subaction that sends data to all nodes in the IEEE 1394 serial bus, nodes receiving data do not respond using an acknowledge-signal. Data in the isochronous subaction is transmitted periodically at a constant cycle, within a selected channel, and no acknowledge-signal is used for a response.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an arrangement of asynchronous subactions specifying node IDs and addresses in the nodes. In this example, during the time period denoted as "subaction 1:request", a first predetermined node transfers a packet to request a second predetermined node to perform a read or write operation. In the interval denoted as "subaction 2:response", the second node responds to the request from the first node. The asynchronous subactions consist of arbitration sequences 51-1 and 51-2, data packet transmissions 52-1 and 52-2, and acknowledgments 53-1 and 53-2. A node that wants to transfer an asynchronous packet requests the physical layer 44 in an arbitration sequence period such as 51-1 or 51-2 to control the IEEE 1394 serial bus. A node that succeeds at arbitration transfers an asynchronous packet in a data packet transmission period as 52-1 or 52-2. A node that received the asynchronous packet specifying its receiver node ID sends an acknowledge-signal in an acknowledgment period as 53-1 or 53-2 to the node that transmitted the packet. The asynchronous subactions are divided by periods called "subaction gaps" 54-1 to 54-3. The data packet transmissions 52-1 and 52-2, and the associated acknowledgments 53-1 and 53-2 are divided by periods called "ACK gaps" 55-1 and 55-2.
The operation of the physical layer 44 of each node in the period of arbitration sequences 51-1 and 51-2 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 5-9. FIG. 5 illustrates a condition of nodes connected to the IEEE 1394 serial bus, with certain nodes requesting data transmission and initiating arbitration. (The connection condition in FIG. 5 differs from that shown in FIG. 19.) It is assumed that after detecting subaction gaps, nodes #0 and #2 simultaneously output request signals to their parent nodes, i.e., nodes #4 and #3, respectively. Whenever a parent node (first parent) receives a request from a child node, the parent node outputs the request to its parent node (second parent), if one exists, unless another child of the first parent had already made a request. That is, the first parent outputs the request from the child that made the request first, and simultaneously sends a deny signal to the other child nodes.
Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6, since node #3 received a request signal from node #2, it routes this request to its parent, node #4, and simultaneously sends a deny signal to its other child, node #1. By way of example, in the case where a request from node #0 reaches node #4 earlier than the request from node #3 (which stems from the node #2 request), node #4 outputs a deny-signal to node #3. It is noted here that in this example, nodes #0, #1 and #2 are designated as leaf nodes because they connect to only one other node. Node #3 is a branch node and node #4 is a root node. In general, the selection of the root node is not topology dependent, and it is even acceptable for the root node to also be a leaf. The standard requires, however, that the isochronous cycle master also has to be the root, since the root has the highest natural priority. Also, the node that has all of its connected ports identified as children becomes the root.
As shown in FIG. 7, node #4 as a root outputs a grant-signal to node #0, which had output the earliest request signal. When a root node provides a grant signal to one of its children, it simultaneously outputs deny-signals to the remainder of its children. As such, root node #4 sends a deny-signal to the branch node #3 in the current example. Branch node #3, upon receiving this deny-signal, discontinues the output of the request signal to the root node, and sends deny-signals to each of its children, nodes #1 and #2. Node #2, upon receiving the deny signal, terminates the output of its request signal as shown in FIG. 8.
A node that receives a grant-signal in response to its request signal changes the request signal to a data prefix signal. In the current example, as shown in FIG. 8, node #0 changes the request signal to a data prefix signal upon reception of the grant signal from the root node #4. When node #4 receives this data prefix signal, it terminates the output of the grant-signal, as illustrated in FIG. 9. A deny signal and a data prefix signal function similarly, in that whenever a node receives either a deny signal or a data prefix signal, it enters a receiving mode. Hence, nodes #1 to #4 are all in their receiving modes before node #0 initiates data transmission. Data output from node #0 is transmitted to all the nodes along the data prefix signal direction shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 10 illustrates the operation of the link layers 43 when they perform asynchronous message transmission and reception, in which node IDs and node addresses are specified. The transaction layer 42 of a transmitting node transmits a request message to that node's link layer 43. The transmitting node link layer 43 then transmits data packets to the target receiving node's link layer 43 via the physical layers of the transmitting and receiving nodes and the IEEE 1394 serial bus. Next, the receiving end link layer 43 sends an instruction message to the receiving end transaction layer 42, which in turn acknowledges receipt of the original request by transmitting an acknowledgement 53-1 back to the transmitting end link layer via the physical layers and the serial bus. The transmitting end link layer 43 responds to the acknowledgment by transmitting a confirmation message to the transmitting end transaction layer 42.
Thus, in the above-described manner, when the transmitting end node receives an acknowledgement, it knows that data communication with the intended recipient node has been established, and can proceed asynchronously. On the other hand, when the transmitting end cannot detect acknowledgment, it determines that the case is ACK missing, meaning that the attempted communication has failed.
Turning now to FIG. 11, a timing diagram illustrating isochronous subactions is presented. Isochronous data transmission is performed in packets, with each packet transmitted during a specific time slot or "channel", e.g., the first to third channels depicted. Consecutive channels such as the first and second channels can support data packet transmission either by different nodes or by the same node. The isochronous subactions consist of arbitration sequences 61-1 to 61-3 and data packet transmissions 62-1 to 62-3 in the respective channels. A node that wants to transmit isochronous packets requests its physical layer 44 to control the IEEE 1394 serial bus in an arbitration sequence period. The operation of each node in the isochronous subaction is identical to the above-described operation of a node in the asynchronous subaction.
A transmitting node that succeeds at arbitration during an arbitration sequence as 61-1 immediately transmits a data prefix and an isochronous data packet as 62-1 in the succeeding time period. The isochronous subactions are divided by isochronous gaps 63-1 to 63-4, which are shorter than the above-discussed asynchronous subaction gaps 54-1 to 54-3 of FIG. 4. A node that desires to transmit data isochronously will immediately arbitrate for the bus following the detection of an isochronous gap. A node desiring to transmit data asynchronously must wait for an asynchronous gap to occur. Since the isochronous gap is shorter than the asynchronous gap, this gives priority to isochronous communication over asynchronous communication.
FIG. 12 is a diagram depicting a cycle of data transmission among apparatuses connected based on the IEEE 1394 standard. Data is divided into packets and transmitted using a 125 μs cycle as a reference. This cycle is created based on a cycle start signal supplied from a node having a cycle master function. An isochronous packet reserves a band (i.e., time slot) necessary for transmission from the start of all cycles. Therefore, for isochronous transmission, data transmission in a constant time interval from the start of the cycle is guaranteed. However, if a transmission error occurs, data is lost because no protection system is used. Once all nodes that desire to transmit data isochronously have done so, e.g., in channels J to N, the bus will stay idle long enough for an asynchronous subaction gap to appear. When this occurs, a node desiring to transmit asynchronous data can arbitrate for the bus and then transmit an asynchronous packet when arbitration succeeds. Asynchronous transmission uses acknowledge- and retry-signals to guarantee secure transmission, but cannot set transmission timing to be constant.
Returning to FIG. 3, the physical layer 44 converts logical symbols used in the link layer 43 into electrical signals. The physical layer 44 uses arbitration to ensure that only one node initiates data transmission. It executes the reconfiguration of the IEEE 1394 serial bus in accordance with bus resetting, and automatically assigns physical IDs.
The serial bus management entity 41 realizes basic bus-control functions, and provides the Control & Status Register Architecture (CSR) of the ISO/IEC 13212 standard. Serial bus management entity 41 has the functions of a node controller, an isochronous resource manager, and a bus manager. The node controller controls node condition, node IDs, etc., and controls the transaction layer 42, the link layer 43, and the physical layer 44. To perform isochronous communication, at least one of the devices connected to the IEEE 1394 serial bus must have the isochronous resource manager function. The bus manager is the highest function of the respective functions, and its object is to optimally use the IEEE 1394 serial bus. The existence of the isochronous resource manager and the bus manager is optional. However, according to the standard, if there is no bus manager, the isochronous resource manager exercises a subset of the management responsibilities normally assumed by the bus manager. Of course, if the isochronous resource manager is absent as well, only asynchronous data communication can be carried out.
Referring now to FIG. 13, an exemplary structure of an asynchronous packet 52-1 or 52-2 is shown. The packet begins with a destination_ID which is the ID of the intended receiving node, and ends with a data_CRC field. The asynchronous packet is used to write data sent as a payload to an address beginning with a predetermined offset receiver address. The characteristics of various elements of an asynchronous packet are presented in the table of FIG. 14. The items listed in the column under the header "NAMES" correspond to the names of the asynchronous packet elements shown in FIG. 13. The "CONTENTS" column provides a short description of each element. A node that may receive an asynchronous packet reads information stored in the receiver ID. When the read ID matches the ID of the node, the node proceeds to receive the contents of the asynchronous packet. The receiving node then responds to the transmitting node based on the information stored in the transmitter ID by sending an acknowledge-packet to the transmitting node (that transmitted the asynchronous packet).
FIG. 15 illustrates the structure of an acknowledge-packet 53-1 or 53-2 of FIG. 4. The four least significant bits of the acknowledge-packet are allocated for parity bits. The four most significant bits of the packet are used as an "ack_code". Depending on its code value, the ack_code indicates one of the following conditions: completion; pending; three types of busy; or two types of data error. These conditions are explained with reference to FIG. 16. A node at a transmitting end transmits an asynchronous packet to a predetermined node at a receiving end at a predetermined data transmission speed. When the transmitting end receives a packet with any one of the ack-codes shown in FIG. 16 from the receiving end, it determines that data transmission to the node at the receiving end node can be performed. (The receiving end node is denoted as "Transmitter Node" in FIG. 16.) When the receiving end node transmits an asynchronous packet including any one of the ack_codes shown in FIG. 16, this indicates that the receiving end node recognized the received asynchronous packet and supports the transmission speed of the asynchronous packet. As mentioned earlier, according to the IEEE 1394 standard, if a bus manager is present, it maintains a speed map for the current topology of interconnected nodes, and supplies the predetermined speed information to each of the nodes. In the absence of a bus manager, the predetermined speed at which each node transmits data is the minimum speed, S100.
Embodiments of Data Transmission Speed Optimization Method
FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a method for transmitting data among devices connected to a data bus at maximum speeds in accordance with the present invention. This embodiment has particular utility for environments in which a bus manager is absent. If a bus manager is present, this method would preferably supersede the standard technique of the bus manager supplying each node with predetermined speeds at which to transmit data. The method disclosed herein involves the transmission of an asynchronous packet to a target recipient device at a maximum speed. If a suitable acknowledgement is received, subsequent data transmission to the recipient device, i.e., asynchronous and/or isochronous, is performed at the maximum speed. Otherwise, the transmission speed is gradually lowered until a suitable acknowledgement is received.
By way of example to illustrate the method, it is assumed that the digital VTR 3 of FIGS. 1 and 2 is connected to a data bus such as an IEEE 1394 bus, and desires to transmit data to a target recipient device (node) connected to the bus. It is understood, however, that any type of device connected to the serial bus can practice the method with suitable software and/or hardware to implement the respective functions.
In step S11, the communication speed setting unit 32 requests the serial bus controller 35 to set a maximum transmission speed at which transmission can be performed. Thus, for example, if the transmitting node is capable of S400 speed, the speed will initially set to S400 regardless of the topology of the nodes connected to the bus. In step S12, the serial bus controller 35 transmits an asynchronous packet to the target recipient device at the set transmission speed by including the target device's node ID, etc., in the packet transmission. This asynchronous packet may be the same as packet 52-1 of FIG. 4 in the IEEE 1394 based system, and would follow a successful arbitration 51-1. In step S13, the ACK-detecting unit 33 determines whether an acknowledge-packet has been received from the target recipient device. Successful receipt of an acknowledge-packet may be detected, for example, if a packet is received with one of the ack-codes in FIG. 16. If a suitable acknowledge-packet has been received, the process ends because the apparatus at the receiving end received the asynchronous data packet. In this circumstance, the transmission speed for subsequent data transmission from the VTR 3 to the recipient device is set at the speed of the packet that was acknowledged (i.e., S400 in this example if an acknowledgment is received in response to the maximum speed transmission).
If in step S13 no acknowledge-packet is received, the ACK-detecting unit 33 sends, to the communication speed setting unit 32, an Ack-missing message indicating that no response was received from the target recipient. When communication speed setting unit 32 receives this message, it determines whether or not the present transmission speed set by the serial bus controller 35 is a minimum value (98.308 Mbps based on S100). If not, the routine flows to step S15 where the communication speed setting unit 32 requests the serial bus controller 35 to set the next lower transmission speed, e.g., 196.608 Mbps (S200). Once the lower transmission speed is set, the routine proceeds to step S12, and the process is repeated.
If in step S14 the present transmission speed is minimum, the routine returns to step S12, and the process is performed again at the minimum speed as a retry operation. After a prescribed number of retries at the minimum speed, a communication failure error message is typically generated.
In the above example, it was assumed that the transmission speed is lowered after only one data transmission attempt at a particular transmission speed. This approach can be modified by allowing two or more attempts at each speed before reducing the speed.
As described above, in accordance with the above embodiment, a device such as the digital VTR 3 connected to a serial data bus can perform data transmission to a predetermined apparatus on the bus at a maximum transmission speed at which data transmission can be performed. When the transmitting device desires to transmit data to a second recipient device, the method of FIG. 17 is preferably repeated for the second device. It is noted that in the method of FIG. 17, once data transmission to a target recipient device is completed at the set speed, the speed information for that recipient device can be either stored for future data transmission to that device (assuming no changes to the node connection topology), or, erased. In the latter case, the process of FIG. 17 is repeated each time a data transmission to the target device is to be performed.
FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating a similar method for performing asynchronous data transmission to another apparatus by a node such as digital VTR 3 connected to a data bus. This method is essentially a special case of the method of FIG. 17. That is, once a maximum transmission speed to a specific recipient device is determined, that speed is stored in a memory of the transmitting device, and used for future data transmissions to the specific recipient device. However, if a bus reconfiguration is performed, the speed information is erased from the memory. Typically, a bus reconfiguration is performed whenever a device is added to or removed from the bus.
The method of FIG. 18 assumes that the transmitting node maintains a memory, e.g., communication speed storage unit 34, containing stored transmission speeds for some or all of the other devices connected to the bus. That is, each entry for stored transmission speed associated with a recipient device is a maximum speed suitable for data transmission from the transmitting node to that recipient device. When a bus reconfiguration is performed, the speed information is cleared from the memory of each device connected to the bus. Once this occurs, the method of FIG. 18 may be performed immediately by each device connected to the bus (in sequence) so as to immediately establish suitable transmission speeds for subsequent communications. Alternatively, the method can be performed by a given device just prior to when it is desired to transmit data to an intended recipient device. In the latter case, the given device's memory containing the stored transmission speeds may remain partially or completely empty well after a bus reconfiguration has occurred, with the memory gradually becoming filled with speed information each time a data packet is transmitted to, and acknowledged by, another recipient device.
Accordingly, in step S21, the communication speed setting unit determines whether the reconfiguration of the serial bus has been executed. If it has, then in step S22 the communication speed setting unit 32 requests the serial bus controller 35 to set the maximum transmission speed at which transmission can be performed, e.g., S400. Otherwise, the routine proceeds to step S23, where the communication speed setting unit 32 reads from storage unit 34 a stored transmission speed corresponding to the target recipient device. This stored speed is a speed previously determined at which data transmission to the target recipient device can be performed. Speed setting unit 32 then requests the serial bus controller 35 to set the read transmission speed.
With the transmission speed thus set in accordance with either the stored transmission speed for the target recipient device or the maximum transmission speed of the transmitting node, the routine proceeds to step S24 where an asynchronous data packet is transmitted at the set speed. Steps S24 to S27 are the same as steps S12 to S15 of FIG. 17, and thus a description thereof is omitted. In step S25, if it has been determined that an acknowledge-packet has been received, the process proceeds to step S28. In step S28, the ACK-detecting unit 33 transmits, to the communication speed setting unit 34, a message requesting the communication speed setting unit 34 to store (or re-store) an entry for the recipient device that received the asynchronous data packet, and its transmission speed, i.e., the speed of the packet that was acknowledged. Thus, the stored speed is the speed at which data should be subsequently transmitted to the recipient device, and represents the maximum suitable speed for the subsequent transmission. This completes the process for the target recipient device, at which point asynchronous and/or isochronous data packets can be transmitted to the target recipient at the determined speed, or the routine can be repeated for another target recipient device.
As described above, by determining and storing a maximum transmission speed for an apparatus at a receiving end, a node such as the digital VTR 3 can transmit data to the apparatus rapidly at the maximum transmission speed at which data transmission can be performed. Thus, there is no need to employ a bus manager entity to determine optimum speeds for each node and to transmit such information to each node every time a bus reconfiguration occurs.
As stated earlier, the methods of FIGS. 17 and 18 establish the maximum transmission speeds for respective recipient devices by transmitting an asynchronous packet and receiving an acknowledgement. If isochronous data is to be subsequently transmitted to the recipient device, the same maximum speed information is preferably used for the isochronous transmission.
In the case where a node such as the digital VTR 3 is connected between two or more devices (e.g., the MD deck 5 and the server 8 shown in FIG. 19) and controls isochronous data communication between those devices, the above-described methods of the present invention are also applicable. For instance, the digital VTR may check and compare maximum asynchronous data communication speeds enabling satisfactory transmission for the two apparatuses. This can be accomplished by means of the digital VTR transmitting data asynchronously to one device at a time as in the method of FIG. 17 to determine a maximum transmission speed to each device. The digital VTR may then send each of the two devices a message indicating what speed should be set when transmitting to the other device.
In the above description, the IEEE 1394 serial bus has been used as an example, but the present invention can be applied to other interfaces having similar features. The invention is even applicable to a protocol that allows data transmission over a bus at a speed anywhere within a certain range. In such a case, the methods of FIGS. 17 and 18 are performed in basically the same manner, starting at the high end of the range, and then gradually reducing the transmission speed in a step-wise manner by a predetermined amount as in step S15 or S27 until an acknowledgement is received.
The present invention also encompasses a storage medium, e.g., a CD-ROM, minidisk, floppy disk, etc., that stores a software program which is readable by processing circuitry of a node, such as by the CPU 25 of the digital VTR 3. The software program contains instructions for the processing circuitry to execute the above-described operations of FIGS. 17 and/or 18.
While the present invention has been described above in reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it is understood that these embodiments are merely exemplary and that one skilled in the art can make many changes to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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|Intel Corporation
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|Jul 29, 2015
|U.S. Classification
|710/104, 710/16, 710/8, 713/1, 713/100, 710/60
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 12, 1999
Owner name: SONY CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KATO, JUNJI;NAKANO, TAKEHIKO;REEL/FRAME:010159/0959
Effective date: 19990721
|Nov 28, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 30, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 3, 2014
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 28, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 15, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
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text: TheStreet, Inc. (Nasdaq: TST; http://www.thestreet.com), a leading digital financial media company, announced today that its board of directors has declared the Company's quarterly cash dividend on its common stock. The cash dividend of $0.025 per share of common stock will be payable December 30, 2011, to all shareholders of record at the close of business on December 15, 2011. About TheStreet, Inc. TheStreet, Inc. is a leading digital financial media company that distributes its content through online, social media, tablet and mobile channels. The Company's network of brands include: TheStreet, RealMoney, RealMoneyPro, Stockpickr, Action Alerts PLUS, Options Profits, ETF Profits, Chat on TheStreet, MainStreet and Rate-Watch. For more information on TheStreet's business, visit www.t.st. For financial and business news, actionable trading ideas, stock quotes and more, visit TheStreet.com via your web browser, follow TheStreet on Facebook and Twitter, visit TheStreet.mobi from your mobile device and access TheStreet through all major tablet platforms.

