text:
- "Once the computer has analyzed the DNA, how do you know what animal it encodes?"
- —Dr. Alan Grant(src)
After the fossil DNA has been sequenced, it is possible to determine from what animal the DNA originated. Identifying the species of the extracted DNA is needed to identify contamination by extant species. Furthermore, the species has to be known to correctly fill the sequence gaps and to perform successful cloning.
In the novel Jurassic Park Henry Wu isn't that concerned about knowing the species of the extracted DNA. "Just grow it and find out what it is."[1]
Jurassic Park media Edit
In most Jurassic Park media dinosaur DNA is obtained from mosquitoes in amber that might had fed on dinosaurs. This makes it hard to determine the species the DNA belonged to. When Henry Wu is confronted with this by Alan Grant he responds that, there are two methods to identify the species.
"DNA evolves over time, like everything else in an organism... We can take an unknown piece of DNA and determine roughly, by computer, where it fits in the evolutionary sequence. It's time consuming, but it can be done."[1]
However, most of the time, they "just grow it and find out what it is."[1]
When he shows the endorsement team the hatchery, there are a batch of eggs that are labeled "XXXX-0001/1" and "Presumed Coelu". Wu explains:
"That's a new batch of DNA. We don't know exactly what will grow out. The first time an extraction is done, we don't know for sure what the animal is."[2]
Criticism Edit
Many scholars have criticised the method used by Henry Wu. Dr. Sandy Becker called it sarcastically a "minor credibility gap."[3]
In a TED conferences Jack Horner ridiculed the entire Jurassic Park method of recreating dinosaurs because of this.
I assume everybody knows that if you actually had a piece of amber that had an insect in it, and you drilled into it and you got something out of that insect, and you cloned it, and you did it over and over again, you would have a room full of mosquitoes. Poor babies. And probably a whole bunch of trees as well.[4]
DeSalle and Lindley wrote in The Science Of Jurassic Park And The Lost World that even if you would find and extract blood cells from a bugs gut:
you couldn't be sure that blood inside an insect was dinosaur blood and not rodent blood.
Insects don't have blood Edit
Compare with known sequences Edit
In any sequencing project it is necessary to check the origin of each DNA fragment. Even if all DNA fragments are endogenous, it could be that all fragments are from Mitochondria or (in plants) Chloroplasts. BLAST is an often used tool. BLAST compares any DNA sequence with all known sequences. Even if the sequence is of an unknown species, BLAST can still determine whether the sequence is mammalian or bacterial etc.
In 2013 the genome was sequenced of a 700,000 years old horse was sequenced. They sequenced 12 billion extracted DNA molecules. When they used sequence comparing tools like BLAST they discovered that only 40 million (1 in 300) were of horse origin.[5].
This shows it is possible to distinguish dino DNA from tree, insect or rodent DNA.
Compare with known dinosaur sequences Edit
The previous method can tell us if the DNA was from a dinosaur. However, that isn't specific enough. Not all dinosaur species had the same DNA. For example, Theropod genomes (DNA per cell) were half the size of Ornithischian dinosaurs. Therefore, the species of the DNA sample has to be known before the gaps can be filled.
The genus can be identified by comparing the DNA with the code of proteins collected from dinosaur bones (see Proteins in fossils). The species of bones can (often) be identified by paleontologists. Therefore, the species of the proteins is also known.
This is an example.
Imagine that DNA was discovered in amber. Bioinformaticians could use software to find the Collagen, type I, alpha 1 gene in the amber DNA.
A piece of the gene could read like this:
If you would translate this sequence into amino acid (protein) code, it would read
This amino acid code is identical to the Collagen code of Tyrannosaurus rex. So, we could conclude that the DNA belongs to Tyrannosaurus or a close relative.
If the DNA would read like this:
The amino acid code would be
This code corresponds with the Collagen of Brachylophosaurus, a close relative of Hadrosaurus.
As for 2014, only a few dinosaur proteins were sequenced. However, there is no reason that it will stay this way for the comming years.
References Edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jurassic Park (novel), page 107.
- ↑ Jurassic Park (novel), page 109.
- ↑ Sandy Becker (2008). The Science of Michael Crichton, page 75.
- ↑ Jack Horner, TED conference, 02:57-05:05. Link: Jack Horner: Building a dinosaur from a chicken.
- ↑ J.J. Lee (2013). World's Oldest Genome Sequenced From 700,000-Year-Old Horse DNA, National Geographic. Link


text:
Part 6
Nick watched her silently from the corner of the laundry room. He didn't even know she had a laundry room. She didn't acknowledge him, or even seem to care that he was standing there bare to her. And it was driving him crazy.
Phyllis didn't know whether to laugh or take him right then and there. She never dreamed he would actually do it. Well, that wasn't true. They had never had any trouble ridding themselves of clothes before, but this time, she honestly didn't believe he was serious. They had been serious, but it was never enough.
"I thought I was supposed to be taking care of you."
She eyed him quickly from underneath her lashes. "Not while you look like a sewer rat, you're not."
Deftly, he stepped closer to her and whispered in her ear, "That's sweet."
She turned her head over her shoulder and found his waiting eyes. "I have a clean towel… or would you rather have a loin cloth, sir?"
He raised his eyebrows. "And here I thought you were going all domestic on me."
"Don't knock it until you've tried it." She pushed the terry cloth against his chest and him away from her. She had no idea where to go from here. This was supposed to have ended months ago, yet now it seemed to have a life of its own.
His eyes met hers with months of unspoken pain. "I've been trying it for most of my adult life."
She took a deep breath and stepped forward tentatively. "But you've never done laundry with me."
"Ok! Ok! I'm here!" Lily burst through the front doors of Crimson Lights, completely out of breath. "So where's the fire, Daniel?"
"Just…" Daniel sunk lower in his coffee. "…just sit down, Lily."
Lily dropped her purse with a thud and hit the seat across from him. Quickly she reached for his hands gripping the cup of coffee. "Uh oh. I know that look. Are you in trouble? Did you get arrested? Don't tell me we gotta go on the run again—"
Daniel shook his head and looked up. "It's my mom."
Lily's head fell back and she dropped his hands. "I should have known! Perfect. What has Phyllis done now?"
Daniel looked around the room, as if the crowd of customers were all looking at him; and he finally whispered, "She's going to have a baby."
"Well…" Lily tried to speak but was at a complete loss for words. Suddenly she laughed awkwardly. "We certainly know what she didn't do."
Daniel looked at her, painfully silent. Lily squelched her laughter and sat on her hands uncomfortably. "I'm sorry… It's just… A baby? I thought you were it."
"I know. It's whacked." He nodded slowly and began to spin his coffee cup in a circle, over and over and over again. "She and Jack tried for so long, and now she's having a baby with Nick… Oh my God."
