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Activation of platelet-derived growth factor-β (PDGF-β) receptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS) modulates the late phase of the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in the rat. We hypothesized that temporal changes in PDGF-β receptor expression could underlie the ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH). Normoxic ventilation was examined in adult Sprague-Dawley rats chronically exposed to 10% O2, and at 0, 1, 2, 7, and 14 days, Northern and Western blots of the dorsocaudal brain stem were performed for assessment of PDGF-β receptor expression. Although no significant changes in PDGF-β receptor mRNA occurred over time, marked attenuation of PDGF-β receptor protein became apparent after day 7 of hypoxic exposure. Such changes were significantly correlated with concomitant increases in normoxic ventilation, i.e., with VAH (r: −0.56, P < 0.005). In addition, long-term administration of PDGF-BB in the nTS via osmotic pumps loaded with either PDGF-BB (n = 8) or vehicle (Veh;n = 8) showed that although no significant changes in the magnitude of acute HVR occurred in Veh over time, the typical attenuation of HVR by PDGF-BB decreased over time. Furthermore, PDGF-BB microinjections did not attenuate HVR in acclimatized rats at 7 and 14 days of hypoxia (n = 10). We conclude that decreased expression of PDGF-β receptors in the dorsocaudal brain stem correlates with the magnitude of VAH. We speculate that the decreased expression of PDGF-β receptors is mediated via internalization and degradation of the receptor rather than by transcriptional regulation.
- growth factors
- nucleus of solitary tract
- brain stem
- chronic hypoxia
- platelet-derived growth factor-β
the acute ventilatory response to hypoxia in adult mammalian species is biphasic. After an initial ventilatory enhancement, there is a subsequent decrease in ventilation to levels that, although exceeding those during normoxia, are lower than the peak early ventilatory increase (47). However, sustained exposure to environmental hypoxia will lead to a time-dependent increase in ventilation, which has been termed ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH) and occurs in humans, goats, ponies, and also in rats (10, 14, 17, 30, 32, 40, 47). Although increased sensitivity of arterial chemoreceptors has been shown to contribute to VAH (5, 6, 16, 41, 54, 59), it has become increasingly clear that central mechanisms are also operative in this process (13, 50, 60) and may contribute to the increased ventilatory output that is readily measurable when normoxic or isocapnic hypoxic mixtures are breathed (1, 9). Indeed, the process of adaptation to hypoxia that results in VAH appears to involve both ends of the primary synaptic pathways underlying the ventilatory response, such that development of increased sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreceptors occurs in parallel with integration of afferent input and amplification of centrally generated efferent output (13).
In a previous study, we found that the early phase of the acute hypoxic ventilatory response is attenuated by platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) but not by PDGF-AA in the rat dorsocaudal brain stem (19), such that this attenuation is mediated by activation of PDGF-β receptors within the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS) (19). Furthermore, the second or late phase of the biphasic hypoxic ventilatory response was dependent on the presence and activation of PDGF-β receptors, such that pharmacological inhibition of PDGF-β receptors in the rat resulted in significant attenuation of the hypoxic ventilatory depression (19). Similarly, diminished expression of PDGF-β receptors in transgenic mice was associated with almost complete abolition of the typical ventilatory decline that characteristically occurs with ongoing hypoxia (19). Additional examination revealed that both PDGF-B chain and PDGF-β receptors, but not PDGF-α receptors, were abundantly expressed in a large proportion of nTS neurons undergoing functional recruitment (as evidenced by c-Fos induction) during hypoxia, and that acute hypoxia induced PDGF-B chain mRNA enhancements (19). On the basis of these data, we hypothesized that VAH could be mediated at least in part by temporal changes in PDGF-β receptor function, such that reciprocal relationships would emerge between the magnitude of VAH and the expression of PDGF-β receptor within the nTS.
The experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee and are in close agreement with the National Research Council publication, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering, to reduce the number of animals used, and to utilize alternatives to in vivo techniques. Survival experiments were performed under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia (50 mg/kg ip) on 38 male Sprague-Dawley young adult rats (200–225 g) as previously described (37). In one set of experiments (group I), a small diameter hole was drilled into the occipital skull, and a small cannula (22G; Plastics One, Roanoke, VA) was surgically implanted at, or in close proximity to, the nTS according to standard stereotaxic coordinates (−13.85 mm bregma, 0.2 mm off midline, 8.0 mm depth) (44). The cannula was then connected via PE-50 tubing to preloaded osmotic pumps (model 1002; Alza, Palo Alto, CA) preset to deliver the designated solution at 0.25 μl/h, consisting of either vehicle (Veh) or PDGF-BB (80 nM). After surgery, animals were allowed to recover for 24 h as demonstrated by return to spontaneous feeding and drinking patterns.
In a second set of experiments (group II), a small cannula was placed as in group I and occluded with a guide obturator. Rats were then allowed to recover for 24 h, after which 100 nl of l-glutamate solution (l-Glu; 1 μM) were microinjected with the animal in a barometric chamber to verify that the anticipated ventilatory enhancements indeed occurred and thus confirm adequate position of the cannula. In addition, 100-nl nTS microinjections of Veh and PDGF-BB (80 nM) were carried out 2 h apart and, 15–20 min after each injection, hypoxic challenges (10% O2 balanced in N2) were conducted for 20 min to demonstrate the anticipated attenuation of the hypoxic response (19). Rats that had a positive response, i.e., increased ventilation after l-Glu administration, and that also displayed a PDGF-BB-induced attenuation of their peak hypoxic response compared with vehicle (19), were then placed in an environmental chamber and exposed to chronic hypoxia for 14 days. Microinjections of l-Glu, PDGF-BB, and Veh and corresponding acute hypoxic challenges were repeated at days 7 and 14.
At the conclusion of the experiments in groups I andII, animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg ip), microinjected with 100 nl of 20% methylene blue, and transcardially perfused with 100 ml of PBS (0.01 M at pH 7.4), followed by 500 ml of fixative containing 4% paraformaldehyde, 7.85 g lysine, and 1.075 g sodium-metaperiodate in PBS. The brains were removed from the skull and preserved in 4% paraformaldehyde until processing. To verify adequate position of the cannula, serial brain stem sections were obtained, and the position of the tip of the cannula, as well as the overall extent of the diffusion of methylene blue, was verified by light microscopy. If the placement of the cannula tip was outside the boundaries corresponding to the nTS, the experimental data from that animal were not included in data analysis.
Exposures to Hypoxia
In group I, ventilatory measures were recorded in room air conditions and during a 20-min exposure to 10% O2in N2 by use of a preset gas mixture, 1 day before (−1), on the day of surgery (0), and on days 1, 2, 4,and 7 after implantation of the osmotic pump. To ascertain that no degeneration of PDGF-BB occurred within the osmotic pump over the 7-day duration of these experiments, samples of PDGF-BB (80 nM) were kept in an incubator at 37°C for 7 days and 100-nl microinjections were then carried out on day 7 in those animals receiving chronic administration of vehicle via the osmotic pump, followed by a 20-min hypoxic challenge 20 min after administration.
Group II animals underwent 14 days of chronic hypoxic exposures by sojourning in a custom-designed chamber (volume ∼0.2 m3; Oxycycler, Reming Bioinstruments, Redfield, NY) that was operated under a 12:12-h light-dark cycle. O2concentration was continuously measured by an O2 analyzer and maintained at 10% by a servo-controlled system, such that deviations from the desired concentration were met by addition of N2 or O2 through computer-driven solenoid valves. Ambient CO2 in the chamber was continuously monitored and maintained at <1,500 ppm by appropriate adjustments in the overall chamber ventilation. Humidity was maintained at 40–50%, while ambient temperature was kept at 22–24°C. Ondays 0, 7, and 14 of hypoxia, 100-nl microinjections of Veh and PDGF-BB (80 nM) were performed 2 h apart into the nTS after collection of baseline ventilatory measures in room air for 15 min. Fifteen to twenty minutes after each microinjection, 20-min hypoxic challenges (10% O2 balanced in N2) were performed, after which animals were returned to the chamber or euthanized with a pentobarbital overdose for assessment of cannula location. In addition, on days 0, 1, 7, and14 of chronic hypoxia, l-Glu microinjections were also performed, and ventilatory responses were measured as described in the next section.
Ventilatory and Cardiovascular Recordings
Cardiorespiratory measures were continuously acquired in the freely behaving animals by use of the barometric method (Buxco Electronics, Troy, NY) (2, 43). To minimize the long-term effect of signal drift due to temperature and pressure changes outside the chamber, a reference chamber of equal size in which temperature was measured using a T-type thermocouple was used. In addition, a correction factor was incorporated into the software routine to account for inspiratory and expiratory barometric asymmetries (15). Environmental temperature was maintained slightly below the thermoneutral range (24–26°C). At least 60 min before the start of each protocol, animals were allowed to acclimate to the chamber, in which humidified air (70–90% relative humidity) was passed through at a rate of 4 l/min as appropriate, using a precision flow pump-reservoir system. Pressure changes in the chamber due to the inspiratory and expiratory temperature changes were measured using a high gain differential pressure transducer (model MP45–1, Validyne) (11). Analog signals were continuously digitized and analyzed on-line by a microcomputer software program (Buxco Electronics). A rejection algorithm was included in the breath-by-breath analysis routine and allowed for accurate rejection of motion-induced artifacts. Tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and minute ventilation (V˙e) were computed and stored for subsequent off-line analysis.
Measurement of blood gas values.
Arterial blood samples were obtained from the implanted arterial catheter in the rats subjected to experiment I. After withdrawal of 75–100 μl of blood in the dead space of the catheter, another 150 μl were sampled for immediate analysis of Po 2, Pco 2, and pH with a blood gas analyzer (model 178, Ciba Corning). Measurements were always performed before the hypoxic gas switch and during the last minute of each hypoxic challenge.
Immunoblotting of PDGF-β receptor.
Pooled dorsocaudal brain stem tissues (n = 5–6 animals/sample) primarily corresponding to the nTS were harvested from normoxic or chronically hypoxic rats by punch sampling with a 17-gauge thin-walled hypodermic needle as previously described (21). Six separate experiments corresponding to a total of 30–36 rats/condition were conducted. Samples were homogenized in lysis buffer (PBS pH 7.6, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.1% SDS, 20 mM sodium orthovanadate, 10 μg/ml aprotinin, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, and 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). Supernatants obtained from 30-min centrifugation at 15,000 g were assayed for protein content (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Three hundred micrograms of protein were used for the immunoprecipitation of PDGF-β receptor protein and incubated overnight at 4°C with 12 μg of PDGF-β receptor antibody (UBI, Lake Placid, NY) in a total volume of 250 μl, after which 20 μl of protein A-Sepharose were added and incubated for 1 h at 4°C. The immunoprecipitates were washed three times with lysis buffer and resuspended in a mixture of 20 μl lysis buffer and 20 μl SDS-sample buffer (0.5 M Tris, pH 6.5, 20% glycerol, 4% SDS, and 100 mM dithiothreitol). Proteins were separated by electrophoresis on a 8% Tris-glycine gel (Novex, San Diego, CA) and transferred to a 0.2-μm nitrocellulose membrane. Nonspecific binding was blocked by 1 h of incubation with 5% BSA in TBS-Tween 20 (TBS-T). The membrane was incubated overnight at 4°C with PDGF-β receptor antibody (1:300; UBI). Membranes were washed with TBS-T and incubated with secondary antibodies for 1 h. After extensive washing, proteins were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL).
Northern Blots
Pooled dorsocaudal rat brain stem specimens (n = 2–3/sample) primarily corresponding to nTS regions were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen then stored at −70°C until use. Three separate experiments, corresponding to a total of 6–9 rats/condition, were conducted. Total RNA was isolated from the samples using a guanadinium/cesium chloride isolation method, exactly as previously described (29). Fifteen micrograms of total rat brain or lung RNA (as control) in denaturation buffer were added per well of a 1.2% formaldehyde/agarose gel and separated overnight via electrophoresis. RNA was transferred from the gel to a nylon membrane (Immobilon-N) by capillary action overnight. Prehybridization took place for 3 h at 62°C, and hybridization took place overnight at 62°C. cDNA templates were random-primed with32P-radiolabeled dCTP by the random primer method using the Ready-To-Go DNA labeling kit (Pharmacia). A plasmid designated b15a, which includes the sequence for the rat PDGF-β receptor cDNA, was kindly provided by Dr. Michael Pech, Basel, Switzerland. TheEcoR I/Hind III restriction enzyme fragment from the b15a plasmid was used as a template to generate the radiolabeled PDGF-β receptor probe. A plasmid with the murine 18S cDNA construct was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD) and used to generate labeled probes as a loading control. Labeled probes were separated from unincorporated nucleotides using the TE Midi SELECT-D, G-50 spin columns (5 Prime-3 Prime, Boulder, CO). Hybridized membranes were washed with 2× standard sodium citrate (SSC) with 0.5% SDS, then 0.2× SSC with 0.5% SDS at 37 and 62°C. Images were generated for the hybridized autoradiographic signal by exposing the membrane to Biomax Film (Kodak) for 2 days. The hybridized autoradiographic signal was quantified using a Fuji phosphoimager plate (Fugix BAS 1000) and the McBAS 2.5 software (Fuji USA, Stanford, CT). PDGF-β receptor results were adjusted using the 18S loading control.
Data Analysis
Values are reported as means ± SD. Baseline ventilation before each hypoxic run was defined as the average of ventilatory measures during the 3-min period immediately preceding the gas switch. For ventilatory challenges, mean V˙e values in 1-min bins were calculated, and the peak V˙e value of the hypoxic run was considered as representative of the hypoxic ventilatory response. To normalize across the various experiments, the overall peakV˙e increase during hypoxia was calculated using the normoxic baseline preceding each challenge and was therefore expressed as %baseline.
For Western and Northern blot procedures, semiquantitative analysis of the bands was performed by scanning densitometry or by using the count values derived from the phosphorimager plates. Comparisons across treatment groups of numerical data were performed using either Student's t-tests or two-way ANOVA (treatment and time or hypoxia) followed by Newman-Keuls post hoc tests, as appropriate. Linear regression between PDGF-β receptor levels and corresponding normoxic ventilation was also examined in the rats exposed to chronic hypoxia, and the correlation coefficient was calculated from the regression analysis. A P value of <0.05 was considered to achieve statistical significance.
Group I Experiments
As previously shown with acute nTS microinjections of PDGF-BB (19), continuous administration of the growth factor within nTS locations (Fig. 1) resulted in significant attenuation of the acute ventilatory response to hypoxia (HVR) at days 1 and 2 compared with days −1 and 0 (Fig. 2; Table1; n = 8;P < 0.001) and compared with Veh-treated rats (n = 8; P < 0.001). However, atday 4, the PDGF-BB effect on HVR was not as pronounced, and by day 7, the HVR reduction had virtually disappeared [Table 1; P < 0.0001 ANOVA for time; P was nonsignificant (NS) day 0 vs. day 7]. To ascertain that PDGF-BB was still active at the later time points, and that the attenuation of the PDGF-BB effect was not the result of diminished PDGF-BB activity over time, on day 7 we performed in Veh-treated rats 100-nl microinjections of PDGF-BB kept for 7 days at 37°C, and we then assessed their HVR. Significant attenuation of HVR occurred after PDGF-BB administration (Fig. 2). Arterial blood gases confirmed the dynamic ventilatory changes associated with prolonged PDGF-BB administration, such that Pco 2 was higher in PDGF-BB-treated rats during acute hypoxic challenges than in Veh-treated animals at days 1 and 4 (Table 2). This is in contrast with day 7, at which time point Pco 2 during the hypoxic challenge was similar in both treatment groups (Table 2). Of note, the microcannulas were not in place in four rats.
Group II Experiments
Microinjection of l-Glu within the nTS at days 0, 1, 7, and 14 of chronic hypoxia revealed small but significant increments in the magnitude of V˙eenhancements elicited by this treatment at days 7 and14 compared with days 0 and 1 (Fig.3; n = 10;P < 0.01 ANOVA).
As previously shown, PDGF-BB at day 0 was associated with attenuation of HVR (19). In contrast, identical treatments at days 7 and 14 of chronic hypoxia failed to elicit any significant effect on HVR (Fig.4; n = 10). In the other eight animals designated for these experiments, the cannula was either not in the right location (n = 2) or became dislodged during the chronic hypoxic exposure (n = 6), such that data were not available.
Chronic Exposure to Hypoxia
When rats not undergoing any surgery were exposed to chronic hypoxia, ventilatory measurements performed in normoxia revealed time-dependent V˙e increases indicative of VAH (Fig.5; n = 34/time point). These animals were then euthanized for tissue harvesting for PDGF-β receptor immunoreactivity (see next section).
PDGF-β Immunoblots and Northern Blots
Exposure to chronic hypoxia was associated with decreases in PDGF-β receptor immunoreactivity that became statistically significant at 7 and 14 days (Fig. 6). Linear regression of normoxic ventilation (as a correlate measure of VAH) plotted against PDGF-β receptor densitometric readings revealed a significant relationship between these two measurements (r: −0.56; P < 0.005; Fig.7).
In contrast, no significant changes occurred over time during prolonged hypoxia in PDGF-β receptor mRNA (Fig.8).
This study shows that long-term administration of PDGF-BB is associated with blunting of its attenuating effect on the acute hypoxic ventilatory response and that such changes are concordant with the temporal characteristics of VAH emergence in the rat. This observation is further reinforced by the decreasing effect of acute PDGF-BB administration on the attenuation of the acute ventilatory response to hypoxia in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia at time points in which VAH is either developing or fully established. Thus the physiological data and the changes in PDGF-β receptor expression suggest that the latter may underlie components of VAH. Indeed, evidence for decreasing expression of the PDGF-β receptor, albeit without significant changes in receptor mRNA, occurred over time during exposure to chronic hypoxia within the dorsocaudal brain stem, and such changes in PDGF-β receptor expression correlated with ventilatory evidence of VAH.
Ventilatory Measurements
The magnitude and time course of ventilatory changes associated with VAH vary across the various mammalian species, ranging from a few hours and ventilatory increases during normoxia by 30–60% above prehypoxic normoxic levels to up to several weeks and doubling of ventilatory output during hypoxia (6, 10, 32). The ventilatory measurements during normoxia in the chronically hypoxic rats (Fig. 3), as well as the overall increases in the acute ventilatory response to l-Glu (Fig. 4) and to acute hypoxia after microinjection of vehicle in group II rats (data not shown) are in close concordance with previous studies on VAH in rats (1, 40, 51) and display some degree of biological variability, particularly during the first day of chronic hypoxic exposure (see Fig. 7). Notwithstanding this interindividual variability in ventilatory adaptation, the abolition of the ventilatory effect of PDGF-BB on the acute ventilatory response, after either long-term administration of this growth factor or after chronic hypoxia, suggests that PDGF-related pathways have undergone functional modifications during the process of acclimatization in this species.
Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of VAH
In an interesting series of experiments using an extracorporeal oxygenator to allow for separate control of blood gas characteristics at the carotid body and brain tissue levels, application of sustained carotid body hypoxia in the absence of brain tissue hypoxia in goats was found to be a prerequisite for the development of VAH in the goat (4, 7). Furthermore, initiation of the VAH process appeared to be critically dependent on the increased afferent neural input originating from peripheral chemoreceptor activation during hypoxia, such that elimination of peripheral chemosensory input virtually abolished VAH (3, 41). Furthermore, chronic exposure of glomus type 1 cells to chronic hypoxia resulted in increased cell excitability and calcium mobilization, resulting in part from recruitment of cAMP-dependent pathways (56) as well as from changes in sodium and potassium channel conductances (22).
In contrast, application of isolated brain hypoxia to awake goats did not induce VAH, suggesting that central mechanisms may not be operative in the initial process of ventilatory acclimatization (61). However, administration of carbon monoxide to awake ponies, such as to induce a reduction of arterial oxygen content without stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors, resulted in ventilatory increases over time that were compatible with VAH, thereby suggesting that both an early peripherally mediated component and a subsequent central component of VAH occur and are required for the complete expression of VAH (31). To further explore the nature of this central component to VAH, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain was performed in humans to assess whether brain intracellular acidosis provided the supplemental stimulus to ventilatory acclimatization to high altitude (18). However, these experiments clearly ruled out the possibility that changes in intracellular pH contribute to VAH (18). In addition, no definitive role was found for endogenous opioids and serotonin centrally, or for dopamine peripherally, as potential modulators of VAH (23, 27, 28, 38, 39,42, 45, 46, 60).
More recently, Schmitt et al. (51) reported that tyrosine hydroxylase content and norepinephrine turnover exclusively increased in the caudal part of the nTS in rats, were preceded by ventilatory evidence of VAH, and, more importantly, that the biochemical and physiological parameters were highly correlated. Thus VAH is associated with intrinsic modifications of gene expression within dorsocaudal brain stem neurons that primarily subserve components of the ventilatory reflex arc (12, 55). Such genomic modifications may in turn induce changes in the physiological properties of these neurons, as shown by Nolan and Waldrop (35), who found enhanced discharge frequencies in response to hypoxia in ventrolateral medullary neurons from rats after acclimatization to hypoxia compared with normoxic controls. In addition, Dwinnel and Powell (13) recently demonstrated centrally mediated increases in phrenic nerve output developing over the course of acclimatization to hypoxia in rats. We believe that the modest, albeit significant, increases in ventilation in response to microinjection of l-Glu in the acclimatized rats provide additional evidence for evolving changes in the responsivity of nTS neurons to excitatory stimuli such as increased peripheral chemoreceptor input. Therefore, we support the current conceptual framework for development of VAH to include early dependency on peripheral chemoreceptor integrity, which is followed by substantial alterations in the physiological properties of brain stem neurons. In this context, the present study further adds to this concept and proposes an important role for PDGF-β receptors in mediating components of such centrally dependent VAH in a rat model.
Role of PDGF-BB and PDGF-β Receptors in the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response
It is now quite well established that nuclei within the brain stem show high levels of expression for both the PDGF-B chain (49) and the PDGF-β receptors (19, 53). In contrast, PDGF-α receptors are preferentially expressed in glial cells and display different topographic abundance compared with PDGF-β receptors (19, 48, 58, 62-64).
The abundance of PDGF-related pathways within many of the nuclei underlying the neural substrate for the hypoxic ventilatory response was highly suggestive that PDGF isoforms and their receptors could play a functional role in both the immediate and the long-term mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxia. Several lines of evidence led to this assumption. 1) PDGF-B chain expression is greatly increased in neural regions after focal ischemia (24-26, 36), where it has been assigned a putative role in the prevention of neuronal cell death (8). 2) Activation of PDGF-β receptors by their specific ligand, PDGF-BB, will inhibitN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent excitatory postsynaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampal slices (57), possibly through a recently uncovered pathway that involves activation of GTPase-activating protein of Ras (RasGAP) and binding of RasGAP to the Src kinase to form a complex that prevents the phosphorylation of phospholipase C (50). Phospholipase C is prominently involved in mediating the ventilatory response to hypoxia within an NMDA glutamate receptor-protein kinase C pathway (18, 21, 52).3) Pharmacological studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that PDGF-BB attenuates the acute phase of the hypoxic ventilatory response, whereas reduction of PDGF-β receptor function by use of either transgenic or pharmacological approaches prevents development of the hypoxic ventilatory depression that characteristically follows the acute response (19). Therefore, in the setting of acute hypoxia, activation of PDGF-β receptors within dorsocaudal brain stem nuclei reduces the magnitude of the acute hypoxic ventilatory response and thereby modulates the onset of the late phase of this response. We now show that development of VAH is closely linked to the reduction of PDGF-β receptor expression in the dorsocaudal brain stem. Because the decreased expression of the receptor as evidenced by the Western blots was not accompanied by a parallel decrease in PDGF-β receptor mRNA, it is possible that receptor downregulation may have occurred via sustained autophosphorylation, followed by internalization and degradation of the receptor through the ubiquitin proteasome proteolytic pathway (33, 34). However, we cannot exclude with certainty that the absence of PDGF-β receptor mRNA changes with chronic hypoxia may be due to alterations in posttranscriptional regulation.
In summary, we present novel evidence supporting a role for PDGF-β receptors within the dorsocaudal brain stem in mediating ventilatory components that characterize the phenomenon of ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. These findings further suggest that central mechanisms involving PDGF are indeed operative in VAH and that VAH may in fact represent a complex interplay between peripheral and central neurons. Each of these two intimately linked systems undergoes complex cellular and molecular changes that will ultimately result in optimal organismal adaptation and survival.
Differential activation of glutamate receptors, such as NMDA receptors (37), and growth factor receptors, such as the PDGF-β receptor (19) within the nTS during the early phases (<1 h) of the hypoxic ventilatory response, suggests that the unique downstream signaling intracellular pathways linked to these receptors are not only involved in moment-to-moment ventilatory output regulation but may also be critical for induction of protective and/or adaptive genes that permit ventilatory acclimatization, as shown in the present study. It is therefore possible that the time domains of complex receptor-receptor and protein-protein interactions induced by hypoxia will in turn induce transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of multiple genes aiming to secure functional adaptation, cell survival, and/or programmed cell death and synaptic plasticity.
We thank Dr. Samir El-Dahr for constructive criticisms and suggestions throughout the duration of this research project.
This study was supported in part by grants from the American Lung Association (CI-002-N), the National Institutes of Health (RO1 HL-65270 and F31 DA-05948), a Maternal and Child Health Training Grant (MCJ-229163), and the American Heart Association (AHA-0050442N).
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: D. Gozal, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Univ. of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston St., Ste. 321, Louisville, KY 40202 (E-mail: d0goza01{at}gwise.louisville.edu).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2000 the American Physiological Society

