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Condoms vs abstinence, how to handle the debate.
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Certain fringe religious groups with disproportionate political power are pushing for abstinence over condom use all over the Western world, and no more so then in the good old US of A.
Laugh in their face.
Maybe these people don't understand that teenagers are human beings and not machines, but the argument for abstinence makes no sense to me.
CAPTCHA: ding-dong.
Anyone who looks at the evidence knows this already.
Anyone who disagrees is likely to do so regardless of what you say.
You know, there's this funny thing about figures with regards to condoms and the pill. The "failure" figure almost always contains two different causes: the first is "the item itself fails", and the second is, "the person in question applies it incorrectly". People who try to push Abstinence as a "contraceptive" only ever bring up the first statistic, without doing the honest thing and mentioning the second one, which matters just as much - if a contraceptive is impossible to use effectively and accurate, then it's still useless. Coitus Interruptus and calculating your period, neither of which are considered even remotely useful, are both 100% effective if you calculate the success rate the same way as the people pushing abstinence only do.
It's called "creaming the data"; effectively only taking the subset that you want to take by some irrelevant criteria. Prison Fellowship Ministries has a similar trick in their "rehabilitation through Christ" program - they boast absolutely ridiculous success rates in their programs. What they fail to mention, however, is that if you don't find a job after leaving prison, they act as though you never took the program at all. They're taking only the subset of data which they want to use; when you compare their data without the skimming, it shows essentially no improvement. And it's similar with Abstinence: apparently, only people who use Abstinence 100% correctly "count". Which is, of course, absolutely ridiculous.
teens want to have sex.
primarily because that's when they are most fertile.
oh we can just round the issue and say that's not true, point to evidence that people can suppress those urges (ye that sounds healthy right?) and claim that all that kinda thinking is somehow "out of date" but the simple fact is...nope...teens want to have sex.
telling them not to doesn't work.
i would hate to live a society where it actually did because it would have to be enforced.
Teens: Sex or No Sex?
This isn't rocket science people...
From a technical point of view abstinence does prevent all STIs and pregnancy, the problem being that it as about as enforceable as a diet in a cake shop.
Since very few human beings have full control over their primal desires, condoms (and gastric bands) exist. I really admired the Pope for trying to advocate condom use to prevent the spread of HIV...pity that one fell through.
People are actually discussing the benefits of using abstience as a form of "birth control"? Fuck no, I don't believe it. No one is that fucking stupid.
I think that image has a decent way of getting the point across. Abstinence just can't be enforced, even when your parents are heavily pro-life. If you were on a construction site and were feeling sensible, you'd wear a hard-hat...the same thing applies to condoms.
Basically this.
However, I'm not against abstinence personally (I am against it's exclusivity as a social policy). I really can't say that I'm totally against a policy that ends up encouraging girls to give blowjobs.
What the hell is that thing down in front?
OT: If they do ban condoms, then they would see a rapid rise in the teenage pregnancy rate. To be honest I doubt it would be long before the ban was revoked, the public shitstorm about it would be huge.
Yes, because encouraging our youth to think with their heads and not their pelvic region is such an awful idea.
Abstinence does have the advantage of being foolproof in regards to stds and pregnancy, while condoms cannot remotely claim the same, whether due to human error or simple functional failure. The fact that not all of our youth are willing to listen to advice that would deprive them of a quick emotional fix cannot change that simple fact.
The problem occurs when one encourages abstinence at the expense of condoms and similar contraceptives, or vice versa. People seem to forget that it is entirely possible to do both.
they are "thinking with their heads" its just their heads are saying "you really wanna find out what this sex thing is all about".
as for stds off the top of my head you can contract thush, hpv and herpes without having sex.
edit - hang on...i'd just like to point out you cannot contract thush, hpv and herpes from my head...
It is true that there is nothing evil about sex, however I cannot agree with all of the things claimed by the people who think that teenagers should have everything they want in regards to sex.
One problem is how you define a teenager. I agree that 16 year old's and older will always have sex and that it can't be helped, but 15 year old's and younger are more or less just children, and children should not have sex because they lack the needed understanding and maturity.
I also think it is bullshit that some people think condoms should be handed out for free. If people want to have sex then that is ok and all, but condoms are consumer products and should be treated as such. Condoms aren't THAT expensive, so if a person can't even afford to buy a condom then that person probably isn't old enough to have sex yet anyways.
In addition, while expecting young people to abstain from sex until they get married is obviously unrealistic I fail to see what is wrong with expecting them from abstaining until they are at least old enough to have a proper understanding of the responsibilities that come with having a sex life. It makes me want to claw my eyes out every time I hear someone claim that having a responsible sex life is just a matter of knowing how to use a condom and that's it.
If their heads aren't also saying "well, there are apparently some possible consequences to this sex thing, particularly while young, so maybe I should think about it before jumping in groin first", they are not actually thinking with their heads. I'm not suggesting that everyone who has sex as a minor didn't think about it first, or that they even necessarily made a bad decision, just that I doubt the percentage rates of those who did seriously consider the risks to begin with are any higher than single digits.
Assuming you mean thrush, you can get all three of those without any kind of physical contact with a carrier, sexual or otherwise. They're only identified as STDs because it is several orders of magnitude more likely to occur with sexual contact. You could say the same for things like the flu virus or the bubonic plague, it doesn't invalidate the point that abstinence completely shuts down at least one avenue of getting sick with something serious.
everybody thinks with their heads. there is just a difference between conscious and subconscious thought that few people seem to grasp nor do they even want to think about what drives subconscious thought because of the idea "we're better than that" (imo sexual activity and the desire for sexual activity in teenagers is entirely natural and for that matter "naturally" driven as i've already indicated in the thread).
as for the std thing well ye perhaps you could explain that to the people who don't want their daughters getting the hpv vaccination to protect them against cervical cancer on sexual morality grounds and you did state "Abstinence does have the advantage of being foolproof in regards to stds" (with no qualifier or caveats) which given you now reveal you know that isn't a true statement is...
besides given abstinence education classes are offered up as the alternative to icky heathen amoral sex education by those who promote it i doubt many of those who undergo it even find out about the reality of diseases mentioned.
and another thing: anyone who carrys and/or uses a condom HAS "considered the risks"
What's the difference between a sixteen year old and a fifteen year old? There isn't a magical age that when you reach makes you mature and smart.
Would you rather teens not buy condoms because of shame/fear/whatever and end up having sex without protection?
Because they won't wait?
So what are your proposed solutions to dealing with teenagers who have sex? Lock them in a prison cell 'til they're eighteen? Get a cop to escort them at all times? Teenagers have sex, deal with it. Our job isn't to prevent them from doing so, we've already tried that and failed miserably, it's to teach them about safe sexual practices.
Hey, buddy? Read my post.
Guess what: whether or not a form of contraception works is not only dependent on "is it functional". It also depends on whether or not it can actually be used effectively, as you yourself admit in your post. Abstinence, in a significant percentage of cases, cannot. Yes, we should not be encouraging teenage promiscuity. We should be telling them of the consequences, but informing them on how to do it well, because if we don't, they're going to do it carelessly anyways.
Attempting to enforce abstinence in an individualist society on an age group which actively desires to rebel against their parents is something that would appear unlikely to succeed, and it has been demonstrated to be so. From the age of 12-13 onwards nature is whipping people onwards and commanding that they breed, simply ignoring it is not going to solve the issue. We have the tools to ensure that the process is without issues, not using them is senseless.
Apparently you missed the part where I suggested that encouraging abstinence and teaching the proper use of contraceptives can go hand in hand. I have no intention or desire to try and enforce an actual policy/rule/law of abstinence, just to reinforce rational thought and a reasonable level of caution.
Going on the basis of subconscious thoughts and impulses, it is "natural" do do quite a few things. From enforcing a pecking order, to taking resources from others, to belittling a rival, to aggressive action up to and including murder. If we aren't "better than that" why the hell bother with society at all? Our present state of civilization requires that people suppress many of our instinctive desires in favor of rational thought on whether that desire is appropriate to act upon. My suggestion that sexual contact needs to be among them is hardly out of place.
