text:
Computational identification and experimental validation of microRNAs binding to the Alzheimer-related gene ADAM10
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators involved in numerous biological processes including the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A key gene of AD,
MiRNA binding sites in the human
Eleven miRNAs were selected, which have evolutionary conserved binding sites. Three of them (
Our approach shows the requirement of incorporating specific, disease-associated selection criteria into the prediction process to reduce the amount of false positive predictions. In summary, our method identified three miRNAs strongly suggested to be involved in AD, which possibly regulate
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are on average 22 nucleotides long and play a pivotal role in gene regulation. These small RNAs regulate the gene expression post-transcriptionally by suppression of mRNA translation, stimulation of mRNA deadenylation and degradation or induction of target mRNA cleavage, but have also the potential to activate translation
Characteristics of AD are insoluble plaques of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides emerging from the cleavage of the amyloid beta precursor protein (
Numerous available computational methods predict a large number of genes targeted by miRNAs regulating gene expression, but only few have been validated experimentally. Many computational predictions are false positives and therefore have to be filtered out
In this study we established an approach to identify miRNAs regulating
miRNA target site prediction databases
MiRNA binding sites to target genes were downloaded from seven different databases: miRBase, 5-Nov-2007,
miRNA target prediction
We used three prediction programs RNA22, RNAhybrid, miRanda and predicted all binding sites of the miRNA sequences to the 3'UTR sequence of human
RNA22 is a pattern-based method for the identification of miRNA-target sites. The method has high sensitivity, is resilient to noise, can be applied to the analysis of any genome without requiring genome-specific retraining and does not rely upon cross-species conservation. Focusing on novel features of miRNA-mRNA interaction RNA22 first finds putative miRNA binding sites in the sequence of interest then identifies the targeting miRNA and hence allows to identify sites targeted by yet-undiscovered miRNAs. An implementation of RNA22 (19-May-2008) is available online at
The second program RNAhybrid is an extension of the classical RNA secondary structure prediction algorithm from Zuker and Stiegler
The miRanda algorithm is similar to the Smith-Waterman algorithm, but scores based on the complementarity of nucleotides (A = U or G ≡ C) and one G:U wobble pair is allowed in the seed region but has to be compensated by matches in the 3′ end of miRNA. In order to estimate the thermodynamic properties of a predicted pairing between miRNA and 3′UTR sequence, the algorithm uses folding routines from the Vienna 1.3 RNA secondary structure programming library (RNAlib)
The parameter setting for RNA22 is: maximum number of "UN-paired" bases within the extent of the seed = 0, extent of seed in nucleotides = 6, minimum number of paired-up bases that you want to see in any reported heteroduplex = 14, maximum value for the folding energy in any reported heteroduplex = −25 kcal/mol. The parameter setting for RNAhybrid is: "-s 3utr_human" ("-s" tells RNAhybrid to quickly estimate statistical parameters from "minimal duplex energies" under the assumption that the target sequences are human 3′UTR sequences). The parameter setting for miRanda is the default parameter setting: gap open penalty = −8, gap extend = −2, score threshold = 50, energy threshold = −20 kcal/mol, scaling parameter = 4.
We retrieved the 3′UTR sequence of
Extraction of best miRNA predictions
The extraction of miRNAs was applied according to the following selection criteria. We checked for each miRNA how many programs predicted the miRNA to bind to human
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with R statistical software (R 2.8.0,
Literature mining and pathway analysis
Literature search by PubMed was done to extract information about the target genes of the miRNAs resulting from Pathway Studio analysis and their relation to AD. To verify the miRNAs searches were performed for miRNA interactions in all PubMed abstracts with the help of the text mining program Pathway Studio 8.0 (Ariadne Genomics) based on the Natural Language Processing (NLP) Technology. Pathway analysis was done with the software Ingenuity Systems IPA 9.0 (
Mature miRNAs and the inactive negative control were from Invitrogen (No. PM11012, PM13206, PM10632, PM10056). All RNA species were dissolved to 5 pmol/μl in nuclease-free water upon arrival, aliquoted and stored at −20°C.
Cloning of the ADAM10 3′UTR luciferase reporter construct
The 3′UTR of human
AD10_3UTR_for 5′GCGGCCGCGCCCATTCAGCAACCCCAG 3′
AD10_3UTR_rev 5′GCGGCCGCCACTTGTGCCCGTAGCAGCC 3′.
The obtained DNA fragment was verified by restriction digestion and sequencing. The 3′UTR was subsequently cloned into the
Cell culture
SH-SY5Y cells were cultivated in phenol red-free DMEM/F12, supplemented with 10% FCS and 1% glutamine at 37°C, 95% air moisture, 5% CO2 and passaged twice a week with a splitting rate of ½ to ¼.
3′UTR luciferase reporter assay
Retro-transfection was performed using 0.005 μl Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) per μl OptiMEM-medium and 0.1 pmol/μl miRNA (Invitrogen) or negative control. For combination of miRNA 1306 together with miRNA 103 or 107 a concentration of 0.05 pmol/μl each was used. 2 ng/μl endotoxin-free plasmid DNA of the 3′UTR-reporter vector were added to 45.000 cells per well in 96 well format. Control cells were mock-treated with nuclease-free water instead of RNA molecules.
5 hrs after transfection, the cell supernatant was exchanged to 200 μl culture medium per well. In a preliminary experiment, 10 μl cell supernatant were collected at various time points over a 72 hour period; 48 hours were determined to be the optimal incubation time (data not shown). Therefore, 10 μl cell supernatant were aspirated 48 hours after transfection and stored at −20°C until samples were measured. Secreted Gaussia luciferase was quantitatively analyzed (Renilla-Luciferase assay, Promega) using the FluostarOptima luminometer (BMG). Cell densities were checked by quantitation of protein content in the cell lysate by NanoQuant assay (Roth).
Results and discussion
MiRNA prediction
We established a workflow (Figure
Figure 1
Computational prediction of miRNAs binding to ADAM10 3'UTR
Computational prediction of miRNAs binding to ADAM10 3'UTR. Three programs RNA22, RNAhybrid and miRanda are used for the prediction of miRNAs binding to the human
122 miRNAs are predicted by at least two programs to bind to human
The list of 52 miRNAs incorporates not conserved as well as conserved miRNAs or rather miRNA binding sites. Filtering according to conservation helps to reduce the number of miRNAs and improves the selection of candidates for further experimental validations. Consideration of conservation across species, including those not developing AD, was chosen as a filter criterion because a correlation between miRNA conservation and disease susceptibility has in general been suggested by Lu et al.
Figure 2
Conservation of the three miRNA binding sites within the ADAM10 3'UTR
Conservation of the three miRNA binding sites within the ADAM10 3′UTR. The figure shows the conservation of the
Figure 3
Target gene predictions for miR-1306
Target gene predictions for miR-1306. Twelve target genes of
Prediction of miRNA target genes and their relation to AD
To confirm the relationship of the three miRNAs to AD we searched for target gene predictions of these miRNAs in the six databases miRBase, microRNA, PicTar, PITA, RNA22, as well as TargetScan (Figure
Additional file 1
List of predicted target genes common in 4 out of 6 DBs. The table shows a list of predicted target genes of miR-103, miR-107, miR-1306. These target genes are either listed in AlzGene DB and target gene of at least one miRNA or target gene of at least two miRNAs (column 3). Beside the gene symbol the Entrez GeneID is given.
Click here for file
Figure 4
Workflow for miRNA target site prediction
Workflow for miRNA target site prediction. Seven databases miRBase, microRNA, PicTar, PITA, RNA22, TargetScan and Tarbase, which is experimentally supported by miRNA targets, are incorporated in the prediction of miRNA target sites. The input is a miRNA and the output is a set of target genes common to four out of six databases. Tarbase contains experimentally supported miRNA targets and not in-silico predicted miRNA binding sites: all miRNA target genes from Tarbase are automatically included in the output of the analysis.
Figure 5
Venn Diagram
Venn Diagram. The Venn diagram shows the significant overlap of the target genes of
Gene ontology
Additionally, we did a Gene Ontology analysis with the predicted target genes of the three miRNAs to validate the functionality of the miRNAs and their involvement to AD. With the help of the literature mining tool Pathway Studio we searched for molecular functions and biological processes common to the target genes of the three miRNAs. The molecular function calcium ion binding is significant in all three miRNA analyses (
Additional file 2
List of enriched target genes of miR-103 in Gene Ontology. The table shows the Gene Ontology entities with enrichment of predicted target genes of miR-103. Additionally a
Click here for file
Additional file 3
List of enriched target genes of miR-107 in Gene Ontology. The table shows the Gene Ontology entities with enrichment of predicted target genes of miR-107. Additionally a
Click here for file
Additional file 4
List of enriched target genes of miR-1306 in Gene Ontology. The table shows the Gene Ontology entities with enrichment of predicted target genes of miR-1306. Additionally a
Click here for file
Literature mining
Furthermore, a network (Figure
Figure 6
Interaction network of miR-103 and miR-107
Interaction network of miR-103 and miR-107. The network (established by Pathway Studio) shows already published interactions between
Experimental validation of bioinformatically predicted miRNAs
To demonstrate that the selected miRNAs 1306, 103 and 107 directly regulate
Figure 7
Experimental validation of selected miRNAs
Experimental validation of selected miRNAs. SH-SY5Y cells were transiently cotransfected with the Gaussia reporter vector harbouring the 3'UTR of ADAM10 downstream of the luciferase coding sequence together with the respective miRNAs.
We established a computational approach for the identification of miRNAs putatively influencing the expression of
Chr = Chromosome; Human = Homo sapiens; Mouse = Mus musculus; Horse = Equus caballus; Dog = Canis lupus familiaris; Chimp = Pan troglodytes; Chicken = Gallus gallus; Rhesus monkey = Macaca mulatta; Zebra fish = Danio rerio; Opossum = Monodelphis domestica; Zebra finch = Taeniopygia guttata.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
RA performed the bioinformatic analyses and wrote the manuscript. RA and DT designed the computational workflow. KE designed the experimental system. SR performed transfection and luciferase reporter assay experiments. SFL and PHK contributed to the planning of the whole project. JH participated in the conception of this work. WW directed the work. DT planed and coordinated the entire project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Bernd Lentes for technical assistance. This work was supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the National Genome Research Network (NGFN), Förderkennzeichen FKZ01GS08130, by the BMBF Project "Kompetenznetzwerk Demenzen - Neurodegeneration" (KNDD, FKZ 01 G1 704) to SFL and WW, by the BMBF Project "Helmholtz Alliance for Mental Health in an Ageing Society" (HelMA, HA215), by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Project SFB 596 TP A 12 and by the NGFN Project (FKZ 01GS08133).
Mechanisms of miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation in animal cells
AU-rich-element-mediated upregulation of translation by FXR1 and Argonaute 2
Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs
Regulation of mRNA translation and stability by microRNAs
Alterations of the microRNA network cause neurodegenerative disease
MicroRNAs and their therapeutic potential for human diseases: aberrant microRNA expression in Alzheimer's disease brains
APP transgenic modeling of Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms of neurodegeneration and aberrant neurogenesis
The role of amyloid precursor protein processing by BACE1, the beta-secretase, in Alzheimer disease pathophysiology
Constitutive and regulated alpha-secretase cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein by a disintegrin metalloprotease
ADAM10 is the physiologically relevant, constitutive alpha-secretase of the amyloid precursor protein in primary neurons
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis – lessons from amyloid precursor protein processing
A disintegrin-metalloproteinase prevents amyloid plaque formation and hippocampal defects in an Alzheimer disease mouse model
Computational methods for microRNA target prediction
Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets
miRBase: tools for microRNA genomics
The microRNA.org resource: targets and expression
Combinatorial microRNA target predictions
The role of site accessibility in microRNA target recognition
A pattern-based method for the identification of MicroRNA binding sites and their corresponding heteroduplexes
The database of experimentally supported targets: a functional update of TarBase
Practical Aspects of microRNA Target Prediction
Optimal computer folding of large RNA sequences using thermodynamics and auxiliary information
Fast and effective prediction of microRNA/target duplexes
RNAhybrid: microRNA target prediction easy, fast and flexible
Complete suboptimal folding of RNA and the stability of secondary structures
MicroRNA targets in Drosophila
Identification of miRNA changes in Alzheimer's disease brain and CSF yields putative biomarkers and insights into disease pathways
The Mouse Genome Database (MGD): mouse biology and model systems
Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0
A new bioinformatics analysis tools framework at EMBL-EBI
Systematic meta-analyses of Alzheimer disease genetic association studies: the AlzGene database
Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology
A guide through present computational approaches for the identification of mammalian microRNA targets
An analysis of human microRNA and disease associations
microRNA expression patterns reveal differential expression of target genes with age
Patterns of microRNA expression in normal and early Alzheimer's disease human temporal cortex: white matter versus gray matter
MicroRNA-related cofilin abnormality in Alzheimer's disease
The expression of microRNA miR-107 decreases early in Alzheimer's disease and may accelerate disease progression through regulation of beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1
Bioinformatics identification of modules of transcription factor binding sites in Alzheimer's disease-related genes by in silico promoter analysis and microarrays
DGCR8 is essential for microRNA biogenesis and silencing of embryonic stem cell self-renewal
The velocardiofacial syndrome in older age: dementia and autistic features
Calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) system in aging and Alzheimer's disease
ER calcium and Alzheimer's disease: in a state of flux
Epigenetics, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer disease
Bridging physiology and pathology in AD
The tumor suppressors p53, p63, and p73 are regulators of microRNA processing complex
Expression of adipose microRNAs is sensitive to dietary conjugated linoleic acid treatment in mice
Fatty acids increase presenilin-1 levels and gamma-secretase activity in PSwt-1 cells
miR-107 regulates granulin/progranulin with implications for traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease
MicroRNAs induced during adipogenesis that accelerate fat cell development are downregulated in obesity
Global microRNA characterization reveals that miR-103 is involved in IGF-1 stimulated mouse intestinal cell proliferation
Constitutive overexpression of CDK2 inhibits neuronal differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells
Role of presenilin-1 in cortical lamination and survival of Cajal-Retzius neurons
Amyloid-beta peptide inhibits activation of the nitric oxide/cGMP/cAMP-responsive element-binding protein pathway during hippocampal synaptic plasticity
MicroRNA gene expression during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia
Disruption of the murine nuclear factor I-A gene (Nfia) results in perinatal lethality, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum
Progression of corpus callosum atrophy in Alzheimer disease
P53-induced microRNA-107 inhibits HIF-1 and tumor angiogenesis
Vascular endothelial growth factor gene variability is associated with increased risk for AD
MicroRNA-122 inhibits tumorigenic properties of pepatocellular carcinoma cells and sensitizes these cells to sorafenib
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