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text:
LucillaFavorites [+]
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Running Time: 82 minutes
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Series: Cicerone Guides
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The APW goes from Ashbourne in Derbyshire to Jedburgh in the Borders. The 431 km is claimed to be milder than the official Pennine Way and much pleasanter to walk.
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text: Ancestor's Chosen Printings/Rarity: Cost: CMC: 7 Card Type: Creature — Human Cleric Power/Toughness: 4/4 Oracle Text: First strike When Ancestor's Chosen enters the battlefield, you gain 1 life for each card in your graveyard. Flavor Text: Empowered by generations of strength. Retrieved from "http://mtg.wikia.com/wiki/Ancestor%27s_Chosen?oldid=65569" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Tenth Edition Uncommon Judgment Cards CMC: 7 Creature Human Cleric White First Strike Life Gain


text:
Boot-ylicious5:00 AM
I can't wait for fall, all I'm looking at these days are cozy cardigans and knee high boots. I'm contemplating getting a new pair of boots but I can't decide which ones! Here are my picks...
I used to hate how flat boots looked on me but now I'm loving them. I've finally embraced my shorty-ness to deal with it. LOL! Skinny jeans and flat boots are my favorite fall and winter go to outfit!
Now, it's decision time! Which ones do you like best?
Click here for more women's boots.
39 comments
Those Prada motorcycle ones are SWEET!ReplyDelete
Let us know if you find tall boots that don't swamp short little calves!ReplyDelete
The Burberry flat boots and the chloe high wedge boots are so beautiful. I love a good brown boot though.ReplyDelete
Oh I definitely need some flat boots.ReplyDelete
I like the Jimmy Choo heeled boots and the Loeffler Randall flat ones.
Tory Burch! They look like they would be a nice compromise between heel and flat-- the wedge would definitely make them more comfy.ReplyDelete
I love the Chloe ones, I think the cuff at the top adds an extra little something to themReplyDelete
Mhmmmm...the first one!ReplyDelete
nina garcia said boots are THE fall accessory to have! good post!ReplyDelete
ooo I would pick 4 from the heeled and 6 from the flats!! Your picks are impeccable as always!!!!ReplyDelete
I like the Rosegold and Burberry ones!ReplyDelete
I knew immediately the Tory Burch wedge boots were my fave - love them!ReplyDelete
Keep us posted on what you end up buying! :D
A.Co @ A.Co est. 1984
I vote por the Prada boots!ReplyDelete
Oooh I love them all! I'd go with the Jimmy Choo's and the Burberry!ReplyDelete
loving the first pair and the prada's of course ;)ReplyDelete
i love the tory burch and prada boots. so adorable!ReplyDelete
I really love the edginess of the Prada, but the Burberry are so classic!ReplyDelete
Love the new header Tiff!! My vote is for #4 and #5!ReplyDelete
#5 Burberry boots are my favorite! I'm always a fan of flat boots! XOXO, NatalyaReplyDelete
I'm loving the Chloe ones, but they're all pretty fabulous!ReplyDelete
Either the Rosegold or the Chloe boots. I love the buckle details. I'm short too, but haven't quite embraced it yet to wear flat boots! lolReplyDelete
Definetly the Jimmy Choo's!!ReplyDelete
lovely shoes!!ReplyDelete
can't even choose...love'em all!ReplyDelete
The heeled Chloe boots are fantastic. I'm 5'1 so I generally tend to prefer heeled boots, but I'd try some of the flats you've selected. They don't seem less stylish.ReplyDelete
Stop by and stay a while at
Love the Chloe...possibly because they remind me of boots I already have? I think I would buy the same thing over and over again!ReplyDelete
I love the Tory Burch if you get a heel but the Prada boots are pretty sweet too!ReplyDelete
Love the Chloe heeled boots and the flat Dior's!ReplyDelete
xx Vivian @ http://diamondsandtulle.blogspot.com
I have a major boot obsession as well and I totally know what you mean about not always embracing flat boots as a shorter girl! I gave in eventually, as well.ReplyDelete
These are all beautiful boots, but I would say my favs are the Loeffler Randall, Chloe and Rosegold. Let us know what you purchase!
Bisous! http://alamodeetplus.blogspot.com/
Ohh they are all nice- but I like #4, 7, and 8 the best! :) I can't wait to layer and wear boots as well...kind of excited for the fall season:)ReplyDelete
i can see that a lot of styles from last fall are making their way back!ReplyDelete
I love the Tory Burch or Prada ones! With all these Fall shoes and clothes in the stores, if making me wish Fall was here already! J Crew has some adorable boots too!ReplyDelete
I had to pick one in each category so Choo and Burberry without a doubt !ReplyDelete
Caro xxx
I have the Loeffler Randall Matilde's and they are amazing, so comfy and gorgeous! My vote definitely goes for them!ReplyDelete
im loving these!!! http://www.shop.com/Mark+Nason+Womens+Black+Rommey+Knee+High+Boots-382840806-p+.xhtmlReplyDelete
Burberry boots!ReplyDelete
love 'em!
tory burch! tory burch! those are my favorite and i'm not even usually a big fan of her.ReplyDelete
The Prada ones are sort of like elongated Frye boots- I LOVE THEM! plus the little bit of heel does wonders.ReplyDelete
Ooh, boot season, how I love thee! My favorites here are the Rosegold, Tory Burch and the Burberry (but really, Burberry never goes wrong - always classic, always perfect)ReplyDelete