The idiots who prevent their kids from a reasonable precaution on such a basis deserve scorn, that is true. Still doesn't change my point.
I don't understand what's wrong with promoting abstinence. It is the most effective contraceptive of all times after all. What is wrong is when people promote abstinence while demonizing the use of contraceptives such as condoms. We should do both. Ensure teenagers understand there are risks related to sex and that the only way to reduce those to 0 is by not having sex and that if they cannot resist they should use contraceptives to at least minimize said risks. And we also need to promote the reduction of promiscuity which also doesn't help the reduction of the spread of STD's. You are less likely to get STD's if you stick to one partner which you trust and know isn't infected.
Sometimes i think this whole hatred towards abstinence stems from a hate towards religion and automatic villification of anything remotely related to it.
Most sex ed programs already teach abstinence. They don't encourage it but they do present it as an option. Either way, the focus of sex ed is mainly safe sexual practices and that's what it should be about. Teenagers have sex, you can either accept that and teach them how to do it safely or leave them be and let teen pregnancy rates go up.
Did you just compare sex to murder? Because I think you just did. Guess what? Sex hurts nobody. Oh sure, there are consequences but that's what sex ed is for. You can't expect teenagers to abstain from sex because that's simply not going to happen. Besides, how would you even go about enforcing abstienence?
And what's wrong with promiscuity? We live in the 21st century. Condoms are widely available at every corner drug store. You don't need to encourage or discourage anything, that's not the point of sex ed. Sex ed is there to teach teens about safe sexual practices and that's it. If you want to instil particular values in your child then feel free to do so, though I doubt they'll actually give a shit. Schools don't exist to push your or anyone else's agenda on everyone.
I have yet to see or hear about a sex ed program that came close to effectively encouraging either abstinence or proper contraceptive use.
I mentioned murder and sex as both being part of a long list of impulses that need to be at least partly suppressed rather than acted out without thinking about it, not in terms of comparing the two things in regards to severity. I also wanted to put to rest the notion that something considered to be "natural" is inherently good or right.
Sex can and does hurt plenty of people, whether via disease or unwanted pregnancy. Our current sexual education so far as I can tell has had almost no effect on encouraging our youth to prevent either.
P.S. You just finished quoting me saying that I have no desire to enforce abstinence, then ask how I intend to enforce abstinence... random mental disconnect, or is this a common issue?
There are two parts to the effectiveness of a contraceptive. The first is "does it work". Condoms have around 99.8% success rate, only .2% worse than abstinence. Same with the pill. The second factor: "will it be used correctly". I'm willing to bet that the statistic for that in regards to abstinence is somewhere between 10% and 50%. Abstinence is NOT an effective contraceptive simply because we're not robots, and you always have to consider the human influence.
No, it's based on the fact that teaching abstinence is demonstrably a huge waste of time, and the fact that religious nutjobs pushing it does demonstrable harm to people.
The Netherlands handles it pretty well. So does Planned Parenthood. These are only from the top of my head, I'm sure there are other examples.
The US already tried to "supress" sexual impulses in teenagers by trying to encourage abstinence and it has failed miserably. Also, sex is not comparable to murder. Please don't go there. The fact of the matter is, a comprehensive sexual education that focuses on safe sexual practices is the only way to reduce teen pregnancy rates. "Encouraging" abstinence does jack shit. You don't get to push your own agenda on everyone else just because you think your view on this particular issue is the correct one. The purpose of sex ed should be information, nothing more and nothing less. It's up to each individual parent to instil whatever value they want into their children, provided those values are not batshit insane.
Of course it can, that's why we need to teach teens safe sexual practices to prevent those things from happening.
-Decent quality condoms have such a high success rate if and only if correctly used, just like you yourself stated. People don't tend to care about proper usage, and quite a few only use condoms at all if their partners insist.
Yes, because properly applying a condom on your cock is such a hard ordeal. Also, do you have some hard data to support those claims?
Aha, which is why abstinence has done wonders for the US. What do you suppose we do to "encourage" abstinence in teens? We tried telling them they should abstain from sex, they didn't listen. We tried lying to them about sex, they didn't give a shit. The only thing left to do is to imprison them but I'm assuming you're not insane enough to suggest such a thing.
Because abstinence doesn't work. If you have any idea as to how we might get teens to give a crap about it then feel free to share.
Rather than telling teens what to do, you supply them with all the knowledge and tools so they can make an educated decision. Showing the responsibilities that accompany sex, the possible outcomes good and bad, discussing what kind of life they want to live, how pregancy and STDs can affect their future, and openly discussing the importance of making good choices is a far better alternative than telling a kid "yes or no". When I handed out birth control to teens, I didn't just toss out condoms like candy, I at least attempted to get through to them in a way they could understand and relate to. I strongly believe that they will make more responsible choices, given all the right tools to make that decision. Most teens do not desire to be broke and supporting kids during the prime years of their life. That is not a very attractive alternative to what all the other kids are able to do during the years from 16- 22. Showing them the good, the bad and the ugly of it all is far more effective.
Honestly, to me, prefering abstinence over condoms is like prefering your own hands over a shovel. There is a better, more efficient and less harmful solution to a problem, but Zog-ok the Lord of Thunder doesn't like shovels.
Honestly, I'd like to know exactly where christianity's whole sex-complex began. Was there some sort of equivolent to a corporate party or teambuilding thing that went off the rails somewhere and things just got astronomically awkward or something?
Of course abstinence should be taught in combination with all other information we have available, but not by itself. Mutual masturbation and other " non penetrating" sexual activites should be taught as well. The key here is to reduce teenage pregnancies and the spread of STD's, and that includes all possibilities, including but not limited to abstinence.
Teens should be educated beforehand of all possible outcomes, as there is no Birth control that does not involve surgery that is 100%. They should be taught they should be prepared before engaging in a certain activity for all possible outcomes, as they still do exist.
Abstinence is free and carries zero risks. If you want to take lets say 5% risk with a condom then fine go ahead but its not free.
Abstinence is not free, it costs you intimacy, sex, happyness and relationships altogether.
I think abstinence being taught hand in hand with correct sexual safety precautions is best, as plenty of others have already said.
There will be some who choose abstinence over contraceptives and the others will choose the alternative.
I guess I have a problem with completely giving up at least trying to discourage a teenager/young adult/ what-have-you from practicing abstinence at least until they feel that they are informed enough.
But it would be ignorant of us to not accept that just trying to enforce abstinence has failed miserably.
And how much is sex worth to you (intimacy and happiness can be had with absinence though I will grant you sex obviously cant be)? I am not saying sex is evil, good heavens no. I am just saying that while we need to teach people about safe sex the only way to be 100% certain that you will not face any consequences from sexual behavior is to not have sex or at least do not have it until you are ready to handle those consequences. Young people often are not ready for the emotional and phyiscal consequences of sex.
I'm not here to push my views on others but I will express my views. In my view sex is the most intimate expression of love and should therefore only be engaged in with your significant other. Thats my philosophy and I stick by it. If you disagree thats fine.
One day, I will wake up and realize that people quit poking noses into other people's bedrooms (or wherever they're going to get up to it), that everyone has a clear understanding and utter respect of the SSC rule, and that all the sex talk is going to stop because people will just enjoy their own intimate lives the way they enjoy them.
Oh and nobody would shove said lives into other people's faces, did I mention that? Because people who slam their business on the table and go "NOTICE THIS!" at everyone present really are in no position to complain about others poking their noses into said business.
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Drive is a triumph for the big screen
DRIVE (R18) Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn ****1/2 Reviewed by James Croot.
Stuntman by day, wheelman by night, he's (Ryan Gosling) used to taking calculated risks.
Whatever form of driving, he's in demand and his skill has his garage boss Shannon (Bryan Cranston) looking for financial backers to help him turn pro. "Put him behind the wheel and he can do anything," Shannon enthuses to former film producer turned "entrepreneur" Bernie Rose (Albert Brooks).