Lily gently put her hands over his agitated ones. "What, baby?"
His eyes widened in horror. "Noah. What's this gonna do to him?"
"Do what to whom?" Daniel and Lily jumped at the booming voice behind them.
Jack tilted his head and put a firm hand on Daniel's shoulder. "Daniel… You seem a little on edge. You alright?"
Daniel smiled uncomfortably. "Just fine, Jack."
"Uh huh." Jack narrowed his eyes speculatively. "Have you spoken to your mother tonight?"
"Why?" Daniel asked quickly.
"No reason. I was just wondering if you knew where she was," Jack responded smoothly.
"So things are really patched up between you two?" Daniel wondered.
"Right as rain, son, right as rain." Jack's jaw locked in a confident grin.
Before she could stop herself, Lily kicked Daniel under the table. "Ow!"
"You ok there, sport?" Jack's hand tightened on his shoulder.
"Uh huh…" Daniel glared at an innocent faced Lily before turning to Jack. "Well, maybe you should wait for her to call you."
Jack's laugh broke out across the coffee house, silencing the room. "Oh Daniel. Daniel, Daniel, Daniel. With your mom, things are always better left unplanned. See you kids later."
Lily eagerly leaned across the table. "What was that about?"
"What was that kick about?" He retorted.
Lily's eyes filled unapologetically with drama. "Sorry baby. But you know them. Jack's gonna go nuts when he finds out Nick knocked up your mom. Maybe you should warn her."
"Why? Did I get any warning? I'm sorry, Lily. But my mom's on her own with this one."
"What are you doing here?"
"You sounded…" Brad stopped and looked at the sight before him. A beautiful woman absolutely destroyed. "Oh God, Sharon, come here. What happened?"
"Nick left, and I don't think he's coming back even though—" She felt his arms surround her, and it was the first time she felt like she could stop pretending. She was falling apart, and she couldn't keep it together any longer.
Brad held her as her frame shook against his body. Everything he had told her seemed futile right now. She wasn't like him. She couldn't lead a double life like he could. So he held her, and pulled her closer, almost forgetting that he had any other lives for a little while. "It's ok, you can tell me anything."
She leaned her head against his chest and whimpered like a little girl, "I'm going to have a baby."
Brad pulled back from her and took her face in his hands. "A baby? Sharon! Sharon, that's—! Sharon?" But Sharon's will to stand had left her, and she fell to knees on the floor. Brad quickly followed her and cradled her in his arms as mournful sobs escaped her body. "Sweetheart, I'm sorry, I didn't mean to make you cry."
"No…no, it's alright." She smiled sadly, her mind clouding as she stared into his dark eyes. "You're just the first person who's been happy for me, that's all."
He smoothed her hair away from her face. "I'll always be happy for you."
And as they sat there on the floor, the truth circled them, and she filled the silence with the question that stood between them, "You do love Victoria?"
His automatic answer didn't come so easily this time as he was lost in the confusion of her eyes. "Of course I do. Sharon? What is it?"
And she wanted to tell him, but she didn't have the right answer. "It's nothing. Nothing at all. Thank you. Thank you for being such a good friend."
"So this is what it's going to be like?" Nick asked as he watched her feet dangle off of the dryer, matching him in a starch white towel.
"Having second thoughts?" She looked down, feeling her little lump, protruding ever so slightly, no longer hidden, becoming a real part of her. She looked up, at him, and her chest tightened. Was there room for him on the dryer?
He shook his head and stepped in between her fidgety legs. He took her protective hands in his and covered them securely. "I'm waiting for you to say yes."
Slowly, she released the white towel, revealing her body to him. She clasped his hands and put them across her little belly, waiting until he felt the life inside of her. Waiting until he woke up. Waiting until he left her again. She whispered sadly, "This is so unrealistic."
Just like hers, his towel dropped and he pulled himself as close to her as possible. He took her hands and pressed them against his heart. "I don't want realism."
And he lifted her off the dryer and into the air…

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Well I have been trying a few to many NEW recipes for Sam lately. Last night it was a spicy pineapple burrito. I wish I could post a recipe of this, but my son had my camera. It was very good, but a little to spicy for Sam. So I told him this morning I would make something good for him. I proceeded to tell him I would make a meatloaf. He just looked at me and said …REALLY? I was shocked I thought he loved my meatloaf! He always clears his plate when I make it. So then I began to think about what I make that I know he loves Beef Manhattan! That has to be his favorite thing! This is one of those dishes that when I make it I prepare every one's plate…Sam's is by far the largest! This really isn't a recipe, I wasn't even going to post it on my blog. Then I began to think my simple recipes are the ones my kids really enjoy. I want to have them posted for my kids. This is a simple recipe that is great for a weeknight. Let the crockpot do all the work for you. To my friend Tonya…I have made this for Connor and he went bonkers!
1 Chuck Roast
2 Tbsp steak seasoning
1 tsp pepper
1 tsp salt
Make Gravy separately to pour over bread, meat and potatoes.
2 pkg of brown gravy mix
Mash potatoes
White bread
Combine all of the above in a crock pot and cook all day. Take meat out of pan and skim off all the fat. Shred the meat and put back in pan with the juices that are left. Prepare the gravy and potatoes.
To Assemble:
Layer 2 pieces of white bread on top of each other, cut on a diagonal. Spread a heaping spoon full of potatoes across the bread. Top with a ladle of the meat and drizzle plenty of gravy on top.


text:
Our Pretties
My friends describe me as a positive, kind, open, friendly, honest and sincere person. I have a positive outlook and I am always open to other people. I am active and full of energy - I am open to everything new!
I have many hobbies, which makes my life complete. I like reading and cinema, museums and exhibitions. I can't imagine my life without music, I like to sing. I am very active, I like sport and outdoors. I like nature and animals. I like cooking very much. I am fond of art and fashion.
Need partner: 28 - 60 years old
I am looking for a right man who believes in true love and ready to serious relationship. I want to find a loving man who will be my equal partner, best friend and future husband!


text:
(February 12) -- Carnival Cruise Lines' 70,367-ton, 2,056-passenger Fantasy is undergoing repairs after being struck by a barge on Saturday on the Mississippi River.
As we reported previously, the ship was on its way back to New Orleans after a Caribbean cruise when, according to a statement by the cruise line, a commercial tow barge lost control and collided with a river bank before striking the port side of Fantasy. Though nobody was injured, the accident left a 30-ft. gash in the ship's hull; the barge sustained minor damage.
Fantasy's February 10 sailing was canceled as repairs are expected to take several days. At this point, according to a company spokesman, Fantasy's next voyage is expected to sail as scheduled on February 15 -- we'll keep you posted.
