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Cellular mechanisms for Na+ retention in portal hypertension are undefined, but epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) may be involved. Under high-salt diet, ENaC are absent from distal colon of rat but can be induced by mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone. Presence of rat ENaC was determined by amiloride inhibition of22Na+ uptake in surface colonocytes 7 and 14 days after partial portal vein ligation (PVL) or sham surgery. At both times, uptake inhibition was significantly increased in PVL rats. Presence of mRNA transcripts, determined by RT-PCR, demonstrated that channel α- and γ-subunits were similarly expressed in both groups but that β-subunit mRNA was increased in PVL rats. This confirms that there was induction of rat ENaC and indicates that β-subunit has a regulatory role. Urinary Na+ was decreased for 3 days after PVL but was not different at other times, and serum aldosterone levels were elevated at 7 days, at a time when urinary Na+ output was similar to that of sham-operated rats. We conclude that PVL leads to induction of ENaC in rat distal colon. An increase in aldosterone levels may prevent natiuresis and is probably one of several control mechanisms involved in Na+ retention in portal hypertension.
- portal vein ligation
- aldosterone
- sodium absorption
- ion flux
during the progression of cirrhosis, there is an increase in vascular capacity due to peripheral arterial vasodilatation starting in the splanchnic vascular bed. The physiological response to the imbalance between vascular capacity and intravascular volume is stimulation of Na+-retaining neurohumoral systems, especially the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system activity. This results in Na+ retention until a new steady state is reached (40). Further vasodilatation causes additional increases in RAAS and sympathetic nervous system activity, which lead to the formation of ascites requiring diuretic therapy (33), diuretic-resistant ascites, and finally the hepatorenal syndrome. However, normal or suppressed plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone levels have been reported in cirrhotic patients with preascites or early ascites (4, 37, 38), and in as many as one-third of patients with well-established ascites, plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels are normal (2). This indicates that mechanisms other than the RAAS may be involved in Na+ retention.
The initial step in Na+ transport by salt-absorbing epithelia is entry into the cell across the apical membrane. The Na+ channel is one of the important membrane transport proteins responsible for this process and is found in many tissues, including colon, kidney, lung, and sweat glands (19). Important functional characteristics of this channel include inhibition by substituted pyrazine derivatives such as amiloride and upregulation by hormones such as aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (19).
The cellular mechanisms for absorption of Na+ in the colon vary according to species and segment (32). Under normal conditions, the dominant mechanism for Na+ absorption in the distal colon of the rat is Na+/H+ exchange (5, 31). Following treatment of rats with mineralocorticoids, Na+ absorption becomes electrogenic (6, 17) because of activation and induction of Na+ channels (3). In previous studies, we used ion flux (18) and patch clamp (15) techniques to determine the distribution of Na+ conductances in crypts from corticosteroid-treated rat distal colon. We found that Na+ conductance induced by corticosteroids decreased gradually from the luminal surface to the base of the crypt. Full activity of the Na+ channel requires the presence of three subunits (α, β, and γ) (8). Expression of the α-subunit alone in Xenopus oocytes demonstrated a conductance sensitive to amiloride and highly selective for Na+, as expected for a Na+ channel, although the current was low (7). Two additional subunits (β and γ) were subsequently cloned, and they increased current by 100-fold when functionally expressed in oocytes together with the α-subunit (8). In untreated animals, we were unable to detect rat epithelial Na+ channel (rENaC) subunit mRNA by Northern blot, but following treatment with dexamethasone for 3 days, mRNA was induced for all three subunits (18).
Prehepatic portal hypertension following partial ligation of the portal vein in the rat leads to a series of hemodynamic events (1, 11,25, 34). These rats develop increased portal venous inflow and a hyperdynamic systemic circulation. Although the hyperdynamic circulation persists for at least 8 days (35), no significant difference in intestinal hemodynamics was found at 10 days (22). Furthermore, despite persistence of portal hypertension, the systemic hyperdynamic circulation disappears by 6 mo (35). It was subsequently shown that immediately after induction of portal hypertension, rats develop a hyperdynamic circulation, a fall in systemic vascular resistance, and a transient fall in central blood volume within 24 h (1, 11). Then, within the next 24 h, the total body exchangeable Na+ increases and remains increased for at least 8 days (11). The role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of vasodilatation and Na+ retention is unclear (25,27), although Na+ retention has been shown to vary with liver dysfunction (28). Despite Na+retention and an expanded Na+ space, these animals never develop ascites.
In the present study, we investigated the effect of portal hypertension on Na+ transport in the rat distal colon. In particular, the physiological activity of the rENaC and presence of mRNA for the α-, β-, and γ-subunits are examined.
Experimental animals.
Male Charles River-derived (inbred) rats were purchased from the Levenstein Animal House (Yokneam, Israel) and divided into different experimental groups. The study was approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Portal vein ligation and sham-operated rats.
Rats weighing 240–260 g were subjected to portal vein ligation (PVL) or a sham operation. The animals were anesthetized under slight ether-ethanol (2%) solution (J. T. Baker, Phillipburg, NJ). The portal vein was isolated at laparotomy, and a single 3-0 silk ligature was tied around both the portal vein and a 20-gauge blunt-tipped needle. The needle was then removed, and the portal vein was allowed to reexpand distal to the stenosis. In the sham animals, the portal vein was dissected free but no ligature was placed. The rats were allowed to recover in their cages and were fed with standard rat chow (Kofolk, Petach-Tikva, Israel) containing a 0.12 mmol Na+/g feed. Designated groups of rats were kept in metabolic cages for Na+ balance studies. A separate group of rats fed standard chow was used to establish the normal range of plasma levels of aldosterone (controls).
Na+ output in urine and feces.
We performed Na+ balance studies to determine the timing of changes in Na+ excretion in the kidney and gastrointestinal tracts following PVL. The animals were individually housed in metabolic cages at 25 ± 4°C with a 12:12-h light/dark cycle. The animals had free access to water and to rat chow containing 0.12 mmol Na+/g feed. Balance studies were performed on four sham and four PVL rats for 3 days before surgery and 13 days after surgery. The day of surgery was day 0. Daily urine and stool samples were small, and collections were obtained in blocks for the 3 presurgical days and days 1–3, 4–6,7–10, and 11–13 after surgery. The combined specimens in each block were analyzed for their Na+ content.
Na+ concentrations in urine and feces were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Samples were prepared for analysis by microwave-assisted digestion by using an MLS 1200 mega microwave digestion unit (Milestone Sorisole). Five milliliters of each urine sample or 250 mg of dry stool were transferred into 50-ml polypropylene disposable test tubes, and 5 ml of concentrated nitric acid were added. Each tube was fitted with a lightly tightened screw cap. The tubes, in a plastic stand, were transferred to the temperature-controlled microwave oven, and the samples were subjected to two digestion cycles of 20 min each, at 450 W of microwave power and 95°C. The vessels were allowed to cool for 10 min between cycles, and at the conclusion of the digestion program they were brought to room temperature and were uncapped. The volume was made up to 25 ml with deionized water.
Analyses were conducted on portions of these solutions, versus multi-element standards, prepared using the same matrix. An ICP Spectroflame (Spectro, Kleve, Germany), equipped with a standard cross-flow nebulizer, power level of 1.2 kW, coolant flow of 15 l/min, auxiliary flow of 0.5 l/min, and nebulizer flow of 0.5 l/min, was used.
Measurement of portal pressure.
Portal venous pressure was determined before and after partial PVL by measurement of intrasplenic pressure (n = 9). Animals were anesthetized as previously described, and a No. 22 disposable needle was introduced into the splenic pulp at laparotomy. The needle was connected to a three-way tap to enable perfusion of the system through one arm and to a transducer set at the level of the right atrium through the other arm. The needle was flushed with saline to create a small saline droplet around the end of the needle within the splenic pulp. The pressure was then recorded continuously on a Gilson polygraph (Middleton, WI). Three separate pressure recordings were taken, and the mean for each animal was calculated.
Preparation of colonic cell populations and measurement of amiloride-sensitive 22Na+ uptake.