But rather than impressing his potential investor, the driver is more interested in helping out his Echo Park neighbour Irene (Carey Mulligan).
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When he finally comes home, there's naturally a tension between Standard and his wife's new acquaintance, but all that's put aside when Standard receives an unfriendly visit with unreasonable demands - he must fulfil one last job or his family will face the consequences.
Eager to prevent that, the driver offers his services, much to Shannon's annoyance. "I know a lot of guys who mess around with married women, but you're the only one I know who robs a place to pay back the husband," he chides his young charge. Worse still, the task is not exactly what it seems.
From the electric pink opening credits to Cliff Martinez's (Traffic) unsettling, understated electronica-heavy score, Drive harks back to the stylish action-thrillers of the early 1980s. Think To Live and Die in LA meets Sudden Impact by way of Death Wish II and The Hunter.
But unlike some of those, along with the style, Danish director Nicolas Winding Refn (Pusher, Valhalla Rising) delivers substance. Don't be fooled (as some have) by the TV spots which suggest this might be the next Fast and the Furious.
This ain't no lunk-headed genre pic filled with car chases and lascivious, lingering shots of fast cars and loose women, but rather a dark, brooding, slow-burning, blood-spattered tale that's closer to The Professional, A History of Violence, Collateral or the 25th Hour than The Transporter.
And forget pithy one-liners, Gosling's nameless hero is also a man of few words in a film where dialogue itself is spare but telling, while the, actually rare, acts of violence are bloody, brutal and wince-inducing.
Working from Hossain Amini's (Jude) clever script, which turns James Sallis's fractured, gloomy and poetic 2005 tale into a compelling, "driving" narrative, director Refn delivers a masterclass in mood creation, playing with camera angles, shadows, film speed and sound to keep the audience fully engrossed.
It also helps that he's assembled one of the dream casts of 2011. Gosling (Crazy, Stupid, Love) is a revelation as the driver whose genial demeanour hides a coldish heart of controlled aggression and don't-argue authority.
And he's admirably supported by a supporting cast that includes the luminous Mulligan (An Education) and a virtually unrecognisable - both physically and character-wise - Brooks (Broadcast News, who, despite a puffy demeanour that makes him look like a Dicky Tracy villain, has the biggest perception makeover since Sir Ben Kingsley in Sexy Beast), as well as some of the stars of the most popular current TV dramas - Cranston (Breaking Bad), Ron Perlman (Sons of Anarchy) and Christina Hendricks (Mad Men).
For some that last part might be proof that the best talent and tales are currently being told on the small screen in America, however Drive is most assuredly strong evidence that as a storytelling artform, cinema is still very much alive and kicking.
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The Met Office has issued a yellow weather warning for wind in East Devon on Saturday (October 21), warning of 50 miles-per-hour winds and possible flooding.
University of Exeter is investigating a new treatment for bipolar mood swings.
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Each of 3 Quarterly Planning Sessions will incorporate 3-5 items in blue boxes as well as Quarterly Priority Review and Planning (reviewing backward and planning forward). A similar process applies for Annual Planning Session.
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Black hair?
Long, short, curled, bobbed?
They all look delicious ass-up.
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Black hair?
Long, short, curled, bobbed?
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Erika Lust has announced that today is International Female Orgasm Day. At least that's better than a bunch of our Hallmark holidays. Google verifies that she is correct, and more on the history of the celebration below.
Of course Goddess Wife believes that every day is Female Orgasm Day, to say nothing of Everybody Orgasm Day, but I'm just gonna go with it.
To liven up the celebration, Lust is offering 50% off all digital downloads from her site (no affiliate relationship), see below with the link,
Now I couldn't leave the topic without adding a bit of visual interest, could I? Here are a few GIFs of orgasm faces for your viewing pleasure,
Now, a bit of that history: according to the website Postiar.com, Día Internacional del Orgasmo Femenino originated in Brazil under some highly personal circumstances:
"The international day of orgasm is held every year on the initiative of the Councillor of the Brazilian people in Esperantina, Arimateio Dantas, who decided to compensate his wife for some sexual debts and proposed a day dedicated to stimulate sexual pleasure in its maximum expression," the website reads, using another term for the female climax.
We are almost exclusively upbeat and carefree here at Ramworld, but…this is one exception because I see and read about men in such a wide range, from their 20's to their 80's, using Viagra with great abandon.
Hold up guys – it can hugely raise your risk of contracting the deadly skin cancer melanoma. I reprint below a portion of a detailed article on this new study and its implications:
By Dr. Mercola
More than 35 million men around the world have been prescribed Viagra (sildenafil citrate),1 Pfizer's blockbuster drug used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). With sales of more than $2 billion in 2012,2 it seemed this drug, with its promises of instant virility and sexual prowess, was unstoppable.
Viagra holds 49 percent of the market for sexual dysfunction treatments, which, at an average cost of $22 a pill,3 is a major income stream for Pfizer – but there are signs of trouble.
For starters, sales of ED drugs have seen slow growth (just 1 percent annually) and even declines in sales of up to 7 percent in recent years. It's also been widely observed that up to half of men who receive a first prescription for Viagra do not get it refilled.4
One theory for why not? Many men may realize that Viagra is not the miracle pill they thought it would be. It may trigger an erection, allowing for intercourse, but it will not fix relationships or build emotional connections…
The other prevailing theory? Men may get fed up with the side effects, which are high in numbers and often severe… and more potential complications are being uncovered by the day.
Men who have ever used Viagra have nearly twice the risk of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, than men who have never used the drug, according to new research published in JAMA Internal Medicine.5 Those who had used the drug recently had an 84 percent greater melanoma risk.
While the study can't prove that Viagra causes melanoma, it did rule out a potential erectile dysfunction connection – no link was found between ED and melanoma risk. Furthermore, the researchers explained a potential reason mechanism by which Viagra might increase cancer risk.
In short, activation of the BRAF gene has been shown to downregulate the enzyme phosphodiesterase PDE5A. Low PDE5A expression is known to increase the invasiveness of melanoma cells. Another molecule NRAS has also been shown to downregulate PDE58 in melanoma cells. What does this have to do with Viagra?
Viagra belongs to a class of drugs known as PDE5A inhibitors (along with Levitra and Cialis). Viagra works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase and increasing nitric oxide production, which may help maintain erections, but this may also explain how it could increase cancer risk. The authors noted:6
"This indicates that PDE5A suppression by sildenafil [Viagra] use mimics an effect of BRAF/NRAS activation and thus may potentially function as one of the 'hits' for melanomagenesis… Two PDE5 inhibitors have been shown to promote melanin synthesis, which may stimulate melanoma development…"
The potential melanoma connection is only the latest in a long list of serious Viagra side effects, which include:7
Click here to read the full article and full credit to author Dr. Mercola.
And there is more in the article about the pitfalls of buying cheap counterfeit Viagra on the internet – tempting when the real deal is $22 per pill…but not smart.
Home country Brazil is sitting in pretty good shape with 2 wins and 1 draw in FIFA Group A. But Brazil's REAL world championship, challenged only by Thailand, is for its National Trannie Team.
Here's one of their most skilled forwards,
and they're known for their teamwork, Continue reading →
There's something magical about soaring out of the usual into the unexpected.
That's an 8 ton killer whale leaping entirely out, way the hell out in fact, of the water in the frenzy of hunting the dolphin which is in the spray to the right in the image. Credit ocean photographer Christopher Swann; not "photoshopped".
This next one is a mere 2-3 ton humpback whale calf leaping free just for the durn fun of it, Continue reading →


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Did you just test HIV+?
Newly diagnosed with HIV and not sure what to do? You are not alone.
Newly diagnosed with HIV and not sure what to do? You are not alone.
From July 23-26, 2017, more than 6,000 scientists, researchers, clinicians, and community members from more than 40 countries came together for the 9th IAS Conference on HIV Science in Paris, France.
The Well Project interviews Gina Brown, MSW, Community Advisory Board member, for the newest in our "Spotlight: Women Making a Difference" series.