--by Melissa Baldwin, Senior Editor


text:
Smoke a slab of Memphis style pork ribs and serve them the traditional way...without sauce. Cooked right, these ribs will have a slightly crispy bark on the outside, and juicy, tender meat within.
Use a trimmed sparerib slab for this recipe. The St. Louis style slab is an even thickness throughout and cooks evenly. It also looks nice for presentation.
Since these ribs are served without sauce, the flavor of the dry rub is the star. This simple rub recipe enhances the flavor of the pork without being too strong.
INGREDIENTS: (per slab)
One tablespoon sweet paprika
Two teaspoons kosher salt
Two teaspoons onion powder
One teaspoon ground black pepper
One-half teaspoon cayenne pepper
Combine the dry seasonings and coat the pork rib slab on both sides. Wrap in plastic wrap and let it rest at room temperature for about an hour, while you get the smoker going.
For authentic flavor, hickory is the wood of choice. Smoke these ribs at 225 degrees Fahrenheit for 3 to 4 hours, or until the bone will just separate from the meat. Your Memphis style pork ribs will have a slight crust on the meaty side when they are perfectly done.


text: I created a thread with twelve YouTube links here: http://xenforo.com/community/threads/video-test.24723/ The first five of them show up embedded, the rest as links. That's OK because the limit for embedded videos is set to five. But here's the problem: It's not possible to edit the posting, because you always get the error "Please enter a message with no more than 5 pieces of media."


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 19, 2002
|Filing date
|Jul 23, 1999
|Priority date
|Dec 28, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Rune Söremark
|Original Assignee
|Benrad Aktiebolag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (25), Classifications (60), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/860,444, filed Sep. 19, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,920 which is a 371 PCT/SE95/01575.
The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for treatment of fluids. Fluids will in this context be understood as gases and liquid media as well as suspensions and emulsions.
In recent years, ever greater demands have been placed on the environment wherever man has been present. There are many reasons for this. One is that modem man's mobility between different geographical areas means that pathogens find fertile breeding ground for development of extremely virulent strains. These can give rise to serious diseases for which there are as yet no cures.
In hospitals, pathogens can be transmitted from one patient to other persons—both patients and nursing staff—and these pathogens are transmitted further by direct contact or indirectly via instruments, clothes, food or the like. Hospital textiles are contaminated to a greater or lesser extent with pathogens. One problem is that the washing methods are not completely satisfactory as regards removal of pathogens from hospital textiles. In addition, there is a need for better and simpler methods for sterilization, on the one hand of sensitive equipment such as, for example, endoscopy instruments and catheters which do not tolerate conventional sterilization methods, and, on the other hand, in operations where instruments need to be sterilized directly and quickly as they may have become contaminated during surgery (the surgeon may, for example, drop special instruments, implants and the like).
Other environments where pathogens and other types of pollution are spread and which often have problems with poor air are schools, day nurseries, food shops, kitchens, ship cabins, industrial premises and the like, especially in poorly ventilated premises. A further problem area is "sick houses" with, for example, radon, mould, hexamine and the like, as well as premises which are being painted, papered, floored, etc.
Water is another area where ever greater demands are being placed both on purity and on minimizing the environmental pollution when treating drinking water and waste water.
These media, and media contaminated in other ways, have created considerable unrest and the need for effective decontamination processes.
A number of proposals for dealing with the abovementioned problems have been put forward during the years, such as better ventilation, various types of filters and chemicals for purification of air and water. Since chlorine itself is a burden on the environment, methods have been developed in several countries for purifying water with ozone (O3) in drinking water installations and bathing facilities, and also ozone dissolved in water for cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of articles. The reaction capacity of ozone (2.07 V electrochemical oxidation potential) is ascribed to the fact that it is a powerful oxidant. The high chemical reactivity is coupled with the unstable electron configuration which seeks electrons from other molecules, which thus means that free radicals are formed. In this process, the ozone molecule is broken down. By means of its oxidizing effect, the ozone acts rapidly on certain inorganic and organic substances. Its oxidizing effect on certain hydrocarbons, saccharides, pesticides, etc., can mean that ozone is a good choice of chemical in certain processes. A combination of ozone, oxygen, hydroperoxide and UV radiation means that the reaction proceeds much more quickly and more efficiently by virtue of the generation of more free radicals.
The inactivation of microorganisms with the aid of ozone and radicals is considered as an oxidation reaction. The membrane of the microorganism is the first to be attacked. Within the membrane/cell wall, the ozone and the radicals destroy nuclear material inside the cell/virus/spore. The inactivation reaction in the case of most microorganisms occurs within minutes, depending on the ozone dose and the amount of free radicals which are formed.
In most cases, ozone is used in the form of ozone water for
removing or reducing chemicals, dyes, heavy metals, odour, and destroying pathogens in water-purification works,
removing algae, fungus, deposits, and for reducing the use of chemicals in water-cooling systems and heat exchangers,
treating water in pools, aquariums and fish farms,
sterilizing bottles and jars which are used in the beverage and food industry.
Despite its solubility in cold water, ozone is broken down (=consumed) quickly, as is the case in air, which gives a great many different radicals and more or less stable by-products such as aldehydes, bromate and carboxylic acids. The degree of breaking down depends on the pH, the substance which is exposed and the temperature. Certain substances are broken down easily by the ozone. However, the majority of substances and molecules are oxidized more efficiently by free radicals which are formed by ozone and the media treated by ozone. Certain free radicals have a higher electrochemical oxidation potential than ozone (2.8 V for hydroxyl radical and 2.42 for oxygen (singlet)). Examples of common oxidants which can be formed are hydroxyl radicals (HO−), peroxyl radicals (RO2 −), (singlet) oxygen (1O2), diradicals (R−—O−) and alkoxy radicals (RO−).
Oxidation of organic molecules is best understood on the basis of the two similar paths for reactions of HO−, RO−, RO2 − and 1O2 radicals. Most organic chemicals which are mixed with air as gases are oxidized by HO− radicals. Aliphatic molecules give RO2 − radicals which can undergo various reactions, the most significant of which is the conversion to an alkoxyl radical (RO−) via NO. Reactions of RO− radicals are rapid and produce new carbon radicals by cleaving or by intramolecular transfer of H atoms. A reaction cycle of intramolecular transfer of H atoms, formation of a new RO2 − radical, conversion to the corresponding RO− radical and, finally, a further intramolecular reaction can lead to highly oxidized carbon chains.
Aromatic molecules oxidize quickly with HO− radicals, which forms carbon radicals and phenols. Singlet oxygen (1O2) is important for oxidizing a great many organic chemicals, including amino acids, mercaptans, sulphides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These too are rapid oxidation processes.
