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Read or Download [Journal] Philosophy of the Social Sciences. Vol. 31. No 4 PDF
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Two isoforms of the cation-Cl– cotransporter family are expressed in neurons and modulate neurotransmission. NKCC1, a Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter, by raising internal Cl–, is responsible for excitatory GABAergic activity in immature brain and in adult sensory neurons. KCC2, a neuronal-specific isoform of the K+-Cl– cotransporter, by lowering internal Cl–, is critical for inhibitory GABA responses in mature central nervous system neurons.
There was a time when the entire focus of neurotransmission research was centered on voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels. It is now clear that many other transport mechanisms play key roles in neuronal communication. Some of these mechanisms participate in the transport of neurotransmitters (today, the antidepressant drug Prozac is well known, and the importance of neurotransmitter reuptake mechanisms at the synapse is well recognized). The role of transport proteins that participate in ion homeostasis, however, has not yet been fully examined. The present review addresses the role of a family of inorganic ion transporters in neurotransmission: the electroneutral cation-Cl– cotransporters.
Brain cation-Cl– cotransporters
To date, seven electroneutral cation-Cl– cotransporters have been described in mammals: a thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl– cotransporter (NCC), two loop diuretic-sensitive Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporters (NKCC1 and 2), and four K+-Cl– cotransporters (KCC1–4). NCC and NKCC2 are renal-specific cotransporters. The remaining five cotransporters are more widely expressed and are found in the central nervous system. The precise cellular localizations of KCC1, KCC3, and KCC4 have not yet been reported in the brain. NKCC1 has been localized to choroid plexus, oligodendrocytes, and neurons (9), whereas KCC2 expression has been shown to be restricted to neurons (4, 8). These two cation-Cl– cotransporters, functioning in opposite directions (Fig. 1⇓), affect GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmission through regulation of intracellular Cl– levels.
Development of GABAergic, glycinergic, and glutaminergic neurotransmission
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine are inhibitory neurotransmitters in the adult nervous system. The inhibitory inputs they generate are essential for proper electric activity in the brain. They balance signals generated by excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate) and thus prevent the spread of excitatory activity. GABA and glycine bind to receptors that open Cl– channels (Fig. 1⇑). Depending on the intracellular Cl– concentration, Cl– either enters the cell and hyperpolarizes the plasma membrane or leaves the cell and depolarizes it. The development of GABAergic, glycinergic, and glutaminergic synapses has been best studied in the rat. GABA, which is produced mainly through enzymatic decarboxylation of glutamic acid by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), is found early in rat development. GABAA receptors are also expressed early in development. GABA induces depolarizing, or excitatory, responses during late embryonic and early postnatal life. In contrast, the appearance of glutaminergic synapses is delayed, and glutamate neurotransmission develops progressively during the first postnatal week of life.
It has been proposed that GABA-induced depolarizing responses are important signals for growth of neurites, synaptogenesis, and neuronal plasticity (6). This view is, however, not fully supported by conclusions drawn from mice lacking both isoforms of GAD (GAD65 and GAD67) and completely devoid of GABA. Although these mice die shortly after birth because of a cleft palate and inability to suckle, their brains have normal histology and cytoarchitecture at birth. The brains of these double knockout animals seem to refute the trophic role of GABA during neurogenesis. There remains the possibility, however, that in the absence of GABA, another neurotransmitter compensates for and fulfills its trophic function. Also, the trophic role of GABA might be more significant during postnatal development, when a great number of neuronal connections are being made. Finally, the discrepancy between studies showing the importance of GABA in rat neurogenesis and the normal brain histology observed in double GAD knockout mice might merely reflect differences between species.
For mature neurons that use glycine as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, a similar developmental pattern has been described. Early in development, glycine generates depolarizing (excitatory) responses, but later it produces hyperpolarizing (inhibitory) responses. The change of GABA and glycine responses from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing most likely reflects a change in the driving force for Cl– and a shift in GABA/glycine reversal potential during development.
Two recent studies have examined the intracellular Cl– concentrations in neurons during development by using the gramicidin-perforated patch technique (2, 7). Both studies have reported a decrease in neuronal Cl– concentration during postnatal development: the first in GABAergic neurons from the neocortex (Fig. 2A⇓), the second in glycinergic neurons from the auditory brain stem (Fig. 2B⇓).
Developmental regulation of NKCC1 and KCC2
Further studies have shown that expression of NKCC1 and KCC2 varies with the developmental switch in GABA responses and with the developmental decrease in intracellular Cl– concentration. Expression of NKCC1 is high at birth and decreases during postnatal development (10). Interesting cell-specific differences exist in the ontogeny of NKCC1. For instance, expression of NKCC1 at birth is high in the cerebellar external granular layer. This layer is composed of progenitor cells that migrate during the first few days of postnatal life. These cells ultimately become granule neurons of the internal granular layer. Expression of NKCC1 in granule neurons then decreases rapidly, reaching very low levels of expression within 1–2 wk. In contrast, neighboring Purkinje neurons express minimal amounts of NKCC1 at birth but display a strong cotransporter signal around postnatal day 14 (10). This timing of NKCC1 appearance coincides with the expression of GAD65, which is maximal around postnatal day 14 and then declines. High expression of GAD65 has been linked to synaptogenesis in Purkinje cells.
In contrast to NKCC1, KCC2 expression is low at birth and increases during postnatal development (1, 4). Both mRNA levels and protein levels increase significantly during the first few weeks of postnatal life. The cotransporter is expressed in both cell body and processes, although the KCC2 signal seems more intense at the nerve termini (4, 15).
As indicated in Fig. 3⇓, upregulation of KCC2 and downregulation of NKCC1 are consistent with the significant decrease in intracellular Cl– observed during postnatal development. This change in the Cl– driving force is responsible for the shift in direction and nature of GABA and glycine currents that occur during the same period.
Thus there seems to be a tight correlation between the expression of some cation-Cl– cotransporters and changing levels of intracellular Cl– during development. However, whether or not the cotransporters participate in the regulation of intracellular Cl– in neurons remained to be functionally demonstrated.
NKCC1 accumulates Cl– in sensory neurons
Pharmacological evidence now exists to support the role of NKCC1 in accumulating Cl– in neurons. In contrast to mature central nervous system neurons, peripheral sensory neurons, such as dorsal root ganglion neurons, still exhibit GABA depolarizing currents in the adult. These depolarizing currents are triggered by presynaptic inhibitory axons that establish contact with primary afferent terminals. In this configuration, GABA mediates depolarization of primary afferent terminals, resulting in the blocking of action potential invasion. Thus GABA depolarization initiates presynaptic inhibition, a mechanism that filters the activity of second-order sensory neurons. Using microelectrodes or the gramicidin-perforated patch method, several investigators have demonstrated that amphibian sensory neurons accumulate Cl– well above electrochemical potential equilibrium. The uphill transport of Cl– is mediated by a Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter. Evidence supporting this role of the cotransporter are the Na+ and K+ sensitivity of Cl– accumulation and the collapse of the Cl– gradient with exposure to low concentrations of bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter. Consistent with these functional data is the confirmation of high levels of NKCC1 expression in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (9).
Can KCC2 participate in both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing GABA responses?
As previously mentioned, KCC2 is expressed in the cell body and processes of mature central nervous system neurons (4, 15). Because of the large outward K+ gradient, the K+-Cl– cotransporter is capable of driving Cl– against its own electrochemical gradient and setting internal Cl– levels to values below electrochemical potential equilibrium. Using antisense oligonucleotides to KCC2, Rivera and co-workers (11) decreased the level of KCC2 expression in postnatal day 11–13 hippocampal slices and demonstrated a positive shift in GABA/Cl– reversal potential, supporting the view that KCC2 extrudes Cl– in native pyramidal neurons. Thus KCC2 constitutes the long-sought "Cl– pumping mechanism" accounting for hyperpolarizing Cl– influx after brief activation of GABAA receptors in mature neurons (5, 13).
An interesting feature of GABA neurotransmission, evidenced during high-frequency stimulation, is the reappearance of GABAA-mediated depolarizing currents. This phenomenon, which occurs at the dendrites but not at cell bodies, is not yet fully understood. It is generally believed that the depolarizing current is mediated by the outward movement of HCO3– ions through the GABAA receptor/Cl– channel (12). Permeability of the GABAA receptor to HCO3– is ~1/5 of the permeability to Cl–. The participation of HCO3– in GABA currents is difficult to estimate in the presence of a strong driving force for Cl–. It has been hypothesized, however, that under prolonged stimulation, the Cl– gradient collapses and the HCO3– gradient remains intact. In the absence of a Cl– gradient, GABA triggers efflux of HCO3– ions and membrane depolarization.
What is the basis for the dissipation of the Cl– gradient? Stimulation of the GABAA receptor induces entry of Cl– into the cell. Under normal conditions, this Cl– could be extruded through a K+-Cl– cotransporter. With high-frequency stimulation, however, the K+-Cl– cotransporter could be rate limiting and Cl– could accumulate in the neuron and dissipate the driving force. In addition, it has been proposed that repeated stimulation could raise the extracellular K+ concentration enough to reverse the driving force for K+-Cl– cotransport.
A role for the cotransporters in epilepsy?
Epilepsy is a very common disorder of the central nervous system that manifests itself as abnormal electric discharges in the brain resulting in time-limited alteration in behavior, motor activity, autonomic function, and/or consciousness. Epileptic seizures are the neurological manifestations of hyperexcitable and hypersynchronized electric activity in the brain. One hypothesis for the hyperexcitability is the possibility of abnormal inhibitory signals in the epileptic brain. On the basis of this premise, various antiepileptic drugs target the GABAergic system, either through enhancement of GABA receptor activity or through inhibition of neurotransmitter reuptake, lengthening the time that the neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft. Recent evidence suggests that counteracting excitatory signals must require a subtle and localized regulation by GABA. Indeed, mice that lack GAD65, one of the GAD isoforms, but that seem to maintain normal levels of GABA in their brains have increased susceptibility to epileptic seizures. Furthermore, although both GAD isoforms have been observed in the same GABAergic neurons, some immunohistochemistry and subcellular fractionation studies localize GAD65 preferentially in the nerve terminals.
Using a hippocampal slice preparation, Hochman and co-workers (3) demonstrated that epileptiform discharges induced by tetanic stimulation of Schaffer collaterals, exposure to 4-aminopyridine (a K+ channel blocker) or bicuculine (a GABAA antagonist), or removal of Mg2+ were all inhibited by incubation with millimolar concentrations of furosemide (3). Although at these concentrations the inhibition could be explained by a direct effect of the drug on the GABAA receptor, the furosemide effect might also indicate the participation of a loop diuretic-sensitive cation-Cl– cotransporter such as KCC2, which is inhibited by loop diuretics like furosemide. Inhibition of KCC2 would likely result in increased intracellular Cl– concentration, leading to reduced hyperpolarizing inhibitory GABA response and thus hyperexcitability.
Additional aspects
Because of their tight relationship to GABAergic neurotransmission, the cotransporters have the capacity to influence many other physiological and pathophysiological processes. First, the cotransporters might be involved in regulating the cyclic firing activity of suprachiasmatic neurons involved in circadian rhythmicity (14). Neurons in this hypothalamic nucleus exhibit GABA depolarizing currents during the day but GABA hyperpolarizing responses at night. Second, the cotransporters might be involved in synchronized thalamocortical activity that occurs during slow wave sleep or anesthesia. Third, the cotransporters might also be involved with the basic mechanisms of alcohol and anesthetic agents through their relationship with the GABAA receptor. Finally, evidence exists that suggests that neuronal trauma initiates a reversal of GABA currents from hyperpolarizing to depolarizing. These depolarizing GABA currents result in an increase in intracellular Ca2+, reminiscent of GABA function in immature neurons.
Proper electric activity in the brain results from a delicate balance between excitatory and inhibitory inputs at the synapses. Inhibitory neurotransmission involves the activity of ligand-gated Cl– channels. Now and then, these channels elicit excitatory responses that depend on the level of intracellular Cl–. Mechanisms involved in Cl– homeostasis therefore play a significant role in neurotransmission. Without excluding the importance of other Cl– transport pathways (the Cl–/HCO3– exchanger and some Cl– channels such as ClC2), we have discussed in this brief review the evidence implicating NKCC1 and KCC2 in neurotransmission. As the field moves toward new molecular approaches that involve gene knockouts and overexpression, the function of the cation-Cl– cotransporters in neurotransmission will be further defined.
We have recently shown that the Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter NKCC1 accumulates Cl– in mouse DRG neurons, a mechanism underlying GABA depolarizing responses in these cells. In mice lacking the cotransporter, DRG neurons fail to accumulate Cl– and demonstrate abnormal GABA responses. These data, which suggest an absence of depolarization of primary afferent nerve terminals in vivo, are consistent with a sensory perception (nociception) phenotype demonstrated in the NKCC1 knockout mouse (J Neurosci 20: 7531–7538, 2000).
- © 2000 Int. Union Physiol. Sci./Am.Physiol. Soc.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sen. Tim Kaine (D-Va.), center, listens to Alexandra Duran, left, a 21-year-old student at Marymount University who had
The chairman of the conservative Republican Study Committee in the House is warning against tying a Hurricane Harvey
Pastor Joel Osteen addressed the backlash he faced during Hurricane Harvey from the one place he knows best:
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The country's first Labor Day parade in New York City on Sept. 5, 1882. This sketch appeared in Frank
WASHINGTON — Millions of people who buy individual health insurance policies and get no financial help from the
President Trump is expected to phase out the Obama-era program that grants work permits to about 800,000 undocumented
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HOUSTON (Reuters) – U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin on Sunday challenged Congress to raise the government's debt limit


