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Amino acids have received increased attention with regard to their thermoregulatory effects and possible role as neurotransmitters within the thermoregulatory system. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate in conscious rabbits the changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of taurine, GABA, aspartate, and glutamate during exposure to high ambient temperature (50 min, 40°C) to investigate their involvement in heat stress (HS). CSF and plasma osmolality and CSF concentrations of some cations and proteins were also determined. HS animals underwent transient hyperthermia and thereafter fully recovered. This was accompanied by a significant rise in CSF and plasma osmolality, CSF protein, calcium, taurine, and GABA. Artificial CSF osmolality measurements after addition of CaCl2 or taurine demonstrated that the increased CSF osmolality after HS is accounted for, only in part, by the increased concentrations of either calcium and taurine. It is suggested that, during HS, taurine and GABA are released in the extracellular space of brain tissues in higher amounts, possibly to counteract the resulting hyperthermia.
- cerebrospinal fluid composition
- taurine
- γ-aminobutyric acid
- thermoregulation
body temperature homeostasis involves the coordination of a number of effector mechanisms to achieve a balance between metabolic heat production and heat exchange with the environment. External body warming (heat stress; HS) performed by the exposure to high ambient temperature (Ta) causes an increase in rectal temperature by interfering with heat-dissipating mechanisms. If HS exceeds the tolerance limits, heat stroke ensues (23). Heat stroke is a complex clinical picture characterized by hyperthermia, coma, cerebral edema, and degenerative neuronal changes in the central nervous system (CNS) (37).
Amino acids have received increased attention with regard to their thermoregulatory effects and possible role as neurotransmitters within the thermoregulatory system. Overall temperature in mammals is regulated by the hypothalamus (17), which contains high concentrations of taurine (4). When administered centrally, taurine induces dose-related hypothermia accompanied by reduction in vasomotor tone and peripheral vasodilatation (35), whereas central administration of the taurine antagonist 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide increases core temperature of the body (36). GABA, like taurine, is present in relatively high concentrations in various hypothalamic nuclei, the highest contents being achieved in preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas (43). Short-axon GABA-ergic neurons form local networks that may modulate afferent temperature signals in the hypothalamus (7). Central or systemic injection of either GABA or GABAA as well as GABAB agonists usually causes a fall in core temperature, whereas that of both GABAA or GABAB antagonists induces hyperthermia (34). GABA-induced hypothermia is thought to depend on direct modulation of the hypothalamic temperature-sensitive network operated by GABA itself (43). Aspartate and glutamate are excitatory neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex, the area of the CNS that is involved in the control of heat production (25). It has been demonstrated that during PGE1-induced hyperthermia, these amino acids are released in high amounts in the extracellular fluid of the rat frontal cortex (25). Moreover, centrally injected aspartate and glutamate causes hyperthermia in the rat (8, 11).
The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the changes in CSF concentration of taurine, GABA, aspartate, and glutamate during the exposure to high Ta to further investigate their physiological role in HS. To assess this hypothesis, conscious rabbits, with cannulas chronically implanted into the cisterna magna, were exposed to 40°C for 50 min, during which CSF taurine, GABA, aspartate, and glutamate concentrations were determined. The hypothalamus represents the integrative center for the perception and the processing of both thermo- and osmoregulatory afferent signals (17a). Because osmoregulation can modulate thermoregulation and vice versa during hypothalamic thermal stimulation, CSF and plasma osmolality were monitored. The levels of some CSF and plasma cations were determined in view of their purported importance, sodium and calcium in particular, in the establishment of the thermal set point in the hypothalamus (27). CSF proteins were also determined, as an index of integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
Adult male New Zealand albino rabbits (Charles River, Calco, Como, Italy) weighing 2.0–2.5 kg were kept in large individual cages under a 12:12-h dark-light cycle at 20°C Ta. Drinking water and conventional laboratory rabbit food were available ad libitum. Before the experimental session, the animals were habituated to restraint and to the rectal probe to minimize the stress response.
The animal protocols used were reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of the University of Siena, Italy. The rabbits were anesthetized with a mixture of xylazine chloride (Rompun, 10 mg/kg im, Bayer) and ketamine hydrochloride (Ketavet, 35 mg/kg im, Parke Davis/Warner-Lambert) and implanted with cannulas in the cisterna magna according to the method described by Palmi et al. (29). After surgery, rabbits were injected for at least 5 days with the following drugs: prednisolone acetate (Novosterol, 10 mg/day im, Vetem) and enrofloxacin (Baytril, 25 mg/day im, Bayer). The animals were allowed to recover for at least 15 days.
Experimental protocol.
Rabbits (n = 12) restrained in a stainless steel cage were individually housed in a chamber maintained at a neutral temperature (20°C) for 100 min. After four CSF samples had been collected to determine basal osmolality values and basal concentrations of cations and amino acids, and two plasma samples to measure cation concentrations and osmolality, a group of five rabbits was exposed to high Ta. The temperature of the chamber was raised up to 40°C in 50 min (150 min after the beginning of the experimental session), kept at that value for 50 min, and then reduced to 20°C over 50 min. This neutral temperature was then maintained up to the end of the experimental session (375 min). A second group of seven rabbits (controls) was kept at neutral Ta (20°C) for the entire observation period (375 min). CSF and plasma samples were collected from the animals of both groups at 25- and 50-min intervals, respectively, for the entire observation period. To obviate possible, superimposed effects of circadian rhythms, the experimental session started at between 0900 and 0930. At the end, the clinical status of the animals was recorded for the 3 subsequent days.
It was assumed that changes in amino acid and cation concentrations in CSF from the cisterna magna reflected changes in the brain extracellular milieu.
CSF and blood sampling.
CSF samples were obtained from the cisterna magna of conscious animals restrained in stainless steel cages by a procedure described elsewhere (29). CSF was drawn through a polyethylene tube connected to a peristaltic pump (LKB, Bromma, Sweden) at a constant flow rate of 5 μl/min; 25-min fractions (125 μl) were collected with a Redirac 2112 fraction collector (LKB). Blood samples were withdrawn from an incision in the vein of the ear, and then plasma was separated as reported previously (16).
Temperature recording.
Rabbit rectal and ear skin temperatures (Tr and Tes) were recorded every 5 min by a thermocouple thermometer connected to a personal computer with an Isothermex program (Columbus Instrument, Columbus, OH). Tr and Teswere monitored for at least 1 h before the experimental session.
CSF analysis for amino acids and cations.
CSF samples were randomly analyzed for amino acid concentrations (taurine, GABA, aspartate, and glutamate) by reverse-phase HPLC withO-phthalaldehyde precolumn derivatization (5). CSF sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium concentrations were determined by an HPLC-conductimetric detection method (16).
Determination of CSF and plasma osmolality and CSF protein.
CSF and plasma osmolality were determined with a vapor pressure osmometer (Wescor, Logan, UT). Protein in CSF was determined by the Coomassie blue binding method (10). To assess whether the increased CSF osmolality observed in heat-stressed rabbits could depend on the increase in CSF calcium, protein, or taurine levels, artificial CSF (ACSF) with the following composition was prepared: (in mM) 120 NaCl, 2.9 KCl, 23.3 NaHCO3, 1 MgCl2, and 0.2 Na2H2PO4, as well as 0.6 mg/ml glucose. Different amounts of BSA (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/ml), CaCl2 (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mM), or taurine (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mM) were added separately to ACSF (3–7 replicates), and the osmolality was measured.
Statistical analysis.
Values were expressed as means ± SE. The significance of the difference among ACSF osmolality measurements was checked by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test. The statistical significance of differences between values relative to HS (125–250 min) and post-HS (275–375 min) vs. data observed during the same period in control rabbits was checked by ANOVA. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Effect of HS on Tr and Tes.
To isolate any experimental artifacts arising from restraint, manipulation, or withdrawal of CSF for a long period, a group of seven rabbits was kept at 20°C for 375 min. Basal Tr did not change significantly during the observation period (Fig.1). A second group of five rabbits, after a 100-min period of adaptation, was exposed to 40°C according to the experimental protocol reported in methods. Tr(mean value of 0–100 min: 39.0 ± 0.1°C) began to rise after a 50-min lag period and increased regularly, peaking with a maximum increment of 3.1 ± 0.2°C at 225 min (Fig. 1). As reported in Fig. 1, Tes underwent wide oscillations in control animals. On the contrary, in HS rabbits, it markedly increased with a slope paralleling the thermal ramp of the chamber and then plateaued at 40°C value, the same of Ta. When Ta was again set at 20°C, the thermal ramp of the chamber started with an opposite sign and Tes started to decrease with a 25-min delay, however, and paralleling, in the first phase, Ta slope. This was coincident with the peak of Tr. Body temperature of HS rabbits returned to basal values within 1 h. None of the animals exposed to HS died during the experiment or within the following 3 days of clinical observation.
Effect of HS on CSF and plasma osmolality.
In control rabbits, CSF and plasma osmolality did not vary significantly during the entire experimental session (Fig.2, A and B).
The hyperthermia elicited by HS (dotted line) was accompanied by an increase in CSF osmolality, which was maintained throughout the experiment. CSF osmolality (basal value 293.5 ± 2.4 mosmol/kgH2O) began to rise after a lag of 75 min, reaching a maximum of 312.3 ± 5.1 mosmol/kgH2O after 325 min and then decreasing to 304.0 ± 5.68 mosmol/kgH2O at the end of the experimental session. CSF osmolality detected during a 125- to 250-min period in HS rabbits, however, did not differ statistically from that observed in control rabbits during the same period, whereas that detected during 275–375 min was significantly higher (P < 0.01).
Plasma osmolality (basal value 298.7 ± 2.7 mosmol/kgH2O) remained constant during HS treatment (125–250 min), whereas it was significantly increased afterward during 275–325 min (P < 0.05), reaching a peak of 308.0 ± 2.1 mosmol/kgH2O at 300 min.
Effect of HS on CSF protein content.
In control animals, there was a progressive and significant increase in CSF proteins with respect to basal concentrations (95.5 ± 16.7 mg/100 ml) (Fig. 3). The percent increments were 23.4 ± 2.8% (P < 0.01) between 125 and 250 min and 29.4 ± 3.1% (P < 0.01) between 275 and 375 min.
In HS rabbits, CSF protein rose progressively from the basal values of 78.1 ± 16.3 to that of 165.0 ± 15.49 mg/100 ml at 250 min. The increase observed during the 125- to 250-min period, however, did not differ statistically from that observed in control rabbits during the same period. After HS, CSF protein continued to rise, peaking with a value of 182.6 ± 9.2 mg/100 ml at 325 min and then decreased to 147.0 ± 25.3 mg/100 ml at the end of the experimental session. CSF protein of HS rabbits during the 225- to 375-min period was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that detected in controls during the same period.
Effect of HS on CSF and plasma concentrations of calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
In control animals, CSF and plasma calcium concentrations were constant, oscillating around basal values of 1.37 ± 0.07 mM in CSF and 3.8 ± 0.2 mM in plasma (Fig.4, A and B). HS, however, after a lag period of 50 min, induced a significant and steady rise in CSF calcium concentration from basal values of 1.34 ± 0.1 up to 1.60 ± 0.07 mM at 225 min. It is noticeable that Tr and CSF calcium concentration began to increase at the same time. At the end of the experiment, however, CSF calcium concentration was still above basal concentrations, although Tr had returned to baseline values. Plasma calcium concentration in HS rabbits, on the contrary, did not change significantly over the entire observation period.
Sodium, potassium, and magnesium concentrations in CSF and plasma of rabbits either kept for 375 min at 20°C or heat stressed did not change significantly during the entire experimental session (data not shown).
Effect of HS on CSF concentrations of taurine, GABA, aspartate, and glutamate.
In rabbits kept at 20°C, there was a progressive and significant reduction in CSF concentrations of taurine from the basal value of 4.2 ± 0.4 to 2.7 ± 0.2 μM between 125 and 250 min (P < 0.01 vs. basal value), with a subsequent increase to 3.7 ± 0.4 μM between 275 and 375 min (P < 0.05 vs. basal value) (Fig. 5). Remarkably, in HS rabbits, CSF taurine concentration (basal value 4.5 ± 0.4 μM) remained constant during the exposure to 40°C (4.9 ± 0.5 μM mean value between 125 and 250 min) and rose progressively thereafter, with a peak value of 5.4 ± 1.0 μM between 275 and 375 min. The statistical analysis showed that during the exposure to 40°C (125–250 min) and during the post-HS period (275–375 min), the amount of CSF taurine concentration in HS rabbits was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that detected in control rabbits in the same period of time. It is worth noticing that Tr increased, whereas CSF taurine concentration levels were constant. Subsequently, they began to decrease when CSF taurine concentration rose progressively. At the end of the experiment, Tr had returned to baseline values, whereas CSF taurine concentration was still above basal values.
Among the other amino acids analyzed, only GABA had a pattern similar to taurine. As shown in Fig. 6, in control rabbits CSF GABA contents decreased from the basal value of 2.1 ± 0.5 to 1.2 ± 0.5 μM (mean value between 125 and 250 min, P < 0.05 vs. basal value) and remained stable around this value thereafter. During HS, CSF GABA slightly rose from basal levels of 2.1 ± 0.6 up to the value of 2.5 ± 1.2 μM at 150 min and then decreased regularly, reaching the value of 0.5 ± 0.4 μM at the end of the experimental session. CSF GABA levels between 125 and 250 min were significantly higher than those observed in control rabbits during the same period (P < 0.05). On the contrary, during the post-HS period (275–375 min), CSF GABA did not differ statistically from the amount detected in controls.
Aspartate and glutamate CSF levels were similar in both HS and control animals during the entire observation period (Fig.7). In both groups, values exhibited a trend with time to decrease that, however, did not reach statistical significance.
Changes in osmolality of ACSF after the addition of varying amounts of BSA, CaCl2, or taurine.
Increasing amounts of BSA (from 1 up to 4 mg/ml) did not affect ACSF osmolality. On the contrary, when calcium contents were changed by adding to ACSF without calcium (270.0 ± 2.1 mosmol/kgH2O), CaCl2 from 1 to 2.5 mM, ACSF osmolality significantly rose to 295.0 ± 1.1 mosmol/kgH2O, with an increment of ≈10 mosmol · kgH2O−1 · 1 mM CaCl2 −1. Thus the increase in CSF calcium concentration observed in vivo in HS rabbits (≈0.26 mmol) can contribute only in part (≈2.5 mosmol/kgH2O) to the total increase in CSF osmolality (≈15–19 mosmol/kgH2O) observed. Taurine was able to significantly modify the ACSF osmolality only when added in millimolar (>1) amounts. ACSF osmolality, in fact, did not change significantly when 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mM taurine was added to the solution, whereas it rose progressively with the addition of higher amounts. ACSF osmolality rose from 277.8 ± 0.7 (ACSF+1 mM taurine) to 282.1 ± 0.7 (ACSF+5 mM taurine) and to 287.3 ± 0.6 (ACSF+10 mM taurine) mosmol/kgH2O with an increase of ≈5 mmol · kg−1 · 5 mM taurine−1. This suggests that taurine is not involved in the changes in CSF osmolality observed in HS rabbits.
In the present study, conscious rabbits, without access to water, were exposed to an Ta of 40°C for 50 min, a period sufficient to elicit a significant increase in Tr without induction of heat stroke. In fact, heat stroke in rabbits is characterized by deep hyperthermia, with Tr ≥43°C, loss of sensation, decreased muscle tone, unconsciousness, and coma (37). It has been reported that cerebral ischemia is the main cause for the onset of the heat stroke syndrome (20). The mean exposure time at 40°C Ta for the onset of heat stroke in rabbits was found to be ∼90 min (20). In the present investigation, none of the rabbits exposed to the same Ta for 50 min underwent heat stroke. Nevertheless, these animals had their thermoregulatory systems overridden because body temperature overcame Ta despite the activation of thermoeffectors (panting rate and vasodilatation) toward heat dissipation.
The hyperthermia that followed HS in the present study was accompanied by an increase in CSF and plasma osmolality. It is well known that acute exposure of mammals to high Ta elicits a highly coordinated pattern of adjustments in an attempt to maintain internal body temperature within its normal range (18). This is mainly achieved by enhancing the evaporative heat loss by increasing the panting rate (42). Consequently, HS also generates water loss from the cellular and extracellular fluid compartments, as it was the case of HS rabbits in the present study. This results in increased plasma osmolality, which in turn stimulates arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion by the posterior pituitary into the peripheral circulation, by activation of osmo- and baroreceptor pathways (18). AVP causes vasoconstriction and reduces urinary water loss, thus counteracting water imbalance and contributing to the body fluid homeostasis during HS (18). It has been suggested that AVP regulates CSF composition during brain adaptation to acute increases in plasma osmolality (39). In the present study, the HS-induced increase in plasma osmolality might have stimulated central AVP secretion, with subsequent changes in the composition and osmolality of CSF. Recent studies have demonstrated that AVP released by neurons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract is markedly and positively dependent on changes in plasma osmolality (12). The osmotic threshold at which AVP release is stimulated is 286 mosmol/kgH2O in rats (12) and 302 mosmol/kgH2O in cats (14). Although it is still undefined in rabbits, it is conceivable that it had been achieved in the first phase of HS in the present study.
Brain osmoreceptors can track the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid and activate the mechanisms by which evaporative heat loss and increase in body temperature are inhibited in mammals undergoing dehydration from exposure to high Ta(42). In particular, intracerebroventricular infusion of hypertonic ACSF solutions (1,500 mosmol/kgH2O) in conscious rabbits placed in a warm environment (33°C) led to an increase in cisternal CSF osmolality of ≈30.0 mosmol/kgH2O, which was accompanied by a reduction of either panting rate and Tesand by an increase in brain temperature. The perfusion with ACSF with an osmolality of 1,000 mosmol/kgH2O, on the contrary, significantly decreases panting rate without affecting Tesand brain temperature. These observations suggest that thermoregulatory responses in dehydrated animals are controlled in part by neuronal or hormonal systems stimulated by activation of cerebral osmoreceptors (42). This is considered to be the physiopathological mechanism underlying the heat stroke syndrome. Because in the present study the HS-induced increase in CSF osmolality was ≈19.0 mosmol/kgH2O, it is probable that the responses mediated by osmoreceptors were not activated.
The present results suggest that the increase in CSF osmolality did not depend on the increase in CSF proteins, taurine, and GABA levels but is only partly dependent on the increase in CSF calcium. Although taurine is considered an osmoregulator in the brain, it is imported into neurons and astrocytes bathed by hyperosmotic media to compensate for the osmotic gradient, thereby avoiding cell shrinkage (31); the increase in CSF osmolality could not be ascribed to taurine in consideration of the changes at micromolar concentrations observed here. HS-induced increase in CSF calcium levels deserves special comment. It has been proposed that the set point of body temperature in mammals is regulated by extracellular changes in calcium concentrations within the hypothalamus (27). Previous studies from this laboratory showed that when thermoregulation is set toward the promotion of heat dissipation, as happens when animals become hypothermic after an intracerebroventricular injection of taurine, there is a significant and long-lasting increase in CSF calcium content (36). Consequently, when thermoregulation is set toward the promotion of heat dissipation during the exposure to high Ta, changes in brain calcium metabolism may follow, giving rise to an increase in CSF calcium concentrations, as it was observed in the present study. This hypothesis, although attractive, cannot be supported in view of the positive correlation between CSF calcium contents and fever of various origins described in previous studies from this laboratory (28, 29). In those studies, in fact, CSF calcium increase was considered as a trigger for prostaglandin E2 synthesis. This was further supported by the observation that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was able to promote, in in vitro conditions, 45Ca2+ release from brain tissues (30). The fact that an intracerebroventricular injection of PGE2 induced fever without modifying CSF calcium concentrations (28) was coherent with this result. These observations, however, rule out the possibility that CSF calcium concentrations could, in some way, be linked to the activation of thermoeffectors, as advocated by previous studies (27). Consequently, it can be speculated that CSF calcium increases following taurine increase in CSF. No data are available, however, on the cause-effect relationship between calcium increase in CSF and the activation of thermoeffectors, despite the parallelism at the time course of the two phenomena observed in the present study.
Withdrawal of CSF from the cisterna magna is a nonphysiological procedure that may be responsible for the progressive increase in CSF protein accompanied by a progressive decay in CSF taurine and GABA levels, as shown in control rabbits in the present study. The response of living organisms to a variety of physiological stresses involves the synthesis of HS protein in nerve cells (6). It is generally accepted that at least some of these proteins have a neuroprotective function (6). In rabbits in the present study, the stress arising from handling and restraint may have also contributed to the stimulated synthesis of these proteins and their release into the extracellular space. In control animals, CSF GABA and taurine decreased slightly during the first 100 min and remained fairly constant thereafter. This phenomenon has been observed also by Singewals et al. (38) during the perfusion of the posterior hypothalamus of conscious rats with a push-pull cannula. Authors have speculated that because CSF samples were collected immediately after the insertion of the needle in the cannula guide used for CSF withdrawal, the tip of the needle could cause little damage to the surrounding tissues responsible for the decline in outflow of amino acids into CSF.
Hyperthermia due to infectious diseases or heat stroke may produce severe CNS dysfunction, including seizures, disorientation, and coma (2, 26, 37). Moreover, it has been shown that hyperthermia potentiates ischemic CNS injury in many experimental animal models, whereas hypothermia attenuates or prevents neurodegeneration (24), thus outlining the importance of brain temperature in pathological and functional outcomes of injured brain. It has been reported that in experimental ischemia, both hyperthermia and mild hypothermia exert their harmful and protective effects, respectively, by impairing or enhancing glutamate uptake (3). On the contrary, hyperthermia or hypothermia per se do not induce significant changes in glutamate extracellular levels in the same experimental model (24). At variance with the previous observation, however, increased extracellular glutamate levels have been shown to accompany damage caused by hyperthermia during experimental seizure (26). In rats, fever induced by injection of PGE1, PGE2, or Escherichia coli is accompanied by an increase in aspartate and glutamate levels in CSF or in microdialysate samples collected from the cortex (22, 25,32), thus suggesting that these amino acids might be involved in the pathogenesis of fever. However, relatively little is known about the role of aspartate and glutamate in in vivo models of HS or heat stroke.
Cremades and Peñafiel (11) observed that exposure of infant rats (7 or 14 days old) to elevated Ta (40°C for 90 min) induced hyperthermia, accompanied by a significant increase and a significant decrease in glutamate and aspartate levels in brain tissues, respectively. On the contrary, in adult rats (21 days old), HS induced a greater rise in body temperature, which was associated with slight changes in brain content of these amino acids. The authors concluded that the different outcomes to heat exposure in infant or adult rats could be related to different maturation of the blood-brain barrier in the two age groups. Adachi et al. (1) observed that localized brain hyperthermia (41°C) in rats does not cause a change in extracellular glutamate levels, whereas either moderate (43°C) or severe (45°C) hyperthermia increases extracellular glutamate concentrations toward neurotoxic levels. This indicates that glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity might play an important role in hyperthermia-induced cellular injury to CNS. In the present study, hyperthermia was not accompanied by modifications in CSF glutamate and aspartate contents, suggesting that, in HS rabbits, these amino acids do not play a role.
The present work shows that HS modifies brain taurine and GABA metabolism, inducing changes in CSF concentrations of these amino acids. The distance between the possible site of taurine and GABA action (brain extracellular space in the hypothalamus) and the CSF where they were monitored (cisterna magna) is so great that an overall diluting effect has to be taken into account. Taurine and GABA increase in CSF cannot be ascribed to blood contamination resulting from a transient opening of the blood-CSF barrier. CSF protein levels, in fact, did not change during HS and were slightly enhanced afterward. Moreover, increased permeability of the blood-CSF barrier seems unlikely, as CSF glutamate remained constant throughout the experiment, despite the high blood-CSF gradient, which approximates the value of 75 (19). It might be speculated that increased output of taurine and GABA from the brain into CSF is aimed at counteracting the hyperthermia promoted by exposure to heat. When the time courses for HS-induced changes in Tr and CSF taurine contents were compared, in fact, it was found that Tr decreased as soon as taurine CSF contents rose. Also, CSF GABA levels were significantly higher during the HS period, just before Tr had regained basal values. However, because compensatory responses in general depend partly on the relative strength of the stimuli, further experiments performed at different Ta with different exposure times might provide more definitive support to a possible role of taurine and GABA as endogenous cryogenic compounds. Still, the difficulty to correlate changes in CSF contents of these amino acids with hypothalamic functions is challenging. Even the use of experimental models based on the positioning of microdialysis probes in the hypothalamus, which seems to be the most profitable approach, is not free from severe limitations, owing to the difficulty in interpreting the meaning of changes in amino acid contents in dialysates (41).
The possible role of taurine and GABA as hypothermic regulators is presently being investigated in several laboratories. Bouchama et al. (9) have shown that heat stroke patients with a Ta of 42°C associated with neurological disorders exhibit a significant increase in plasma and urine concentrations of taurine. These were found to return to basal values within 24 h after the induction of hypothermia. In dorsal horn slices of rat spinal cord, taurine release has been found to depend on temperature. In particular, basal taurine release is depressed at 8°C and enhanced at 37 or 40°C (13). Tigges et al. (40) demonstrated that taurine efflux from the astrocytes and neurons changes in a temperature-dependent fashion. Specifically, taurine efflux from rat hypothalamic astrocytes in culture decreases when temperature is lowered from 37 to 33°C and increases at temperatures above 37°C (37–41°C). This phenomenon was also shown to occur in cerebellar neuron cultures. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of taurine in rabbits was shown to reduce the febrile response caused by intravenous injection ofSalmonella typhosa or leukocytic pyrogen or intracerebroventricular injection of endotoxin or prostaglandin E2 (21). Intracisternal injection of E. coli in rabbits, an experimental model of meningitis, caused a significant increase in taurine and GABA concentrations in the extracellular fluid of the posterior frontal cerebral cortex (32). Rats treated with PGE2, regarded as the final mediator of the febrile response (17), through a microdialysis probe in the lumbar subarachnoid space, showed a marked increase in CSF concentrations of taurine and GABA (22). IL-1 has been shown to stimulate in vitro taurine and GABA release from rat preoptic/mediobasal hypothalamic tissues (15). Experiments performed in this laboratory showed that CSF concentrations of taurine and GABA increase significantly in conscious rabbits during IL-1β-induced fever (unpublished observations).
In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate how levels of protein, calcium, taurine, and GABA are increased in CSF of HS rabbits. These increments cannot be ascribed to a transient failure of the blood-CSF barrier. It is suggested that taurine and GABA are released in the extracellular space of brain tissues during HS, possibly to counteract hyperthermia.
This work was supported by contributions of Ministero degli Affari Esteri (Rome, Italy) under law 212/92 and by Ministero dell' Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica, Cofin. '98.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: G. Sgaragli, Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, Via Piccolomini 170, 53100 Siena, Italy (E-mail: sgaragli{at}unisi.it).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2000 the American Physiological Society


