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STUDY OF CLOUD BASED ERP SERVICES FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (Data is processed by Text Mining Technique)
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1 Revista de Sistemas de Informação da FSMA n. 13 (2014) pp STUDY OF CLOUD BASED ERP SERVICES FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (Data is processed by Text Mining Technique) Rajeev Sharma, Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Career Point University, Kota, Rajasthan, INDIA Dr. Bright Keswani, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Computer Application, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, INDIA Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to explore the knowledge of the existing studies related to cloud computing current trend. The outcome of research is demonstrated in the form of diagram which simplifies the ERP integration process for in-house and cloud eco-system. It will provide a conceptual view to the new client or entrepreneurs using ERP services and explain them how to deal with two stages of ERP systems (cloud and in-house). Also suggest how to improve knowledge about ERP services and implementation process for both stages. The work recommends which ERP services can be outsourced over the cloud. Cloud ERP is a mix of standard ERP services along with cloud flexibility and low cost to afford these services. This is a recent phenomenon in enterprise service offering. For most of non IT background entrepreneurs it is unclear and broad concept, since all the research work related to it are done in couple of years. Most of cloud ERP vendors describe their products as straight forward tasks. The process and selection of Cloud ERP Services and vendors is not clear. This research work draws a framework for selecting non-core business process from preferred ERP service partners. It also recommends which ERP services outsourced first over the cloud, and the security issues related to data or information moved out from company premises to the cloud eco-system. I. INTRODUCTION - ESSENTIALS OF CLOUD ERP The principles of cloud ERP is originated from the term cloud computing. To explain what cloud ERP means, it will be compulsory to first classify cloud computing and its significance. Cloud computing are based on the computer terminology Cloud which is seen to be several computers (thin & thick client) and servers connected through World Wide Web (WWW) or internet. Computers can be personal computers (PDAs, Mobile Devices) or network servers; they can be public, private or hybrid. The term cloud computing means access remotely to computing services offered by third parties (vendor of offering cloud based services).the term Cloud computing was evolved due to the revolution of internet. Researcher published that cloud computing gets its name as a symbol for the internet (as World Wide Web is life line for cloud services). Cloud has been used traditionally as a synonym for the internet based services. Most of scholar & researchers agree that cloud based services has three layers. A group of researchers explained these three layers as three inter-related stacks: SaaS web services and business applications (apps) are designed for end-users, delivered over the www or internet PaaS is the set of web services and tools structured to make coding and deploying those services and applications rapid and proficiently IaaS is the Information Technology Infrastructure (hardware and software part) that empowers the organization to outsource these non core activities related to IT Infrastructures e.g. operating systems, storage, routers, distribution systems, servers and networks to third party. Now, Organization can be focused in to core business processes. CaaS It is another flavor of cloud which facilitate the organization by outsourcing all the communication need of particular business activities. 2
2 Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Information Technology Subcommittee (2012, 1) concrete the area of cloud computing:.. The term cloud computing is a comparatively latest terminology used to express diverse acknowledged business process flows, technologies, and processing techniques. Even though, the cloud technology demand is rising as per change in current business needs still there is no common definition. Several business processes, strategies, technologies, platforms, frameworks and architectures are suggested as cloud computing. Generally, cloud computing is a scheme of immigration from in-house resources to shared resources in which customer employees get enterprise services, on demand, from third-party service vendors by WWW or Internet. These lines present a specific definition of cloud phenomenon.. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2011), presented the terminology in a different words:..as per report it is a model of web services distribution using flexible, low cost and easy available platform. Hence, the model empowers convenience, sharing of pooled IT Infrastructure as per business demand or situation permit. It provide computing resources (e.g., enterprise products, networks, servers, storage, business applications, and readymade services), that can be consumed instantly as trend changes in business and free with negligible management effort or service vendors communication Additionally the report, described the cloud services from usefulness or the relation with user s viewpoint. The cloud based web services are used through internet (WWW) from a dedicated server that manage and store all related web services within a cloud. If the computer crashes due to some calamity or other reasons, the report created will be saved on the server that hosts the package of web services which can be accessed through web by other users as well. Correspondingly, if we think of ERP packaged services being stored in a dedicated server in the cloud, the ERP system is used through web with predefined access rights. So, cloud ERP is an ERP system which is hosted over the cloud platform by service provider. It will offer equivalent modules & services that are in the standard ERP package that is implemented on the organization s locations. There are many advantages if we look cloud ERP as a software project. Group of researcher believed in these advantages when they recommend applying cloud computing to project management. These advantages consist of faster ERP implementations, minimal operating costs with superior flexibility, scalability, profitability, malleability and consistency to the organization s business and dependent activities. Cloud services are a type of web applications or software; it provides solutions that can be accessible at any time, in any location with no physical boundaries in the world and by any person with accessing rights. [3] [4] Now we can acknowledge that cloud services will change the way of working patters of different ERP users around the globe, they will not be limited by working location or time as long as they are connected to web. 1. Public cloud - Easily accessed by any user with a connection to the internet and access to the cloud eco-system. 2. Private cloud - It is established for a particular group or company and limits access to just that group. 3. Community cloud It is shared among two or more organizations that have analogous cloud necessities. 4. Hybrid cloud - It is a mash up of minimum two Clouds, where the Clouds included a mix of public, private or community. Most of other researchers and ERP providers SAP (2013), Oracle (2013), Ramco (2013), categorize cloud types mainly in four categories: public cloud, private cloud, community cloud and hybrid cloud. As diagram 1.1 is showing that community cloud is a part of public cloud if it does not necessitate any particular access rights, or else it will come under private cloud with the specific access rights. I. TEXT MINING TOOLS STEPS USED FOR GETTING THE RESULTS (THE DECISION HAS BEEN MADE BY THE TEXT MINING RESULTS OF THE RAPIDMINER DATA MINING TOOL VERSION 5.3) Quick View of Data Mining Steps Figure 1.1 Basic Steps of Data Mining used by mining tool 3
3 Figure 1.2 Graphical user interface of RapidMiner version 5.3 an open source tool for Data Mining Figure 1.4 Transformation and processing of data Figure 1.3 Steps of result generation Figure 1.5 RapidMiner Table - Outcome from text files of Companies category 4
4 HRM (Human Resource Management) activities: I propose outsourcing HRM module as primary step toward outsourcing to the third party. almost every organization need either to hire new workforce as their existing ones retire or simply leave for vacation or due to other reasons (e.g. family condition, better opportunities etc.). Identifying the right skills and capable workers is difficult exercise; it consumes lot of time and resources. On the other hand, SMEs should search their workforce in right time before retirements or to fill short-term open positions which can be due to sick or maternity leave. Due to HRM outsourcing over the cloud ERP the organizations will have a prospect to appoint the required capabilities in short time. After taking first lap, the SMEs will have an experience that how the outsourcing works for cloud environment. This HRM services procurement will be the learning phase in the direction of outsourcing other ERP modules in cloud eco-system. Figure Full Connected map of ERP web enterprise services correlated key words in companies category. II. WHICH ENTERPRISE SERVICES CAN BE OUTSOURCED OVER THE CLOUD ERP As per outcome of various published articles, web-blogs and interviews of many IT experts in ERP services and domain experts in manufacturing firms; there are no major differences between in-house ERP and cloud ERP; both can satisfy customers (SMEs from different industry verticals) need once these needs are recognized. The majority of SMEs in all vertical are still are hesitating between replacing in-house ERP to the cloud by implementing cloud ERP as Software as a service (SaaS). However, there are numerous organizations which have personalized cloud ERP as conversion from inhouse to the cloud. A group of SMEs prefer to stay with inhouse style. Other groups of SMEs have taken the decision to use both flavor of ERP enterprise services, the in-house version of standard ERP generally installed in central offices of the parent company; this happens when the organization has several subsidiaries in other geographic locations. In favor of newly launched SMEs they will implement or have implemented cloud ERP services in starting of business, they are suggested to delay in outsourcing cloud ERP services because intensive research work is required. In-house ERP and cloud ERP have same modules and services in general. SMEs may outsource any enterprise services whenever they required particular expertise in non-core business process which cannot provide by their own employees. Hence, the below described services can be outsourced over cloud ERP as discussed. (Below point are well supported by Figure 1.6) Critical data storage and server maintenance activities outsourcing: This research work is in context of SMEs (small and midsized enterprises in manufacturing domain) hence the cloud based ERP service that can be outsourced should not be part of the manufacturing activities, such as production, product design in terms of know-how that give a competitive advantage for the company over their competitors e.g. Tata steel out sourced non-core IT infrastructure processes to TCS. On the other hand, using cloud ERP based on SaaS model will necessitate in special to buy cloud ERP storage in specific case where the actual ERP will take place, in other words the cloud ERP provider may offer cloud storage as well. The storage space over the cloud can be rented from ERP vendor or from various cloud service providers. However, cloud storage will contain organizations data (master and transactional data) and will require regular server maintenance which can be outsourced as service in cloud eco-system. Yet, outsourcing data storage services can be in other countries which have different laws than the home country of SMEs. The upsetting issue is that the majority of firms do not necessary know where their data is stored although the provider is in same country of the SMEs. There is no guarantee that clouds vendor s necessarily own the cloud. SMEs have to know the geographic physical location of their data storage, possibly in same country where the law is well established. The law has to protect customer s data ownership. Payroll functions outsourcing: This is an essential business activity of any organization and it can be consider under noncore business processes and planning services. Payroll outsourcing practice has been experienced by every second company in business scenario and it has been advantageous in terms of low outsourcing cost. The SMEs can outsource payroll using cloud based ERP services under finance module. The organizations with the help of new platform or technologies and using the expert view of IT consultant can link their cloud ERP to niche third party partner. This will empower the manufacturing firms to stay away from payroll trained employees in their premises simultaneously saving the costs of the software licenses needed to process payroll 5
