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Public Housing Occupancy Guidebook
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1 Public Housing Occupancy Guidebook U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Public and Indian Housing Office of Public Housing and Voucher Programs Public Housing Management and Occupancy Division June 2003
2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...1 Part 1: Part 2: Civil Rights...2 Admissions...2 Part 3: Public Housing Income and Program Rents...3 Part 4: Continued Occupancy...4 Part 5: The Public Housing Lease...5 Part 6: Grievance Procedure...6 Part 7: Domestic Violence...6 Appendices...7 PART 1: CIVIL RIGHTS AND NONDISCRIMINATION REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 1. CIVIL RIGHTS AND NONDISCRIMINATION REQUIREMENTS General Provisions Nondiscrimination Laws...9 Fair Housing Act - 42 U.S.C (also known as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act) (24 CFR Part 100 et seq) Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (24 CFR Part 1) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (24 CFR Part 8) Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act Age Discrimination Act of 1975 (24 CFR Part 146) Obligation to Affirmatively Further Fair Housing (24 CFR (b)) Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Other Applicable Laws and Regulations Effect of More than One Applicable Law or Regulation Program Reporting and Record Keeping (24 CFR and 24 CFR 1.6(b)) Discrimination Complaints Affirmative Disability-Related Civil Rights Requirements Under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the Fair Housing Act...15 Who is a Person with a Disability under Federal Civil Rights Laws Exclusion of Individuals Who Pose a Direct Threat to Health or Safety of Others Accessibility in Communication Reasonable Accommodations Reasonable Accommodations in the Admissions/Occupancy Process Civil Rights Requirements Related to Verification/Inquiries About Disability (24 CFR ) Affirmative Marketing and Other Affirmative Obligations...20 PART 2: ADMISSIONS TO PUBLIC HOUSING CHAPTER 2. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION Overview Annual Income (24 CFR 5.609)...23 Income for Eligibility i
3 Definition of Annual Income Eligible Family Status (24 CFR 5.403)...24 Definitions of Eligible Families Citizenship and Eligible Immigrant Status (24 CFR 5.506) Disclosure of Social Security Numbers (24 CFR 5.216) Ineligibility Because of Criminal Activity (24 CFR ) CHAPTER 3. WAITING LIST ADMINISTRATION Overview Entering New Applications on the Waiting List Opening and Closing the Waiting List or Sub-List Essential Application Information for Waiting List Placement Community-Wide and Site-Based Waiting Lists Moving From Community-Wide to Site-Based Waiting List Preferences...33 Considerations Before Applying Preferences Local and Ranking Preferences Change in Preference Status While on the Waiting List Meeting for Applicants Denied a Preference (24 CFR 5.410(g)) Updating a Waiting List...38 Preparing the Update Package Disseminating the Update Package Applicants Who Fail to Respond: Second Notice Reasonable Accommodation of Applicants with Disabilities Completing the Waiting List Update Removing Applicants from the Waiting List...40 Withdrawing an Application From the Waiting List Rejecting an Application for Public Housing (24 CFR ) Removing or Dropping an Application for Refusal of a Unit Offer Designated Housing Designated Housing Plan (PIH Notice 97-12) Implementing a Designated Housing Plan...44 CHAPTER 4. QUALIFICATION FOR ADMISSION: APPLICANT SELECTION CRITERIA Overview Selection Policy and Procedures Applicant Screening: The Policy Statement Screening Procedures The Application Form and Screening Explaining the Screening Process Techniques and Procedures Used to Check an Applicant s History...50 Past Performance Meeting Financial Obligations, Especially Rent (24 CFR (c)(1)) Disturbance of Neighbors, Destruction of Property or Living or Housekeeping Habits at Prior Residences that May Adversely Affect the Health, Safety or Welfare of Other Tenants, or Cause Damage to the Unit or the Development (24 CFR (c)(2)) Involvement in Criminal Activity on the Part of Any Applicant Family Member that Would ii
4 Adversely Affect the Health, Safety or Right to Peaceful Enjoyment of the Premises by Other Tenants (24 CFR (c)(3) and ) Questions on History or Current Use of Illegal Drugs A Record of Eviction from Housing or Termination from Residential Programs Ability to Comply with the Terms of the PHA Lease Misrepresentation of any Information Related to Eligibility, Preferences, Allowances, Family Composition or Rent Processing the Screening Verification Forms Preliminary Recommendation of Admission or Rejection Notice and Right to Dispute Rejection Applicants with Disabilities Role of Residents in Applicant Selection (24 CFR )...61 CHAPTER 5. OCCUPANCY GUIDELINES Overview State and Local Codes Sizes and Configuration of PHA Units Capacity of Sites, Systems and Infrastructure Individual Family Characteristics Making the Best Use of Available Units...65 CHAPTER 6. PROCESSING APPLICATIONS Overview Compliance with Law, Regulations and PHA Policies Accessibility and Plain Language (24 CFR 8.6 and 8.21) Accepting Applications for Housing Initial Eligibility Determination (24 CFR ) Applying the Preference System (24 CFR ) Completing/Updating the Application Applying Applicant Selection Criteria (24 CFR ) Income Targeting, Income Mixing and Deconcentration...74 Income Targeting (24 CFR ) Unit Assignment...75 Applicant Selection Criteria Determination Waiting List Position Occupancy Standards Accessibility Issues Unit Offers to Applicants Leasing Pre-Occupancy Training or Orientation...79 CHAPTER 7. VERIFICATION STANDARDS Overview What Must Be Verified Verifying Social Security Numbers Verifying Citizenship or Eligible Noncitizen Status...84 iii
5 Evidence of Citizenship or Eligible Immigration Status Verification of Eligible Immigrant Status Using the INS SAVE System Verifying Annual Income...86 Dealing with Families that Report No Income Up-Front Income Verification Limitations on Verifications Related to Disabilities and Medical Information Verifying Applicant Selection Criteria...94 Verifying Past Performance Meeting Financial Obligations, Especially Rent and Utilities (24 CFR (c)(1)) Verifying Disturbance of Neighbors, Destruction of Property, or Living or Housekeeping Habits that Would Pose a Threat to Other Tenants (24 CFR (c)(2)) Screening for a History of Criminal Activity on the Part of Any Applicant Family Member that Would Adversely Affect the Health, Safety or Welfare of Other Tenants (24 CFR (c)(3)) A Record of Eviction From Housing or Termination From Residential Programs Ability and Willingness to Comply With the Terms of the PHA Lease Misrepresentation of Any Information Related to Eligibility, Award of Preference for Admission, Allowances, Family Composition or Rent Acceptable Forms of Verification Duration of Acceptable Verification File Documentation...99 CHAPTER 8. TENANT SELECTION AND ASSIGNMENT PLAN Overview Unit Offers to Applicants Plan A: One Unit Offer Plan B: Two or Three Unit Offers Comparison of Plan A and Plan B Community-Wide and Site-Based Waiting Lists Due Process Rights for Applicants Good Causes for Applicant Refusal of Unit Offer Determining Which Unit to Offer When More Than One Is Available Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS) Accessible or Adaptable Dwelling Units Leasing and Occupancy of Dwelling Units Transfers of Tenants CHAPTER 9. LEASING REQUIREMENTS Overview General Leasing Policy Move-in Inspections Additions to the Household Family Sizes and the Transfer Requirement Visitors, Guests and Unauthorized Occupants PART 3: PUBLIC HOUSING INCOME AND PROGRAM RENTS CHAPTER 10. INCOME AND PROGRAM RENTS iv
6 10.0 Overview Annual Income (24 CFR 5.609) Amounts Included in Annual Income Amounts Excluded from Annual Income (24 CFR 5.609(c)) Treatment of Assets and Determining Income from Assets Definition of Net Family Assets (24 CFR 5.603) Adjusted Income Statutory Deductions (24 CFR 5.611) Dependent Deduction Elderly and Disabled Family Deduction Child Care Deduction Disability Expense Deduction Unreimbursed Medical Expense Costs The 3 Percent Deductible for Disability and Medical Deductions The 3 Percent Deductible with Both Unreimbursed Medical and Disability Expense Deductions Adjusted Income Permissive Deductions How Deductions Affect Rent Impact on PHA Operating Budget Income-Based Rent and Minimum Rent How Optional Changes to Income-Based Rents Work Optional Changes in the Percentage of Rent Paid Other Reasonable Systems Ceiling Rents Flat Rents Overview Setting Flat Rents Properly (24 CFR (b)) Rent Choice (24 CFR ) Reexamination (24 CFR ) Switching from Flat Rent to Income-Based Rent Because of Hardship (24 CFR ) Annual Review of Flat Rents (24 CFR ) Relationship Between Rents and Utility Allowances Utility Reimbursement Earned Income Disallowance Overview Terminology Qualifying for a Disallowance Disallowance Amounts (24 CFR (b)) Disallowance Periods (24 CFR (b)) Maximum Disallowance Period Earned Income Disallowance Examples Individual Savings Account (24 CFR (d)) PART 4: CONTINUED OCCUPANCY OF PUBLIC HOUSING CHAPTER 11. TRANSFERS Overview Types of Transfers v
7 11.2 Priorities Among Types of Transfers When Transfers Take Precedence Over Waiting List Admissions Mandatory and Optional Transfers Split Family Transfers Eligibility for Transfers Cost of Transfers Processing Transfers Sample Transfer Policy CHAPTER 12. ANNUAL REEXAMINATION OF INCOME AND FAMILY CIRCUMSTANCES Overview Qualification for Continued Occupancy Annual Reexamination Reexamination of Income (24 CFR ) Reexamination of Family Composition Choice of Rent Community Service/Economic Self-Sufficiency Requirement Remaining Family Members and Prior Debt Change in Reexamination Date Zero Income Families Special Reexaminations Determination of Need for Transfer CHAPTER 13. INTERIM RENT ADJUSTMENTS Overview Required Interim Rent Reductions Minimum Rent Hardship Exemption Decrease in Income of Families Paying Income-Based Rent Change in Circumstances (Increase in Eligible Deductions) of Families Paying Income-Based Rent Hardship of Families Paying Flat Rent (24 CFR (f)) Approaches to Interim Rent Increases Fixed Rent System Interim Rent System Hybrid Rent System Effective Date of Adjustments (24 CFR (3)(b)) Timely Reporting of Accurate Information Imputed Welfare Income (24 CFR 5.615) Overview Economic Self-Sufficiency Requirements When the PHA Must Not Reduce Rent When the PHA Must Reduce Rent Verification Standards Method for Imputing Welfare Income Offsetting Imputed Welfare Income with Additional Income Imputed Welfare Income Example Imputed Welfare Income and Earned Income Disallowance vi
8 CHAPTER 14. UTILITIES Overview Resident-Paid Utilities PHA-Paid Utilities Utility Allowances Utility Reimbursement Reasonable Accommodation of Residents With Disabilities (24 CFR ) CHAPTER 15. COMMUNITY SERVICE AND ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY Overview How PHAs Can Administer Community Service/Self-sufficiency Programs Eligible Community Service Activities Eligible Self-sufficiency Activities Exempt Residents Noncompliant Residents Other HUD Requirements Resident Responsibilities Change in Exempt Status No Substitution of Community Service Workers for PHA Employees CHAPTER 16. PET POLICIES/ASSISTANCE ANIMALS Overview Non-Applicability of Pet Policies to Assistance Animals Comparison of Pet Policy Requirements for Elderly and General Occupancy Developments PHA Pet Policy Practices PART 5: THE PUBLIC HOUSING LEASE CHAPTER 17. GENERAL PUBLIC HOUSING LEASE REQUIREMENTS Overview Required lease provisions: Changes mandated by the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of Prohibited Provisions Optional Provisions: Reasonableness Tests Reasonableness Test Relationship of the Public Housing Lease to Occupancy Policies Public Housing Lease Requirements Required Provisions Parties, Dwelling Unit and Term (24 CFR 966.4(a)) Payments Due Under the Lease (24 CFR (b)) Redetermination of Rent and Family Composition (24 CFR (c)) Tenant s Right to Use and Occupancy (24 CFR (d)(1)) The PHA s Obligations (24 CFR (e)) Tenant s Obligations (24 CFR (f)) Tenant Maintenance (24 CFR (g)) Defects Hazardous to Life, Health or Safety (24 CFR (h)) vii
