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Handedness in Wild Chimpanzees
- Egbert Webb
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1 International Journal of Primatology, Vol. 12, No. 6, 1991 Handedness in Wild Chimpanzees Christophe Boesch 12 Received January 28, 1991; accepted February 22, 1991 The debate over nonhuman primate precursors to human handedness is unsettled mainly due to lack of data, particularly on apes. Handedness in wild chimpanzees at the Tai National Park, Cote d'lvoire, has been monitored in four tasks. For the simple unimanual ones, reaching and grooming, adults use both hands equally (ambidextrous), while for the more complex unimanual wadge-dipping and the complex bimanual nut-cracking, adults are highly lateralized. These results support the hypothesis that lateralization increases with the complexity of the task. The lateralization is constant for years for each task but may vary in an individual with respect to different tasks. For nut-cracking, females are more lateralized than males. The ontogeny of handedness for nut-cracking shows many variations in the tendency to use one hand and in the side preferred, until at about 10 years of age, the individual achieves her adult handedness. No population bias toward one side exists in Ta'i chimpanzees. No heritability of handedness between mother and offspring was observed. Human and chimpanzees handedness are compared. KEY WORDS: chimpanzees; handedness; laterality; ontogeny; heritability. INTRODUCTION Manual specialization is often considered to be the first step in the evolution of left-hemispheric specialization of the brain in Homo sapiens (MacNeilage et al, 1987). However, right handedness is not universal in modern humans, since about 10% of people show a strong left-hand preference, and about 30-40% show at least one left-hand preference when 'Ethology and Wildlife Research Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 2 Present address: Institute of Zoology, University of Basel, Rheinsprung 9, 4051 Basel, Switzerland /91/ $06.50/ Plenum Corporation
2 542 Boesch several actions are considered (Annett, 1987). Tool use or aimed throwing has been proposed as the adaptive force that led to such a manual inequity (Calvin, 1987; Corballis, 1983, in MacNeilage et al., 1987). As both behaviors are observed in wild chimpanzees, an incipient specialization between the hands may exist in them and other primates. Precursors to human handedness patterns in nonhuman primates have been debated between those who advocate its presence and others who deny them any hand preference. Most results, which have been obtained in experimental settings with monkeys, led to the clear conclusion that non-human primates do not have human-like handedness (Warren, 1980, 1987). MacNeilage et al. (1987) have challenged this interpretation by proposing that the apparent lack of handedness was due to the mixture of two different types of manual specialization in nonhuman primates: first, a higher left-hand preference for visually guided tasks, such as simple prehension of objects and, second, a right-hand preference for manipulatory tasks. However, the reconsideration of previous data and some new data offered were not conclusive in one direction or the other, and more information is badly needed (MacNeilage et al., 1987). This is particularly true for the apes, which could be intermediate between monkeys and humans (Nishida and Hiraiwa, 1982; Marchant and Steklis, 1986). Published data are even more limited for ontogenetic aspects of handedness. Data on only a few individuals are available for some species of primates, which do not allow generalization at the specific level (Bresard and Bresson, 1983; Fagot and Vauclair, 1991). In humans, the degree of hand preference seems more readily inherited than the direction of handedness (Bryden and Steenhuis, 1987). I present here observations on handedness in a community of wild chimpanzees on 4 spontaneous manual tasks, while they foraged in their natural environment. For the analysis, I consider the following four hypotheses on handedness: the nonlaterality (Warren, 1980), the shifting lat-erality (MacNeilage et al., 1987), the human-like right handedness, and one stating that hand preference increases with the level of complexity of the task presented to the subject. For the last hypothesis, data on different tasks were collected from the same individuals in order to test whether there is an increase in laterality. METHODS We started the long-term study on chimpanzees of the tropical rain forest in the Tai National Park, Cote d'lvoire, in September No artificial provisioning was used and full habituation was a slow process over
3 Handedness in Wild Chimpanzees 543 about 5 years. Since March 1984, we have been able to follow the chimpanzees at close range throughout their daily foraging. The community lives in a 27-km 2 home range in the western part of Tai N.P. The membership has declined from 80 to 60 individuals, due to many disappearances, births, and transfers. Boesch and Boesch (1983, 1984b) published details on the habitat, the habituation process and the data collecting methods. Manual activities were recorded as a routine procedure for nut-cracking behavior (Boesch and Boesch, 1983, 1984a, b). I analyzed hand preference using three measurements: (a) one hand-use, the tendency to use one hand instead of both together (only for nut cracking); (b) laterality, the tendency to use one hand more than the other, ranging from 50 to 100%; and (c) right-hand preference, the tendency to use the right hand. In order to follow variations in hand preference, I recorded hand use in three additional tasks with different levels of complexity, from September 1989 to October The manual tasks studied are as follows. (1) Reaching: The simplest reaching task could be observed in the consumption of certain species of fruit (Parinari excelsa, Sacoglottis gabonensis, Irvingia gabonica, or Nauclea xanthophyllon). The chimpanzees collect two handfuls of fruits, sit down, and place them on the ground in front of them. To extract the juice, they reach out and pick up one fruit after the other, bite away the fruit flesh, and chew it extensively into a wadge. They discard it by letting it drop into their hand and then put it on the ground. As the chimpanzees are free to choose the place and position to sit in the forest, I consider this task to reveal unbiased hand preference for a simple one-handed task. For each reach toward a fruit I recorded the hand that was used to take it. For the present analysis, I considered only individuals for which I had collected 7 or more observations, viz., 20 adults (6 males with an average of 122 observations and 14 females with an average of 22 observations). (2) Grooming. Social grooming involves at least two individuals. The task requires the groomer to sweep the hair of the groomee with one hand, in order to expose the skin underneath and to remove dirt particles and parasites. This can be done by using both hands. However, frequently only one hand is used while the other one either holds on to a nearby branch or rests on the ground. With the latter cases, I recorded the hand used to groom and entered a new data point each time the groomer changed posture or whenever the unimanual grooming session had been interrupted by a bimanual sequence. For grooming, the groomer is, to a certain extent, restricted in its choice of the place where the session takes place, as well as in the choice of grooming hand. Indeed, the goal is, most reciprocally, to groom another individual, which sits in a given place, and the grooming