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Buche de Noel (Yule Log)
The State Fair loves to showcase Creative Arts competitors and their creations in our Cookbook and our new recipe blog on bigtex.com. Enter your favorite recipe in one of our Creative Arts competitions for your chance to be in the spotlight!More State Fair Recipes
Robert E. Baker, M.D. – Little Elm, Texas
2nd Place – All About Chocolate, 2013
2 c. heavy cream
1/2 c. confectioners' sugar
1/2 c. unsweetened cocoa powder
1 tsp. vanilla extract
6 egg yolks
1/2 c. white sugar
1/3 c. unsweetened cocoa powder
1 1/2 tsp. vanilla extract
1/8 tsp. salt
6 egg whites
1/4 c. white sugar
Confectioners' sugar for dusting
Toasted almonds
Preheat oven to 375º. Line a 10 x 15-inch jelly-roll pan with parchment paper. In a large bowl, whip cream, 1/2 cup confectioners' sugar, 1/2 cup cocoa and 1 teaspoon vanilla until thick and stiff; refrigerate.
In a large bowl, use an electric mixer to beat egg yolks with 1/2 cup sugar until thick and pale. Blend in 1/3 cup cocoa, 1 1/2 teaspoons vanilla and salt. In a large glass bowl, using clean beaters, whip egg whites to soft peaks. Gradually add 1/4 cup sugar; beat until whites form stiff peaks. Immediately fold yolk mixture into whites; spread batter evenly into prepared pan. Bake 12 to 15 minutes in preheated oven or until cake springs back when lightly touched.
Dust a clean dish towel with confectioners' sugar. Run a knife around the edge of pan, turn warm cake out onto towel. Remove and discard parchment paper. Starting at short edge of cake, roll cake up with towel. Cool 30 minutes.
Unroll cake and spread filling to within 1 inch of edge. Roll cake up with filling inside. Place, seam side down, onto a serving plate; refrigerate until serving. Dust with confectioners' sugar before serving. May garnish with shaved chocolate and/or toasted almonds.
Enjoy!More Holiday Recipes