text: Our indifferent, high school-aged waiter paid no attention to our orders. Not surprisingly, several came out wrong; wrong kind of toast, missing flatware, the timing of the food. My husband's Western omelet had a pathetically small dab of tomato-based sauce. He would have asked for more if our waiter hadn't disapparated to Hogwarts. Pumpkin pancakes arrived both bready and gummy.... More

subset: commoncrawl


text:
On my Spiceworks desktop (running the latest - 3.6.31847 and Firefox 3.x), the ticket widgets do not refresh properly. When existing tickets are updated, they are refreshed so they display the icon indicating they were updated, but new tickets do not appear in the list until I manually refresh, either by refreshing the whole page or just using Edit -> Refresh within the widget.
Is this a Spiceworks bug, a browser glitch, or something else? Is there any fix for it?
Jun 16, 2009 at 12:10 UTC
This issue has been fixed for the release of Spiceworks 4.0.
This topic was created during version 3.6.
The latest version is 7.5.00101.
12 Replies
Apr 3, 2009 at 2:26 UTC
What do you have the auto-refresh time (Update Every) set to? Its possible you are not seeing new tickets automatically because the Ticket widget has not refreshed.
Are you saying that no matter how long you wait the new tickets will not appear until you manually refresh?
Apr 3, 2009 at 2:29 UTC
If you are on the Spiceworks Dashboard, and have the Update Every (auto-refresh) time set to 1 minute for the ticket widget, you should see the Ticket Widget update every 1 minute with new info (including new tickets).
Note you should not have to perform a browser refresh of the page.
Apr 3, 2009 at 2:31 UTC
It is set to refresh every minute. I see updates to existing tickets, but never new tickets until I do a manual refresh.
Apr 3, 2009 at 2:50 UTC
Do you have any plugins installed? Some plugins can interface with the Dashboard, and could potentially interfere with other parts of the Dashboard (like the Tickets widget).
Try disabling all plugins if you do have any installed.
Apr 15, 2009 at 1:13 UTC
I disabled my plugins, but it did not make any difference.
Apr 15, 2009 at 9:34 UTC
Have you tested in another browser?
How often do you have Spiceworks set to check for new tickets? (Settings -> Email Settings -> Looking for additional settings? -> Email check interval**) Note if you change the setting as a test you need to restart Spiceworks.
The dashboard widget should refresh without a page/browser refresh. I have confirmed this in Firefox 3.
Apr 19, 2009 at 6:45 UTC
This is in Firefox 3.0.1 (I know, past due to update, but I need to create an MSI since none of the other deployment options I have tried have worked 100%) and I think it is also happening in Firefox 3.0.8 at home.
The new tickets in question are either ones I created in the browser or for which I received an e-mail notification, so the e-mail check for new tickets should be irrelevant.
As noted the widget refresh is half working - I get the circle icon indicating a new comment on an existing ticket, but new tickets don't show up - at least not within the 1 minute specified for the refresh.
Apr 20, 2009 at 12:46 UTC
Have you tested IE7?
but new tickets don't show up - at least not within the 1 minute specified for the refresh.
What do you mean by this? Do new ticket notifications eventually show?
May 21, 2009 at 11:18 UTC
This issue has been confirmed to be absent in IE7.
Related to [http:/
Ticket created with dev.
May 21, 2009 at 11:26 UTC
I think after a very long time - in the range of an hour or more - the widget does eventually display new tickets. However, that is definitely not in line with the 1 minute refresh time I have set.
May 21, 2009 at 12:32 UTC
Can you also confirm that IE7 does pull the new ticket into the widget correctly?
Jun 16, 2009 at 12:10 UTC
This issue has been fixed for the release of Spiceworks 4.0.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
Rob Longworth of HUCK and Little White Lies - London
Our friend, Rob Longworth sent over the Rodney Mullen-cover issue, no. 20 of HUCK Magazine along with a bunch of other great publications that he's involved with over in London, England.
Mahalo, Rob!
On page 78/79, the Piano Pinner in the midst of some awesome decks...
... and on page 24 of the Metro newspaper in London, both HUCK and Little White Lies' collaboration with Geoff McFetridge for "Where The Wild Things Are" is featured. The two separate periodicals linked to create a single piece when connected side by side.
kenny forever
solitary arts
mini skate shop is open
jef hartsel bob lake geoff mcfetridge
is jef hartsel and jay adams
interviews yong-ki chang
our advertisements
in magazines
bob lake
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equal dist. is
yong-ki chang
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is geoff mcfetridge
in atwater village