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February 13, 2016
Plymouth, N.H.-Rhode Island College
freshman Melanie Brunelle (Warwick, RI) earned N.E. Alliance
honors in five events, which included three individual titles, to
lead Rhode Island College at the 2016 New England Alliance Women's
Indoor Track and Field Championships, hosted by Plymouth State on
The Anchorwomen finished
fourth (11 teams) in the Alliance with 77.50 points. Southern Maine
won the meet with a score of 172.0 RIC finished second (seven teams)
in the Little East Conference.
Brunelle finished first
in the 600m (1:37.12; new program record), long jump (5.32m) and in the triple jump
(11.43m). She also finished second in the high jump (1.58m) and as a
member of the 4x200m relay (1:45.91).
Melanie Brunelle
Senior Autumn
Wosencroft (Newport, RI) earned N.E Alliance honors in four
events. She finished third in both the 400m (59.65) and the 200m
(26.37) and fifth in the long jump (5.05m). She also finished second
as part of the 4x200m relay (1:45.91).
Freshman Darchelle
Judd (Providence, RI) earned a pair of N.E. Alliance honors,
finishing sixth in the 200m (26.76) and second as part of the 4x200m
relay (1:45.91).
In upcoming action, The
Anchorwomen travel to Middlebury for the New England Div. III
Championships on Friday and Saturday Feb. 19-20 (11 a.m.).


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European Golfer's Compound
Sleek and sophisticated, this highly desirable Southampton retreat adjoining the Southampton Golf Club offers the ultimate in understated elegance with every amenity for today's most discerning buyer. Light and bright, exquisitely designed and meticulously maintained, the single story residence is perfectly sited on over six acres of truly park-like grounds with lovely old trees, beautiful gardens and broad lawns. Also included, an oversized gunite pool, a spacious blue stone patio with pergola, an inviting pool house and a separate structure comprised of one room finished to the same standards as the main residence, designed for reflection and solitude. The residence offers 3,000+/- sf between the main home with three generous bedrooms with ensuite bathrooms, including the luxurious master suite, and the fully appointed pool house with four rooms including an entertaining kitchen and two full bathrooms. Perfect Hamptons living and entertaining at its best with the opportunity for expansion and tennis.


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Kiplinger's has an article that lists a few "financial meltdown" themed scams that are out there taking advantage of people lately.
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What's brewing between Kunal Kohli and Amisha Patel?
The regular Bollywood watchers are abuzz about director Kunal Kohli and Amisha Patel's growing proximity. This magic of pyaar between the two has even made the leading Lady of Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic, Rani Mukerji insecure. She feels that Amisha's role has turned into a full-fledged one from that of a cameo, because of her closeness to the director.
Rumours are rife that Amisha is having problems with her boyfriend Kannav Puri and Kunal has been lending his shoulder for her to cry on. In fact, the Bollywood sources insist that Kannav and Amisha have already split. Kunal is said to be taken in by Amisha's soft nature and even fought with Aditya Chopra to get Amisha's role extended in the film..
And he has made her look stunning in the film, unlike Rani, who's looking uninspired. The effort and care that has gone into Amisha's character is very obvious. Also, Kohli too has been telling everyone that Patel isn't doing a cameo but has a proper role in the film. This has Rani up in arms. It is believed that Rani spoke to boyfriend Aditya Chopra and asked him not to allow Amisha to give interviews about the film. Rani wanted centers.
One has to wait and see which romantic pair takes the upper hand in Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic…the director-Amisha or the producer-Rani?