5 activities. In addition to that payroll outsourcing can release the burden of tax calculations and other lawful rules that can be complex to SMEs but can be easily maintain by specialized third party vender by fulfillment of payroll business process with the legislation rules. Logistics and supply chain activities: It is a part of supply chain management module and several activities in logistics are necessary to facilitate the flow of manufacturing product from point of origin (raw material exploration) to point of sell (where consumer buys the finished goods). Standard ERP packages contain a separate module that is reserved to logistics business processes. Many of them do not have own transportation vehicles to transport their raw materials and products. Hence, outsourcing this enterprise non core business process over the cloud can be more advantageous in terms of money and time saving. There is one more non-core business process which can be outsourced within logistics modules is the inventory management (compulsory in manufacturing domain) including warehouses and raw material storage. By adapting this business decision, the manufacturing firms can benefits from raw material, toll charges, fuel and market price forecasting. The forecasting (predicting market trends) can be build in cloud based ERP services in sort of added apps and can be embed in dashboard apps that facilitate visual real time information for management associates. The real time information can be verifying on dashboard apps, like raw material availability from different suppliers, locations and prices discount offers. The moving of firm s material can be tracked by implanting RFID in trucks; it can facilitate Just-In- Time (JIT) delivery of raw material and finished goods. Outsourcing of marketing related activities: Cloud ERP facilitates marketing by a separate module on this. As it is already mentioned in point 4 that marketing activities will help manufacturing firms to get response from their existing regular & irregular customers, reach new customers and new ideas on how to be pioneer in new markets (in last quarter Hero Moto Corp launched its flagship bike splendor in African countries which are new market for the Hero). Innovation can be achieved by improving existing products and services or inventing new products and services. Hence manufacturing firms can outsource marketing services over cloud ERP. Outsourcing marketing to the third party is typically expecting intervention of social media platforms which are rich of customer s information. The information can be: customer s expectations, judgments, and complaints about the organization s or competitors products, new ideas for new innovation; we are living in era where customers drive changes through social network platforms. All this information can be crucial in shaping the manufacturing companies competitive advantage. But the puzzle here is: how can manufacturing firms select the right marketing partner? Special business consultants (e.g. Boston consulting group) may solve this puzzle. Data service management: Outsourcing need arise to this module usually when cloud ERP partner offer only standard ERP system over the cloud. It will necessitate securing and protecting data over the cloud by using third party services. The third party service provider will ensure the data security, safety, control, availability, and accessibility around the clock and data ownership as discussed in point 4. For securing data the service provider generally uses masking or encrypting of the master data, for making leak proof environment for data services provider generally uses discretionary access control (DAC) or Mandatory Access Control (MAC) in combination with encryption algorithms. Added-On applications: these apps can be the extra tools or add-on service offering that are not included in the standard cloud ERP. All SMEs will not utilize same cloud ERP modules with same service offerings; each one practices its own methods of manufacturing processes in a different way even though they might produce same or identical products. One example of these added apps can be dashboards or intelligent user friendly GUI that enables management associates to access real time information with greater transparency. Hence outsourcing services offerings over the cloud ERP appear quite complex and interfered with each other. As cloud ERP is based on SaaS model, the cloud ERP services consumer need only the internet connection and computer or any mobile device that enables users to log-in with their ID s or usernames and passwords. Physical presence on particular premises does not matter here, so the third party service provider will have their own ID s and passwords. They can use ID s and passwords only for the task they should perform. Similar, to the in-house ERP users from different departments have their own ID s and passwords. Users can pay and use the needed ERP modules according to their business demand. HRM modules will be handled with HR expert, logistics will be handled with logistics experts and so on. None of these enterprise services will hinder with other activities, users will not necessary know each other. ERP systems integrations are used in complex organization structure and carefully taken into consideration; it will involve enormous work to convert data to be companionable with all diverse ERP systems. Hence forth before outsourcing services, firms are suggested to select the right cloud ERP that will be companionable with their partners ERP systems it would be easy if the group of partners create alliances that use same ERP system and allows them to avoid the burden of ERP system integration that might consume a considerable time and human resources (e.g. Reliance is using SAP ERP Services across all the business verticals). 6
6 patented process must remain in the house so that nobody can re-engineer the process and not able become competitor in the same domain. These secrets consist of the manufacturing of products or spare parts and services related to them. The secrets can be designs, secret insights of product recipe, cheaper raw material source, skills and own dynamic capabilities who carry the actual tacit knowledge. All these manufacturing secrets constitute the organization s core businesses and competitive advantage drivers. Figure2.1Typical scenario of SMEs in Cloud ERP ecosystem In the Figure2.1, the locks and keys shows that each user from different third party has own ID and password that allow him or her to log in the cloud ERP system. All the data will remain in private cloud of the manufacturing companies. The intelligent system used for monitoring the cloud eco-system in order to ensure the safety and security of the implemented system. III. WHICH ERP DATA CAN BE KEPT IN-HOUSE AND WHICH CAN BE MOVED TO THE CLOUD Cloud is latest buzzword in computer system terminology and platform, the area is widely researched by information system management (ISM) researchers also. According to ISM researchers the cloud is misunderstood technology but still it gained attraction from different industries and communities. On the other hand, the cloud concept is new notion for various SMEs (small and medium size enterprises). The majority of small and midsized manufacturing firms see that moving data to cloud and will be a challenging, confusing and worrying task. The below given data is recommended to remain in the company s location: Data of Core business processes: The data is life-line for any manufacturing company and cannot be shared at any cost. The core data comprises design of core business processes, data related to raw material cast, profit margins, future plan related to new product offerings, planning to grab market in geographical location etc. This type of data is the most receptive data also known as master data. Most of the SME in manufacturing domain will agree that manufacturing secrets or Data of daily transactions: The data generated on daily basis or due to regular tractions comes in this category. A competitor can analyze any business turnover and average daily limit of product supply on the basis of this data. It is also known as transaction data. This kind of data is another susceptible data generated on daily basis e.g. trillions of bank tractions happen in worldwide bank like Citibank. It contains data that supports the daily operations of manufacturing companies (e.g. transaction related to raw material uses on daily basis). This data is generated regular basis by cloud or in-house ERP s application systems or other in house applications. Since most of transactions are made online, so most of organizations are having fear of losing this data, provided that there are well established security platforms (e.g. Axis Bank is using dual authentication technique to secure its electronic transaction, Reliance is using RSA Algorithm based authentication technique to access their systems on-line.). Contracts data (personal data related workforce and partners): The data is also generated on regular basis, because nobody can assume organization without human resource or intellectual assets. This data comprise of suppliers, logistic vendors, third party, employee s contracts and legal related activities. For the employee s contracts it should be kept inhouse and confidential. Previously, I recommended outsourcing HRM over the cloud, the role of HR here just to find the right person for the company; the contract step will be performed and will be kept in-house. The data related to vendors, suppliers and third party contracts that contain legal duties of each part, should remain in house of each part involved in company s businesses activities. Here all parts involved as partners should protect each other s information from any leak are peeping from outsiders or competitors. Each type of data and their interchange transactions will need to be managed between all cloud ERP modules. That is why companies have to implement risk management solution for master data. The next point will deal with this problem. The below mention data is recommended to be moved to the cloud: Customer s data: customer s data encloses information about the organization s customers it should be protected when it will be moved to the cloud due to confidentiality and ethical reasons. Usually, customer s data contains customer s names, addresses, mobile numbers, IDs, purchase history. Not 7
7 all customers accept that their information will be available for public use or used by other unknown parties. The customer s information should be secured by the organizations and their third parties. That is why SMEs are suggested to use private cloud for their cloud ERPs. Policies should be maintained regarding safety and leak of customer data. Internal employee s data can be moved into the cloud under authoritarian conditions: this data can be related to the organization s core and valuable business capabilities. It was suggested that the manufacturing companies should outsource HRM and payrolls activities to third party; this will force the company to send information about their existing employees and new required ones to the third party. As a result, the companies here must build a trustful relationship with their third party partners, especially HR partners. This is possible by setting special rules that will prevent the leak of information from one company to the other through employee s movements. This may occur when an employee decides to join workforce of the competitor for better salary. In well developed countries there are rules that protect company s rights in such cases. Data warehouse and cloud storage: Data warehouse is a need of every SME because this era belongs to information. The data stored in ware house usually contains historical data resulted from transaction data and other source of data. Therefore, data warehouse is updated regularly through online transaction processing. On line analytical processing and transaction processing is the famous tool used for data mining which lead for decision making. Data warehouse is gather data from different ERP system and inter-transaction of used modules; this type of data might be moved to the cloud only in case if the cloud is having strictly policies related to data security. I recommended to SMEs to use only private cloud, the data warehouse can be moved to cloud as well. [11] [13] How secure are cloud ERP service as compared to inhouse ERP? The scenario of using cloud based ERP is analogous to moving in-house ERP to the cloud. Therefore, before starting data migration process from in-house to the cloud, SMEs have to think about what will happen to their data centers and its repositories in the cloud. The most tormenting issue that kept various organizations from migrating to the cloud is security and safety of the cloud. Many incidents of data (master and transactional data) theft or leak have happened in recent year before the cloud concept born. Cyber attacks or Cyber warfare recorded plethora of on-premises data leaks that belong to large organizations. The data has been either destroyed or exposed to public. These attacks may cripple the manufacturing network with their partners causing major damages such as sending products or raw materials to wrong location or simply delay an important business processing transaction. [14][19] By the data collected during an interview with few SMEs in manufacturing domain, IT ERP consultants and ERP providers, we concluded that