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You need to master all the chords, crack open the thriller of the fret strains, and develop those calluses, after all. There is no one else I would go to and I found him on Yelp. Tuning the G string to the D string is done in the identical manner. By maintaining the thumb behind the second finger and playing off the front of the bass guitar modes chart best beginner fingerstyle guitar songs, the classical guitarist units the left hand shape. As soon as you are outfitted with the necessary info concerning guitars, it's extremely uncertain that you will make a improper selection. It is effectively a single web page best beginner fingerstyle guitar songs, and that means adding on Service Employee assist ought to be super best beginner fingerstyle guitar songs. I was improper. Play the B Main. Heck, Blues, Rock and to an extent Jazz guitar progressions are based on 3-four chords (I IV V in music phrases). It is as though reality is collapsing telecaster electric guitar you, with Joe singing surrealistically, Arduous raining falling, river flood Black cat bawling, moon dripping blood Awakened dreaming I used to be fingersstyle die. Absorber is represented by a system mass-spring, as a result of which it has resonant frequency, which makes it work the fingerstyoe. The following channels will present hours of helpful Spanish language instruction. This ensures you reach your objectives and go far beyond what sonhs ever thought was potential for you. Fill out the form under to get your search started. Even if your chords sound a bit clunky at first and even when tablature guitare rock voisine gratuit take a very long time to vary one to the opposite, it's essential to persevere. Future regulators and utility managers will want to give attention to where utilities still have important cost benefits over competitive options, and on the way to create the most customer worth by incorporating DERs in a smart and disciplined manner. 50 each (20 discount). symphony orchestras, and jazz groups. In songd you are thinking of buying a left-handed begiinner, you'll discover that the choice may be very limited. This distinctive Guitar Middle program matches you with other musicians of comparable abilities and musical interests, no matter your taking part in experience. I used to be struclled for tuner my guitar within two months fingerstyl the past. 00 and so many choices available guitar hero on tour songlist may actually construct a customized shop guitar at the price of a mass produced model. Click on the button below to subscribe and await a new Facebook message from the TC Messenger news bot. They are taught by our world famend faculty in intimately-sized courses of 20 beginnner or fewer. While this track is solely C main and G major like the remainder on this checklist, the bbeginner to playing it is to get the strum proper. They could additionally coordinate their efforts with laptop engineers when designing energy techniques for giant-scale laptop, network, and database setups. On each JS guitar, the physique has a lightweight aero-foil form with a tilt joint that provides comfort, higher fret entry and expressive singing tones, so easily recognizable and unforgettable. And when you feel challenged - you may have a community of guitarists from all all over the world right here to encourage, motivate, and inspire you to succeed in that subsequent stage. Which austin hatchet bass guitar makes it the primary music you played to impress a lady. Even traditional rock players will discover a number of the fashions in this lineup spectacular. First of all they do not guitar hero drums midi keyboard on physique resonating for the sound so it does not guotar in case you paint them. We haven't left something out. Not saying if we did it or not, however let's just say, I hate myself. i used to be pretending to know what i best beginner fingerstyle guitar songs to be doing. Along with fingerstlye GuitarSam, our lives are stuffed with other points of the music world, within the forms of instructing, performing, and constructing instruments. Let our soothing music fingerstyld calming music allow you to take pleasure in relaxing fingsrstyle sleep. This one falls best beginner fingerstyle guitar songs the category of Brown Eyed Woman. Be guiatr to use the best beginner fingerstyle guitar songs fingers when playing chords and enjoying scales. A: When the recipient clicks best beginner fingerstyle guitar songs their e-mail and redeems their eGift, you will mechanically receive guiyar email notification.More...
Comments:04.07.2013 at 00:54 Malashicage:
Same already discussed recently