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• If you were in school in New York State any time since 1966, you sat for some type of New York State assessment. Although the type of assessments has changed over time, this information has always been used as one of several measures to learn something about students and the effectiveness of district programs. Every day teachers assess whether students are learning and provide them with immediate feedback when they struggle.
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Exchange 2010 - Routing The Mail
Selecting a connector based on Exchange version The following assumptions apply: There are two Send connectors that match the destination address space equally. Exchange 2013 uses site membership to determine which domain controllers and global catalog servers to use for processing Active Directory queries. Failure to do so results in the email service being perceived as unavailable by the sending server. If the destination delivery group has servers in remote Active Directory sites, the option is to try to connect to all other servers in the primary site. http://ubuntinho.com/exchange-2010/exchange-2013-mail-flow-statistics.html
For more information about how to configure your Exchange organization to send and receive Internet e-mail, see Managing Message Routing. Scoped connectors aren't considered when routing by Hub Transport servers in other Active Directory sites. Return to top Routing Examples The following examples illustrate how messages are routed to external recipients. If you select Fully qualified domain name (FQDN), enter the FQDN of the smart host.
In Exchange 2010, the preferred public folder hierarchy database is selected by using the following criteria: Ranking by the age of the public folder database By default, public folder databases that have For Mailbox servers that don't belong to DAGs, and for interoperability with previous versions of Exchange, Exchange 2016 continues to use Active Directory site membership in routing decisions. For more information, see Mail routing. Yes No Additional feedback? 1500 characters remaining Submit Skip this Thank you!
When a Hub Transport server queries Active Directory to determine the Mailbox server hosting the destination mailbox, it also retrieves the version of the Mailbox server. Read More Exchange Server Tips & Tricks Categories Exchange Server 2013 Microsoft Office 365 Exchange Server 2010 Exchange Server 2007 Exchange Server 2003 Products Software Administration Anti Spam Backup & Recovery The Microsoft Exchange Active Directory Topology service checks the site membership attribute on the Exchange server object when the server starts. This name is used to identify the connector.
For this routing behavior to occur, the hub site must exist along the least cost routing path between two transport servers. Again, communication between the Hub Transport Server and the Mailbox Server for mailbox delivery is encrypted RPC. Servers located in the closest Active Directory site are selected as the target servers for the delivery group based on the least-cost routing path, and the Active Directory site those servers Read More Protecting Corporate Data on Devices using Microsoft Intune MAM Policies (Part 2) In this article, I will provide you with an insight into how you can protect the corporate
In Exchange 2010, each message recipient is associated with only one Active Directory site, and there is only one least cost routing from the source Active Directory site to the destination The following figure shows that two connectors can route messages to this address space. You may want to adjust IP site links and site link costs to optimize mail delivery. Source: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa996358(v=exchg.65).aspx When you upgraded to Exchange 2007 or 2010, additional routing group connectors were required to facilitate the routing of email messages between the legacy routing groups and the new
About This Site Practical 365 is a leading site for Office 365 and Exchange Server news, tips and tutorials, run by Paul Cunningham, Microsoft MVP, author, speaker, and consultant. The source servers are the transport servers associated with that connector to handle message delivery. The source servers for connector C1 are located in the local Active Directory site. Stamping the Active Directory site attribute on an Exchange server object also enables Active Directory site membership to be assigned to a server that isn't a domain member, such as a
If you've configured a relay connector on your Exchange server, that may be causing the issue. weblink A linked connector was a Receive connector that was linked to a Send connector. These are the notable changes to Exchange 2016 routing compared to Exchange 2010: Exchange 2016 routing is fully aware of database availability groups (DAGs), and is able to use DAG membership The first phase of message categorization is recipient resolution.
If more than one routing path is still available, the name assigned to the Active Directory sites before the destination is considered. All rights reserved. I can open up a new question if necessary. navigate here If more than one connector matches the address space for the destination recipient domain, the connector with the more precise address match is selected.
You'll be auto redirected in 1 second. There's a few things administrators can do to control or influence that internal routing, but that is not relevant to the main point of this article, which is that no additional How do modern game engines achieve real-time rendering vs Blender's "slow" rendering?
Exchange 2010 mailbox databases Only Exchange 2010 Hub Transport servers.
If no Mailbox server in the destination Active Directory site responds, message delivery backs off along the least cost routing path until a connection is made to a Mailbox server in If the destination delivery group has any servers in the local Active Directory site, there are no other fallback options because the message is already as close to the target routing Microsoft Customer Support Microsoft Community Forums United States (English) Sign in Home Online 2010 Other Versions Library Forums Gallery We're sorry. For example, if the active copy of the mailbox database recently moved to another server, the Transport service might erroneously transmit a message to a Mailbox server that now holds an
By adjusting connector costs, you can control the preferred routing path for mail flow in your organization and to the Internet. Yes No Do you like the page design? Return to top Delivery groups A collection of one or more transport servers is responsible for delivering mail to each routing destination. his comment is here Read More Articles & Tutorials Categories Office 365 Exchange 2016 Articles Exchange 2013 Articles Exchange 2010 Articles Exchange 2007 Articles Exchange 2003 Articles Exchange 2000 Articles Cloud Computing Exchange 5.5 Articles
Like the Transport service, the Mailbox Transport service loads routing tables based on information from Active Directory, and uses delivery groups to determine how to route messages. Contents Routing Messages for Delivery to Exchange 2010 Servers Routing Messages for Delivery to Exchange 2007 Servers Routing Messages for Delivery to Exchange 2003 Servers Routing to Public Folders Routing Messages If more than one routing path has the same routing group cost and has the same IP site link cost, select the routing path that includes the least number of hops. Would I add the site B hub transport to the Edge subscription in site A?
The Transport service server performs recipient resolution and queries Active Directory to match a telephone number, E.164 number, or a SIP address to a recipient account. On the Completion page, click Finish. A list of Hub Transport servers in the Active Directory site is then referenced to determine where to route the message. A round robin mechanism is responsible for load balancing the SMTP traffic across these Hub Transport Servers; Store Drivers – the Hub Transport Server's Store Driver retrieves the message from the
This routing path has a total cost of 20. The sending server must be able to resolve the FQDN. For each mailbox database, the Mailbox Transport Submission service looks up the delivery group and the associated routing information. Routing Strategies For Local Email Emails addressed to recipients in the local Active Directory site are handled by the Hub Transport server. It's the job of the categorizer to deliver the
The Mailbox Transport Submission service connects to the local mailbox database by using RPC to retrieve messages, and submits the messages over SMTP to the Transport service. Hot Network Questions Why does the term "gondola" refer to BOTH a Veneitian canal boat AND an enclosed lift up a mountain? Option 2: From routing group connector C1 at a cost of 10, to routing group connector 1-2 at a cost of 10. If the message has no mailbox recipients, select a Mailbox server in the local delivery group.
If more than one connector has the same cost, the selection process continues to the next step. Exchange 2013 uses the concept of delivery groups to determine where and how to route messages. This Active Directory site information is stamped on the message as the NextHopSolutionKey attribute. Contents How Exchange 2013 uses Active Directory site membership Determine Active Directory site membership Overview of IP site links Exchange 2013 server placement in Active Directory sites How Exchange 2013 uses
Note that it's possible that none of the recipients have mailboxes, for example, if the recipient is a distribution group or a mail user. Routing in Exchange 2016 is virtually unchanged from Exchange 2013. The public folder database is queried to determine whether content for the public folder is available. Exchange 2016 uses the following logic to select the routing path for a message.


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About RADKA Pardubice
RADKA spol. s r.o. Pardubice is the official distributor of the whole range of selected chemical - technical products, mainly chemical specialities, produced by BAYER, LANXESS, ARKEMA and by the other leading chemical companies in the world.
RADKA Pardubice is engaged in purchase and sales operations of the chemical technical products used mainly in building and painting industry, water treatment operations, technical thermoplastics, synthetic yarns and rubber chemicals. RADKA Pardubice offers for the clients the complete range of technical and logistical services.
Our Produtcs Portfolio
- Building & Construction
- Coatings
- Special Materials
- Plastics
- Rubber Chemicals
- Water Treatment
- Enameling
The company RADKA Pardubice has created during the past period in the schedule of RADKA Group the distribution network and storages in several European countries.Every company is acting self, but there is secured the cooperation in the necessary schedule.
Distribution storages in the Czech Republic are situated in the Pardubice district, One situated in the town Lázně Bohdaneč, the second one in the chemical area of the company Synthesia. There is possible to transport products to both storages with small and large trucks, to Synthesia also by railway. In the Slovak Republic there are distribution activities arranged by the company KORA a.s. Trenčín and Sample s.r.o. Bratislava, in Poland then by the company RADKA Polska Sp.z o.o. Wroclaw. The list of products of the each company can be received on their addresses
We look forward to hearing from you. Please, do not hesitate in contacting us if you require any further information.
Brochures download:
- RADKA Pardubice
(Czech Republic) ...
PDF (english)
- RADKA Polska
PDF (polish)