4 544 Boesch hand depends on the areas to be groomed. So it represents a simple one-handed task with some external constraints. I considered for this analysis only the individuals on which I had collected seven or more observations, i.e., 14 adults (6 males with an average of 119 observations and 8 females with an average of 22 observations). (3) Wadge-Dipping: After collecting handfuls of fruits of Sacoglottis gabonensis, and bringing them to a water puddle, they chew them to pro duce wadges that they dip repeatedly in the water with one hand. The sub ject removes the wadge from its mouth, dips it in the water, and brings it back to its mouth (three movements). They may feed at the same place for more than 30 min, dipping the wadge approximately every 2 min. All observed individuals consistently used the same hand at the same place. Therefore, I entered only one data point for each session of fruit consumption at the same puddle in the same sitting posture. Whenever an individual changed position at the puddle or moved to another one, I entered a new data point. The chimpanzee is free to choose the position and place to sit near a puddle, and I consider this task to reveal the hand preference for a one-handed task of three movements. For this task, I could collect 7 or more observations with 18 adults (6 males with an average of 52 observa tions and 12 females with an average of 15 observations). (4) Nut-Cracking: In order to eat five species of nuts, the chimpanzees collect them, place them one by one on an anvil, usually a root, and pound them with a hammer, which is either a fallen branch or a stone (Boesch and Boesch, 1983). Nut-cracking is a complex task, involving both hands and often also the feet (for holding the nuts or the hammer); the anvil is cleaned of the remains of previously cracked shells and the nut is then placed on the anvil and pounded. Once open, while one hand holds the hammer, the other brings the kernel to the mouth. The pounding itself consists in a series of rapid powerful movements. If they occur, corrections in the trajectory or the power of the hits are performed extremely quickly, without interrupting the pounding movement. When cracking the nuts in trees, one hand supports the target nut all the time in order to prevent it from bouncing away. Because hammers are of different weights and sizes, chimpanzees may be forced to use both hands to hold the large ones and to control their strength for precise amounts of force. With small hammers, adults consistently use only one hand. Some individuals may bias their choice toward smaller hammers in order to use one hand only. We gave one data-point entry for the use of either one hand or both during a nutcracking session, i.e., when cracking nuts with the same hammer at the same anvil, independent of the number of transports made to gather nuts and the number of nuts eaten (duration of sessions vary from 4 min to 3 hr). Adults were quite constant in their hand use, and any changes were
5 Handedness in Wild Chimpanzees 545 from one to both hands (giving two data-point entries). They never changed from one hand to the other. However, juveniles and infants were much less stable in their hand preference so that we counted the number of nuts opened when using one or both hands or even the number of hits given with one or both hands for infants too young to succeed in opening a nut. I consider nut-cracking to be a complex bimanual task, for which I recorded the hand holding the hammer. For this task, 7 or more observations were collected on 45 adults (13 males with an average of 48 observations and 32 females with an average of 38 observations), 13 adolescents (4 males and 9 females), and 27 juveniles and infants ranging from 1 to 9 years old. Most individuals were followed for 2 to 5 years. According to the four hypotheses for explaining laterality in nonhu-man primates, the predictions are obvious for that of nonlaterality (no hand preference) and the human-like right-hand preference (right hand use in 90% of the individuals), but more difficult for the two others. The shift-ing-laterality hypothesis predicts left handedness in reaching, wadge-dipping, and possibly grooming, as these are simple but visually guided tasks, and right handedness in nut-cracking for the more demanding manipulatory task of pounding. The increasing-complexity hypothesis predicts no laterality (an ambidextrous pattern) in reaching, but a high hand preference in nut-cracking, with wadge-dipping and grooming being intermediate. RESULTS Handedness in Adults Handedness might be subject to a maturation process and vary according to the age of the individual. We, therefore, first consider handedness in adults and then look for the maturation of this phenomenon. Laterality Figure 1 shows, for the four tasks, the tendency of adults to use one hand more than the other one. Table I contains all data on adults, with a binomial z-score for each task, to determine whether there is a significant deviation from chance distribution. For the two simple unimanual tasks, adults seems to be ambidextrous: in reaching, only 10 individuals of 20 (chi-square goodness-of-fit test x 2 = 0.00, df = 1, ns), and in grooming, only 5 individuals of 15 (x 2 = 1.66, df = 1, ns) possess a hand preference above chance level. Whereas for the two more complex tasks, wadge-dip-
8 Boesch Adult male Adult female 10 Reaching Grooming Wadging Nut-crack ing Fig. 1. Laterality (in %) in four tasks by adults in Tai chimpanzees. ping and nut-cracking, the sexes are more lateralized [for wadge-dipping 13 individuals of 16 have a hand preference (x 2 = 6.25, df = 1, P < 0.05) and in nut-cracking 37 individuals of 41 have one (x 2 = 26.56, df = 1, P < 0.001)]. The commonly used criteria of using the same hand in 70% of the observations (MacNeilage et al, 1987) is exceeded for wadge-dipping in most adults (chi-square goodness-of-fit test significant at P < 0.05 in 11 of the 16 adults), as well as for nut-cracking (chi-square goodness-of-fit test significant at P < 0.05 in 30 of the 41 adults). Table II. Age and Sex Differences in Lateralization (or Hand Preference) for Nut-Cracking in Tai Chimpanzees" Hand lateralization 100% Above 70% Under 70% Adult males Adult females Adolescent males Adolescent females Juvenile males 3 4 Juvenile females 4 Infant males Infant females 1 6 "To be considered above the 70% criterion, the individual performance should significantly exceed it.
9 Handedness in Wild Chimpanzees 549 Adult male Adult female Reaching Grooming Wadging Nut-crac king Fig. 2. Right-handedness (%) in four tasks by adult male and female Tai chimpanzees seen performing one or more of them Adol Adult Handedness Right-handedness Laterality Fig. 3. Variation in handedness (%) for nut-cracking during the ontogeny of Tai chimpanzees.