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Fowler hails moves to reduce legislation, blasts more gun regulations
It was two steps up and one step back for the state Senate, according to Sen. Dale Fowler (R-Harrisburg).
In an ongoing effort to reduce legislation that he considers unwieldy and detrimental to businesses and citizens, Fowler sponsored and helped advance Senate Bill 1876, which repeals some Illinois agricultural statutes he said are outdated and have fallen out of use.
Fowler also sponsored Senate Bill 2023, which is intended to improve the Illinois Enterprise Zone Act. The bill would resolve technical issues in the act for counties with populations less than 300,000, which could lead to job retention and creation and, eventually, higher state revenue thanks to increased taxes.
But it was not all good news, Fowler said, denouncing the advancement of Senate Bill 1657, which would force additional oversight on most of the state's firearm dealers through state licensing requirements.
Fowler also recently co-hosted a forum for coal stakeholders with fellow state Sen. Paul Schimpf (R-Waterloo) and U.S. Reps. Mike Bost (R-IL) and John Shimkus (R-IL). The Southern Illinois lawmakers heard from coal producers and coal generation station operator about the challenges facing their industry.
Fowler also highlighted a recent meeting between Governor Bruce Rauner and Illinois Speaker of the House Michael Madigan (D-Chicago), saying their discussions are a positive step in the state's ongoing budget woes.