text:
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374 Wickenden St, Providence, RI 02903
Clean practices (non-GF kitchen); pizza was delicious, light and crisp with a flavorful sauce and super-fresh salad.
138 Old Colony Ave, Boston, MA 02127
Gluten free crust, but not safe for cross-contamination. It was ok, flavorful, but chewy. I asked for crispy crust and it had no crunch other than the crust edge. I'll try reheating it because the toppings were tasty.
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text:
Hi everybody! As most of you guys know, war has started here on MyIGN. A song of trophies and achievements, where there can only be one victor. For you see, when you play the game of trophies, you win or you die. There is no middle ground...... Ok, there is middle ground, but you still have to win. Well, there are also second and third place winners, so you don't really have to win per se... and there is also a prize to the person who gets the most trophies. Bah! No matter, just start the intro.
Three long weeks of blood, sweat and Doritos the Trophy War presses on. Many a gamer have perished in the many battles, some dared not even try, but there are still a few left among us fighting to stake claim to the Achievement Throne.
Not to much effort from me this week, spent most of nights either playing Borderlands with House Bastard, playing online in Black Ops 2 and level grinding in Ni No Kuni. However, I had a great time doing so and although I didn't earn many trophies this week. I did have loads of fun! Here's what I was playing for the third week of the war.
1. Borderlands
Holy crap! What a huge difference playing this game in co op makes. Offered to PS+ members last year as a free download, I didn't really go racing to get it. Having played the one hour trial a couple years ago, I wasn't too impressed with the mechanics of this game. You know nothing Jose O'matic. That whole time I was going about it the wrong way. Playing this game with friends is really want makes this it great. I'm having a blast looting, going on quests, getting lost, looting, getting lost again and looting some more in the huge world called Pandora. I already completed the game and its hilarious DLC The Zombie Island of Dr. Ned and will most liking be playing with game till I reach 100%. Then it's Borderlands 2 time!
2. Sam & Max - Beyond Time and Space
If you know me, you know I love my adventure games. I realize these games aren't for everyone, but that still never stops me from recommending them. Sam & Max Season Two can be a bit gltichy at times, but the hilarious story and witty writing completely makes up for that. Spanning five episodes, you will save Christmas from demons, travel to the Bermuda Triangle, stop a zombie infestation from a Euro vampire, meet a time traveling mariachi band in their sombrero space ship and put a corporate America run Hell to its rightful place. All in all, a typical Sam & Max adventure.
That's about all I played this week. I earned a couple trophies here and there in LBP Karting, AC: Revelations, Transformers: WFC and Ni No Kuni, but nothing to major I will try to spend next week finishing off these games and finally take them off my backlog list.
Current Total: 76,800