text:
"You're a piece of weak brats..give up"
Appearance Edit
Chloe is a teenage girl with below average height and built. She has green eyes and medium-short crimson hair. She has natural kitty smile/grin, which is especially noticeable when she's being devious and/or perverted. She has medium bust size.
Personality Edit
Chloe is a strong ice dragon slayer and the only one who can beat Maki and her team mates. Well somehow, the day that Phantom Lord disbanded, she joined Fairy Tail and became a shy woman among all of her 'new' comrades. x791, Chloe apologizes to Maki and the others for calling them weak brats.
After all, after they forgave her, Chloe started a new life with Maki and the others. She is quite a generally bright and cheerful girl, if stubborn teenage girl. She often feels the need to take charge of everything she's involved with, which usually causes her butt heads with James Collins. This behavior hides a more "girlish" side.
Magic and Abilities Edit
Ice Dragon Slayer Magic Is a Caster Type Magic, Lost Magic, and a type of Dragon Slayer Magic related to ice.
- Ice Dragon's Roar - An attack that lets the user shoot out pieces of broken, sharp, jagged ice from their mouth. Along with the ability to cut the opponent, if exposed to the attack to long it will begin to freeze their body.
- Ice Dragon's Diamond Fist - A large amount of ice gathers around the fist of the user as they punches their target.
- Ice Dragon's Brilliant Sword - A sword of ice appears around the arm of the user as they swings at their target.
- Ice Dragon's Freezing Elbow - The elbow of the user becomes made of ice as they attack their target head on.
- Ice Dragon's Freezing Claw - Hands become frozen with ice, as the user swipes at the target in a claw-like fashion, doing massive damage.
- Ice Dragon's Wall - A wall of ice is made from the floor to protect the caster.
- Ice Dragon's Solid Knee - Ice forms around the casters knee as they attack their target, normally aiming for the head or abdomen.
- Ice Dragon's Shield - Caster puts their hands up and creates a shield out of ice to stop in coming attacks.
- Ice Dragon's Wing Attack - Casters hands and arms become made of ice as they chucks his enemy into the air causing heavy damage at the same time.
- Ice Dragon's Cold Wing - Casters arms and hands turn into ice as they swipe at their target with snow and ice causing lots of damage to the enemy.
Secret Arts
- Ice Dragon's Supreme Ice Blizzard - Caster puts both their fists together and fires a huge blast of ice in the form of a giant beam.
- Ice Dragon's Freezing Edge - Caster makes a huge explosion of Ice around them which spreads and hits all their enemy's with in a 50ft radius.
- Ice Dragon's Frozen Blades - Caster makes two swords from ice and uses them to attack their enemy's causing lots of damage to them.
Trivia Edit
- Chloe secretly uses Demon Slayer Magic
Quotes Edit
- (To Maki Crystal, Elisha Solaria, Ayumi Winters) You guys are just a piece of weak brats! Give up!


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Central Board of Secondary Education will broadcast the CBSE Class 10th Board toppers list 2017 along with CBSE Class X result. Board will announce the CBSE toppers state wise and also in all over India and merit rank holders list in 10th class, centurm holders, toppers in each subject, pass percentage separately for boys and girls. Hence Students can find the CBSE 10th toppers list 2017 in this page.
Students can collect their 10th Final marksheet and consolidated certificates after a week of 10th result 2017 is declared. Hence, Students can reach their schools to collect their 10th Annual Marksheet. CBSE 10th students can comment below if they have any doubts regarding cbse class 10 results 2017.
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Surely 21-month-old DS should have cracked this sleeping malarkey by now...???(14 Posts)
DC3 is a delight during the day but a terror at night! After trying literally every sleep method going, including attending a Sleep Clinic, I still cannot get him to sleep through the night.
Basically, he goes off to sleep no problem at all at 7pm but wakes at some point between 9 and midnight. He then usually wakes a couple more times after this. Sometimes he'll go back to sleep after a quick cuddle, other times he might take as long as two hours to settle... We just never know what to expect.
Have considered teething, but since he wakes almost every night, of every week, of every month I am not sure the teeth are always the problem. Controlled crying did not work... And, yes, I am doing it right as it worked for DCs 1 and 2.
We have had nights where he has slept through. And once or twice we have had a four or five-day stint of all-night sleeping, so I know he's capable of it. However, just when we think we've cracked it, he'll revert to type.
I am at the end of my tether and my relationship with DH is really suffering because of the problem as we are always ratty through sleep deprivation! I don't have the energy for any of my DCs during the day either.
Has anyone else had this problem? What did you do?
Yes I've had this problem and can truly sympathise, and no, cc didn't work for us either.
Just wondered if he's been checked for tongue tie as I'm sure this affected my DSs sleep.
Thank you for your reply and sorry to hear you've been in the same boa. I had not even considered tongue tie! What is it?
There some info on it here. Most of the symptoms relate to bfing babies but if you had trouble bfing, he has a lot of wind and he had trouble starting solids (my DS couldn't cope with lumps at all until he was about 9 months), I'd get it checked out.
Thank you Jilted. I have checked out the link, and I do not think this is the problem. DS didn't have any problems with feeding - quite the opposite, in fact! And I can't see anything to suggest he is tongue tied - but I really appreciate your response! Just knowing someone is listening makes a huge difference
Hope you find the answer soon. Have you read the no cry sleep solution for toddlers?
You have my sympathies. I was about to pose a similar question. I have similar troubles with DS2 who has just turned two. I am at my wits' end. He will no longer nap in the day (but he definitely still needs it as he is an absolute eye-drooping, manic head-spinning monster all afternoon as he's so tired). Come bedtime, he will either go to sleep immediately or he'll be so wired it'll take hours. He'll usually wake before midnight, which will then be the start of very regular wakings through the whole night.
I just don't know what to do. I am so miserable because I'm just so exhausted. He's a live wire all day and a nightmare all night.
DS1 started sleeping through regularly by about 18 months, so I guess I had an expectation of something similar with DS2 but he sleeps (ha!) worse now than he ever has.
I am sorry that I've been of no help to you, but just want you to know that you're not alone...
stuffed are you able to take him into your bed for a nap or will he sleep in the car? My dd went through a spare of nap refusal at this age but I could usually get her off with one of those 2 things, especially if she'd had a busy morning and a big lunch
Hi jilted, no sadly DS2 never falls asleep in the car, ever. I can't get my bedroom dark enough in the day, so we sit in his room which is blacked-out. I'll nurse him, get him sleepy, then as soon as I go to leave he's wide awake and very very cross. When DH is here to keep an eye on DS2 (who is 3), I can sit with DS2 for an hour, and he just won't fall asleep.
Sorry, meant keep an eye on DS1
That must be so tough. There are some good suggestion here. Hope one of them helps
We had one of those. He woke at twice a night if not more and once he was wide awake he was awake for exactly 1 hour 50 minutes - you could set your watch by it. He didn't sleep much during the day and basically took one 20 minute nap during the day from he was 6 weeks until he was 22 months. Wouldn't sleep in the car and basically had to be walked for about an hour before he would fall asleep. He also woke early and went to bed late- he just didn't need much sleep.
At 16 months we had had enough so in the end we bought a double bed for his room and at the first peep one of us would go in take him from the cot get into the double bed which had bed guards and he was in his sleeping bag. Then go back to sleep. After a few weeks or so this stopped him from wakening more than once per night and if you got in early enough he would go back to sleep. This continued until he was 2.4 when suddenly he just started sleeping through. From then on he's been a fab sleeper. I think he just had to break the habit.
We tried everything before that including a bit of cc or in his case controlled shouting. Thing was he didn't need much sleep so going back to sleep wasn't really an option as far as he was concerned or he would make himself vomit. My MIL kept saying we were making a rod for our own backs but really we had to do something to make life more manageable and it worked for us.
I feel for you it is really awful - I still feel a bit ill when I remember how exhausted I was.
More sympathy and empathy from me but I'm afraid no suggestions. DD (DC2) 21 months and all over the place. CC worked for her when she was a bit younger but not now. And she won't fall asleep apart from in cot in darkened room.
What time is your nap RainbowBob? And what time were you trying stuffedcrusty? We've just recently pushed it forward to 1 from 12ish (which is pretty late given how early DD often gets up, and much later than DS until he was pretty much dropping it) and DD is falling asleep within seconds, rather than crazy faffing. Pity the same isn't true of bedtime.
I don't know about you guys, but I feel more resentful as DD isn't my first. (a) I feel like I should know vaguely what I'm doing and (b) I've DS to look after too (hats off to you Rainbow for having to deal with 3 - totally beyond me).
Hello all, thanks for your replies - it's great to know I have your sympathy, but I am sorry to hear some of you are suffering too. It's crap, isn't it?
Jilted, no I have not tried the No Cry Sleep Solution! Just checked it out on Amazon - does it work?
Suchanamateur, DC usually has a nap at about 10.30am and it tends to last for about one hour to 90 minutes. He is exhausted by this time, and actually asks me sometimes for a "nap". I have tried cutting out the nap, but this makes no difference to the night sleeping. In fact, if anything, it makes it worse.
Stuffed, so sorry to hear about your sleeping problem! I know what you mean about exhaustion making you miserable - it's horrible. And I look a complete wreck - I didn't need a costume this hallowe'en, that's for sure. I don't know about you, but I just wish I could find the cause of the issue and then I could at least deal with it. DC is talking a bit now and will try to tell me what is wrong but last night he complained of something different each time I went in. First he wanted his bear, then was complaining his head was too close to the headboard(!!), then he wanted a drink.... So I am starting to wonder if he's just having me on!
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text:
2015-16 MDD Board
Greetings from the MDD President, Victor Ashear
Greetings from the Mountain Desert District of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations! The Mountain Desert District is geographically the largest district of the Unitarian Universalist Association, encompassing Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and parts of Nebraska, Texas, and Idaho. We have 53 congregations, large and small, ready to welcome you, whatever your ethnicity, sexual preference or status, age, religious or spiritual beliefs, or any other facet of your individuality. Unitarian Universalists everywhere, as well as in the Mountain Desert District, are united by the values of love, and the inherent worth and dignity of every person.
Come, join us to continue to stand on the side of love!
MDD Board Members
To send a message to the Board, email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Victor Ashear
UU Fellowship of Sheridan WY[/ezcol_1half]
[ezcol_1half_end]VICE PRESIDENT
Judy Bentley
First Unitarian Church of Albuquerque, NM[/ezcol_1half_end]
Joanie Packard
South Valley UU Society[/ezcol_1half]
Will Kropp
UU Church of Boulder CO[/ezcol_1half_end]
[ezcol_1half]TRUSTEE AT LARGE & MINISTERIAL REPRESENTATIVE
Reverend Laurel Liefert
Namaqua UU Church of Loveland CO[/ezcol_1half]
[ezcol_1half_end]DISTRICT EXECUTIVE
Rev. Nancy Bowen (ex-officio)[/ezcol_1half_end]