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Birds on a Wire
By Nathan Bowler
The following argument, although non-rigorous, gives the right answer and shows why it is true (and I guess with a bit of effort you could make it rigorous). Consider a wire with lots of birds on it, and scale it up so that there is one bird per unit length. Consider a bird at b. I shall assume that b is far enough away from the ends that they make no difference. For any interval , then number of birds in that interval has about a poisson distribution with parameter x. So in particular the interval is empty with probability
Give bird b a paintbrush, and let it paint half of the interval (b, b+x) if it is the nearest bird to b', and the whole interval otherwise. A simple combinatorial argument shows that if each bird on the wire does this, then the wire will be painted as in the question. So we are interested in the expected length painted by bird b since this is (after scaling) the required value. However, the comments in the first paragraph allow us to evaluate it as a simple integral:
|= Int<0 to infinity, x·e-2x·(1/2(e-x + (1 - e-x))dx>
|=Int<0 to infinity, x·(2*e-2x - e-3x)dx>
|= 2/4 - 1/9
|= 7/18,
using Int = 1/k2.
This value is 0.38888888..., which seems to fit with the results produced by the applet. I must admit, at first I thought the answer was going to be something nice like 1/e, but 7/18 is what the algebra gives.
Geometric Probability
- Geometric Probabilities
- Are Most Triangles Obtuse?
- Barycentric Coordinates and Geometric Probability
- Bertrand's Paradox
- Birds On a Wire (Problem and Interactive Simulation)
- Birds on a Wire: Solution by Nathan Bowler
- Birds on a Wire. Solution by Mark Huber
- Birds on a Wire: a probabilistic simulation. Solution by Moshe Eliner
- Birds on a Wire. Solution by Stuart Anderson
- Buffon's Noodle Simulation
- Averaging Raindrops - an exercise in geometric probability
- Rectangle on a Chessboard: an Introduction
- Marking And Breaking Sticks
- Random Points on a Segment
|Contact| |Front page| |Contents| |Probability| |Up| |Store|
Copyright © 1996-2017 Alexander Bogomolny


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Licensed Insolvency Trustees Who Speak Your Language
If you have a corporation that cannot pay off its debts, you will want to get professional assistance in deciding your next steps. Filing for bankruptcy is an option of last resort, but fortunately your liability is limited in a corporation. If your corporation files for bankruptcy, the business won't continue and employees will likely lose their jobs although they may be entitled to recover severance. With much at stake, it is important to obtain a consultation with a Licensed Insolvency Trustee (LIT) to find out if you qualify for any alternatives to bankruptcy.
Three Ways to Bankruptcy
A voluntary assignment is the most common. In a voluntary assignment into bankruptcy, you assign your company's assets to for the general benefit of your creditors on your own accord. Your company would need to be insolvent.
In a petition for a bankruptcy order (involuntary assignment), your creditors will file a petition in a provincial court to seize your assets. Your creditors need to state in a court application that you have committed an act of bankruptcy within the last six months.
If a restructuring plan is voted down in a Division I Proposal or does not receive court approval, your company will be deemed bankrupt.
How a Licensed Insolvency Trustee Can Help with a Corporate Bankruptcy
A Licensed Insolvency Trustee (previously known as a Trustee in Bankruptcy), can conduct a review of your corporate finances to help you determine if there is another option that is suitable besides declaring bankruptcy. Often there is another option available to you even if your corporation has been insolvent for an extended period of time.
If there is no other option but bankruptcy, your trustee will administer the process, complete the necessary forms, and handle all communications with creditors. Company assets will be liquidated to pay creditors as much as possible.


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Brookdale impressed me; I would highly recommend it for my brother. For the lady that I talked with, her husband and my husband worked together years ago, which made me even more comfortable to hear because it felt like home. I saw one room, which would be ideal for him. Everyone was very professional and very friendly. If we had to pick a place, that would be the one that I would take him to go see.
Northhaven Place
Top Nearby Assisted Living Facilities
Reviews of Northhaven Place
March 31, 2016
I visited this facility
July 21, 2015
I visited this facility
I didn't care for Brookdale Oklahoma as much. They used dark brown for their interior, and I didn't see a lot of interaction with people. There were some people sitting in the dining area; nobody seemed to be talking to one another.
October 03, 2014
I am a friend or relative of a resident
We like Sterling House, and it is a secure facility. In the other facility that our father was in, he was kind of wandering off into the parking lot. So now, he is in a secure facility where you have to have a code and you have to punch in the code before the front door will open and you can't normally go out if you don't punch in the code. It is a nice facility and the staff members are really good and very attentive. They basically keep us updated in his care and how things change, and then also just making sure that his daily basic needs are clean, so when we go and visit, his room is clean, his bathroom is clean, and he appears to be thoroughly clean. They have a lot of activities and things going on. They play dominoes, there are different arts and crafts things for them to do, and of course they have a little music room, so if somebody wants to play the piano, they can all sit and sing there, and they had a violin player came in right after dinner and stuff like that. The rooms are a nice size; they are big, spacious, and nice. He has like a little living area and then a bedroom. The food is really good, and their dining room is nice. They have tablecloths on the table, everything is really clean, and they have flowers and stuff. They have a barber shop in there where they cut his hair, and everything is right there in the facility, and so we just pay them every month to cut his hair and stuff, which is really nice because in a way we don't have to go get him and take him to his barber shop because they take care of that in-house. Maybe they could freshen it up a little bit sometimes, because even though it is clean or it looks clean, it doesn't always smell great.
July 23, 2014
I am a friend or relative of resident
My 90 year old mother has lived there for three years and has EXCELLENT care! I count it a blessing that I found this place. It came highly recommended by a person who deals with facilities like this routinely. She enjoys the food and says the staff all love HER. Her apartment size is more than adequate. People saying it's small clearly are just looking for another apartment for their family member. We are very happy and pleased with the facility and staff.
May 29, 2014
I visited this facility
I went to Sterling House. It seemed to be nice. I liked it, but it didn't seem like the place that we wanted to put my mom at that moment. It seemed not as fresh and updated. It wasn't bad. The rooms were small. For the most part, it was clean. There seemed to be a lot of clutter. They were storing a lot of things, like the sun room was full. Nobody could go in there. They need to do some painting in the rooms and the parts that looked a little shabby. Their exercise program was pretty good and fairly frequent. There was interaction with the residents.
March 21, 2014
I visited this facility
I visited Sterling House. I thought the rooms were very small. I didn't like it. I did check the list of activities and it was near the list of activities that I had at other facility. I didn't like the size of the rooms and the way it was laid out. It wasn't conducive to what I wanted. The people I talked to were wonderful. They were good salesmen. It's just that they didn't have the product that I was really looking for.
January 31, 2014
I visited this facility
The staff were very courteous at Sterling House of Oklahoma City when I visited the facility. The place is really clean and well taken care of. I thought it was a very nice facility. The rooms are also nice and clean. It has a place for a bed and a small couch with a kitchenette. It also has a bath and shower. I did like that it had a bathtub. Everything was nice. Mom likes activities like Bible study and I'm glad to hear that they have that. I feel it would be a pretty safe place for my mom.
December 29, 2013
I visited this facility
I went to the Sterling House I didn't see much interaction between the residents and the staff. Nobody was smiling. The rooms and the apartments were fine. I didn't see anything going on.
December 20, 2013
I am a friend or relative of a resident
My 91-yr. old mother has resided here for 7 months. She LOVES it!! The staff is exceptional -- always willing to help out. The food is made fresh every day. If there are special needs for the residents, they will meet those needs (dementia, giving meds). There are 35 rooms (apts.), different sizes, and all are on the ground floor. There are activities (exercise class, jigsaw puzzles, bingo, etc. The staff encourages residents to participate, but you are not made to participate.
June 30, 2012
I am a friend or relative of a resident
Staff was always positive and caring. However, my father managed to "escape" the premises more than once and was not accounted for for many hours. This could have led to a disastrous outcome. They also do not have sufficient workforce to sufficiently care for younger incapacitated patients and eventually requested we relocate my father.
Features of Northhaven Place
- Minimum Rate: $2500/month
Dining options
- In Room Kitchenette
- Beauty Barber Shop
- Resident Transportation
- Garden And Patio
- Resident Parking
- Spa
Cleaning services
- Laundry For Clothing
Technology and entertainment
- Cable In Rooms
Health services
- Nurse On Staff: Available During Business Hours
- Fitness Room
Guest services
- Guests At Mealtime
- English
About Northhaven Place
Northhaven Place is an assisted living facility in Oklahoma City, OK that offers residents independent living options and daily support services. Contact Northhaven Place for more details on housing, services, and rates.
Map of Northhaven Place
Request Info