The Well Project joined forces with partner organization, Prevention Access Campaign, to present its 2nd webinar in the WATCH! 2017 series, "Undetectable Equals Untransmittable: Building Hope and Ending HIV Stigma."
Connect to our support community and share experiences with other women living with HIV.
Together, we can change the course of the HIV epidemic…one woman at a time!


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I was born in southwest Iowa and currently live in a suburb of Omaha, Nebraska. Both sides of my family have strong "roots" in Fremont and Page County, Iowa, which is where I've taken the majority of the photos I've added to FindAGrave. Civil War veterans in SW Iowa and the 4th Iowa Cavalry are recent interests.
Simply taking a picture of a headstone is difficult for me. I use various sources to fill in the dash between the dates. If I've made mistakes feel free to send me corrections, or additions. I know that exact dates and places of birth and death, family relationships, obituaries, burial plots, etc. can be important sources of information. I will add information to any memorial I've created. I am more than willing to transfer memorials if they are not my relatives.
Feel free to retake and upload a headstone photo. Weather, time of day, peonies, etc. sometimes make a headstone photo difficult to read. Contact me if I need to delete my photo. I won't be offended.
Anyone may use any of my headstone photos from Find A Grave for their own family research.
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jodi riddle
Gayle Jordan/Sam Moore
These are my grandparents. I was lead to believe we were connected to the vallisca axe murders, yet I cannot find a connection. I know nothing of this side of the family & my uncle mutt and aunt Arlene were in my life when I was a child. I lost contact & my mom Joyce Kalskett, was Sam's youngest... I have a lot of questions. 369.271.2439 please call me sometime, thank you. Jodi Riddle
Added by
jodi riddle
on Oct 14, 2017 2:10 PM
jodi riddle
Gayle A Martin/Samuel R Moore
Just curious as to the way things are listed.
These are my grandparents, and I've got a crazy round about in trying to link em all together, esp since past before I was born.
Added by
jodi riddle
on Oct 14, 2017 1:07 AM
Sarah Boettcher Isenegger
Charles C Calvert
I have been searching for the parents of Charles C Calvert (1803-1880) and my only clue is the information here stating that he was grandson of Reuben Calvert, a soldier in the Revolutionary War. May I ask about the source of your information? I'm hoping for a lead. Thanks!
Added by
Sarah Boettcher Isenegger
on Sep 30, 2017 10:48 AM
Re: Memorial #70958012
Kathy, thank you for the additional information that you included on the memorial for my great-grandfather. It was greatly appreciated by me and my siblings.
Added by
on Sep 28, 2017 10:21 AM
M. Niedt
Jeremiah Clement Laird Valandingham Houts
In a genealogy class I'm attending, if someone is looking for my great grandfather under his given name, they will not find.
Is there anyway that you can add Jeremiah Clement Laird Valandingham Houts to the MO search. I know where to locate him, but if someone else was looking they could not find?
Added by
M. Niedt
on Sep 26, 2017 9:48 AM
Robert Cartmill
Thank you so much for the photo of Robert Cartmill's monument (yes, I will call it that, it it so large and grand). Certainly he was not meant to be forgotten. Thank you again.
Added by
on Sep 21, 2017 3:03 PM
Lula Degase
William T. Ellsworth
I have just now added his mother's information to the Hamburg Cemetery, Hamburg, Iowa. You have also added his father to this cemetery, could you please put on William's page his father's number is 95664819 and his mother's number is 183075336.
Thank you so much for what you do for others.
Added by
Lula Degase
on Sep 05, 2017 10:29 AM
Sherrie (Vaughan) Smith
RE: John Lankton
Hi Kathy!
"John Lankton (66894643 Sidney Cemetery, Sidney, Iowa)"
"- to add Joel Lankton as his father"
Is correct, Thank-you :)
But the part of:
"change his spouse from Mary Yowell to "unknown."
I do not know where that came from. Maybe they did that because I said to add his father part, but didn't fill in the wife's name, because you already had that part?
But my records I have saying their married too.
:) Glad you double checked with me
John Lankton
in the Illinois, Marriage Index, 1860-1920
John Lankton
Marriage Date:
4 Oct 1865
Marriage Place:
Menard, Illinois, USA
Spouse Name:
Mary F Yowell
Spouse Gender:
Index-only record
John Lankton
in the Illinois, Marriages, 1851-1900
John Lankton
Spouse Name:
Mary F Yowell
Marriage Date:
4 Oct 1865
Marriage County:
This record can be found at the County Court Records, Film # 1311614 - 1311615.
Added by
Sherrie (Vaughan) Smith
on Aug 17, 2017 7:26 AM
James McCracken Jr.
Charles Fremont McCracken
Could you change the listing under his name for Lola Brown McCracken? She is in fact his spouse. She is my 2nd Great-grandmother. Thank you for all that you have done, it has filled in a lot of blanks for me.
Added by
James McCracken Jr.
on Aug 13, 2017 10:41 PM
Pace Bar
Elward and Annie Elsass Waters
Many thanks for posting the requested edits. Also, many thanks for your sharing you time and talents with all of us Find A Grave researchers.
~~~ Pace
Added by
Pace Bar
on Aug 10, 2017 4:27 PM
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I'm trying to copy a 7 minute hd project to youtube and the menu pops up saying not enough space.
I have a 50 gig external drive with nothing else on it. so i don't know if this means my harddrive or the youtube harddrive doesn't have enough space.
youtube says it can now except 15 minutes of video
— Peter Lelievre


text: I have to admit that ever since the top portion of my wine refrigerator broke, I have been storing most whites and reds at the same temperature—a cool 15 degrees C (59 F). This works at my house because the favorites around here are heavier whites and lighter reds from Burgundy. Will Lyons asks, and answers, "Is my red wine cold enough?"


text:
1400 75th St
Kenosha, Wisconsin 53143
Patrick J Moore262.903.0623
Square Footage2,040
Property TypeInstitutional or Developmental
Affordable office space! 2040 square feet of finished office space. Previously used as medical office space. Large dual waiting room, dual reception area, 5 exam rooms, large private executive office, supply room, break room, records room, and storage room. Asking $6/SF($1020/mo) plus utilities (gas and electric), and CAM service of $3/SF($510/mo). Ample Off-Street Parking (43 spaces).
Full Features
Built: 1946
Cooling System: Central Air,Forced Air
Roof: Rubber
Ceiling Height: 8'
Zoning: B1
Additional Information: Rest Rooms
Current Net Income: $0
Taxes & Assessments
Taxes: $11,229
Listing Office: Prime Realty Group
Disclaimer: The data relating to real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Broker Reciprocity Program of MetroMLS. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than @properties are marked with the Broker Reciprocity thumbnail logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers.
Kenosha is part of the Southern Wisconsin Area.Learn More
Nearby Public Transportation
No Nearby Public Transportation Found


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Does anyone remember blaming Republicans for Government Shutdown just few months back? Does anyone blame GOP for that? Political reality is no one holds GOP accountable for that.
So few months is a long period in Politics. One Dem Loss in early March might not make their case hopeless. But what is true is that ObamaCare is turning into 'politically radio-active' item - when political supporters / creators of the law start to go away one by one, things are not same. That is bad and it is disastrous for America. But who cares for national interests? What matters is Ted Cruz thumping his chest for ObamaCare Repeal.
Dems will start going away from Obama Admin. at even faster rate. Clearly at this point, this president is a politically liability with no aptitude for making big on his 'core thesis' - that Government can be harnessed for the good of people when proper Administrative Competence is in place. That is, he needs to win the political argument with Americans at large so that GOP in Congress is forced to work with Obama; that is his own pickle of making for which he has become a president to solve. It is not like Barack Obama is Jerry Brown.
If the current trajectory is continued for next couple of months, despite long term politically favorable winds for Democrats; Dems, especially Obama Dems, are in some serious trouble. What can change that trajectory?
