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Reader Interactions
Were are the VIKINGS?
Witness the powerlessness of Netherlands infidels who stand silently watching in despair. Our people are hated and despised by our leaders. Muslims are loved and allowed to live as parasites off our people. Financed by our governments; Muslims are allowed to plot great evil against our people
Muslims who openly declare their goal is jihad against infidels; conquest of our countries and our enslavement under barbaric sharia are ADORED by Western leaders — who force infidel taxpayers to finance massive muslim colonisation of Europe and Britain, finance muslim families and finance massive muslim breeding intended by our leaders to create a muslim majority and enslavement of infidels under barbaric sharia within years.
Ethnic cleansing – POPULATION REPLACEMENT is FORBIDDEN by INTERNATIONAL LAW!
British and European leaders are the biggest traitors that ever walked this earth!
May our Precious, Glorious, Majestic Almighty God, the Just Judge, whose punishments on Judgment Day will be severe on the evil ones, help us in the years to come.
The lazy, uneducated, backwards mohammedans are forgetting something. Who will support the parasitic mohammedans if the infidels are driven out?? They can't look after themselves because they're too busy plotting their next cry-baby complaints.
Your comment is racist. The EU does not allow you to speak about this religious minority that is protected by international law.
We must be more social and welcome them in our mids by giving them some chairs in the government and adapt to their culture. We are shocking to them and we must change.
If you do not accept this you are a nazi and against peace in our multiculture society. There is no difference between us and them, we are all equal.
And don't think about a demonstration about those peacefull culture bringers because that would be racist and is forbidden by the EU.
Your and my or any other government can't do anything about that because they have given their souveranity to the EU government.
Keep voting for the lefties people! Keep voting for the lefties ….
"Tolerating" Radical Islam is "Cultural Suicide"
"Islam, Sharia Law & Chrislam" – Gen. Jeremy Boykin – Islam – Oak Initiative April 2011
Islam's goal is to take over America and install sharia law. Other groups are forming "Chrislam" – a combination of Christianity and Islam. LTG (Ret) Jerry Boykin was one of the original members of the US Army's Delta Force. He was privileged to ultimately command these elite warriors in combat operations. Later, Jerry Boykin commanded all the Army's Green Berets. He has participated in clandestine operations around the world. Today he is an ordained minister with a passion for spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
This is a big shame, that our gov. allows a DEMO like this in the Netherlands!
Well at least all the muzzie teams are out of the World Cup. Good riddance . Good job Netherlands today!
Costa Rica is muslim? The "mighty" Dutch were lucky to win against a small Central American nation of about 4.5 million CHRISTIANS.
The "Thing" islam and its Muhammadans WILL understand….
1. Incarcerate all Dhimmis(Assistors/Enablers/Traitors/Seditionists).
2. Stop ALL Muhammadan immigration to the West.
3. Expel ALL Muhammadans.
4. "Expel" ALL unwilling to go Muhammadans.
5. Bulldoze ALL islam's "Mostgrotesques".
6. Expel ALL survived their incarceration "Dhimmis".
7. "Expel" ALL unwilling to go survived their incarceration "Dhimmis".
Irrespective (of their -(un)controlling- Hissy Fits).
DEN HAAG – Een aantal partijen in de Haagse gemeenteraad wil zo spoedig mogelijk in debat met burgemeester Jozias van Aartsen over de groeiende groep radicale moslims in de stad. 'Er lopen hier tikkende tijdbommen rond. En als dat er inderdaad 200 zijn is dat funest voor de veiligheid in Den Haag,' zegt PVV-fractievoorzitter Léon de Jong.
ban immigration and revoke passports do not allow them back into your country perios
these little troublemakers are feeling their '[oats' aren't they?
I bet they will develop an allergy to oats soon.
Why were they recruiting and inciting in English and not in Dutch? Their Somali and Sudanese recruits do not understand Dutch obviously. So we can tell them in English that they are followers of a pedophile Marxist goat that walked on it's hind legs. Death to Mohammedanism !
My thoughts. Maybe the rabble-rouser is one of ANDY Choudary's trained jihadists.
The threat would be substantially minimized if you shoot the bastards as they get off the plane.
Our streets are getting more and more dangerous and this is why. It's not just in the Netherlands. It's all over the world. One day, these jihadi leaders will put out a message on Twitter calling for their followers to kill their kuffar neighbours and presto! The unthinking jihadis will kill, kill, kill … and we don't know the hour.
Joan, yes, it's a frightening thing. The smarter approach would be for us to strike first, but we won't. It will take something monumental, before we get up off our butts, see and believe what's going on, and maybe then, defend ourselves. The handwriting on the wall can't be any clearer, but that's what it will take – we will only act in defense, but at least then, hopefully, the response will be decisive and complete.
So true. A bag head down the street from me never wore the bag head, used to go to the gym as well as born & bred in the West. She not only started wearing it, but has now imposed it on her teenage daughter as well.
Funny thing though, I see this young girl walking home from school wearing this bag head with super TIGHT pants. LOL. I thought it was modesty they are trying to cover up? They are utter morons. They now display the Islamic flag in front of their house.
We are going to need strong leadership to stop this curse. What is it going to take for our leaders to open their eyes to the mohammedan problem that we ALL SEE???? Listening to these muslim street preachers, it's plain to see that they are spewing hate, and declaring war on the infidels. So, if we're at war with islam, lets give them a war. They cannot possibly defeat us. There's more of us, and we have much more in terms of resources and intelligence. Looking at them and listening to their nonsense reminds me that mohammedans are a sub-species of the human race. Don't you agree??
I'm not a politician, but if I were, I would make it very difficult for the mohammedan baboons to enjoy any sort of life in the West. We are, after all, at war with islam. At least that's what they tell us. So, what choice do we have but to treat them as our enemy???
Can you imagine a group of Dutch men making demands and declaring hatred of islam in a city in Saudi Arabia???? LOL!! Not likely.
Tommy, I've been saying this for years, but welcome to the club.
Tommy……agree,but as Winston Churchill said,if we won't fight them now when we are assured of victory,what then? We are too busy working,watching football,drinking,oh,and sweeping it under the carpet in the hope it will go away….and the other 80% aren't even aware of the threat.


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The Glenburn Township 11th Annual Art Show Call For Entries. Submission deadline: Oct. 15. Drop-off: 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. Oct. 20, 21 and 22 or by appointment. Opening reception: 3 to 5 p.m. Oct. 25. Info: 570-563-1177.
Exhibit of paintings by Edie Suydam, Sept. 11 through 27 at Endless Mountains Council of Arts Gallery, Tunkhannock. An opening reception will be held from 2 to 4 p.m. Sept. 13.
Actors Circle presents 'The Golden Age' by AR. Gurney, Sept. 17 through 20 and 24 through 27 at Providence Playhouse, 1256 Providence Road, Scranton. Thursday, Friday and Saturday performances begin at 8 p.m. and Sundays at 2 p.m. Cost: $12 general, $10 seniors, $8 students; Sept. 17 performance tickets are $8 general and seniors and $6 students. Reservations: 570-342-9707.