the safety and security concern is the precedence of their businesses. Numerous cloud ERP vendors offer only the ERP system without cloud or security related to it. But they have their co-partners who can offer either cloud or security or both as it was pointed out in point 4. Other cloud ERP providers offer almost everything what small and midsized manufacturing organizations need. The security of the cloud ERP compared to in-house ERP can be study and implemented by using Data risk management. The data risk management includes not only the SMEs, but all their partners and co-partner who look after of the non-core business services. These partners are linked to the SMEs through cloud ERP models according to their outsourced businesses they expect to offer. Organizations and their copartners have to safeguard all data traffic that will occur in the cloud ERP modules during various business processes e.g. procuring raw material and selling finished goods. Safety of data (master or transactional) is the accountability of the SME s and all partners who assist their businesses core and non-core business processes. Data risk management comprises these important data security terminologies: data control, accessibility, data recovery, availability and flexibility. The data control comprises of the ownership of data. The owner must have a full control of his or her data. In this case the SMEs will have the administrative data control in the cloud ERP, for the reason that the cloud ERP belongs to manufacturing organizations. Hence cloud provider can use access control mechanism to handle this data base (Mandatory Access Control MAC, Discretionary access control - DAC) Since the data risk management involves the third parties responsibility, the cloud provider has to offer data recovery in case of unwanted disaster (e.g. Tsunami, Earthquake etc.). Cloud provider has to make data accessible from right owner (including data protection) and available 24/7 for the users of the SMEs. The most important point is that organizations have to ensure the availability of the cloud provider. In worst case, if the cloud provider decides to shut down his or her business or went bankruptcy: in this case organizations and cloud vendor have to make sure that their cloud ERP and data related to it is save and can be moved to other provider. Generally, the security is related to local legislation, defining the cloud vendor and cloud s physical location is important aspect to take in contemplation when the organizations will outsource cloud storage. Legislation in other countries may not give safety and security to the data. Due to this premier reason organizations need to have cloud provider and cloud storage location in countries where the law protects their rights related to security of data in the favor of SMEs. As data security is one of important concern for SMEs. So forth, data safety over the cloud here are numerous suggestions 8
9 outsourcing and customization of service offering will be reshaped; the legislation related to cloud outsourcing will be developed as well. The research work can be carried out with people from different domain e.g. technical, management, law and finance vertical. These researchers can be technical engineering students, law student, finance experts and business oriented students. VI. REFERENCES [1] Aiton,W. Russell,D. (2011) cloud Accounting: From Spreadsheet Misery to Affordable cloud ERP, page no [2] Borchert,A. (2013) Sales Center of Excellence Principal HANA, SAP EMEA Database & Technology, SAP Innovation Forum, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Baraman, D. (2013), Practice Lead in Target Retail, Bangalore, India [4] Chabara, R (Interviewed on 1 May 2013) Senior Consultant and expert in ERP services at Deloitte consulting, Hyderabad, India [5] Kulshrest, A Project lead in TCS (Conversation in May 2013), Cost of ERP SaaS Vs cost of ERP on-premises: user s based practical example [6] Chuck C.H. Law,C. Chen,C. Wu,B. (2010) Managing the full ERP life-cycle: Considerations of maintenance and support requirements and IT governance practice as integral elements of the formula for successful ERP adoption, Volume 61, Issue 3, April 2010, Pages No [13] Bhattacharya, A (Regular virtual meet on social networking sites), SAP-ABAP Consultant In TCS,Mumbai, India [14] Herath,T. Kishore,R. (2009), Offshore outsourcing: Risks, Challenges, and Potential Solutions, Information Systems Management, Volume 26, Issue 4, 2009, pp [15] Hugos,M. Hulitzky,D. (2010) Business in the cloud: What Every Business Needs to Know About cloud computing, page no , page no [16] Buara, S. (Interview and data collection -2013) Project lead and CRM process expert in IBM Bangalore. [17] Bobali, R.(Suggestions on new dimensions of ERP ) Director in NTT Data, Hyderabad. [18] Jyrälä,A. (2013) Business Intelligence Specialist, Altia PLC. [19] Krutz,R. Vines,R. (2010) cloud Security: A Comprehensive Guide to Secure cloud computing, page no [20] Huth,A. Cebula,J., (2011), The Basics of cloud computing, available at: uthcebula.pdf. [7] Diwakar,A (conversation in April,2013) SAP-SD practice head, NTT Data, Bangalore, India [8] Cokins, G. Schubert,K. Hugos,M Betancourt,R Farrell,A. Flemming,B Hujsak,j. Stenzel,J (2010) CIO Best Practices: Enabling Strategic Value with Information Technology page no. 1-4 [9] Rathore, D. (conversation in May & April,2013) Oraclefinancial expert, TATA Consultancy Services [10] Davis,C. Schiller,M. Wheeler,K. Using Controls to Protect Information Assets, 2nd Ed. page 343,accessed in May 2013 [11] Panda, P. (project partner during industry experience), domain expert working in Capgemini, Bangalore. Knowledge shared on regular basis [12] Haddara, M., & Elragal, A. (2011). ERP lifecycle: When to retire your ERP system? Enterprise Information Systems, Communications in Computer and Information Science Volume 219, 2011, page no
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text:
Car Reviews 2018-1993; Truck Reviews 2018-1993
The Auto Channel Reviews Include Research Enhancing In-Depth Specs, Manufacturer News, Side By Side Comparisons and "When New" MSRP
For more than 20 Years The Auto Channel continues to follow its editorial policy and publish professionally written "expert-only" car and truck reviews augmented by complete easy to compare specs, in-depth brand data and competitive and prior model year comparison tools. These research assets have and continue to empower our readers to make good purchase decisions of new and used cars and trucks. The Auto Channel, the most copied automotive information site publishes our reviews and news articles on a single page, unlike many other auto web sites that divide their auto reviews into multiple pages in order to count larger audience numbers, we don't.
Index Of Professional Auto Journalist Car Reviews 2018-1993
Index Of Professional Auto Journalist Truck Reviews 2018-1993
The Auto Channel's Most Recently Posted New Car and Truck Reviews
- 2017 Honda Civic si Sedan Review By John Heilig by John Heilig
- 2018 Volkswagen Tiguan Fun and by Larry Nutson
- 2017 Genesis G80 Spoert Heels on Wheels Review by Katrina Ramser
- 2017 Nissan Rogue SL AWD Review By John Heilig by John Heilig
- 2017 Toyota Prius Prime Plus Plug-in Review by John Heilig
- 2017 Mazda CX-9 Heels On Wheels Review by Katrina Ramser
- 2017 Kia Cadenza Limited Heels on Wheels Review by Katrina Ramser
- 2017 Hyundai Elantra Sport Sedan Heels On Wheels Review by Katrina Ramser
- 2017 Hyundai Elantra Sport A New Pocket Rocket by Larry Nutson
- 2017 Dodge Charger Daytona Review By John Heilig by John Heilig
Shortcut: All Sedan Reviews 1996-Present Model Year
Shortcut: All Coupe Reviews 1996-Present Model Year
Shortcut: All SUV and CUV Reviews 1996-Present Model Year
Shortcut: All Minivan Reviews 1996-Present Model Year
Shortcut: All Car and Truck Research and Buyers Guides By Brand 2017-1993
Library of Car and Truck Reviews by Vehicle Brand
- 2017–1994 Acura Reviews
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- 2017–1994 Ford Reviews
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- 2017 INFINITI Reviews
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- 2017–1994 Jaguar Reviews
- 2017–1996 Jeep Reviews
- 2018–1998 Kia Reviews
- 2016–2007 Lamborghini Reviews
- 2016–1995 Land Rover Reviews
- 2017–1994 Lexus Reviews
- 2017–1994 Lincoln Reviews
- 2005 Lotus Reviews
- 2009–2006 Maserati Reviews
- 2004 Maybach Reviews Reviews
- 2017–1993 Mazda Reviews
- 2017–1994 Mercedes-Benz Reviews
- 2010–1995 Mercury Reviews
- 2017–2002 Mini Reviews
- 2017–1993 Mitsubishi Reviews
- 2017–1993 Nissan Reviews
- 1999 Oldsmobile Reviews
- 1997–1996 Plymouth Reviews
- 2009–1994 Pontiac Reviews
- 2015–1994 Porsche Reviews
- 2016–2012 Ram Reviews
- 2011–2006 Rolls-Royce Reviews
- 2011–1994 Saab Reviews
- 2009–1994 Saturn Reviews
- 2016–2004 Scion Reviews
- 2016–2005 smart Reviews
- 2017–1994 Subaru Reviews
- 2012–1994 Suzuki Reviews
- 2016–2007 Tesla Reviews
- 2018–1994 Toyota Reviews
- 2018–1994 Volkswagen Reviews
- 2017–1994 Volvo Reviews
EZ Find 2018-1993 Car and Truck Reviews - The Auto Channel
2017 New Car Reviews and 2017 New Truck Reviews
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2015 New Car Reviews and 2015 New Truck Reviews
2014 New Car Reviews and 2014 New Truck Reviews
2013 New Car Reviews and 2013 New Truck Reviews
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2011 New Car Reviews and 2011 New Truck Reviews
2010 New Car Reviews and 2010 New Truck Reviews
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2008 New Car Reviews and 2008 New Truck Reviews
2007 New Car Reviews and 2007 New Truck Reviews
2006 New Car Reviews and 2006 New Truck Reviews
2005 New Car Reviews and 2005 New Truck Reviews
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2003 New Car Reviews and 2003 New Truck Reviews
2002 New Car Reviews 2002 New Truck Reviews
2001 New Car Reviews and 2001 New Truck Reviews
2000 New Car Reviews and 2000 New Truck Reviews
1999 New Car Reviews and 1999 New Truck Reviews
1998 New Car Reviews and 1998 New Truck Reviews
1997 New Car Reviews and 1997 New Truck Reviews
1996 New Car Reviews and 1996 New Truck Reviews
1995 New Car Reviews and 1995 New Truck Reviews
1994 New Car Reviews and 1994 New Truck Reviews
1993 New Car Reviews and 1993 New Truck Reviews
New Car Buyer's Guide
How To Become a "Schmarter Car Buyer - Simple Steps To Help You Buy The RIGHT Car At The RIGHT Price
Find New Cars By Monthly Payment
Car Research Tools
Happily the days of car buyers making a really "bad decision" concerning the quality of the vehicle they buy are long over. Today even entry level models have robust warranties, are manufactured using quality production techniques, and look good. But with thousands of purchase choices and changing criteria, the task of narrowing down a short list of vehicles that really meet your everyday driving needs can be daunting. To help buyers we have created PERFECT NEW CAR MATCH, an exclusive helpful research tool. Compare, and rank and discover.
The Auto Channel believes that the more unbiased vehicle research data available, the more power shoppers have, the "righter" your automotive purchase will be. But knowing data is only one part of the purchase equation, don't skimp on the time you are allotting to schedule in-depth no shortcut test drives of every vehicle on your consideration for purchase list. Make sure to use the free MY TEST DRIVES tool to keep all of your test drive results straight. After you have made your final purchase decision, follow The Auto Channel's 4 Steps to Become a Smart Car Buyer.
Auto Channel readers who want to share their opinion can contribute to My Top 5 Reasons I Bought This Car.
- Car Safety Features (My Car Does What?)
Nearly every car on the road today has safety features that can help drivers be safer. You may already know some of these, and some you may not even realize your car has! Come back to this page often as more and more features are being developed and added to cars.
Many of these new safety features are not yet standardized. Your car's features may be different than someone else's. Be sure to check your owner's manual to best understand how your car works. You can also check out the Research & Blog section for the latest developments in car safety technology.
- New Car Buyers Guide (2018-2017)
Includes Complete Specs, Pics, Reviews and Prices For All Current Models - Compare and Research
- Used Car Buyers Guide
Compare New and Used 1997-2018 Models Specs, Prices, Reviews; Get Smart Not Screwed
- Car and Truck Buyers Guides By Brand (1997-Present)
- Total Vehicle Ownership Costs
- U.S. Recalls 2017-1949
- U.S. Fuel Economy Guide 2017-1993
- U.S. Crash Test Results 2017-1990
- 4 Car Compara-A-Graph (1997-Present): Compare Up To Four Vehicles By Specs, Capacities and Dimensions
- Rank Cars and Trucks 1997-Present By Body type, Specs, Capacities and Dimensions
- New Car and Truck News 1997-Present
Use Search Box For Specific News Stories
- Used Car and Truck News 1997-Present
Use Search Box For Specific News Stories
- News: Car Recalls, Truck Recalls, Product Recalls
- Auto Industry News
- TAChtical Advice: How To Deal For A New Car!
Tips on bargaining and negotiating with the dealer, and other ways to avoid hurting yourself.
- The Editor's Test Drives
- Internet Exclusive Factory Footage
- TACH Writers Index
- SEE ALSO: Consumer Reports Test Drive Tip Video