9 Pre-Occupancy and Pre-Termination Inspections (24 CFR (i)) Entry of Dwelling Unit During Tenancy (24 CFR (j)) Notice Procedures (24 CFR (k)) Termination of Tenancy and Eviction (24 CFR (l)) Grounds for Termination Eviction: Right to Examine PHA Documents Before Hearing or Trial (24 CFR (m)) Grievance Procedures (24 CFR (n)) Provision for Lease Modification (24 CFR (o)) Signature Clause Posting of Policies, Rules and Regulations (24 CFR 966.5) Accommodation of Persons with Disabilities (24 CFR 966.7) PART 6: PUBLIC HOUSING GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE CHAPTER 18. THE GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE Overview Applicability (24 CFR ) Due Process Determinations by HUD (24 CFR (a)(2)) Informal Settlement (24 CFR ) Formal Grievance Hearing (24 CFR (a)) Selecting the Hearing Officer or Hearing Panel (24 CFR (b)) Escrow Deposits (24 CFR (e)) Scheduling Hearings (24 CFR (f)) Procedures Governing the Hearing (24 CFR ) Decision of the Hearing Officer or Panel (24 CFR ) PART 7: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE CHAPTER 19. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Overview Why A Domestic Violence Preference Types of Evidence Required as Proof of Domestic Violence Screening and Admission Continued Occupancy and Transfer Policies Eviction and Termination Tools PHAs May Use Best Practices ENDNOTES APPENDICES APPENDIX I. APPENDIX II. APPENDIX III. APPENDIX IV. APPENDIX V. APPENDIX VI. GUIDE TO FEDERAL REGULATIONS DEFINITIONS OF TERMS SAMPLE ADMISSIONS AND CONTINUED OCCUPANCY POLICY SAMPLE PUBLIC HOUSING AUTHORITY LEASE AGREEMENT SAMPLE PUBLIC HOUSING AUTHORITY GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE SAMPLE COMMUNITY SERVICE AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY POLICY viii
10 APPENDIX VII. APPENDIX VIII. PET OWNERSHIP POLICY OUTLINE SAMPLE VERIFICATION FORMS ix
11 Introduction This Guide is designed to assist public housing authority staff and HUD with a range of issues related to public housing occupancy, from application for admission and rent calculations through ongoing occupancy to lease termination. The guidebook is intended to provide a handy reference for all aspects of admissions and occupancy administration. The Guide is divided into seven parts, as described below. In addition, the creation of this Guide furthers the Department s Rental Housing Integrity Improvement Project (RHIIP), a Secretarial priority intended to reduce income and rent errors addressing issues identified in the Quality Control for Rental Assistance Subsidies Determinations, a study completed by the Department in Across HUD programs, this study estimates subsidy overpayments of $1.669 billion and underpayment errors of $634 million. Additional subsidy overpayments are attributed to tenant under-reporting of income with recent annual estimates ranging from $600 million to $900 million. In public housing, errors in determining earned income are the largest contributor to these numbers followed by inaccuracies in calculating social security, pension, disability survivor s income, and the miscalculation of other income. The issue of quality control in rent determinations has two effects: under-reported income and residents overpayment of rent. This Guide will serve as a useful quality control tool and includes detailed and substantive information on the components of annual income and the correct calculation of rent. The Guide makes this information readily accessible to anyone in the public housing field charged with the responsibility to complete these as well as other admissions and occupancy tasks. Unlike the federal regulations, which are program requirements, some of the material in this Guide represents suggestions, practical ideas, or good management practice from successful PHAs. The authors have attempted to distinguish between elements that are mandatory and those that are simply suggestions by limiting the use of the terms must and shall, to statutory or regulatory requirements, while nonmandatory elements may not use these terms. Regulatory citations are provided throughout the Guide, and Appendix I summarizes the applicable regulations. In all aspects of occupancy, doing the right thing is only part of the job. PHA staff must also be certain that every action is documented properly. Written third party verification forms should be present in each applicant s or resident s file or available electronically to support income, deductions and rent, preferences, tenant and criminal history. 1 Obtaining and using such documentation correctly makes sure that the public housing program benefits eligible families and that the rent they pay is correct. High quality documentation prevents both 1 If written third party documentation is unavailable, PHA staff must provide other forms of verification and indicate, in the file, efforts to obtain third party written documentation. Introduction: Page 1
12 inadvertent errors and program fraud. Equally important, PHA staff must also maintain applicant and resident confidentiality when handling and maintaining this documentation. Part 1: Civil Rights A knowledge and understanding of civil rights requirements is important for many aspects of housing authority operations, but it is particularly germane with respect to occupancy administration. Generally PHAs should become familiar with the requirements of applicable laws and regulations, and ensure that their policies and procedures comply with these requirements. PHAs should provide training and monitor staff activities to ensure that policies and procedures are followed. PHAs must be prepared to reasonably accommodate the needs of individuals with disabilities. Written translations and/or interpreter services should also be made available to persons with limited English proficiency in order that they might be afforded equal access to all housing and housing related services. This means more than ensuring that all the PHA offices are accessible to persons with disabilities. PHAs must also provide written translation or interpreter services to persons with limited English proficiency. This may require the PHA to assist persons with limited English proficiency in the application process, including conducting the interview and completing the application. Finally, PHAs should conduct affirmative marketing to members of the public, such as persons with disabilities, the elderly, or racial or ethnic minorities, or to those who are least likely to apply for housing, as demonstrated by the demographic of the current residents in the PHA s jurisdiction. Often it is the lack of knowledge or language on how to obtain public housing that keeps racial or ethnic minorities from seeking housing. The Civil Rights section of the Guide contains materials on: Applicable Non-discrimination Laws and Regulations; Limited English Proficiency; Disability-related Civil Rights Requirements; and Marketing and Other Obligations. Part 2: Admissions Housing authorities that handle admissions correctly and efficiently establish a strong foundation for high quality property management, but this is not an easy task. HUD requires that applicant s eligibility be verified and that tenant and criminal histories be reviewed. Order of offers must follow the PHA s Introduction: Page 2
13 preferences 2 and tenant selection policies. 3 It is a good business practice to ensure that the admissions process is applicant-friendly. Pressures to lease vacant units quickly may conflict with quality applicant processing and screening. PHA staff must carry out the steps required for admission precisely and accurately and the entire process must be auditable. i Noncompliance with HUD rules can lead to admission of ineligible families, incorrect calculation of rents, or even unlawful discrimination. Mistakes in admission can be costly to PHAs in practical terms and to residents if rent is incorrect. If families with serious lease compliance or criminal problems are admitted, their behavior is likely to consume the limited time and resources of property management staff and drive out the best residents. Ensuring that applicants are eligible, screened and ready to move into the PHA s vacant units as soon as they have been prepared for occupancy requires applicants "in the pipeline" with files current and all documentation in order. Then applicants may receive offers as soon as the units are ready. The number of applicants needed can be predicted by average turnover rates and new units coming on line. The Admissions Chapters offer practical guidance to help PHA Occupancy and Property Management staff with: Eligibility for Admission; Waiting List Administration; Qualification for Admission: Applicant Selection Criteria; Occupancy Guidelines; Processing Applications for Admission; Verification Standards; Tenant Selection and Assignment Plan; Leasing; and Screening and Eviction. Part 3: Public Housing Income and Program Rents Understanding what is considered annual income, and how to apply the regulatory and statutory deductions and exclusions is an important part of Public Housing administration. Annual and Adjusted Income are the basis for income-based rents. Once PHA staff masters the definitions of income, the 2 3 In the HUD-approved Annual Plan Found in the Admissions and Continued Occupancy Policy Introduction: Page 3
14 formula for the income-based rent calculation is relatively simple. PHAs with resident-paid utilities must then reduce income-based rents by a fair utility allowance that represents the cost an energy conservative household would pay for utilities. A choice between income-based and market-based flat rents must be offered to each resident once each year at the annual reexamination or annual update. ii Establishing flat rents requires that the PHA takes into account unit size, age, design condition and a variety of neighborhood conditions that affect rental values. Applying and tracking the earned income disallowance properly is a different sort of challenge. The law provides a significant benefit to many residents moving from economic dependence to self sufficiency, but applying the disallowance correctly requires that residents understand their responsibility to report moves in and out of work and that staff keep careful track of each resident s disallowance periods. PHAs that elect to implement the optional individual savings accounts will have to comply with rules under that program while administering the disallowance for residents who elect to pay the reduced rent rather than the savings account. This part of the Guidebook covers: Annual Income (including treatment of Net Family Assets); Adjusted Income; Optional Income Deductions; Income Based Rent and Minimum Rent; Financial Hardship Exemptions; Optional Rent Formulations; Ceiling Rent; Family Self-Sufficiency; Flat Rent; and Earned Income Disallowance. Part 4: Continued Occupancy When an applicant becomes a resident, the occupancy function shifts to a regular but not necessarily constant operation. PHA management staff reexamines the circumstances of families paying incomebased rents at least annually. The PHA s Admissions and Continued Occupancy Policy and lease spell out the PHA s policy on interim adjustments to rent when resident incomes change between reexaminations. Certain hardships require the PHA to adjust rents. If welfare recipients are sanctioned for failure to comply with economic self-sufficiency requirements or welfare fraud, rent cannot be reduced. This Introduction: Page 4