text:
It only takes a brief period of bad luck or poor performance to destroy a pitcher's stats during the season's first three months. In the latest issue of Sports Weekly, Harold Nichols and Ron Shandler of BaseballHQ.com take a look at some pitchers who've had rough first halves, but have solid skills that can reward patient fantasy owners.
Max Scherzer of the Detroit Tigers has turned his season around after coming back from a stint in the minors. He was 1-4 with a 7.29 ERA at the time of his demotion in mid-May. But since he returned, he's given up only 14 earned runs in 51 2/3 innings (2.44 ERA) and has evened his overall record at 6-6.
Other AL pitchers to watch include James Shields of the Rays, Scott Baker of the Twins and a sleeper, Justin Masterson of the Indians.
In his rookie season, Atlanta's Tommy Hanson looked like an ace with his 2.89 ERA and 1.18 WHIP. But this season, increases to a 4.19 ERA and 1.37 WHIP suggest he's in a sophomore slump. Actually, his skills have been every bit as good as they were last season. He's still striking out over a batter per inning, but his unlucky 35% hit rate on balls in play is considerably higher than last year's 28%.
Other NL pitchers to consider include Dan Haren of the Diamondbacks, Jason Hammel of the Rockies, Vicente Padilla of the Dodgers and an interesting sleeper, Bud Norris of the Astros.
For more on these second-half pitching targets, check out the entire column in Sports Weekly.
Steve's been with USA TODAY in one form or another since 1993. He started at USATODAY.com in 1996, becoming the website's baseball editor in 1999, and has written the fantasy baseball column for Sports Weekly since 2006. Follow him on Twitter: @sgardnerUSAT.
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text:
Which one of the following is most likely to lead to an increase in structural unemployment in the UK?
An increase in the size of the UK government's budget deficit
A decision by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Bank of England to increaseinterest rates
Improving international competitiveness of the Chinese and Indian economies
A fall in consumer confidence which leads to a recession in the UK
All other things being equal, in the short run a decrease in aggregate demand in an economy is most likely to result in a reduction in
government spending on welfare benefits.
the unemployment rate.
the budget deficit.
the balance of payments deficit on current account.
'Unemployment has begun to rise in the UK. What should policy makers do? Already the Bank of England has cut interest rates. Also, the government has begun to spend more without covering all of the increase by a rise in taxes.'
It can be inferred from the data that in response to rising unemployment
both monetary policy and fiscal policy are expansionary.
monetary policy is expansionary whilst fiscal policy is contractionary.
monetary policy is contractionary whilst fiscal policy is expansionary.
both monetary policy and fiscal policy are contractionary.
All other things being equal, which one of the following is most likely to reduce cyclical
unemployment in the short run?
A reduction in the budget deficit
A reduction in the budget surplus
An increase in the exchange rate
An increase in interest rates
In the diagram below, a decline in consumer confidence in an economy is represented
by a leftward shift in its aggregate demand curve from AD1 to AD2.
In the short run, output falls from Y1 to Y2 and unemployment rises. The type of
unemployment that results is best described as:
structural unemployment.
cyclical unemployment.
seasonal unemployment.
frictional unemployment.
The economy is growing below its underlying trend rate and unemployment is rising. Which
one of the following policies would be the best course of action to remedy the situation?
An increase in
interest rates to encourage investment
the exchange rate to increase exports
indirect taxes to raise consumption
government spending to boost aggregate demand
Which one of the following types of unemployment is best defined as 'unemployment for short
lengths of time between jobs'?