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Flinton Capital Management LLC Purchases 680 Shares of Capella Education Company (CPLA)
Flinton Capital Management LLC increased its position in Capella Education Company (NASDAQ:CPLA) by 76.9% in the 2nd quarter, according to its most recent disclosure with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The firm owned 1,564 shares of the company's stock after buying an additional 680 shares during the quarter. Flinton Capital Management LLC's holdings in Capella Education were worth $134,000 as of its most recent filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Several other institutional investors have also recently added to or reduced their stakes in CPLA. Riverhead Capital Management LLC increased its stake in shares of Capella Education by 105.3% in the second quarter. Riverhead Capital Management LLC now owns 1,232 shares of the company's stock valued at $105,000 after buying an additional 632 shares during the period. Royal Bank of Canada increased its stake in shares of Capella Education by 371.6% in the second quarter. Royal Bank of Canada now owns 1,924 shares of the company's stock valued at $164,000 after buying an additional 1,516 shares during the period. Parallax Volatility Advisers L.P. acquired a new position in shares of Capella Education in the second quarter valued at approximately $178,000. State of Alaska Department of Revenue increased its stake in shares of Capella Education by 80.5% in the second quarter. State of Alaska Department of Revenue now owns 2,292 shares of the company's stock valued at $196,000 after buying an additional 1,022 shares during the period. Finally, Old Mutual Global Investors UK Ltd. acquired a new position in shares of Capella Education in the second quarter valued at approximately $198,000. 91.54% of the stock is owned by institutional investors.
In other news, CEO J Kevin Gilligan sold 2,000 shares of the business's stock in a transaction that occurred on Tuesday, July 25th. The stock was sold at an average price of $82.18, for a total transaction of $164,360.00. The transaction was disclosed in a legal filing with the SEC, which is available through the SEC website. 3.56% of the stock is currently owned by insiders.
Several research analysts have recently issued reports on CPLA shares. Zacks Investment Research raised Capella Education from a "sell" rating to a "hold" rating in a research note on Tuesday, September 26th. BMO Capital Markets reaffirmed a "buy" rating and issued a $86.00 price objective on shares of Capella Education in a research note on Monday, September 18th. BidaskClub downgraded Capella Education from a "sell" rating to a "strong sell" rating in a research note on Saturday, August 5th. Finally, Barrington Research lowered their price objective on Capella Education from $98.00 to $90.00 and set an "outperform" rating for the company in a research note on Tuesday, July 25th. One investment analyst has rated the stock with a sell rating, two have assigned a hold rating and two have given a buy rating to the stock. The stock has an average rating of "Hold" and an average price target of $87.00.
COPYRIGHT VIOLATION NOTICE: "Flinton Capital Management LLC Purchases 680 Shares of Capella Education Company (CPLA)" was originally reported by Watch List News and is the property of of Watch List News. If you are viewing this article on another publication, it was copied illegally and republished in violation of U.S. and international copyright and trademark legislation. The legal version of this article can be viewed at https://www.watchlistnews.com/flinton-capital-management-llc-purchases-680-shares-of-capella-education-company-cpla/1636206.html.
Capella Education Company (NASDAQ:CPLA) opened at 69.40 on Tuesday. The stock has a 50 day moving average price of $68.16 and a 200 day moving average price of $79.94. Capella Education Company has a 1-year low of $58.29 and a 1-year high of $99.25. The firm has a market cap of $809.97 million, a P/E ratio of 17.91 and a beta of 0.44.
Capella Education (NASDAQ:CPLA) last announced its quarterly earnings data on Tuesday, July 25th. The company reported $0.90 earnings per share for the quarter, beating the Thomson Reuters' consensus estimate of $0.80 by $0.10. Capella Education had a return on equity of 20.23% and a net margin of 10.49%. The firm had revenue of $109.60 million during the quarter, compared to the consensus estimate of $109.89 million. During the same quarter in the previous year, the company posted $0.93 earnings per share. The business's revenue was up 2.7% on a year-over-year basis. On average, analysts anticipate that Capella Education Company will post $3.54 EPS for the current year.
The firm also recently announced a quarterly dividend, which was paid on Friday, October 13th. Stockholders of record on Friday, August 25th were paid a dividend of $0.41 per share. The ex-dividend date was Wednesday, August 23rd. This represents a $1.64 annualized dividend and a dividend yield of 2.36%. Capella Education's dividend payout ratio (DPR) is presently 42.38%.
Capella Education Profile
Capella Education Company is an education services company. The Company provides direct path between learning and employment through its online postsecondary education offerings and through programs to develop job-ready skills for demand markets. The company's segments include post-secondary segment and job-ready skills segment.
Receive News & Ratings for Capella Education Company Daily - Enter your email address below to receive a concise daily summary of the latest news and analysts' ratings for Capella Education Company and related companies with Analyst Ratings Network's FREE daily email newsletter.


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by Doyle Team
On Jan 9, 2017
Listed in Brandon's blog, Real Estate News
On Jan 9, 2017
Listed in Brandon's blog, Real Estate News
The list honors professionals who shape, change and influence the industry
The Inman Influencer List salutes a mix of industry professionals who shape, change and influence the industry. They bring a mix of credentials, viewpoints and backgrounds from all walks of the real estate business. Some are creative, intuitive and gifted. Some have power, reach and charisma. And some are controversial, rabble-rousers and disrupters.
All of the Inman Influencers, including Brandon Doyle contribute to change in one way or another. The list is both young and hardened, made up of connectors, power brokers, high earners, CEOs, hackers, troublemakers and startup founders. It's a list of entrepreneurs, big and small; the old-school and the new; controversial and quiet plodders. "They are not cut from the same cloth, they do not speak the same language and they do not always necessarily share the same values. But they influence the industry by their work, through their followers and by expressing their opinions," said Inman publisher Brad Inman
In selecting this year's Inman Influencers, Inman considered recommendations from readers, editorial staff and outside suggestions. Thousands of real estate professionals make a difference in the real estate industry every day, but Brandon Doyle and others on this year's list are some we believe stood out.
View the complete Inman Influencer list here
Inman is the leading real estate news source for real estate agents, brokers, real estate executives and technology leaders who need the latest real estate news, insights and analysis to grow their business and stay ahead of the competition. For more information, visit www.inman.com


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To save your active scheme and load any previously-saved, enter your email address below and press enter
We also stock the following products in this range.


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Just in time for the start of the early spring homebuying season, mortgage rates moved higher for the second week in a row inline with expectations. According to Freddie Mac's Primary Mortgage Market Survey, the 30-year fixed-rate mortgage hit 3.68 percent for the week ending March 10. At this time one year ago, the 30-year FRM averaged 3.86 percent.
"The 10-year mortgage yield ended the survey week exactly where it started, however the solid February employment report boosted the yield noticeably on Friday and Monday," said Sean Becketti, Freddie Mac chief economist. "Our mortgage rate survey captured the impact of this temporary increase in yield, and the 30-year mortgage rate rose 4 basis points to 3.68 percent. This marks the second increase this year. Nonetheless, the mortgage rate remains 33 basis points lower than its end-of-2015 level."
Such low residential financing rates are inarguably attractive to borrowers preparing to make a home purchase. Mortgage applications for new home purchases increased by 24 percent in February, the Mortgage Bankers Association reported, as the spring season kicked off.
Lynn Fisher, MBA's vice president of research and economics, estimated that February single family home sales hit 544,000 on a seasonally adjusted basis - up nearly 12 percent from one year prior.


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If this concerns you, please contact [email protected]
The Forrest MTB & Cycling Club regularly run social rides. Thursday nights are our regular night Brew Crew ride.Find more social rides here
24 March 2016
Written by Ride Forrest
Read more...
12 February 2016
Written by Ride Forrest
The team who've brought you the Forrest 6 hour, the Forrest Festival and Chase the Dog mountain bike events, have just announced a new event, called "The Otway 300" or O300 for short.
Page 2 of 2
RideForrest.com.auwebsite design by RedSource Media
Site map | Forrest Bike Hire | Mountain Bike Hire | Mountain Bike Events | Otway 300 | Forrest Festival | Forrest 6 Hour | Chase the Dog


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I have the delight of being on a one week sabbatical in Old Salem, North Carolina to work on a Best Practices Manual for work. (Writing in an early Federal house pictured here, which was offered to me by a close friend who lives in Old Salem.) I wrote a blog on the joys of saying hello in snow-covered Old Salem. And will continue to write more this week in "Cities and Memory" about the beauty of taking a time-out in small cities where people you don't know offer you a ride home and locking your car door and home door is optional.
A Show for Mere Mortals
1 hour ago


text: Hey Everybody, I'm in the mix of planning a DIY public land bowhunt. I don't know a whole lot at this point. Only that it's gonna take about 3-4 years to get a tag and it's going to cost over 700 for all the licenses and such. Does anyone have any knowledge they would like to share regarding places to search for decent public land? Also what zones are good to hunt? Stuff like that. Thanks in advance! Tim


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Welcome to the Turtle Creek Homeowners Website
Join our mailing list and receive neighborhood news.
We will also be able to contact homeowners quickly in case of urgent neighborhood news.
Please sign up here.
Take the neighborhood survey now.
View Survey Results Here.
To request the Parish to mow their property (including the retention pond area) contact Public Works at 641-0280.
Covenants & Bylaws
For all information concerning Architectural Control and to submit plans please contact Ms. Debbie McMath, Crossgates LLC, 1125 Causeway Blvd., suite 2, Mandeville LA 70471 985-624-9010.
Covenants & Bylaws
Minutes of the General Membership Meeting
Please report broken links to us here with subject "broken links".