15 section also addresses determinations that are made about transferring residents from one unit to another and file documentation requirements for residents and applicants. Pet policies are administered sensibly so that residents who comply with the policy can enjoy their pets and residents who object to pet noise, odors or allergens are bothered as little as possible. PHA staff has both public housing program management responsibilities and property management responsibilities. Well-managed PHAs try to achieve the smallest amount of time spent on program management consistent with full regulatory compliance, so the majority of staff time is available for property management. Such a goal requires a well trained, motivated and monitored staff. This part of the Guidebook provides assistance with: Transfers; Annual Reexaminations of Income and Family Circumstances; Interim Adjustments to Rent; Utilities; Additions to Household; Family Breakup; Assumption of Lease by Remaining Household Members; Guest Policies; Damage Claims; Community Service Requirements; and Pet Policies. Part 5: The Public Housing Lease A well-written lease is an essential tool for good property management. It makes management s expectations and responsibilities clear and it lays out a clear path for successful residency. Leases that are legalistic or overly complex create problems for both residents and PHA staff. The HUD regulations governing leases give PHAs valuable flexibility to tailor their leases to local situations and issues so long as the HUD-required provisions are included and the prohibited provisions are excluded. PHAs must also consider the requirements imposed by state and local laws. The Lease part of the Guidebook addresses: Required provisions mandated by QHWRA; Prohibited Provisions; Optional Provisions: the Reasonableness Test; Relationship to Occupancy Policies; Public Housing Lease Requirements; Introduction: Page 5
16 Process for Changing Lease or Policies; Posting Policies; and Reasonable Accommodations. Part 6: Grievance Procedure The Grievance Procedure gives public housing residents a tool to resolve disputes with PHAs that is quicker and less expensive than a lawsuit. This part of the Guide provides information on the regulatory requirements for PHA grievance procedures along with some practical guidance about how to make the process work better for both residents and PHAs. Material covered in this part of the Guidebook includes: Applicability of the Grievance Procedure; Process for Changing Grievance Procedure; Due Process Determinations by HUD; Informal Settlements of Grievances; Formal Grievance Hearings; Selecting the Hearing Officer or Panel; Escrow Deposits for Grievances involving Rent; Scheduling Hearings; Procedures Governing the Hearing; and Decision of the Hearing Officer or Panel. Part 7: Domestic Violence The pervasiveness and seriousness of domestic violence has illuminated it as an issue of national importance. Domestic violence knows no race, gender, or nationality and its impact on the lives of its victims can be devastating. In many instances, victims of domestic violence suffer not only the physical abuse, but also the devastation of being displaced from their homes. As a result, affordable housing issues become a serious consequence of domestic violence. Material covered in this part of the Guidebook includes: Rationale behind Establishing a Domestic Violence Preference; Types of Evidence Required as Proof of Domestic Violence; Policies related to screening and eviction, and admissions and occupancy of victims of domestic violence; and Tools and Best Practices PHAs may utilize. Introduction: Page 6
17 Appendices Eight appendices are provided to assist PHAs with occupancy administration: Appendix I: Statutory and Regulatory Foundation of Occupancy Requirements Appendix II: Definition of Terms Appendix III: Sample Public Housing Authority Admissions and Continued Occupancy Policy Appendix IV: Sample Public Housing Lease Appendix V: Sample Public Housing Grievance Procedure Appendix VI: Sample Public Housing Community Service Procedure Appendix VII: Public Housing Pet Policy Outline Appendix VIII: Sample Verification Forms Note The information collection requirements contained in this Guidebook have been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C ) and assigned OMB control numbers. In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act, HUD may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless the collection displays a currently valid OMB control number. The following active information collections contained in this Guidebook have been approved as of April 30, 2003 under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA): (1) Pet Ownership in Public Housing for the Elderly or Persons with Disabilities (OMB# ); (2) Requirements for Designating Housing Projects Plan (OMB# ); (3) Admission to, and Occupancy of Public Housing: Admission and Tenant Selection Policies, Verification, Notification Preference, Waiting List, Exemption of Police Officers (OMB# ); (4) Public Housing Reform; Change in Admission and Occupancy Requirements (OMB# ); and (5) Screening and Eviction for Drug Abuse and other Criminal Activity Final Rule (OMB# ). Furthermore, this Guidebook supercedes all previous Public Housing Occupancy guidance. Introduction: Page 7
19 Chapter 1. Civil Rights and Nondiscrimination Requirements 1.0 General Provisions Public Housing Agencies (PHAs) are subject to civil rights requirements. This chapter gives a general overview of the civil rights requirements of PHAs that specifically apply to admissions and occupancy. Each chapter in this Guidebook also contains references to civil rights requirements wherever appropriate. Federal civil rights laws prohibit discrimination against applicants or residents based on one or more of the following classifications: Race; Color; National origin; Sex; Age; Disability; Religion; or Familial status (families with children under the age of 18). In addition, PHAs may be subject to local and/or state laws that prohibit discrimination. Below is a brief description of the major federal laws, along with reference to their implementing regulations. Throughout this Guidebook, reference is made to applicable civil rights requirements with respect to various admissions and occupancy activities. PHAs should be familiar with the regulations implementing these civil rights laws and the HUD Notices explaining those requirements. Both the Offices of Public and Indian Housing (PIH) and Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO) provide technical assistance on these requirements. See e.g., Notice PIH , Accessibility Notice: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973; the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990; the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968; and the Fair Housing Act of Nondiscrimination Laws HUD rules require recipients of Federal housing assistance to comply with civil rights related program requirements that affect nearly every aspect of PHA operations. Examples include affirmative fair housing marketing, waiting lists, selection for admission, residency preference, relocation, record keeping Part 1 Chapter 1 Civil Rights and Nondiscrimination Requirements: Page 9
20 and maintenance. The major civil rights laws and their implementing regulations to which public housing agencies must adhere are as follows: Fair Housing Act - 42 U.S.C (also known as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968) (24 CFR Part 100 et seq) The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination based upon race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or familial status (families with children under the age of 18) in most housing and housing related transactions. The Act applies to all but a very small subset of housing providers, both private and public. Under the Act, PHAs or other housing providers 4 may not, on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or familial status: Deny anyone the opportunity to apply to rent or purchase housing, nor deny to any qualified applicant the opportunity to lease or purchase housing suitable to his or her needs; Provide anyone housing that is different from that provided to others; 5 Subject anyone to segregation or disparate treatment; Restrict anyone s access to any benefit enjoyed by others in connection with the housing program; Treat anyone differently in determining eligibility or other requirements for admission, including the terms and conditions of a lease; 6 Deny anyone access to the same level of services; 7 Deny anyone the opportunity to participate in a planning or advisory group that is an integral part of the housing program; Publish or cause to be published an advertisement or notice indicating the availability of housing that prefers or excludes persons who are members of a protected class; The Act applies to among others, property owners, landlords, housing managers, real estate agents, brokerage service agencies, and banks. However, a PHA is not only permitted but is required to provide persons with disabilities with housing that is structurally appropriate for their needs. This will range from a unit that is fully accessible to one that has been specifically adapted for a particular individual. This accessible or adaptable housing, although different from that provided to others, is required because it enables persons with disabilities to participate in the public housing program. Except that a PHA is obliged to offer reasonable accommodations to applicants with disabilities. This will not affect the PHA s screening or eligibility standards, but it might require a PHA to revise its procedures or practices in carrying out those standards. If a PHA provides services on its property or allows others to use its facilities to provide services, then those services would have to be usable by and accessible to persons with disabilities. For example, if a PHA offered a training program for tenants, it would have to ensure that the program was fully accessible to and useable by tenants with disabilities. Part 1 Chapter 1 Civil Rights and Nondiscrimination Requirements: Page 10
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text:
UK Law
Get UK Law Questions Answered by Verified Experts
Hello Susan,
Thanks for your question, it's obviously a very difficult situation.
If she is deported then she can only come back to the UK after getting married and then applying to the British Embassy for a spouses visa to allow her to come back to the UK for a period of two years before she is required to make a further application.
Whether she would be granted a spouses visa will be at the discretion of the Home Office and the reasons for deportation will count very heavily against her. It is probably that the HO will refuse her application initially and she will be forced to appeal. Without knowing the full details of the case and her reasons for deportation it is impossible to say whether she is likely to be sucessful but, suffice it to say, she us up against it from the start because of her deportation; even if she left early the reasons for the deportation will subsist and remain noted by the HO.
It will probably take at least two months (and probably quite a bit more) from the date of her application before a final decision is made on her visa, and she will actually have to get married first.
If this is useful please kindly click accept so that I may be rewarded for my time. It will be gratefully received and you will be free to ask follow up questions.
Kind regards,