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text:
God Is No Respecter of Persons: A Course Designed to Increase Multicultural Understanding, Relationships, and Ministry Among Christians, Workbook and Discussion Guide, Teacher Manual [E-book editions]
This book is also available for download as an E-Book in Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format. Get the same great book to read on your computer or PDA! It's less expensive and it saves paper!
NOTE: In order to view this e-book, your computer will need the Adobe Acrobat Reader installed. Many computers are sold with the program already installed, but if you don't have it, you can download it for free: CLICK HERE


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Everything in this city hotel breathes innovation and avant-garde style, and as such is a response to a well balanced conception of modernity. It was built in 2005 and offers 90 standard rooms, as well as 3 Junior Suites. All rooms come with a multitude of details that successfully communicate the message of luxury and distinction. It is air-conditioned and has a lobby with 24-hour reception, a hotel safe and lift access. A caf�, bar, TV room and restaurant also feature. Conference facilities are also available. Guests can use the Internet and WLAN access. Room and laundry services are also on offer. Underground parking is also offered free of charge.Rooms come with en suite bathroom, hairdryer, TV, Internet access, minibar, individually adjustable air-conditioning and heating and a safety deposit box. Double or king-size beds also feature as standard.
From Madrid, just follow the A-6 highway (towards La Coruña). Take exit number 24 (Las Matas) The hotel is located on the left-hand side. Driving to Madrid on the A-6 highway, take the exit number 26 (Las Matas). Continue along the local road for 1.5 km. The hotel is on the right after the bridge.