Consequently, ozone reacts with contaminants via two essential pathways. It can react directly, as molecular ozone (O3), by reactions which are selective. In general, activated compounds (phenol, resorcinol, salicylate), olefins and simple amines are expected to react with molecular ozone, as are certain microorganisms.
Alternatively, ozone can react with contaminants via an indirect route, in which the free radicals, which are produced by decomposition of ozone and by reactions, serve as oxidants. These indirect reactions of the radical type are rapid and non-selective.
Organic contaminants which react slowly with molecular ozone, such as aliphatic acids, aldehydes, ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons, react to a greater extent via the non-selective radical route. Thus, the conditions which break down ozone, such as UV radiation, favour indirect and non-selective reactions where the free radicals formed are strong oxidants. In the case of air, the radical route has a predominant role in most oxidation processes. Even in situations where the first oxidation reaction between the ozone and contaminants takes place via the direct route, radicals are generated so that the subsequent oxidation takes place effectively and rapidly by means of radical reaction processes.
Since the radicals are non-selective, they can oxidize all reduced substances and are not limited to specific classes of contaminants, as is the case with molecular ozone.
As has been mentioned, UV radiation favours a rapid decomposition of ozone with subsequent formation of radicals. In those cases where contaminants absorb UV radiation (for example, tetrachloroethylene), direct photolysis of the pollutant contributes to the degree of oxidation.
In many apparatuses, ozone is generated by corona discharges. When a 6-7 eV electron interacts with an oxygen molecule (O2), dissociation takes place. The oxygen atoms (O+O) which are formed are immediately combined with oxygen molecules to form ozone (O3).
It is also known that UV radiation with a wavelength of approximately 183 nm gives rise to ozone in air. However, it is difficult to make such lamps adequately effective for production of ozone in the large quantities which may be needed in many cases.
A number of trials on purifying air with ozone have been carried out, such as described, for example, in the patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,907. The patent describes an apparatus for treatment of organic waste gases which contain toxic components as organic solvents. The gases are sucked into an enclosure by a fan and are initially exposed in the said enclosure to a first oxidizing member, for example a UV lamp, which causes oxygen in the air to form ozone. The oxidizing effect of the ozone means that most of the organic solution forms peroxide. The peroxide is then irradiated by a second oxidizing member, in this case a UV lamp which emits radiation at a wavelength of 365 nm, so that the peroxide is broken down almost completely to carbon dioxide, water and inorganic gas components by oxidation. At the same time, those parts of the organic gas which were not oxidized by the first oxidizing member and the ozone will be oxidized and broken down by the second oxidizing member.
The apparatus in accordance with the above is targeted at organic solvents such as isopropyl alcohol, where the first oxidizing member converts the solution to peroxide, which is then oxidized by the radiation from a UV lamp at a wavelength of 365 nm. This apparatus has a narrow scope of application, specifically for treatment of certain defined organic solvents.
In the patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,036, a method of photochemically oxidizing gaseous halogenic organic compounds is disclosed. According to the patent, the compounds are exposed to UV light to oxidize them into gaseous oxidation products and reacting the gaseous oxidation products with a surface inside an oxidation chamber, where the surface a material which is chemically reactive with the gaseous oxidation products in order to produce solid reaction products incorporated in side walls of the chamber. This chemically sorbant internal surface material has a life of 1-3 months.
It is evident from what has been described above that ozone can be used to good effect for purifying, disinfecting and sterilizing within certain areas and in the case of certain substances. The use of ozone for the purpose of obtaining free radicals therefrom should, however, considerably increase the efficiency, the scope of application and the substances which can be rendered safe. This procedure has not until now been used effectively.
The object of the invention is to tackle the abovementioned set of problems with purification and disinfection of contaminated media such as air, water and solid articles, and also disinfection and sterilization of articles in a more efficient manner than has been possible with previous methods and apparatuses. This is achieved by means of a procedure and apparatus according to the characterizing clauses of Patent Claim 1 and Patent Claim 5.
The procedure using preferred embodiments of apparatuses according to the invention will be described in detail hereinbelow and with reference to the attached drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of an apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of a development of the apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 3 shows a cross-section of a further development of the apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 4 shows a variant of the apparatus and an example of the use for production of a sterilizing gaseous fluid for sterilization of solid articles in a closed space; and
FIG. 5 shows another variant of the apparatus according to the invention adapted for a liquid-state fluid.
The procedure according to the present invention is as follows. The medium which is to be treated is preferably introduced into some form of enclosure. In the enclosure, the medium is exposed to UV radiation with a spectral distribution within the range of 180-400 nm. The wavelength of 183.7 nm in particular converts the oxygen in the medium to ozone molecules (O3). The ozone molecules formed are at the same time decomposed by radiation within the abovementioned wavelength range, especially at a wavelength of 254 nm. At the same time, the O2 formed is broken down to form atomic oxygen. In order to increase the efficiency during generation of free radicals, in particular HO− radicals, oxides are added as catalysts. In order to obtain a greater amount of ozone and consequently more free radicals, further ozone is generated before the medium is irradiated.
An apparatus which is based on the abovementioned method is shown in FIG. 1. The apparatus is designed as an enclosure 1 with at least one inlet 2 and one outlet 3. An oxidizing member 4 is arranged in the enclosure 1, in the preferred embodiment a number of UV lamps with a spectral distribution within the range of 180-400 nm. The lamps 4 are preferably placed in such a way that the entire area 5 around the lamps 4 in the enclosure 1 is illuminated with approximately the same intensity. The inner walls of the enclosure 1, at least in the area 5 around the lamps, are arranged so that they provide for a good reflection of the light from the lamps 4. A member 7 for circulating the air, for example a fan, is arranged at the outlet 3 in order to lead the air which is to be treated through the apparatus 1.
A number of catalysts 8 are preferably also arranged in the enclosure in the area 5. They can be attached, for example, in a suitable manner to the reflecting inner wall of the enclosure. In the preferred embodiment, the catalysts comprise metal and/or metal oxide, such as noble metals, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide and mixtures thereof
The functioning is as follows. When the apparatus is to be used, the current to the lamps 4 is switched on and the fan 7 begins to rotate. The fan 7 sucks air into the inlet 2, which air flows through the enclosure 1 and through the area 5 where the lamps expose the air to UV radiation. Due to that the walls in the area 5 of the lamps are reflective, the air is exposed to the UV radiation to a higher degree, and thus increasing the efficiency. The spectral distribution of the UV lamps means that ozone molecules (O3) are generated by the oxygen in the air, and especially by radiation at a wavelength of 183.7 nm. At the same time, radiation is generated by the lamps within a wavelength range of 245-400 nm, within which wavelength range the ozone molecules are broken down to oxygen and free radicals, and contaminants to free radicals. Of particular importance are the wavelength of 254 nm and also the wavelength of 364.9 nm, at which increased efficiency in the generation of free radicals is obtained. The catalysts, which are placed in the area 5, render the process more effective by increasing the amount of free radicals per unit of time. By virtue of their susceptibility to oxidation, the free radicals start a chain reaction with the contaminants in the air. The free radicals, and to a certain extent the ozone, effectively break the bonds between the atoms in the molecules which contaminate the air. Microorganisms such as, for example, pathogens are rapidly killed off, and from organic and inorganic matter new free radicals are formed which are more or less reactive. The final products are in the main water vapour, air and carbon dioxide. This embodiment of the apparatus is primarily conceived for purification of air, for example in office premises, schools, gymnasiums, smoking rooms, cabins, toilets.