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The young pop star did her third live performance of her new single on the 'DWTS' stage Tuesday night.
Selena Gomez appeared on Tuesday, April 16's episode of the hit TV celebrity dancing competition "Dancing with the Stars" to perform her new single "Come & Get It". Her scorching song and dance number during the April 16 results show is the latest in a quick succession of live performances the 20-year-old entertainer has been doing in the past few days.
Gomez's "DWTS" performance more closely resembled that of her "Come & Get It" premiere live rendition at MTV Movie Awards Sunday night in California. From the differently colored but similarly Bollywood-themed outfits to the choreography, the singer/actress knew her awards ceremony production number complete with a full array of backing dancers would be more fitting for the dance show in contrast to its more subdued version she gave on Ellen DeGeneres' daytime show on Monday.
Gomez, wearing a Bindi once again, began her performance from the center of the stage, lying on the floor as the cameras took an aerial shot above her before she moved on to dance in sync with her dance crew. Her Bindi-wearing routine has drawn some strong reactions from the Universal Society of Hinduism, who regards the forehead accent as a religious and spiritual symbol and therefore should not be used by any artist for trivial musical performances such as that of Gomez. They demand her apology.
The "Spring Breakers" star is set to go on a 50-city worldwide tour to promote her summer album. It kicks off on August 14 in Vancouver, Canada and ends on November 27 in St. Louis, after Gomez makes her tour stops across Europe and North America.


text: Part 1 of Val & Eli's tour of their summer permagarden, grown without the use of agricon herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers, or regular watering! It's organic, nutritious food, herbs, and medicines! View Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzpzYbyYnpo If you would like design consultation or more info please contact Eli at firstname.lastname@example.com or email@example.com


text:
Join this free martial arts wiki. Add info on Shotokan Kata, Taekwondo Forms, Kicks, Punches, Grappling, Aikido, Goju-Ryu, Krav Maga, Bo Staff, Kyokushin, etc. Talk with martial artists by joining our Wiki Community.
Wiki Revision Date - 21 May 2014 20:16
Instructions for a Shotokan Immovable Stance or Fudo Dachi
This page provides details on how to do a Shotokan immovable stance. This stance is known as Fudo Dachi in Japanese. This Shotokan stance is used in katas, basic kicking techniques, etc.
For additional stance information, please visit the main Shotokan Stances section.
Instructional Video for a Shotokan Immovable Stance or Fudo Dachi
Written Instructions for Stance
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Talk:New York, Naturalization Indexes (FamilySearch Historical Records)
From FamilySearch Wiki
That's great information!! Please add it to the wiki article. Thanks. TimothyNB.
- Thanks! I've added it, along with a few similar websites. Feel free to rearrange if this material would fit better in other parts of the article. Murphynw 20:01, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
It might be nice to state that the Eastern District had jurisdiction over the following New York counties: Kings (Brooklyn), Queens, Nassau, Suffolk, and Richmond (Staten Island). Thanks! Murphynw 21:44, 2 December 2011 (UTC)
- The Southern District oversaw Bronx, New York (Manhattan), Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Sullivan, Westchester, Columbia, Greene, and Ulster counties. Murphynw 22:04, 2 December 2011 (UTC)