The Northern Tier Symphony Orchestra begins fall rehearsals, 7:30 p.m. Sept. 18 at the Tunkhannock Area Middle School auditorium. Musicians who would like to try out should call 570-289-1090 to discuss openings. Positions are available mainly in violin, viola, cello, and string bass, although all interested players should inquire. More info: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Fall 2015 Film Festival and Gala, Sept. 18 through Oct. 8 t the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. Gala opens at 5:30 p.m. Sept. 18 and tickets are $40. Gala reservations: 570-996-1500. Non-Gala film festival tickets: $8.50.
PocoNotes Presents Faces and Voices 4, Sept. 19 and 20 at the historic Tripp House, 1011 N. Main Ave., Scranton. Features guitarist Bill Kirchen; area photographers A. Elizabeth Baumeister, Alex Seeley, Brian Hineline and Chad Casterline and local cigar box guitar luthier Dave Whetsell, of Snikle Cigar Box Guitars. Schedule includes: photography and cigar box guitar exhibits, 12 to 6 p.m. Sept. 19 and 12 to 4 p.m. Sept. 20; photography roundtable, 1 to 3 p.m. Sept. 19; porch time jam, 3 to 5 p.m. Sept. 19; concert, 8 p.m. Sept. 19 (doors at 7:30 p.m.); guitar workshop, 1 to 3 p.m. Sept. 20. Cost: concert tickets are $25 advance and $30 at the door for general admission, two for $25 for seniors and students and free for military and children under age 12; exhibits and workshops are free admission. Info/reservations: 888-800-POCO or poconotes.com.
Ukrainian Folk concert, 3 p.m. Sept. 20 at St. Vladimir Parish Center, 428 N. Seventh Ave., Scranton. Featuring Korinya Ukrainian Folk Band and several members of the Kazka Ukrainian Dance Ensemble. Cost: $15 in advance and $20 at the door; free for children fifteen and younger. Tickets: call Helen at 570 842-3539, Diann at 570 341-9383 or Paul at 570 563-2275.
Wally Gordon Community Singers auditions/practice, 7:30 p.m. Tuesdays, starting Sept. 22 at Clarks Summit United Methodist Church, corner of West Grove Street and Morgan Highway. Info: on Facebook or by calling Roger at 570-561-6005.
Seventh Annual Wake Up With The Arts Breakfast, 8:30 to 11 a.m. Sept. 25 in The Mohegan Sun Club at PNC Field, Moosic. Eric Booth, a renowned actor, author and educator, will be the featured speaker. A creative networking event that focuses on educating, motivating and inspiring the public to use the arts, area artists, and art organizations, businesses and agencies to enhance the quality of life in the communities that comprise Lackawanna County. The program will open with a short performance by the Scranton Fringe Festival, a new three-day event under the direction of Conor O'Brien to be held throughout Scranton Oct. 1-4. Cost: free. Register: firstname.lastname@example.com or 570-963-6590, ext. 106.
Community Concerts at Lackawanna College presents Aquila Theatre's The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, 7:30 p.m. Sept. 26 at the Theater at Lackawanna College. Single tickets available for $25 and $30. Info: 570-955-1455.
Pocono Mountain Quilt Heritage, 2 p.m. Sept. 27 at the Lackawanna Historical Society's Catlin House, 232 Monroe Avenue, Scranton. Antique quilts will be on display during the program. Info/reservations: 570-344-3841 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Martin's Creek Artists Annual Art Exhibit, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Oct. 3 at the United Methodist Church on State Street (Route 92), Nicholson. Info: call Ann Ross at 570-942-6995 or Diane Stizza at 570-942-4489.
Free movie: 'Stitched,' 1 p.m. Oct. 3 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. A documentary that follows three competitive art quilters as they prepare to compete in the nation's largest quilt show. Cost: free. Sponsored by: Tunkhannock Rotary Club. Tickets/info: 570-996-1500.
Covenant Public Concerts: 'Dez Cordas' Guitar and Bass Duo, 3 p.m. Oct. 4 at Covenant Presbyterian Church, 550 Madison Ave. Scranton. Cost: free; food donations for the Safety Net Food Pantry are welcomed.
Spanish Guitar Masterpieces Concert, 3 p.m. Oct. 4 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. Presented by: Jay Steveskey. Cost: free. Sponsored by John P. Keker in memory of Jessie Reppy Keker. Tickets/info: 570-996-1500.
Post-Festival Film Discussion, 1 p.m. Oct. 9 at the Dietrich Theater in downtown Tunkhannock. Cost: free. Info: 570-996-1500.
Mostly Opera Presents: 'Viva Italia!' 6 p.m. Oct. 10 at the Hilton Scranton & Conference Center, 100 Adams Ave., Scranton. Features Italian musical favorites in celebration of Columbus Day, appetizers, cash bar and gourmet full course dinner. Cost: $65. Reservations suggested by Sept. 15. Info: 570-702-4356.
The Martens Creek Art Gallery event, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Oct. 10 at Books in a Barn 307 SR 2009, Nicholson. Meet local artists, see their work and enjoy refreshments. Info: call Diane at 570-942-4489 or Ann at 570-942-6995.
Of Mice and Men: National Theatre Live, 2 p.m. Oct. 11 and 25 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. Cost: general admission $14; member/senior tickets $12; child/student tickets $10 and group tickets (group minimum of 10) $10. The hit Broadway production 'Of Mice and Men,' filmed on stage by National Theatre Live, comes to the Dietrich Theater. Info/tickets: 570-996-1500.
Dietrich Classic Movies Series: 'The Color Purple,' 1 p.m. and 7 p.m. Oct. 14 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. Cost: Free; Seating is first come, first served. Sponsored by: Tunkhannock Women of the Moose Chapter 1068. Info: 570-996-1500.
Live taping of the program 'Celebrating the American Musical,' 3 p.m. Oct. 18 at WVIA. Free Bus Transportation departing from the Dietrich Theater in Tunkhannock at 1:30 p.m. Cost: free. Presented by: Gary and Bernadette Boerckel and sponsored by First Energy Foundation, Jean Mieczkowski and the Tunkhannock Rotary Club. A light reception will follow. Reservations (required): 570-996-1500.
'Celebrate the Centennial' harp and strings concert, 4 p.m. Oct. 18 in Marywood University's ette LaVerghetta Center for Performing Arts. Featuring Internationally acclaimed harpist Kathleen Bride and Marywood's String Ensemble under the direction of the Northeastern Pennsylvania Philharmonic's conductor, Lawrence Loh. Cost: free. Info: 570-348-6268 or email@example.com.
Open Mic Night, featuring Ed Crawley and the Everything Natural Drummers, 7 p.m. Oct. 23 at the Dietrich Theater in Tunkhannock. Doors open for signups at 6:30 p.m. Cost: free. Seating is limited. Info: 570-996-1500.
Vocal Clinic, 10:30 a.m. Oct. 31, Nov. 7 and Nov. 14 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. Presented by: the Endless Mountains Barbershop Chorus. Cost: free. Register/info: 570-836-8595.