- ObamaCare gets 6 Million Plus enrollments and it finally starts flushing out good and positive stories about individuals benefited by it.
- Economy continues to pick up.
- On Foreign Policy terrain either President Obama gets an opportunity to brandish his testosterone effectively or one of his big ticket 'peace deals' (Iran, Syria, Israel-Palestine and Sino-Japan dispute) advances decisively.
Absence of that and Dems are going to have blues come November. Possibly time has come for Democrats and Progressives to shed Obama and start coalesceing around Democratic Leaders who have demonstrated the Administrative Competence to deliver on basic Democratic ethos - government for the larger good of People and that 'it can be done'.
(Obviously that means Dem Governors like Andrew Cuomo, or NY Mayor De Blasio if he can deliver any of his ultra-left promises and why not even Jerry Brown? Hillary - though she is the presumptive / putative Dem nominee at this point, as John Kerry advances or even fails in his endeavors of high risks, it is easy to portray her as not accomplishment leader. People can easily argue that she did not even try as hard like Kerry. What might work though for her is - if overall Economy does well: vote Democrats to preserve the prosperity; last time her husband brought the prosperity, GOP squandered it. That can be a potent argument, but it is to be seen; otherwise Hillary may not be the leader who Dems can bank on.)


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29 BENFORD DR, West Windsor Township, New Jersey
$599,0004 Beds2+ BathsActive
$599,0004 Beds2+ BathsActive
29 BENFORD DR, West Windsor Township, New Jersey 08550 - Location, location, location! Close to train station, Maurice Hawk Elementary School and High School South. This four bedroom colonial offers more than meets the eye. Formal living room and dining rooms, a large sun room connected to the home from the family room which adds great living space as well as connecting the home to the rear yard. The kitchen is large and has a bright breakfast area as well as plenty of counter space. From the kitchen there is the mudroom area which access to the attached two car garage, laundry room and also leads into another extra room which could be a home office. Upstairs there are four bedrooms, including the master suite and hall bath. There are hardwood floors throughout the whole home. The basement is unfinished and great for storage. Great location, blue ribbon schools what more could you ask!
View Virtual Tour
Listing Courtesy of Weichert Realtors-Princeton
"Chris did a terrific job helping me to find just the right home and holding my hand all through the process of buying a home. Chris was always avaiable on the momentary notice to address any issue, large or small; and many times i had to wonder if he ever takes a break. I would recommend Chris for any real estate needs in a heartbeat!!! Thank you The Somers Team!"


text:
The Thornbury 100s1 day – 100pts – 28mm LadG Competition – 4 games – 8 players … Read More
All posts filed under "dba"
Sunday Round up (without Monday Morning Blues)
It's been a productive week hobby wise. Nevermind the six miniatures a week minimum, we're up into the low forties. Even The Despertaferres Jugend have been painting this week ( next week's article😥). First off I finally managed to get these Armenian hillmen finished. I… Read More
Godendag- the end of an error…..
You instinctively know sometimes that you are outclassed. Our last game was against the veteran players Nik Sharpe and Dave Handley with their Roman/Armenian combination. There was a faint glimmer of hope as we had faced off this army before. However, we were up against… Read More
Godendag 2017
"With loss of Eden, till one greater man Restore us , and regain the blissful seat……" Look closely at this photo dear friend because here you see how my faith has been restored. When the others sneered and found French unpronounceable, this man, this hollow… Read More
Late, late Romans
There's a special feeling to be had when you finally complete a wargames army. You have done the research, smuggled the books past the wife, poured over the websites and finally prepared the miniature army. After a few false starts, like ordering far too many… Read More
Oh it's on!
They said it could never be done! Was it possible to get over twenty of the country's top wargaming personalities to compete under the same roof? Could a venue be found that was large enough? Can any one of us pronounce 'L'art de la Guerre'… Read More
D.B.A. El Cantar de Pedro the Cruel Parte 2
Cruel Inheritance The deceased King of Castile left his son with a kingdom and a whole host of problems. The young Pedro had taken the advice of his father's trusted chief minister, Juan de Alonso de Albuquerque but the relationship was becoming strained. Albuququerque had… Read More


text:
Belk & Co.
14k White Gold Amethyst Stud Earrings
Details http://www.belk.com/p/belk-co.-14k-white-gold-amethyst-stud-earrings/5400339JE3253AMW.html
Orig. $600.00Sale $420.00420.00
$180.00 (30%) Savings!
Additional Information
These 14k white gold amethyst stud earrings feature 2 10-mm. 6 ct. t.w. cushion checkerboard amethysts.
- Prong setting
- 2 Amethysts
- Made In the USA
California Residents
For orders being shipped to California, please click here for Proposition 65 WARNING.
Shipping Details
Shipping Details
Shipping your purchase is easy at belk.com. Depending on your shipping method and the destination of your package, you can expect it to arrive within 4-7 business days Shipping Information .
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Returns are easy at belk.com. Easy returns


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Monthly Archives: November 2014
Medermit the Betfair value at 25/1
You might recall I tipped Medermit for the Charlie Hall where, like all good EW bets, he finished 4th. He's had just 4 runs since a two-year layoff, and in his past two, he's shown signs of returning to some kind of decent form. At his best he was just short of top class. Whether he can reach his old level of form again must be doubtful, but there's sufficient attraction in the price to take the chance he can do well enough to place – and he might just win it.
It's a race full of questions: Can Silv Conti bounce back from a poor run? Can Menorah build on his Charlie Hall victory (over a trip short of the advertised distance, though he didn't look like he was stopping). Cue Card…one of my favourite horses of all time, yet I cannot back him until I see a return of the sparkle he showed in this race last year. I don't recall seeing a horse stop the way he did in the King George, going from a smooth rhythmic gallop to almost a walk without having shown any obvious signs of exhaustion. He didn't run again that season, after a stress fracture of his pelvis was diagnosed. He was also given a breathing op (which always sows a seed of doubt in my mind about any horse). At Exeter, on his return, he was very heavily bet in the market, but faded rather tamely some way out. I'd love to see him bounce back, but I'm holding off for now.
Dynaste was 2nd in this last year before getting trounced in the KG at Kempton. He's likable, but I don't believe he's top class. Harry Topper faces not just classy opponents, but a need for very soft ground and a lot of luck in jumping.
Double Ross always gives everything, but he too is short of this class, I think. Taquin du Seuil is the fly in the ointment. He's good, and improving. But this is his third race of the season, and that's an unusual strategy for one of Jonjo's festival Grade 1 horses. I thought he'd go very steady with this young horse, so maybe he fancies him very strongly here! I like TDS, but 5/1 seems no value.
I believe Medermit will be staying on as well as anything, and he's entitled to have improved from the Charlie Hall. 25/1 is generally available and makes plenty appeal EW.
Good luck
Take 50/1 Purple Bay for the Champion Hurdle
When I tweeted this advice earlier in the week, I got one response: "you're drunk".
Many reading this might share that sentiment because Purple Bay's profile is far removed from that of a typical champion hurdler these days. Musselburgh, Stratford, and Taunton have been his stamping grounds rather than Cheltenham, Sandown and Newbury.
He's not trained by Nicholls or Henderson, but by John Ferguson. The jock who's had most success on him is a 7lb claimer. But the manner of his victory in the Elite Hurdle last Saturday bore the stamp of a fast-improving horse, for whom a solid plan has been laid out.
Irving's last flight fall in the race seems to have diverted attention from Purple Bay's performance. He was first to come under pressure when hitting a flat spot turning into the straight, but when he got back on the bridle, he came away from his pursuers with ease and won with some authority, ears pricked and it took Mikey Ennis a while to pull up.
That was his first run since finishing 7 of 20 in the Galway Hurdle, a race which came within 12 days of his easy Market Rasen victory. I suspect his runs will be a bit more spaced out from now. He has an entry in the Fighting Fifth on November 29th.
At this time last year, Purple Bay had an official rating of 130. It's now 161. The current champion hurdler Jezki is rated 169. At the front of the festival market are Jezki, Faugheen and The New One, a horse I've always liked but one I now believe is just lacking that killer touch.