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Wireless Doorbell Button alerts receiver when activated.
Press Release Summary:
Dec 06, 2012 - Upon actuation, Wireless Doorbell Button (STI-34600) sends radio signal to included 4-channel receiver in order to provide remote notification of someone at front or back door. Water- and weather-resistant product, which supports 500 ft max range (line of sight) between transmitter and receiver, is supervised for battery and signal reception. Various STI wireless alerts are available.
Safety Technology International, Inc. (STI) - Waterford, MI
Original Press Release
Wireless Doorbell Button Alerts Receiver When Activated
Press release date: Dec 04, 2012
When the Wireless Doorbell Button (STI-34600) is activated, it sends a wireless radio signal to the included 4-Channel Receiver, which will alert, letting you know someone has arrived. Up to 500 foot range (line of sight) between transmitter and receiver. Doorbell button is supervised for battery and signal reception and is water/weather resistant for outdoor use.
A variety of STI wireless alerts are available. Wireless Driveway Monitor lets you know when a car enters the driveway. Wireless Mailbox Alert alerts when the mail has arrived. Wireless Garage Sentry® Alert lets you know when the garage door is open or closed. The Wireless Universal Stopper can be used on a medicine cabinet, gate, window, etc. Click here for more details.
For more information on STI Wireless Doorbell Button (STI-34600), STI Wireless Alerts or the entire Stopper® Line, call 800-888-4784, fax 248-673-1246, email email@example.com or visit www.sti-usa.com. STI's address is: 2306 Airport Road, Waterford, MI 48327-1209.
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Stillman College enrollment 2017
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Info concerning Stillman College enrollment 2017, and registering for discussion sections and department seminars. Which college degrees give you the best chances of entering a successful career path after graduation? Concentrating on Stillman College enrollment 2017, for example, may give you additional focus in the admissions selection process. Check with the admissions office for assistance with prerequisites, course registration deadlines, and college degree program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Stillman College.
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text: Human Rights Observatory Poll: Venezuelan Leader's Popularity Inches Up to 25% Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro's popularity inched up to 25 percent in March, according to leading local pollster Datanalisis, after the United States declared Venezuela a security threat and ordered sanctions against seven officials. The measures from Washington provided an unlikely helping hand to the socialist leader at one of the worst moments for the ruling "Chavismo" movement. Maduro has cranked up revolutionary rhetoric against so-called "imperialist" aggression to fire...Read complete article© Voice of America - Tuesday, March 24, 2015