Colonocytes were isolated by a Ca2+ chelation method, and amiloride-sensitive 22Na+ uptake was determined as previously described (18). The rats were killed by cervical dislocation, and the distal colon was rapidly isolated, removed, and cleansed. The colon was everted, and one end was ligated and filled with isolation medium followed by ligation of the other end to form a closed loop. The distended loops, with the luminal surface exposed, were immersed and shaken in the dissociation buffer containing MEM medium supplemented with FCS (Beit Haemek Biological Industries), dithiothreitol, and Ca2+ chelators (EDTA) at the appropriate concentration ranges. The medium was replaced at selected time intervals with fresh dissociation buffer. Five cell populations were harvested stepwise from the surface to base of the crypts and designated C1 to C5.
The combined luminal cell population (C1 + C2) was washed in HEPES buffer (in mM: 127 NaCl, 5.9 KCl, 2.1 KH2PO4, 2.5 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, 11.5 glucose, 0.3l-glutamine, and 25 HEPES, pH 7.4) with 1 mM dithiothreitol and resuspended in 1 ml HEPES buffer with 1% BSA. After centrifugation at 800 g, the pellet was resuspended in 1 ml HEPES-BSA buffer and divided into three equal portions. Buffer containing 0.3 nCi22Na+ was added in the presence or absence of 10 μmol amiloride. The cells were incubated for 10 min at 37°C while being agitated. At the end of the reaction, 1.5 ml of iso-osmolarN-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG) buffer (in mM: 140 NMDG, 3 KCl, 1 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 10 glucose, and 10 HEPES) was added, the reaction mixture was centrifuged at 800 g for 5 min, and the supernatant was discarded. The cell pellet was resuspended in 400 μl cold NMDG buffer and loaded over 200 μl of phthalic acid dinonyl ester oil. Following centrifugation at 1,100 g, the aqueous and oily supernatants were removed and the cell pellet was dissolved in 500 μl of methylbenzethonium (hydroxide hyamine 10-X). The intracellular22Na+ activity was counted by scintillation spectrometry. Results are expressed as nanomoles per milligram protein for the 10-min incubation period.
Protein determination.
Protein concentration in the different suspensions is determined by a Pierce kit (23) employing a microbicinchonic acid-based protein assay and BSA as the protein standard.
Serum aldosterone.
Serum aldosterone concentrations were measured by solid-phase radioimmunoassay (Diagnostic Products, Los Angeles, CA) in blood samples obtained from controls and from sham and PVL rats at 7 and 14 days.
RNA isolation.
Total RNA was extracted from colon mucosal scrapings (luminal colonocytes) according to a protocol for single-step RNA isolation based on acid guanidium-thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction, using TriReagent (Molecular Research Center, Cincinnati, OH) solution (9). Total RNA was aliquoted and quantified in sterile tubes.
RT-PCR reaction and quantitative evaluation for rENaC α-, β-, and γ-subunits.
The whole isolated RNA was reverse transcribed and amplified with the Access RT-PCR system (Promega). The RT-PCR of the isolated RNA was performed using appropriate primers, reverse transcriptase, and DNA polymerase enzymes. The concentrations of RNA from different origins were adjusted to the same level using β-actin as a standard. The cDNA specific for the α-, β-, and γ-subunits of the Na+channels and β-actin were amplified using sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers giving rise to products of 369, 648, and 130 bp for α-, β-, and γ-subunits, respectively and a product of 369 bp for β-actin. The α-, β-, and γ-subunit PCR primers consisted of bases 96–116, 69–89, and 361–381 in the sense direction, respectively (5′-CTAGACCTTCACGCCTCCAAC-3′, 5′-CACCATGCCAGTGAAGAAGTA-3′, and 5′-ACTTCCAGAAACTGGATTTC-3′), and bases 460–440, 2041–2021, and 491–510 in the antisense direction, respectively (5′-AGGTACTCCTCGAACAGCAAG-3′, 5′-GGTTGTGACTCCTCAGTTTTG-3′, and 5′-CAAAGAATCTCGGAAACGCC-3′) of the α-, β-, and γ-Na+ channel subunit genes. β-Actin primers in the sense direction consisted of bases 384–413 (5′-AACCGCGAGAAGATGACCCAGATCATGTTT-3′) and in the antisense direction consisted of bases 705–734 (5′-AGCAGCCGTGGCCATCTCTTGCTCGAAGTC-3′). The RT-PCR reaction mixture contained 1 μl of H2O-diluted RNA (1 μg/μl), 10 μl AMV/Tfl 5× Reaction Buffer, 1 μl dNTP (10 mM each dNTP), 1 μl downstream primer (50 μM), 1 μl upstream primer (50 μM), 2 μl 25 mM MgSO4, 1 μl Tfl DNA polymerase (50 U/μl), and nuclease-free water to a final volume of 40 μl. The RT-PCR program consisted of one cycle at 48°C for 1 h followed by one cycle at 94°C for 2 min for reverse transcription. The PCR amplification was performed by 35 cycles for α-, β-, and γ-subunits or 30 cycles for β-actin of 45 s at 94°C, 1 min at 56°C, and 1 min at 72°C and a final extension at 72°C for 7 min.
The resulting RT-PCR products were submitted to electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel for α- and γ-subunits and β-actin products and 1% agarose for β-subunit products. The cDNA products were detected with ethidium bromide by ultraviolet illumination. The signals of the electrophoretic assay were quantified using a densitometer scanner with the Fujix PhosphorImager apparatus and the BAS-1000 Bio-Imaging Analyzer (Fuji Photo Film). Results of the densitometric determinations for the α-, β-, and γ-subunits of the ENaC were corrected according to the corresponding β-actin gene transcription. Six independent determinations were performed.
Data and statistics.
Data are means ± SD unless stated otherwise, and Student'st-test was used to determine the significance of differences between experimental groups.
Portal venous pressure.
To confirm that in our hands PVL significantly increased portal venous pressure, the intrasplenic pulp pressure (portal venous pressure) was measured in 10 rats before and after partial PVL. Pressure increased by 5.0 ± 0.5 mmHg.
Na+ balance and serum aldosterone.
There was no significant difference between sham and PVL rats in body weight, stool weight, or urinary volume at any of the time intervals. The daily intake of Na+ was 1.7 mmol and was calculated from the average daily intake of chow and the known Na+content. The mean daily urinary output of Na+ was 0.35 ± 0.11 mmol/day in PVL rats compared with 0.89 ± 0.27 mmol/day in sham rats during the first 3 days after surgery (P = 0.01) (Fig. 1 A). No significant differences were noted for any of the other periods. Total mean urinary Na+ excretion for the 13-day follow-up period was 20.21 mmol in sham rats compared with 18.66 mmol in PVL rats, and this difference was entirely accounted for by the 1.62 mmol difference between the two groups during days 1–3. Small, nonsignificant differences were noted in the remaining periods. Total mean fecal Na+ output in sham and PVL rats was 2.62 mmol and 2.07 mmol, respectively. Although no significant differences were noted during any of the four follow-up periods, there was a trend toward lower fecal Na+ excretion in PVL rats on days 7–10 (P = 0.09) (Fig. 1 B). The PVL rats remained in positive Na+ balance [dietary intake − (urinary Na+ + fecal Na+)] throughout the postsurgical period, whereas in the sham rats the Na+retained during days 1–3 was subsequently excreted (Fig. 1 C).
Serum aldosterone concentrations were determined in blood samples obtained from control (n = 7), sham (n= 11), and PVL (n = 12) rats at 7 days and from sham and PVL rats at 14 days. The mean level in the controls was 654.8 ± 72.4 nmol/ml. Aldosterone levels were significantly increased in PVL rats compared with sham rats at 7 days (873.8 ± 141.8 nmol/ml and 1,078.8 ± 108.4 nmol/ml, respectively;P < 0.0001) but not at 14 days (890.1 ± 59.7 and 859.0 ± 90.5 nmol/ml, respectively; P = 0.4).
Amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake.
Amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake was determined as the difference in 22Na+ uptake by isolated luminal colonocytes in the presence and absence of 10 μM amiloride (Fig.2). Inhibition of Na+ uptake was increased in colonocytes from PVL compared with sham rats at both 7 and 14 days. Uptake in sham and PVL rats was 0.77 ± 0.83 (n = 11) and 3.36 ± 2.01 (n = 11) nm/mg protein at 7 days (P < 0.0001) and 0.06 ± 0.02 (n = 3) and 0.92 ± 0.57 (n = 6) nmol/mg protein after 14 days (P = 0.04).