13 Boesch Handedness in Wild Chimpanzees 553 Adults of both sexes have the same tendency to use one hand except for nut-cracking, in which males are less lateralized (Mann-Whitney U-test: nut-cracking, z = 3.43, n1=- 13, n2 = 32,P< 0.001). Both sexes are equally ambidextrous for reaching (R) and grooming (G) (Mann-Whitney U-test: P > 0.05) but present an increasing tendency to use the same hand when wadge-dipping (W) or nut-cracking (N) (Mann-Whitney U-test: P < 0.05). However, the lateralization is the same for nut-cracking and wadge-dipping in both sexes (Mann-Whitney U-test: male N/W z = 1.84, P > 0.05; female N/W z = 0.24, P > 0.05) (Fig. 1). A similar comparison, including only the individuals for which we have enough observations on all four tasks (six males and six females) confirms these results: grooming and reaching are less lateralized than wadge-dipping and nut-cracking [Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks N = 12; laterality F = 13.82, P < 0.01; and multiple comparisons between tasks P < 0.05 (Siegel and Castellan, 1988)]. For nut-cracking, lateralization remained constant for years, and long-lasting changes occurred only when a wound prevented an individual from using its preferred hand, as observed for one male and one female. Both subjects switched back as soon as they could use their preferred hand again. Some individuals have a more ambidextrous tendency, for example, switching hands if they have to sit in a position to pound on a root anvil with their usually preferred hand very close to the tree trunk, and also while using bigger, sometimes stone hammers. Per contra, other subjects consistently used the same hand regardless of technical problems encountered when cracking nuts (Table II). More adult females than males possess 100% lateralization (criteria of 100% versus <100%: x 2 = 6.28, df= 1,P<0.05). Hand Preference Consistency in the direction of hand preference, when stable over the years for one task, was observed to remain stable over the four tasks in only 8 of the 12 individuals for which I have enough data on the four tasks. Three individuals present a reversal in hand preference for one of the tasks [for a reversal to occur the side of the hand preferred (criterion of 70% significantly exceeded) has to shift from one hand to the other one for one of the four tasks] and another subject exhibited a reversal in two tasks. Thus, if the individual hand preference remained constant for years for a specific task, it seemed less constant for different tasks. Tai chimpanzees, which have a hand preference, show no population bias toward one side; half of them are right-handed [P > 0.05 for all in-
14 554 Boesch dividuals (Fig. 2) or for the 12 individuals observed in all four tasks; Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks; N = 12, right handedness; F = -2.52, P > 0.05]. Ontogeny of Handedness Laterality We have data only on nut-cracking behavior (Table III), in which the youngsters' hand preference could be influenced by the size and/or weight of the hammer, which may force them to use both hands. In Fig. 3, it appears that the use of a single hand is unstable (handedness in Fig. 3: x 2 = 65.27, 3 df = 4, P < 0.001). At the beginning, it is very high. Trials during the first 2 years are often inappropriate: young infants may hit the nuts directly with the bare hand or with very small hammers or pound the nuts on the ground instead of on an anvil or merely pound an anvil without a nut. Such pounding without a hammer or the use of ineffective hammers may explain the very high proportion of unimanual nut-cracking in the youngest chimpanzees. Single hand-use decreases as the infants begin to use their mothers' hammers, which are quite heavy and force them to use both hands in order to increase their strength to manipulate them (Fig. 4). Later it increases again as they gain enough strength to manipulate heavy tools with one hand. The tendency to use only one hand for nut-cracking varies greatly during the apprenticeship of the technique [laterality in Fig. 3 (as above with only the first-year data point for each individual): x² = 37.49, df = 4, P < 0.001], but in an irregular way. This illustrates the instability of the youngsters which, when encountering technical difficulties in opening a nut, try to solve the problem by alternating many times between hands to hold the hammer and pound the same or other nuts. Such permutation in the hand used are observed until the age of 7 years. Hand Preference Right-handedness is very high during the first years of nut-cracking; it reverses for the intermediate period; and then stabilizes at the adult level [right-handedness in Fig. 3 (test performed as above): x² = 27.07, df = 4, P < 0.001]. These variations are puzzling. However, no individual was fol- 3 The chi-square test is performed only with the first-year data point for the same individual to assure independence of the data, as most individuals were observed for many years and contributed to more than one year. However, this procedure reduced the sample; therefore, it was possible to make the test only for the first 5 years, for which N ranges from 3 to 7.
15 Handedness in Wild Chimpanzees 555 Fig. 4. A 3-year-old female tries to crack a nut with the medium-sized wooden hammer used by her mother. In a movement typical for her age, she gets up while lifting the hammer in order to be able to control the pounding movement and to achieve a bigger amplitude to hit. Unlike adults, youngsters do not have the strength to lift a hammer of that size with one hand, which explains the high proportion of bimanual pounding in 3-year-old infants. lowed long enough to provide data both before and after the bimanual period. This, plus the fact that the 7- to 8-year sample is rather small (N = 5 and 4, respectively, in Table III and Fig. 3), prevents us from drawing conclusions about this apparent shift in hand preference. Analysis of hand preference over 2 successive years on the same individuals (Table IV) shows that for infants under the age of 5 years (N = 11 individuals), significant variations in the use of one hand (P < 0.05) tend to be more frequent than for subjects between 5 and 9 years old (N = 10 individuals), though this is not significant (Fisher exact probability test: P > 0.05). Two of the three reversals observed after 5 years of age were actually only a marked increase in the use of the same hand, and not a shift from one side to the other. In all unclear cases, the infant did not crack nuts unimanually for some of the years.
16 556 Boesch Heritability The likelihood of using one hand and the extent to which it is used are factors that could be transmitted genetically or socially between mothers and infants. In Table V, I compare these two factors for mother/infant pairs with those for adult females/infants. If similarity is higher for laterality than for right-handedness in both comparisons, no statistical tendency between the mother and her infant is apparent in our sample. However, some striking cases show that imitation plays a role in the acquisition of some aspects of hand use. For example, Ella has a strong right-hand bias, but one of her three sons exhibits a strong left-hand bias. Of the two others, which, like her, are strongly right-hand biased, the older has developed the habit of holding hammers at the right extremity above the ground with his right foot to support his right hand. He was the only chimpanzee in the study community to do this until his youngest brother rigidly adopted this way of holding the hammer. DISCUSSION Observations of ontogenetic changes of hand preference in Tai' chimpanzees are preliminary but clearly demonstrate the care that is needed to consider data from subadult subjects because they may not reflect adult performances. Previous studies on subadult subjects (MacNeilage et ai, 1987) may have distorted our understanding of primate handedness. Further, the frequent reversals in hand preference for different natural tasks by the same individuals among Tai chimpanzees may explain some of the inconsistencies found in captive studies, in which handedness is analyzed for different tasks under different conditions and on individuals of different ages and species.