FIG. 2 shows a development of the apparatus according to FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, the same components have the same reference numbers as in FIG. 1. In the apparatus according to FIG. 2, a section 1I of the enclosure 1 has further been connected to the inlet end 2 thereof The new section 1I is arranged with an ozone generator 9 of a suitable type. In the preferred embodiment, the ozone generator 9 is a small dark-discharge unit. In the gap between the electrodes, silicon or similar powder is packed or is mixed with the dielectric material (ceramic), by which means the power is increased and the generator can be made small in size. Other ozone generators can also be conceived, such as electrode plates with a certain air gap where discharges are generated between the plates, and also UV lamps which emit at a certain wavelength. By increasing the amount of ozone, the power is considerably increased. The ozone which is formed by the ozone generator reacts on the one hand directly with the contaminants in the air and is decomposed, and on the other hand is decomposed by the UV lamps to form free radicals in large quantity. This embodiment is primarily conceived for purification of air in large areas and/or areas which are heavily contaminated, such as industrial premises, smoke-damaged premises, stables, etc.
FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention. In this embodiment, a section 1II is placed downstream of the outlet 3 to the apparatus according to FIG. 1 and 2. The section 1II is arranged with a filter 10. The filter 10 consists of porous oxidic ceramics, aluminum oxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and active charcoal and carbonate. The filter is provided with a number of passages 11, in the preferred embodiment slightly inclined with respect to the direction of flow F in order to increase the contact surface between the filter and the air. The apparatus with the filter is primarily conceived for use in premises with organic gas, where the final products may be unidentifiable, or where there are chlorinated solvents, alcohols, ketones, aromatic compounds, dioxins, hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine), formaldehyde, ammonia, pesticides and herbicides. The abovementioned filter effectively deactivates these final products, and only water vapour, carbon dioxide and air escape from the outlet.
Since both the ozone and in particular the free radicals are short-lived, continuous generation of ozone and free radicals is necessary. The speed of rotation of the fan and consequently the flow rate are adapted to the amount of ozone which is produced in order to obtain an optimal functioning of the apparatus and in order to ensure that no untreated ozone escapes into the environment. The apparatus can be arranged, for example, with a timer which switches the apparatus on at specific time intervals. The flow of air through the apparatus also has the object of cooling the electronic components and warming the filter 10 to increase its efficiency.
By virtue of the modular system with different sections, it is simple to adapt the apparatus to the conditions in which it is to operate. Thus, it is possible to obtain apparatuses with everything from one section 1 with UV lamps to a serial connection of several sections 1 arranged one after the other, ozone generator 9 and filter 10. The fan 7 is also arranged on a section 12, FIG. 3, and it thus forms a modular unit too. The sections can then be mounted on a suitable holder ledge 13, FIG. 3, which is arranged on a suitable support. The holder ledge contains the electrical connection, circuit breaker and optional timer. The electrical connections between the sections and the holder ledge 13 are preferably of the plug-in type. Great flexibility and ease of servicing are obtained in this way since only the faulty section needs to be exchanged or repaired and it is not necessary to dismantle the entire apparatus.
FIG. 4 shows an example of the scope of application and also the advantages of the modular system, for example for sterilizing articles etc., such as operating instruments and catheters which it has not been possible to sterilize, with optimal results, using conventional methods. FIG. 4 shows a cabinet 20 or other well-defined enclosure provided with a door, hatch or similar (not shown) which seals it tight when it is closed. The articles which are to be treated are placed in the cabinet 20, for example on perforated shelves 21. It is also conceivable to use holders specially adapted for the articles which are to be treated. What is important is that the air with free radicals can circulate freely around the articles. Air is drawn in through an inlet 22 provided with a closable valve 23. Connected to the inlet 22 is in the first place a section 1I with an ozone generator which converts oxygen in the incoming air to ozone molecules. Downstream of the section 1I with the ozone generator, as viewed in the direction of flow, there is a second section 1 with UV lamps and catalysts. The radiation from the UV lamps forms ozone and breaks down the latter and the previously formed ozone molecules to give free radicals which flow in large quantity out into the cabinet and sterilize the articles which are placed on the shelves 21. At the upper edge of the cabinet there is a fan section 12, and also a section 1II with filter arranged at an outlet 24, which outlet is provided with a closable valve 25. The fan section 12 generates a flow of air from the inlet 22, through the cabinet and out through the outlet 24. The cabinet is preferably provided with a member which locks the door when the apparatus is in operation, and which indicates this, for example by means of a lamp. The cabinet is also provided with a time control for the apparatus, adapted to the size of the space and to the size and shape of the articles which are to be treated. The cabinet 20 can be of different sizes depending on what is to be treated. It may be adapted, for example, for disinfecting and sterilizing of textiles in the form of operating gowns and the like, which are used in hospitals, the pharmaceutical industry, abattoirs, the electronics industry, etc.
The procedure described above and the apparatus can of course also be used to purify contaminated water, on the one hand, and on the other hand to use water enriched with free radicals for cleaning, disinfecting and sterilizing of instruments, electronic devices, biomaterial and textiles, for example. FIG. 5 shows an example of the use of the present invention for treating water, i.e. decontaminate water or enrich water with free radicals. In this embodiment, one or more sections 1 with UV lamps are placed in the water flow 30. Arranged in a suitable manner upstream of the sections 1 is a connection 31, to which connection 31 a section 1I with ozone generator 9 and a fan section 12 are joined. Between the connection 31 and the water inflow 30 there is some form of nonreturn valve. When circulation of the water through the apparatus is required, i.e. when there is no external flow through the apparatus, a pump 32 is used. The water which flows through is first exposed to ozone from the ozone generator 9, where the ozone is forced down into the water by the fan 7. Ozone is thus added continuously to the water, which ozone water is then immediately irradiated with UV light in order to decompose the ozone and obtain free radicals. When the water is heavily contaminated, or when large amounts of free radicals in the water is needed, an ultrasonic device (33) is placed at the water inflow. High amplitude ultrasonic waves generate free radicals and break contaminants. And in the same way as with the apparatus described above, the apparatus for purifying water can be combined in a number of ways by virtue of the modular system.