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What Comes First?
In this number order worksheet, students fill in the missing number in ten, two-number sequences.
3 Views 2 Downloads
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Flight Dreams - Folding into Flight
Combine measurement, following directions, physics, and art with one fun activity. Learners read a set of instruction to create three different kinds of paper airplanes. They measure, fold, and fly the planes, and record data and answer...
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Fraction Equivalence, Ordering, and Operations
Need a unit to teach fractions to fourth graders? Look no further than this well-developed and thorough set of lessons that takes teachers through all steps of planning, implementing, and assessing their lessons. Divided into eight...
3rd - 5th Math CCSS: Designed
Salmon and Trout Go to First Grade
Turn your young scientists into salmon and trout experts with this diverse collection of worksheets and activities. Perfect for creating a thematic unit on fish in the primary grades, this resource engages children with printable books,...
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McLaren 570GT 2017 Review- Here's one we certainly saw coming. We've been letting you know that McLaren was wanting to dispatch an excellent visiting model inside of its Sports Series lineup since before we realized that the Sports Series name was even a thing, and now McLaren has at last affirmed the GT's approaching landing. The 570GT is set to serve as the sensible sister to the 570S car furthermore the forthcoming Sports Series bug, with a retuned suspension and more baggage space.
McLaren 570GT 2017- The official line is that the GT is intended to be "the most extravagant and unwinding of any McLaren to date" and is unmistakably gone for those purchasers who, albeit prosperous, need it to win its keep through being more down to earth than a unimportant weekend toy. To that end, it gets a glass hatchback at the back offering access to a second baggage compartment behind the seats, which includes 8 cubic feet of capacity. In conjunction with the current front trunk, that makes for an aggregate of 12 cubic feet of conveying limit.
McLaren 570GT 2017 Review
McLaren 570GT 2017 Specification- The outcome is an auto that, while most likely not the best decision for a raced to IKEA, ought to have all that could possibly be needed space for a weekend getaway, particularly as McLaren will offer a fitted gear set that'll exploit the accessible volume. The GT likewise gets a full-length glass rooftop as standard, which makes the lodge feel far airier than that of the 570S. For a generally little change it has yielded a generous change.
McLaren 570GT 2017- Presently Loading: The Touring Deck
The glass hatchback has required an overhaul of the back of the auto, which loses the car's wind stream smoothing "flying supports." That has required a more considerable spoiler on the seal to yield the same streamlined impact. The glass hatch has a carbon-fiber outline and is side-pivoted, with the bearing it opens relying upon whether the auto is left-hand drive or right-hand drive; the thought is that it will open in the best possible course to straightforwardness curbside stacking and emptying. We observed the 570GT in front of its official uncovering at the Geneva automobile expo and can report that the range under the back hatchback—authoritatively known as the Touring Deck—is humbly proportioned yet perfectly completed in cowhide.
McLaren 570GT 2017 Features- Mechanical changes versus the 570S are constrained. We're informed that spring rates have been lessened by 15 percent at the front and 10 percent at the back, with other suspension settings retuned to coordinate. The guiding proportion additionally has been marginally decreased to "smooth out driver inputs at high cruising speed."
McLaren 570GT 2017 Design- McLaren's well known 3.8-liter twin-turbocharged V-8 is the same as found in the S, creating 562 pull and 443 lb-ft of torque. Here once more, the seven-speed double grasp programmed transaxle drives the back wheels. McLaren says that the adjustments make the 570GT 82 pounds heavier than the 570S, with the greater part of that increase originating from the additional glass. The 570GT's iron brake plates are a bit heavier than the roadster's carbon-clay rotors, as well. A guaranteed 3.4-second zero-to-62-mph time is two-tenths slower than that of the S, however the top velocity of 204 mph is indistinguishable.
McLaren 570GT 2017- The $200,000 Question
McLaren 570GT 2017 Review- Evaluating is likewise correspondingly close. The 570GT will convey a MSRP of $201,450, with standard gear including the vehicle-lift framework to eliminate costly crushing commotions, the more pleasant nappa calfskin inside, and a cowhide main event around the glass rooftop. Optioning a 570S to the same level would see the two autos inside about $1000 of one another, which means picking between them will be down to inclination and needs—the sportier S or the more laid-back GT. Deals begin in the not so distant future, and McLaren concedes that the 570GT may well turn into the organization's most prominent model.


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Police trial wraps up today
Thu., Sept. 10, 2009
Colleagues disagree on whether officer kicked suspect
A trial is expected to conclude today that involves a criminal charge and disagreement within the ranks of the Spokane Police Department.
A jury is being asked to convict Officer Rob Boothe, who is charged with fourth-degree assault after two officers reported seeing him kick a handcuffed suspect in the face who apparently wasn't struggling to get away.
But defense attorney Rob Cossey says several other officers were at the scene that night and didn't see the alleged kick.
Special City Prosecutor Dana Kelly called three witnesses to present his case: the man who was kicked and Officers Shaidon Storch and Erin Blessing. The three testified in a courtroom mostly filled with officers there to support Boothe, including Karl F. Thompson Jr., who faces two felony counts in federal court for a separate case, his fatal encounter in 2006 with Otto Zehm.
Boothe, a 15-year veteran and master firearms instructor, has been on paid administrative leave since the car chase and foot pursuit on Sept. 5, 2008. If convicted of the misdemeanor offense, he faces up to a year in jail.
Storch and Blessing both testified they were standing next to Boothe, who had just caught suspect John Luna, 23. After he was handcuffed and on the ground, Luna continued to talk back to the officers but was not attempting to get away or struggle. Boothe leaned over, said something to Luna and kicked him near the mouth, both officers testified.
"I saw Officer Boothe kick the suspect in the face," Storch said.
Blessing said she saw officers handcuff Luna and they all stood up to catch their breath in the backyard at 3204 W. Hoffman Ave.
"I was standing close to Luna's head. Officer Boothe said 'Shut your hole' or 'your pie hole' and then he kicked Mr. Luna in the face with his boot," Blessing said.
She later testified that Boothe used enough force that she said a silent prayer for Luna and feared he would lose his teeth. Both officers said that they saw Luna bleeding from around the mouth.
Luna testified he could not identify who kicked him. He acknowledged that he had stolen a car and fled from police.
"I called him an Aryan and he kicked me in the face," Luna said. "I don't know who he was."
Later, at the Spokane County Jail, Luna spoke with police detectives about the kick in what he called more of an interrogation than an interview.
"They tried to say I was lying," Luna told the court.
During Kelly's questioning of Storch, who has worked for the department 3 1/2 years, he asked the officer to describe his relationship with other officers since he reported the case to his superiors.
"Not very good. After this incident, a lot of people's attitudes changed toward me," he said.
In the afternoon, Cossey called several officers who said they were at the scene but did not see Boothe kick Luna. Most of those officers, however, acknowledged that they may have been looking elsewhere or were not there at the time of the alleged kick.
But Officer Craig Hamilton said, "I was there the whole time and I never saw a thing."
When Kelly asked how other officers saw the kick and heard Luna complain and he did not, Hamilton replied: "It's all a difference in perception in what you see and hear. If you ask three different witnesses, you will get three different stories."