17 I Hand ed ness in Wild Chimpanzees 557 Table V. Similarity in the Degree and Direction of Hand Preference for Nut-Cracking in Tai Chimpanzee Infants 5 Years and Older with Their Mothers, as Well as for the Same Infants with All Adult Females of the Community, Excluding Their Mothers" Infants-mothers Laterality Right-handedness Infants-females "A coefficient of similarity was used, which is between 1.0 (100% similarity) and 0.0 (no similarity). Statistical comparisons between the coefficients of similarity are made with the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test ( = P > 0.05, * = P < 0.05; ** = P < 0.001). Of the four hypotheses considered to explain handedness in primates, only the increasing-complexity hypothesis seems to be supported by my results. However, if the high lateralization observed during nut-cracking could be expected from the tool-use as a precursor-of-handedness theory (Corballis, 1987) or the complexity hypothesis, it is surprising that wadge-dipping presents a level of manual specialization similar to that of nut-cracking. Although wadge-dipping can be separated into three movements (taking from the mouth, dipping in water, and bringing back to the mouth), reaching seems not to be complex and is not comparable to the motor skills implied by hammering. It is noteworthy that an individual eating fruits of Sacoglottis under a tree may reach ambidextrously for them when sitting away from a puddle but be strongly lateralized some minutes later if it sits near a puddle and dips wadges. This may reflect a basic hand preference for an easy multiple movement with a longer duration than simple reaching. This would support the complexity hypothesis even though we should understand complexity in a broad sense (simple versus multiple movements). No community bias toward a preference for either hand is observed in the Tai chimpanzees. Like Tai chimpanzees, individual humans in a population exhibit variations in the degree of use of the preferred hand for different tasks, and they may be totally ambidextrous for certain simple unimanual tasks, including picking up a penny, pointing, snapping one's fingers, picking up a glass, turning on a light switch, and crumpling a piece of paper (Bryden and Steenhuis, 1987). The latter suggests the possibility that the complexity of tasks might also play a role in the degree of laterality in humans. Unlike humans, in chimpanzees handedness requires many years before it is durably established, seems not to be inherited, and presents no population bias toward the right hand. Like humans, in chimpanzees lateralization is a function of the task considered and can be extremely marked and stable for years. Thus, in Tai chimpanzees, clear hand prefer-
18 558 Boesch ences exist but the phenomenon seems to be different from that of humans in some features. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the "Ministere de la Recherche Scientifique" and the "Min-istere des Eaux et Forets" of Cote d'lvoire for permitting this study and the Swiss National Foundation, the L. S. B. Leakey Foundation, The Schultz Foundation, and the Jane Goodall Institute for financing it. This project is integrated in the UNESCO project Tai-MAB under the supervision of Dr. Henri Dosso. We are most grateful to A. Aeschlimann, F. Bourliere, and H. Kummer for their constant encouragement. We thank Kim Bard and Bill McGrew for commenting on the manuscript. P. and B. Lehmann, L. and E. Ortega, directors of the CSRS in Abidjan, for their efficient logistic help, and T. Tiepkan of the station IET in Tai for his friendly support in our daily camp life. REFERENCES Annct, M. (1987). Handedness as chance or as species characteristic. Behav. Brain Sci. 10(2): Boesch, C, and Boesch, H. (1983). Optimization of nut-cracking with natural hammers by wild chimpanzees. Behaviour 83: Boesch, C, and Boesch, H. (1984a). Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking. Primates 25: Boesch, C, and Boesch, H. (1984b). Possible causes of sex differences in the use of natural hammers by wild chimpanzees. J. Hum. Evol. 13: Bresard, F., and Bresson, F. (1983). Handedness in Pongo and Pan troglodytes. J. Hum. Evol. 12: Bryden, M. P., and Steenhuis, R. E. (1987). Handedness is a matter of degree. Behav. Brain Sci. 10(2): Calvin, W. (1987). On evolutionary expectations of symmetry and toolmaking. Behav. Brain Sci. 10(2): Fagot, J., and Vauclair, J. (1991). Manual laterality in nonhuman primates: A distinction between handedness and manual specialization, Psychol. Bull. 109(1): MacNcilage, P., Studdert-Kennedy, M., and Lindblom, B. (1987). Primate handedness reconsidered. Behav. Brain Sci. 10(2): Marchant, L. F., and Steklis, H. D. (1986). Hand preference in a captive island group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am. J. Primalol. 10: Nishida, T., and Hiraiwa, M. (1982). Natural history of a tool-using behaviour by wild chimpanzees in feeding upon wood-boring ants. J. Hum. Evol. 11: Siegel, S., and Castellan, N. J. (1988). Nonparamelric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, McGraw-Hill, New York. Warren, J. M. (1980). Handedness and laterality in humans and other animals. Phys. Psychol. 8: Warren, J. M. (1987). Primate handedness: Inadequate analysis, invalid conclusions. Behav. Brain Sci. 10(2):
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subset: commoncrawl


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It's always worth trying nondrug options first, so you don't expose your developing baby to medication before it's necessary. But if home remedies don't bring relief, ask your healthcare provider which anti-nausea medications might work for you. Several supplements and drugs – in both pill and suppository form – are considered safe to take for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, although not all of them will work for everyone.
Over-the-counter medications
Vitamin B6 is often helpful for moms-to-be with mild to moderate nausea and is considered a first-line treatment by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).
Antihistamines have also been used to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Your provider may recommend doxylamine, an antihistamine that's available over the counter as a sleeping pill. (Doxylamine makes you sleepy, so don't drive when taking it.)
ACOG also recommends a combination of vitamin B6 and doxylamine as an initial treatment for morning sickness. This combination has a good safety profile and is available under the brand name Diclegis. Your provider may write you a prescription for it or suggest you take an over-the-counter (OTC) combination.
If your nausea and vomiting is triggered by gastrointestinal distress, OTC reflux medications, such as Zantac or Pepcid, sometimes work.
Prescription medications
The medications below may be prescribed if other treatments aren't effective. The safety data on taking these drugs during pregnancy is limited, so your provider will weigh the risks and benefits before prescribing one to you.
- Metoclopramide (Reglan)
- Promethazine (Phenergan)
- Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
- Trimethobenzamide (Tigan)
- Ondansetron (Zofran)
Safety data on Zofran is inconsistent – some studies suggest a link to a slight increase in the risk of cleft palate or heart defects in babies born to women who took the drug during pregnancy. However, one review of Zofran in 2016 found no risk of birth defects, while another found an overall low risk. Some experts suggest using Zofran only if no other treatments have worked.
Treatment for hyperemesis gravidarum
If you have nausea and vomiting so severe that you can't keep anything down, including water, juice, food, prenatal vitamins, and medications, you probably have hyperemesis gravidarum, a condition of severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. In this case, your provider will most likely want to admit you to the hospital for treatment with IV fluids and medications.
IV drugs to treat hyperemesis gravidarum include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists, chlorpromazine, and glucocorticoids. These are often used in combination with fluids, vitamins, and minerals under close medical supervision.
If no other treatments have worked, your provider may recommend a subcutaneous pump. In this method, an intravenous (IV) line inserted under your skin slowly pumps medication into your body throughout the day. There is limited evidence to support how well this works, and you may experience such complications as irritation or tenderness at the insertion site. Be sure to discuss all risks and benefits with your provider.


text: Viewfinder competition: win a £150 hotel voucher Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email View more sharing options Share on LinkedIn Share on Pinterest Share on Google+ Share on WhatsApp Share on Messenger Close Name the place and win a £150 voucher from Hotels.com, letting you stay at thousands of hotels worldwide. Email your answer by Thursday 26 April to firstname.lastname@example.com Observer Saturday 21 April 2012 19.06 EDT Today this modern port city – the country's largest and its economic powerhouse … Photograph: Gavin Hellier/Alamy Facebook Twitter Pinterest … bears no resemblance to the romantic, cinematic image the world has of it. Photograph: Julian Love/Getty Images/AWL Images RM Facebook Twitter Pinterest In the 80s the country's ruler started work on a monumental eponymous project that, he said, would give the city a building that would do its name proud. Name the city.Photograph: Gavin Hellier/Alamy Facebook Twitter Pinterest This week's winner will receive a £150 voucher from Hotels.com which can be used at more than 120,000 places to stay across the world, from quirky B&Bs and family boltholes to boutique hotels. Hotels.com customers can get a night free for every 10 stayed with its rewards scheme. Email your answer by Thursday 26 April to firstname.lastname@example.com or send a postcard, with address and phone number, to Viewfinder, The Observer, Kings Place, 90 York Way, London N1 9GU. ■ Last week's answer was Truro, Cornwall. The winner was Sue Harrison from Great Yarmouth, Norfolk Photograph: Peter Eastland/Alamy Facebook Twitter Pinterest Topics Viewfinder competition


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So, I found today this
I am not a book reader, but I have a good size collection of computer books, some good, some bad, some boring, some entertaining. Maybe is we used this we could form like a network so we know what books are good and what are not for IT. Sometimes readying the reviews in Amazon is confusing because I don't know if those people know what they are talking about (or readying about) but I think SpiceWorks community is very knowledgeable so we could easily help each other with the book materials we have.