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thank you for supporting Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership and for giving your student an opportunity to attend the HOBY Leadership Seminar.
Our online system will allow you to:
Before proceeding, please make sure you have the HOBY Registration Worksheet completed by your student(s) so that you can easily enter the information online. Please note that only school personnel or authorized HOBY volunteers may enter registrations in the system. Click here for the complete HOBY Registration Kit.
You may begin the registration process by entering your HOBY School ID and password.
If you are logging in to register a new student and your Seminar is closed, you will receive information on whom to contact to be waitlisted or to transfer to a different Seminar. If you already have students registered, you may log in to edit your registration records or add alternate students. You will not be able to register more students even if your school has not reached the maximum number of students.
If you do not have your school ID and password, please email firstname.lastname@example.com with your school name, school's mailing address and phone number to receive this information by email.
Passwords are case sensitive. Please remember to use uppercase and lowercase characters as noted


text:
Paris Hilton Sued for Lack of Self-Promotion
Paris Hilton is being sued by Worldwide Entertainment Group Inc. for allegedly not properly promoting the film National Lampoon's Pledge This!
Hilton starred in the sorority comedy and also acted as executive producer, according to the 2004 agreement.
The suit was filed in the U.S. District Court in Miami. World Wide claims that the politically-minded heiress owes $75,000 in damages for not living up to her obligation of "reasonable promotion and publicity."
That is weird—it's not like Paris should have a problem selling crap that is utterly without taste or value of any kind.
And until she pays up, each and every single pair of her capri pants will be receiving the same knife treatment. So, she'd better wipe that impertinent smile off her face.