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Bleach 274, Read Bleach 274 English Online
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About Board Meetings
Annual Agenda
Board Briefs
Board Members
Board News
Board President Message
Dashboard Reports
Governance Compact
Guiding Principles
Meeting Agenda and Minutes
Board of Education
Schedule of Regular Meetings
May 2017 through April 2018
Download Printed Version
Unless notified to the contrary, all meetings will be held at 7:00 p.m. in the Boardroom at Forest Elementary School, 1375 Fifth Avenue, Des Plaines, IL 60016
District 62 Board of Education Reorganizes – The District 62 Board of Education elected two members to the top officer positions at the May 1, 2017 reorganization meeting. Longtime board member Stephanie Duckmann was elected board president and James Poskozim was voted vice president.
President Duckmann appointed Board Liaisons as part of the reorganization:
Board members will serve as representatives to the following committees:
Meetings will be held at 7 p.m. on the third Monday of the month. Due to holiday conflicts, the board will meet January 16, 2018 and February 20, 2018. Board meetings are held in the Forest Elementary School Board Room, 1375 South Fifth Avenue, Des Plaines.
About the Board of Education
The Board of Education is composed of seven members elected to alternating four-year terms. Elections are held every two years. Board members are not paid and donate their time to serve the community. The Board chooses its officers in April. If a vacancy occurs, the Board names an appointee to serve until the next election.
To prepare children for the 21st century, we hold these beliefs
Board of Education GoalsJuly 1, 2016 – June 30, 2019
Goal 1 – All staff will possess the skills to lead, teach, assess and support students across all subgroups to engage in daily complex learning that leads to academic growth, achievement and future readiness for high school, college, career and beyond.
Goal 2 – Every school will provide a safe, secure, supportive, caring, and healthy learning environment for students and staff that will lead to the development of social emotional learning competencies for students as well as health and wellness for staff.
Goal 3 – The district will efficiently and effectively manage financial resources to support the mission of the district.
Goal 4 – Enhance communications and engagement amongst stakeholders: parents, students, staff and community to continue to build trust, relationships and confidence in the school district.
Adopted by the Board of Education, August 2016
Stephanie Duckmann, President
James Poskozim, Vice President
Ronald Burton, Member
Tina Garrett, Member
Brian Inzerello, Member
Sharon Lynch, Member
Beth Morley, Member
Margaret Goodchild,
Secretary to the Board of Education
In accordance with Public Act 98-0930, you may contact Board of Education members directly via email firstname.lastname@example.com.
BOARD OF EDUCATION GOALS July 1, 2016 – June 30, 2019
Section 10-16a of the School Code requires that school board members elected or appointed to their seat after June 13, 2011 must complete within the first year of their term a minimum of four hours of professional development leadership training covering topics in education and labor law, financial oversight and accountability, and fiduciary responsibilities of a board member. The link below details training activities completed by our Board of Education.
Board of Education Training Record
For meeting times and dates, please call the Leon Smaage Administration Center at 847-824-1136
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Leon Smaage
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777 East Algonquin Road
Des Plaines, IL 60016-6281
Dr. Floyd E Williams, Jr., Superintendent of Schools
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Difference between revisions of "How to Find a Coat of Arms or Crest"
From FamilySearch Wiki
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[[Image:Coat of Arms2.jpg]][[Image:Coat of Arms1.jpg|thumb|right]]
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Revision as of 11:45, 21 November 2012
See also United States, How to Find Genealogy Records
A coat of arms has a shield, crest, and motto. The crest is above the shield (usually on top of a helmet), and the motto shows at the bottom of the shield or above the crest. A coat of arms was granted to a man and his heirs down through time, or was granted to only one person during his life time. Many people today do not have an officially recognized coat of arms or crest. Read more about this subject on the following Web sites.
The Society of Genealogists The right to arms
The London College of Arms frequently asked questions
Your local library may have books showing pictures of coats of arms or crests.