Most of the books I have I have them for reference and I haven't read fully NONE of them. At the same time I think I know at least 70% that is there, but I like to have the books so I can inform myself about the other 30% (there are some exceptions of course)
What do you guys/gals think?
4 Replies
Jul 15, 2010 at 4:01 UTC
there is also http://www.goodreads.com/
which has some integration to Facebook, but apparently not as intuitive as shelfari.
Jul 15, 2010 at 4:02 UTC
Silence.... I kill you!!!
Jul 15, 2010 at 9:11 UTC
KIT is an IT service provider.
Silence.... I kill you!!!
That's funny stuff right there; I don't care who you are.
Jul 16, 2010 at 10:31 UTC
Yeah, that is why it is my avatar. It was a funny stand up
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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"The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions"
-Hector St. John de Crevecoeur
An American is diverse groups of people from all over Europe. People from Europe arrive in America and become independent, completely different from what they used to be; rich or poor, in America there is large middle class.
I chose this song because it describes how happy Americans are in this specific state. This shows that Alabama and the rest of the states in the United States of America are free but united.


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https://www.facebook.com/MFCChicken https://de-de.facebook.com/TheBeasts.HH
MFC Chicken are a band that plays the real rock and roll music with the saxophone, singin' about fast food and broken hearts. Formed on top of a dirty chicken shop on Holloway Road, MFC Chicken play raw, sax-fueled rock and roll tunes about fast food and broken hearts. Come on down, all you hip hens and rockin' roosters, and shake it on out with us.
Und 6T's Garage, Surfbeat und Gopselpunk aus Hamburg im Vorprogramm!
Einlass: 20h; Beginn: 21:30h, Eintritt: 7€


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MOMMYtalks Brought to you by the Prosserman JCC!Event Date: Apr 7, 2013 10:00am to Apr 7, 2013 12:00pm
Posted on Mar 20, 2013 3:32pm
let's talk! join us for a seminar that teaches you everything you need to know about being mommy.
Sunday, Apr 7/2013 (27 Nisan 5773)
10:00 am - 2:00 pm
about the seminar:
Bring your kids to an exciting children's program while you hear amazing speakers, eat a delicious sit down lunch, network with other Jewish women and shop at our fantastic mini mall.
about the speakers:
Marina Nemat (Author of Prisoners of Tehran), Ro Little (President/CEO of mommyblogdesigns.com), Dr Tara Bloom (MD, CCFP), Jessica Kaplan (Brand Director of M for Mendocino), Kathy Laszlo (Co-Founder and Co-Director of D.A.N.I), Margaret Wallis-Duffy (Founder of Wallis for Wellness) Read More ...
what you'll learn:
How to get on-line; start a blog, be in the know about all aspects of social media and entrepreneurship, are vaccinations an appropriate tool in the 21st century, how to get out of your lulus and jazz-out your outfits with the hottest, mommy-friendly spring trends, how to manage a very precious commodity; time, how to keep yourself healthy with an attitude that's worth catching and how to be responsible for, and change the world at large.
who should attend:
All young Jewish moms (and anyone with motherhood on the horizon) who want to connect to an amazing network of dedicated and inspiring women. Come see what MOMMYtalks is all about!
make plans now and book early - space is limited.


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—To test the short-term feasibility and efficacy of seven nonpharmacologic interventions in persons with high normal diastolic blood pressure.
—Randomized control multicenter trials.
—Volunteers recruited from the community, treated and followed up at special clinics.
—Of 16821 screenees, 2182 men and women, aged 30 through 54 years, with diastolic blood pressure from 80 through 89 mm Hg were selected. Of these, 50 did not return for follow-up blood pressure measurements.
—Three life-style change groups (weight reduction, sodium reduction, and stress management) were each compared with unmasked nonintervention controls over 18 months. Four nutritional supplement groups (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and fish oil) were each compared singly, in double-blind fashion, with placebo controls over 6 months.
Main Outcome Measures.
—Primary: change in diastolic blood pressure from baseline to final follow-up, measured by blinded observers. Secondary: changes in systolic blood pressure and intervention compliance measures.
—Weight reduction intervention produced weight loss of 3.9 kg (P<.01), diastolic blood pressure change of -2.3 mm Hg (P<.01), and systolic blood pressure change of -2.9 mm Hg (P<.01). Sodium reduction interventions lowered urinary sodium excretion by 44 mmol/24 h (P<.01), diastolic blood pressure by 0.9 mm Hg (P<.05), and systolic blood pressure by 1.7mm Hg (P<.01). Despite good compliance, neither stress management nor nutritional supplements reduced diastolic blood pressure or systolic blood pressure significantly (P>.05).
—Weight reduction is the most effective of the strategies tested for reducing blood pressure in normotensive persons. Sodium reduction is also effective. The long-term effects of weight reduction and sodium reduction, alone and in combination, require further evaluation.(JAMA. 1992;267:1213-1220)
Whelton PK, Appel L, Charleston J, Dalcin AT, Ewart C, Fried L, Kaidy D, Klag MJ, Kumanyika S, Steffen L, Walker WG, Oberman A, Counts K, Hataway H, Raczynski J, Rappaport N, Weinsier R, Borhani NO, Bernauer E, Borhani P, de la Cruz C, Ertl A, Heustis D, Lee M, Lovelace W, O'Connor E, Peel L, Sugars C, Taylor JO, Corkery BW, Evans DA, Keough ME, Morris MC, Pistorino E, Sacks F, Cameron M, Corrigan S, Wright NK, Applegate WB, Brewer A, Goodwin L, Miller S, Murphy J, Randle J, Sullivan J, Lasser NL, Batey DM, Dolan L, Hamill S, Kennedy P, Lasser VI, Kuller LH, Caggiula AW, Milas NC, Yamamoto ME, Vogt TM, Greenlick MR, Hollis J, Stevens V, Cohen JD, Mattfeldt-Beman M, Brinkmann C, Roth K, Shepek L, Hennekens CH, Buring J, Cook N, Danielson E, Eberlein K, Gordon D, Hebert P, MacFadyen J, Mayrent S, Rosner B, Satterfield S, Tosteson H, Van Denburgh M, Cutler JA, Brittain E, Farrand M, Kaufmann P, Lakatos E, Obarzanek E, Belcher J, Dommeyer A, Mills I, Neibling P, Woods M, Goldman BK, Blethen E. The Effects of Nonpharmacologic Interventions on Blood Pressure of Persons With High Normal LevelsResults of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I. JAMA. 1992;267(9):1213-1220. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480090061028
© 2017


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Cure 2 - Cure and Homoeopathy go hand in hand
Cure 2 offers a SUPER - POTENTIZED DOSE of Homeopathic Similimum.
It is an educative endeavor to propagate homeopathy as a superior science of healing.