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Good reasons for rule-based asset management
Many investors are guided by emotions in their investment decisions. Those who follow fixed rules achieve a higher return.
Avoid mistakes and keep cool
Intuitively understandable and comprehensible
Protect assets in crises
Generate potential for additional returns
Rule-based vs. Traditional and Quantitative
The rule-based investment is based on clear rules. Thus, emotions and uncertain forecasts are avoided. Unlike complex quant models, rules are defined before implementation and are no longer changed. They are intuitive and easy to understand for customers. These differences versus other approaches increase the robustness and intelligibility of rule-based investments.
How does this work?
Mr. Smith is CEO of a private bank and has opted for rule-based asset management. See for yourself why and how he could implement the strategy together with Dufour Capital rapidly and without complications.
The Dufour Capital Method
We invest exclusively in transparent and liquid ETF, index funds or equities. Our investment regulations are based on scientific and evidence-based principles and are tested extensively during the development phase. Suitable rules are universally applicable and provide robust results over various market phases and investment classes. We combine different rules into a balanced "set of rules", which are used to implement the investment objectives, such as protection against major losses or potential yield. Through daily risk management, we ensure compliance with the risk and investment limits.
In the lead thanks to continuous research
Dufour Capital invests continuously and intensively in the research & development of rule-based asset management. Together with the "VZ VermögensZentrum" we have described the fundamentals and various application examples for private and institutional investors in two books - simple and comprehensible. The content allows a quick start into this exciting topic both for beginners and professional investors.
With Dufour you obtain a rule-based solution in a targeted manner
We support you in your fast and uncomplicated start. In four steps, you gain access to rule-based investment solutions.
Choice of the most appropriate offering or developing a customer-specific solution.
Creating a concept
Establishing responsibilities and processes for the new investment solution together with our clients.
Set-up of the portfolio manager and the investment solution into the Advice Engine
Daily signal operation, implementation of adjustments in portfolios and ongoing monitoring
Dr. Ryan Held
Sascha Freimüller
Dr. Roman Timm


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Wells, Maine

 This S Coastal Maine outpatient Psychology practice is expanding. They are recruiting for a PMHNP to join their staff. In this position, the PMHNP will see on average 16 patients, treating a wide variety of mental health and substance abuse issues.

 The Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner will be responsible for
 Treating mood and anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, adult attention deficit (ADHD), post-traumatic stress, addictive disorders and more. Prescribe and manage medication Educate patients and family
 The PMHNP will:
 See on average 16 patients per shift Be able to work independently Have 2+ years of similar PMHNP experience
 They offer:
 A competitive starting salary Excellent benefits Generous time off

This job is no longer active. You can search for similar jobs here


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1437 S Bates Rd, Cottonwood, Arizona
$349,0003 Beds2 BathsActive
$349,0003 Beds2 BathsActive
1437 S Bates Rd, Cottonwood, Arizona 86326 - !!!This just in, entire interior of home has just been repainted and the owner is offering a $5000 credit at closing for new floor coverings!!! Rare and Highly sought after Location on Bates Road. This property features an 1871 sq.ft. Home with a huge carport and Rv Carport as well as a bonus room attached that could be a perfect art studio,workshop or game room. Home has been upgraded and very well maintained. Property includes ditch irrigation and extends all the way to the river. A Horse barn with feed/tack area is ready 4 horses.
Listing Courtesy of Realty Executives Northern AZ


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Single Day Passes - SweetWater 420 Fest 2017
Widespread Panic, Trey Anastasio Band, Slightly Stoopid, Trombone Shorty & Orleans Avenue, Dark Star Orchestra, Anders Osborne, Twiddle, Sister Sparrow & the Dirty Birds, The Hip Abduction, + Boatloads More!
Apr 21
, 2017
Apr 23
, 2017
$66 - $170
Centennial Olympic Park
265 Park Ave W NW
Atlanta, GA
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As of 4/11/2017 all online purchases are WILL CALL only. Tickets will also be available for cash at the gate
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Have a Ball With These Soccer Theme Bar or Bat Mitzvah Ideas
So many kids play and love soccer, which makes it such a great theme for your bar or bat mitzvah
So many kids play and love soccer, which makes it such a great theme for your bar or bat mitzvah
Hockey is a great theme for a bar or bat mitzvah. There are so many fun ways to incorporate hockey
Thinking of throwing a Hollywood, Broadway, or red-carpet themed bar or bat mitzvah? Here are some photographs shot by Chad
Thinking about a baseball-themed bar or bat mitzvah party? There are lots of ways to incorporate baseball into the different
Thinking of a football theme for your bar mitzvah? Here are some great photos of a New York Giants-themed event
If your son or daughter loves football, make that the theme of your bar or bat mitzvah party. There are
If you are having a New York City or Broadway theme bar or bat mitzvah or wedding, your favor options
Let's face it, most kids today love their electronic devices and are better with them then we are! There are


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10 Steps to a More Productive You
Do you want to be more productive? Would you like a little more pep in your step? Check out Mine Space's 10 tips for being more productive at home and work! **Click here to read Big Think's article.** **Click here to watch Amy Cuddy's TED Talk.**


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Ultrasound can be useful in helping diagnose the cause of pelvic pain and is often used along with computed tomography (CT).
Abdominal and pelvic computed
tomography (CT) and pelvic ultrasound (US) cross-sectional imaging
are effective tools for detecting the cause of acute pelvic pain in
nonpregnant women, according to the results of a retrospective study
presented at the annual meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society
(ARRS) in Vancouver, British Columbia.
To assess the performance of CT and US in diagnosing acute pelvic pain and predicting the need for surgery, investigators reviewed the records of 157 women (mean age, 32 ± 10 years) who had presented with pelvic pain at the Harborview Medical Center emergency department and urgent care clinic in Seattle, Washington.
Abdominal and pelvic CT or pelvic US was performed first in 71 and 86 patients, respectively, and yielded a wide range of findings such as ovarian cysts, gynecologic masses, appendicitis, and normal studies.
Approximately two thirds of the imaging studies had positive findings, and CT and US were helpful for making the final diagnosis in 80% of patients. Twenty of the 32 remaining patients were subsequently diagnosed with confirmed or presumed pelvic inflammatory disease or urinary tract infection.
"Although imaging did not provide the final diagnosis in 20% of patients, it should be noted that the studies may have allowed the clinicians to exclude other diagnoses," lead author Dawn Hastreiter, MD, PhD, a radiology resident at Harborview Medical Center, told Medscape.
In 33 patients (21%), an opposite imaging study was performed during the same hospitalization. Of the 8 patients who had undergone US followed by CT, the CT changed the US-negative diagnosis in 3 cases, of which 1 case required surgery for emergent appendicitis. Of 25 patients who underwent CT first, subsequent US changed the diagnosis in 1 case and was considered by investigators to better reflect the diagnosis in 5 cases.
"A limited number of patients had both a CT and US if there was still a clinical question after the first imaging modality," Dr. Hastreiter said. "Similar to the findings of another paper presented at ARRS, we found that CT after US was more beneficial than US after CT."
Surgery was required in 21 patients at 0 to 220 days after presentation; the sensitivity and positive predictive value of CT and US for surgery were above 0.80, and the specificity and negative predictive value were greater than 0.97.
"The high positivity of the studies suggests that our clinicians are doing well in deciding which patients require imaging, and that CT and US are helpful in determining the diagnoses," Dr. Hastreiter pointed out.
Because of the small study sample size, it remains unclear whether either method is more effective than the other for achieving diagnoses, Dr. Hastreiter said. "We would encourage other institutions to publish their experience with CT vs US for acute pelvic pain to better answer this question."
Dr. Hastreiter advises clinicians to consider the need for imaging studies in patients presenting with acute pelvic pain. Because simple urinary tract infections and uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease often have normal imaging, laboratory tests and clinical history may be more effective for diagnosing these conditions.
In patients for whom imaging is indicated, the method chosen should reflect the suspected diagnosis. "Although US is often ordered because it poses no radiation risk to the patient, CT is generally believed better for patients with suspected appendicitis, suspected urinary stones, known malignancy, and suspected postsurgical complications," Dr. Hastreiter observed.
"In addition, emergency room physicians, gynecologists, and radiologists need to become more confident in the diagnosis of gynecologic conditions on CT, if a patient happens to get that study," Dr. Hastreiter added, noting that there is increasing evidence of diminished added value in the immediate term in performing US if CT demonstrates gynecologic findings.
"Finally, most physicians know that appendicitis can be missed on pelvic ultrasound, so if appendicitis is still a consideration after a negative US, CT should be performed," Dr. Hastreiter concluded.
This was written by Yael Waknine for Medscape Medical News.
ARRS 2006 Annual Meeting: Abstract 13. Presented May 1, 2006.
Ovarian torsion can cause acute pelvic pain. The ovary becomes twisted on its ligaments and blood flow is cut off to the ovary.
Pelvic pain can because by pelvic inflammatory disease. While this is not an ultrasound diagnosis, in advanced cases, ultrasound can visualize tubal ovarian abscesses or see secondary signs such as pelvic fluid or fluid in the endometrial cavity.
Endometriosis is the condition where endometrial tissue implants itself outside the uterine endometrial cavity. It responds to normal hormonal cycles and can cause pain due to bleeding that occurs during the menstrual cycle. Normally these implants are too small to visualize with ultrasound, but sometimes there is sonographic evidence of endometriosis. An endometrioma is a mass within an ovary caused by the bleeding endometrial tissue.
Pelvic pain can also be caused by ovarian masses.
Copyright 2010 All Rights Reserved.