text:
Global Views Grande Scroll Wall Hurricane
$ 248.00
Hand forged and wrought iron with a powder coated finish. Hand blown oversized glass hurricane. Hangs on wall bracked provided.
- Holds a 4"dia pillar candle
- Hangs on wall bracket provided
- Overall Dimensions: 10" w x 12" d x 35" h


text:
BISSELL Powerfresh™ Steam Mop
Hard Surface Cleaner
By BISSELL
We're sorry! This product is not available.
Description & Features+
- SANITIZES WITH STEAM - Eliminates 99.9% of germs and bacteria*
- EASY SCRUBBER -Power through tough, sticky spots with ease. Power through tough, sticky spots with a touch of your foot – press down the spring-loaded scrubber and go
- SMART SET™ STEAM CONTROL - Outsmart the grime by choosing from 3 steam levels
- SMART SET™ DIGITAL STEAM CONTROL - Chose low, medium or high steam based on your cleaning needs
- SPRING BREEZE FRAGRANCE DISCS - Lightly scented discs give your home a "just cleaned" freshness
Microban® Steam Mop Pads are infused with Microban antimicrobial protection to help prevent the growth of odor causing bacteria on the pad.
And because Microban technology works continuously, your mop pad will now stay cleaner and fresher between uses
This information is based upon standard laboratory tests and is provided for comparative purposes to substantiate antimicrobial activity for non-public health applications.
Microban technology is not designed to protect users from disease causing microorganisms.
Microban protection inhibits the growth of microorganisms that cause stains, odors, and product degradation.
Antimicrobial action limited to product surface.
*Kills many invisible germs and bacteria, when used as directed
Accessories Included:
1 Soft Pad
1 Scrubby Pad
2 Spring Breeze
Fragrance Discs
- Removable Water Tank
- No cups or funnels needed – fill up with one stop at the sink
- Low Profile Swivel Head
- Reach corners and crevices effortlessly for a finished clean
- 2 Washable Microban Mop Pads
Fights odor causing bacteria for a fresher, cleaner mop pad. One soft pad for everyday and one scrubby pad for heavy messes
To learn more about this product, visit www.bissell.ca or call 1-800-263-2535
From the Manufacturer +


text:
If you've read the blog even a few times, you've surely gotten the impression that I love both books and cocktails. And if you follow me on Twitter, you probably know that the combination of said items is something I also enjoy. So I was more than pleased when Shelf Awareness pointed me to this article about a recently-opened bar & bookstore combination. It's a great idea, and one I wish more people would emulate. Then the book-cocktail pairing could begin! I imagine Jane Austen goes well with a nice French 75, and one deserve some scotch if one is making his way through War and Peace. Any James Bond reading should involve a Vesper, of course. Sounds like fun to me.
The only disappointment is that this place is in Denver, a city I've never been to. But perhaps this is all the more reason to plan a trip!


text:
|Xiang, Zheng
|Chen, Xinwen
|Yang, Lijun
|Zhou, Benjiang
|Jiang, Runsheng
|Rosenthal, Benjamin
|Lei, Lin
|Luan, Pengtao
|Liu, Jiang
|Attwood, S.w
|Zuo, Yangxian
|Cui, Liwang
|Zhang, Ya-ping
|Yang, Zhaoqing
Submitted to: Parasitology International
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 3/13/2009
Publication Date: 3/29/2009
Publication URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2009.03.004
Citation: Xiang, Z., Chen, X., Yang, L., Zhou, B., Jiang, R., Rosenthal, B.M., Lei, L., Luan, P., Liu, J., Attwood, S., Zuo, Y., Cui, L., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z. 2009. Non-invasive methods for identifyig oocysts of Sarcocystis spp. from definitive hosts. Parasitology International. 58(3):293-296. Interpretive Summary: Many animals, including livestock, contract coccidian infections when they ingest food, or imbibe water, contaminated with oocysts excreted by a carnivore. In only a handful of cases has the carnivore in question has been definitively established for a given parasite, leaving hundreds of others incompletely described. Here, diagnostic genetic features were employed to definitively diagnose the parasites excreted by dogs, cats, and people who were known to have consumed infectious meat. As expected, the genetic signature of each parasite was constant throughout its transmission. Certain improvements are illustrated for the purpose of isolating such oocysts, which should aid future efforts to better 'connect the dots' as such parasites alternate between predator and prey species. Ultimately, this approach will help better define risk factors for animal and public health.
Technical Abstract: Because the excreted sporocysts of various species of Sarcocystis may not be discriminated morphologically, we sought to validate a diagnostic technique based on variation in the 18S rDNA sequence. Oocysts of Sarcocystis hominis, Sarcocystis fusiformis and Sarcocystis cruzi were collected from the feces of their definitive hosts (human, cats, and dogs) using a new method employing filter paper. Corresponding samples were obtained from their intermediate hosts: cattle and water buffalo. These were then distinguished using a PCR-RFLP based method applied to a partial 18S rRNA gene (ssrRNA) sequence. This approach successfully distinguished among the three Sarcocystis taxa when sampled either as tissue cysts or oocysts. The same, unique restriction digestion pattern characterizes the tissue cysts and oocysts of each parasite taxon. The technique can detect 7 sporocysts (the equivalent of 3 and 1/2 oocysts) in fecal samples, making it a potentially useful tool in the identification of Sarcocyst species. To our knowledge, this represents the first report using molecular diagnostic procedures to diagnose oocysts of Sarcocystis in faecal samples.