text: sokudo - Unregistered September 07, 2009 11:25 PM i reckon mclaren might be the team to beat. they've got good straight lie speed and are good in the twisty bits. it's just the inbetweeners that are getting them so overall, monza is an ideal track. it has long, fast straights as well as tight corners. 15 agree 0 disagree


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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
As each tradesman expresses interest in quoting on your job, we'll send you their profile and ratings to help you choose the right one for you.
After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
Window & Conservatory Specialist
Added 28/08/2013
3 bed semi, with french windows, has leaded double glazing, with dark but fairly new frames...
Searching for tradespeople
Added 09/07/2013
repointing in the gable area of a roof Customer is looking to buy this property
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Added 29/05/2013
Replace/overlay existing covering
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Replace / repair internal main stopcock
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Painter / Decorator
Added 13/10/2012
Large bedroom in barn needs to be emulsioned. We intend to do it in the same colour. Some...
Added 22/06/2012
One tile needs replacing near the ridge. Came off in wind last night. This is a single storey...
Managing your job is easier with the Rated People Homes App, download it today.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Can I pass a variable to the confirmation pageAsked by eglon on November 08, 2014 at 10:20 AM
After form submission, I'd like to display the submitted data on my custom confirmation page using a php GET function.
Jack Sparrow submits his name in my form.
I'd like to direct them to a custom page that says, "Hey Jack Sparrow".
Is there a way to do this in Jotform?
JotForm Support
I think our Send Post Data Method would allow you to do that: http://www.jotform.com/help/213-Send-POST-Data-From-JotForm-Using-PHP-in-Custom-Thank-You-Page.
Please kindly check and let us know if you need further assistance implementing this to your form.
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Rotation Bed to Chair
The exciting new Hi-Lo Rotation Bed to Chair is expertly engineered for those requiring a little extra assistance with their everyday living. The Hi-Lo Rotation Bed to Chair is designed to fit into your existing bedroom environment and is perfect for helping you move comfortably in and out of bed unassisted. The main bed mechanism rotates 90 degrees and travels from the bed position to an upright chair position, allowing you to move easily in and out of bed. This easy to use high technology system also allows you to adjust your sleep position to assist with higher levels of in bed comfort and creates a sleeping position that promotes a perfect rest and healthy living.
The Hi-Lo Rotation Bed to Chair restores the patients ability to get out of bed completely independently or with minimal support. The patient is able to take a more active part in their life and move more regularly again.
The benefits of the special Hi-Lo Rotation Bed applies to all illnesses and handicaps where the patient does not have freedom of movement to stand up from a lying or sitting position with or without assistance, or where the patients mobilisation needs may physically overtax the carer's own health.
Areas of use
- In home care
- Rehabilitation institutes
- Care home and homes for the elderly
- Hospices
Rotation Bed features
- Restores independence and confidence to the patient
- Bed-to-chair function allows unassisted transfer to and from bed
- 210cm x 90cm lying surface
- Reduces the cost of care staff
- Prevents occupational health issues for care staff and time taken off work for sickness
- Fitted with a pressure relieving CoolBalance™ pressure point reliving mattress
- Safe working load of 180kg
- Headboard, Footboard & side rails in attractive beech timber finish
- High quality German design and heavy duty motors
- Electric Adjustable Rotation Bed Frame structure and surrounds – 10 years
- ALL Motors – 10 years
- Electrics (Remote Controls, Control Boxes) – 2 years