I'm not saying Purple Bay will win the Champion, but 50s is way too big in my opinion. The experts believe the horse has quirks; other than the habit of hitting a flat spot, (and he seems to run around a bit approaching some flights) I've seen nothing to worry me enough not to back him at that price. He's just 5 and will still be learning. He wouldn't want to hit that flat spot at a critical stage in a Champion Hurdle, but the hill should be a significant advantage to his racing style.
If he turns up at Newcastle, we'll learn an awful lot more about him. For now, I'm content to take the chance.
Good luck – and for those unused to ante-post betting, the usual warning: if your horse does not run in the event, your money is lost.


text: If you want to order this dress, please follow the link below: https://www.etsy.com/listing/126241687/white-yellow-baby-frock-toddler-clothesref=shop_home_active_20 Written in U.S. Terms Pattern is formatted and designed with photos at instruction sections - 8 pages... This is an exclusive, copyrighted design by Paintcrochet(c). You may use it for personal use or sell the finished item. However, you may NOT resell this pattern, share, publish it in any print media or place it on an internet web site. Due to the nature of this product it can not be returned. SIZING / FINISHED MEASUREMENTS Size:Directions are for size newborn. Changes for sizes 0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12 are in parentheses. PREFERRED BRAND/YARN RedHeart Bella, Yarnart Baby


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Author Archives: Barbara Carkenord
Where Business Analysis Skills are Used
Who uses Business Analysis Skills and what is Business Analysis? IIBA® (International Institute of Business Analysis)™ defines the discipline of business analysis as "the practice of enabling change in an enterprise by defining business needs and recommending solutions that deliver … Continue reading
The Procrastination Penalty
Analyze Why You Procrastinate I generally don't procrastinate― in fact, I often do things too early and end up reworking a bit when circumstances change. But when I do procrastinate, I become very frustrated with myself for letting something go … Continue reading
DevOps may get BAs Requirements Management Tools!
BAs love Requirements Management Tools! I love requirements management tools and wish all business analysts had access to them. Requirements management tools allow you to create requirements in a structured, organized fashion, consistent with other projects which leads to better … Continue reading
Ask the Why Question – It Really Works!
I was recently asked by one of our customers to facilitate a requirements elicitation session on a change to an existing system. The software functionality is fairly simple so the group scheduled an hour session and just wanted an experienced … Continue reading
Posted in Business Analysis, Elicitation, Facilitate, Facilitation, Requirements Tagged Business Analysis, elicitation, facilitate, requirements Leave a comment
Agile Requirements – The Dance of the Details
The most difficult part of discovering and analyzing requirements on agile teams is determining how much detail is needed and when we should discuss the details. Early advocates of agile approaches, like SCRUM, emphasized a high level product vision at … Continue reading
Go Ahead, Give In to the Top Ten Lists
I love the end of the year articles about the top ten movies of the year, or top ten books, and also the New Year predictions like "12 trends to watch in 2017". Every year during the holidays, I find … Continue reading
Posted in Leadership, Uncategorized Tagged career, coaching, leadership, time management, training & development Leave a comment
Aggressive Transparency
I came across a new phrase last week, which I really like: "aggressive transparency". I saw this phrase in the Project Management Institute, Inc. exposure draft of A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Sixth … Continue reading
Posted in Aggressive Transparency, Agile, Leadership, Organizational Changes, PMI, Team Collaboration Tagged agile, team collaboration, teams 1 Comment
Prioritization Troubles? Brainstorm New Metrics
We teach prioritization techniques in many of our classes and many of the conversations we have at conferences and meetings are about how challenging it can be to get a group of people to agree on project priorities or even … Continue reading
Posted in Agile, Prioritization, Training & Development Leave a comment
Making the Most of Your Conference Attendance
I'm going to the BBC Conference (Building Business Capability) next week and am really looking forward to the sessions, the exhibit hall, and networking with other professionals. I realize that I am fortunate to be able to attend several conferences … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Leave a comment
Last Minute Hints to Passing the CBAP®/CCBA® Exam
"What should I do to pass before the deadline?" So you waited until the last month to take your CBAP® or CCBA® Exam? I won't lecture you on procrastination (although I am very tempted to!). I have been getting quite … Continue reading
Posted in Business Analysis, Business Analyst, Exam Prep Tagged Business Analysis Certification, CBAP, CCBA, IIBA Leave a comment


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Found 8 words containing erdota. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain erdota. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play!
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cheek conure, weaned on pellet diet and fresh fruits and veggies. This child is just two month old$250
A year old handfed conure. Very playful and friendly. Likes to cuddle and to be in shoulders. I do not actually know if it is he or she but I think it…SOLD


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Jan Cyr
I took her class in 1985/86 and she was the best teacher I've ever had including college.
Ms. Cyr is a phenomenal teacher who really knows what she's talking about. The only issue I have with her is that her class is super boring. As long as you stay on her good side and pay attention, you'll do fine. Apparently, she used to work for NASA
Mrs. Cyr is a fantastic physics teacher. She prepares you well for the AP test but this is a hard class. When she says know something, it means there will either be a pop quiz or the test will cover it. She's also funny and always willing to help you.
Cyr is probably one of the best teachers at BVN. She may be difficult but it will pay off in the end. She thoroughly explains key concepts and is more than willing to help her students.
One of the toughest but by far most rewarding class at North. Makes college physics a ton easier i think.
Fantastic class but curve the last test PLEASE I WANT AN A SO FREAKING BAD PLEASE THE LAST FRQ WAS RIDICULOUS!!!! please
Physics is a tough class, but Mrs. Cyr helps out immensely and is a very good teacher.
Ms. Cyr has to be on of the best teachers I have ever had. She is smart, funny and a great baker! If you haven't had her cookies you are missing out!
Physics was a tough class but she is always there for help if its needed. She always tried to make sure we understood why it worked so we didnt need the formulas. Im looking forward to Science Resear
It was the hardest class I ever took, but the way she taught it and the amount of information she covered was greatly impacting. I could easily say she was the best teacher I've had. She is a genius
the greatest teacher ever. She is the nicest person and adores her students. She will make you think. Science research and physics is amazing. She can cook.
The greatest teacher ever to enter the hallowed halls of BVN. Very intimidating. A nuclear genuis, rocket scientist, etc.
She is an excellent teacher. HIGHLY recommended for Science Research of Physics. She explains things very well, has a sense of humor, and really cares about her students.
I tried very hard not to like her. I couldn't. She tries more than ANY other teacher to make herself accessable and helpful, and I commend her for it.
She's a very sweet lady, but I agree...intimidating at times...and has a twisted but funny sense of humor...
I had Ms. Cyr for physics and chemistry back in the 1980s. She was an awesome teacher and she made me produce rather than make excuses.
I had Ms. Cyr during the early 90's. I have my PhD today because of her guidance in Science Research. She will prepare you for college and grad school!
Had her in '96. She was very helpful and fun. She announced to the class that my test score was the same as my football jersey number -- 43. Awesome.
The best high school teacher I had, which is saying something given my lack of interest in her classes.
CYR ROCKS!!!! she's so smart...she's got like a degree in nuclear physics or somehting smart.
I took Chem, Physics, & Research from her about 12 years ago; she was by far the best HS teacher I had, and the one that best prepared me for college & beyond..
I figured out the formula to when she grades homework! I WIN
Ms. Cry is the most awesome Physics teacher ever. She is cool, trendy, and always humorously sarcastic.


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 9, 1979
|Filing date
|Apr 18, 1978
|Priority date
|Apr 18, 1978
|Publication number
|Keith G. Bartlett, Laurence R. Jordan, Randall S. Mundt
|Original Assignee
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (30), Classifications (27)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to methods of manufacture of semiconductor devices, and more particularly to the selective oxidation of a silicon surface in manufacture of such devices.