RT-PCR for rENaC α-, β-, and γ-subunit mRNA.
The electrophoretic pattern of α-, β-, and γ-subunit cDNA, obtained after reverse transcription of RNA extracted from sham and PVL rat colonocytes at 7 days, is shown in Fig.3. The housekeeping gene β-actin was used to ensure RNA quality and equal loading. The densitometry analysis for six gels is summarized in Fig. 4. The values are expressed in arbitrary units normalized with respect to β-actin. Expression of α- and γ-subunit mRNA was similar in the two groups, whereas β-subunit mRNA was low in sham animals but markedly increased in PVL rats.
In this study, we examined the ENaC as a possible mechanism for the Na+ retention in portal hypertension. Na+retention is an important consequence of portal hypertension, but the cellular mechanisms responsible for this process are not known. We used the PVL rat, which is a model in which no ascites develop. Since patients with preascitic portal hypertension may have elevated, normal, or depressed blood levels of aldosterone (4), it was of interest to determine whether rENaC would be induced in the setting of this rat model. Amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake was measured in surface epithelial cells from the distal colon with the use of techniques that we have previously described (20). The rationale for using colonocytes was based on the observation that the rat distal colon does not normally express rENaC, but following exposure of the colon to mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone, functioning rENaC are detected (19).
Na+ channels in surface colonocytes were detected by inhibition of 22Na+ uptake by 10 μM amiloride in PVL in surface colonocytes at 7 and 14 days. In sham rats, uptake inhibition was low at 7 days and absent at 14 days. In PVL rat channels, inhibition of uptake was significantly greater at 7 than at 14 days and significantly greater than in sham rats at both intervals. We believe that the presence of rENaC at 7 days in sham rats may have been induced by the stress of surgery. 22Na+uptake inhibition in PVL rats at 7 days was 19% of that induced by treatment with dexamethasone (18) or salt restriction (unpublished observations). Thus partial PVL leads to submaximal induction of rENaC.
The decrease in amiloride-sensitive 22Na+uptake in sham and PVL rats at 14 days compared with 7 days suggests that the factors responsible for induction of Na+ channels decrease after surgery. However, there are differences between the two groups. Sham rats returned to Na+ balance shortly after surgery, but PVL rats remained in positive Na+ balance throughout the study period. In addition, PVL rats demonstrated measurable amiloride-sensitive 22Na+ uptake at 14 days compared with negligible activity in the sham group. Thus the factors responsible for induction of channel activity probably remain elevated in PVL rats at 14 days, and rENaC contributes to the expanded Na+ space previously described in this model (12).
To further investigate the effect of PVL on the expression of rENaC, we determined the levels of mRNA for the α-, β-, and γ-subunits by PCR. We were able to show that ENaC α- and γ-subunit mRNA was present in equal amounts in PVL and sham-operated rats. β-Subunit mRNA was markedly increased in PVL rats, which is consistent with the concept that the β-subunit is involved in the regulation of ENaC expression in the rat distal colon. Full activity of the Na+ channel requires the presence of three subunits (α, β, and γ) (8). Several techniques have been used to map the presence of rENaC subunit mRNA and protein in rat distal colon after treatment with corticosteroids, including in situ hybridization (14), Northern blot, and immunohistochemistry (14,30). After corticosteroid challenge, the α-subunit was found to be constitutively expressed, whereas the β- and γ-subunits were induced.
We also investigated the relationship of serum aldosterone levels to the induction of rENaC and Na+ excretion. Serum aldosterone levels were significantly elevated in PVL rats compared with sham rats at 7 days, which coincided with maximal amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake in the colonocytes. However, at 14 days there was no difference in aldosterone levels, although uptake was still significantly increased in PVL compared with sham rats. This provides circumstantial evidence that aldosterone was involved in the induction of the channels but does not exclude additional control mechanisms.
Partial ligation of the portal vein in the rat leads to a series of hemodynamic events in the splanchnic and system circulations (1,11, 12). These rats develop a hyperdynamic systemic circulation, as described in patients, with a fall in systemic vascular resistance and a transient fall in central blood volume within 24 h. During the next 24 h, the total body exchangeable Na+ increases (Na+ space) and reaches a maximum at 4 days, which is associated, interestingly, with increased renal blood flow. Finally, there is an increase in mesenteric blood flow. These hemodynamic changes persisted for up to 10 days but completely disappeared by 6 mo despite persistent portal hypertension (11). Our Na+ balance studies are consistent with this sequence of changes. We found that urinary Na+output was significantly lower in PVL compared with sham rats in the 3 days immediately after surgery, which is consistent with changes in total body Na+ previously described (1, 11). However, at 7 days, when serum aldosterone levels were elevated in PVL rats, no difference in urinary Na+ excretion was noted. It is possible that aldosterone was important in maintaining positive Na+ balance and prevented compensatory diuresis.
Changes in Na+ transport in the colon following PVL may provide clues to the mechanism for Na+ retention by the kidney in portal hypertension. Early studies showed that the cortical collecting ducts possess an electrogenic amiloride-sensitive transport mechanism for Na+ (36). More recent patch clamp studies have confirmed this finding. A low-conductance channel (3–5 pS) with prolonged open and closed states and high selectivity for Na+ over K+ was described (26, 29), and this channel is identical to the rENaC found in rat distal colon. rENaC has been found in additional areas of the distal nephron, including the outer medullary collecting duct, the distal convoluted tubule, connecting tubule, and proximal tubule (10, 20, 39).
The presence of rENaC α-, β-, and γ-subunit mRNA has been confirmed in the kidney by Northern blot and immunohistochemical methods (30). Northern blot analysis for subunit mRNA in kidney cortex showed slight induction of α-rENaC following administration of either dexamethasone or aldosterone and no change in β- and γ-rENaC (3). Following adrenalectomy, there was a decrease in α-subunit mRNA as determined by RNase protection assay but no decrease in β- and γ-subunits. This deficit was not corrected after 2 days but was corrected after 7 days of infusion of aldosterone (16). However, in cultured cortical collecting duct cells exposed to aldosterone, there was an increase in γ-subunit-specific mRNA as determined by quantitative PCR (13). Thus the kidney appears to differ from colon in regulation of channel expression, and further studies will be needed to investigate the effect of portal hypertension on ENaC in this organ.
In conclusion, we have shown that partial PVL induces rENaC in rat distal colon, and this is associated with an increase in serum aldosterone levels. Urinary output of Na+ is reduced in the 3 days after ligation but at 7 days is similar to sham rats despite elevated serum aldosterone. Regulation of rENaC is controlled, at least in part, by changes in levels of β-subunit mRNA. The relevance of these changes to Na+ retention by the kidney in portal hypertension and the putative role of nitric oxide in this regard require further study.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: G. M. Fraser, Dept. of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikvah 49100, Israel (E-mail:gfraser{at}post.tau.ac.il).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2000 the American Physiological Society


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Hello 🙂
~ Blog-ember Day 11 ~
Subscription beauty boxes are always something that I toyed with, but for the overall cost and non grantee of liking the products I haven't had one. I have tried to get some of the limited 'Best Of' boxes but I'm always to late haha! Over the years I have made up my own 'beauty boxes' for my friends as gifts, it's such an easy and quick way of preparing a gift for someone.
With Christmas approaching quicker than ever I thought I would share this as a possible gift idea- for someone who loves make up, is starting to get into makeup or just as a treat for someone! I mentioned this in my 'Gift Ideas For The Gals' post last week.
I will be keeping this within the high-street brands and prices! I really hope you enjoy this post and that it could be helpful in some way, please let me know your own ideas if you've created one!
As a base for them all I recommend getting a small Kraft box (Paperchase) and using tissue paper to bulk out with! You could always add in chocolates or a small bottle of wine for extras.
…For The Beauty Lover:
These are all items that I have loved over the past years and have continued to re-purchased! With the concealer you can adjust the shade to suit, also with the lipstick if needed.
Rimmel Kate Moss Lipstick 03 – Maybelline Lash Sensational – Real Techniques Sponge – Collection Concealer – Barry M Gelly 'Almond' – Make Up Revolution Iconic 3 Palette
…For The 'Getting Into Beauty':
These are all products that are great to start with and not too much to go wrong with! Keeping it neutral in shades but still great quality!