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Lyle and Marie McCann of St. Albert disappeared in July 2010 while on their way to a family gathering in British Columbia.
Travis Vader's preliminary is to be held in provincial court in Stony Plain, Alta., between Sept. 9 and Oct. 25 of next year.
Neither Vader nor his lawyer appeared in court in Edson when the dates were set.
A pre-trial conference involving the defence, the Crown prosecutor and a judge is set to resume on Dec. 14.
A burnt-out motorhome belonging to the McCanns was found west of Edmonton two days after they were last seen, but their bodies have never been found.
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SUNY Broome Community College notification date
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Find information about SUNY Broome Community College notification date, and registering for discussion sections and department seminars. Which college degrees give you the best chances of entering a successful career path after graduation? Concentrating on SUNY Broome Community College notification date, for example, may give you additional focus in the admissions selection process. Check with the admissions office for assistance with prerequisites, course registration deadlines, and college degree program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for SUNY Broome Community College.
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In addition, early decision helps the college admissions offices distribute the job of sifting applications throughout more of the school year. Thus, applying via Early Decision carries a greater chance of receiving an acceptance letter, almost 15% higher than regular decision applicants. One drawback is that early decision is essentially applying blind, as regards the amount of financial aid that you might receive. Beyond major requirements within the admissions department, you may consider Gustavus Adolphus College supplements for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
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Thursday, 21 April 2016
Delivering a Lamb Backward
That was the last of the twins. Both are doing great.
Three more ewes with singles (the "One and Done"ers) lambed on Sunday. Right after it snowed. First time mum 0005 finally produced a lamb after four chances, but lacked the mothering instinct inherent in Dorset sheep. I found her lambsicle frozen to the ground, not even licked clean, with mother grazing a few yards away.
To add to her crimes, she then attempted to steal a baby from the next ewe to lamb, a good old experienced mother. I had to put a pen around them to keep 0005 away. I took 0005 straight to market as a cull ewe the next day. No bad mothers allowed in the flock. Not like Richard Rountree in "Shaft" Bad Mothers (we keep Grumpy after all), but like Joan Crawford "Mommie Dearest" bad mothers. Like wire hangers, those are not allowed.
The snow stopped, the sun has come out, and I have one ewe left to lamb, So I guess I'm "One and Done too"!
7 comments:
- Maria said...
Hi Jen, that's a lovely video. I specially loved you saying 'sorry love' to the ewe :-) Lovely to see the ewe getting straight to business with licking her lamb clean.
Sorry to hear about ewe 0005 and her lack of mothering instinct!
- 21 April 2016 at 06:08
- 17th stitch said...
Oh heavens - what a tragedy about ewe 0005 and her lamb.
- 21 April 2016 at 16:58
- Paula said...
Well damn if you didn't make that look easy, which I'm guessing it's not. Are you particularly strong or did the lamb really swoop right out of there once you had a handle on it?
- 21 April 2016 at 18:11
- Jennifer Montero said...
Paula - As the lamb was coming backwards, it pretty much "swoops out of there" as you say. I would normally try and time my pulling with contractions, when the lamb is coming out head first. Feet first, the lamb can get fluid in its lungs so you have to be as quick as you can, and give the lamb a little swing and a thump to help clear the lungs. That said, I'm a fairly hefty gal too!
- 22 April 2016 at 01:39
- Neil said...
You make it look so easy Jennifer, getting that baby out, up, and going. Me, I know nothing about lambing or life on a farm. But I was wondering about the 'lambsicle frozen to the ground, not even licked clean, with mother grazing a few yards away'.
If 0005 gave birth to a dead lamb, would she lick it clean, or just walk away? Was her attempt to later steal a baby her way of trying to replace the lambsicle, if it was born dead? Maybe I'm reading too much into sheep psychology, of which I'm clueless. Thanks, love your blog.
- 28 April 2016 at 16:03
- Jennifer Montero said...
Neil - Different breeds of sheep are known for having stronger and weaker mothering instincts. Dorsets are very good mothers. It's instinct for mothers to lick and even paw at newborn lambs to get them up and suckling. A belly full of milk and the ability to flee any predator is the only defence a lamb has. I've watched ewes tend to lambs born dead for hours trying to get them on their feet. It's heartbreaking. It's usually a good day or two before the ewe accepts the loss. Even then, you can skin the dead lamb (ewww) and put the skin on a foster lamb, and give it back to the ewe. I've never seen one rejected. Shepherds usually keep a dead lamb for a couple of days for that purpose.
I hope you're not eating while reading this....glad you enjoy the blog and questions are always welcome.
- 30 April 2016 at 01:27
- Neil said...
Thank you Jennifer for a thoughtful response. As a child I dreamed of becoming a farmer one day. Now I'm glad to follow your blog instead, and appreciate your time and effort.
- 15 May 2016 at 18:55


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Jefferson Community College data management
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Learn about Jefferson Community College data management, and registering for discussion sections. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? There are a variety of accredited business programs that may appeal to you. Advertising, accounting, human resources, and business management are just a few options. Concentrating on Jefferson Community College data management, for example, you may gain an advantage in corporate recruiting being done on-campus. Check with the database design department for course registration deadlines, and database administration program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Jefferson Community College.
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text: News & Comment AAMC speaks on coping with fraud See allHide authors and affiliations Science 16 Jul 1982:Vol. 217, Issue 4556, pp. 226-228DOI: 10.1126/science.7089557 BJ CullitonFind this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Article Info & Metrics eLetters PDF This is a PDF-only article. The first page of the PDF of this article appears below.