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Tax cut boosts oil major's earnings
Related topics
PetroChina pockets 81.8b yuan in first half
PetroChina, the nation's largest oil and gas producer, posted a better than expected 1.42 per cent increase in first-half net profit, as a 4.48 billion yuan income tax cut offset a drop in operating earnings.
The company yesterday reported a net profit of 81.83 billion yuan for the six months to June, an increase from 80.68 billion yuan a year earlier and beating a 79.1 billion yuan average estimate of six analysts.
Overall operating profit tumbled 5.34 per cent to 109.13 billion yuan.
PetroChina did not explain the tax cut, only saying it was related to Beijing unifying in March the profit tax rate for companies in the mainland at 25 per cent from next year. Local firm are now charged 33 per cent and foreign companies 15 per cent.
Operating profit from oil and gas production fell 22.5 per cent year on year to 96.43 billion due to a 1.8 per cent fall in realised oil price to US$57.69 and a 20 per cent jump in cash operating costs per barrel produced to US$7.10, offsetting a 3.7 per cent rise in output.
An increase in oil production windfall tax - which took effect in late March last year - from 10.28 billion yuan to 14.94 billion yuan also squeezed profits. This was offset by a turnaround in refining business from a 13.88 billion yuan loss to a 3.92 billion yuan profit, an 85.65 per cent jump in earnings from chemicals to 5.39 billion yuan, and a 33.59 per cent climb in gas distribution gains to 6.12 billion yuan.
Chairman Jiang Jiemin unveiled at the results briefing the first details of the company's plan for a cross-border gas mega-project that involves the building of what he described as the 'world's longest gas pipeline with the biggest capacity'.
The firm had signed an agreement with the Turkmenistan government to develop a gas field in the Central Asia nation with possible annual output capacity of 13 billion cubic metres (bcm), Mr Jiang said.
He said Turkmenistan also undertook to sell PetroChina 17 bcm annually from its other fields.
To channel the gas into the mainland, a feasibility study was being done on laying a 10,000km, 30 bcm a year pipeline linking Turkmenistan to the country, Mr Jiang said.
About 2,000km of the pipeline would pass through Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and the mainland border in Xinjiang, he said.
It will be linked to 8,000km of the second west-east pipeline stretching from Urumqi in Xinjiang to Nanchang, Jiangxi province, en route to Lanzhou and Xian. From Nanchang, two proposals have been made to link it with Shanghai or Guangzhou, with a possible connection to Shenzhen and Hong Kong.
No investment amount or potential rate of return was disclosed.
The existing 3,800km, 17 bcm a year west-east pipeline from Urumqi to Shanghai cost US$5 billion and took two years to build.
CLSA analyst Gordon Kwan said the 400 bcm reserve of the Turkmen field PetroChina planned to develop would raise its gas reserve substantially but would happen only after deals were signed with customers.
PetroChina proposed an interim dividend of 20.56 fen per share.
The company's shares rose 2.6 per cent to close HK$11.04 before the results were announced.
The firm will build a 10,000km gas pipeline from Turkmenistan
Oil and gas producer's forecast-beating increase in first-half net profit: 1.4%
PetroChina's overall operating profit tumbled 5.3 per cent to, in yuan: Y109b
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Document Cameras or better known as visualisers were built up to fulfill the rising demand to present the documents, presentations, images, and objects directly on a large screen to be viewed by the spectators. They are perfect in capturing real-time images which are then projected on large screens commonly known as interactive whiteboards. These high resolution web cams are mounted with the help of an arm that let them hover over a page or an object. Being highly flexible and user friendly, these visualisers can be used in various platforms such as schools, meeting rooms and science labs to name a few.
These smart equipments are the outcomes of several latest technologies mingling into one. The quality of the images projected depends on several factors including optics, camera, lighting system and motherboard with appropriate firmware. Modern document cameras are extremely high-tech and are available with many features such as HDMI output, Audio/Video recording and playback. Some of them even have WiFi connectivity so as to shun the use of bulky cables.
Document camera has become a common tool in classrooms today. They let the students enjoy a much better and clearer view of the information displayed which lessen the cases of students pushing and shoving each other to get a glimpse of the board. This streamline feature makes them extremely useful for the schools.
Almost all the models of visualisers are compatible with scanners, projectors, computers and other technologies available in the market. This increases their usability and makes them must-have equipment for all.
Some of the major uses of Document Cameras are:
Revolutionizing the learning process, visualisers have become a much preferred choice of all the schools today. They catch the fancy of the students of all age groups and likes and thus come out as a clear winner by giving out positive classroom results.
Genee Technologies India Pvt. Ltd. provides Technologically Advance range of ICT and AV Solutions including Interactive Whiteboards, Visualisers, Interactive Response Systems, Graphic ablets, K- 12 Content, Educational Content, Educational Software, Projectors and more to Teachers, Educators, Presenters, Trainers and Corporate Professionals Pan India.
Genee Technologies India Pvt. Ltd. is an ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company, is an Indian subsidiary of UK based Company Genee World. The company is a leading manufacturer and supplier of the best...


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Rent Invitation to Computer Science, Third Edition: Java Version 3rd edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by G. Michael Schneider. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Course Technology.
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text:
Coaching Services
Robert Early, Exec. Associate Vice Chancellor Vanderbilt University
Services – Individual and Group Coaching
Coaching Individuals through Life Transitions to:
Find meaning in life; reduce stress from career, family dynamics, aging or retirement.
- Retirement Planning and/or Exploring an Encore Career
- Job Changes, Career Advancement, Frustrations with work environment
- Family Transitions
- "Nancy is a fabulous consultant for all career exploration, planning, and development phases. She is knowledgeable, encouraging, and focused. Working with her is an engaging and fulfilling experience that brings results! Whatever your goals, Nancy is a go-to adviser, cheerleader, and coach. I would gladly work with her again and again." K.Lackey, LAPSW
- "As an executive coach, Nancy Dimond is one part wise counselor, one part great listener and one part good friend. She encourages me to set measurable goals, establish priorities and be accountable to myself. We talk, think things through, and "process" to clarity, like friends sometimes do on long runs together." Jennifer Kimball
- " I received confidence, logical answers to questions and motivation. I received a desire to come out of my comfort zone. I learned to ask for feedback and, regardless of the situation, include the people that may not give you positive feedback so that you can grow. I am a leader that is focused, responsible, and driven by accomplishments. I had started to accept the fact that I was fading and becoming a behind the scenes person. Nancy offered me suggestions and requested follow up. She was honest in her conversations and she was determined to help me grow in my career." W. Allen, UPS
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Coaching in the Workplace
- How to Use Coaching in Supervising to Build a Productive, Cohesive Team
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Robert Early, Exec. Associate Vice Chancellor Vanderbilt University
What a superb job you and your staff did in putting on our Reunion program. It was a smashing success and I cannot tell you how pleased I am with your efforts. "
Gordon Gee, former Chancellor Vanderbilt University


text:
You must Sign In to post a response.
- Category: Exam Questions
- #49739Hello Mr. Saurabh
The best scope in the Engineering Stream is of Machenical Engineering.
As any manufacturing unit like auto parts etc. needs the Machenical Engineers and they offer higher salaries to them if the person is capable to fulfill their requirements.
You can also make a best career in abroad also with your Machenical Engineering.
With best regards
Dinesh Sood
- #50599Hi Saurabh,
First of all, please find out what are the subjects in each of these streams and and which of them match your aptitude. Unless you are interested even the best of subjects are going to bore you.
According to me, the best would be electrical based subjects(EEE,ECE,Comp sci..) considering the automation and use of technology in everyday life, they have a great scope.
Considering the infrastructure development, civil engineering would be great too. Biotechnology is an upcoming industry.
But in the end what matters is that you are able to create a niche for yourself in your chosen field and make a mark. Otherwise, it will become a Sisyphean task.
I know it sounds clichéd but it is nonetheless true.
- #50652Hello Saurabh Ghosh,
According to my opinion, Communication line is very valuable. Now-a-days, Communication plays an important role in each and every sector. There are so many communication devices present. Each and every product plays an important role in each and every person's life. Some of the important communication devices are computers, mobiles etc. In future each and evry one will depend on fast communication. So communication line will have good scope in future.
Be honest
- #50747hello saurab,
Actually, considering the recent trend, AME (Aircraft Maintenance Engineering ) and Nano technology Engineering playing a vital role in the fast development of a country. Ofcourse, you will get job in all Engineering but these two is little bit ahead in comparison.
A true soldier needs both military and spiritual training-S C Bose.
- #50817Hi Saurabh Ghosh,
According to me Computer Engineering is the best. You will get good salary.
Many companies select candidate in the campus selection, when your good in knowledge, talent and good marks.
Many companies like INFOSYS, WIPRO, HCL, DELL are the top leading companies in INDIA.
You can salary more than 50k per month.
Please go for computer Engineering


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If one leg, simple style pumps are adapted to any style freely! A clean line from walking heel height 6 cm is available up to 9 cm. Material uses sheep leather. Swatch is 6 cm heel.
Please contact if you wish to change other
This product cannot be shipped to United States from the store.
Please contact the store for further information.