Maybelline Lash Sensational – Nivea Express Hydration Primer – Make Up Revolution Iconic 1 Palette – Collection Concealer – Collection Lip Butter – Real Techniques Expert Face Brush
…For The 'Going Back To Basics':
The final beauty box idea is more of a general one; featuring more skincare bits for those who might not be so into make up!
Maybelline Baby Lips Balm – Rimmel BB Cream – Nivea Express Hydration Primer – Superdrug Stenghting Hand Cream – Garnier Micellar Water – Boots Simply Sensitive Mask
And there are my 3 DIY Beauty Box ideas, great for Christmas or Birthday gifts! I really hope this post has been helpful, I always enjoy creating a gift! Hopefully most of the items will be on a deal so it can be even cheaper! Let me know your favourite beauty finds!
Thank You So Much For Reading 🙂
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More Than They Promised: The Studebaker Story
Stanford University Press, 2000 - Transportation - 488 pages
This lavishly illustrated book on the famous automobile manufacturer traces the Studebaker family from its arrival in America in 1736, to the beginnings of the wagon business under John M. Studebaker and his brothers in the nineteenth century, to the family s entry into the automobile industry in 1902, to the last Studebaker automobile to roll off the assembly line in 1966.
The book, however, is much more than the story of a family business; it is also, in microcosm, the story of the industrial development of America. The Studebakers had always been industrialists in the sense that they made their living by manufacturing things, albeit on a small scale. When the Industrial Revolution hit the country with full force, spurred on by the Civil War, it transformed America from a rural-agrarian society into an urban-industrial one. The fortunes of the Studebaker family were transformed with it.
As the title suggests, the Studebaker story was mostly one of success. Studebaker wagons and carriages were long noted for their quality and popularity, and so, too, were Studebaker automobiles. The 1953 Starliner and the 1963 Avanti, designed under Raymond Loewy s direction, are widely regarded as among the most innovative examples of American industrial design.
The book deals in detail with the soaring prosperity of the company in the 1920s, the bankruptcy and miraculous recovery in the 1930s, the stupendous success of the early post-World War II period, and the eventual decline of the company s fortunes in the mid-1950s. It describes the development of such famous models as the Lark, Avanti, and Gran Tourisimo Hawk, with special attention paid to the Avanti II, a surprisingly successful spinoff from the dying company that continued to be produced until 1991. The final chapter, on why Studebaker died, is tightly reasoned and more convincing than previous theories. Throughout, the author has used personal incident and characterization to bring to life the rich, tumultuous history of one of America s longest enduring industrial empires.
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More than they promised: the Studebaker storyUser Review - Not Available - Book Verdict
The venerable Studebaker family was noted for its popular wagons and carriages in the 19th century. The company was able to make the transition from wagon manufacture to automobiles in the early 20th ... Read full review
The Wagon Years
The Early Auto Years
The Rise of Erskine
The Fall of Erskine
Back from the Abyss
The War Years
Studebaker Amnia Vincit
The Packard Operation
The Lark Ascendant
The Swan Song
Why Studebaker Failed
Common terms and phrases
Altman American announced author's collection automobile automotive operations Avanti II Avanti Motor Corporation Blake body styles build built Cadillac Cafaro cars and trucks cash Champion chassis Chrysler Churchill company's continued Corporation Annual Report cost coupe cubic inch Curtiss-Wright Daimler-Benz Detroit early Egbert electric engine Erskine Erskine's fact factory Flanders Ford four-door franchise Fred Fish Garford Hardig Hawk Henry Hoffman and Vance Hoppe horsepower included labor Lark later Loewy manufacturer Mercedes-Benz Metzger million models months Nance Nash offered Packard pany passenger cars percent Pierce-Arrow plant postwar President problems production profit Raymond Loewy roadster Rockne sedan sell sold South Bend standard stockholders Studebaker Avanti Studebaker brothers Studebaker cars Studebaker Champion Studebaker Corporation Studebaker Corporation Annual Studebaker dealers Studebaker Electric Studebaker President Studebaker trucks Studebaker-Garford Studebaker-Packard Studebaker's tion two-door vehicles volume wagon Walter Chrysler wheelbase Willys-Overland workers Zeder


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Tips To Plan Your Ideal Wedding
Organizing a wedding can be great fun, can be a challenge or be a real headache. Keep reading tips to plan your ideal wedding with NexGen Portable Stage. It is not always easy to materialize what you have in mind, you do not have the time to carry it out, or you do not even know where to start when it comes to managing a celebration like this.
A wedding is one of the most significant events for many couples. It is from this, that oaths are made that will last through time. If your wedding date is near or you are starting to plan it, here are some tips that will make everything stay in time and form, so that all you have to think about, is to have a wonderful time on that day.
It seems that this is an element that does not matter. It is best that together with your partner, decide the type of wedding you want. Whether it will be a classic wedding, just a reception, on the beach, in the city, in order, so that once they have defined this, you can begin to focus on the details of the link. Check this slide show: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1WZXI-C8cTDhrVpiHr4w89NysP5qfjBONErQJStztJFs/
If you have already decided how your wedding will be, the second is to establish the budget with which they count and try not to exceed it. One option is to choose family or friends, who like to support you with some expenses, for example, with the cake, the drink, the music or something they consider is out of the budgeted.
If you have already decided the date, it is time to think about where the wedding will take place, to book the place in advance. Do not forget to check several options and compare, this is the best advice because from this will make the best decision.
Dedicating time to the guest list is basic, as a couple can decide the number of attendees who will have to know the size of the place to book, as well as the people with whom they want to share their link. Taking advantage of that already decided this, they can begin to distribute the tables. Click this link to know more about: Where To Buy Portable Stage In UK?
Another important thing is the dress that you will wear that day. Choosing clothes that make you feel as comfortable as possible is basic. It is best that you do not leave this to the end, because by racing you can make a bad choice, either by design or by price.
Wedding planner
Now, if you prefer to focus solely on the dress and the suit, but everything goes perfectly, the option is to hire a wedding planner. Some people offer their services to plan a wedding; they will be in charge of presenting all the options they find from what you request so that based on their experience they recommend the best.
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NEW POLICY AT AMARILLO COLLEGE NO LONGER ALLOWS LATE REGISTRATION -special arrangements may be allowed in extreme circumstances -- contact Mrs. McDaniel at email@example.com ASAP if you miss our registration deadline.
Tuesday, August 8, 2:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m.
Wednesday, August 9, 9:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m.
Monday, January 8, 2018 9:00 a.m. - 2 p.m.
Tuesday, January 9, 2018 2:00 p.m. - 6 p.m.
New students must make an appointment to discuss teacher availability and program requirements BEFORE these dates. Registration is in person ONLY.
AC Suzuki registration at Amarillo College now includes the SAA and Parent Fund fees previously collected in a separate payment each semester.
You will need 1 payment to complete registration **(optional 2nd payment in lieu of refreshment assignment - see below):
**AC Employee Tuition Scholarships are not applicable to Suzuki tuition or fees
1) Tuition payment (check, cash or credit card) payable to Amarillo College
$405 for 30-minute lesson students
$515 for 45-minute lesson students
$650 for 60-minute lesson students
The above rates include any Wednesday groups, orchestras, solo recitals and play-ins for the enrolled student.
Optional additional fees (at the discretion of the teacher) include:
$30 for Advanced Ensembles
$75 for Orff for Children NOT studying an instrument
$95 for Orchestra/Group for students NOT in the Suzuki program
I will provide you with forms and course ID numbers for your child(ren).
2) REFRESHMENT SIGN-UP POLICY:Each family is responsible for assisting with refreshments for one event per semester.on your registration forms, you must indicate which date you will bring refreshments (details before the event) or if you prefer to donate $10 directly to refreshment chair, Yvette Tietz, due at registration.
Students will be entered directly into the AC continuing education system, so bring along the following information:
* Child's social security # (if new student)
* Child's date of birth


text:
The OP could have said that he had already posted the same text at CrossValidated.
So I suggest that we wait with answers....
I am involved in a project which needs statistic and computer science. I am more of a computer guy so I appreciate any statistical help. I am doing most of the process in R.
Step A:
In the project, I have some sensors which count the number of passing objects in minutes and these sensors only detect and count about 5% of the passing objects which have a detectable device (lets call this actual detectability ratio ). Since my interest is to find the best distribution for each hour, I fitted these collected data and found out which distributions were the best (for some hours Weibulls and for the rest Lognormal). This means that I got 24 sets of results (one distribution for each hour). So, I am interested to do Monte Carlo , and evaluate my approach for different detectability ratio ( c in 0.05,0.1,015,...,1) and this is the part which I need help and any help is highly appreciated.