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It's Day in the life time! There is no doubt that these are the posts I most look back on (and I LOVE to read other people's posts!) Here's some info:
This was a week day. I'm 31, John is 35, Henry is 4.5, William is almost 3 and Tilly is almost 15 months. We just got back from vacation, John's parents are visiting and we just had Canadian Thanksgiving.
4, 5 and 6am Tilly wakes up coughing. She's beside me in bed so I just give her a drink of water and her soother and she goes back to sleep. Colds are sweeping our household already!
7am– My alarm goes off. John is still sleeping so I wake him up and tell him to shower quickly since I need to shower too. I'm glad he agrees because I didn't want to get up yet and this gives me a good excuse.
7:20am I'm in the shower. Tilly is playing with a dinosaur and the swifter duster. John gets dressed and leaves for work. Halfway through my shower I look out and the boys have woken up and joined Tilly. I get out, turn on a show for the kids and then get dressed, checking the weather first.
8am We head downstairs for breakfast. I make scrambled eggs, toast and an apple for the kids and make myself a shake (Herbalife- cheaper than Shakeology and tastes better). I run to the basement to get more bread. While the kids are eating I make Henry a snack for preschool and find him clothes from the drier. Mental note to buy him enough pants to get through the week. When he's done eating I help him get dressed and put his sweater and shoes on.
John parents arrive from their hotel at 8:35 just as I'm putting Henry's backpack on him. He asked John's mom to walk him to preschool today so off they go. I clean up from breakfast and then grab my littles some clothes and get them dressed. Now everyone is ready for the day!
Around 9 I pour myself some coffee and add some left over whipped cream from Thanksgiving pumpkin pie. Yum. Then I notice Rudy has puked on the mat outside our back door. EW! I go to hose it off but literally yesterday John turned the outside water off and put the hoses in the shed. I text him (blast my phone turning real words like mat into other words like may..ugh) but it seems like more work than the mat is worth. As I'm doing this the kid are pulling all my pots and pans out. I join the adults at the kitchen table. We chat and the kids play with said pots and pans.
9:30am and I'm headed to the church to set up the playgroup I run later in the week. Both kids want to come. As we are getting into the car, our neighbour drives by and invites us all out to dinner tonight. Sweet! No cooking! We buckle the kids in, say good bye to John's parents and head over by 9:45am. I wash the floors with the giant floor machine, pull toys out of the storage room and set them up, then get the coffee ready to go.
When it's time to go William starts dilly daddling and I tell him that we need to hurry home to spend lots of time with Gramma and Grampa since they leave tomorrow. He cries. Poor dude loves his grandparents and they all live in Ontario. Home at 10:45am and William goes straight to Gramma for cuddles.
Grampa is fixing the screen door. Tilly seems tired so I try to nurse her to sleep but she is not interested. Gramma goes to pick Henry up at school at 11:20am. The littles want to play outside where Grampa is working so out we go.
11:40am Henry comes home and joins them. I remind him that he has an appointment and we need to leave soon. He whines about not wanting to go but I turn it into a special Mommy-Henry outing and promise we can buy lunch on the way.
11:50am Henry and I leave, and stop at Harvey's for lunch in the car. We get to his appointment (speech therapy/motor skill therapy) at 12:30 and we are significantly early! That's what happens when I only have 1 kid with me. He goes in and I wait in the waiting room. I type up some notes for this post and then-gasp-get to read! My book! In the daylight!!!!!
At 1:30pm Henry comes back to the waiting room and I talk to his therapist about what they worked on today. Then we head home.
Home at 2pm. There is a suspicious vehicle on our street so I stop and record the licence plate because I am the most paranoid person on the planet. Tilly is still awake and immediately melts down when she sees me. I put on Paw Patrol so the boys can cuddle their Gramma and watch a few episodes for quiet time. I go up to put Tilly to sleep and she is freaking out in an overtired fashion. She is arching her back and smacking me so I put her in her crib and sit in the rocking chair while she continues to freak out. After a minute she settles down, stands up and looks at me so I pick her up and she lets me rock her to sleep. I put her back in her crib and go downstairs. I put the dishes away that my MIL washed while I was gone (My MIL rocks). Then ask William to come to the neighbours with me to return a pie plate I borrowed (I filled it with chocolates). We pet their animals for a few minutes and say see you later since we are all going out to dinner together.
I decide to cut our sunflowers down since it's been frosting every night and they are looking sad. Then I come in and make a shake for a snack.
3:15pm and William is hitting Henry. I go and hold his hands saying "I won't let you hit your brother" he cries and tries to take himself to time out. But I don't want him in the front hall (our normal timeout spot) because Tilly is sleeping and the sound carries from there. So I try to hold him and he just cries louder. Ugh. He finally calms down when I turn Frozen on.
At 3:50pm William cuddles up to gramma so I get up and post an ad on Kijiji (like Craig's list) to sell our change table. Tilly wakes up when I'm almost done. I get her and she's kinda miserable. I finish the ad, then take her to cuddle while watching Frozen with everyone else. William has fallen asleep. I kinda saw that coming. Tilly is still unhappy and I figure she is hungry (even though Gramma reported that she basically ate a full Thanksgiving meal for lunch: stuffing, turkey, potatoes and brussel sprouts). Snack time: Popcorn it is. Pretty sure it's her current fav. She won't even share with me. I try to take some off her tray and she takes it out of my hand.
It's 4:30pm and John calls on his way home from work (don't worry his phone syncs to his truck and it's all hands free). Tilly steals the phone from me and he talks to her for a while until she hangs up on him in typical toddler fashion. He's home just after 5pm and takes Tilly to go get the mail. When they get back I go upstairs to change for dinner. Going on 2 days of not being able to find my jeans. Mental note to search house tomorrow and recheck suitcases from our vacation (pretty sure they are empty but maybe I forgot a pocket??)
When I'm ready, we wake up William and then start the ritual of leaving the house with all the kids. Socks and shoes for everyone. Force Henry to go potty, he gets upset every single time. Do we need coats? Yes no yes no yes for the kids. Find some. Leave the house and buckle everyone in. Finally by 5:50pm we are pulling out of the drive way!
6-7:40 ish is dinner out. I love social time with people that love our kids. But I forgot to order the side of fries I always order with our drinks to keep the kids happy. Luckily Gramma and Grampa are here to occupy Henry, William watches videos on John's phone. But Tilly-She can't sit still. We end up taking turns letting her walk all over the restaurant while we follow her, with a brief nice sitting period where she eats at least some of her dinner. Still had a great time though!!
Home by 8pm. We say goodbye to Gramma and Grandpa and they leave. John goes over to our neighbours for a night cap. I'm doing bedtime solo and I feel good about it. Brush teeth, get pjs on, kids each pick a book and climb into bed. I read but have to start nursing Tilly about half way through the first one. She's fussy but I read the boys books and say a quick prayer with them before having to take Tilly into her room and rock her to sleep. I tell the boys I will be back and then turn their lights out.
8:30pm I'm rocking Tilly and she is fighting sleep but not crying so I just keep going. She falls asleep after about 15 minutes and I lay her in her crib. I check on the boys and they are both asleep. Woo hoo.
9ish I want to watch tv and drink tea but I decide to work out instead. I change and then head downstairs to do a T25 stretch (it's like really hard yoga) and then I throw on a 5 minute abs. Fist bump! And it's only 9:30pm! (how funny is Lindsay Brinn's face in the photo below??)
John comes home and we decide to watch Scandal. We watch an episode and then he goes to bed at 10:30pm. I tidy up and pack our bags for tomorrow because we need to be out the door by 8am.
At 11:30pm I head up to bed. I decide to read for a bit but type up these notes first. Tilly is crying out like every 5 minutes but is still asleep. I kinda don't even want to try to sleep until she's over doing that… So I start to read at midnight. That lasts all of 6 minutes- I turn the lights out at 12:06 and am immediately asleep. At 12:26 Tilly wakes up crying so I bring her into our bed and she cuddles back to sleep (and then sleeps terribly but that's kinda her thing…eventually she will sleep through the night.)


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Selfie Time: Marc Jacobs Is Casting Models Off Instagram And Twitter
Breaking news, everyone. Mr. Cool himself, Marc Jacobs, is taking social media and the rise of selfies to the next level. Early on this afternoon, the brand announced via Twitter that they were going to be searching social media posts on Instagram and Twitter tagged with #CastMeMarc for the next face of the brand Marc by Marc Jacobs.
Think you got what it takes to be the face of Marc by Marc Jacobs? #CastMeMarc pic.twitter.com/WNJb4qZ1PG
— Marc Jacobs Intl (@MarcJacobsIntl) April 2, 2014
There doesn't appear to be an age limit or a particular style focus for the casting; Jacobs tweeted out a baby, the dude above in the huge shirt, and as well as a mannequin (?) as examples. One thing we know for sure is that Jacobs like quirky, statement-making people–after all, he did cast Miley Cyrus in that desert wasteland.
Think you have what it takes? You just might! Start tagging yourself in selfies NOW! This pool of applicants is going to grow like a chia pet.