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the site.
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India is known for its Ancient Infrastructure style and Artefacts. Delhi NCR is one such Place where apart from Ancient Infrastructure style there are many of the modern infrastructure style buildings. NCR stands for Northern Central Region, and This Region comprises of Delhi, Noida, Gurgaon and some parts of Greater Noida too. In India there are many of the world class Real Estate Developer firms who have many of their projects here. Delhi being the capital city of India also is the major part of NCR.
There is a name DLF Limited which is known worldwide for its Infrastructure style and Construction Quality. DLF Stands for Delhi Land & Finance, which is known from many of years as this world class developer firm was started in around 1946 and was based in Delhi only but as the days passed this developer firm spread its reign from Delhi to all over India. Presently DLF is known all over the world. DLF has many of its residential and commercial projects in almost every prime locations of Delhi. There is a Luxury Project with the name Kings Court which is also by DLF Limited. DLF Kings Court is an ultra-luxury Residential Project by this fine developer firm which is placed in one of the finest and costliest location of New Delhi that is Greater Kailash 2 commonly known as GK2. The location is so strategic that each and every of the important location of Delhi NCR is not untouched with this project as public transport and Delhi Metro service is also available from this project. As per the DLF Kings Court GK2 is concerned the project is placed just next to the jahanpanab city forest which gives a very well view from this exclusive community. Each and every facilities and services are being provided within the project as a result the project is the best Luxury Residence by DLF. Your house will be actuallya valuable asset that will escalate for peers to come.The apartments are large sized as a result has been proved to be a great example of spacious living. As written above the project has a panoramic view of jahanpanab forest which is spread across 600 acres. This project gives the residents a feel of living in the lap of nature while staying in Greater Kailash 2. As per the location is concerned DLF Kings Court Greater Kailash is placed in the prime location of South Delhi with every of the important location within its close proximity. Project is spread over 2.46 Acres of land area with apartment's size ranging from 2500 Sq. Ft. to 5000 Sq. Ft. which comes with 4 BHK and 5 BHK of residential apartments. There are only Exclusive 57 Luxury Apartments, with gated community including Club House, Swimming pool, Gym and Spa. The Community is landscaped with greenery and gives a very good feel. As the project is by DLF then the best of all the amenities are being provided which is widely accepted by everyone. A separate maintenance agency is being appointed for professional maintenance services.
To sum-up the project is the best in which one can invest and have the returns as the day passes. No Frills Deal is a real estate consultant firm which deals in DLF Projects. So if you are willing to invest in such a wonderful project then one must get in contact with NoFrillsDeal.com (NFD).
Author: -
Hi I am Dev from No Frills Deal, one of the top Real Estate Agent in Noida. DLF Kings Court Greater Kailash 2 For More Detail Visit: http://www.nofrillsdeal.com/dlf-kings-court.php


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Draven Build Guide by ChubbyxUnicorn
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Draven Build
Starting Items/Early Game
Standard Build Order
Defensive Items
Offensive/Situational Items
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Hello, I am ChubbyxUnicorn, a Silver Elo and climbing ADC Main. This is my first guide, on one of my favorite ADC's, Draven. This guide will take you through how I see Draven should be played; He should be played with confidence and balls.
On Draven and the majority of my ADC's, I tend to rush my Blood Thirster. This is, however, assuming that my lane opponent and I are on level fields of play. If I were to be ahead in lane, however, I would rush my Infinity Edge and then build Blood Thirster.


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Housekeeping $15.00
Hi my name is Cindy!
I am seeking for an individual or family who may need assistance in grocery shopping, iron clothes, running errands, such as taking your vehicle to get detailed, oil change, etc. or any errands you need done. Start X-mas shopping, wrapping etc. I can also provide light cleaning for your home. Organize your closet, wash/dry/iron your clothes. I can also assist with making travel arrangements such as booking flight plans, reserving hotels, reserving rental cars, etc. I am an organized person who likes things nice, neat and tidy at all times. And, I love to plan parties and help plan for special events, weddings, anniversaries, birthday parties, etc.
I can also assist an elderly person with simple tasks, such as assisting them with insulin injections or helping them stay on track with daily medication and light food preparation. I can take them to their appointments (in their own personal vehicle) "sorry my car is very tiny 2/seater" or providing companionship like going with them to the movies or just sitting at home with them reading a book. I do not provide hygeine assistance.
I can also provide regular pet care for potty breaks or taking them to the vet/groomer and for daily walks.
Thank you for reading my ad and if you have any questions, please feel free to call me. Have a blessed day!
Rate $15-$20 per hour


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Made using a delicious combination of chicken, parsley, peppermint and chicory, these Fresh Breath treats also have an abrasive surface to actively clean your dog's teeth as they chew.
Contains approximately 150 bone shaped treats.


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So You Think You Can Play
Sydney Kings is focused on engaging the community and developing new fans of basketball. Our game has an extraordinary ability to unite individuals and So You Think You Can Play aims to create and develop strong community links between schools, basketball associations and the Sydney Kings.
This event sees Sydney Kings take on students in a light-hearted game. So You Think You Can Play sees all the hype and fan experience of a regular Sydney Kings season NBL game.
The day is a load of fun with an MC, music, player introductions, crowd activities, competitions, prizes and of course an opportunity for students to play against Sydney Kings.
The whole school is invited to surround the basketball court and watch the school team take on the professionals.
To register your interest for So You Think You Can Play
please email: firstname.lastname@example.com or call (02) 8765 4468