Hamlet: National Theatre Live, 2 p.m. Nov. 1 and 15 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. Cost: general admission $14; senior/member tickets $12; child/student tickets $10 and group tickets (group minimum of 10) $10. Info: 570-996-1500.
Celebrate Sobriety at the Movies, 7 p.m. Nov. 4 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. Admission, popcorn and soda are free. Sponsored by: Wyoming County C.A.R.E.S. Anyone whose life has been affected by addiction is invited to come out for this free movie night, featuring the 80's Stephen Spielberg classic "The Goonies." Info: 570-996-1500.
The Last Thoughts of Gino Merli, 3 p.m. Nov. 8 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. Presented by: Scranton Public Theater. Cost: free. Tickets/info: 570-996-1500.
Free 'Saving Private Ryan' showing, 1 p.m. and 7 p.m. Nov. 11 at the Dietrich Theater in Tunkhannock. Cost: free. Sponsored by: Nicholson Masonic Lodge #438 F&AM. Info: 570-996-1500.
Writers' Group, 7 - 8:30 p.m. every Thursday (ongoing) at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. All genres and levels of writing are welcome. For ages 18 and up. Cost: free. Info: 570-833-5246.
Creative Writing with Carol King, 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. Sept. 16, 23 and 30 at Abington Community Library. This interactive workshop for adults will showcase the importance of word choice to be the most effective communicator to your audience. The workshop will be relevant to fiction, non-fiction and poetry.
Afternoon Book Club, 2 to 3 p.m. Sept. 16 at Abington Community Library. Book: "The House at Riverton" by Kate Morton.
Classics Discussion Group, 1 to 2:30 p.m. Sept. 19 at Abington Community Library. For adults who would like to read, explore and discuss works of literature and ideas in the Western Canon from 1500 to the present. Discuss Melville: "Moby Dick."
Fourth annual Ignatian Values in Action Lecture, 7 p.m. Sept. 21 in the Byron Recreation Complex at The University of Scranton. Sister Helen Prejean, C.S.J., the international best-selling author of "Dead Man Walking: An Eyewitness Account of the Death Penalty in the U.S.," will discuss her book. Cost: free. Info: firstname.lastname@example.com or 570-941-4399.
Scranton Reads Book Riot, 2 p.m. Oct. 11 at the Lackawanna Historical Society's Catlin House, 232 Monroe Ave., Scranton. Meet area authors of both fiction and nonfiction, including Jay Luke, Eleanor Gwyn-Jones, Tony Bernardi, Bill Conlogue, Cheryl Kashuba, Joe Klapatch, Sarah Piccini, David Hess, Barb Taylor, Dale Keklock and Joseph Krenitski, Tom Klopfer, Lucia Dailey, Tammy Mal, Margo Azzarelli, Stephanie Longo and David Wenzel. An exhibit, "Celebrating 150 Years of Local Authors," will be on display. Info/reservations: 570-344-3841 or email@example.com.
Quilting for Kids, 3:30 to 5 p.m. Sept. 9 through Dec. 9 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. For ages 6 and up. Instructors: Terry Keller, Peggy Lane and Ingrid Rogler. Cost: $6 per class; Fabric is free. Register/info: 570-996-1500.
Quilting for Everyone, 6 to 7:30 p.m. Sept. 9 through Dec. 9 at the Dietrich Theater in Tunkhannock. For ages 13 to adult. Instructors: Terry Keller, Peggy Lane and Ingrid Rogler. Cost: $6 per class; Fabric is free. Register/info: 570-996-1500.
Fine Wine, Fine Art, 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. Fridays, Sept. 11, Oct. 23 and Nov. 13 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. Instructors: Amy and Steve Colley. Bring your own snacks and wine and learn to paint from life. Ages 21 and older only; ID required. Cost: $25 per class (paint, canvas and instruction included). Participants may take one or all three classes. Space is limited. Register: 570-996-1500.
Pottery for Kids, 4 to 5:30 p.m. Sept. 11, 18 and 25 and Oct. 2 at the Dietrich Theater in Tunkhannock. For ages five to 12. Instructor: Steve Colley. Cost: $40 for the four-class series. Info/register: 570-996-1500.
Preschool Pottery, 10 to 10:45 a.m. Sept. 11, 18 and 25 and Oct. 2 at the Dietrich Theater in Tunkhannock. For ages four and five. Instructor: Amy Colley. Cost: free. Register/info: 570-996-1500.
All Crafting Day, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Sept. 12 at the Abington Community Library. Bring your current craft project and mingle with other crafters. For adults.
Make-it, Take-it Craft Time, 3 to 5 p.m. Sept. 16 at Abington Community Library. Children may drop in any time during the hours listed. Everything will be provided.
Decorative Painting, 12 to 3 p.m. Sept. 16, 23 and 30, Oct. 14, 21 and 28, Nov. 11 and 18 and Dec. 9 and 16 at the Dietrich Theater in Tunkhannock. For ages 16 to adult. Instructor: Teresa Brewer. Cost: $20 per class, plus cost of painting surface. Register (required): 570-996-1500.
Paper Crafting with Maria Pappa, 6 to 8 p.m. Sept. 17 at Abington Community Library. Materials Cost: $10, paid to the instructor the day of the class. For adults.
Craft fair, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Sept. 19 at the Falls Active Adult Center. Features craft, food and farmers market vendors.
Crafters' Club, 6:30 to 7:30 p.m. Sept. 21 at Abington Community Library. Meet other crafters and share tips. All materials will be provided. Sponsored by the library's Teen Leadership Committee for students in grades three through six.
Knitting Group, 6:30 to 8:30 p.m. Sept. 21 at Abington Community Library. Bring your current project and knit with other adults.
Open Mic Night: Dietrich Writers Group Showcase, 7 p.m. Sept. 25 at the Dietrich Theater, Tunkhannock. Doors open for signups at 6:30 p.m. Seating is limited. Cost: free. Info: 570-996-1500.
LEGO Filmmaking, 10:30 a.m. to 12 p.m. Sept. 26, Oct. 24 and Nov. 21 at the Dietrich Theater in Tunkhannock. For ages seven to 14. Instructor: Rand Whipple, Box of Light Theatre. Cost: $17 per session. Sign up for one or all three sessions. Register/info: 570-996-1500.
Drawing and Painting, 4 to 5:30 p.m. Fridays, Nov. 6, 13 and 20 and Dec. 4 at the Dietrich Theater in Tunkhannock. For ages five to 12. Students will get their hands into all kinds of fun as they paint and draw using a variety of materials, including tempera, watercolors and pastels. Instructor: Steve Colley. Cost: $40. Info/register: 570-996-1500.
The Dickson City Cub Scout Pack 21's holiday craft fair, 10 a.m. Nov. 14 at the LaSalle Academy, Dickson City Campus. The scouts are seeking vendors for this event. Crafting, direct sales, antiques, collectibles and businesses are welcome. Info: contact Sarah Kovolenus at email@example.com.
Fourth Annual Buy Local Holiday Marketplace, 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Nov. 29 from 11:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. at the Scranton Cultural Center (SSC) at the Masonic Temple, 420 North Washington Ave., Scranton. Admission: $1 donation to benefit the ongoing operations, restoration and programming at the SCC.