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Download Alpha33's map for H1Z1 apk 2.1 free for Android smartphone
Posted by A33 Games in Entertainment | March 17, 2015 | 4 Comments
Apk file size: 5.6 MB
Use this application to identify coordinates of interesting locations in the world. You also have the option of manually entering an X and Z value to find where you are. Add custom markers and save those points for each server you play on individually.Add servers through the settings menu. Several languages are supported for non-native English speakers.
Whats new
Fixed minor bug that would allow you to delete all your servers and cause the app to crash.
Changed the point information to a smaller dialog box (that full screen view was ugly!).
Couple other minor fixes.
A33 Games part of our Entertainment and have average installs from 500 to 1000. Last Update March 17, 2015. Google play rating is 78.9474. Current verison is 2.1. Actual size 5.6 MB.
Similar applications
4 Comments
Steven Zylstra
Solid The features are good and is best map ap for just map needs. Easy to find points of your interest.
Gabriel Zecher
Excellent, Free, Not Invasive Great work on a great resource! Convenient and intuitive.
Jason McGauly
Simple and effective Simple to use, lightwieght amd effective. I look forward to updates
Drew Lindberg
Loved this, great map!


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The Brand New 2012 Torx "Doug" Trials helmet offers outstanding value for money whilst still looking one of the trickest helmets available.
This helmet is of polycarbonate construction weighing in at only 1100g.
These helmets feature Double "D" fastening, Adjustable peak and removable / washable inner liner.
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Bon Appetit! French Dinner Supports Local Charities
Chefs/servers (standing in back) served the purchasers of a fine French Dinner (seated). The dinner was an auction item at a Rotary fundraiser to support local charities. What a fun evening!
Keith Grayshon selects beverages as Tony Aiken watches.
Ariel Welt preps the strawberry salads
Photos courtesy of Ron Rogos
Custom Graphics
Leesburg, VA
Phil & Barbara Rusciolelli
Chuck Reavis
Charlie & Janice Bowden
Bruce Roberts
Hugh Forsythe
Dee Jonas
Ellie & Phil Daley
Travinia Italian Kitchen
David & Kristine Struba
Ron Rogos
Interested in being a sponsor?
Download the website sponsorship guide
Download the website sponsorship guide


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The Special Investigations Unit has concluded there are no reasonable grounds to lay charges against any Toronto police officer in connection with the shooting of an 18-year-old man at Queen subway station in December 2013.
He was rushed to hospital in life-threatening condition after being shot four times by police, who arrived after he pulled out a pellet gun and ordered passengers off the train.
The investigation found that the man, who boarded the subway at Finch station on Dec. 13, 2013, was "despondent" and looking to start a confrontation with the police that would result in his death, according to a news release sent out Tuesday morning by the SIU, a civilian watchdog agency that investigates cases of serious injury or death involving police.
Shortly before 8 p.m., as the subway arrived at Queen, the man, who was sitting in the last car at the north end of the platform, stood up with the pellet gun in hand and ordered all passengers to get off. Commuters hurried off the train and out of the station.
Within minutes, two officers arrived to see the man standing in the doorway of the subway car. They were soon joined by other officers. One officer "repeatedly urged the complainant to drop his weapon and show his hands," but the man would not comply, says the news release.
Instead, the man raised the pellet gun and pointed it "in a southerly direction," walking down the train. The police immediately responded with gunfire, believing the man was shooting at them.
The man then exited the subway onto the platform and started walking toward one of the officers, with a gun pointed at him. Police fired more shots until the man fell onto the platform.
Of the four officers involved, one fired 14 rounds, the second and third fired six rounds each, and a fourth officer fired two rounds, according to the SIU account. Three of the officers were interviewed by SIU and provided their notes, while the fourth refused, as is his right as a subject officer, the release notes.
SIU director Tony Loparco says that it's important to remember each officer was reacting independently "to his own assessment of the threat," that they believed shots were being fired by the victim, and that he was not incapacitated by the initial gunshots and only fell to the ground on the platform.
"Believing themselves under attack by the complainant, the officers, in my view, were reasonably entitled to continue shooting until they had tangible evidence that the complainant was no longer a threat," says Loparco.
The victim was shot twice in the left hand and twice in the anterior torso.
None of the shots fired that day came from his gun, according to SIU.
The SIU had assigned nine investigators and four forensic investigators to look into the incident, and interviewed 14 witness officers and 25 civilians.
"It became apparent in the aftermath of the incident that the complainant was actually armed with a pellet gun, and not a genuine firearm, Loparco said. "However, that would not have been apparent at the time of the shooting."
All officers believed the man was holding a real gun, and that was also the consensus among the civilian witnesses who were interviewed, said Loparco.
Since the officers believed a real firearm was being pointed in their direction, "they were entitled to resort to lethal force to preserve themselves and those around them," the SIU concluded.


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How Orji Kalu predicted Anambra guber election before being quashed
By Odimegwu Onwumere
By Odimegwu Onwumere
On Monday November 18 2013, Nigerians woke up full of hope to hear the result and possibly the winner of the controversial gubernatorial election in Anambra State, which took place on November 16 and a rerun in some of the LGAs on 17, but the Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC, dashed that hope, saying that the election it conducted was full-of-loopholes.
Those who have been zealous observers of Dr. Orji Uzor Kalu's political calculations will attest to the fact that he had warned that the Chairman of INEC, Prof. Attahiru Jega, was in for more challenges. Kalu was saying this following the criticisms that rendered the country's air over the registration of three APCs as political parties. Kalu was warning against impending doom in the electoral process in the future, when there were accusing fingers on INEC of taking side in the whole business of registering the APC, now run by the likes of Alhaji Bola Tinubu.
Many Nigerians knew the ovation Jega had enjoyed before he was in 2010, appointed to head INEC. To Kalu, Jega's reputation is dwindling after his appointment, because he had not wholeheartedly met with the expectation of the people, who had hoped that a messiah has come with a final solution, to settle the decades-long electoral problems in the country.
It's surprising that the almighty Jega known for his uncompromising integrity for the less before his appointment as the INEC Czar ("He waged countless wars against oppressive military regimes that held sway in Nigeria's political life in the period between 1985 and 1993" – Kalu), has been found to the numberless of dilemmas beleaguering the horizontal way of elections in Nigeria.
Before the Anambra election, Kalu had told the world that he was full of expectancy that Jega was going to perform in INEC like the Moses of this world, who led their people when the going was very tough; but like the biblical Moses, some human beings are very difficult to sacrifice everything, to ensuring that there is a fresh air in the ways elections are conducted in Nigeria. One of these human beings may be Jega!
Kalu was crying that he did not think that Jega's performance had gone well with many hopefuls of his once leadership sagacity and dexterity in the past two years he mounted the saddle as INEC adjudicator, even though that he would not criticise him personally, but especially the opposition have accused his commission of prejudice, shakiness, and belatedness.
The Anambra gubernatorial election may have once repealed the relics of hope that some Nigerians had in Jega. Just one state, yet INEC could not show to Nigerians that it could get it right. This is unexampled of a sizzling university don, who did not allow domineering military regimes to be elastic in their sway in Nigeria's political movement.
Why Jega cannot get elections right in this country is yet to meet the eyes, whereas Kalu had said that Jega played vital roles in protesting against the annulment of June 12 presidential election. Kalu also had said that Jega's name made corrupt politicians fidget with fear, because of his no nonsense approach of bringing "treasury-looters and other social misfits shiver" to the cleaners.
The question today should be what has happened to Jega? It might not be out of place that he has drank with the same cup that those he was once fighting against their corrupt practices were drinking with. One could say this, because it seems that Jega has left his primary role on why he was appointed for frivolities. But according to Kalu, Jega was appointed to redirect INEC on the path of rectitude, efficiency and integrity.
Kalu may be regretting the impolite media reviews that Jega is now enjoying, because Kalu had always been in appraisal of the vibrantly the helpful and wide media reviews Jega's appointment garnered then. Even though that Nigerians are very difficult to satisfy, according to Kalu, he also knew that moving INEC was similar to decontaminating of Augean stable.
And we can see this sanitisation of INEC to be difficult with the outcome of the election in Anambra State, which invariably does not give a bright light that the 2015 presidential election would be anything to go by.
It's certain that it was not money that made Jega to fail in the Anambra election, which somebody may liken to what chipped in irregularities in the 2011 presidential election. Kalu had reminded us that he saw the first arrow of uneasy lies the head that wears the cap, when the money, which Jega had requested to run his commission prior conducting of the 2011 general elections, was scarcely withheld.
About N89 billion, was not easy for the National Assembly to release to Jega's commission. From the look of things, Kalu has been of the opinion that it is shamefaced, the shoddy performances of the commission, are being experienced under Jega. Kalu has been of the opinion that Jega should brave up and have his way, which will be in tandem with what Nigerians expected of him and not, what any political parties may want him to do.
Kalu has been of the opinion that the political space in the country should not either be physical or literally thrown into chaos, in the name of unconvincing results, such that was announced in Anambra State. Kalu has not been happy that the country would continue to suffer what in the language of INEC is known as 'logistics reasons', when contestants and their supporters must have exhausted their resources and time, hence such language as 'inconclusive election' would crop-up.
Kalu had reminded us that this commission, in the same way as is being experienced in Anambra, announced the postponement of the 2011 Presidential and National Assembly elections, a few hours after they began, for what it called 'logistics reasons'. The tension that this caused in the country, rescheduling of the elections, is the same as we are experiencing in the Anambra gubernatorial election, which has been characterised by INEC as 'inconclusive'.
How Jega would build up his integrity with this perceived incompetence in elections is left for him. It is crystal clear that Nigerians no longer take him seriously as they did when he was a university don. He cannot in every election in the country be causing avoidable panics among citizens and still want to be taken seriously no matter his postulations of sounding honest and innocent to Nigerians aftermath of each of his electoral woes. As a master strategist, Dr. Orji Uzor Kalu knew that INEC was not ready to deliver free and fair elections in 2011. This is the same way it went ahead to conduct the Anambra elections, notwithstanding perceptible blemishes, which Nigerians have seen and read were the occupation of many electoral sub-umpires assigned to man the gubernatorial election in Anambra State.