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Aust tax move should be mirrored in NZ
John Key MP - National Party Finance Spokesman
27 February 2006
Aust tax move should be mirrored in NZ
An Australian Government move to appoint a committee to urgently study whether Australians are overtaxed puts New Zealand in even more danger of being left behind, says National Finance spokesman John Key.
He says the two-person committee appointed by Treasurer Peter Costello, which is charged with reporting back within five weeks, is a serious competitive challenge for New Zealand.
The committee will look at how Australia's income, business, superannuation, property, indirect and transaction taxes compare with international and regional competitors.
"This shows we should not delude ourselves about how Australia wants to ensure it keeps its edge and manufactures an environment that makes its businesses internationally competitive," says Mr Key.
"One of the most important things to consider with tax design is your relative position with other countries. This move risks putting New Zealand even further behind.
"We are simply out of step. Australia wants to do something within five weeks. We have to wait until 2008 - and even then we may not get the chewing gum tax cuts.
"They are constantly seeking to share the benefits of their economy, while the Labour-led Government here constantly seeks to spend it on ministers' pet projects.
"It is also interesting to note that at a time when New Zealand is looking to suck more and more people into a suffocating web of high effective marginal tax rates through Working for Families, the Australian Government wants to eliminate them.
"If we have had 40 per cent higher GDP growth than Australia this term, as this Government keeps claiming, then maybe Labour can explain why Australia can afford tax cuts when we can't.
"Australia now looms as an even greater competitive threat to New Zealand, and lower taxes across the Tasman will do nothing to arrest the departure of our best and brightest."


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According to Osinbajo, the country has tried in managing its diversity so far, arguing that crisis of any type is not healthy for the country.
The royal father and patriarch of the Efik Kingdom who spoke in Calabar on Thursday when the acting President, Prof Yemi Osinbajo visited the State, also lamented the loss of Bakassi Peninsular to Cameroon.
He said, "Cross River State is so much an intriguing part of Nigeria and every part needs the other".More news: French Open to start with Petra Kvitova's return to court
Osinbajo, who also inaugurated the Calabar Garment Factory in the course of his official visit, described it as a clear way of providing jobs for the unemployed.
The acting president held a town hall meeting with the people of the state at the sprawling Calabar International Conference Centre built by the Liyel Imoke government, which was one of the projects he inspected.
"We are greater when we are together than when we are apart. Unity is absolutely important because God wants us to be united", Osinbajo said.More news: Lexington student to compete in Scipps National Spelling Bee
Osinbajo also said that the federal government would work with all stakeholders to ensure that the displaced people of Bakassi were adequately taken care of.
He called on Nigerian Leaders to always prioritize the welfare of the people irrespective of their political affiliations.
He said the Buhari administration would not hesitate to support viable programmes and initiatives that would make living better for Nigerians, adding that "the vision of President Muhammadu Buhari for Nigeria is one where the Federal Government partners with the States to create industrial, commercial and professional opportunities for all our citizens".More news: Kellyanne Conway: Jared Kushner's foreign contacts helped make Trump's trip successful


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Lily and Lionel
Lily and Lionel's beautiful scarves range from vibrant animal and floral prints, to stunning 'Cityscape' images from some of the world's most iconic cities (including a reVOLVER exclusive of Ibiza's D'alt Vila). Founder Alice Stone is a London School of Fashion graduate who has three generations of fashion heritage in her family; the original Lily & Lionel were actually her grandparents!
Lily and Lionel
Talia Monochrome Scarf
€145.00 €0.00
Lily and Lionel
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text: Morning Briefing: Millennials may need brokers more than Boomers Millennials may need brokers more than Boomers It's not millennials driving the demand for digital interactions with their insurers; in fact, a new report shows that when it comes to life insurance many need to have in-person contact with insurers more than older applicants. In the 2016 Life Insurance Study from J.D. Power, 25 per cent of Gen Y ("Millennials") life insurance customers made their application online compared to 33 per cent of 'Boomers' while the proportion requiring interaction with their insurer in person was 43 per cent for Boomers and 60 per cent for Millennials. "Life insurers are trying to compete in a stagnant pricing market by focusing on communicating with their customers," said Greg Hoeg, vice president of U.S. insurance operations at J.D. Power. The study shows that customers want a mix of personal and digital interaction with their insurers although just 12 per cent of respondents said they had exclusively used digital channels in the past 12 months. "The challenge for insurers is to understand what, and how often, to communicate. It's not as easy as assuming the younger generations want to be self-sufficient and only use digital channels or that older generations only want to communicate by talking with another person," said Hoeg. State Farm ranks highest in life insurance customer satisfaction for a third consecutive year, with a score of 828 (out of a maximum 1000). Nationwide ranks second with a score of 806 and Northwestern Mutual ranks third with a score of 799. RBC Canada signs new deal for mental health support RBC Insurance has signed a new deal with Best Doctors Canada to provide support for employees and business owners suffering mental health issues. Almost 30 per cent of all group disability claims at RBC Insurance are related to mental health and the new program called Onward is geared towards helping those clients with depression, anxiety and other mental health concerns, get healthy, productive and back to work sooner. "We see the enormous impact mental illness has on the lives of our clients. This is why we partnered with Best Doctors to deliver a program that is specifically designed to provide those individuals with the holistic support they need to help them recover more quickly," says John Carinci vice-president, group & business markets, RBC Insurance. A trial of the program over the past year resulted in a 40 per cent reduction in claim duration with shorter wait times and changes to the diagnosis and treatment plans of those who participated. AIG appoints new legal chief as veteran Rosso retires Peter Y. Solmssen has been appointed vice president and general counsel at AIG effective October 18. He will oversee the insurer's global legal, compliance, regulatory and government affairs functions reporting directly to CEO Peter D. Hancock. He will also be part of the executive leadership team. Solmssen succeeds Thomas Russo who is retiring at the age of 73 and received glowing praise from his boss. "I want to thank Tom for the invaluable contributions he made not only at AIG, but over his entire outstanding career," continued Mr. Hancock. "As one of the brightest legal minds in business, Tom has provided AIG with wise counsel on virtually every area where insurance, finance, and the law intersect. We wish Tom all the best in his well-deserved retirement. I, and all of AIG, will miss his friendship, counsel, and guidance." Leave a comment SHARE


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'Big Freedia' Clip: Freedia's Emotional Psychic Reading With a Voodoo Priest
Despite her sister's opposition, Big Freedia meets with voodoo priest The Divine Prince for a moving spiritual reading. New 'Big Freedia Bounces Back' Tuesdays at 10PM on Fuse.
Ed Sheeran Breaks Arm In Bike Accident, Says Tour May Be Delayed
Ed Sheeran has gotten into yet another accident today...see what happened this time with the pop star here.
Kendrick Lamar On Donald Trump's Presidency: 'It's a Complete Mindf-ck'
Kendrick Lamar weighs in on Donald Trump and his administration in a rare interview with 'i-D' magazine. Read the highlights here.
New 'Black Panther' Trailer Dives Into The Intense World of Wakanda: Watch
Are you ready for the latest 'Black Panther' trailer? Get into all the action ahead of the movie's 2018 premiere right here!
#WomenBoycottTwitter Is for White Women: Why It Doesn't Amplify WOC Voices
The #WomenBoycottTwitter trend is a stark reminder that solidarity is applied only to white women. Read why the protest fails to include women of...
Cheat Codes & Fetty Wap Craft Nostalgic Pop Jam With 'Feels Great': Listen
"No Promises" DJs Cheat Codes enlist Fetty Wap for new single "Feels Good."
Kehlani's Trippy 'Touch' Video Comes Just In Time For Halloween: Watch
Kehlani pairs up with Budweiser for her haunting "Touch" video. Watch here.
'Besterday' Podcast: Let's Remember How 'Keeping Up With The Kardashians' Rocked Pop Culture's World
Episode 39 of 'Besterday' podcast (with special guest Brittiany Taylor) honors 'Keeping Up With The Kardashians'—the show that changed pop culture...
Trent Reznor & Atticus Ross' 'Halloween' Theme Cover Is Just As Chilling As The Original
Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross put their own creepy spin on the iconic 'Halloween' theme song. Listen with caution here.
Environmental Activist Xiuhtezcatl Martínez Says 'We Need to Disrupt The System': Future Hispanic History
"We will no longer tolerate the oppression," the 17-year-old Colorado native tells Fuse.
'Stranger Things' Drops Its Final, Intense Trailer Before Season 2 Premiere
Cancel your Halloween weekend plans because 'Stranger Things 2' returns to Netflix on October 27 and will be intense and terrifying according to...
'The New Mutants' Trailer Takes The X-Men Franchise To A Terrifying Place: Watch
The debut trailer for 'The New Mutants' is here—and man it is scary! Watch it here.