text:
From its county population in 2000 of 43735 to its current population estimate of 52027, the county has experienced a growth change of 8292.
Created by the Georgia Constitution of February 5, 1777, it is the state's eighth original county. Camden County combined the colonial parishes of St. Thomas and St. Mary with lands ceded by the Creek Indians.
Camden County is named for Charles Pratt, earl of Camden (1714-94), chief justice and lord chancellor of England who supported the American colonies before the Revolution (1775-83).
The creation of the Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base has had the largest impact on the growth of Camden County. Construction on the naval base began in 1978, and it was operational a year later.
Points of Interest
Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base, located at St. Marys, in Camden County, is the home port for the Atlantic Fleet's most modern ballistic submarines. In 1980 the location was selected as the East Coast refit facility and training command for the navy's flee
The growing population in the county after the opening of Kings Bay resulted in the establishment of the Camden Residence Center, a satellite campus of the College of Coastal Georgia.
Gilman Park in St Marys
Downtown St Marys
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text:
Power Management Institute
Uttar Pradesh
Total Students
Fees Range
How to reach
Power Management Institute is situated at Plot No.5-14,Sector-16A, Distt.: Gautambudh Nagar (UP), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India- 201301 in Noida.
Courses Offered
- 3 Days
- Bachelor of Homoeopathic Medicine and Surgery-B.H.M.S.
- Medicine / Beauty / Health Care
- 3 Days
- Bachelor of Science-B.Sc.
- Engineering
- 3 Days
- Certificate
- Information Technology - BCA / MCA / Computers
- 3 Days
- Certificate
- Information Technology - BCA / MCA / Computers
Power Management Institute - PMI
Power Management Institute (PMI) offers courses mainly in the domain of Management. The institute is a venture of NTPC and was established in the year 1999 after comprehending the importance of power management in the country. The institute is one of its kind and seeks to provide quality education in the field of power management. The institute aims at providing world class training to the power professionals in order to meet the challenges of the issues in power management. The institute currently conducts 8 different programs of power management and aims ambitiously at stretching it to 200 diverse programs in order to meet the new challenges. The institute produces quality power professionals to meet the requirements across the nation. The Power Management Institute is commited to be a leading institute in developing world-class competencies by providing a state-of-the-art training, which responds to and proactively meets the needs of the power professionals. The academic and computing needs of the Institute are met through a campus wide Local Area Network which supports and integrates all the computing facilities of three computer labs, faculty and administrative offices. The centralized computer labs are eqipped with compaq severs & have capacity to train about fifty participants simultaneously, catering to both high end as well as end user needs on Windows NT, Novell Netware and Unix platforms. Internet connectivity is extended throughout the campus through a dedicated 64 kbps radio-link which is being upgraded to 128 kbps.
Nearby Hangout
|Food & Entertainment
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|Shopping / Daily Needs Shop
|Bank / ATM
|* Information provided by students
Why join Power Management Institute
Received the International Star Award for Quality in the Gold Category at Geneva, (Switzerland)
Well equipped with all the modern facilities.
4 Type Courses Available
- 2 UG Courses
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Power Management Institute Placements
Power Management Institute Noida provides 100% placement support to its students.
Visiting Companies
Student Placement
Power Management Institute provides technically sophisticated training with a state of art infrastructure. The institute is equipped with all the modern facilities, of which the major ones are Conference Rooms, Seminar Rooms,Computing facility equipped with modern teaching aids and Local Area Network (LAN) connectivity.
Nearby popular spots within 5 KM from the campus
|Desi Vibes (Restaurant)
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|The Great India Place (Shopping Mall)
|Axis Bank (Bank)
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B. pharma Shubham Kumar Asked this 1 year, 1 month ago - India
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text:
Thank you for all that you do, for us, Jim. I sent in new donation.
It came in by Paypal on a different addy.
Thank you very much, Christie at the beach!!
Woo hoo!!
And this just in:
$100.00 from Texas
$50.00 from Michigan
$50.00 from California
$50.00 from Never Never Land
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Less than $15k to go!!
We are the resistance!!


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Submit News
New Sheldon Adelson-Backed Anti-Online Gambling Bill Introduced
Tiffany Kaiser
March 27, 2014 3:47 PM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
It restores the old interpretation of the U.S. Wire Act
The legalization of internet gambling is a debate that could soon take a turn as new legislation -- backed by Sheldon Adelson -- has been proposed.
According to
The Hill
, Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-SC) and Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-UT) have introduced joint legislation that would ban all Internet gambling in the United States (except fantasy sports and horse racing).
This new bill is based on the old interpretation of the U.S. Wire Act, which made online gambling illegal. However, in 2011, a decision by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) legalized online gambling once again -- giving the Wire Act a new interpretation.
Sen. Graham believes the fact that a judge's decision was used to legalize online gambling instead of the legislative branch was unacceptable.
"If you want to have online gambling, then come to the Congress," said Sen. Graham. "Let's have a debate."
Since the DOJ decision, U.S. states like Nevada, Delaware, and New Jersey have legalized online gambling.
Sheldon Adelson [SOURCE: ABC News]
The bill has a lot of support, including Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), who said that online gambling sites don't screen for underage gamblers and do nothing to prevent/take care of fraud, criminal acts or money laundering. The bill is also supported by Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah) and Sen. Kelly Ayotte (R-N.H.)
But one of the main forces behind the bill is Sheldon Adelson, who owns the Las Vegas Sands Corp. and opposes online gaming because it could be harmful to children.
"The fact that Sheldon is on board is a good thing, but I'm doing this because this is ... what I feel like I should do," said Sen. Graham.
Those who support online gambling say that it should be legal, but regulated to prevent gambling addictions.
Former Reps. Mary Bono (R-Calif.) and Mike Oxley (R-Ohio), chairmen of the Coalition for Consumer and Online Protection, said the online gambling ban would reduce consumer protections because it would cause the black market to "thrive" and make people less safe online.
The bill is to be introduced this week.
The Hill
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text:
|Frying in the oil just like in the book. I did this part while they watched from a safe distance.
|Finished donuts, rolled in cinnamon sugar.
|Miss M and The Bug enjoying the donuts we made.
We used plain cubes not wrapped as our control. The kids were surprised to see that the wood shavings did indeed keep the ice from melting for several hours.