One of the most widely used methods for making semiconductor integrated circuits today is the N-channel silicon gate self-aligned process for making MOS devices. This process employs an oxidation mask such as silicon nitride to define "moat" areas or to define areas to be surrounded by thick field oxide. The field oxide is usually grown by placing the silicon slices in a tube furnace in an oxidizing atmosphere for many hours at about 1000� C. Aside from the delays in manufacturing caused by the lengthy diffusion steps, the diffusion of oxygen underneath the edges of the mask becomes significant when the slices are maintained at high temperatures for such long time periods. Oxide growth due to this diffused oxygen buckles the mask and renders this portion of the masked area or moat unusable, placing a lower limit on the size of various parts of the integrated circuit. As the component density increases, this limit can become a very important factor. Manufacture of dynamic memory devices having 64K, or 65,536 bits with bar sizes of 35,000 square mils or less may require minimum widths of three microns for these moat areas. However, if the oxide encroachment beneath the mask edges is one micron on each side then one micron left in the center is hardly usable. Accordingly, oxide growth must be in some manner restricted. It has previously been reported that diffusion or implant of impurity in a semiconductor surface affects oxide growth rate; for example, in the manufacture of CMOS devices, the growth rate of gate oxide over N-type channels is greater than that over P-type channels, even though all other conditions are identical. This phenomonena has not been used to reduce the effects of moat encroachment.
It is the principal object of this invention to provide an improved method of selectively oxidizing a surface of a semiconductor device. Another object is to reduce the effect of moat encroachment in the manufacture of N-channel self aligned MOS integrated circuits.
In accordance with this invention, oxide growth rates on a silicon surface are controlled by selectively implanting impurity and then not annealling out the implant damage. Areas underneath an oxidation mask are of course not implanted. Oxide can then be grown at a much faster rate at a lower temperature, so thick oxide will be produced in the implanted area, but little will grow due to diffusion beneath the edges of the mask.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as other features and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the detailed description which follows, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIGS. 1a and 1b are greatly enlarged section views of a small portion of a semiconductor chip showing a selective oxide growth step according to the prior art;
FIGS. 2a-2e are elevation views in section of a transistor in a part of a semiconductor chip at successive stages in the manufacturing process according to the invention.
Referring to FIGS. 1a and 1b, an example of moat encroachment in the growth of thick oxide is illustrated. In the manufacture of N-channel silicon gate MOS integrated circuits on a silicon slice 10 moats are defined by first growing a thin layer 11 of thermal oxide, perhaps 1000 Angstroms, then depositing a layer 12 of silicon nitride, also about 1000 Angstroms, and patterning the nitride by a photoresist mask and etch operation. The slice is then placed in a tube furnace in an oxygen atmosphere at about 900 to 1,000� C. for several hours, up to ten or twenty, to grow a thick thermal oxide layer 13, consuming part of the silicon surface so that the original silicon face under the oxide layer 11 and nitride layer 12 will appear as a slightly raised mesa. This is referred to as the moat area on the face of the slice, and it is of course in the moat areas that all of the transisters, capacitors and diffused interconnects are formed. Unfortunately, oxygen will not only diffuse vertically through already-grown oxide to the silicon-to-oxide interface to allow continued growth, but it will also diffuse laterally beneath the edges of the nitride layer 12 in the areas 14 to produce moat encroachment. The vertical thickness of the oxide 13 may be perhaps 10,000 Angstroms, and the lateral extent of the area 14 may be one micron for lengthy oxidizing treatments. If the desired width of the moat, i.e. width of the nitride area 12, is three microns, and the encroachment from either side is one micron, then the effective width after oxide growth is only one micron. Thus it is seen that moat encroachment can provide a lower limit on the design rules or on the narrowest moat area in the manufacture of integrated circuits.
In accordance with the invention, encroachment is minimized by increasing the oxide growth rate by unannealled implant damage. If oxide can be grown faster at lower temperatures, and is enhanced in implant damaged areas, then two factors will reduce encroachment: the fast-growth areas may be selectively defined by implant mask, and further the low temperature and short time of the oxidation treatment will allow less growth beneath the nitride mask.
Referring to FIGS. 2a-2d, a method of making an N-channel silicon-gate transistor according to the invention is illustrated. The starting material is a slice of P-type monocrystalline silicon, typically 3 inches in diameter and twenty mils thick, cut on the -100- plane, of a resistivity of about 6 to 8 ohm-cm. In the FIGS. the portion shown of the bar 10 represents only a very small undivided part of the slice, perhaps 1 or 2 mils wide for each part. After appropriate cleaning, the slice is oxidized by exposing to oxygen in a furnace at an elevated temperature of perhaps 1000 degrees C. to produce the oxide layer 11 over the entire slice of a thickness of about 1000 Angstroms. Parts of this layer 11 may stay in place to become gate insulator areas, but usually the layer is later removed and new gate oxide grown. Next, the layer 12 of silicon nitride of about 1000 Angstroms thickness is formed over the entire slice by exposing to an atmosphere of dichloro silane amd ammonia in a low pressure CVD reactor. A coating of photoresist is applied to the entire top surface of the slice, then exposed to ultraviolet light through a mask which defines the desired pattern of thick field oxide and P+ channel stop, i.e., the moats. The resist is developed, leaving areas where nitride is then etched away by a nitride etchant, removing the exposed part of the nitride layer 12 but leaving in place the oxide layer 11; the nitride etchant does not react with the photoresist.
Using photoresist and nitride as a mask, the slice is now subjected to an ion implant step to produce channel stop regions, whereby boron atoms are introduced into unmasked regions 15 of silicon. The oxide layer 11 is left in place during the implant because it prevents the implanted boron atoms from out-diffusing from the surface during subsequent heat treatment. This boron implant is at a dosage of about 1013 per sq. cm at 150 KeV. The regions 15 do not exist in the same form in the finished device, because some of this part of the slice will have been consumed in the field oxidation procedure. Usually the slice would be subjected to a 1000 degree C. heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere after implant but prior to field oxide growth, as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,055,444, issued to G. R. M. Rao, assigned to Texas Instruments.
The next step in the process is formation of field oxide 16, which is done by subjecting the slices to steam or an oxidizing atmosphere at about 1000 degrees C. for perhaps several hours. This causes a thick field oxide region or layer 16 to be grown as seen in FIGS. 2b. This region extends into the silicon surface because silicon is consumed as it oxidizes. The remaining parts of the nitride layer 12 mask oxidation. The thickness of this layer 16 is about 6000 Angstroms at this point, about half of which is above the original surface and half below. The boron doped P+ regions 15 formed by implant will be partly consumed, but will also diffuse further into the silicon ahead of the oxidation front. Thus, P+ field stop regions 17 will result which will be much deeper than the original regions 15. At this point, the field oxide layer 16 is not as thick as it will be in the finished device. Some additional thickness results from subsequent heat treatments.
The slice is now coated with another photoresist layer and then exposed to ultraviolet light through a mask which defines the source and drain areas for transistors as well as interconnect lines which are to be N+ diffused. After developing the resist, the slice is again subjected to a nitride etchant which removes the parts of the nitride layer 12 now exposed by holes in the photoresist. An arsenic implant produces N+ regions 18 which will subsequently provide the sources, drains, etc. The oxide layer 11 would be left in place as before. An anneal step is not used before the subsequent oxidation, as this would remove the implant damage. Alternatively, it may be preferable to remove the oxide 11 where the arsenic is to be implanted, so that a higher percentage of the implanted arsenic ions will be in the silicon surface rather than the oxide. According to the invention, referring to FIG. 2c, a second field oxidation step is now performed by placing the slice in steam or dry oxygen at about 800 degrees C. for about one-half hour. This oxidizes all of the top of the slice not covered by the remaining parts of the nitride layer 12, producing field oxide 19 which is about 6000 Angstroms thickness. During this oxidation, the areas of field oxide 16 grow slightly thicker. The N+ regions 18 are partly consumed but also diffuse further into the silicon ahead of the oxidation front to create heavily doped source and drain regions 20 and 21.