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CHA is pleased to sponsor faculty and graduate students initiatives that reach across departments and disciplines. We thereby hope to facilitate discussions and research that ideally lead to new connections, new publications, and new forms of teaching. There is no formal application process, just come in and present your idea and we will try to make it happen!
Here are examples of initiatives CHA has supported:
DATA: Digital Art and Textuality Alliance
RAP Lab
CU Mediterranean Studies Group
18/19-Century Graduate Student Reading Group
GSLL Graduate Student Visiting Speaker Series
MAP (Minorities and Philosophy)


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Forum Editor 22:48 09 Jul 2007
of talking utter rubbish about computers, and making myself look even more stupid. Most of us have done that kind of thing at some point I suppose.
"why go to so much trouble to talk about stuff you dont even know about?" Well sometimes human nature makes us do that kind of thing - it's just people being people. Nothing to worry too much about, really.


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A study from the Duke-NUS Medical School and Singapore General Hospital (SGH) has found that people are not at a higher risk of kidney failure or dying if they donated one kidney, and the donor's kidney function returned to 75% of pre-donation levels after five years for 40% of the donors. The researchers hoped that their findings can encourage more people to become living donors, as kidneys from living donors are much better for those who have end-stage kidney failure.
Renal transplant first carried out on animalsThe first renal transplant was carried out in animals and was experimental in nature. Researchers at the Vienna Medical School in Austria attempted successful transplantation of the kidney in animals in 1902. Although around seven years later, French doctors attempted an animal to human kidney transplant in a little girl using a rabbit's kidney. She died in a matter of two weeks.
It was only in 1933 that the first human to human renal transplant was attempted. It proved to be a failure as the doctors did not know that the donor's blood type did not match the recipient's. Suffice it to say that the transplanted kidney did not function. 1954 became the year when the first successful renal transplant took place. Doctors in Boston attempted the surgery on identical twins, which proved to have a resounding positive result for the global medical community. A difficult bridge had finally been crossed.
29-year old woman the first successful renal transplant in SingaporeAt 29 years of age, Doreen Tan became the first Singaporean to undergo a successful kidney or renal transplant. The donor was 20-year-old Yee Kwok Chong who had passed away hours before from a brain tumour. His mother sanctioned the donation of his kidney to Doreen Tan.
The operation lasted for three hours. The housewife from Singapore who received her new kidney at SGH made history in the island nation. According to the Singapore Medical Association's newsletter, the surgeons who operated on Doreen Tan had to experiment on dogs in 1969, the previous year. With the S$75, 000 donation from an American foundation, the doctors in Singapore could attempt the animal experimentation before moving on to actual operations on human patients.
Carried on with life normally after surgeryThe patient eventually recovered, and after her surgery on July 8, she was discharged from SGH two months later. Doreen Tan, who had been in a coma for a time in 1969, was able to carry on with her life, notwithstanding some complications post-surgery. She developed arthritis a year later due to medication, and she later suffered a slip disc.
She would, however, emphasise that these were nothing compared to the kidneys which had failed her before. "After kidney failure, you don't complain about a slipped disc; it's minor by comparison," she said. She would later attend a commemorative reunion recognising 20 years of kidney transplantation which was held at SGH. Doreen Tan passed away in 1992, 22 years after her history-making transplant.
Back to the presentUnder the Human Organ Transplant Act, Singaporeans have to opt-out if they do not wish to donate their organs upon death. Despite this, organ donations remained low as few doctors will take their deceased patients' organs without consent of the family members. Recently, an NTU student passed away in Slovakia after a tragic accident. His family honoured his wish to donate his organs upon death, and four patients in Slovakia have received his organs. Perhaps one day his story will be the norm rather than the exception for Singaporeans, and more people will be able to receive the organs they need for a better life. MIMS
Read more:
Kidney failure risk upped 40% with red meat consumption – Singapore Chinese Health Study
Why patients receiving organs from deceased donors have higher risk of cancer
How can the shortage of organs for transplants be addressed?


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The writers are, respectively, research engineer and supervisor of physical and inorganic chemistry, Scientific Laboratory, Ford Motor Company.
Vibrational Spectra of Vitreous B2O3.xH2O
Version of Record online: 2 JUN 2006
DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1960.tb13661.x
Journal of the American Ceramic Society
Volume 43, Issue 6, pages 326–330, June 1960
Additional Information
How to Cite
PARSONS, J. L. and MILBERG, M. E. (1960), Vibrational Spectra of Vitreous B2O3.xH2O. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 43: 326–330. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1960.tb13661.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 2 JUN 2006
- Version of Record online: 2 JUN 2006
- Received September 18, 1959; revised copy received January 13, 1960
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Julia Budd Strikeforce Challengers Post-Fight Interview watch video >>
Strikeforce Shane del Rosario vs. Lavar Johnson watch video >>
Strikeforce Josh LaBerge vs. Anthony Leone watch video >>
The ADFC (Abu Dhabi Fighting Championships) post-fight conference took place inside the conference room following the fights inside Zayed Sports City in Abu Dhabi. MMACanada.net caught all the actio watch video >>
My Picks for Strikeforce Overeem vs Werdum, predictions for the 5 main card fights and my rankings for the 5 Strikeforce divisions, the Champions and top 10 Contenders. Please comment and please subs watch video >>
Conor Heun vs. Magno Almeida PT 2/2 - Strikeforce Overeem vs. Werdum watch video >>
Justin Wilcox vs. Gesias Cavalcante - Strikeforce Overeem vs. Werdum watch video >>
Caros Fodor vs. James Terry PT 2/2 - Strikeforce Challengers 16 watch video >>
Julia Budd vs. Germaine de Randamie PT 1/2 - Strikeforce Challengers 16 watch video >>
Miesha Tate Talks Title Fight With Marloes Coenen watch video >>


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great communication with management and team
satisfied students
great pay
team environment
departments work well with each other
satisfying to help someone achieve goals of education
hours lack family time
bad location (crime)
corporate only cares about money, not employees
corporate not involved in serious matters
too much micromanaging but no involvement to change anything to make it better
Advice to Management
On site management is awesome. Care about their teams, each person individually, for "corporate" management who really is a waste of company money, if they want to monitor each team, they need to more efficiently, not just when they want to "control" and make everyone miserable.
I applied through other source. I interviewed at Arizona Automotive Institute (Glendale, AZ) in September 2013.
Long and stupid. Call backs forever and the student adviser smells like cheese and spam. I thought I was Appling at a professional place of business. I was very wrong
Interview Questions
Let us know if we're missing any workplace or industry recognition – Add Awards


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text: Sisseton Wahpeton College is in the process of building a first class rodeo arena. It will be a 200 by 300 foot arena with lighting and it will also include a calf roping alley. Stalls for athlete horses will also be available and stalls will also include automatic heated waterers.


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does the ball fall out?
I have an older Kensington track ball that the ball stays in when turned upside down, it's great for travel, use on the plane, does this ball stay in ??
- Asked by Jimmy W from Woodland Hills
Kensington Orbit Trackball with Scroll Ring
Product No Longer Available
No Answers have been submitted