text:
The Crap We Missed – Tuesday 4.10.12
This puppy has seen enough of 101 Dalmations to know where this is going…
Well, looks like he's got a second bitch in his life.
The emotion in this scene leads me to believe one of them is about to be neutered, but I don't know which one
Argh! I don't wanna see where his left hand is!
The dog is just happy he is not with Amanda Seyfried so he won't get killed, stuffed and put in the living room.
"Kevin, kevin, watch your thumb. Kevin the thumb, it's right on my… oww, Kevin, OWWWW ! "
Ahhh! Warm pee.
Is the movie based on the Lovin' Spoonful song?
Holy Shit, Phoebe Cates has really let herself go!


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Description: Improve communication, resolve conflicts, and avoid the most common conversational disasters through simple, easily remembered strategies that deflect and redirect negative behaviour. Verbal Judo is the martial art of the mind and mouth that can show you how to be better prepared in every verbal encounter. Listen and speak more effectively, engage people through empathy (the most powerful word in the English language), avoid the most common conversational disasters, and use proven strategies that allow you to successfully communicate your point of view and take the upper hand in most disputes.
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All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.
List price: $14.99Copyright year: 2004Publisher: HarperCollins PublishersPublication date: 3/2/2004Binding: PaperbackPages: 224Size: 5.25" wide x 7.75" long x 0.50" tall Weight: 0.594Language: English
Jerry B. Jenkins was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan on September 23, 1949. He is the author of more than 175 books including the Left Behind series, Riven, Matthew's Story, The Last Operative, and The Brotherhood. He is also the former editor of Moody Magazine, and his writing has appeared in Reader's Digest, Parade, Guideposts, and dozens of Christian periodicals. He wrote the nationally syndicated sports story comic strip, Gil Thorp, from 1996-2004. He owns Jenkins Entertainment, a filmmaking company in Los Angeles, which produced the critically-acclaimed movie Hometown Legend, based on his book of the same name. He also owns the Christian Writers Guild, which trains professional Christian writers. As a marriage and family author and speaker, he has been a frequent guest on Dr. James Dobson's Focus on the Family radio program.
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Hey everyone, im pretty new here to spiceworks but im loving it so far.
I got a question hopefully some one can help me. I recently purchased an E2000 linksys router that i was hoping to use to replace some old WAP's we have in our network. Reason i chose this particular device was for the feature of having 1 regular WLAN and 1 public/guest WLAN that had only internet access and no LAN access. Well due to limiatitions of the firmware that came with the router it could not be done how i wanted. So I came across DD-WRT... fantastic stuff! There were multiple tutorials on how to implement it the dual SSID with that firmware. Ive had a real hard time getting it to work. I was wondering if anybody has had any success doing this. What steps did you take? and Any tutorials or guides that you followed that helped you? Thanks any advice would be appreciated! :)
Mar 3, 2011 at 10:11 UTC
3 Replies
Mar 3, 2011 at 10:20 UTC
I too use DD-WRT at home (to create a wireless bridge) and used the link here to create the custom config for my dual SSID setup:
Mar 3, 2011 at 10:42 UTC
What problems have you ran into?
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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Mother is AKC certified Golden Retriever Father is AKC certified Silver Standard Poodle All puppies will have up-to-date vaccinations, Microchipped,…$1,500
Dawson Creek have some beautiful male pups available. Pups will be ready for their new homes 8/23/2017. Taking deposit now to hold your next bully companion…$2,000
I have several purebred Chihuahua puppies CKC registered males and females short and longhair .Shots and worming up to date health guarantee. They are…$450
Black and tan mix, very similar to coloring of Rottweiler. Very small, will not grow large at all. Very puffy, favors chihuahua in size, favors Pomeranian…$450
Ghost is VERY fluffy, him and his brothers ALL have a very good, loving, and playful personality. All very healthy as well.$450
White with Merle and black patches. Shorter coat. Extremely loving, playful and adorable!$500
Smallest of litter. Teacup sized. All black and white. Resembles a tiny teddy bear.$500
Cream, biscuit, light-tannish colored Pomchi named Hercules or "Herc". Extremely playful, very loving!$450


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Days after a devastating tornado ravaged the town of Joplin, Mo., last month, the University of Missouri announced that as part of its plan to help, the school would sell shirts with all proceeds going to the relief efforts.
The shirts read "One State. One Spirit. One Mizzou" and were immediately put on sale on the school's web site and at bookstores.
And in the month since the shirts went on sale, Missouri has raised over $225,000, according to Mike DeArmond of the Kansas City Star.
DeArmond writes thta the school has sold more than 20,000 shirts at :$14.95 each and that, as a whole, the school has raised more than $1 million for Joplin relief efforts.
The shirts are still for sale.
First-place votes in parentheses.
Football coaches' poll
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The company – a subsidiary of Sound Magic Pro Audio – claims the Serenade to be the first such "hardware and software solution for audiophiles" and is designed to deliver studio-quality music.
Serenade is based on the Serenade Workstation, a portable DSD/DXD production workstation. It incorporates Minimum Path technology to use the shortest signal path for your audio.
MORE: Read all our DAC reviews and news
HDTA says this leads to an "extremely efficient circuit" and reduces distortion. The Serenade also features 32-bit DAC architecture and a Jitter Elimination Circuit with dual oscillator design.
In a quest to provide "extended support of high-resolution audio", Serenade supports four types of DSD files with native playback including DXD 24-bit/352.8kHz and DSD 32-bit/384kHz.
More after the break
Meanwhile, the new Virtual Preamp technology has been used to boost the sound quality when it is used at different volume levels – altering the dynamic range depending on the volume.
MORE: High-resolution audio – everything you need to know
Elsewhere, headphone mix technology is aimed at those "who make their music on a headphone monitoring system" and combines a number of elements to achieve the "feeling" of speakers.
It combines HDTA's environment simulation system, frequency compensating system and HRTF technologies to reproduce that speaker sensation when listening to music with your headphones.
Serenade measures 12 x 12 x 3cm and can be powered direct from a USB port. It will go on sale through Amazon and will come with a price tag here in the UK of £200.
MORE: Best DACs to buy in 2015
So basically, the external design is Arcam.
And inside ?
Chinese copying everything, without any imagination apparently...
Is it just me or....
Is it just me or does it look cheap and nasty? Maybe just poor photography, plus do we really need 24-bit/352.8kHz and 32-bit/384kHz?
I can't imagine it selling well at that price unless it turns out to be something of an unexpected gem that comes highly recommended by all.