text:
Urgot Build Guide by pIEROK
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Urgot Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Chapter 1
Just try and post ur opinion. I dont want to explain anything becouse of my language mistakes.
All in all i think this build gives u nice lane control even on solo top.
Mana regen allows u to spammin with acid hunter and cd reduction gives you a huge advantage in early game esp. on solo top and mid laning
Now go and remember - You have to punish


text:
You can achieve the best results by applying 2-3 pumps onto your fingers and then massaging it into the face and neck.
Our most popular questions have been compiled below for your convenience to make your experience with Lancôme as enjoyable as possible.
Lancôme is dedicated to providing you with a superior level of customer service.
The product was added to your wishlistGo to wishlist


text:
Anyway, for the last 2 weeks, I've been designing, sketching and 3D modelling my new Colossus. I haven't quite decided on a naming convention, so it is called the First Production Colossus at the moment. I am calling this Build Log 1 although it is already Week 3.
In this video, I describe my thought and design process, taking into consideration production limitations, to create variety and individualization in the toy. How I am separating the design into a base or chassis, a distinct shape for the faction/nation, common weapon attachment points and gubbinz, small pieces of details that add character and flavour.
I'll hopefully be able to start 3D printing and getting quotations soon.


text:
ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
Sacor Financial1911 Douglas Blvd 85-126 Roseville, California United States of America
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 03/04/2012 11:41 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/sacor-financial/roseville-california-/sacor-financial-national-credit-acceptance-buys-collection-from-their-old-company-tht-was-848717. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report. READ: Foreign websites steal our content
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text:
One of DePalm Tours' most memorable offerings, the Atlantis Submarines Expedition, allows guests to take the plunge aboard a fully functional submarine that dives to a depth of 130 feet below the water's surface. These submarines are US Coast Guard approved, making for a safe and memorable experience.
Leaving conveniently out of Oranjestad, guests embark a shuttle boat that will take them out to the submarine, where they will climb aboard and "down the hatch". Once aboard, guests can head over to the many windows that give a panoramic view of the surrounding waters. This mobile aquarium will then take guests to sunken ships and and other places around the island so that they can get a good view of the underwater world around Aruba.
The price per adult for the Atlantis Submarines Expedition is $105 USD, while children have a reduced fee of $79.
Tours depart from Oranjestad at 11:00am and last around and hour and fifty minutes.
Located in the heart of downtown Oranjestad, Atlantis Submarines is a good choice if you're going to be staying in this neighborhood.
The easiest way to purchase tickets is to talk to the concierge at you hotel, or to purchase them online. However, if you do want to purchase them in person, you can find them at the Atlantis Adventure Center on the De Palm Pier, located between the Riu Palace and Radisson hotels.
Location: L G Smith Blvd 142 , downtown Oranjestad, Aruba
Phone: (297) 522-4400
Website: http://www.depalmtours.com/atlantis-submarines-expedition
Email: email@example.com
Help us improve! We welcome your corrections and suggestions.


text:
Discussion in 'XenForo Questions and Support' started by bmx_atvman, May 25, 2014.
Title says it all, how do I increase this?
This is controlled by the "Maximum Message Length" option.
Right, found it, thanks!
Where is it? I was unable to locate.
Edit: Nevermind. Just found it
Separate names with a comma.


text:
starry adjective (WITH STARS)
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
(Definition of "starry" from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
(Definition of "starry" from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Get a quick, free translation!
Create and share your own word lists and quizzes for free!
More meanings of "starry"
Word of the Day
friendly and pleasant to be with


text:
[super] fats sports book [476Y] download now
About fats sports book
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Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us and over one million other books are available for Amazon Kindle. Learn moreKiss cellulite goodbye! The Fat Flush® Plan melts fat from hips, waist, and thighs in just two weeks and re-shapes your body while detoxifying your system.NEW from the author of Burn the Fat, Feed the Muscle: The Burn the Fat Online Body Transformation System2015 Fat Cyclist Gear Available for Pre-Order! 03.16.2015 | 12:18 pm. A Note from Fatty: If you just want to get straight to the ordering already, click here.The body fat percentage of a human or other living being is the total mass of fat divided by total body mass; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat.A saturated fat is a fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual ...AskMen's Health & Sports channel brings you all the health, sports and fitness advice you need.Find coupons and promo codes for discounts at thousands of storesPromotes, encourages and motivates Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports. Includes details of the President's Challenge award ...7/19/2006 · Strength training for healthy women is endorsed by the American College of Sports Medicine 1 and has many beneficial effects on health 2,3 while also ...
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text:
The Battle of Waterloo was a battle in the War of Napoleonic Succession fought between August 30-September 1, 1845 near the village of Waterloo in present-day Wallonia. The battle pitted the pro-Napoleonic divisions of the Grand Armée under Giscard Scarainge and Theodosius von Kiel against the pro-Louisian forces under Ricard Murburrien, Pascal Giles and Otto Franken. While fought to a draw the first two days, on September 1 the Louisian forces broke through the right flank of von Kiel's IV Corps with heavy artillery fire and a cavalry charge authorized by Murburrien and led by Gerhardt Behrmann. Von Kiel surrendered his IV Corps that afternoon, ostensibly to cover Scarainge's retreat out of Wallonia.
The battle is significant as it prevented the Imperial counterattack against Brussels, which was near Waterloo by road, from succeeding, buying time for the seven Russian divisions under Prince Marcel Bonaparte to safely arrive into France without fear of an attack from the north through Wallonia or Holland. In defeating the IV and VII Corps at Waterloo, Murburrien effectively ended the war, although this significance was unknown at the time, for the Imperial Grand Armée remained in retreat towards Paris up until the final battle at Dugny a month later.


text:
Senator Joseph Lieberman (I-CT) issued the statement below today about the announcement of a ceasefire in Gaza:
"The announcement of an apparent ceasefire in Gaza is a welcome and important development, and I hope and pray that it marks the first step towards a broader framework for sustainable security and stability in the region.
"The fundamental reason for the fighting in Gaza this past week was the campaign of indiscriminate rocket attacks against Israel this year, launched by Palestinian extremist groups in Gaza, armed by their Iranian government sponsors. It is these extremist forces -- in Gaza and Iran -- who bear responsibility for the tragic deaths and injuries of innocent Israelis and Palestinians alike, and who will continue to pose the preeminent threat to the peace and security that both Israelis and Palestinians deserve.
"Now that a ceasefire has been declared, it is critical to ensure that the destabilizing flow of weapons into Gaza is stopped so that the extremists there cannot rearm. I urge the Obama Administration to intensify our security cooperation with our Middle Eastern partners to disrupt these transnational smuggling networks -- including the Governments of Egypt and Libya, whose own security and sovereignty is threatened by these weapons.
"I am also encouraged by the constructive contributions of President Morsi and his government in brokering this ceasefire. The events of the past week offer hopeful signs that Egypt's new government is prepared to be the responsible regional leader that the Middle East needs, and -- just as importantly -- that it is critical for the United States to remain closely engaged with the Egyptians, at the highest level, if we want them to continue down this path.
"Most of all, the achievement of a ceasefire is a powerful and timely reminder of the indispensable leadership America must exercise in the Middle East, because our nation continues to have vital national interests there. I commend President Obama and Secretary Clinton for their direct personal engagement in working with key regional actors towards a ceasefire, and for their steadfast support of Israel's right to self-defense.
"The conduct of the United States in recent days demonstrates powerfully why it is a false choice to suggest the United States must focus on either the Middle East or Asia-Pacific, at the expense of the other. The truth is, American leadership is indivisible and indispensable in both parts of the world: the President can attend a summit with our Asian partners at the same time he engages with our Middle Eastern allies to achieve a ceasefire in Gaza. This is also a moment of unprecedented possibility in both regions, as tectonic changes like the rise of China and the Arab Spring mean the future for Asians and Middle Easterners has never been more open or uncertain. From Egypt to Burma, and from Syria to the South China Sea, the demand -- and the need -- for strong, principled American leadership has never been greater."
Source: http://www.lieberman.senate.gov/index.cfm/news-events/news/2012/11/lieberman-statement-on-gaza-ceasefire