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Part Time SCHOOL BUS DRIVER (Class A or B)
- Education / Career Training
- Transportation / Drivers / Warehouse
Job Details
Experienced School Bus Drivers with Class A or B license with PS
St. Joseph Academy is a well-established Catholic High School since 1866. Located in the greater St. Augustine area, serving each student with a challenging academic environment, to become a knowledgeable, self-directed, compassionate Christian, able to face the challenges of the future with faith, hope, and love.
St. Joseph Academy is currently seeking to add Experienced School Bus Drivers with Class A or B license with PS endorsement to their staff.
We strongly believe the cycle of success starts with treating employees well.
Our Benefits include:
- Professional work environment
- Flexible schedules – including part-time
- Competitive wages
- Outstanding opportunities for growth and promotion
Hours: AM and PM Bus Routes; some field trips.
- CDL License Class A or B with PS endorsement.
- Pre-Employment drug screening.
- Criminal background check and Motor Vehicle record check will be required.
We always are looking for dedicated professionals who enjoy what they do to join our St. Joseph's family! We recognize that people are our most valuable asset.
Submit an application by clicking "Apply Now" below.
View Similar Jobs:
- View more School Bus Monitor Jobs
- View more Education / Career Training Jobs
- View more Transportation / Drivers / Warehouse Jobs
- View more ST. JOSEPH ACADEMY Jobs


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Sammie - Mechanic.mp3 MP3
Sammie - Mechanic.mp3 song.
Sammie Ft Cassidy - Mechanic MP3
New Track from Sammie you can download the mp3 from urbanmusicdaily.net. Please SUBSCRIBE for your daily update.
Sammie-Mechanic + LYRICS MP3
NEW Off his new Album Subscribe to Sammies Channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/empireenttv (Ooh) I can see the tears in your eyes I know that you're ...
Mechanic - Sammie ft Cassidy w/Download + Lyrics MP3
Download Link : http://www.mediafire.com/download.php?qmm2mtgjjdm Lyric:Yeah Sammie Cassidy This one for the ladies I know there a lot of women in ...
Sammie singing the hook to Mechanic MP3
Sammie records himself in the booth while recording the hook to soon to be hit song Mechanic for his upcoming 3rd album.
"Mechanic" by Sammie MP3
Music only. I take no credit for it. o_o.
Sammie - Mechanic MP3
Sammie- Mechanic [+lyrics] MP3
Sammie-Mechanic MP3
Mechanic - Sammie Ft. Cassidy MP3
baby let me be your mechanic ♥ Lyrics: (Ooh) I can see the tears in your eyes I know that you're tellin' a lie When you say there's nothin' wrong with you. (Ooh, I ...
Sammie - Mechanic MP3
Sammie "One Wish" backstage dressing room MP3
Sammie singing Ray J's "One Wish"


text:
Has anybody else from Squidoo switched horses rather than just add Wizzley? For some reason, even though I've been increasingly dissatisfied with Squidoo when I compare it to Wizzley, I hadn't thought about quitting until just a while ago. So I wrote a blog post that laid it all out for the first time.
I'm not very competitive, and I really dislike the idea that lenses I've worked hard to create can drop completely out of sight because of Squidoo's ranking system. I also dislike having to compete against people that don't write well and are there only to sell, sell, sell. Sure, I want to make some money, but not with my elbows and knees. There's a lot of useful and interesting reading material on Squidoo, but it isn't easy to find. Oh yes, the lousy search engine is another gripe.
The upshot is that I'm thinking about revamping my lenses and moving them over here. Thank goodness there are only six so far. I also have a dozen or more in the works, but I've been putting off finishing them. Now I know why.


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Ideas needed for 8 yo boy and 7 yo girl please(12 Posts)
havatry Wed 23-Oct-13 12:32:12
iseenodust Wed 23-Oct-13 12:17:58
iseenodust Wed 23-Oct-13 12:16:39
hulahoopsilove Wed 23-Oct-13 09:12:16
CoolStoryBro Wed 23-Oct-13 00:11:45
BeaWheesht Wed 23-Oct-13 00:10:07
parrotsandcarsnips Tue 22-Oct-13 23:41:03
OverAndAbove Tue 22-Oct-13 23:36:28
JiltedJohnsJulie Tue 22-Oct-13 22:25:56
wizzler Tue 22-Oct-13 22:09:21
kimberlina Sun 20-Oct-13 12:55:07
kimberlina Sun 20-Oct-13 12:54:55
Join the discussion
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Mamta A. Satoor (JIRA)" <derby-...@db.apache.org>
|[jira] Created: (DERBY-129) Derby should throw a truncation error or warning when CASTing a parameter/constant to char or char for bit datatypes and the data is too large for the datatype.
|Fri, 21 Jan 2005 20:28:19 GMT
Derby should throw a truncation error or warning when CASTing a parameter/constant to char or char for bit datatypes and the data is too large for the datatype. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key: DERBY-129 URL: http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/DERBY-129 Project: Derby Type: Bug Components: JDBC Versions: 10.0.2.1 Reporter: Mamta A. Satoor Derby doesn't throw a truncation exception/warning when data is too large during casting of constants or parameters to character string or bit string data types. Following is ij example for constants which is too big for the datatype it is getting cast to ij> values (cast ('hello' as char(3))); 1 ---- hel 1 row selected ij> values (cast (X'0102' as char(1) for bit data)); 1 ---- 01 1 row selected Following code snippet is when using parameters through a JDBC program s.executeUpdate("create table ct (c CLOB(100K))"); //the following Formatters just loads cData with 32700 'c' characters String cData = org.apache.derbyTesting.functionTests.util.Formatters.repeatChar("c",32700); //notice that ? in the preared statement below is bound to length 32672 pSt = con.prepareStatement("insert into ct values (cast (? as varchar(32672)))"); pSt.setString(1, cData); //Derby doesn't throw an exception at ps.execute time for 32700 characters into 32672 parameter. It silently truncates it to 32672 pSt.execute(); -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - If you think it was sent incorrectly contact one of the administrators: http://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/Administrators.jspa - If you want more information on JIRA, or have a bug to report see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
|View raw message