subset: commoncrawl


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When you are old enough to finally become an Earth Mars citizen, everything should be perfect. Right? Not for Liam Hoffen. He's stuck on a mining asteroid called Colony 40, helping his father work a claim that is never going to pay out. His best friend, Nick James is set for life in James' Rental business and Liam just discovered that the girl he's known forever thinks he's pretty great and now she's leaving for the Mars Naval Academy.
Liam dreams of sailing the stars. Whenever he gets the chance, he jets into space and floats, wishing to be free of the asteroid that has claimed him. What he doesn't realize is that fate is about to change everything.
Sometimes you have to lose parts of yourself to gain the stars, and Liam discovers that while it isn't easy to literally lose parts of yourself to the pirates who attacked your home, gaining the stars is worth everything.
He and Nick are about to find out what the real world has to offer and they end up meeting exciting people along the way.
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Very Solid Storyline well performed
- KittJ
Loved it!
absolutely. This novel had the feel of one of Heinlein's YA SF novels. It pulls you into the SF elements subtly through the characters, but doesn't overwhelm you w/ excess math, while still being technical enough to feel like its real tech instead of star-trek deflector dishes.
I like that, dispite the story being told from the 'main character's POV, the secondary characters get their character development, and it feels every bit as awkward and ill planned as any 18-21 yr olds decisions.
the MC's repeated attempts to 'talk pirate' and no one gets it.
I underfstand the author has more books in this series finished. I sincerely hope they make it to Audible as well, and i really enjoyed the story + narrator combo.
- Kenneth


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Redwizard Events Management
Saturday, November 18, 2017 at 8:00 AM - Sunday, November 19, 2017 at 5:00 PM (Philippine Standard Time Philippines Time)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Unionbank Hackathon is open to all professionals and 3rd year to 5th college students taking up Computer Science, Information Technology, Engineering, Mass Communication, Multi Media Arts, Business Administration, Marketing Management, Entreprenuership, Accountancy and others.
Is it for free ?
Yes, it's for free
What is the theme of the Hackathon?
There will be few options of programming challenges provided, which will be announced in the coming weeks.
What kind of programming languages can be used in the Hackathon?
Common programming languages preferred are C/C++, C#, Java, or Python. Other languages can be used as well.
Must we form a team to compete? How many members in a team?
Yes. You will form team of 3 members. You are encouraged to form the team before the event. Each member have to register separately.
f you don't have team member, we will assist you to form the team during the event.
What do I need to prepare before the Hackathon event? What do I need to bring for this event?
- Bring your own laptop installed with necessary software development tools or any devices that you will be using to finish your app / project.
- Please bring along your jacket as it could be cold while you hack throughout the night.Sleeping bag if you wish to rest in between the hackathon.
What are the prizes?
Cash prizes awaits. Full details to be announced soon
For other details, visit our Facebook page :
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When & Where
Saturday, November 18, 2017 at 8:00 AM - Sunday, November 19, 2017 at 5:00 PM (Philippine Standard Time Philippines Time)
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Redwizard Events Management
We organize hackathons, conferences and trade shows. To collaborate, contact 0917 9048777 or 0920 9734926.


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The Gloucester Art Trail
Events and Exhibitions 2010
Events and Exhibitions 2009
Moments from 09 festival
Community Art
Mission statement/remit
About GATO/Partnership groups
Art and images of Gloucester
Links page
About the Gloucester Art Trail and Partnership groups:-
The Gloucester Art Trail was conceived in 2004 and has made contact with and/or links to the following organisations and individuals :
Gloucester City Museum and Art Gallery
Tewkesbury artdepot
Gloucestershire Printmaking Co-op
Gouda Artists group (Firma Van Drie)
Trier Artists group (Junge Kunst Trier)
Nathalie Vin of The Glow Project and Mosaic Worlds
Gloucestershire Dance
Cranham village artists
Sabre Art Studio-Gallery
Cheltenham Art
Gloucestershire Society of Artists
Pralay Lal (India)
Harmony Hall (Jamaica)
Wassi Art Pottery works (Jamaica)
Global Footsteps
The Rendezvous Society
The Three Choirs Fringe Festival
Gloucester Dance Studio
Paul ONeill (theatre production)
Severn Valley Art Trail
TWASI (The Wildlife Art Society International)
Brunswick Square Central Lawn Association
Gloucester Cathedral
Nature in Art
Art Tournament
Art and Craft Gloucestershire
Sabre Art has organised and participated in events during Stroud Valley Artspace Site events.
Nathalie Vin, who is the artist responsible for projections onto Buckingham Palace and the Brighton Pavilion, also runs mosaic workshops. She led the City Council funded workshops which resulted in the selection of mosaic art now installed on the front wall of the Friendship Cafe. Nathalie is keen to continue working with the Gloucester Art Trail on future projects.
GATO established communication with artists from Gloucester's twin town of St Ann, Trier and Gouda; enabling exhibitions of some of their work in Gloucester in 2007 and in 2009. We hope the introductions made by this initiative will encourage ongoing collaboration and networking.
Home page
Moments from 09 festival.
Community Art
Mission statement
Events and Exhibitions 2010
Events and Exhibitions 2009
Art and images
of Gloucester.
Links page.
| what's on in Gloucester
sponsored by Gloucester Locksmiths and Sabre Art
The Gloucester Art Trail (GATO) was set up to establish an annual visual arts festival in Gloucester UK and to promote local art events. Back in May 2009 the 'The Joined Up Art Festival' was launched in Gloucester. We hope this early venture will one day lead to the establishment of an annual event for the city and we are lending our full support to Art Tournament to this end. This site is now being used to announce art events happening in Gloucester and within the county;it will show images of art and craft from across the city and will help people to source artists and art organisations.


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The elevated plus maze has been described as a simple method for assessing anxiety responses of rodents by File and co-workers1. A task, using a Y-shaped apparatus that included an elevated open alley, which produced a strong approach–avoidance conflict, and an enclosed alley, which did not, was first described by Montgomery2. This task was modified into an elevated maze with four arms (two open and two enclosed) that are arranged to form a plus shape and was described by Handley and Mithani3. These authors described the assessment of anxiety behavior of rodents by using the ratio of time spent on the open arms to the time spent on the closed arms. Unlike other behavioral assays used to assess anxiety responses that rely upon the presentation of noxious stimuli (i.e., electric shock, food/water deprivation, loud noises, exposure to predator odor, etc.) that typically produce a conditioned response, the elevated plus maze relies upon rodents' proclivity toward dark, enclosed spaces (approach) and an unconditioned fear of heights/open spaces (avoidance)4.