Step B:
Assume for a single hour, Weibull(lambda, k) was the best and I got this information from 'Step A'.
So, I multiplied c in the Weibull distribution and generated some random numbers (P1) as 0>P1=Weibull(c*lambda, k)>60 , then added hour * 60 to each element of P1 (lets call this new set of data as P2) to make it between 0*hour>P2>60*hour, then based on the c, I used Bernoulli distribution ,Bernoulli(length(P2),c), and eliminated those ones with 0 to simulate the actual detectability ratio. For those which Lognormal was the best, I used lnorm(mean+ln(c),sd).
I repeated the whole above process (step B) for all values in c (0.05,...,1).
then, I fitted these data which I obtained from 'Step B' to different distribution to find out which distributions are the best (i.e repeating of 'Step A'). The problem is that I never got the same number of results which I got from 'step A' for most of the values in c. I expected to get 24 sets of results for each c (0.05, 0.1,...,1), but only for c greater than 0.7 or 0.8 I got 24 set of results. This means most of my results for c<0.7 were empty sets, which I could not fit any distribution.
I suspect that the problem is related to the either of the following:
1. Since the distributions which I got in 'step A' belong to 5% detectability ratio (the actual detectability ratio, I know that only 5% of passing objects had detectable devices), when I am multiplying them by c in 'step B' to generate random numbers by Weibull (i.e Weibull(c*lambda, k)), I am actually making them smaller. For example, for c=0.05, this will be 5%*0.05=0.0025 (the first 5% is the actual detectability ratio and the second 0.05 is c)
2. Do I need to use Bernoulli distribution to equip the random numbers with detectable device while I am multiplying c in the distribution? If yes,does not this make them even smaller? For example, for c=0.05, this will be 5%*0.05*0.05=0.000125 (the first 5% is actual detectability ratio, second 0.05 is the one that I used for generation random number, and the third 0.05 is the 0.05 which I used for Bernoulli).
Any help is highly appreciated.
Many thanks,
The OP could have said that he had already posted the same text at CrossValidated.
So I suggest that we wait with answers....
Hi Operator,
I have asked my question in another thread in a different way. Is there a possibility that you or either I could delete this post?
Many thanks,
Advertise on Talk Stats


text:
Here are the 1.7 release notes. They didn't get a lot of review when originally merged. If there's anything missing here you want to see, please speak up, or better yet submit at PR and tag it beta-nominated.
Our only new language feature is a breaking change?
I found two typos. Also, the "Stabilised APIs" list really hard to read. I'll send you a PR to fix the typos and make it a nested list real quick
Custom hasher support in HashMap was stabilized in 1.7, but it does not appear in the release notes.
Thanks @bytwise! I'll add it.


text:
Pre-workout supplements are one of the most popular supplements researched online. Whether you're a first timer or a seasoned veteran to the pre-workout market, Fitness Informant has got you covered. Our no B.S. pre-workout reviews will break down the pre-workout by profile, effectiveness, taste, mixability and value.
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In His Steps: "What Would Jesus Do?"
Advance Publishing Company, 1897 - Clergy - 282 pages
What people are saying - Write a review
User ratings
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LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - krista.rutherford - LibraryThing
The original story about a community that pledged to live by asking the question "What would Jesus do?" Good idea, but the story is pretty boring. Read full review
LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - Chris_El - LibraryThing
Classic book from 1887. This is where WWJD came from. Story follows several different people as they try to live by the question: "What would Jesus do?" Fairly well written with believable and ... Read full review
Selected pages
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
Alexander Powers answer asked audience began Bishop called Chicago Christ church members Church of Raymond Clark cousin Rachel crowd daily disciples divine door editor Edward Norman face fact feeling Felicia felt following Jesus friends girl give gone Gray hall hand heard heart Henry Maxwell Holy Spirit humanity Jasper Chase kneeled knew Lincoln College living looked Loreen Madam Page Maxwell's mean meeting Milton Wright Miss Winslow mother Nazareth Avenue Church never night paper pastor paused pledge prayed prayer President Marsh prize fight promise question Rachel Winslow reached Rectangle replied result Rollin Rose saloon seemed sermon Settlement silence sinful city singing souls spoke steps Sterling stood suffering Sunday morning talk tell tent thing thought tion to-day to-night trembled Virginia voice walked week whisky wife wonderful young
Popular passages
Page 94 - Just as I am, without one plea, But that thy blood was shed for me, And that thou bidst me come to thee, O Lamb of God, I come, I come!
Page 95 - Just as I am Thou wilt receive, Wilt welcome, pardon, cleanse, relieve ! Because Thy promise I believe, O Lamb of God, I come...
Page 14 - JESUS, I my cross have taken, All to leave and follow Thee ; Naked, poor, despised, forsaken, Thou, from hence, my All shalt be. Perish every fond ambition, All I've sought, or hoped, or known, Yet how rich is my condition ! God and heaven are still my own.
Page 118 - Think not that I am come to send peace on earth ; I came not to send peace, but a sword. For I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother, and the daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law. And a man's foes shall be they of his own household.
Page 23 - I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now. Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he shall guide you into all the truth...
Page 159 - If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, who giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not, and it shall be given him,
Page 188 - Ye know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that, though he was rich, yet for our sakes he became poor, that we through his poverty might be rich.
Page 158 - But grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.
Page 259 - Yet lackest thou one thing : sell all that thou hast, and distribute unto the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven : and come, follow me.
Page 5 - For hereunto were ye called: because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, that ye should follow his steps...


text:
807 N Broadway Street, Greensburg IN, 47240
Sold Price:
4 beds , 2 Full baths
2,256 sqft
Status: Sold
Last Updated: 10/22/2017 12:37 AM
Description for 807 N Broadway Street Greensburg, IN 47240
3 bedroom 2 full bath house with fenced in back yard and 2 car detached garage. Spacious kitchen, dining room with built ins and large living room. Furnace is gas forced air with AC on both levels. 100 amp service
Sold Price:
Sold Date:07/31/2017
No Subdivision
2 Full
2,256 (approx)
3 bedroom 2 full bath house with fenced in back yard and 2 car detached garage. Spacious kitchen, dining room with built ins and large living room. Furnace is gas forced air with AC on both levels. 100 amp service
Listing Information
No Subdivision
Natural Gas
School Information
Room Information
Interior Features
Forced Air
Smoke Alarm
Exterior / Lot Features
<1/4 Acre
Driving Directions
From Main Street head north on Broadway. Home is on the left.
Financial Considerations
Inside AccessTM
Current market conditions for 807 N Broadway Street
Active Market Trends
Source: MLS DATA
Median list price$134,400
Days on market115
Properties for sale196
Sold Market Trends
Source: MLS DATA
Median sold price$126,000
Sales to list price97.1%
Properties sold60
Median sq ft price$73
Arrows indicate 90 day trend
Listing Price History
Greensburg Real Estate
Greensburg is located in Indiana. Greensburg, Indiana 47240 has a population of 11,819.
The median household income in Greensburg, Indiana 47240 is $45,363. The median household income for the surrounding county is $49,631 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Greensburg 47240 is 36.1 years.
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This post about New And Used Furniture was published at January 1, 2017 at 10:58 am. This image is published at the Furniture category. New And Used Furniture is tagged with New And Used Furniture, New, And, Used, Furniture..
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Furniturefur•ni•ture (fûr′ni chər),USA pronunciation n.
fur′ni•ture•less, adj.
- the movable articles, as tables, chairs, desks or cabinets, required for use or ornament in a house, office, or the like.
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Four Brooklyn men were charged yesterday with running a 24-hour crack cocaine ring that employed children and operated out of an East New York housing project. The men -- Ruking Cummings, Tyrone King, Kareem Quattlebaum and Brandy Russell -- were ranking members of a group that called itself the Crime Family, federal prosecutors said. Aside from the drug charges, they were accused of committing one murder and five attempted murders since August 1997. Alan Feuer (NYT)Continue reading the main story
What's Next


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Ask the Experts: The overseas adviser
CM, by e-mail
Spanish succession tax is governed by the Autonomous Communities (the regions). There is no blanket exemption from succession tax, where assets pass between husband and wife, as there is in the UK. The allowance for those inheriting from a spouse is currently only about €16,000 (£11,000). Recently, there has been a growing trend towards relief or abolition of succession tax in the direct line and between married partners. Certain regions, such as the Basque country, Navarre and Cantabria, have all but abolished succession tax for inheriting spouses and children, reducing it to about 1%.