Next the remaining nitride layer 12 is removed by an etchant which attacks nitride but not silicon oxide, then the oxide 11 is removed by etching and the exposed silicon cleaned. The gate oxide 22 is grown by thermal oxidation to a thickness of about 500 to 800 Angstroms. In areas of the slice where depletion load devices are required, although not pertinent to this invention, a masked ion implant step would be done at this point. Likewise, the threshold voltage of enhancement mode transistors may be adjusted by ion implant. Also, windows for polysilicon to silicon contacts, if needed, are patterned and etched at this point using photoresist; none are needed in transistor shown.
As seen in FIG. 2e a layer 23 of polycrystalline silicon is deposited over the entire slice in a reactor using standard techniques to a thickness of about 5,000 Angstroms. This layer is doped with phosphorous by the later N+ diffusion to make it highly conductive. The polysilicon layer 23 is patterned by a photoresist operation. The polycrystalline silicon remaining on the slice provides what will be the gate of N-channel MOS transistor, as well as other gates and interconnections.
If no subsequent N+ diffusions are to be made, the polysilicon is implanted or diffused just after deposition and before patterning to make it highly conductive.
Interlevel oxide 27 is deposited and patterned to leave holes such as contact area 28 for metal-to-poly contacts, then an aluminum film is deposited over the entire slice and patterned to leave interconnections such as the strip 29. A protective overcoat 30, usually a low temperature oxide or glaze is added, then the slice is scribed and broken into individual bars, each containing a complete integrated circuit with perhaps fifty or a hundred thousand transistors or components, and the bars are mounted in packages.
It is important that the step of implanting the regions 18 be done in such a way as to enhance subsequent oxide growth. Data shows that for arsenic implant dosages of 3�1016 at 50 KeV, the total oxide thickness is virtually independent of temperatures from about 800� C. to 1100� C. In contrast, for the same conditions for unimplanted silicon, the oxide growth in 100 minutes in steam would be less than 600 Angstroms at 800� C. and 8,000 Angstroms at 1100� C. At higher temperatures, the implant damage is annealed out during oxidation so there is little enhancement. That is, the limiting oxide thickness is almost linearly related to implant dosage in the 1014 to 1016 range. Another unexpected phenomona is that at 800� C., the total oxide growth is inversely related to the implant energy over the range of 25 KeV to 200 KeV. It might be expected that higher energy would cause a deeper and thicker damage region and hence an increased oxide enhancement. Instead, increased enhancement appears to occur at lower energies. For temperatures of 900 to 1100, the total or limiting oxide is almost independent of the implant energy. So the optimum appears to be oxidation below 900� C., without anneal, using an implant of over 1016 dosage at below 50 KEV.
In place of arsenic, other materials may be used as the implant impurity. If the conductivity type is not be changed, then an inert material would be used such as krypton, or possibly oxygen.
While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to this description. It is, therefore contemplated that the appended claims will cover any such modifications or embodiments as fall within the true scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 3, 1971
|Jul 24, 1973
|Hughes Aircraft Co
|Self-registered doped layer for preventing field inversion in mis circuits
|Jul 8, 1971
|Aug 28, 1973
|Philips Corp
|Method of making semiconductor devices with selective doping and selective oxidation
|Feb 25, 1976
|Mar 22, 1977
|Intel Corporation
|High density CMOS process
|Jan 30, 1976
|May 10, 1977
|Smc Microsystems Corporation
|MOS field-effect transistor structure with mesa-like contact and gate areas and selectively deeper junctions
|Jan 12, 1976
|Oct 25, 1977
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Method of making N-channel MOS integrated circuits
|Jul 2, 1976
|Jan 17, 1978
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Semiconductor fabrication method for improved device yield by minimizing pipes between common conductivity type regions
|Beyer et al., "Elimination of Stacking Faults", IBM--TDB, 19, 1977, 3051.
|Makris et al., "Forming . . . Geometries . . . I.C.", IBM--Tech. Discl. Bull. 16, (1974), 3240.
|Nagasaki et al., "Gettering Technique . . . ", IBM--TDB, 17 (1975), 3587.
|Nomura et al., Enhanced Oxidation of Si . . . ", Ion Impl. in S/C (ed) S. Namba, Plenum 1974, 681.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 23, 1979
|May 19, 1981
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Method of fabricating a semiconductor device having channel stoppers
|Dec 10, 1980
|May 18, 1982
|International Business Machines Corp.
|Method of making low leakage shallow junction IGFET devices
|Mar 5, 1980
|Aug 10, 1982
|Nippon Electric Co., Ltd.
|IGFET Forming method
|Aug 1, 1980
|Oct 26, 1982
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Method of fabricating a mis-type device by using a gate electrode and selectively implanted nitride layer
|Jun 18, 1981
|Jun 7, 1983
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method of making semiconductor device structures by means of ion implantation under a partial pressure of oxygen
|May 7, 1980
|Apr 10, 1984
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Method of making memory cell by selective oxidation of polysilicon
|Aug 27, 1981
|Jun 19, 1984
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Isolation for high density integrated circuits
|Aug 27, 1981
|Jun 19, 1984
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Isolation for high density integrated circuits
|Sep 3, 1982
|Sep 11, 1984
|Ncr Corporation
|Method of making CMOS device and contacts therein by enhanced oxidation of selectively implanted regions
|Jul 27, 1981
|Mar 26, 1985
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method for forming recessed isolated regions
|Jul 12, 1984
|Jan 14, 1986
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Preventing lateral oxide growth by first forming nitride layer followed by a composite masking layer
|Aug 31, 1984
|Jul 1, 1986
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Trench isolation process for integrated circuit devices
|Jul 31, 1987
|Mar 15, 1988
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for manufacturing insulation separating the active regions of a VLSI CMOS circuit
|May 20, 1988
|Mar 27, 1990
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method of eliminating bird's beaks when forming field oxide without nitride mask
|Jun 26, 1991
|Jul 7, 1992
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Method for producing a semiconductor device having a LOCOS insulating film with at least two different thickness
|Jun 6, 1994
|Jun 6, 1995
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method for forming a semiconductor device
|Aug 29, 1994
|Nov 14, 1995
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method of making semiconductor integrated circuit having isolation oxide regions with different thickness
|May 9, 1997
|Jun 29, 1999
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Process for forming gate oxides possessing different thicknesses on a semiconductor substrate
|Jan 14, 1999
|Jan 1, 2002
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method for fabricating different gate oxide thicknesses within the same chip
|Nov 5, 2004
|Mar 25, 2008
|Dongbu Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Semiconductor devices and methods of manufacturing the same
|Jun 17, 2010
|Mar 26, 2013
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Transistor structure with a sidewall-defined intrinsic base to extrinsic base link-up region and method of forming the structure
|Dec 14, 2010
|Aug 20, 2013
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Transistor structure with a sidewall-defined intrinsic base to extrinsic base link-up region and method of forming the transistor
|Feb 8, 2013
|Mar 18, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Transistor structure with a sidewall-defined intrinsic base to extrinsic base link-up region and method of forming the transistor
|Dec 13, 2011
|May 6, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Self-aligned emitter-base in advanced BiCMOS technology
|Jan 23, 2014
|Dec 23, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Self-aligned emitter-base in advanced BiCMOS technology
|Nov 5, 2004
|Jun 16, 2005
|Geon-Ook Park
|Semiconductor devices and methods of manufacturing the same
|Jan 31, 2008
|Aug 14, 2008
|Geon-Ook Park
|Semiconductor devices and methods of manufacturing the same
|Mar 27, 2015
|Oct 1, 2015
|Asia Pacific Microsystems, Inc.
|Method for fabricating semiconductor devices having high-precision gaps
|Aug 18, 1980
|Mar 25, 1982
|Siemens Ag
|MOS integrated circuit mfr. - using local oxidn. of silicon to separate active transistor zone in silicon semiconductor substrate
|Oct 20, 1981
|Jun 16, 1982
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method of making integrated circuit IGFET devices
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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East Tennessee State University fluid mechanics
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