There is great diversity in possible applications of the elevated plus maze. To name a few, prescreening of newly developed pharmacological agents for treatment of anxiety-related disorders can be carried out. The anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects of pharmacological agents, drugs of abuse and hormones can be investigated. The effects of reproductive senescence/aging and/or pre-, peri- or postnatal exposure to various stressors can be assessed. Furthermore, beyond its utility as a model to detect anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepine-related compounds, the elevated plus maze can be used as a behavioral assay to study the brain sites (e.g., limbic regions, hippocampus, amygdala, dorsal raphe nucleus, etc.5, 6) and mechanisms (e.g., GABA, glutamate, serotonin, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis neuromodulators, etc.1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) underlying anxiety behavior. Indeed, the elevated plus maze has been used as a model of state, unconditioned anxiety for over two decades, and there are now over 2,000 papers related to this topic. Because a lengthy discussion of these key findings is beyond the scope of this protocol, readers are referred to several excellent and instructive reviews13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21).
Behavioral responses in the elevated plus maze are easily assessed and quantified by an observer. Briefly, rodents are placed in the intersection of the four arms of the elevated plus maze and their behavior is typically recorded for 5 min. This was based upon the early studies by Montgomery2 that revealed that rats demonstrated the most robust avoidance responses in the first 5 min after placement in the elevated open alleys. The behaviors that are typically recorded when rodents are in the elevated plus maze are the time spent and entries made on the open and closed arms. Behavior in this task (i.e., activity in the open arms) reflects a conflict between the rodent's preference for protected areas (e.g., closed arms) and their innate motivation to explore novel environments. Anti-anxiety behavior (increased open arm time and/or open arm entries) can be determined simultaneously with a measure of spontaneous motor activity (total and/or closed arm entries), albeit the arm entries made in the maze may not be an optimal measure of motor activity. Other ethological measures that can be observed in rodents in the maze are the number of rears, head dips, fecal boli, freezing or stretched-attend postures.
Face validity of the elevated plus maze
The elevated plus maze has face validity, which is the ability of a task to appear to measure what it is supposed to measure. For instance, in the elevated plus maze, the anxiety or fear of open spaces/heights of rodents seems to be measured. In this task, the open arms are avoided and rodents spend the majority of the time in this task in the closed arms of the maze. Other anxiety-related behaviors of rodents, such as freezing/immobility and defecation, are increased on the open arms of the maze compared to the closed arms1.
Construct validity of the elevated plus maze
The elevated plus maze has construct validity. Construct validity refers to whether an observable dependent variable, such as time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze, used measures an unobservable construct, such as anxiety. This is demonstrated by anxiogenic drugs reducing time spent on the open arms and anxiolytic drugs increasing the time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze1.
Predictive validity of the elevated plus maze
The elevated plus maze has predictive validity, which is defined as the extent to which the dependent measure predicts behavior on a related measure. We have shown that increased open arm activity occurs in rodents that also demonstrate increased central square entries in a brightly lit open field22. Furthermore, plasma corticosterone is increased with open arm exposure and is positively correlated with risk assessment behavior (i.e., stretch-attend postures) in the elevated plus maze23, 24.
Effects of novel environment pre-exposure
Pre-exposure to a different novel environment, such as an open field or hole-board task, has been used in studies assessing anxiety behavior of rodents. In some studies, exposure to a novel environment immediately before testing in the elevated plus maze increases motor activity in the elevated plus maze and a greater likelihood of entering the open arms of the maze1, 25, 26. Although indices of anxiety behavior in the elevated plus maze do not correlate with the amount of exploration in a hole-board27, using the hole-board task immediately before elevated plus maze testing can provide additional indices of activity and exploration (i.e., rearing and head dipping)25, 26, which are independent of plus maze exposure, to rule out changes in open arm exploration being due to changes in general activity and/or exploratory motivation. For instance, this method has been successfully used to demonstrate anxioselectivity of the long-lasting impact of experimental epilepsy on rodents and the impact of predator stress exposure (both experimental situations that can alter activity) on plus maze anxiety28, 29.
In our laboratory, rats or mice are often run through a battery of tasks, which include testing in the open field followed by the elevated plus maze and then subsequent assessment in other measures of affect (i.e., the forced swim test) and/or social and/or sexual behavior (social interaction, propinquity and/or paced mating). It is also common in our laboratory to run each task on separate occasions. By comparing across studies in our laboratory, we have found little evidence to suggest differences in elevated plus maze behavior of rats or mice that are tested in a battery of behavioral tasks that includes the elevated plus maze versus testing in the elevated plus maze and no other tasks on a separate occasion. Although this suggests that, in our laboratory, pre-exposure to another testing environment does not alter subsequent behavior of rats or mice in the elevated plus maze, careful consideration of this should be made when designing experiments using the elevated plus maze.
Utility of a single test session in the elevated plus maze
When assessing the anxiolytic properties of pharmacological agents, many investigators use pre-exposure to the elevated plus maze. Although some early reports did not suggest that prior exposure to the elevated plus maze produced test decay and altered subsequent responding in the task1, 8, 30, recent reports suggest that there is some evidence of test decay effects, that is, there are differences in elevated plus maze behavior when rodents are exposed to the plus maze on more than one occasion. For instance, decreased activity on the open arms of the maze is typical on the second exposure to this task compared to the first exposure31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37. Given these effects, our laboratory and others have used the elevated plus maze in a slightly different way by using a single testing session and assessing behavior as a response to this novel situation that produces unconditioned avoidance responses toward the open arms. Indeed, this approach is now what is typically used. It must be noted that, although retesting in the plus maze can be problematic, it is possible to test rodents more than once without a drop in baseline open arm exploration if there is a 3-week period between tests and the maze is moved to a novel room38, 39. Indeed, it is ideal for this purpose that our rat elevated plus maze is located on a platform with wheels so that it can easily be moved to a novel room (see Fig. 1 and EQUIPMENT SETUP).
Figure 1: Picture of the elevated plus maze used for testing rats.
The elevated plus maze is placed on the floor on a movable platform with casters. Note: The elevated plus maze that we use with mice is similar, but has smaller dimensions and does not have a movable platform.Full size image (51 KB)
We have used single exposure to the elevated plus maze with success to determine response to novelty/anxiety behavior of rodents in different hormone conditions to determine the anti-anxiety effects of steroid hormones, such as estrogen, progestins and androgens22, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50. The materials, methods and typical results obtained are as follows.
General background information relating to the procedure
Timing of testing: Behavior of rats and mice in the elevated plus maze can be influenced by circadian rhythms/light cycle14, 51, 52. In our laboratory, rats and mice, which are housed on a reverse-light cycle, are always tested in their dark phase (between 0900 and 1700), when rodents are most active and have consistent differences in their endogenous concentrations of corticosterone, estrogens, progestins and androgens. An important consideration to be made when setting up experiments using the elevated plus maze in each experiment is the timing of testing, and inconsistencies in what phase of the light cycle the animals are tested must be avoided to reduce potential confounding effects owing to this in behavioral analyses.
Handling of animals before testing: Prior experience with handling, stress or injections can alter behavioral responses of rodents in the elevated plus maze9, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. It is important to ensure that in experiments using the elevated plus maze, handling of rodents and any experience with prior stressors, particularly immediately before testing, is consistent across animals and treatment groups.