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At the best of times, a big customer paying late can make invoice processing less efficient, generating hidden costs. But for many small businesses, a late payment triggers cash-flow problems that affect the entire company, hurting profits and productivity at each step. Rather than holding customers solely responsible, companies should take a hard look at how their invoice management may be contributing to the problem.
In many cases, payment issues begin with the company that sends out the invoice, according to an article on CFO.com. Payment software company TermSync surveyed 100 accounting executives and evaluated 10,000 past-due invoices, revealing some unexpected causes of late payments.
It's true that the customer is sometimes to blame: 27 percent of those surveyed cite problems with the customer's cash flow and communications. However,nearly half of late payments are caused by invoice errors.
In other words, an organization can solve many late-payment problems by eliminating errors in its own invoice management. In essence, the key is to reduce any obstacles to timely payment.
A data-entry error, like using the wrong purchase order number, can bring the payment process to a halt until the vendor begins following up on a late payment. Sending paper invoices instead of efficient electronic invoices introduces another potential hurdle, since the customer will likely need to enter the data again or scan the invoice before it can be paid.
On the other side of the equation, organizations can avoid racking up fees for late payments and keep the peace with vendors by using AP automation to streamline invoice processing. Using an automated system can provide savings in additional ways, from replacing costly and inefficient manual procedures to identifying opportunities for early payment discounts.
In the end, both vendors and customers can benefit from more streamlined and efficient invoice management. An automated software solution like Chrome River INVOICE can help organizations increase accuracy, reduce the number of late payments, and capture additional savings and discounts.
We'd like to hear about your experiences. Would you agree that nearly half of late payments begin with invoice errors? Share your thoughts in the comments section!
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We love you guys! Everything is going great.
Wow! This Chrome River is great. Word has spread [in our firm] and people that were not invited to be in the pilot group rollout have asked to be included!


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Cloud Computing: Basics and Beyond
Cloud computing is where software applications, processing power, data and potentially even artificial intelligence are accessed over the internet, or in simple words any situation in which computing [processing] is done in a remote location (out in the clouds), rather than on your desktop or portable device.
Many private individuals now regularly use an online e-mail application such as Gmail, yahoo mail and hotmail. Exchanging messages and sharing photos and video on social networking sites like Facebook is now also very common. Already over two million businesses have adopted the Google Apps online e-mail office suite and Google Docs online word processor. Microsoft's Azure cloud computing platform also became commercially available. Mobile computers like Apple's iPad, as well as netbooks and tablets running Google's new Chrome OS operating system, are additionally very much intended as cloud access devices for a new computing age.
So what is the cloud? The "cloud" is a label for online computing resources rather than the entire Internet. The term "cloud computing" is also useful to separate the kinds of things we have been doing online for a couple of decades from a totally new age of online software and processing power.
Cloud computing is dynamically scalable because users only have to consume the amount of online computing resources they actually want. Cloud vendors including Amazon Web Services (AWS) now quite literally sell computer processing power by the hour. For example, anybody can now rent "virtual server instances" from Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud or "EC2".
Cloud computing is device-independent because cloud computing resources can be accessed not just from any computer on the Internet, but also any type of computer.
Cloud computing is task centric because the usage model is based entirely around what users want to achieve, rather than any particular software, hardware or network infrastructure.
In Sum,
The above means that cloud computing empowers its users to just get on with what they want to do. Due to the fact that cloud computing is charged on a usage basis, it has no fixed costs. More than anything, the Cloud Computing Revolution is something to take part in rather than to read about. So go on, try an online word processor or spreadsheet or video editor or whatever takes your fancy.
To Download the entire article in PDF, Click Here
Nishant Chellani
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- Cloud Computing: Basics and Beyond - August 29, 2012


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As I sit here scooping out the bottom remains of my Halo Top pint— that tastes freakishly like Maple Syrup for something flavored Chocolate Chip Cookie dough— I decided to share my own nutrition/fitness regimen for anyone who would be mildly interested. Although I do not have pictures of me in unclad crop tops or gym apparel parading Social Media to prove my healthy habits, I can assure you that true wellness is more than what is shared to the masses. It is having the strength to do pushups with proper form (I'm talking real pushups), mastering proper breathing techniques during HIIT workouts, and utilizing effective muscle recovery to work out every day without strain. It is also eating foods that will help propel the body rather than render it useless and sluggish. Whether you have a sedentary day job or you are always on your feet, every one can benefit from having a focused mindset to get through the day. And how is that achieved? By paying attention to your health!
Now, for those who read my Now, if we're talking body post they would know I have had a rocky time with my history of eating. A low weight does not constitute a sound mind, body, or soul. It actually can deprive you of happiness and longevity. That is why I said farewell to my scale. I know my weight because I go to the doctors pretty regularly but having a scale at home is a distraction from what real progress entails (and spoiler: it is not a number). It is watching visible changes to your body which may include greater lifting, longer cardio circuits, and higher overall activity level. True story: Last time I had my weight checked, the nurse was shocked to see the number on the scale and commented on it. She justified her abrupt reaction by saying that since I looked so small framed, she did not expect it to be "that" high. She added, in an effort to save face, it was probably my taller than average height swaying the scale (I'm 5'8). I kindly soothed her concerns over her indiscretion and simply told her that muscle weighs more than fat and that was probably the reason behind it. Now, I think my old, undernourished self would have retreated inward from that encounter with unmistakable embarrassment to show for. However, by taking care of my body each day, I have formed an unshakeable relationship with it that not one antagonizing comment can damper. For more proof as to why you should ditch that scale, search for the hashtag #ScrewTheScale on Instagram and see for yourself.
My problem with certain health programs is that they enforce a certain caloric intake each day without taking into account your current starting point or health goals (Kayla Itsine's Bikini Body Guide is an unfortunate example with its 1600 calorie limit). That is why I put those types of guides aside to make my eating decisions based on my recommended macro intake (try the IIFYM calculator for yourself). To be clear, when I ascribe to this way of tracking my intake of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, (and fiber), I do not arbitrarily choose foods that will simply satisfy the total gram goal. Specifically, eating refined, processed foods, (like those that say "reduced calorie") are not going to keep you satiated for long or provide lasting energy. I believe eating real foods is hugely critical. This includes whole grains, fibrous vegetables, nuts, and lean meats. Now, it is hard to eat clean all the time but you should try to at least 80% of the time! I use Lifesum to log my food diary each day and it helps see patterns over time in the foods I gravitate towards while staying accountable. Everyone is ultimately different in what diets get them motivated—some people prefer fewer meal options to stay more structured and others prefer variation/flexibility. Before you commit to any health plans, the BEST recommendation anyone can give you is to do your own research first. This way you will have reinforcing support for the diet strategy you ultimately choose. Additionally, you will have no doubts moving forward of its legitimacy, increasing the likelihood you will stay with your program. That aside, if you want a sample of my health diary, feel free to Contact me for that information. 🙂
In my fitness journey, my initial priority was losing excess fat. I have to credit my very first exercise regimen to a simple phone app called Workout Trainer: personal fitness coach by Skimble. It was so easy to jump right into, especially for my old equipment-free self because it utilizes predominantly body weight. There were different muscle groups and routines to choose from with their respective workouts. For specialized programs i.e. the "Brazilian Booty Butt", one had to cough up a bit more money. However, the charge is virtually free compared to the cost of a personal trainer for the same duration. It was an overall well-rounded app and with phone notifications turned on it helped me stay on track. Quick disclaimer: Please keep in mind the details of the app I provided are those I remember from when I used it about 5 years ago. More than likely, there have been in-app modifications that could have changed its structure and pricing. Anyways, I continued this app from the first summer I took the plunge into exercise, the following year, and into the next summer. When I began craving variation and felt my body could handle more, I began T-25 with Shaun T, a program that will always be my "holy grail" of fitness programs. The results you achieve from doing T-25 every day are DRAMATIC and made my old app look like child's play in comparison. I not only got into the best shape of my life, I was all the more motivated to workout because of the advancing levels of fitness and constant challenge presented. After many years of doing T-25 religiously, I decided to trade it in for workouts on Youtube with Fitness Blender, POPSUGAR Fitness, and Blogilates. After doing T-25 for so long, and memorizing every word uttered by Shaun T during his workouts, changing up the routine reinvigorated muscle groups that T-25 had laid the foundation for. I use T-25 occasionally yet I primarily use Youtube to exercise, adding new videos every day to my ever-growing playlist called (*drum roll, please*) Workouts. The most recent change to my health goals is incorporating heavier weight (50-100 lbs) to activate my lower body. I was a dumbbell user since my T-25 days but never drifted more than 8 or 10 lbs. Nowadays, I try to bench-press, squat, and lunge as much as I can possibly lift. This being said, when I have many repetitions to do in a glute or leg workout, I will alternate between 15, 20, and 25 lbs per hand to stay safe and keep good form. I am trying to limit my cardio workouts and increase my intake for serious mass gain. Further, last year I was working out three times of week because of my course load and this summer I have began to workout consistently 5 days a week (and hope to keep it this way!) These two new goals (mass and more workout days) have led to challenges and successes along the way. It goes to show that we are always learning and growing when it comes to fitness in order to be a better athlete and more determined individual.
This basically sums up my nutrition and exercise history and current arrangements. If you need any advice or motivation to stay with your goals—comment or message me directly. I'm here for you!
-Additional notes-
If you made it this far in the post, I BOW DOWN TO YOU! I just wanted to take a second to tie in how Myndfulness and my health goals have interplayed. When my body started functioning at its best, so did I. I had an easier time sleeping at night, doing work assignments, engaging with others, and checking in on my own self. My awareness increased two-fold as it was strengthened each workout when I had to be in the zone. Working out and eating right are essential to achieving inner balance.