Contributions from leading Homoeopaths from the last century to the modern mavericks
of present times.
Dr. Kent J.T.
Dr. Kumar Dhawale
Dr. Margaret Tyler
Dr. Prabhakar Shetty
Dr. Ellis Barker
Dr. Vijay Vaishnav
Dr. Burnett
Dr. Kannan
Dr. Foubister
Dr. Sunil Anand
Dr. Kokila Matani
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Poor logistics infrastructure and piracy have dampened prospects for several clones of Netflixs. Indian online movie rental services provider, Seventymm is still fighting with these issues even after entering into new verticals. This raises question on the consumer-entertainment model as well
The e-commerce space has been subject to much hype, especially the consumer-entertainment segment; where many new players have started taking interest. But how successful will these venture capital-backed portals be? Seventymm Services Pvt Ltd, one of the first entrants in the consumer-entertainment area, shows that there are some problems that weigh the prospects down.
Started in 2006 as a DVD rental portal, Seventymm.com has now shifted its focus to movie merchandising and e-commerce, and launched Shop.Seventymm. The online movie rental services provider ensures delivery to customer or subscriber in exchange of price of the products or registration fees. Using this facility, one can order gadgets, apparels, DVDs, books and home accessories from Seventymm, and even pay for them post delivery. Now, 50% of the revenues come from sales rather than the rentals.
In a recent interview, Seventymm CEO Mudit Khosla said that the company is planning to stream movies on 3G devices. With a customer base of four lakh, Mr Khosla hopes to generate revenues of about $1 billion by March 2012 by selling Hollywood-Bollywood tee shirts and other merchandise. The company has set up a separate merchandising team and partnered with 40 vendors for manufacturing the goods.
However, Seventymm's makeover has posed some new challenges. The basic problems, which plagued its DVD rental business still remains; and issues like rampant piracy of digital products and slow logistics infrastructure growth apply to other players as well. Moreover, some experts believe that emergence of low-cost original DVDs also dampened its prospects. Relying on the idea that the niche audience will be more interested in renting old titles, Seventymm continued with its business module. However, the company has been facing stiff challenge in form of torrent downloader and file-sharing services.
The business has taken a beating. Initially, the company was self-funded to the tune of Rs2 crore, but later received about $21.4 million in funding from venture capital firms Draper Fisher Jurvetson, Matrix Partners and NEA-Indo US Ventures.
According to analysis by VCCircle, audited figures for the year ended March 2010 indicate that it had recorded sales of only Rs6.8 crore. Data available on the Ministry of Corporate Affairs website shows that the company has been consistently making losses each year till FY2008-09. Till FY2007-08, the profit and loss account balance(debit) stood at Rs19.31 crore, which went up to Rs33.85 crore for the year ending 31 March 2009, which means a loss of Rs14.54 crore.
Despite poor performance, the company managed to raise further funds through fresh capital at premium. The company share capital has been rising each year. For FY2008-09 it went up to Rs1.55 crore from Rs 52.66 lakhs in FY 2007-08, which is inflow of Rs 1.02 crore. While the balance in reserves and surplus went up to Rs75.16 crore from Rs 24.91 crore (addition of Rs 50.25 crore).
Then in 2009, Seventymm was dragged to the court by Moserbaer, alleging violation of 'exclusive rental rights.'
The other major player BigFlix, meanwhile shifted its focus to online streaming and 'virtual multiplexes', and soon became the dominant player. Shemaroo Movies and Yahoo Movieplex too joined in.
Seventymm shifted its focus again, turning to movie merchandising instead. Apart from the 'Bodyguard' line, Seventymm's other offerings have been the 'Anna Hazare range of tee shirts and stuff related to movies like Band Baaja Baraat etc.
Unfortunately, movie merchandising hasn't been successful. Attempts were made to sell 'Ghajini' dolls and soft toys from the box-office dud 'Na Tum Jaano Na Hum', but there were no takers.
By diversifying and repositioning itself, Seventymm has placed itself directly in competition with the other ecommerce portals. The existing heavyweight players like Amazon and Flipkart, have become the go-to places for books and movies. Futurebazar is more known for consumer electronics and gadgets. And in the ecommerce space, it has many competitors like Quickr, YeBhi and Snapdeal. Seventymm, however, is seeing a rising tide of complaints. Almost on daily basis, complaints are being posted in consumer forums alleging non-delivery of goods despite full payment.
While the DVD rental model of Netflix worked in USA, it failed to deliver in India. Even Blockbuster, the most famous video rental chain last year, filed for bankruptcy and was later picked up by Dish Network. The consumer-entertainment space is a tricky one, and free internet content poses a stumbling block. The likes of Seventymm must tread cautiously and distinguish themselves in order to survive.
Healthy low-cost food and natural water to consume are important for all of us. Is there a conspiracy to force us Indians, in the name of "development" and "growth", to consume more and more unhealthy food and beverages?
Welcome to God's own country, Kerala. The coconut tree stands as a symbol for this southern state, more than what the Taj Mahal means to Uttar Pradesh. But if you want a sip of coconut water, an imported tetra-pack from the Philippines may be easier to get.
Observation # 1:- Driving from Fort Cochin to the new CIAL-built Kochi Airport, which is about an hour's driving time to do (almost 35-40 kilometres), you will see commercial establishments of all sorts. From fancy automobile dealerships (Nippon Toyota's facility has to be probably the biggest car dealer's building in all of India) to humble eateries and roadside stalls—of all sorts—except the familiar coconut water seller.
The route is densely lined by coconut palm trees on both sides. However, there is not a single stall selling fresh coconut water on this route. Perforce, you have to stop for bottled soft drinks, if you wish to slake your thirst or revive your humidity-sapped energy levels. At one such stall, the taxi driver interprets, while I ask the intrepid Malayali shopkeeper as to why he does not also keep fresh coconuts. This is when coconuts are growing in his backyard!
What he tells us is amazing—all along this route, and many other tourist routes, there is an incentive paid to them to not sell fresh coconut or fruit juices. Who pays? He gives us a wry knowing look, bubbly and sweet. This is in the State, where the Plachimada episode brought out a rare awareness on the issues behind 'coca-colonisation' of groundwater by soft drinks. It is probably imperative for somebody to regain space and visibility. What has happened is that this somebody simply banned the competition—fresh juices; as Pepsi had said (in an old marketing campaign)—nothing official about it.
Observation # 2: The rail route from Hyderabad to Bengaluru via Kurnool, Dhone and Anantapur, or the other one via Seram and Raichur, passes through, at places, amongst the driest parts of India. Driving along this part of the country, one has encountered—like one does in parts of Rajasthan around Jaisalmer and Jodhpur, people standing on the side of the road and waving empty plastic bottles at cars, beseeching drivers for water. Climate change has made some difference in increase of rainfall, but creating water bodies to preserve water, or charge underground reserves is still not well understood. The late Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton and the Raichur Dooabs notwithstanding, this part of the country still suffers terrible water shortages at times; and flooding at others.