The regions controlled by the Partido Popular (which include Valencia, Murcia, Madrid and the Balearic islands) accepted proposals made by the previous government for a phased reduction of…


text:
Trailer for the transport of bulk freight
Price: 51,000€
Capacity: 45,000 l
Maintenance: 30€ / day
The ideal trailer for medium-sized companies.
With his capacity of 45,000 l he is well suited to the transport of her harvest.
By the eligible speed signs in the tailgate he also well fits to him
to the most different tractors, from Case IH 1455 XL to the JCB Fastrac.
Specific features:
– 8 different colours for body and rims
– Axis colour adapts itself to the body
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– DynamicHoses
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Bonecrusher6 / Forbidden Mods
DOWNLOAD FS17_KrampeBandit750.zip – 21.6 MB


text:
In a finding that is likely to intensify the debate over what to teach students about the origins of life, a poll released yesterday found that nearly two-thirds of Americans say that creationism should be taught alongside evolution in public schools.In an unrelated story, a different poll found that 42% of Americans are complete fucking retards.
The poll found that 42 percent of respondents held strict creationist views, agreeing that "living things have existed in their present form since the beginning of time."
Wednesday, August 31, 2005
4 Comments:
- lil' ticket said...
I'm glad you're finally taking a tip from Thomas. He recommends talking about intelligent design and HE gets dozens of comments, you know.
And I'm sleeping with him. I like how he screams out un-funny Seinfeld references in bed.
- Ben said...
oh man, and remember that one episode where george was trying to eat, watch tv, AND have sex at the same time? he called it "the trifecta!" it was great.
- Ben said...
also, as i think we can all agree, strict creationism is on the tard side, and i say this as a strict catholic.
i say we teach strict creationism anyway, and also teach super strict morality. because people are dumb, and teaching them evolution won't help them not steal your credit card number when they ring up your bill at the outback steakhouse or where ever the hell they work... but maybe the thought of a terrifying zappin' god would.
we need them terrified. terrified and effecient.
the smart ones will figure out the truth for themselves.
back in the early 1900s we had no evolution in the schools and no credit card theft. nowadays: evolution and credit card theft.
and if you think that's just coincidence, then i'm a monkey's nephew.
- John said...
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text:
By becoming a Friend Of The Alnwick Garden, you will become part of a world-class garden in the making.
Become a Friend of The Alnwick Garden
Your valued support will help towards both community and capital projects, and you will be an important part of The Garden's family as you enjoy it through the seasons and the years. Much of The Garden's programme is free, so as a Friend you can enjoy tours, workshops and performances all year round. Friends can bring up to 3 children per adult for free when you visit. Many family activities are programmed throughout the school holidays, which means you can also open up a world of creativity and activity to the children you know.
Below are the benefits you can expect as a Friend of The Alnwick Garden.
Friend of The Alnwick Garden Membership
As well as receiving unlimited access to The Garden for a year during opening hours, Friends are also entitled to:
• Free and priority parking, fast track entry, 3 free children per visiting member
• 10% discount in the Pavilion Café, Dishy Fishy Chip Shop and Treehouse Potting Shed
• 10% discount in the Garden Gift Shop and Plant Centre (T&Cs not to be used in conjunction with any other offer, and is not applicable on alcoholic drinks, fresh produce such as cheese and sausages, and local artist concessions)
• Reduced green fees at Alnwick Castle Golf Course – £15 for 18 holes
• 10% discount off dining only at the Plough, Alnwick (Monday to Thursday from the standard menu for up to six in your party)
• 10% discount off gifts and cookware at House & Home, Alnwick
• 10% discount at Emporium, Alnwick
• 10% discount at Hotspur 1364, Alnwick (excluding Barbers). For online purchases visit www.hotspur1364.co.uk use the code Garden10 at checkout
• 10% discount at Cotswold Outdoor, Heighley Gate Garden Centre, Morpeth
• 10% discount at the Garden Centre at Heighley Gate Garden Centre, Morpeth (not in conjunction with any other offers, discounts, multi-buys, concessions, gift cards or deliveries.
• 20% discount in the Restaurant (not Costa) at Heighley Gate Garden Centre, Morpeth
• 10% discount from Marilyn and Melrose, Alnwick
Please note that although your membership is valid for 12 months, we are closed on Christmas Day and the whole of January. There are also occasions when The Garden and Treehouse close early, (the Treehouse at times may also close all day for private functions). Please check the website before your visit to avoid disappointment.Become a Friend
Friend Membership Types
- Individual – £25
- Family Joint – £45
- Concession Individual – £20
- Concession Family Joint – £40
Please note
Concession subscriptions can either be students 17 yrs and over in full time education or adults 60 yrs and over.
Family subscription can either be:
- Named Family Joint: a named second card holder; this named card holder can then visit The Garden on their own. If you choose this option the named card holder is the only additional guest who can visit on the card.
- Unnamed Family Joint: the named card holder can bring a different unnamed second guest each time.
Must See
The Alnwick Garden Trust
The Alnwick Garden is more than a garden, it is a registered charity that places people at its heart, whether they be individuals or part of a community. As well as standing for contemporary gardening excellence.Find out more
The Treehouse
Step into another world of wobbly rope bridges, wooden walkways and a treetop restaurant.Find out more
A Garden of Fairy Tales
A strange wind is blowing through The Alnwick Garden, bringing with it a band of fairy tale characters and an exciting quest.Find out more


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Syria accuses Israel of bombing outpost near Damascus
April 27 (UPI) — A Syrian regime official said Israel targeted a military position southwest of the Damascus International Airport on Thursday, causing damage.
The Syrian military official said the airstrikes damaged a fuel tank and warehouses but did not say if there were casualties, state-run Syrian Arab News Agency reported. The official said Israel launched the attack to boost the morale of terrorists — the umbrella term for any force fighting against President Bashar al-Assad's regime, which includes rebels and the Islamic State.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights monitor group reported a source said a huge explosion shook the airport and that the airstrikes may have struck a weapons depot near the airport that is believed to belong to Lebanon's Hezbollah.
Israel said the explosion was "consistent" with its policy to prevent Iran smuggling weapons to Hezbollah but stopped short of claiming responsibility for the bombing. Iran, Russia and Hezbollah support Assad's regime.
"I can confirm that the incident in Syria corresponds completely with Israel's policy to act to prevent Iran's smuggling of advanced weapons via Syria to Hezbollah in Iran. Naturally, I don't want to elaborate on this," Israeli Intelligence Minister Israel Katz told Israeli Army Radio. "The prime minister has said that whenever we receive intelligence that indicated an intention to transfer advanced weapons to Hezbollah, we will act."
Syria has been blighted by a complex civil war in which the Islamic State, the Syrian government and multiple Syrian rebel groups fight for control of territory. The upcoming cease-fire agreement does not include the Islamic State.


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Posted on July 19, 2017
Everything You Need To Know About Drug Testing
According to the American Management Association (AMA), 62% of US employers have a drug-testing program. That is because of the need to safeguard company reputation, comply with regulations, facilitate a drug-free working environment, and guarantee employee safety.
US companies employ around 75% of drug users. This makes American businesses to lose more than $80 billion every year. 12 million out of the 22 million US drug users are in full-time employment despite having substance abuse disorder. The use of amphetamines in the US workforce has increased by around 5%.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is a US federal agency that mandates all federal workplaces to test all potential hires for opiates, cocaine, and marijuana among other drugs. The prescribed test methods are:
1. Hair follicle test
2. Blood test
3. Saliva test
4. Urine test
A Drug-Free Work Environment
Drug users cost companies 300% more in medical benefits. According to studies, drug users are 20 times more absent at work than non-users. A drug user will be 1/3 less productive.
• Companies desire a drug-free environment for good reasons. A drug-free workplace is associated with:
1. Reduced absenteeism
2. Safety
3. Reduction in personal injury claims
4. Lower medical benefits
5. Increased employee morale
6. Increased productivity
Therefore, if you have a pending job interview and you are a drug user, you must take every step to make sure that you pass the pre-employment drug test and you lower the possibility of failing the random tests that will happen unannounced.