text:
Using Biodiesel Fuel in Your Engine
Biodiesel is an engine fuel that is created by chemically reacting fatty acids and alcohol. Practically speaking, this usually means combining vegetable oil with methanol in the presence of a catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide). Biodiesel is much more suitable for use as an engine fuel than straight vegetable oil for a number of reasons, the most notable one being its lower viscosity. Many large and small producers have begun producing biodiesel, and the fuel can now be found in many parts of Pennsylvania and beyond either as "pure biodiesel"or a blended mixture with traditional petroleum diesel (e.g., B5 is 5 percent biodiesel, 95 percent petroleum diesel).
The process of making biodiesel is simple enough that farmers can consider producing biodiesel to meet their own needs by growing and harvesting an oil crop and converting it into biodiesel. In this way, farmers are able to "grow"their own fuel (see the Penn State Cooperative Extension publication Biodiesel Safety and Best Management Practices for Small-Scale Noncommercial Production). There are many possible reasons to grow or use biodiesel, including economics, support of local industry, and environmental considerations.
However, there is also a great deal of concern about the effect of biodiesel on engines. Many stories have been circulating about reduced performance, damage to key components, or even engine failures that are blamed on biodiesel. Some manufacturers are wary about honoring their warrantees on engines if biodiesel is used, while others are encouraging the use of biodiesel. Given the wide array of confusing reports, understanding the truth of the matter is not easy.
Fortunately, quite a bit of careful research exists and continues on testing the performance of biodiesel in engines, both in laboratory conditions and in real-world operating conditions. These controlled studies clear up much of the confusion about using biodiesel and can be used as a reliable guide to the real performance of biodiesel fuel in engines.
Engine Performance Using Biodiesel
While we don't know everything about its performance, it is safe to say that good-quality biodiesel fuel generally performs well in engines. Several of the more important points to keep in mind are as follows:
- Engine power: engine power and torque tend to be 3 to 5 percent lower when using biodiesel. This is due to the fact that biodiesel fuel has less energy per unit volume than traditional diesel fuel.
- Fuel efficiency: fuel efficiency tends to be slightly lower when using biodiesel due to the lower energy content of the fuel. Typically, the drop-off is in the same range as the reduction in peak engine power (3–5 percent).
- Engine wear: short-term engine wear when using biodiesel has been measured to be less than that of petroleum diesel. While long-term tests have not been published, engines are expected to experience less wear in the long run when using biodiesel.
- Deposits and clogging: deposits and clogging due to biodiesel have been widely reported but are generally traceable to biodiesel that is either of low quality or has become oxidized. If fuel quality is high, deposits in the engine should not normally be a problem.
- Pollution from engine exhaust: biodiesel results in much less air pollution due to its higher oxygen content and lack of both "aromatic compounds"and sulfur. The one exception to this is nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, which tend to be slightly higher when using biodiesel. Proper tuning of the engine can minimize this problem, however.
- Cold-weather performance: similar to petroleum diesel, engines tested in cold weather typically experience significant problems with operation caused primarily by clogging of the filters and/or coking of the injectors. The use of flow-improving additives and "winter blends"of biodiesel and kerosene has proved effective at extending the range of operating temperatures for biodiesel fuel. Pure biodiesel tends to operate well at temperatures down to about 5°C (this varies noticeably depending on the type of oil used). Additives typically reduce that range by about 5 to 8 degrees, while winter blends have proved effective at temperatures as low as -20°C and below.
Biodiesel Quality is Vital
It is important not to confuse the performance of high-quality biodiesel with the performance of low-quality biodiesel. The difference can be tremendous, and producers that do not pay careful attention to their process are almost guaranteed to end up with poor-quality biodiesel. Proper fuel quality and care are vital for all engine fuels, and this is certainly true for biodiesel.
The most common problems with fuel quality are (1) the biodiesel may contain some "unconverted"vegetable oil (incomplete processing), (2) traces of chemicals from the making of the biodiesel (e.g., methanol, lye) can remain in the biodiesel, (3) products of the reaction (e.g., glycerin, soaps) may not be completely removed from the biodiesel, (4) excess water that is used to"wash"the fuel may be left in the biodiesel fuel, and (5) the fuel can polymerize/oxidize due to long-term storage or exposure to moderate to high temperatures.
The impact of poor-quality biodiesel will probably not be immediately noticeable in the operation of your engine, but over time deposits, corrosion, and damage can accumulate until your engine catastrophically fails. It is not easy to detect the difference between good- and poor-quality biodiesel, and the laboratory tests that are required are quite expensive. Some low-cost test kits are commercially available, and while they are not as accurate as a test from a qualified laboratory, they show promise for providing a low-cost alternative. The primary standard for biodiesel fuel quality in the United States is ASTM standard D6751, which requires that the fuel pass a wide array of tests before it is deemed to be satisfactory. If you purchase biodiesel commercially, you should insist that the fuel be certified to meet the standard. Small-scale producers should at least consider investing in a test kit.
Possible Engine Problems when Using Biodiesel
Many problems have been reported by people using biodiesel fuel. Careful investigation indicates that most of these difficulties can be attributed to poor-quality biodiesel fuel and are almost identical to the problems caused by low-quality petroleum diesel. However, some of the problems (primarily cold-weather problems) are not due to poor fuel quality but are related to the inherent properties of biodiesel fuel. Fortunately, most of these problems can be avoided or minimized. Common engine problems when using biodiesel, their possible causes, and their solutions are presented below. This list is not meant to serve as an exhaustive repair manual but rather to give a sense of some of the performance issues related to biodiesel fuel.
Deposits on injectors affect fuel spray pattern. The most common symptoms are misfiring or hard starting. This is most likely caused by either cold-weather operation with partially solidified fuel, or by fuel that was not completely trans- formed from oil to biodiesel.Vegetable oil has a tendency to form deposits on the injectors, especially when the engine is running at part load.
Have the injectors cleaned by a qualified mechanic—the precise nature of injectors makes these parts difficult to clean unless you have specialized training and equipment. Low-temperature flow-improving additives can be used to improve the fuel's operation in cold conditions and to help avoid this problem in the future.You should also check to make sure the fuel is free of contaminants and has been fully transformed from oil to biodiesel.
Deposits in injector pump (varnish and gums) affect performance. The most common symptoms are hard starting, decreased power, and misfiring. This can be caused either by biodiesel fuel that has been incompletely transformed, or by biodiesel fuel that has partially oxidized.
Have the injector pump cleaned by a qualified mechanic. As with the injectors, this job is not practical for the home mechanic due to the precise nature of the pump's components.
Lubrication oil becomes diluted, leading to rising oil levels, loss of oil pressure, and/or worn bearings. This is often due to excessive blow-by in the cylinder from a poor fuel spray pattern and/or worn rings.
Monitor your lubrication oil regularly, and take corrective action if any signs of dilution occur.
Engine either refuses to start in cold weather or runs only a few seconds after starting. The filter has probably become clogged with particles of solidified biodiesel.
You could wait for springtime to arrive, or possibly try warming the fuel filter—12-volt jacket heaters are available. "De-icer" additives for petroleum diesel can be used for biodiesel as well. If you live in a cold climate, you should consider either using an additive designed to improve the fuel's cold-weather properties, or else install a "preheater" to warm up your fuel tank and filter. It may be necessary to winterize your fuel by blending biodiesel with either kerosene or winter-grade petroleum diesel during the coldest months of the year. Experience at Penn State's farm has been that if tractors are stored in a warm garage (above freezing), they tend to start easily and operate well throughout the day, even when outdoor air temperatures are quite low.
Fuel leaking from fuel line. Biodiesel is a very effective solvent for some materials, including certain types of elastomer (e.g., Buna Nitrile rubber).
Before using biodiesel fuel in your engine, confirm that the engine is "rated for biodiesel use,"which means that the materials are all compatible with biodiesel fuel. Otherwise, you will need to locate all materials in the engine (i.e., seals and hoses) that can be degraded by biodiesel and replace them with biodiesel-rated components. This can be quite a chore. Usually, components that are made from "fluoro-elastomers" (e.g.,Viton or Teflon) can be considered safe for use in a biodiesel engine.
Fuel filter clogs, but not due to cold weather. There are three main possibilities: your biodiesel fuel quality is low, leading to formation of resins or gels in the fuel system; algae are building up in your tank; or the biodiesel is "scouring" older deposits out of the sludge that typically builds up in the bottom of old fuel tanks. Operators who switch from petroleum diesel to biodiesel are more likely to experience this problem since older vehicles that have used petroleum diesel for many years are likely to have quite a bit of deposits in the fuel tank.
If the problem is caused by low-quality fuel, correct this problem by using only ASTM-certified fuel. If the problem is caused by algae, an algaecide additive can be helpful. Also, simple measures such as filling your fuel tank at the end of the day can reduce moisture levels in the fuel and inhibit the growth of algae. If you are just switching to biodiesel after years of using petroleum diesel, you will need to change filters often at first, as the biodiesel loosens deposits from the inside of your fuel tank and engine. In extreme cases, you may need to have your fuel tank thoroughly cleaned or replaced before adding the next tank of biodiesel.
Does Engine Type Matter?
Not all diesel engines are the same. Each manufacturer's design includes some unique features that may affect its performance when using biodiesel. This issue is not clearly understood at present. However, modern diesel engines are sufficiently similar in that the differences in performance are expected to be minimal, provided that the materials used in the engine are all compatible with biodiesel.
The same, however, may not be true of older engines, especially those that do not use the common-rail ignition systems that are almost universally used today. Some tests have indicated that old, indirect injection engines experience fewer difficulties when using biodiesel fuel and even show promise for running on straight vegetable oil that has not been chemically processed into biodiesel. The potential may exist for examining older engine designs for clues as to how to best create engines for biodiesel use. Some older engines use seals and hoses manufactured from "Buna N"rubber, which can be dissolved by biodiesel. Be sure to check on this and replace if necessary before switching to biodiesel.
Engine Care When Running on Biodiesel
Generally, biodiesel fuel should be able to be used interchangeably with traditional diesel. However, some manufacturers recommend that you reduce the maintenance interval (often by 50 percent) to ensure that filters remain unclogged and the lubrication oil remains in good shape. However, it is important to consult the manufacturer of your engine for specific recommendations.
Also, because of biodiesel's tendency to oxidize, you should exercise care if you are planning to store your engine for any period of time. It may be appropriate to drain the engine of all fuel before storage, change back to petroleum diesel before storage, or alternately add a fuel stabilizer.
High-quality biodiesel fuel that is properly cared for should result in a lifetime of excellent performance. In general, it can be used in exactly the same manner as petroleum diesel fuel. The one notable exception is during cold-weather conditions, when biodiesel tends to"gel up"sooner than traditional diesel fuel. Many additives are available on the market that can help safeguard the quality and improve the cold-weather performance of biodiesel, and their use is one option for improving the performance of the fuel when using biodiesel. However, using a "winter fuel blend" is the recommended approach for the severe winter conditions experienced in Pennsylvania.
The quality of the fuel is extremely important, however, and poor-quality fuel can have many negative effects on an engine. To protect against this, any biodiesel fuel that you use should comply with the appropriate standard for use (i.e., ASTM Standard D6751).
For additional information, please refer to the following Penn State Cooperative Extension fact sheets and reports:
- Biodiesel: A Renewable, Domestic Energy Resource
- Renewable and Alternative Energy Fact Sheet: What's So Different about Biodiesel Fuel?
- Making Your Own Biodiesel: Brief Procedures and Safety Precautions
- Biodiesel Safety and Best Management Practices for Small-Scale Noncommercial Production
- Agarwal, A. K., J. Bijwe, and L. Das. "Wear Assessment in a Biodiesel-Fueled Compression Ignition Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125 (2003): 820–26.
- Bhale, P., N. Deshpande, and S. Thombre. "Improving the Low Temperature Properties of Biodiesel Fuel." Renewable Energy (2008): 1–7.
- Cambray, G. "Helping Biodiesel Become Unstuck." Science in Africa, December 2007.
- Cetinkaya, M.,Y. Ulusoy,Y. Tekin, and F. Karaosmanoglu. "Engine and Winter Road Test Performances of Used Cooking Oil Originated Biodiesel." Energy Conversion and Management 46 (2005): 1279–91.
- Fernando, S., P. Karra, R. Hernandez, and S. K. Jha. "Effect of Incompletely Converted Soybean Oil on Biodiesel Quality." Energy 32 (2007): 844–51.
- Flitney, R. 2007. "Which Elastomer Seal Materials Are Suitable for Use in Biofuels?" Sealing Technology 9 (2007): 8–11.
- Graboski, M., and R. McCormick. "Combustion of Fat and Vegetable Oil Derived Fuels in Diesel Engines." Progress in Energy Combustion Science 24 (1998): 125–64.
- Hancsok, J., M. Bubalik, A. Beck, and J. Baladincz. "Development of Multifunctional Additives Based on Vegetable Oils for High-Quality Diesel and Biodiesel." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 86 (2008): 793–99.
- Knothe, G. "Dependence of Biodiesel Fuel Properties on the Structure of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters." Fuel Processing Technology 86 (2005): 1059–70.
- Lapuerta, M., O. Armas, and J. Rodrıguez-Fernandez. "Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on Diesel Engine Emissions." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 34 (2008): 198–223.
- Ryan, T., L. Dodge, and T. Callahan. "The Effects of Vegetable Oil Properties on Injection and Combustion in Two Different Diesel Engines." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 61, no. 10 (1984): 1610–19.
- Sharma,Y., B. Singh, and S. Upadhyay. "Advancements in Development and Characterization of Biodiesel: A Review." Fuel 87 (2008): 2355–73.
- Zheng, M., M. Mulenga, G. Reader, M. Wang, D. Ting, and J. Tjong. "Biodiesel Engine Performance and Emissions in Low Temperature Combustion." Fuel 87 (2008): 714–22.
- Penn State Renewable and Alternative Energy Program
- Penn State Biomass Energy Center
Prepared by Daniel Ciolkosz, extension associate, Penn State Biomass Energy Center and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Reviewed by Joseph Perez, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dennis Buffington, Department Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Glen Cauffman, Penn State Farm Services
Download Publication
Order Publication
TitleUsing Biodiesel Fuel in Your Engine
SeriesRenewable and Alternative Energy Fact Sheet
This publication is available in alternative media on request.
Contact Information
- Assistant Professor and Research Associate