Because prior experience, as described above, can alter rodents' behavioral responses to stressor exposure and/or behavioral testing, in our laboratory, experimental animals are consistently habituated to being handled by experimenters, transport to the behavioral testing facility and placement in transport cages before behavioral testing. For example, in our laboratory, immediately before testing, rats and mice are placed on a cart in their homecages and pushed to the behavioral testing suite, which is down a hall (approximately 50 feet) from the housing rooms that are located within the same Laboratory Animal Care Facility. From their homecages, experimental rodents are placed separately into smaller transport cages on a cart in the hallway directly outside the behavioral testing room (there are separate rooms set up for mouse and rat elevated plus maze testing) before testing and then returned to their home cages at the end of testing. To avoid any possibility of different experience or stressor exposure altering behavior of rodents in the plus maze, it is critical that all experimental animals either spend brief, consistent time outside of their homecages in transport cages in the behavioral testing facility before testing (as is performed in our laboratory) or remain in their homecages before testing. Indeed, a basic principle of ethological behavioral analyses is to ensure that experimental animals have similar experiences and consistent treatment before behavioral analyses.
Reagent setup
Rats or mice Laboratory-bred rats or mice are typically used in the elevated plus maze; however, there are recent reports validating the use of the plus maze with guinea-pigs, gerbils, voles and wild mice61, 62, 63, 64, 65. It is particularly useful to use rats or mice in the elevated plus maze, as the equipment for these species can be easily obtained from commercial vendors and the procedures are well developed and have been validated in a number of laboratories.Variables, related to animal subjects, that need to be considered when setting up an experiment using the elevated plus maze include: strain66, 67, 68, 69, 70 (which may be particularly true when considering mouse background strain when using transgenic models), breeding line differences71, sex/gender22, 72, 73, estrous cycle22, 74, 75 and age14, 51, 76.In our laboratory, we typically use young (3–6 months old) adult male or female Long–Evans rats and mice bred on a C57 background. If female rodents are used, the stage of estrous cycle, where there are fluctuations in both estrogens (e.g., 17-estradiol) and progestins (e.g., progesterone), and/or hormone concentrations are considered. In our laboratory, to be able to parse out effects and reveal central mechanisms of estrogens and progestins, we often use surgical removal of the primary endogenous sources of these female-typical steroids (i.e., ovariectomy) and replacement with estrogen or progesterone. For example, administration of 17-estradiol, which produces physiological circulating estradiol levels, increases time spent on the open arms of the plus maze of ovariectomized rodents (rats: 70 15 s; mice: 35 9 s) compared to that observed with vehicle administration (rats: 10 5 s; mice: 5 2 s) (see refs. 48,49,50,77). The results that we have obtained using our elevated plus maze protocol, with consideration of subject and procedural variables as described, are consistent across studies. Indeed, differences in these variables related to the subjects and the procedural variables need to be carefully considered when an experiment using the elevated plus maze is designed14.
Caution All experiments should be performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations regarding animal usage.
- Animal housing We obtain adult rats and mice from the breeding colony in the Life Sciences Research Buildings in the Laboratory Animal Care Facility at SUNY—Albany. The original stock of rats and mice were from Taconic Farms and Jackson Laboratory, respectively. If experimental rodents are obtained from a commercial vendor, they should be housed undisturbed for at least 1 week before testing. To avoid the effects of shipping stress on commercially purchased rodents, it is important to use at least a 1 week habituation period before initiating behavioral testing. In using a typical 1 week habituation period, we have found little evidence of differences in performance in the elevated plus maze between rodents of the same strain that are bred in-house and those purchased from vendors and shipped.Differences in housing conditions may alter behavior in the elevated plus maze. Indeed, long-term social isolation (unlike the short-term, i.e., several minutes, isolation that experimental animals experience immediately before testing in our laboratory) is considered a stressor and a model of anxiety/depression in mice78, 79. For this reason, our rats and mice are typically group-housed (4–5 per cage) in polycarbonate cages in a separate temperature-controlled room (21 1 °C). Our rats and mice are maintained throughout the experiment on a 12/12 h reversed light cycle (lights off at 0800) with continuous access to Purina Rat Chow and tap water.
Equipment setup
- Rat elevated plus maze Our maze is made of medium-density fiberboard with a matte black acrylic surface, and consists of four arms (two open without walls and two enclosed by 30 cm high walls) 50 cm long and 10 cm wide (Fig. 1). The open arms in the maze that we use do not have a railing, but addition of a 3–5 mm high railing on the open arms of the plus maze has been used with success to increase open arm exploration80, 28, 29, 38, 39. Each arm of the maze is attached to sturdy plastic legs, such that it is elevated 50 cm off a base that it is on. The legs of the maze can be easily removed to allow for storage of the maze when not in use and be adjusted so that the maze is level on uneven floors. The base consists of a white melamine platform with four casters that is constructed so that it is only as big as the maze requires. This allows for easy movement of the maze within and outside the testing room, as necessary. The maze and base were constructed within these parameters by an independent contractor, George Morimoto (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Suffern, NY), who designed, built and set up the maze in our laboratory. We have previously used mazes from commercial vendors, such as San Diego Instruments. Other models of rat elevated plus mazes have been constructed out of other materials (i.e., plastic, stainless steel, etc.) to be collapsible for storage when not in use, but this has proven in our laboratory to produce a less sturdy construction. We do not find this to be the case with this maze built to our specifications and the data collected are comparable.
- Mouse elevated plus maze Our maze is made of stainless steel, which is painted matte black, and consists of four arms (two open without walls and two enclosed by 15.25 cm high walls) 30 cm long and 5 cm wide. Each arm of the maze is attached to sturdy metal legs such that it is elevated 40 cm off of the table it is on. The maze was purchased from Columbus Instruments. In comparison to the rat elevated plus maze that we use, the mouse maze is smaller and is readily moved as necessary. As such, a mouse elevated plus maze constructed of stainless steel without a movable base is used in our laboratory. We have found similar patterns of behavior when we have used mouse elevated plus mazes from other commercial vendors and with slightly different construction (i.e., closed arms made of clear rounded Plexiglas) and when the maze was situated on the floor, instead of a table.
- Video-tracking system with computer interface and video camera In our laboratory, a video-tracking system (e.g., Any-Maze, purchased from Stoelting) is used to automatically collect behavioral data. We use the program installed on a Dell PC computer with a digital video camera mounted overhead on the ceiling.
- Elevated plus maze location/illumination Our rat and mouse elevated plus mazes are situated in separate brightly lit rooms that are illuminated with six, 32-W fluorescent overhead lights each, which produce consistent illumination within the rooms (2,800 lumens each). The rat elevated plus maze is placed close to the center of the room, and has similar levels of illumination on both open and closed arms. The mouse elevated plus maze is placed on a table (but could also be placed on the floor) such that there are similar levels of illumination on both open and closed arms. The legs of the maze are adjusted so that the maze is perpendicular to the ground and each arm is level. Level of light can influence behavior in the elevated plus maze. As such, lighting needs to be considered when experiments using the elevated plus maze are designed.