Step 1: From the moment that you know you have a pending job interview, you should stop using drugs.
Step 2: Carry out measures that will make you pass the pre-employment drug test such as natural detoxification or artificial detoxification using Azo pills drug test.
Step 3: Put in place measures for reducing or stopping drug usage because even if you pass the pre-employment test and you get the job chances are that you will fail a random drug test if you continue using drugs while you are working.
Instances of Drug Testing
• Pre-employment
In most cases, drug testing is part of the pre-employment process. This decreases the possibility of hiring a drug user.
• Random
Some companies have random drug testing. This comes unannounced, a number of times in a year. The purpose of this is to discourage drug use. An employee who tests positive will be fired or face serious penalties.
• Reasonable Suspicion
Some unusual signs might make management to suspect that an employee is using drugs. If that is the case, one might be subject to a drug test. Signs that might raise suspicion include argumentative behavior, confronting employer, low work performance, and frequent absence from work.
Drug Testing Techniques
There are a number of drug testing techniques. The most common ones are urine test and hair follicle test.
1. Hair Follicle Test
This involves assessing the presence of drug metabolites in hair follicles. To pass a hair follicle test, you will need to use a special shampoo to remove drug buildups in your hair. You should use such a shampoo a number of days prior to your drug test. If you want to know the best shampoo that will help you pass the test, you should read Nexxus Aloe Rid Shampoo review – Clear The Drug Test.
2. Urine Drug Test
This is the most common drug test. Employers like it because of its reliability and accuracy. Azo pills drug test will help you to pass a urine test.
Popular Approaches for Passing the Urine Drug Test
1. Detoxification using exercising and dieting- This will work well if you are a light or moderate drug user. If you are a heavy user, you will need more time.
2. Over the counter detoxification products-, these are suitable for heavy users or drug users who have very little time left before the interview day.
6 Factors for Successfully Passing a Pre-employment Drug Test
1. As soon as you know about a pending drug test, stop using drugs.
2. Determine if you are a light, moderate, or heavy drug user.
3. Determine the time you have left before the drug test.
4. Basing on your findings above, choose the most effective method of natural detoxification and using OTC detoxification products.
5. If you decide to use OTC products, you will need to find highly reputable products.
6. A few days before the drug test, you should carry out a home test to see if drugs have cleared from your system.
The Bottom-Line
You need to pass the drug test. If you fail it, you will miss a job opportunity that could have changed your life. You should, therefore, do everything possible to pass a drug test.


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Rating: Three out of five stars
Joseph Campbell knows his mythology; his fault lies in merging his studies of mythology with his own epistemology, portraying his own personal opinions as facts. A college professor recommended it to me, and while Campbell was indeed a scholar of mythology, I read this book with a grain of salt.
Some of the quotes in this book touch the deepest places of the human collective, while others made me cringe and, at times, put the book down.
The best moments in the book exist when he talks about ancient initiation rites of boys and girls. He explains that while girls were initiated simply by living, through menstruation, boys had to physically endure initiation rites of their own before becoming a man. Other touching moments of the book exist when Campbell talks about the Hero Journey; how "woman magic" and "earth magic" are the same; and how the artist is like the priest in the mythological role of discovering the secrets of life.
Problematic elements are scattered throughout the text, including dismissive homophobia, a lack of understanding of women's history, and racism. He comments on "proper" heterosexual marriage; how "the situation of women [in the Middle Ages] was not that bad by any means" (215); and the stereotypical dismissal of "The (Native American) father looks around on the ground – you know how Indians are, he can see by the footprints…" (96).
Overall, this book felt like a chore to read. I am glad to have read it, but I am even happier that I can now put it away.
This review can also be found on Goodreads.
Picture from Amazon.


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Beijing cracks down on religious groups, viewed as dissidents by the country's geriatric atheist rulers, yet again.
China's 'Thought Police' last night arrested all six members of the immensely fashionable Falun and the Gongs pop group, who are adherents of the Qui Gong mystical religious cult banned by the ruling Politburo.
A Ministry of Paranoia spokesman, Mr. Fok Yew Tu, informed the International Herald Shitraker that the group, who are currently being held at Shanghai's infamous 'Smiley Face Organ Donor Prison' would be charged with sedition.
The Royal Bank of Scumland (RBS) has demanded £40,000 compensation from an unemployed 17-year-old girl who was filmed on CCTV vandalising the bank's office equipment during the recent G20 protests in London.
The girl, who cannot be named for legal reasons (Slutsy McGammer) admitted criminal damage when protesters targeted the Shitspindle Street branch of the RBS on the 1st April.
Judge Desmond Dunce, presiding over the case, opined that the RBS banksters were a bunch of greedy bastards in demanding £40,000 in compensation for a pc monitor and keyboard smashed by the girl, awarding a more realistic replacement figure of £150 instead.
Fears that an Iranian ban on imports from its arch enemy Israel was flouted by the sale of Jaffa Sunny D' mutant orange drink have sparked furious reactions and inquiries at both the Ministry of Xenophobia and the Department for Paranoia in Tehran.
Customs official jumped into action after discovering the Israeli 'Frankenstein flavour' fruit juice drink was allegedly imported in boxes marked as being of Chinese origin but actually shipped from the crime capital of the Gulf : Dubai.
The Jaffa orange drink, named after a famous Palestinian city, is usually known for its sweetness, however Iranian customs chemists have determined the contraband juice had been tampered with after analysis revealed each and every carton contained massive amounts of human urine.
Revolutionary Guards chief Mustafa Crap told reporters "This is the work of the filthy scumbag Israeli Mossad – pissing in the orange juice then smuggling it to Tehran so our people will drink it. They are mad – this is their sick sense of humour and it is not funny."
"Just wait until our deep cover moles and agents provocateur finish at the Israeli 'Dancing Camel' brewery and see what their 'Half-Wit' beer tastes like after its been pissed in by the Gaza gangsters."
While millions are starving to death across the globe, specifically in the famine-ravaged African nations of Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia, and no-one in the First World West really giving a flying fuck about the situation or doing anything positively constructive to alleviate the suffering and solve the problem, the EU has decided, in a true to form Alice in Wonderland numpty dumpty paradox that flocks of vultures, suffering from hunger in the mountains of Spain must be nourished at all costs.
The vultures are starving because of previously-enacted EU regulations that aimed to stop the spread of mad-cow disease across Europe, with dead cattle being buried and covered with quick lime.
Brussels-based European MPs voted for a change in the law to allow farmers to leave dead livestock in their fields - providing it is deemed safe and hygienic - with bleeding heart environmentalists describing the birds as "nature's cleaners".
A lack of natural carrion has forced the birds to embark on some rather long-haul trips - one was even spotted recently in the UK town of Smegmadale, perched on top of a bus shelter outside a Greedy Grocer Extra supermarket, feasting on the remains of a homeless Big Issue vendor.
While the World's criminal governments are continuing to bail out the useless insolvent banksters who have caused the economic collapse and recession, what's the problem with bailing out another bunch of vultures in Spain?
North Korea has started to reprocess spent fuel rods at its nuclear plant, the country's Central News Agency (Knockers) announced yesterday.
Great Dear Leader Kim Mah Jong, after consulting his favourite trusted Feng Shui man has decided to reopen the Yongbong reactor (closed to comply with UN sanction demands) and commence processing weapons-grade plutonium for the development of thermo-nuclear bombs.
The reprocessing move comes after Pyongyang's successful launch of a long-range intercontinental rocket in April, capable of carrying warhead payloads.
The Minister for Shit-Stirring, Mr. Pak Lunch, told the nuclear physics correspondent from Gardener's Weekly that their Great Dear Leader was sick to the teeth with the Zionist US's hypocritical and demonising protests about North Korea's supposed war-like intentions when the US were the ones illegally invading Middle Eastern countries to steal their oil and opium crops and establish permanent military bases.
"No problem – we start reprocessing the spent fuel rods into weapons grade plutonium and make a few nukes – maybe give some left-overs to Iran – really put the willies up America and Israel."
"We're all getting fed up with Europe's and America's New World Order and their neo-imperialist oppressions. Just watch, all the marginalised and disaffected Third World nations are going to gang up on their past colonial masters and give them some shit back."