In both these locations you will find that bottlers for the major soft drink and packaged water companies have put up huge facilities—to tap new sources of water, collect and secure existing water-sources, as well as produce their beverages and "mineral" waters. There is an element of secrecy with these projects, which exceeds the security consciousness of the nuclear plants in these areas—but broken by an overly, loquacious water-resource specialist, on his way to one of these huge projects, who shared a compartment with me on a recent journey.
Free drinking water is not part of their business plan for this area. It is, however, part of what Forbes magazine also claims in a recent article, an ambitious move to "claim" the potential $50 billion water market in India. The same article also talks about "development" being linked to this. To enhance this development, as brought out in the article (http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericagies/2011/09/26/access-to-water-may-limit-indias-development/), these factories will have 8-metre high walls, further protected with barbed wire and armed guards. And certainly, plenty of roadside stalls selling water and soft drinks—actually, those are already in position.
Observation # 3:- Head towards Uttarkhand from Delhi, on the roads to Haridwar/Dehradoon or Haldwani/Nainital, and you pass through the rich lush agrarian sugar belt of Western UP—crisscrossing rivers and canals in the Upper Dooab, there is not a dry spot any place, off the road it is green irrigated even during the summers. Not too many years ago, along with the heavy and heady scent of the "raab" that emanated from the sugar mills and molasses- or jiggery-making units along the road, were lines upon lines of stalls, selling fresh sugarcane juice.
Each small town en route had its own little twist. Adding and tweaking the quantities of added lime, masalas, black rock salt, garlic, ginger, spices, or even the diameter of the sugarcane itself—some were green in colour, others came out yellow or brown. In addition, if you wanted to take fresh hot gud or whole jaggery, then all you did was remove the hubcaps from your car, wash them well, and hey, you had circular cakes of heavenly sweet unrefined sugar ready to go—soft or hard, sticky or stiff—again, to choice.
Today, all along these routes, you cannot spot a single stall selling fresh sugarcane juice. Sure, if you take the trouble to head into the small towns—and in Western UP, that means a detour which will add an hour, or more—then you may spot some.
However, all along the main roads, at the humble dhabas or swank rest-stops with huge food courts, the problem is: "Sorry, not available". The proprietor of one particularly successful food court en route, who has become a friend over the years, told me that the pressure from you know, who was very strong. Install anything to do with fresh juice of any sort, and face all sorts of action from the health & sanitation department. It is one of those rare places, en route, where cleanliness and hygiene, as well as environmental awareness, are as good.
Is there a conspiracy to force us Indians, in the name of "development" and "growth", to consume more and more unhealthy food and beverage? Something like the way opium was sought to be introduced in China in the 18th century and tobacco is still pushed in the developing world, by the Warren Buffet School of Business Thought?
One would think so, if one sees how railway food, for example, has also changed over the last few decades. Put aside the sheer volume and weight of plastic and foil along railway tracks all over the country—usually not visible from the air-conditioned coaches pelting past with their dark-tinted windows. But they hit you in the face and the nostrils if you choose to travel non-air-conditioned—it is the rapidly-vanishing concept of a freshly cooked hot meal, which used to be a staple. It has now been replaced by packaged goods of all sorts.
Fair enough, dining cars are not feasible anymore for reasons of cost and also safety, but does the replacement have to be packaged cup-noodles, biscuits (See: How does the wood in your bread, biscuit taste today? ) and white bread based fried food? A simple basic vegetarian thaali, of the sort still available for Rs10 or Rs15 outside railway stations, can and should be the aim. This should be in addition to regional fresh hot-cooked meals on trains and platforms. That by itself would take care of a large number of transients who have been deprived of home food.
But instead, we hear that a move is afoot at the Rail Ministry to give more attention towards providing what is known as "fast" food. In other words, the Rs20 "veg burger", the Rs12 or Rs15 bottle of water or soft drinks, and the rest of it—including pizza in a new-generation plastic wrap, which will heat it up when unwrapped. Brilliant! You then throw all this plastic out of the window or door, on to the track, where in due course of time it causes another set of problems, while you settle for modern generation diseases. In a country where lemon rice with curd, or dhokla with chutney, or idlis with sambar, or a simple fish-daal-rice-onion meal or biryani in a banana leaf would do—we are going to see "development" in the form of a KFC or McDonalds burger get free advertisement space on our trains as aspirational food.
But in the midst of all this, it does appear as though there is hope, and not just for the ultra-rich spending on healthy food at high-end hotels and restaurants. In what appears to be the beginning of a countermove by consumers, one can spot change moving back towards eating and drinking healthy at low cost. I have spotted this of all places in the non-mall non-glitzy locations of urban India—where people gather to catch local buses or trains, or hang around before, during and after working hours. It is happening even more in places where the local authorities are unable or unwilling to move street hawkers on. It is certainly happening at the expense of pedestrian walking space. But what is important is that one does not have to go to Bangkok to eat fresh healthy street food anymore.
This is at reasonable prices, with some visible attention to hygiene and cleanliness, and lectures on health and nutrition thrown in for free. I have seen this lately at the Sector 17 market in Vashi, Navi Mumbai, not too far from the otherwise much maligned APMC centre, in the covered walkways of Nehru Place in New Delhi not too far from the Okhla Mandi and even in the evening food stalls of newly resurgent Patna. Whether it is multigrain bread for sandwiches which contain tofu and amla slices without butter in Vashi, or brown unpolished rice with rajma and free-range "desi chicken" in Nehru Place, or the fish tikka made of silver carp in Patna with a splash of olive oil and served with litti, the re-advent on non-fried non-butter non-maida, non-vanaspati and healthier food does seem to be vanishing.
At all these locations, you will spot rows upon rows of stalls selling fresh fruit juice. From the humble bel at Rs10 a glass to mausambi (sweet lime) at 25/- and moving on to more exotic fruits, there is a price point for everyone. But it is the basic hygiene that seems to have suddenly caught on, which is interesting - no more hidden water pipes, the fruit is juiced in front of you in a transparent manner, and no extra charge if you do not want ice added. As for the food, what can go wrong with grilled fish, especially, if it is fresh and part of the pisciculture revolution in Bihar - at 60/- rupees a kilo for silver carp, it does not get better.
To be honest, these new evolutions of basic healthy food may have not made their way on to the menus of "mainstream" restaurants as yet (none of the "aspirational fast food" brands will serve whole-wheat bread, for example). But something does seem to be happening on the streets of India.
Now if only we could get the fundamentals on drinking water correct.
To those who would try their best to deprive us, we have this to say, in the words of one of the rising number of Wall Street protestors—we can see what you are doing but that doesn't mean we don't know what you are doing.
How long will Coke and Pepsi and their other friends, purveyors of unhealthy fast foods, keep getting away with what they have done first in their "home" countries and now wish to do elsewhere in the world? Are we seeing a repeat of the tobacco cartels and their ways again?
We have to do something about this. Stand up and ask your elected representative at all levels—what happened to my fresh, frugal and healthy street food? When and how did it get replaced by this packaged garbage?