The procedure according to the present invention permits a more effective purification, disinfection and sterilization in many areas of application and for many organic and inorganic substances, contaminants and microorganisms in air, in water and on solid objects. Examples of advantages are low energy consumption, no heating of objects, air or water, no chemicals/cleaning agents, small size of the unit, no toxic by-products, long service life, low maintenance and many applications.
It will be understood that the procedure and the apparatuses according to the present invention are not limited to what has been described above, and can instead be modified within the scope of the patent claims which follow.
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|Kiyotaka, Tanaka. Abstract of JP 02243121A. Sep. 1990, see Abstract.
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|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
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|Reinstatement after maintenance fee payment confirmed
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|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20060319
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|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
The Hotel Playaballena is in a good spot, directly on the magnificent beach of Costa Ballena, about 4 miles from Rota, on the road to Chipiona. The city of Cadiz is approximately 30 miles away from the hotel, and the international airport of Jerez is only 40 miles away. It is of course also accessible from Faro or even Malaga. Standard double rooms can only sleep 2 adults and 2 children.
Distance from Airport:
35 miles
Double rooms will have 3 or 4 beds
Rooms can only fit 2 x adults & 2 x children
All have * balcony/terrace * bathroom/shower * WC * satellite TV * telephone * minibar * air conditioning * (certain amenities may be payable locally)
Transfer time:
50 minutes
Location and Resort:
The Hotel Playaballena is a great spot for a beach holiday, away from the normal tourist type resorts. There are 324 rooms in total.
Eating and Drinking:
There is a buffet restaurant, bar, lounge bar, pool bar, theatre bar and a beach club bar. The All Inclusive option includes breakfast from 8am to 10.30am, lunch from 1.30pm to 4pm and dinner between 7pm and 10.30pm, all buffet style offering a variety of dishes, served in the main restaurant. During meals water, soft drinks, and table wine are offered. A variety of savoury snacks are served at the bar between 11am and 1pm and drinks from 8am to midnight (alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks). Please also note that all bars and restaurants in the hotel (except the Beach Club) are available for AI guests. *NEW YEARS EVE GALA MEALS INCLUDED*
Swimming pools:
There is a large swimming pool and an indoor swimming pool heated from 15/10 until 15/05.
Right choice:
This hotel will appeal to those wanting to experience the real Spain, way from the mass market resorts, near to the Spanish towns of Cadiz and Jerez.
Suitable for:
Couples and Families


text:
ONLINE COUNSELLING: BEYOND THE PROS & CONS Cedric Speyer & Jason Zack The rapidly expanding field of online counselling has aroused much discussion
- Rosalind Glenn
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 ONLINE COUNSELLING: BEYOND THE PROS & CONS Cedric Speyer & Jason Zack The rapidly expanding field of online counselling has aroused much discussion among clinicians who are quick to compare in-person sessions with the online variations. However, the shift from in-person to online practice is not just a matter of duplicating therapist/client face-to-face (f2f) transactions through a computer screen. Rather, it is analogous to the difference between literature and the oral tradition. Although there are many forms of online counseling and the practice has been comprehensively reviewed elsewhere (e.g., Alleman, 2002; Maheu & Gordon, 2000), this article focuses specifically on the advantages and challenges of a particular brand of "etherapy:" the short-term, text-based relationship facilitated by exchanges. This model has a unique approach, methodology and therapeutic orientation. Because the scope and occupational hazards of online counselling are still being discovered and explored by its practitioners, a comprehensive evaluation of its effectiveness is not yet possible. Moreover, early research is in progress and is beginning to yield some tentative conclusions, which will become more solid after additional research is conducted in the years to come (Rochlen, Zack & Speyer, in press). Nevertheless, hundreds of mental health professionals around the world have begun delivering online services and a clearly articulated theory of online counseling is beginning to coalesce. For now, we are able to look at anecdotal evidence and discern some key benefits and best practices based on the experience of clinicians over the past ten years. Advantages The advantages of online counseling are numerous. The most obvious advantages relate to convenience and increased access but there are unique therapeutic benefits (rarely mentioned in discussions of online counseling) to working online as well. Online counselling offers convenience and remote access, serving clients with limited mobility, time restrictions, or anyone seeking help who is reluctant to see a counsellor inperson. It makes keeping appointments at a specific time and place unnecessary. The receptionist and voice mail are bypassed and contact can transcend geographical boundaries and time zones. Online counselling provides help to many who would not otherwise receive it: those in remote areas; those travelling and re-locating in foreign countries, with a possible language barrier; the physically disabled or housebound (or their caregivers); and others too busy to arrange yet another appointment. Another noteworthy aspect of online counselling is its perceived privacy. Some individuals still feel a stigma attached to visiting a shrink. Others may be phobic, trapped in abusive situations, or merely shy and afraid to face someone. The counsellor s physical absence diminishes the client's initial shame or need to save face while presenting a problem. Some would say that shame is grist for the therapeutic mill, but not if the grain never gets to the barn! Many clients appreciate the disinhibiting effect of not being seen in-person (Joinson, 1998; Fink, 1999).