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Wednesday, August 22, 2012
A gentle reminder
I needed a gentle reminder today and here is what I found; although I wasn't looking for it, it found me!
God's plans defy all odds.
God's plans supersede all logic.
God's miracles mystify all human reasoning.
God's plans trump every single human plan.
Every single time.
God is always faithful,always.
Friday, February 17, 2012
the time has come
It's time to stop being lazy and get back to this blogging world. I am constantly busy these days with 3 growing kids, a church planting husband and 2 dogs who act like they are my kids as well.
But I want to take time and share with you as I can, because I hope to maybe encourage someone along the way.
Over a year ago, I had a young mom/wife in the church ask for a mentor. Keith suggested that I start meeting with this young woman and I agreed it was an excellent idea. :) Honestly, at first I was nervous about it because... what if I couldn't answer her questions or I didn't do a good enough job at this mentoring thing. I pushed away my anxiety and insecurities and we started meeting weekly. We have gone through 3 studies together and are now on our fourth. We have grown from two and somehow have become a small group of ladies meeting to pray, encourage and learn from each other and most importantly, God's Word. Most importantly is the truth that God brought us together, we did not pick and choose who could/could not meet with us. My desire is for this to multiply throughout our church and city.
We have studied through great book such as Practical Theology for Women ( http://www.amazon.com/Practical-Theology-Women-Knowing-Difference/dp/1433502097/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top), Respectable Sins, Biblical Womenhood in the Home, and now we are now reading through Feminine Appeal.
This has been such a blessing to me! I never knew I would love this as much as I do. My hope and prayer is that this group will encourage other women in our church to mentor one another in groups all over Macon, Warner Robins and other areas!
We need accountability and growth in our walk with the Lord. We need friends who will pray with us and for us, who will encourage us with wisdom from scripture and life lessons.
I want to see other women (of all ages) start studying/meeting/praying together!! I encourage you to pray and seek how you can do this. What a great opportunity we have to walk together in this journey called life and not do it alone. If you need help finding a mentor, let me know and I will do my best to help connect you with someone. God is good and He wants us in community with other women.
To God be all the glory!
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Personally, I'm a Twilight saga fan! lol I can read those books and they never get old. Also, I've read the House of Night series by P.C. and Kristin Cast a few times. Such a good series! I'm also an avid fan of Nora Roberts and Susan Elizabeth Phillips! Anything by those two I can read a hundred times! What about you guys?
I don't read a lot of books and don't feel I have time to re-read ones I've already read. However, I have sometimes re-read some classics that I read as a child or young adult-- like "Robinson Crusoe", "Walden's Pond","Pilgrims Progress" and a couple others. I found stuff there that I had missed the first time.
I am lover of story books .Books re true friends of us i read story books when i am sad or feel alone. When i read same story i don't think about that i know the story i read as i am reading story first time.
For the sake of all of us I'll ignore the Twilight part and jump to my own favorite books to re-read:
Probably the one I read most is Hamlet. Second are Sherlock Holmes' stories. I've read The Lord of the Rings about 4 times I think. And pretty much most books I've read. I don't remember who was it that said something among the lines of: "If something's not worth reading twice, it's not worth reading at all"
Haha Not a fan of Twilight, huh? To each his own. lol
I wish I could say all books I have read are worth re-reading!
But the ones I would evangelize, suggest and reread at any point
Anything by Herman Hesse
The Alchemist
The Art of Happiness
Lighter reading
The James Clavell Noble House Series
My all time favourite books are Papillon and the follow up book Banco, by Henri Charriere. I've read both eight times and i'm rather pleased that i've got a dodgy memory.
I go from one extreme to another...
I have re-read the Harry Potter series many times, and I have also read most of Dean Koontz' books many times over in the past 20 years, lol...I think my favorites of his are "Watchers" and "Lightening", though.
Re-reading favorite books is just relaxing to me and very enjoyable!
by shotzee2423 years ago
Over the past few years, I have noticed that my reading preferences have turned more to the teenage genre than adult. Apparently, it is not just me: Millions of adults and teenagers alike have made the Twilight...
by Susana1016 years ago
There are plenty of good children's books that keep me interested and wouldn't mind reading it again. Personally, I love The Tale of Despereaux, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time Indian, and Persepolis.
by lizzyroe6 years ago
I have a few books that I've read a million times - somehow they never get old. My favorite is Agatha Christie's "And Then There Were None." Wanted to know if this was common or if I'm just strange.
by ptosis4 years ago
Let's share good books.I recommend "Fall of Giants" (pre-WW1 drama history) 1k+ pages"Pillars of the Earth" (medieval drama history) 1k+ pages"Dreyfus Affair" (France SNAFU history) 500+...
by John Chandra5 years ago
Have you read Harry Potter and do remember the first time you read the first book of your choice. I remember reading the 1st book when I was a 13year old and that was nearly ten years ago.
by torimari7 years ago
So, we've been living 2010 now for almost 6 months.I'm a considerable book-a-holic and find it always interesting to see what I've read throughout a year.---------------------------------Anyway, what books have you read...
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Wash and dry 10 cups turnip greens. Put in a saucepan with 1/2 cup olive oil, 2 thinly sliced garlic cloves, 1/4 cup water and 1 teaspoon salt. Cover and cook over medium-low heat until tender, about 40 minutes. Season with pepper.
Per Serving: Calories: 143; Total Fat: 14 grams; Saturated Fat: 2 grams; Protein: 1 gram; Total carbohydrates: 5 grams; Sugar: 1 gram; Fiber: 2 grams; Cholesterol: 0 milligrams; Sodium: 268 milligrams Photograph by Johnny Valiant
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text: The Super Swamper SX was designed for extremely tough off road conditions where sidewall strength and protection is needed to withstand the severe scuffing from running in ruts and snagging roots and rocks. The sidewall lugs not only protect the sidewall but also provide extra traction when climbing out of ruts. **TREAD DESIGN MAY DIFFER BY SIZE**


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- Vinyl Samples
- >
- Vinyl Color Samples (Standard 6 Year Vinyl)
Vinyl Color Samples (Standard 6 Year Vinyl)
Our vinyl samples may help in deciding what colored Lettering, Decals or Racing Stripes you would like used in future purchases. Please make sure that you are ordering the correct vinyl colors. We have given all of our colors a color chart number along with the colors name. Please Take a look below to view the vinyl color selection offered on this page.


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I have heard that Vienna is really beautiful and so is Bratislava.. I think I will take a break from Travelling for a while.. I should start saving as well...!! But then there are very little things that can keep me away from travelling...!!!
@Hemant: Couldn't Plan a rendezvous .. Wish you were here :( I still remember the last time when we met .. (You were in Hyderabad.. and we went for a short walk.. discussing/bitching about the new company policies..)


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Bike Ride
700 ft
- Begins in:
- Durham, NC, United States
- Created By:
- Craig Wiggins
- Description:
- Great route, but beware the traffic on NC Hwy 57. I was forced off the road by an oncoming loaded log truck who attempted a speedy pass while I was clearly in his sights. There are lots of hills to ascend and descend, and much of the route is in the countryside with little traffic.
- Type:
- Bike Ride


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Dope indie rapper/producer duo, Awon & Phoniks, are back with their sophomore collab LP, Knowledge of Self, and at 13 tracks, it's plenty of soulful hip-hop to satiate your cravings.
Released on Awon's, Don't Sleep Records, throughout the album you can expect the homie to spit a really tight and effortlessly lyrical flow. And with regards to Phoniks, he's in a special league of producers, with notable artists like Oddisee – always open to sampling and infusing cross-genres of Jazz and Soul, with a fundamental boom-bap!
Overall, this project is a laid-back experience, and a mellow, conscious offering that is loaded with raps.
[Favorite Tracks – Problem Solver, Do They Really Love You, and Ideology]