- Data collection The primary method for data collection that is used in our laboratory is the use of the video-tracking system, described above, which automatically detects and records when rats or mice enter the open or closed arms of the maze and the time spent in each. If there are problems with contrast (e.g., the rodent urinates in the maze, animal fur color, etc.), the video-tracking system is not as accurate. Although this occurs infrequently, an observer is always present in the testing room, next to the maze, and is simultaneously collecting elevated plus maze data. The observer makes hatchmarks on a data sheet for each arm entry that a rodent makes in the elevated plus maze and uses a timer to determine the duration spent on the open arms. This allows for comparisons between the two methods of data collection. In our laboratory, we have found that there is a greater than 95% concordance in data collected with these methods and between observers and any discordant results are due to problems with video tracking because of less than ideal contrast. As such, in the testing situation that is set up in our laboratory, it is important that the observer is in the testing room while animals are tested. However, the presence of the observer may alter rodent's behavior in this task; so this has to be considered when the task is set up in each laboratory. It is not advisable that the observer be present during testing of some experimental animals and not for others owing to the possibility of this altering the animal's behavior. Furthermore, it is critically important that the observer makes minimal movements and no noise when collecting behavioral data. In some of our testing rooms that are large enough, we have set up a curtain that hangs from the ceiling and separates the area where the elevated plus maze and observer are located, which minimizes the possibility of experimental animals reacting to the presence of the observer. However, we have found little evidence of differences in behavioral data of rodents that are tested with and without an observer that is visible to the rodent if the observer makes every effort to minimize movement and noises made.
- Calibration/validation of test in laboratory Many variables can confound interpretation of behavior in the elevated plus maze, and details of how these are addressed in our own laboratory are described. Before an experiment using the elevated plus maze is performed, it is important to first calibrate the task in a particular laboratory by taking into account and minimizing these procedural and organismic variables so that the testing environment and experience is the same in each experimental animal. Use of the elevated plus maze should also be validated in each laboratory that it is set up in. This can be accomplished by using positive and negative control groups, that is, administering pharmacological anxiolytics or anxiogenics, respectively. As such, in our laboratory, we have used gonadectomized adult male rodents, which have their primary endogenous sources of androgens, such as testosterone and its metabolite (i.e., 3-androstanediol, a neurosteroid that is a positive modulator of GABAA receptors), the testes, removed (2 1 s spent on the open arms of the plus maze), as negative controls. Androgen-replete rodents, those that are gonadally intact (28 6 s) or gonadectomized and replaced with testosterone (4 mg kg- 1 subcutaneously; 36 + 5 s, which produces physiological circulating testosterone and 3-androstanediol levels) serve as positive controls40, 41.
- Points from here (point 1) up to and including point 7 are related to Maze set-upMake sure maze is cleaned and dried before use and that video-tracking system is ready to be used. Fill out data sheets with subject number of animal, date, coded condition and initialed by the experimenter before testing.
- Bring rodent, which is in its individual temporary transport cage, into the behavioral testing room.
- Take rodent out of its cage and place at the junction of the open and closed arms, facing the open arm opposite to where the experimenter is.
Critical step Make sure to handle the rodent in a consistent manner and place each rodent in the elevated plus maze in the same position. Differences are observed when rodents are placed facing toward an open arm versus toward the closed arm1. In our laboratory, rodents are placed on the maze facing the same open arm.
- Start the video-tracking system and a timer set for 5 min when the rodent is placed in the maze.
Critical step Take precautions to start data collection as soon as the animal is placed in the maze. It is not recommended that the video-tracking system is started before the animal is placed in the maze so that the behavior of each animal is consistently recorded for 5 min.
- The video-tracking system will automatically record the number of entries made by the rodent onto the open and closed arms and the time spent on the open arm and closed arm. The experimenter should simultaneously record the number of arm entries and time spent in each open arm on the data sheets with a timer.
Critical step An open arm entry is counted when all four paws of the rodent are on the open arm.
Critical step The observer must avoid unnecessary movements and making noise.
- At the end of the 5-min test, remove the rodent from the plus maze and place into a transport cage. Place back inside its homecage on the cart outside the room.
- Clean the elevated plus maze with quatricide and dry with paper towels before testing with another rodent.
- Points from here (point 8) up to and including point 8 are related to
Data analysesTo determine the effects of experimental manipulation (i.e., steroid hormones in our laboratory), differences in the raw means of experimental animals should be typically calculated with analyses of variance. We use a commercially available statistical analyses program, such as Statview, but freeware statistics programs could also be used. When main effects of manipulation/independent variables are revealed, using a P-value of less than 0.05, the data can be further analyzed with post hoc tests, such as Tukey's HSD, which corrects for multiple comparisons, to determine differences between groups.
Typically, analysis of variance can be used to assess the effects of treatment on the following measures: open arm time, closed arm time, open arm entries made, closed arm entries made and total entries made. The ratio of open or closed arm entries/time to the total arm entries/time can be calculated and analyzed. This may be particularly helpful if there are differences between groups in the general motor activity in the maze. Other ethological measures (which can be considered "risk assessment") that can be collected are the frequency and/or duration of head dips (downward movement of rodents' head toward the floor from the open arms), rears (vertical standing of rodent on two hindlegs) and stretch-attend posture (when the rodent is motionless, but has body stretched forward/toward a stimulus).Troubleshooting
Steps 1 and 2 (setup): 0.5–1 h for cohort of experimental animals
Steps 3–5 (testing): 5 min per animal
Steps 6 and 7 (clean-up): 1–2 min per animal
Rodents fall off open arms
Infrequently (in less than 1% of the rodents tested), rats or mice run to the edge of the open arms and fall off. When this occurs, the experimenter must rapidly pick the animal up and place it back onto the open arms of the maze. This behavior must be recorded on the data sheet and taken into consideration when the behavioral data are analyzed. Behavioral data from an animal that does this would be excluded from analyses. However, the experimenter continues to test the animal because it is important to make sure that exposure to the elevated plus maze is as consistent across animals as possible, particularly when animals are tested in a battery of tasks.
Rodents are immobile/freeze on open arms
If a noise or movement occurs while rodents are on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, rodents are likely to freeze for an extended period of time, even the majority of the testing time, on the open arms of the maze. Freezing for an extended period of time would be considered when the time spent on the open arms is more than 30% of the total test time (i.e., more than 100 s). This is a rare occurrence (i.e., occurs in less than 1% of the animals that are tested).
If freezing were to occur, the experimenter must make a note of this on their data sheets and consider this anomaly when analyzing the behavioral results. If a loud noise or other disruption occurs, which are considered exclusionary criteria, the animals' data are not considered in data analyses. However, the experimenter continues to test the animal so that it is exposed to the elevated plus maze for 5 min (to be commensurate with other animals in its cohort). To avoid increased freezing of the rodent to occur in the plus maze, noise and movements made by the experimenter must be kept at a minimum. In our laboratory, we hang signs outside the testing rooms to inform others that testing is in progress so that noise and disruptions are kept at a minimum.