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- DHL global forwarding18.Nov 2015
- Employee
Support from Management
Management does little to nothing and will never take one for the team. If you have an issue they won't fix it
1st shift and 2nd shift are 2 different teams and its Everyman for themselves.'
Level of Autonomy
There are good workers and bad workers and they are both treated the same
Gender Equality
Women are generally better at this job
Attitude towards older colleagues
There are some senior workers but they have been with the company a while as it is not easy to learn this job.


text: Maroon Leggings can be got from the online shops and even the popular malls sell leggings in maroon, white, black and lot of colors. The Maroon Leggings can define your style statement. When crafted with the subtle tops like white blouses, blue tunics and cyan shirts they look elegant. The footwear should be subtle. But, even elegant tops too can be suitable. Many online shops offer the matching blouses and footwear for the discounted prices when you buy the maroon leggings. This is the best way to grab the deal for the lowest prices.


text: Since Bigg Boss 3 has started experiencing its eliminations, the house is being vacant day by day. As we all know that for this week Ismail Darbar is out of the house, saying good bye to the game but he has taken his defeat in a very positive way.Our close source informs, "Ismail is not feeling gloomy for being eliminated from the show because according to him the tears that rolled down from the eyes of his co-inmates was the greatest achievement for him."The caring and affection for him was transparently seen in every ones eyes in the form of tears which had really made him the winner. According to Ismail the love and attachment which he received from the participants was unforgettable and touchy, khabroo added.The positive punishment which was delivered by Ismail to Bhakhtiyaar M Irani and Tanaaz B Irani must be one of the reasons of not being disappointed by the elimination. "The luckiest thing for him was that he was out of the show without any grudges and bad publicity, source added.


text:
Texas Oil Project
By:Megan Pennington
Anthony Lucas leased land at Spindletop in 1899. He drilled 575 feet into the ground then his equipment collapsed. He hit oil after a few more tries at Spindletop on January 10, 1901. It was the largest reserve of oil the world has seen.
Other Booms
In the year 1920 many huge oil booms came every which way. There was places like Borger, Baston, and Goose Creek that offered jobs for people who needed job except for African Americans and Mexican Americans.
Oil Booms Helping Schools?
The oil industry ended up helping out some schools. Oil companies funded public schools such as Texas A&M and Texas University. When oil was struck on university land, the money made from the oil went to the university .The natural gas was used to fund schools and museums in Texas.
Social Changes
The booms in the oil industry effected Texas socially in many ways. More schools were built based on oil products. Towns came out over Texas near oil derricks. People moved near hoping to work for rich people who would pay a lot of money to someone who discovered oil booms.
Effects We See Today
Petroleum is still used to power homes, businesses, and transportation. It is also used to make rubber and other common household products. We uses a lot of products today that use petroleum like plastic, detergent, candles, band aids, and even breath mints.
•CDs •Plastic •Deodorant •Candles •Band Aids •Breath Mints •Paint •Curtains •Sneakers •Vitamins


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April 22, 2010
Here's some new music from Broward County's own, Ace Hood. A track he made for the Miami Heat's 2010 playoff run. The Heat are currently facing the Celtics, which they are down 2-0 in the series. Listen and download below…
Ace Hood – All I Do Is Win (Miami Heat Playoff Anthem)
Download: Click Here


text:
12 - 13 December 2007,
Price realised GBP 19,700
The dichoric glass internally decorated with flowers and foliage and in-turn wheel-carved, martelé surface texture
7 in. (18 cm.) high
engraved mark Gallé
New York +1 212 636 2000
London +44 (0)20 7839 9060
Hong Kong +852 2760 1766
Shanghai +86 21 6355 1766
The incorporation of the fine detail of foliage within the body together with the dichoric visual effects of the glass, which subtly changes colour in different light values, combines to create a visualy stunning effect.
Special Notice
No VAT will be charged on the hammer price, but VAT at 15% will be added to the buyer's premium which is invoiced on a VAT inclusive basis.
With Macklowe Gallery, New York.
Pre-Lot Text
Art Nouveau
This carefully selected collection of glass well demonstrates the considerable achievements realised in this challenging medium by international, and notably French artist craftsmen working in the Art Nouveau style. This movement flourished briefly but spectacularly in the 1890s and in the first years of the new century. The experiments and successes of the leading exponents of Art Nouveau continued to influence artists, designers and architects for generations to come.
The collection comprises a wide variety of treasures from the great French innovators of Nancy, known collectively as the Ecole de Nancy. The most influential of these masters were Emile Gallé and Daum Frères. The collection showcases a wide range of glass-making techniques, developed through the ages, as well as many of the extraordinary innovations of Emile Gallé and Daum Frères. Here also are examples of artistic glass from the Austrian factory Loetz, as well as New York's Tiffany Studios. Both these makers focused on perfecting iridescent surface techniques. These vases were free-blown into organic forms which displayed their metallic surface lustre to maximum effect.
Developed in the middle of the Nineteenth century. This technique involves the controlled exposure of glass to hydrofluoric acid. Once the pattern is drawn it is then transferred on to the vessel itself by scratching it into the surface. Next, the parts not to be exposed to the acid are covered with an acid-resistant varnish and finally acid is applied using a brush, or the piece is dipped directly into an acid bath.
A technique similar to the cameo cutting of stones and shells used by ancient Egyptians and Romans, and revived in the 19th Century. The technique involves cased glass - the overlaying of several thin layers of different coloured glass, two or three and more rarely up to five. Layers are then selectively cut back with acid or by wheel-carving to leave the decoration in relief and in contrasting colours. The difficulty of this technique lies in the fact that the various layers must have the same dilation coefficient and the same thickness in order to avoid any breaking while the piece is cooling, or when working on the glass once it is cold. The chemical composition of each coloured layer of glass is therefore decisive and kept secret.
The ancient decorative technique of cold-painting vitreous enamels onto the vessel, then firing the colours in a muffle kiln.
The literal translation is hammered. A decorative technique producing a multi-faceted surface by cutting off small pieces of glass with a stone wheel, used particularly as a background to the design.
Pâte de Verre
The meaning is glass paste. The glass is ground into a powder, mixed with a flux and coloured powders, and the mixture is shaped and slowly re-fired in a plaster mould under high temperatures for several days. The mould is removed to reveal the final piece, which is ready to be cleaned and polished.
This technique was mostly used between 1900 and 1914 and consists of rolling the hot glass on the marver in particles of metal oxide or powder made of coloured ground glass, and re-firing to achieve a smooth and highly polished finish. The powder becomes fused and vitrified into the surface. The effect is further enhanced by polishing at the wheel.
A pattern or design is carved with a rotating wheel covered with an abrasive powder, either in relief (en camie) or in intaglio (en intaille).
Intercalaire Decoration
Decoration encased within two layers of glass.
Overall sales hit £2.35 billion ($3 billion) in the first half of the year, with auction sales up by 29 per cent on the e..
Interior designer and heritage colour expert Edward Bulmer on the modello by Jean-Baptiste van Loo he acquired 27 yea..