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Disclaimer: First off, you should know I've had no "official classroom" training on these topics. It's interesting cause the more I read, the more I'm able to "place" where I'm at—where my upbringing has established me—given all the categories that are made up to classify people and their beliefs. Yet still, I'm not sure where I lay: I lean towards and away from both covenant and dispensational thoughts. Secondly, the following content doesn't are mainly stated as facts, reflecting these two models of theology, not as opinions or assumptions that I share (unless I say otherwise).
Here is a simple chart I drew up to help get this conversation going. Take a peak, then we'll discuss some of these in more detail, below.
Israel and the Church
Two completely different entities
|One and the same
A sign of the new covenant reserved for believers (the elect) to choose to experience
A sign of the covenant that replaces circumcision, and is thus ok for babies to experience (paedobaptism)
The Land
The promise of land is timeless and irrevocable: Israel will receive her land in the millenial reign of Christ
The promise of land has been forfeited since it was originally contingent upon obediance; yet the land has been re-envisioned in Christ
Ecclessiological identity
The church is exclusively represented by those who are elect
The church is wider than the elect and includes non-elect members
Covenant fulfillment
|Stresses the literal (e.g. Israel will get their land)
Stresses the spiritual (e.g. Jesus is the land
Dispensational Theology
The post-Christ-collective of people called "the church" is a whole different entity entirely from the pre-Christ-collective group of people called Israel. Both groups still exist independentlly of one another into the current era. This distinction anticipates a necessary distinction in how these two peoples relate to the various covenants mentioned in the Bible (42).
God interacts with these two groups of people in two different manners. With the church, a new covenant has been inaugurated that stipulates a different type of relationship that God shares with this group of people, compared to the Abrahamic covenant (and other OT covenants, i.e. Mosaic) that regulates the relationship he has with Israel.
Various strands of Dispensational Theology regard the relationship between these covenants between the church and Israel differently, but of supreme importance to note is that dispensationalists all believe that "the Abrahamic covenant, in all of its diverse dimensions, national and spiritual, is foundational to all the biblical covenants" (52)—not the Adamic (45).
As such, the promise of a physical inheritance and possession of land is strongly adhered to by all proponents of this viewpoint, and thus it is believed that in the future—when God sets things right—that Israel[1] will have full possession of the land that was promised to them in the Old Testament.
For dispensationalism, God's promise to Israel as an ehtnic, national entity involves a "literal" alnd promise which is fulfilled only by God giving to this nation a specific land in the millenial age and beyond. For covenant theology, given their view that there is much more continuity between Israel and the church, i.e., Israel is the church and the church is the new Israel, the promise of land to Israel is also a promise of land to the church, which is now fulfilled either spiritually in terms of our eternal inheritiance, or more commonly today, typologically in the new creation, which is now "already" here in Christ, but which still awaits the "not yet". (49)
Out of the three stands of dispensationalism (classic, revised, and progressive), (51) Personally, I sympathize with progressive dispensationalism the most. Contrarily, however, I just don't think that land must still be controlled by God's OT people (partly, because I think that people group does not exist anymore; and largely, because I think God wrecked-shop on that whole idea of physical inheritance and subsumed this mode of theology with a new creation, a new rest, that is found in him through his son).
Covenant Theology
This paradigm of biblical theology sees the idea of covenant as being so central to Scripture that they would say it is impossible to read it without seeing the message through the lens of a particular (or multiple) covenant in play (57). As such, there are three major covenants which compromise the backbone of the Bible: the covenant of redemption, of works, and of grace—the latter of which permeates all of Scripture, though it manifest itself in different ways (58).
It is because of this stream of continuity that covenant theologians see running through Scripture—this underlying current of the covenant of grace—that the Israel-Church distinction carried in a dispensational's mind is washed away, leaving a verdict that Israel and the Church are one and the same.
If one asks the question, "When did the church begin?" dispensational and covenant theology answer differently. For dispensational thought, the church is new in redemptive-history and thus begins at Pentecost. For covenant theology, the church begins immediately after God's first promise of redemption in Genesis 3.15 (58).
Thus, the modern day church may consist of believers and non-believers, while the former are considered the elect and the latter are viewed simply as covenant members, viz., this reflects a similar reality drawn from the Old Testament covenant community: there were covenant-keepers (the elect) and covenant-breakers (just members) (57 and 67).
…all covenant theologians acknowledge, not everyone in the covenant of grace is elect (67)[2]
Going back to the permeating covenant of grace, this theology understands there to be only one covenant of grace within the Old and New Testament, which "differ[s] in substance but [is] essentially the same across the ages" (62). The difference may simply be characterized as a type of "promise-fulfillment"—in which case the so-called "new" covenant simply expands on the old, adding new depth and new dimensions (63-64).
This has significant consequences for how a covenant theologian understands Israel's relation to their promised land, and really sets this branch apart from the dispensational perspective. For one, covenant theology does not see the promised land as something that should still be expected from Israel since its reception was conditional in the first place (being tied to the covenant at Sinai). Secondly, God does not completely do away with the notion of a promise land but simply re-envisions it as the new creation that is ushered in through the victory of Jesus over the powers that have enslaved the old creation (63).
As a part of the first point, previously mentioned, regarding the conditionality of the land promise, an important distinction between dispensational and covenant theology is that the former understands the Abrahamic covenant to be unconditional, while the latter sees it as conditional. Similarly, while covenant theology affirms and holds the unconditionality of the new covenant in one hand, in the other some are quick to speak to the conditionality of it as well, viz. namely that 1) the blessings of the new covenant are contingent upon the work of Christ, and 2) that to benefit of these blessings one must not simply do nothing but must repent, have faith, and live obediently (66). Thus, in the big-picture, it would seem that dispensational thought leans more towards the unconditional, while covenant theology leans the other way towards the conditional.
As a final note, I should point out that Wellum dedicated a significant portion of the chapter to discussing the reasoning behind a doctrine of paedobaptism. He mentions how the understanding of covenant theology that covenant members are believers and non-believers, and because baptism is (assumed to be) the replacement for circumcision (77), that because infants were circumcised to show they were covenant members like their parents, so too should infants be baptized (and circumcised) to demonstrate that they too are covenant members of the new expanded covenant inaugurated and fulfilled in Jesus.[3]
Central to this recap of the various theological paradigms is the fact that both differ in how they piece the biblical covenants together. Gentry and Wellum seek to show a middle way between these two fighting elephants in the room, and suggest that "kingdom through covenant" is the way to do it.
PS I nice succinct review of the entire book (though the post centers around Wellum's discussion of these two central theologies) can be found here.
[1] And by "Israel" a dispensionalist (I think) means modern day Israel, since they do not see a distinction between the Israel of the past and the Israel of the present.
[2] Ok, I'll admit. This was a shocking thought to me. I've never heard this distinction before, and after reading the rest of the chapter I saw how semi-founded it could be in Scripture. Though I have to be honest, it's still a hard thought for me to swallow. So I might not. I think I'll just keep chewing for now…
[3] Personally, I think this line of rationale is faulty, and largely due to covenant theology's tendency to conflate the covenants of the Bible to stress their continuity. Two very simple but helpful arguments on both sides can be found here for paedobaptism and here for against it.