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Mensagem de Erro.Asked by creativedp on March 06, 2015 at 01:10 PM
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Cristina Comencini
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Cristina Comencini
8 May 1956
|Film director, screenwriter, novelist
|Years active
|1982 - present
Cristina Comencini (born 8 May 1956) is an Italian film director, screenwriter and novelist.
She is one of four daughters of Italian film director Luigi Comencini. She attended with her sisters le Lycée français Chateaubriand (Rome).[1]
Cristina Comencini's 2005 film The Beast in the Heart, based on her own novel La bestia nel cuore, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Her upcoming film When the Night, also based on her own novel and published in the United States by Other Press, is scheduled to compete in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival in September.[2]
- Zoo, 1989
- La fine è nota, 1993
- Va' dove ti porta il cuore, 1996
- Matrimoni, 1998
- Liberate i pesci!, 2000
- The Best Day of My Life (Il più bel giorno della mia vita), 2002
- La mia mano destra, 2005
- The Beast in the Heart (La bestia nel cuore), 2005
- Black and White, 2008
- Due partite, 2009
- When the Night (Quando la notte), 2011
- Latin Lover, 2015
Books in Translation[edit]
- The Missing Pages, 1994
- When the Night, published by Other Press, 2012
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cristina Comencini.
- Cristina Comencini on IMDb
- Official Website (Italian)
- Speciale Cristina Comencini su Locanda Almayer
|This article about an Italian film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This biographical article about an Italian writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
- 1956 births
- Living people
- Italian women film directors
- Italian film directors
- Italian screenwriters
- 20th-century Italian novelists
- 21st-century Italian novelists
- Italian women writers
- Writers from Rome
- Film directors from Rome
- Women novelists
- 21st-century women writers
- 20th-century women writers
- Italian film director stubs
- Italian writer stubs


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John Cena and Brock Lesnar have lost a lot of sleep the past few weeks due to their opponents at Wrestlemania. It's not that they can't handle the in-ring ability of their foes, but it's the fact both have gotten into the minds and psyche of each super star. Neither is having it worse than the other, but it's fun to think who is better at playing mind games.
Brock Lesnar wanted to make an impact at Wrestlemania. He wanted a WWE World Heavyweight Championship shot, but instead got The Undertaker. Cena was hand-chosen as well, becoming the next victim of the Wyatt Family.
Undertaker and Bray Wyatt have a lot in common despite a two-decade gap in experience. They're not just physical forces inside the ring. They have the ability to freak out their opponent heading into matches, giving them an early advantage before the bell even sounds.
For over two decades, Undertaker has made his mark on the WWE. He's shown inhuman ability when he first debuted, being powered by an urn carried by the late Paul Bearer. Then he had to exercise his own demons when he faced his half-brother Kane, leading him into his darkest era of evil when he fronted the Ministry of Darkness.
Undertaker's rebirth as the American Badass began the evolution process and maturity of his persona as the WWE shifted gears. Now he is back to being the Dead Man, and he has ultimately achieved the healthy balance between a badass and pure evil.
Three weeks ago, Brock Lesnar stood in the middle of the ring with Paul Heyman. They were not granted a WWE title match at Mania with Randy Orton and Batista already set (this coming prior to the involvement of Daniel Bryan and Triple H). Instead, they were handed a contract to wrestle any match they wanted, which Heyman and Lesnar said no thanks to. As they were leaving the ring, Undertaker's gong tolled.
Taker, cloaked in darkness, came to the ring to approach Lesnar. Lesnar forced a pen into Taker's hand to sign for the match, and Taker stabbed Lesnar through the hand with the pen before choke slamming him through the table.
The match was set and Taker's mind games were on. With Lesnar insisting he is going to end the streak and isn't afraid of Undertaker, those declarations came into doubt the last two weeks. On Main Event two weeks ago, Paul Heyman was in the ring delivering a message to Undertaker. Undertaker appeared out of nowhere, choking Heyman while delivering a message in return to Lesnar.
This past Monday on Raw, Undertaker brought more chills to the ring. At the end of the show, Lesnar challenged Taker to a fight. Taker's music hit and a group of druids walked down to the ring with a casket. Lesnar was hesitant to open it at first, showing obvious fear and cautiousness as he approached the casket. Lesnar opened the casket to find it empty, and slammed it shut after threatening the druids.
With Lesnar back in the ring, the casket door swung open. Lying inside was Undertaker, who sat up and climbed into the ring. Taker and Lesnar traded blows, and resulted in Taker disposing of Lesnar from the ring, throwing him over the casket.
The patient, calculating mind games of the Undertaker have added to the mystique of his character for over two decades. His use of darkness, black light, fog and pyrotechnics have scared the living hell out of his opponents. His in-ring work is nearly as impressive, boasting an unmatched 21-0 streak at Wrestlemania.
But how much of Undertaker's superhuman ability is left? The last five years, Undertaker has been taken to task by Shawn Michaels, Triple H and CM Punk. He has shown vulnerability each time, and has no longer looked as dominant as he once was. But the one thing that has remained is his inability to die. And that is what scares Lesnar the most.
Bray Wyatt doesn't need to be immortal to scare John Cena. Bray Wyatt just needs to be real. Wyatt and his family members, Luke Harper and Erick Rowan, have made it their mission to bring truth back to the WWE.
Wyatt is a god, as he put it to Cena a few weeks ago. "If you look up to me, you will see a friend. If you look down at me, you will see an enemy. But if you look me square in the eyes, you will see a god."
Cena is a super hero. Hustle, loyalty and respect have been the three words Cena has preached to his fans for a decade. Cena even looks like a super hero with his perfectly sculpted physique, clean shaven face and Marine hair cut. Bray Wyatt is the opposite. Long hair, a beard, and a Louisiana wardrobe that only the insane would wear. Wyatt doesn't wrestle, he brawls. And he will relentlessly brawl with Cena until Cena can't fight anymore.
Wyatt's relentless style in the ring matches his relentless assault of Cena's mental state. Wyatt has already made it known he is willing to interrupt any match or any broadcast with his message or with an assault from Rowan and Harper. And when you have two goons like Rowan and Harper, it enhances how intimidating you really are.
Harper looks like he hasn't changed his clothes in months, and Rowan's ginger beard and battered lamb mask on top of his 6-foot-8 frame will scare any man into an asylum. They're Wyatt's two henchmen, a pair of vicious dogs he sicks on the rest of the WWE while he maniacally laughs in his rocking chair, barking orders for them to destroy their opponents in the ring.
At Elimination Chamber, the Wyatt's attacked Cena, costing him a shot at the World Heavyweight title and a spot in Wrestlemania. Ever since then, the Wyatt Family has been making Cena paranoid. They insulted him and the immortal Hulk Hogan and they've relentlessly attacked Cena at random times. Cena has even had to wrestle Harper with the Wyatt's breaking down his neck, which played in Bray's advantage. This past Monday, they tied Cena's arms up with the ropes and put Rowan's sheep mask on Cena.
At Wrestlemania, Lesnar's and Cena's nightmares will come true. They will face the monsters who haunt them and they will lose. Undertaker and Wyatt have already successfully gotten in the heads of Lesnar and Cena, which perhaps means the match is already won.
Power Rankings - The best performers of the past week - March 24
1 Batista (2) - Speared Orton and has the champ afraid of losing his title.
2 Bray Wyatt (5) - He is completely in Cena's head.
3 Undertaker (UR) - The Phenom is back and Lesnar has doubts.
4 The Shield (8) - They are united, a crowd favorite and will face Kane/Outlaws at Mania.
5 Triple H (UR) - Bryan is battered and his heel heat is off the charts.
6 Christian (UR) - Rebounded with a fatal fourway win for the No. 1 contender match with Big E for the Intercontinental belt.
7 The Usos (3) - Didn't wrestle but still the champs.
8 Cesaro (4) - Real Americans lost but he's still stronger than Swagger.
9 Daniel Bryan (1) - Took a much-needed week off.
10 Randy Orton (9) - Didn't have a great week, but the Authority likes him more than Batista.