2 2 The psyche of the client is freed for therapeutic self-reflection in many other ways. Beyond providing a sense of privacy, the disinhibiting effect of not being seen also allows the client to quickly hone in on the core issue. Behind the scenes and static of personalities, social masks are unnecessary. Online counsellors have found that textbased self-disclosure can have the effect of inducing a high degree of intimacy and honesty from the first exchange of s. Many clients present themselves in a naked way, without their usual in-person defenses. The power differential (Owen, 1995) is diminished as well because both parties are contributing to shared texts. They become coarchitects of how the client chooses to build on or deconstruct present insights. Once ongoing online contact between client and therapist has been established, both parties enter what Suler (2000) has termed the zone of reflection. The asynchronous (time-delayed) exchange slows down the process and allows both parties to pay close attention to their own thoughts and feelings while still engaged in a dialogue. The client s inclination to ventilate is naturally channeled by the need to frame thoughts in writing. The act of composing, which often includes re-reading and reviewing what is written on both sides, leads naturally to externalizing and re-framing, thereby increasing objectivity. Even before the counsellor s perspective is added to the exchange, the client can become more composed. He or she may learn subliminally the therapeutic value of witnessing an issue without being overwhelmed by the emotions associated with it. Pennebaker (1997) has researched and written extensively about the therapeutic benefits of writing about emotional experiences. In the act of ing, new associations, memories, and insights arise in the contemplative atmosphere of getting it down in writing. Creative solitude and silence are integral to the process. As one practitioner observed, In an in-person session, you may talk for an hour and not get to the heart of the matter. On the other hand, an online counselling client may sit in silence for an hour and then say more in one typed line than she has ever revealed to anyone. Furthermore, the client enjoys a certain degree of ownership in the process. He or she is able to set the pace, tone, volume, and parameters of self-disclosure without the "threat of the furrowed brow or other subtle leads, positive or negative. The computer screen provides safety and containment with its built-in borders. The client is in control of the send button. All of this encourages mindfulness of the client s inner life. The presence and point of view of the author becomes engaged in the re-reading and re-authoring called forth in the course of counselling. The presenting problem is externalized while the helper is internalized. Both these timehonored therapeutic values are naturally enhanced by the medium and the closeness/distance of those involved in it. As the therapeutic bond strengthens and evolves, the text stands as a testament to increased self-awareness. Along those lines, the client can always (even years hence) re-read, rehearse, and reinforce the solutions and resolutions it contains. When the client has words to hold onto, hope is established. With many clients, this is literally true. They carry printouts in their pockets, purses, and briefcases. In this way, online counselling becomes an openended, ongoing session with healing words accessible at any time. Contributing to the flow of the dialogue are exchanges enriched by a wealth of literary methods: the use of
3 3 metaphor; role-playing that illuminates attitudes of self and others; and the evocation of voices that reflect the client s self-talk. Another advantage of online counselling is the accountability facilitated by the medium. It makes expert and peer consultation, as well as ongoing supervision, available midsession. Challenges Naturally, online counseling comes with many challenges, quick to be seized upon by skeptics. Here, we outline the primary concerns as well as some that have not been discussed previously: Increased accessibility is no panacea; such easy access involves some risk. The expanded base of potential clients made possible through online counselling raises the question of its clinical limitations. Who can be effectively treated online? In many settings, web-based intake procedures have been designed expressly to screen out candidates who would be better served offline. The initial online assessments are designed to triage issues involving violence, domestic or otherwise, active suicidal ideation, serious substance abuse, or an immediate and urgent crisis. Clients in these categories may still be seen online en route to more appropriate resources, and they may well view the online contact as a crucial transition, or a buffer zone to relieve desperation. Yet it is generally agreed that these clients are not ideal for service that takes place entirely online (Suler et al, 2001; Stofle, 2001). Furthermore, new technology does not justify the eradication of necessary boundaries inherent in cultures and social systems. Ease of access may be secondary if a client s needs are compromised by conflicts of interest or misunderstandings. Hence, online professionals must always understand and appreciate the limited nature of the medium. They need to: assess the suitability of clients and work within ethical parameters educate clients and provide informed consent advise clients regarding limitations have back-up resources in place to address urgent issues Ultimately, both parties must have trust and confidence in the medium for it to work well. Lack of trust in the medium begins with technical threats to security and confidentiality and extends to the risk of a client taking the counsellor at his word and running quite far with it in the wrong direction. Therefore, beyond the nature and suitability of the clinical problem, the medium brings its own requirements: The counsellor and client must be comfortable with the technological platform underpinning the online counseling process. Counselors must be circumspect in using secure technology for communication, and possess sufficient technical expertise to cope with unforeseen exigencies, skills that have not been part of the traditional turf of most counsellors until now. The counsellor and client must be reasonably good writers and typists. Clients must be comfortable with what is essentially a letter-writing process. They must
4 4 be able to express their thoughts and feelings clearly, and to interpret messages carefully, with a willingness to give the benefit of the doubt when humour or the intended meanings miss the mark. Online counselling is best suited to those who are capable of sustained introspection, value written self-expression, and have the creative independence it takes to hold up their end of the written dialogue. Asynchronicity allows reflection, but can also breed misunderstandings. One drawback of online counselling is the absence of spontaneous clarification. Clients may not be selfvalidating enough to compensate for the loss of visual and auditory cues which would reassure them. On the counsellor s side, especially if training in text-based communication is lacking, important information about the client may remain between the lines with the real issues evading assessment. Even with the requisite skills on both sides, there are those who would find the middle ground of cyberspace more of a void than a healing sanctuary. The room for error in assessment limits the counsellor to making provisional hypotheses, pending the client s response. The basics of expressing warmth, genuineness, and empathy continue to be the therapeutic priority. In therapy, deficits can be advantageous. We have established that there are a number of challenges faced by online counselors. For example, the virtual connection is open to a host of projections and seems to be the perfect template for transference and countertransference (Gwinnell, 2003). However, in the tradition of good counselling, we find we are able to positively reframe many of the problems. The transparency of online relationships can provide opportunities to explore the client's irrational beliefs and distorted perceptions in the face of little nonverbal input. We can cut to the chase of the client s thought processes, revealed in writing as visible self-talk. As Suler (2002) states, There is a special type of interpersonal empathy that is unique to text relationships. Some claim that text-only talk carries you past the distracting, superficial aspects of a person s existence and connects you more directly to the other s psyche." Conclusions "Telepresence" is "the illusion that a mediated experience is not mediated" (Lombard & Ditton, 1997), the feeling of being in someone s presence without sharing a physical space. When online counseling is at its best, and the positive conditions are in place, clients and therapists experience telepresence and are not only able to interact effectively, but engage in relationships that can offer something special indeed. Believe it or not, experiencing the online other as a genuine, caring person is not as difficult as it might seem. Reeves and Nass (1996) explain that the tendency to disregard the artifice of the medium and feel we are really making human contact, may be a matter of evolutionary hardwiring. Those who have tried their hand at online counseling quickly find this to be the case. In our experience, most skeptics have never attempted to conduct a personal relationship online (limiting to business transactions, etc.). No one claims that counselling in this medium will displace the need for face-to-face meetings, any more than the increase in virtual intimacy makes the embodied kind redundant. It is well known by anyone testing the waters of online dating that you do not