Different baseline open arm activity
It is critical to decide upon the sex and reproductive age of animals to be used before initiating a study using the elevated plus maze. Post-pubertal sex difference in the elevated plus maze has been reported22, 73. Historically, many studies have used male rodents to avoid the influence of estrous cycle for elevated plus maze behavior22, 74, 75. For example, in our laboratory, we have consistently observed that young, adult intact female rats or mice in diestrus (low estradiol, low progestins) spent less time (rats: 20 3 s, mice: 6 2 s) than do their intact male counterparts (rats: 35 5 s; mice: 21 6 s) in the open arms. However, the pattern of elevated plus maze behavior is different when rodents in proestrous (high estradiol and progestins) are tested; rodents in proestrous (rats: 75 25 s; mice: 30 5 s) spend more time on the open arms of the elevated plus maze than do rodents in diestrous or males. Therefore, investigators must take into consideration that there may be different baseline elevated plus maze activity depending on the sex of experimental animals and estrous cycle stage in females, and design experiments using the elevated plus maze accordingly.
Anticipated results
The following results exemplify data we have obtained using the elevated plus maze protocol, which is described in detail above, to investigate the anti-anxiety effects of progesterone43, 46. The results we have obtained using the elevated plus maze to determine the effects of progesterone and its metabolites are robust and replicable. Furthermore, similar to androgens, described above, progesterone is metabolized to a neuroactive steroid, called allopregnanolone, that positively modulates GABAA receptors and produces similar anxiolytic effects as benzodiazepines44. Indeed, there is a good correlation between typical behavioral effects of progestins in the elevated plus maze with the other anxiety/affective measures that use exposure to bright, open spaces like the elevated plus maze or other noxious stimuli (i.e., electric shock, food/water deprivation, loud noises, predator odor and forced swim/confinement) that we use in the laboratory, such as the open field, elevated zero maze, mirrored chamber task, light–dark transition task, vogel punished drinking, defensive freezing task, conditioned fear, predator stress-induced analgesia, porsolt forced swimming task and tail suspension task. An experiment conducted in our laboratory using the elevated plus maze is described below.
In this study, young adult (2–3 months old) female rats and mice were ovariectomized and recovered from surgery for 1 week. One hour before testing in the elevated plus maze, rats or mice were administered progesterone (4 mg kg- 1, rats, or 1 mg, mice, which produces similar plasma and central levels of progestins as are observed in proestrous rodents) via subcutaneous injections. An observer, blind to the experimental condition of the experimental animal, recorded the behavioral data using the protocol described in detail above. Data were analyzed with analyses of variance, followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc tests, as appropriate (i.e., when P-value of main effect of progesterone condition was less than 0.05). We found that administration of progesterone increases time spent on the open arms of the plus maze in rats (65 9 s) and mice (21 8 s) compared to vehicle administration (rats: 9 5 s; mice: 4 2 s). Thus, we can conclude that progesterone can increase anti-anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze.
The elevated plus maze is a widely used behavioral assay for anxiety behavior of rodents. It is easy to use, can be fully automated and valid results can be obtained in a short, 5-min testing period. The patterns of results obtained using this task are replicable across other species, anxiety/affective behavior measures, studies and laboratories.


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Cellular senescence is a permanent state of cell cycle arrest that protects the organism from tumorigenesis and regulates tissue integrity upon damage and during tissue remodeling. However, accumulation of senescent cells in tissues during aging contributes to age-related pathologies. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms regulating the viability of senescent cells is therefore required. Here, we show that the CDK inhibitor p21 (CDKN1A) maintains the viability of DNA damage-induced senescent cells. Upon p21 knockdown, senescent cells acquired multiple DNA lesions that activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and nuclear factor (NF)-B kinase, leading to decreased cell survival. NF-B activation induced TNF-α secretion and JNK activation to mediate death of senescent cells in a caspase- and JNK-dependent manner. Notably, p21 knockout in mice eliminated liver senescent stellate cells and alleviated liver fibrosis and collagen production. These findings define a novel pathway that regulates senescent cell viability and fibrosis.
Original Article: p21 maintains senescent cell viability under persistent DNA damage response by restraining JNK and caspase signalingNEXT ARTICLE
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Bioinformatics is the application of computer software and hardware to the management of biological data to create useful information. Computers are used to gather, store, analyze and integrate biological and genetic information which can then be applied...
Cytokine Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)
TNF is a compound that is classified as a cytokine which plays a central role in the cellular mechanisms of apoptosis or cell death. However, there are a number of different kinds of TNF, just under twenty, but the family of molecules have very similar a...
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Upcoming Third Party Events and Initiatives
Each year, community members plan and participate in events and initiatives to raise funds for SafeHouse Denver. To learn how to plan your own event or initiative, please visit our Host and Event to Benefit SafeHouse page.
Body Logs
Loving the skin a person's in is one of the key's to reducing anxiety and being happier. Few understand this as well as Eve Parker, much better known in public as Inspirational Eve, who has taken on many roles to help make other women view themselves in a warmer and more constructive light. And from author, life coach, weight loss maintainer and now director and playwright, Eve has used any means available to drive her message home. In the latest exciting news, Inspirational Eve announced she will debut her new play "Body Logs" in September where she will reveal the results of having worked for four months with six other women to help inspire and educate them into viewing their bodies in a more positive and constructive way, opening the door to true self-love.
Tickets are $25 and "Body Logs" is being shown at the ClockTower Cabaret, in Denver, on September 17-19, 2017. 20% of all proceeds of the show will be donated to SafeHouse Denver. For more information be sure to visit www.inspirationaleve.com.
Treat yourself or share the love with a special woman in your life with a VineOh! subscription. Each box is a fabulous treat that includes two bottles of premium, custom wine plus 4-6 specially curated products. Enter promo code 'SAFEHOUSE' at checkout and $10 will be donated back to us! Visit VineOh!'s website for more information on these unique boxes and to purchase today!
2017 Colorado Brewery Running Series
Looking for a good run with good people for a good cause? Look no further than the Colorado Brewery Running Series. On 17 different dates throughout the year, you can walk/jog/run a 5K course and then enjoy a beer at a local brewery. Each event features live music, food trucks, giveaways and activities. And of course, a portion of your registration will be donated to SafeHouse Denver. Click here for all dates and to register today.
Wettstein Agencies
Wettstein Agencies will donate $10 to SafeHouse Denver for every insurance quote they provide. Wettstein Agencies is a part of Allstate Insurance and can provide everything from car insurance to life insurance. There's no obligation to purchase once you've received a quote. For more information, visit their website or contact Mitchell Wettstein at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Land Home's 'Fund It Forward' Initiative
Land Home Financial Services will make a $150 donation to local nonprofit organizations for every loan closed. SafeHouse Denver is proud to be one of four organizations to which clients can designate their donation. This offer is valid only with Rusty Porterfield and Team at the Land Home Greenwood Village branch. For more information, visit their website.
Sold by Simmons
Throughout all of 2017, the Sold by Simmons Real Estate Team will donate 1% of commission checks to SafeHouse Denver. If you're looking to buy or sell a home and want to give back to SafeHouse at the same time, consider visiting their website, www.soldbysimmons.com.
Book Bonanza
On July 20 & 21, 2018, New York Times bestselling author, Colleen Hoover will host a huge book signing conference called Book Bonanza in Denver, CO. 100% of the proceeds will go to SafeHouse. Tickets go on sale July 31, 2017. Check back here or join the Book Bonanza Facebook group for more information.


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