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Project Manager, Program Managers, and Business Analysts
Lew Minaglia and Meghan Schulthesz
Project Manager
Creating clear and attainable objectives
Building the project requirements
Managing the constraints
Most importantly, accomplishing the objects
Subject Matter Experts Of
Project Managers
The program manager participates in departmental planning
The program manager organizes the work to maximizes his resources
The program manager has good leadership skills, knows how to balance the tasks and increases the chances of a successful operation
The program manager is held accountable for work done by his team
Business Analysts
Skills and Responsibilities:
Interpret business needs
- translate stakeholder requirements into something developers can understand and vice versa
Translate technical issues
- explaining to stakeholders what the developers are doing and why
Illustrate project details
- identify, model and document requirements and business domains
Test and validation
- aid in writing user acceptance test (UAT) cases and will be a liaison between project stakeholders and testing organization --> Improve business processes
project stakeholders throughout process
TEKsystems PM/BA Trends
Market Trends
Business Analysis
Used by companies committed to data-driven decision making:
Success depends on skilled analysts who understand the technologies and the business with a commitment to data-driven decision making...
Processes and Tools Used
Project Manager:
Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM)
Project Management Professional (PMP)
Program Management Professional (PgMP)
Business Analyst:
The Certified Business Analysis Professional (CBAP)
According to RWS:
Total DG Office REQs since July: 117
Business Analysts - 19; 16.2%
OfficeMax, US Cellular, IAA, JCR
Project & Program Managers - 22; 18.8%
FIS, US Cellular, Communications
Total Office
PM & BA Positions:
Office Group
PMs - BCBS, JPMC, Northern Trust
BAs- BCBS, Northern Trust, Abbott
MS project
Project Workbench
SDLC templates
Cloud Computing
ERP Implementation
Operational Support System / Inventory System
Waterfall and agile methodologies
Data mapping,
Transaction processing
Program vs. Project Manager
are Ongoing,
are Tied to the Organization's Financial Calendar, while
have a set budget.
Management is Governance Intensive
are governed by a senior level board that provides direction, oversight, and control.
are typically a small piece of the
as a whole
"IBM.com: Program Manager: Different from Project Managers"
Improving vendor management is a must in the future:
Vendor issues start with the requirements from clients
Not enough information on: scope, quality needed, deadlines, and budget
To fix this, vendors (such as TEK) must ask the right questions to the clients and make sure we are attracting the correct TPs to submit to our clients.
Project management isn't just for PMs anymore:
Architects and programmers are holding hybrid roles now.
Allows for companies to to work more efficiently
Better range of candidates,
Understand the projects better
Skills Necessary to be a good PM
Communication skills
Negotiation Skills
Organizational Change Management
Relationship Management
RWS with Certifications:
Project Manager:
36,556 candidates
Project Manager and PMP:
5,011 candidates
Project Manager and CAPM:
162 candidates
Project Manager and PMP and CAPM:
73 candidates
Program Manager:
5,878 candidates
Program Manager and PgMP:
85 candidates
Business Analyst:
12,226 candidates
Business Analyst and CBAP:
67 candidates
Search string: 30 miles from Downers Grove
Agile VS. Waterfall
Attracting and
PMs and BAs
Attend local user groups
PMI dinners
Tailoring the EVP
Using current market trends
Good people know good people
Project Manager
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Diana Reiss's research focuses on the cognition and communication of marine animals, with an emphasis on comparative animal cognition. Essentially, she studies the evolution of intelligence. Reiss pioneered the use of underwater keyboards with dolphins to investigate their communicative abilities and provide them with more degrees of choice and control. Reiss and her colleagues demonstrated that bottlenose dolphins and an Asian elephants possess the rare ability for mirror self-recognition previously thought to be restricted to humans and great apes. She wrote about this work in her recent book, The Dolphin in the Mirror.
Reiss' efforts also involve the rescue and rehabilitation of stranded marine mammals, including the successful rescue of Humphrey, the humpback whale, from San Francisco Bay waters. Her advocacy work in conservation and animal welfare includes the protection of dolphins in the tuna-fishing industry and efforts to bring an end to the killing of dolphins in the drive hunts in Japan.
Reiss is a cognitive psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychology at Hunter College and the Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience subprogram at the Graduate Center, CUNY. She directs a dolphin cognitive research program at the National Aquarium in Baltimore and is a research associate at the Smithsonian's National Zoo in DC, where she investigates elephant cognition.
Peter Gabriel was a founding member of the extraordinarily successful progressive rock band Genesis. He left the band in 1975 to go solo and, in 1980, set up the international arts festival WOMAD (which stands for World of Music, Arts and Dance) and the record label Real World, both to champion music and artistic innovation from all over the world. Gabriel's stop motion video for "Sledgehammer" has been named the most-played music video in the history of MTV.
Gabriel is also very interested in human rights. In 1992, he co-founded WITNESS.org, an organization that helps human rights activists and citizen witnesses worldwide make change happen through the use of video. The organization not only distributes digital cameras to empower people to document human-rights abuses, but provides a platform for the spread of video that reveals what is really going on in places all over the globe.
In 2007, Gabriel also co-founded theElders.org with Richard Branson and Nelson Mandela, an independent group of global leaders working together for peace and human rights.
MIT's Neil Gershenfeld is redefining the boundaries between the digital and analog worlds. The digital revolution is over, Gershenfeld says. We won. What comes next? His Center for Bits and Atoms has developed quite a few answers, including Internet 0, a tiny web server that fits into lightbulbs and doorknobs, networking the physical world in previously unimaginable ways.
But Gershenfeld is best known as a pioneer in personal fabrication -- small-scale manufacturing enabled by digital technologies, which gives people the tools to build literally anything they can imagine. His famous Fab Lab is immensely popular among students at MIT, who crowd Gershenfeld's classes. But the concept is potentially life-altering in the developing world, where a Fab Lab with just $20,000 worth of laser cutters, milling machines and soldering irons can transform a community, helping people harness their creativity to build tools, replacement parts and essential products unavailable in the local market. Read more in Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop.
TCP/IP. You may not know what it stands for, but you probably use it every day -- it's the set of communications protocols that allows data to flow from computer to computer across the internet. More than 30 years ago, while working at DARPA, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed TCP/IP, and in so doing, they gave rise to the modern Internet. In 2004, Cerf was the recipient of the ACM Alan M. Turing award (sometimes called the "Nobel Prize of Computer Science"), and in 2005 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Cerf is a vice president and chief Internet evangelist at Google, and chairman of the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), an organization he helped form; he was also recently elected president of the ACM Council. He served as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995. He's an advocate for a truly free internet, speaking out in the face of increasing government demands to limit free speech and connection.
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