5 5 know who you are dealing with until you have met them in person. Many would apply that principle to the therapeutic relationship. The scope and methods of online counselling in the hands of skilled practitioners is still in the pioneering stages. Yet we have already landed in a (brave) new world of counselling practice. We hope that this article will inspire curious clinicians to consider learning more about online counselling and to test the waters themselves. We hope we have shown that, beyond increasing accessibility for underserved populations, online counselling practice offers almost all clients a unique experience that easily stands on its own merit. The clients themselves say it best, with their voluntary feedback after cases are completed: After my first exchange with my e-counsellor, I knew that I had made the right decision. He wrote in a tone so similar to mine that I immediately felt comfortable and dropped any inhibitions that I may have had. I was able to share thoughts and feelings with him that I know I wouldn t have dared express in a face-to-face session. It was really like writing to an old friend. A really wise friend who knows when to challenge you and when to support you. I never knew that someone on the other side of my computer could mean so much to me as my e-counsellor. My e- counsellor s words were as comfortable and appropriate as my favourite sweat pants and sweatshirt on a cold night! My last correspondence with my e-counsellor was a week ago now. I have printed off every written word we shared and I can t tell you how many times I have gone back to those letters to re-read the words. The whole experience has been so much more than I expected it to be. I would recommend it to anyone who asked. About the Authors Cedric Speyer is Clinical Supervisor of E-Counselling at Shepell fgi., Canada's leading Employee Assistance Provider, based in Toronto, Ontario. Jason Zack, Ph.D. is an Independent Behavioral Science Consultant and Assistant Adjunct Professor at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. He is Past- President of the International Society for Mental Health Online [http://www.ismho.org] References Alleman, J. R. (2002). Online counseling: The internet and mental health treatment. Psychotherapy, 39, Fink, J. (1999). How to use computers and cyberspace in the clinical practice of psychotherapy. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
6 6 Gwinnell, E. (2003). Unique aspects of internet relationships. In R. Wooton, P. Yellowlees, & P. McLaren (Eds.), Telepsychiatry and e-mental Health, pp London: Royal Society of Medicine Press. Joinson, A. (1998). Causes and implications of disinhibited behavior on the internet. In J. Gackenbach (Ed.) Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Transpersonal Implications, pp San Diego: Academic Press. Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. (1997, September). At the hear of it all: the concept of telepresence. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication [online], 39 pp., 3(2), [http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/lombard.html], accessed May 21, Maheu, M. & Gordon, B.L. (2000). Counseling and therapy on the Internet. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(5), Owen, I. (1995). Power, boundaries, intersubjectivity. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 68(2), Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8(3), Reeves, B. & Nass, C. (1996). The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Stanford, CA: CSLI. Rochlen, A. B., Zack, J. S., & Speyer, C. (in press). Online therapy: Review of relevant definitions, debates, and current empirical support. Journal of Clinical Psychology. Stofle, G. S. (2001). Choosing an Online Therapist. Harrisburg, PA: White Hat Communications. Suler, J. (2000). Psychotherapy in cyberspace: A 5-dimensional model of online and computer-mediated psychotherapy. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 3, Suler, J. (2002). Hypotheses about Online Text Relationships. In The Psychology of Cyberspace. Retrieved May 22, 2003, from Suler, J., Barak, A., Chechele, P., Fenichel, M., Hsiung, R., Maguire, J., Meunier, V., Stofle, G., Tucker-Ladd, C., Vardell, M. & Walker-Schmucker, W. (2001). Assessing a person's suitability for online therapy. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4,
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Evaluación de los Sistemas de Compras Públicas Provinciales: El Caso de la Provincia de San Luis
Waisman, Valentina
As part of the process of the State Reform, Public Procurement Systems (PPS) can provide powerful tools for promoting greater efficiency, transparency and economic development considering that public procurement can represent up to 15% of GDP of a country. In Argentina, recent initiatives are verified in this field at the provincial level, which they have not yet been studied in depth.This study - that aims to help feed the limited literature on the subject - analyzed the PPS of San Luis, because it`s an interesting experience which have incorporated a number of innovations in the field of administrative reform and e-government. The objective of this work is to assess the current status of the system within the framework of State reform and specifically their institutional characteristics and regulations, identifying strengths and weaknesses in the different constitutive and complementary areas of PPS.The findings - as a result of the analysis of key informant interviews, surveys state suppliers and the application of a methodology proposed by the OECD- highlight the important efforts of the provincial government of San Luis in terms of mechanisms development that improve the management of the resources, identifying the following PPS strengths areas: (i) information and communication technology (ICT) implementation, (ii) the Supplier State Rating System, (iii) the Quality Portal, which facilitates interaction with sector public users of the PPS, (iv) the mechanisms of control over the procurement process, (v) and the existence of an online Provider State Registry, that stimulates competition.It also could be emphasized PPS improvement areas, among which can be highlighted: (i) expansion of the digitalization of the PPS; (ii) increase the coverage of PPS to public works, (iii) and improve the impact of the PPS on the budget planning and on the executing unit's coordination. Many of these aspects that need to be improved seem to be more in the area of political decisions that in the sphere of technical and PPS employees. An additional outcome of the study is the possibility of transferring the methodology and results of the work to other PPS, contributing to the future research agenda in this field.
Permanent Linkhttp://hdl.handle.net/10822/712433
Date Published2014
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Jack LaLanneBorn: 1914-09-26 - Died: 2011-01-23
Cause of Death: Complications from pneumonia
Who was Jack LaLanne : LaLanne was a fitness, exercise, and nutritional expert, who has often been referred to as "the godfather of fitness". He wrote many fitness related books, and hosted a fitness show that ran from 1951 to 1985.
LaLanne was born in San Francisco, California, the son of French immigrants. LaLanne admitted to having a troubled childhood, until the age of 15 when he heard a speech from health food pioneer Paul Bragg. After the speech, LaLanne dedicated himself to focus on diet and exercise habits. His main focuses were on bodybuilding and weightlifting.
LaLanne earned a Doctor of Chiropractic degree, and opened his own health spa in 1936. LaLanne is credited for designing the first leg extension machines, and weight selectors which are standard in gyms today. LaLanne's health spa business expanded by leaps and bounds, and in 1980 there were over 200.
Along with his health spa business, LaLanne brought his message to the television screen. "The Jack LaLanne Show" ran for many years. It started as a local program in San Francisco, and eventually ran nationwide in 1959.
Going into older age, LaLanne still advocated health awareness. In an interview with Katie Couric, he's quoted as saying, "if man made it, don't eat it" and "if it tastes good, spit it out".
LaLanne is survived by his wife Elaine, son Jon, and step-son Dan.


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Keenan Lewis might play Sunday against the Bengals. He also might not.
The Saints cornerback has officially been listed as questionable for Sunday's game against the Cincinnati Bengals at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome. Lewis suffered a left knee injury during last week's loss to the San Francisco 49ers.
He has maintained throughout the week that he expects to play this week, but also noted the decision is not entirely up to him. Lewis practiced in a limited capacity Friday.
Running backs Pierre Thomas (rib/shoulder), Khiry Robinson (arm) and Edwin Baker (concussion) have been ruled out meaning that Mark Ingram, who is listed as probable with a shoulder injury, should be in line to receive the bulk of the carries this week.
Wide receiver Robert Meachem (ankle) and linebacker Curtis Lofton (ankle) are questionable.
Linebacker David Hawthorne (hand) and offensive tackle Zach Strief (chest) are probable.
The Bengals ruled out running back Giovani Benard (hip/clavicle) and linebacker Vontaze Burfict (knee).