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West Chester, PA CoT signing 22 January 2003 - report by Brandon
report from rec.arts.sf.written.robert-jordan
Straight to the point. All of the plot lines will NOT be wrapped up at the end of the series. I attended the book signing at Chester County Book and Music Company today and someone a few people ahead of me asked a question that I couldn't hear, but RJ's answer went something like this:
No. The one thing I don't like about most fantasy is that everything gets tied up in the end. The people, the cities, everything finishes and it dries up. The book gets put on the shelf and collects dust. I want the world to be vibrant and still going. Some minor plots will go on and things in the world will stay alive.
This is in NO WAY a direct quote. I have never been to a book signing and was somewhat struck and nervous about meeting him, plus I had no writing or recording equipment. The overall vibe I got was that he really does care about the world he has created and won't leave out anything major.
Also if anyone cares I asked him to describe the texture and feel of Bashere's baton of the Marshal-General. I was hoping he would say it "felt not like ivory, not like glass, but more like glass," as is the description of the known oath rods (note the only times we've seen it have been in Rand POV's and at first it was "what appeared to be an ivory rod" then later Rand assumes it is an ivory rod); however, I was greatly disappointed. He said, "it was smooth and heavy...ivory capped with gold." Oh well I guess Rand's later assumptions that is just ivory are correct.
Major thanks to CC Book and Music Co. they were way helpful and super nice, and if anyone talks to RJ thank him for signing my books. I can't remember if I told him so after getting them signed (still nervous at that point). It was a great experience with courteous people and even after reading about the jokes he tells before going to the signing I still laughed. His personality was so Jovial and warm even my wife had a great time and she has never read any of his books.


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Know your preferences first
The world is changing with more financial pressure being placed on men and ladies as well. A good education ensures that you can earn more. This also means that ladies are busy with their studies. This leaves the men feeling lonely.
Ladies are very choosy these days. They are trickier to date and it is very time consuming to get a lady at very short notice. Working men get almost no time to invest in relationships which may break after a short while. London escorts however are ladies of a different calibre altogether.
London escort agencies put in time and effort in order to hand pick attractive ladies who love to date. These ladies love their jobs and they are good at entertaining as well. They love to talk, share experiences and listen attentively. They are good at dancing and massaging too. Whatever your preference, there is always a London escort to match to it. Take time to discover what you really desire.
Lovely attractive ladies
When you have a look at the profiles of the GBLondonescorts escorts in London , you are sure to be spoilt for choice. All the ladies are very good looking. As beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder, you can choose the ones which take your fantasy.
If you would like your escorts in London to double up, choose a duo. These ladies fit in very well with each other. You can relax and let them entertain you. They can put up a show in which you will be under no pressure to join in. Of course they don't mind you joining them.
You are under no pressure from these lovely ladies. They will entertain you for as long as you may want. These ladies come from all walks of life. Some are students and some are professionals with good day time jobs. The reasons why they engage in escorting are manifold. Some may do it to supplement their income, others just love escorting.
The high class London escorts can be expected to be a class above all the rest. These ladies are very sophisticated and know exactly how to treat and satisfy their high class clients. They charge a considerably higher amount than the normal escorts. They also work very hard to ensure that they have extremely satisfied clients. This is the only way to ensure continuous work for them.
Mature escort London
Mature ladies would love to share their experiences with their clients, who are very happy with their services. They are experts in their fields and can seldom get things wrong. They are full of numerous erotic ideas and techniques. This is why it is not only the older men who seek after them, but the young like them too.
The mature escorts London take great care of their bodies and do not look their age. They look considerably younger as they have very healthy lifestyles. They take good care of their diets and their bodies too. They exercise regularly and stay in good spirits most of the time. They look younger and they are highly energetic too.
The mature escorts are warm and welcoming. They offer their clients tender loving care and get business over and over again.


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I would like to know when I can start stretching? Like flexibility stretches after Tummy Tuck with muscle repair?
Doctor Answers 7
Recovery after tummy tuck
I strongly believe that seromas are related to early over activity, specifically movement of the skin against the muscle. It makes sense to minimize that for the first couple of weeks as tissues adhere back together and that bond strengthens. Starting to stand up in a straighter posture is recommended by 2 weeks for my patients but I believe that really stretching vigorously could separate tissues which are in the early stage of healing and I would discourage that for 6 weeks. Fluid collections under the flap can occur as a result of failure to heal or disrupting things that are healing normally, necessitating treatment by needle aspiration (puncturing into the fluid with a needle and drawing it out with a syringe). Needle aspiration is unpleasant for everyone involved and I encourage my patients to err on the side of caution to avoid that consequence of over activity. These are extremely rare in my practice as a result of patient education. I believe that understanding how problems occur can eliminate their occurrence the vast majority of the time.
Stretching after tummy tuck
I tell most people 6 weeks, and often I'll extend this to 8 weeks, as aggressive stretching, like yoga, can place a significant strain on your muscle plication and if your muscle repair pops, you'll have a bulge there that will require additional surgery. Some very light stretching is okay up until then, but it's mostly to protect you and your investment. No one wants to have a repeat operation for something that's completely avoidable.
I let my patients begin stretching and mild exercise a week after drains are out and no fluid collects in the lower abdomen. That is typically about 3 weeks and they must wear the garment during any activity. However, it varies greatly with the extent of the surgery, which is usually dictated by the size of the patient, how much liposuction was done for contouring, and even diet. Every recovery is different and you should follow the judgement of your surgeon, who is the only one who knows how his/her patients do historically given each patient's circumstance.
You might also like...
Activity after TT
Thank you for your question. usually in my practice we allow them graduated stretch after 4 weeks and get to full activity in 6 weeks provided cleared by surgeon.
Return to Stretching after Tummy Tuck
Swelling can persist for several months and will gradually improve and will look better at three months, six months, and even one year. Frequently the pubic area and the scrotal and penis area for men can become very swollen and discolored during the first two weeks due to gravity as this is the lowest area for swelling to accumulate.
You can return to full activity without restrictions at 6 weeks.
It may take several months for a tummy tuck patient's scars to soften, for sensation to return, and for relaxing of the tight sensation in the abdomen. In the case of extensive surgery, abdominoplasty recovery can be uncomfortable and may take longer. Scars may stay red, become thick or widen. It can take 12-18 months for the scars to settle.
These can be improved with topical treatments such as BioCorneum, Scar Guard, Scar Fade and Mederma. Redness can be improved with laser treatments and the scars can be kept narrow with products such as Embrace. On occasion, keloids or hypertrophic scars can develop and will need treatment including Kenalog, 5FU and laser.
You may want to double-check with your surgeon that enough time has passed and that incisions are healed enough to return to a greater amount of activity. Good luck.
Learn more: http://www.horowitzmd.com/plastic-surgery-procedures-newport-beach/abdominoplasty/
1 month post op, some advices:
Thank you very much for sharing your concerns with us.
At this point (1 month post-po) the swelling is normal.
To reduce it, I recommend you perform daily lymphatic drainage massage therapy over the abdomen and wear a postoperative girdle from thigh to the breasts.
Kind regards,
Dr. Emmanuel Mallol Cotes.-
I would like to know when I can start stretching after Tummy Tuck...
Congratulations on having undergone the tummy tuck procedure. Although I understand your desire to receive online opinions, you really DO need to follow your plastic surgeon's recommendations. He/she knows exactly what was done, how you are progressing, and is ultimately responsible for your care. Best wishes for an outcome that you will be pleased with.
Learn more: http://www.poustiplasticsurgery.com/Procedures/Procedure_tummyTuck.htm
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Apparently white girls can jump, but China boys can't. Guess what kid, faceplanting isn't going to help you get out of the friendzone. No matter how funny it is.
Damn lice papah sorcks!
He thought he would get laid if he impressed those girls and he sure did on his flat fuckin face haha
i hope the foreign exchange program covers insurance
nice trick to get the view from down there
But yea i agree with biggertalk this pic is lame as fuck
his grandfather was a kamikaze pilot..
that chinks about to go clunk!
awesome pic dude
Everyone has a Neg except for Gunz?.....................................
^^^Gunz is the last to post, so maybe whoever is doing didn't get to his yet.But I'll give you one so you don't feel left out.
because people fuckin love me urapnes :D
shoot me if my problems in life consist of bitching about getting a neg on cs >:O
^^^^I will shoot you because you are a straight up maggot.
Arm brake in 3,2,1.
i'm sure you can jump higher. what are you, yellow or something?