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Why Vegans Eat Mushrooms
Why Vegans Eat Mushrooms Vegans eat Mushrooms because they are high in mineral content. Mushrooms are sometimes misclassifed as vegetables, but they are actually a fungus. Although some object to eating living fungi, most vegans agree that mushrooms are OK to eat. We are separated by 1 billion years of evolution from fungi. Most importantly, […]Read More →
Fruit Popsicles
Fruit Popsicles Fruit Popsicles are delicious, healthy and even kid-friendly. Use fruits that are very sweet and juicy. White grape juice can be used as the popsicle mixture, if you are trying to be healthy. If you are okay with high-fructose corn syrup and want to be decadent, then use CapriSun juice instead. […]Read More →
Black Bean and Corn Salad
Black Bean and Corn Salad The Black Bean and Corn Salad is truly as delicious as it is colorful. The vinegar soaked parsley, basil and cilantro only add to one's desire to eat the entire bowl in one sitting. The black beans in this salad add a whopping amount of more protein and B vitamins […]Read More →
Eating Vegan Means Eating More, Not Less
Eating Vegan Means Eating More, Not Less Eating Vegan means that you can eat more food than you're used too, and still lose weight. This is because eating vegan allows you to cut out a lot of saturated fats from animal sources. Eating a true, plant-based diet also means that you avoid processed carbs, like […]Read More →
Chocolate-Chip Cookie Recipe
Chocolate-Chip Cookie Recipe A Chocolate-Chip Cookie recipe isn't something you have to throw away when you are going vegan. And, if you are already vegan, and just craving something sweet, chocolate-chip cookies are something you can embrace. Just make sure the chocolate chips are vegan, and you are good to go. Also, if you are […]Read More →
Vegan Milkshake: Great Post-Workout Snack
Vegan Milkshake: Great Post-Workout Snack A Vegan milkshake is a great post-workout breakfast or snack because it is important to provide your cells with the nutrition they have lost during a workout. Right after a workout, it is most important for your body to replenish its potassium, sodium and protein stores. Further, you want to […]Read More →
Smokey Maple Homemade Seitan Sandwich
Ever tried a Smokey maple Homemade Seitan Sandwich? Well here's your chance to try it.Read More →
Vegan Home Fries
Vegan Home Fries These vegan home fries are a a great way to get some carbohydrates and vegetables for breakfast, when you don't feel like cereal, and really spice things up. Serve them with applesauce and Siracha hot sauce (for a hot/sweet combination). Or, try the vegan home fries with black beans and a mango […]Read More →
Vegan Blueberry Pancakes
Vegan Blueberry Pancakes Vegan Blueberry Pancakes are delicious, especially if you add blueberries and other fruit. Healthier options would include using a whole grain wheat flour, a nut or seed-based oil, or possibly using apples instead of a sweetener. Make sure your soy milk is Vitamin D fortified for added health benefits. 2 cups wheat […]Read More →
Vegan Sweet Potato Chips
VEGAN SWEET POTATO CHIPS Sweet Potatoes are better for you than regular potatoes because they have less "white carbs," which are full of fattening, low-nutrient starches. The Vegan Sweet Potatoes meal has better carbohydrates, which give you more nutrition, antioxidants, fiber, and are delicious too: Ingredients: sweet potato vegetable cooking spray favorite spice Recipe: Heat […]Read More →


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TIWN Aug 12, 2017
AGARTALA, Aug 12 (TIWN): For Rose Valley Chit fund company, Tripura Govt could donate huge lands beside highways and for Amtali based Entertainment park above 100 acres of Tribal people's lands were given to the Rose Valley chit fund company but when it about giving 'patta' for the desheltered families the issues are dumped Thus screaming over the rights one can not get his / her rights after 19 years also. The 'Udbastu' (refugee) families who had to escape from the ADC areas after their family members were killed, kidnapped by militants, till day maximum of them are residing either in relative's houses or in rents across Agartala, Bishalgarh. The de-sheltering of local residents had begun since 1994 and especially in 1998, 1999, 2000 and step by step from sensitive places like Jampuijala, Takarjala, Gadarbi and Golaghati the Bengali local people marked as 'Bangladeshi' were de-sheltered. Above 100 people till day are missing and total 65 persons killed during that militancy-tension time which led them to flew from ADCs on that time.
After bundles of protests, held by the Udbastus in Tripura, the state govt had failed to provide them homes and the role of opposition parties also remained so far cold. Talking to Udbastu leader Sajal Poddar and Pujan Kumar Bhattacharjee in an interview on Wednesday, both of them mentioned, "The Udbastu-rights issue although was raised many times but Tripura Govt never thought over our agonies. In 2013 opposition Congress MLA Ratan Lal Nath was also told about this matter but in the assembly the issue couldn't be highlighted much due to lack of supports".
Tripura Govt in the year 2000, promised that financial relieves and homes will be provided to the Udbastus, after following a constant protest for long 4 days done by them in front of Rabindra Bhawan. But the promise has not been fulfilled.
"There were various protests led by Udbastus. We gheroed Chief Minister's residence for the first time in Tripura and in coming days also we will continuously hold many protests for our rights", said Pujan Kumar Bhattacharjee.
In the running month, there will be Secretariat-blockade in demand of Udbastu's rights.
In 2014 via Governor of Tripura a letter was given to the Prime Minister of India describing their conditions.
TIWN eye-witness saw a massive number of poor Udbastu men, women, who remained present at Muktadhara led by a huge number of senior citizens maximum in hope of justice yet after 24 years.
- Cattle smuggler attacked BSF jawan Deepak Kumar Mandal succumbs to injuries at Kolkata's Medica Hospital
- 1 month of Santnau's murder : Journalist Forum held silent protest
- 'Punctured' National Highway pathos under Manik Sarkar's 'Dream-Flyover' : Broken Nagerjala, Drop Gate way worsen on Friday after 1 day rain
- Rides on Capital City's Roads turn nightmare for Public
- Rains to be continued till Sunday


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by 1975
Private Collection (Switzerland)
by 1975 -
George Ortiz (Switzerland)
- 1984
Antike Kunst Palladion (Basel, Switzerland), sold to the J. Paul Getty Museum, 1984.
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Attic White-Ground Lekythos
Attributed to Douris (Greek (Attic), active 500 - 460 B.C.)
Greek (Attic)
Athens, Greece, Europe (Place created)
about 490 B.C.
33.5 × 12.6 cm (13 3/16 × 4 15/16 in.)
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On this Athenian white-ground lekythos attributed to Douris, two young warriors put on their armor, assisted by a woman and a young boy. The main lines of the bodies and clothing are drawn in black glaze, and the rest of the drawing is rendered with a brownish line made from diluted glaze. The words written between the figures are kalos inscriptions, praising Athenian youths. Large, white-ground lekythoi with outline drawing like this one are unusual in the early 400s B.C., yet three such lekythoi can be attributed to Douris.
In the late 500s B.C., Athenian potters began to paint over the natural reddish color of their pottery with a highly purified clay that turned white when fired. Initially artists applied this technique to a variety of shapes. However, because the white slip was rather fragile, by the mid- 400s B.C. artists limited the use of this technique to leykthoi used in funerary ritual.
Private Collection (Switzerland)
George Ortiz (Switzerland)
Antike Kunst Palladion (Basel, Switzerland), sold to the J. Paul Getty Museum, 1984.
Dorig, Jose, ed. Art Antique: Collections Privees de Suisse Romande. Exh. cat.. Musee d'art et d'histoire, Geneve. (Geneva: Editions archeologiques de l'Universite de Geneve, 1975), cat. no. 205; figs. 205a-e.
Buitron, Diana. Douris. Ph.D. diss., Institute of Fine Arts, New York University: 1976, p. 48, no. 36.
"Acquisitions/1984." The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 13 (1985), pp. 168-69, no. 19.
Kurtz, D. C. "Two Athenian White-ground Lekythoi," Greek Vases in the J. Paul Getty Museum 4. Occasional Papers in Antiquities 5 (1989). pp. 113-130, figs. 1a-e.
Immerwahr, Henry. Attic Script: A Survey. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), p. 85 (no cat. number).
The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections. 3rd ed. (Malibu: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1991), p. 48.
Buitron-Oliver, Diana. Douris: A Master-Painter of Athenian Red-Figure Vases. Kerameus 9. Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1995, pp. 18, 44, 51-53, 64-65, and 75, cat. no. 45; p. 95, fig. 6E; pls. 28-29.
The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections. 4th ed. (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1997), p. 47.
Towne Markus, Elana. Masterpieces of the J. Paul Getty Museum: Antiquities. (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1997), p. 37.
Immerwahr, Henry. R. A Corpus of Attic Vase Inscriptions. Preliminary Edition. Part VI: Supplement. 2001, no. 4978.
The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections. 6th ed. (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2001), p. 47.
The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Antiquities Collection (Los Angeles: 2002), p. 70.
Oakley, John H. Picturing Death in Classical Athens. The Evidence of the White Lekythoi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 70, no. 1, 71.
Spivey, Nigel and Squire, Michael. Panorama of the Classical World (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2004), p. 202, figs 319-320.
Cohen, Beth, ed. The Colors of Clay: Special Techniques in Athenian Vases, exh. cat. (Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2006), pp. 213-15, cat. no. 58, figs. 58.1-58.3.
The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections. 7th ed. (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2007), p. 29, ill.
Neils, J., "'Women are White': White Ground and the Attic Funeral." In Papers on Special Techniques on Athenian Vases. Edited by K. Lapatin (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2008), p.66.
The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Antiquities Collection. Rev. ed. (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2010), p. 70.
Green, Christopher, and Jens M. Daehner. Modern Antiquity: Picasso, de Chirico, Leger, and Picabia (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2011), 46, 152, no. 6; pl. 8.
Oakley, John H. The Greek Vase: Art of the Storyteller (Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2013), pp. 16-17, fig. 8.
Cohen, Beth. "Baskets, Nets and Cages: Indicia of Spatial Illusionism in Athenian Vase-painting." In Athenian Potters and Painters III. John. H. Oakley, ed. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2014, p.38, footnote 46.
Guy, J.R.," In the Shadow of the Berlin Painter. A Reconsideration of the Painter of Goluchow 37 and Related Pot-Painters." In The Berlin Painter and His World. exh. cat. J.M. Padgett, ed. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2017), p. 204, footnote 6.