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The Spirit of Queens '99
The Spirit of Queens '99
Page 1
November 18-26, 1999
The Spirit of Queens '99
Historic Flushing Remonstrance Returns to Queens
Click to :
The Story Of The Flushing Remonstrance
Historic Document Comes Home To Queens
by TOM SCOTT
This week armed state troopers accompanied three fragile pieces of three-century-old parchment from the state capital in upstate Albany to the heart of downtown Flushing. The three pages are priceless pieces of our nations history and brought religious freedom and tolerance to the New World.
The Flushing Remonstrance has came home for the first time in 23 years and on Friday morning civic, religious and governmental officials will gather in the new Flushing Library at Main Street and Kissena Blvd. to witness the unveiling of the Remonstrance which will be on public view at the library from November 19 through December 23, 1999. The Remonstrance, the oldest document in America demanding religious tolerance was originally drafted and signed on Dec. 27, 1657. It will be on view on the buildings third floor International Resource Center. It is accompanied by an exhibit on the history and significance of the document.
The exhibition of the Remonstrance will be accompanied by a series of events that will celebrate diversity, including a day long 17th century fair on Sat., Nov. 20, which will feature a reenactment of the signing of the Remonstrance, complete with actors in period costumes as well as 17th century music, farm animals and craft demonstrations. Admission is free to all events. (For a complete schedule of events and the history of the Remonstrance see special pullout section in the centerfold of this paper.)
The Remonstrance was moved to the State Archives in Albany in the 1800s and basically has remained out of public view in a vault. In the early part of this century a fire destroyed parts of the state capital building. An archivist managed to rescue the Remonstrance from destruction but the 17th century document was badly singed on all sides and these scars are still visible.
The Remonstrance has only returned to its roots in Queens twice before. In 1957 the document was exhibited at the Bowne House and Queens College in Flushing for the 300th anniversary of its adoption. At that time the U.S. Postal Service issued a postage stamp commemorating the Flushing Remonstrance. It returned in 1976 for the U.S. Bicentennial in a special exhibition at the Queens Museum in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park.
Last year, Queens Courier editor David Oats proposed that the Remonstrance should return to Queens before the end of the century. With the help of Flushing Assemblyman Brian McLaughlin, the State Education Dept. agreed to lend the Remonstrance for a temporary exhibition in Queens if the site contained adequate security, lighting and temperature controls and be accessible for public viewing. Oats proposed the newly opened Flushing Library as an ideal location that met these criteria.
Queens Borough Public Library director Gary Strong jumped at the idea and agreed to host the Remonstrance and exhibit. "We are excited to be the host for this extraordinary document and the library is committed to presenting its timely message on the eve of the new millennium," Strong said. Library staffers have spent a year preparing for the Remonstrance showing and its complementary educational and cultural programming.
Among the events this weekend will be a talk by filmmaker Ric Burne, the director of the acclaimed PBS series "New York: A Documentary Film," currently airing nationwide. Burns will speak at 3 p.m. this Saturday, Nov. 20, at the Flushing Library about 17th Century Dutch Colonial New York. His documentary, which traces New Yorks remarkable history, from the arrival of the Dutch in the 17th Century to the present day, airs through Nov. 18 at 9 p.m. on WNET/Channel 13. A Queens Courier discussion on the Remonstrance and the library will air at 8 p.m., Friday, Nov. 17, with library director Strong as the guest. It is on The Queens Couriers TV program "Queens On The Air" on Queens Public Television (QPTV), Channel 34.
The Remonstrance was a written protest, signed in 1657 by the people of Flushing, who were living under the rule of the Dutch. The settlers were warned by their Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant, not to allow Quakers into their homes or towns. The Remonstrance demanded tolerance for all religions and declared that the town was open for all faiths to fully worship. Handed to Governor Stuyvesant more than 340 years ago, this document is largely credited with paving the way toward religious freedom in America and was a precursor of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights which were adopted over 100 years after the signing of the Remonstrance.
The Remonstrance Document
Remonstrance Of the Inhabitants of the Towne of Flushing To Governor Peter Stuyvesant
December 27, 1657
Right Honorable,
You have been pleased to send up unto us a certain prohibition or command that we should not receive or entertain any of those people called Quakers because they are supposed to be by some, seducers of the people. For our part we cannot condemn them in this case, neither can we sretch out our hands against them, to punish, banish or persecute them, for out of Christ God is a consuming fire, and it is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.
We desire therefore in this case not to judge least we be judged, neither to condemn least we be condemned, but rather let every man stand and fall to his own Master. Wee are bounde by the Law to doe good unto all men, especially to those of the household of faith. And though for the present we seem to be unsensible of the law and the Law giver, yet when death and the Law assault us, if wee have our advocated to seeke, who shall plead for us in this case of conscience betwixt God and our own souls; the powers of this world can neither attack us, neither excuse us. for if God justifye who can condemn anad if God condemn there is none can justifye.
And for those jealousies and suspicions which some have of them, that they are destructive unto Magistracy and Minstereye, that can not bee, for the magistrate hath the sword in his hand and minister hath the sword in his hand, as witnesse those two great examples which all magistrates and ministers are to follow, Moses and Christ, whom God raised up maintained and defended against all the enemies both of flesh and spirit; and therefore that which is of God will stand, and that which is of man will come to nothing. And as the Lord hath taught Moses or the civil power to give an outward liberty in the state by the law written in his heart designed for the good of all, and can truly judge who is good, who is civil, who is true and who is false, and can pass definitive sentence of life or death against that man which rises up against the fundamental law of the States General; soe he hath made his ministers a savor of life unto life, and a savor of death unto death.
The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks, and Egyptians, as they are considered the sonnes of Adam, which is the glory of the outward state of Holland, soe love, peace and liberty, extending to all in Christ Jesus, condemns hatred, war and bondage. And because our Saviour saith it is impossible but that offenses will come, but woe unto him by whom they cometh, our desire is not to offend one of his little ones, in whatsoever form, name or title hee appears in weether Presbyterian, Independent, Baptist or Quaker, but shall be glad to see anything of God in any of them, desiring to doe unto al men as wee desire all men should doe unto us, which in the true law both of Church and State; for our Saviour saith this is the law and the prophets.
Therefore if any these said persons come in love unto us, we cannot in science lay violent hands upon them, but give them free egresse and regresse unto our Town, and houses, as God shall persuade our consciences. And in this we are true subjects both of Church and State, for we are bounde by the law of God and man to doe good unto all men and evil to noe man. And this is according to the patent and charter of our Towne, given unto us in the name of the States General, which we are not willing ton infringe, and violate, but shall houlde to our patent and shall remaine, your humble subjects, the inhabitants of Vlishing.
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text:
The Astronomical Journal (often abbreviated AJ in scientific papers and references) is a peer-reviewed monthly scientific journal owned by the American Astronomical Society and currently published by IOP Publishing. It is one of the premier journals for astronomy in the world. Until 2008, the journal was published by the University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Astronomical Society.[1] The reasons for the change were given by the society as the desire of the University of Chicago Press to revise its financial arrangement and their plans to change from the particular software that had been developed in-house. The other two publications of the society, the Astrophysical Journal and its supplement series, followed in January 2009.[2]
The journal was established in 1849 by Benjamin A. Gould. It ceased publication in 1861 due to the American Civil War, but resumed in 1885. Between 1909 and 1941 the journal was edited in Albany, New York. In 1941, editor Benjamin Boss arranged to transfer responsibility for the journal to the American Astronomical Society.
The first electronic edition of The Astronomical Journal was published in January, 1998. With the July, 2006 issue, The Astronomical Journal began e-first publication, an electronic version of the journal released independently of the hardcopy issues. Its current editor-in-chief is John Gallagher III (University of Wisconsin–Madison).
This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by authors
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.
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text:
middle name of a person who is not british and is horrible at basketball
-wow, is that aaron gowland camilleri?
-yeah, but we don't talk about him, he is not even british and is horrible at basketball
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Brother Andreas (AX Uniform) - Trinity Blood
|Brother Petros, Sister Paula and Brother Andreas from the AX Inquisition in Trinity Blood, worn at October Expo 2011!
Brother Andreas- Tsupo
Brother Petros- Yukioto
Sister Paula- Clood
Andreas' Jacket made by me. Both Petros and Andreas' wig cut and styled by me! All armour (and Petros' weapon) made by Yukioto and Clood, and Flag made by Yukioto and I (Although he did most of the hard bits like the applique as his machine got a much tighter stitch and I was flailing about trying to finish Gate 7 [in vain])
Petros and Paula actually bought the fabric together thinking it would just be the two of them, but when my expo plans fell through a week before they realised they were missing a cute little shota and I more than happily joined the AX family! I then went with Petros to buy the edging and we finally managed to finish all our cosplays at the last minute and pranced around as Fabulous vampire slaying soldiers of God!!
Sephirayne posted on 4 January, 2012 - 22:49
Brilliant Brother Andreas. You looked amazing.
Brilliant Brother Andreas. You looked amazing.
Tsupo posted on 5 January, 2012 - 23:26
Thanks! You made a wicked Abel! Your armour was especially stunning.
Thanks! You made a wicked Abel! Your armour was especially stunning.
Sephirayne posted on 10 January, 2012 - 09:23
Thank you ;).
Thank you ;).