Following RBI clearance for the deal, IRDA will now grant final approval for completion of the transaction, Reliance Capital said in a filing to the exchanges. This transaction pegs the total valuation of Reliance Life Insurance at around Rs11,500 crore
Mumbai: The Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group's financial services arm Reliance Capital (R-Cap) today said it has received approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for its proposed 26% stake sale in Reliance Life Insurance to Japan's Nippon Life, reports PTI.
The company had signed a definitive agreement to sell a 26% stake in Reliance Life Insurance to Nippon Life Insurance for Rs3,062 crore earlier this year. The deal was subject to regulatory approvals.
The Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA) has already granted in-principle approval for the proposed stake sale. Following RBI clearance for the deal, IRDA will now grant final approval for completion of the transaction, R-Cap said in a filing to the Bombay Stock Exchange.
Commenting on the development, R-Cap CEO Sam Ghosh said, "We are delighted to receive the RBI approval, bringing us closer to concluding this transaction very shortly."
"This is great news as we move closer to completing the transaction," Nippon Life Insurance president Yoshinobu Tsutsui said.
This transaction pegs the total valuation of Reliance Life Insurance at around Rs11,500 crore.
Nippon Life is a 122-year-old Global Fortune 100 company and the seventh largest life insurer in the world. It is a leading private life insurer in Asia and Japan.
R-Cap figures among the country's top-four private sector financial services and banking groups in terms of net worth.


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If your dog spends a lot of time outdoors in the warmer months, you may notice that the tips of his ears develop a crusty coating along the edge. This hardened, rough layer results from the scabbing of hundreds of painful fly bites. Fly bites typically affect country dogs, particularly those living near farm animals. However, city-dwelling dogs are not immune to this unpleasant experience, especially if they are forced to live outdoors near garbage, spoiled food or fecal matter, which attracts a large number of flies.
Things You'll Need
- Antiseptic soap
- Paper towel
- Rubber gloves
- Antibacterial ointment gel
- Elizabethan collar
- Permethrin spray
Put on rubber gloves and wash your dog's ears gently using warm water and antiseptic soap. Inspect his ears carefully for maggots, especially if the bite sites are bloody or draining.
Dry his ears gently with a clean paper towel paper towel and apply antibacterial gel. Massage the gel into the crusty part of his ear tips with your fingers. The antibacterial ointment will prevent infection inside any open sores and soften the scabbed tissue.
Wash his ears and massage antibacterial ointment into the ear tips every day until the wounds heal completely. After a few days of washing and antibiotic gel treatments, the crusty layer on his ear tips will fall off like a scab. Allow the scabs to fall off naturally while you massage the gel into his skin. Don't attempt to pull or scrape off the scabs yourself, as this could prematurely expose raw skin.
Place an Elizabethan collar on your dog to prevent him from scratching or pawing at his ears. Keep him indoors until the wounds heal. Prevent future bites by applying a topical insecticide known as permethrin to his ears, but only do this after the scabs fall off and the skin heals completely. Most pet supply store sells both Elizabethan collars and permethrin spray.
Tips & Warnings
- Give your dog a treat after washing his ears to reward him for his good behavior.
- Take your dog to a veterinarian immediately if the bites on his ears are discharging yellow- or green-colored puss or you find maggots inside the tissue.
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Bathroom Vanity by Size
If your bathroom requires a 50- 65 inch vanity you have found it here. Fill that space with a vanity that is spectacular. We offer a wide selection of vanities by Cambridge and Fresca to meet your needs. You will find a range of colors from Black to White and Cherry Red to Natural Wood, it is all here. Keep in mind that shipping is included when delivery is in the continental USA, so there are no additional fees. Outside the US, call for shipping costs or add the vanity of your choice to your online shopping cart and your postal code will determine any additional costs. Call toll free 877-795-5684!
We want to make it as simple as possible for you to purchase the right vanity for your bathroom. As you can see we have listed our vanities by sizes so with a simple glance, you can see how small and how large a vanity can be. Although there are standard dimensions for the bathroom, not all homes are built the same. Measure the dimensions of your current vanity and then start from there. If you're looking for a really odd-size, be sure to look closely on our pages as you may find it here in our large selection of vanities.
Sizing Up the Situation
Many vanities are available in smaller and larger sizes. This is good to keep in mind in case you fall in love with a large double sink vanity. Many times, you can find that same vanity in a condensed version that you can use in your guest bathroom. This will allow you to maintain a uniform design throughout your home. It's important to measure your space. There are several key factors to keep in mind. Make sure to leave enough room for door openings for the room entry and shower door and trim. Every space is different, so open vanity doors and drawers and measure against the dimensions of your bathroom. You'll want to ensure the vanity won't be too big or disrupt the flow of traffic. Keep in mind existing features such as mirrors. Verify the location your plumbing location. This could determine the width of your vanity. Moving plumbing will increase costs. Then measure sizes for vanity cabinets and vanity cabinets with tops. Take into account your storage needs and who will use it. If you're purchasing a vanity without a Countertop, you'll also need to measure for the countertop. Measure the width and depth of the vanity cabinet. The vanity counter top should be 1 inch wider and 1 inch deeper than the vanity cabinet. If space is not a factor in choosing a vanity, the number of sinks is all about your preference. As the most common size, single vanities with one sink are the best option for small bathrooms. If you want ample counter space, single vanities with a large width are best. Double Vanities are perfect for a shared or family bathroom.
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You should decide how your bathroom vanity will be installed into the home. The standard way is Freestanding, this is the most common bathroom vanity. It is your best option for maximum storage space. Another type is Wall Mounted, most wall-mounted vanities hang on the wall without legs touching the ground. This modern style opens up floor space in a small bathroom. If you need to save space, a corner mounted vanity is the best option. Corner-mounted bathroom vanities are built to fit perfectly into a corner.
Installing a vanity can be a good experience, when you purchase a quality piece of furniture with all of the necessary installation materials.
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|Home > Nahir
♂ Nahir
What does Nahir mean?
Nahir [nahir] as a boys' name is of Hebrew origin, and the meaning of Nahir is "clear, bright".
ASSOCIATED WITH bright
VARIANT NaheerCREATIVE FORMS
(male) Narhir, Navhir, ..
(female) Nahiri, Naner, .. MIDDLE NAME PAIRINGS
Nahir Arnold (N.A.), ..
How popular is Nahir?
Nahir is a rare given name for men. Nahir is a rare last name too for all people. (2000 U.S. CENSUS)
Nahir has yet to make it into the list so far. (TOP BABY NAMES, 2015)
Similar NamesRecommended names are Gair, Jabir, Jair, Kadir, Mahir, Nabil, Nadeir, Nader, Nadim, Nadir, Nagib, Nagid, Nahum, Naim, Nairn, Najib, Nalin, Namir, Napier, Naser, Nasir▲, Nasr, Navid, Nazor, Ophir, Qadir, Safir, Saphir, Sapir, Tahir, Tamir, Yasir and Zahir. Like Nahir, these names are not commonly used.See names in meaning and etymology.