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Operations - Mid-Atlantic
Greysteel Tapped Exclusive Advisor, Sale Agent for D.C. Community
The company's Managing Director Kyle Tangney and Investment Associate Herbert Schwat will be responsible for marketing the 24-unit residential asset. According to public records, the property last traded for almost $1.4 million back in 2012.10 May 2017 19:01
AIG Global Taps Franklin Johnston to Manage 11 Properties
The Virginia and North Carolina properties add 1,174 units to Franklin's management portfolio.20 October 2016 17:53
Preiss to Manage B'more Student Housing Community
The 323-bed Varsity at UB is located within a five-minute walk from University of Baltimore's Gordon Plaza.06 October 2016 19:20
ROSS Management Lands 1,200-Unit Portfolio
Three properties are located in a Washington, D.C., suburb, and a fourth is in Richmond, Va.16 August 2016 10:20
Baltimore-Area Apartments Get New Property Manager
ROSS will manage Towson Woods, a 168-unit apartment community in Towson, Md.19 May 2016 18:20
Bozzuto Chosen to Manage DC's 5333 Connecticut
The new, all-glass, 261-unit apartment community from developer Calvin Cafritz Enterprises is opening in the city's Chevy Chase neighborhood, near the Metro, shopping and fine dining in Friendship Heights.18 March 2016 15:11
Government, Kent State Reach Settlement in Therapeutic Support Animals in Student Housing Case
By Dees Stribling, Contributing Editor Washington, D.C.—The U.S. Department of Justice and Kent State University have reached a $145,000 settlement over claims of discrimination under the Fair Housing Act. As part of the settlement, Kent State agreed to pay $100,000 to two former students denied to keep emotional support dogs in11 January 2016 09:12
Maryland Live! Casino Gets the Green Light for $150M Expansion
Maryland Live! Casino is ready for a $150 million expansion project, after members of Anne Arundel County Council voted in favor of the project.24 September 2015 08:12
USGBC Names Next CEO
The USGBC has revealed the name of its future leader.16 September 2015 17:07
S.L. Nusbaum Realty Grows in Greater Washington
S.L. Nusbaum Realty Co. has recently expanded its Greater Washington property management portfolio.08 September 2015 09:46
Downtown Bethesda Tower Secures $103.5M in Financing
Commercial real estate services firm DTZ has recently secured $103.5 million in financing for a 366,161-square-foot office building in downtown Bethesda, Md.21 August 2015 20:09
Enterprise's Affordable, Green Development Breaks Ground in Baltimore
Enterprise Homes officially broke ground on a new development situated within the Bromo Tower Arts & Entertainment District.30 July 2015 12:46
If Knowledge Is Power, then Maryland Just Got a Lot More Powerful
Upcoming computing center will make work and life so much easier for researchers affiliated with two of Maryland's top universities.13 July 2015 20:17
D.C. Now Home to Green Garages
After green offices, green apartments, green homes or green schools, the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area is now also home to green garages. On July 1, the Green Parking Council released a list of the first seven parking facilities in the country to achieve Green Garage Certification. Two of them are located in greater Washington.03 July 2015 04:42
Executive Spotlight: Recipe For Success, Kris Broder of BECO Management
Rockville-based BECO Management, Inc. has had a lot of success attracting tenants to its Greater Baltimore-area properties this year. This success is a result of the commercial real estate company's strategy to develop true partnerships with tenants.25 June 2015 05:46


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Costume Trends 2017, "It" is Leading the Pack - October 20, 2017
Emanuel Increases Taxes in New Budget for 6th Time in 7 Years - October 20, 2017
Uber Driver Accused of Sexually Assaulting Female Passenger in Chicago - October 20, 2017
Apple Store on Chicago's Riverfront Opens This Weekend - October 20, 2017
2017 Volkswagen Beetle Dune: Looks More Fun That it Delivers - October 20, 2017
Where to See the Best Views in Town - October 20, 2017
Brunching Through Chicago – Chicago's Top Brunch Spots - October 20, 2017
Q&A with Trump Author John Wilson - October 20, 2017
Chicago Guide: October 20 – 26 - October 20, 2017
Attorney General Race Candidate Ready to Clean Up Illinois Politics - October 20, 2017
Fun and Fancy Free – Free Chicago Guide
Fun and Fancy Free – Free Chicago Guide
Chicago has always been such a wonderful special place to me. Since the first time I visited in 2011, I knew it was special. There's a constant sense of things happening and a positive bustle of energy here. A hustle and bustle, but not to the degree New York has. People here are generally friendly with their Midwestern values. With that being said it's no surprise that this beautiful city has so much to offer including many free sights and museums. These are just a few of them.
1. Garfield Park Conservatory
300 N Central Park Ave
Chicago, IL 60624
Garfield Park Conservatory is not only one of the largest in the country, it's also 100% free. Yes, of course they accept donations, but if you're on a tight budget you're under no obligation to pay up. I myself went to the conservatory for the first time a few weeks ago and was in total disbelief of the overall size and beauty of the place. There are multiple connecting rooms featuring different landscapes and plants of different climates, including a hot desert room to remind me of the desert heat I left behind. There's a beautiful fern room and an outdoor pond and walkway, and even baby goats! Judging from the outside you wouldn't even know that the indoor exhibits spread about two acres wide on top of the green outdoor space. You could easily get caught up spending a couple of hours here, but not to worry, you can get food at the little shop located inside or bring your own lunch and eat your food surrounded by plants. The space is also available to rent for events and weddings.
2. The 606 aka Bloomingdale Trail
Bloomingdale Ave from Ashland to Ridgeway
Built to create more green space in the neighborhoods that were severely lacking it, the 606 was created from old train tracks that went out of service in the 1990s. The trail which has been in the works for a while now, finally opened to the public in June 2015 and has been enjoyed by the public ever since. Not only does the trail provide beautiful views overlooking the city, but it also provides a safe way for pedestrians and cyclists alike to commute through the neighborhoods. Stretching for nearly three miles, the path brings safety, the beauty of nature and community all together.
3. Chicago Riverwalk
Riverwalk, parallel to Wacker Drive between Franklin and the Lakefront Trail
The beautiful riverfront space is finally completed and available for everyone to enjoy. The nearly two-mile trail of beautiful outdoor scenery provides locals and tourists alike with million-dollar views. Whether you're taking a leisurely stroll, grabbing some lunch, sipping a glass of wine or listening to live music, the riverfront has something for everyone to enjoy. Watch as the boats and kayaks go by, listen in on a tour guide's speech of the history of the river and the city, or do absolutely nothing. You can also rent kayaks or a small boat to take out and enjoy on the river, or go for a walk and look at some of the sculptures along the way. After all, Mayor Rahm Emanuel dubbed 2017 the "year of public art" with sculptures and art displays everywhere throughout the city, including the spectacular Riverwalk. So get down to the lakefront and enjoy the views with some booze.
4. Museum of Contemporary Photography
Columbia College Chicago
600 South Michigan Avenue
Chicago, IL 60605
Many people have visited Chicago's Museum of Contemporary Art and the Art Institute, but there's so much more art to see than that. The Museum of Contemporary Photography at Columbia College provides not only a free experience, but also a unique gallery of photos. With rotating exhibitions, the current display is titled: "re:collection," which is a compiled gallery of photos from past-archived images with a focus on how we perceive image. This exhibition is being showcased until October 1. If art and photography are important to you, you won't want to miss out on your chance to see this unique space.
5. Poetry Foundation
61 West Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60654
A facility completely dedicated to poetry, the first of its kind in Chicago, the Poetry Foundation has created a home base for poets in Chicago. Built off the dream of Chicagoan poet Harriet Monroe and Poetry magazine comes a place exclusively for poetry. With rotating exhibitions of poetry, currently featuring the works of Gwendolyn E. Brooks, the first black winner of the Pulitzer Prize, there's so much to see, hear and do here. With special collections and a growing library of poems and books at the Poetry Foundation, you could spend a lot of time here reading and learning.
And that's the beauty of it all, isn't it? How wonderful it is to have accessibility, beauty, knowledge and nature at your fingertips. A few of these locations are outdoor spaces and are just as beautiful in the cold Chicago winters. However, with the cool winds of fall already blowing you might want to take advantage of the outdoor spaces available in Chicago now, especially the wonderful beaches, parks and lakefront/riverfront areas.


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Mai Far Men Par Khrih Thisen Sung
Tracklist:Add Links
show full tracklist (12)
1. Santlai Lo Theng Na Thim Hna (04:03)
2. Dawtnak Thisen (04:17)
3. Kan Kantaak Hin Hlah (03:58)
4. Na Kan Dawt Tuk Ruangah (03:52)
5. Dam Chung Nun (03:51)
6. Pathian Kan Lei a Tan Ahcun (04:11)
7. Kan Ram Damter Ko (05:00)
8. Hawidawt Ngai Hmanh (03:53)
9. Kaa Lawmhnak a Tling (04:06)
10. Thih Le Thih Nun Le Nun (04:34)
11. Nun Thawngtha (03:53)
12. Ka Zaam Kho Lo (04:14)
track preview provided by iTunes
You can find here track previews from artist Mai Far Men Par new album Khrih Thisen Sung, released 08.08.2017 and containing 12 tracks. Listening online to Mai Far Men Par - Khrih Thisen Sung track previews is free and does not require registration. If other releases and albums by Mai Far Men Par, are available here, those previews can also be listened to free online. Additionally, you can subscribe to all new albums by Mai Far Men Par and thus not miss a release.


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Drunk driving women treated differently than men
A study by Victoria University of Wellington's Health Services Research Centre explores attitudes and behaviours surrounding women and drink-driving, and the extent to which they have changed over the past decade.
Led by senior researchers Dr Jenny Neale and Dr Gregory Martin from the School of Government, the research combined Dr Martin's expertise in alcohol and drugs with Dr Neale's interest in gender analysis—a lens which Dr Neale says has seldom been applied to drink-driving.
Click Here to Read More -


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We are open 8.30am to 6.00pm on Monday to Thursday and 8.30am to 5.00pm on Friday. Late evening and Saturday appointments by prior arrangement. Telephone 020 3733 1131 for more details on all on 4 dental implants. Alternatively book a Complete Care Assessment.
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Concerned about your front or back teeth or any mouth and gum conditions? We pride ourselves on our commitment to the satisfaction of our dental patients.
Whether you are after press on veneers or see-through braces we can supply dental treatment locally, including to Lessness Heath and St Pancras.
To discuss our various dental services or to ask about minor oral surgery and paediatric dentistry in the Cranford local area call 020 3468 8312.
4.9 out of 5 stars
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5 out of 5 starsposted 1 month ago
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