"The reprocessing will contribute to bolstering our nuclear deterrence for self-defence in every way to cope with the increasing military threats from the hostile belligerent forces of the West. We'll show them the real meaning of their "Axis of Evil".
The UN Security Council imposed sanctions on three North Korean companies in response to the reprocessing announcement.
Conversely Pyongyang said it would ignore the sanctions, describing them as "a wanton violation of the UN charter" and that the Zionist-controlled UN could "kiss their yellow spotty arses."
Ex-British Slime Minister, Tony Bliar, is set to pitch his candidacy bid to become the next European President.
Backed by the midget French premier Nicknacks Teakozy and various other questionable and dishonest sponsors, Bliar states he wants to build a bridge between Europe and the new O'Barmy pro-Zionist administration – while caustic critics posture that the bridge he wishes to build is more than likely one between the EU's coffers and his own offshore pension fund to sate the voracious financial appetites of his materialistic grasping spouse Cherie Baby – she of the burst tyre mouth who, being a devout Satanist, has never read Matthew 16:26.
However, Tony Bliar as prime minister or Mid- East peace envoy or EU president is no more ridiculous that Gordon 'Incapability' Brown being considered as the G-20's financial guru or Barky O'Barmy as the legitimate President of the USA.
News splattered across the pages of the gutter press announcing that incumbent US President Barky O'Barmy has personally drafted and signed into law a 'Most Favoured Nation' trade agreement with Kenya has been blasted by White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel Slimeberg as an 'utter and subversive rumour'.
However a pall of conspiratorial silence descended over the press room when it was pointed out that the White House changed its US suppliers of mangoes, bananas and coconuts to the Nairobi-based 'O'Barmy United Fruit Company on the 20th January this year.
Further questions of "Where are you buying all the new teleprompters?" went ignored.
Building bigger and stronger levees in New Orleans will not be enough to save the US city from another Hurricane Katrina, according to a survey leaked to the Daily Shitraker.
The survey, sponsored by the Shylock Landgrabbers Group, stated the risks of severe flooding in the city could "never be fully eliminated" especially so when a hurricane like Katrina was spiked up and directed onto the place with HAARP array weather modification technology.
The survey also stated that while the levees were considered adequate for any normal to severe rise in the water levels of Lake Pontchartrain, nothing could stop them being breached if US government agent provocateurs and Blackwater Security operatives were allowed to go round blasting fucking big holes in them with military grade high explosives, as occurred in August 2005.
Mexican authorities have closed schools and public buildings in the capital in a bid to contain a new flu virus suspected of killing over 250 people this week.
The gastro-intestinal virus which was at first considered to be a variant of the seasonal 'bean virus' which causes sufferers to basically 'fart to death' is now being reassessed and early test results indicate it is actually a highly virulent variant mutated strain of 'swine flu' which while it can be spread from person to person in the human spectrum by airborne transmission, the initial infections normally originate from horny hard-up peasants shagging pigs.
Doctors in Mexico City and the surrounding rural areas are advising anyone who has actually had sex with a pig recently to seek medical advice and get their flu shot.
Gurkha Veterans Shit on by New Labour:
Campaigners have reacted with anger to new rules on the eligibility of Gurkha veterans to live in the UK.
Jacqui 'Stabvest' Smith, the 'Second Home' Secretary told the Tortoise Polisher's review that new rules would allow about 4,300 more to settle, but the Gurkha Justice Campaign said Smith was lying through her teeth as usual and the actual number would be less than 100.
Actress Joanna Scumley, a campaigner for the Gurkhas, said the announcement made her "ashamed of Gordon 'Incapability' Brown's shithouse administration".
Immigration Minister Phil Pockets denied he had betrayed the Gurkhas, adding: "Just because they were in the British Army and fought for us, risking life and limb, doesn't mean they're entitled to anything more than a free kitbag and a double ration of Kendal mint cake."
He added: "It has never been the case that all Gurkhas pre-1997 were to be allowed to stay in the country. With their goat-bonking dependants you could be looking at 100,000 people – more than all the sponging Poles and Albanian swan roasting Pikeys we've already ended up with camping out here."
Mr. Pockets concluded with "Let's be honest, they have my sympathy – which is in the dictionary right between 'shit' and 'syphilis' - who the fuck wants to live in Nepal anyway– apart from disaffected British hippie types. I suppose it's okay if you want to get out of bed in a morning and look at Mount Everest, but that's about all."
A Japanese pop singer who was arrested for public indecency after being found drunk and naked in a Tokyo park has apologised for his "shameful" conduct by donating his entire fortune to the founding of a 'Manky Mallard' Shinto shrine.
"I drank a lot and did not know what I was doing," Turbo Kuntashagi said on Friday after being released by police.
"I deeply apologise to fans for causing so much trouble and worry," he added.
Kuntashagi, 34, shot to fame as a member of 1980s boy band FLASHERS.
At the time of his arrest, Kuntashagi was allegedly sitting on the grass naked, heavily intoxicated and engaged in an unnatural sexual act with one of the park's Mallard waterfowl.
He was charged with duck buggery, which can carry a sentence of ten years hard labour and mandatory chemical castration. His name and case details have summarily been entered into the national sex offender's register as a zoophiliac pervert and he is henceforth prohibited from going within 100 meters of a duck pond.
Local media reports said he had drunk more than 10 glasses of Japanese rice wine (saki) and beer before going into the park for a quick hand job.
His arrest has been a major news story in Japan, where Kuntashagi was the face of a government campaign to get the public to buy shares in their ailing and insolvent banks.
Since the arrest, Toyota Motor Corp and other leading companies have cancelled commercials featuring the duck-fucking pop star.
Hillarious Rodent Clinton has landed in the Iraqi capital Baghdad for her first visit to the country as US Secretary of Sleaze.
Clinton touched down on her broomstick amidst a firefight between a squad of Iraqi Shia police and a platoon of Shite military troops, blasting the hell out of each other for control of the airport's customs depot and lucrative smuggling trade.
Accompanied by her friend and mentor, Sapphie Dildodo, famed feminist and author of the controversial best-seller "Strapon Diplomacy", the Rodent's visit comes in the wake of two days of suicide bomb attacks on Baghdad and other Iraqi shitholes which killed at least 155,000 people and wounded several others.
Clinton told unaffiliated reporters from Al Jazeera and other Gulf media stations she wanted to help identify how to counter the violence – to which they politely suggested the US and other neo-colonial warmongers get their arses out of Iraq and put a stop to the illegal occupation.
Broomstick pilot Clinton, who obviously doesn't understand the first principle of self-determination or the fact that 'Democracy' does not really translate as "You'll do what we say – or else" still cannot comprehend why Iraq will not function peacefully when it is being 'governed' (sic) by US-Zionist Shia puppets.
Going into her usual hysterical screaming profanity mode, Clinton howled "I want an evaluation of what these kinds of rejectionist efforts mean and what can be done to prevent them by both the Iraqi government and the US forces – or do we need another dose of 'Shock and Awe'?"
It will be noted that a lull to the sectarian fighting was observed last month when all sides ran out of ammunition for almost a week.
The US President, Mr. Teleprompter O'Barmy, who visited Iraq a couple of weeks ago for half an hour, has committed the US to withdrawing troops from Iraq by the end of June (2050).
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Rusty's Skewed News Views : Purveyors of Bespoke Satire
Sunday, 26 April 2009
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22 Jul Beer & Food Pairings
There's no better thing in life than perfectly paired food and drink.
Lucky for all of us, we're now offering a 'Beer & Nibbles' platter which is precisely that. Three 1/3 pints of award-winning classic WEST beers paired with three specially chosen beer snacks.
Currywurst bites & German Pale Ale
Obatzda smoked paprika puffs & St. Mungo
Smoked haddock & salmon fishcake & Hefeweizen
The dry and slightly hoppy GPA settles the spice of the currywurst, while the strong flavours of the paprika puffs are perfectly complemented by the clean and crisp St. Mungo premium lager. The fruity and refreshing Hefeweizen wheat beer – a WEST staff favourite – is just the match for the delightful haddock and salmon fishcake.
As a starter to your meal or just an evening snack, our Beer & Nibbles platter is a must for every beer lover and food aficionado!
Connect with us – give us a review or post a picture next time you're in.