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BRING YOUR SKYLANDERS CARDS TO LIFE! Begin your quest to become the ultimate Battlecaster. Collect Skylanders® Battlecast cards, build a legendary team and bring them to life in epic online battles! Download and play the FREE mobile game! Start your adventure with the Skylanders® Battlecast 22-Card Battle Pack, featuring Trigger Happy, Hex and Smash Hit. BUILD AN UNBEATABLE COLLECTION OF CARDS • Collect all 270 Character, Spell, Gear and Relic cards • Choose three Skylanders to take into battle and devise unique strategies with killer combos • Cast powerful Spell cards to smite foes on the field of battle, equip Gear cards to boost your Skylanders, and change the rules of the game with mysterious Relic cards CRUSH THE COMPETITION IN ONLINE MULTIPLAYER • Challenge Battlecasters from around the globe in online PvP • Earn bonus rewards as you strive to become the Ultimate Battlecaster • Add friends to duel at any time BATTLE KAOS AND HIS EVIL MINIONS IN THE SINGLE PLAYER CAMPAIGN • Fight your way through over 60 missions across eight elemental islands to defeat Kaos and save Skylands from his legion of EVIL • Complete challenges on each mission to earn more rewards • Embark on daily quests to earn rewards and unlock achievements BRING THE SKYLANDERS TO LIFE IN A WHOLE NEW WAY • Expand your gameplay experience with physical Battlecast cards* • For the first time ever, you can scan physical Battlecast cards and play with your Skylanders through Augmented Reality • Import physical cards into the game to build your digital collection The ever powerful Kaos has opened a rift into a mysterious world known as the Second Dimension. In this realm, he has dispatched the most infamous villains from Skylands in an attempt to finally destroy the Skylanders. Standard rules and conventional forms of battle do not apply in this dimension, so the Skylanders must use new powers, abilities, and tactics to defeat the villains and ultimately stop Kaos! With all of its Elemental Realms captured, a new breed of hero is needed to lead the Skylanders and save the Second Dimension from being conquered by Kaos. It's up to you to become a champion Battlecaster by collecting battle cards, building the ultimate team, and bringing them to life in epic battles never before seen! Battle Pack includes: 22 Cards**, 1 Deck Box, 1 Trading Shield and 1 Collection & Beginner's Guide Protect your cards; cards are non-transferable after they are unlocked in the Skylanders Battlecast mobile game. *Physical cards are not required to play Skylanders® Battlecast **1 Trigger Happy Character Card, 1 Hex Character Card, 1 Smash Hit Character Card, 1 Rummage Spell Card, 1 Impending Doom Spell Card, 1 Concussion Spell Card, and 16 Random Cards
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On Tuesday morning, Al Horford, 30, participated in his first formal practice with the Celtics, navigating a breezy walkthrough that kicked off the team's first two-a-day session of training camp. After spending his entire nine-year NBA career with the Atlanta Hawks, Horford was asked about stepping outside his comfort zone. "It's definitely a weird feeling, but I feel good," Horford said. "It feels right to be here.
"Looking at my career at this point, I'm going into my 10th year and want to be able to be a part of something special and win a championship. With the type of guys that we have here, we have that possibility, and that's something I wanted to be a part of."
Source: Chris Forsberg of ESPN
Make sure to follow Basketball Insiders on Twitter at @BBallInsiders.


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*SAM Shortline reserves the right to cancel any train/and, or alter schedules.


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Germany to Review Nuclear Options
In Germany, the changing political winds are carrying the whisper of yet another angle on using nuclear power as a political tool in the fight to keep positive ratings in the "peak oil" era. Gerhard Schroeder has reacted to a poor showing by his party in recent state elections by calling for early Federal elections: hanging on his hope that the opposition party will not be prepared to bring a credible candidate forward with short preparation time. Meeting the challenge, the CDU has firmly stood behind the current party leader, Angela Merkel, and most pundits are expecting a close race. Now Merkel has initiated her campaign with the announcement that, if elected, she intends to reopen the standing agreement that all nuclear power will be phased out in Germany by the year 2021. The leaders inside the nuclear industry are hedging their response, repeating their commitments to the existing agreement while expressing their readiness to listen if the government insists on reopening the issue. And to get the idea accepted widely, Merkel has a card up her sleeve...The phase out agreement, made between the government and industry in 2000 and then signed into law in 2001, limits reactor life to 32 years. Merkel proposes to allow the reactors to operate as long as it is technically feasible. Industry experts expect that cost-effective operation at acceptable safety levels can certainly be extended 40 years, and probably 50 years for many reactors. The announcement by Merkel represents the possibility for the industry to forego substantial investment in replacement technologies and watch as the profits roll in from the already written-off facilities. Merkel intends to make this proposal viable by tying it to a requirement that at least 50% of these "windfall" profits must be reinvested in development of alternative energies. Questions of course remain as to how much this would effect governmental support for independent alternative energy research programs and whether the industry can be restructured so that some of the benefits can be seen in the consumer's power bill.
Opposition has been prompt. Environmental Minister Juergen Trittin(of the Green party) has protested that this move would endanger investments already underway, and the jobs they will create, because no new plant can compete with a fully written-off plant. The anti-atomic lobbies are once again throwing their weight into the argument.
Germany steps into a boiling pot with this theme. Finland began work in February 2005 on the only nuclear power plant actively under construction in the EU. (If you are anti-atomic, this certainly causes second thoughts: Finns are some of the most educated people on earth and suffered quite directly the effects of Chernobyl, yet proceed along this path.) France, a leader with over 75% of demand fulfilled by atomic power, has reopened the discussion of new plants. In the USA, with over 100 plants the leader by total production capacity (760,000 GWh(e) versus 420,000 Gwh(e) in runner-up France), the Bush administration has also made noises about potential for new nuclear plants (remember Uncle Treehugger's exhortations to use this emotional topic to help the climate change issue finally get the attention it deserves). The US NRC is also pursuing an under-the-radar deal to put a new Toshiba technology in Alaska by 2010. And in the rest of the world, an additional 26 nuclear plants are under construction, mostly in rapidly developing nations. See see the Umweltinstitut München for an informative summary (in German only, but the tables are interesting and can probably be interpreted with a little help from Babelfish). English speakers looking to know more can check out the US Dept. of Energy or the World Nuclear Association.