text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Apr 21, 1970
|Filing date
|Aug 29, 1967
|Priority date
|Aug 29, 1967
|Publication number
|Peter O Kliem
|Original Assignee
|Polaroid Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (3), Classifications (15)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Filed Aug. 29. 1967 P. O. KLIEM THERMOMETRIC EMULSION SENSITOMETRY 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 I [III i i; .1 I {1 r41 BRIDGE wee PLOTTER 59 56 INVENTOR. I 720M & M'I/m W 772. 5nd
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ATTORNEYS United States Patent US. Cl. 23230 23 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Thermometric process for the measurement of the sensitometric characteristics of a photographic material in a fluid medium and apparatus particularly adapted to perform such process.
Conventional methods for determining the sensitometric characteristics of a photoresponsive material suspended in a fluid medium, for example, a fluid photographic emulsion, are so excessively time-consuming, employing procedures known in the art, that the sensitometric data obtained from individual test samples of such material, for example, at various stages during its preparation, is not available in sufficient time to permit modification of the production process for optimized preparation of such material.
In general, personnel concerned with the fabrication of photoresponsive materials are constrained for the most part by time-consuming conventional sensitometric methods which include sampling a photoresponsive material suspended in a fluid medium; coating the sampled material on an appropriate support; drying the thus coated sample; exposing the sample to actinic radiation; developing the exposed sample; and measuring the resultant image density produced as a function of the samples response to the exposing radiation.
One attempt to simplify the traditional methods for determining the sensitometric characteristics of a photoresponsive material, and to increase the speed at which such information may be accurately generated, is described in US. Patent No. 2,590,830, issued Mar. 25, 1952 to Williford et al. According to the procedure described in that patent, the sensitometric characteristics of a photographic emulsion may be ascertained by exposing a photographic emulsion, in liquid form, to actinic radiation and the resultant exposed emulsion reduced, in a standardized manner with a photographic developer, to provide an optical density measurement of the developed liquid formation, as a function of the degree of emulsion exposure, directly correlating to the relative sensitometric characteristics of the emulsion as obtained by conventional test procedures.
In general, the present invention relates to a process for the determination of the sensitometric characteristics of a photoresponsive material and to specified apparatus particularly adapted to perform such process. In particular, the process of the present invention includes, in combination, the steps of exposing a photoresponsive material to radiation which is actinic thereto; contacting the exposed material with an agent which is thermically reactable with the material, as a function of the materials exposure to actinic radiation; and measuring the temperature change (AT), as a function of the materials exposure, during reaction of the agent with the exposed material.
The process of the present invention thus includes the thermometric measurement of the net enthalpy of reaction between an exposed photoresponsive material and an agent thermically reactable with the exposed material 3,507,617 Patented Apr. 21, 1970 ice as a function of such materials exposure to actinic radiation. Specifically, it has been found that the net enthalpy of the stated reaction provides precise quantitative results directly correlating to the response of a photosensitive material to incident actinic radiation, and functionally correlating to measurements of the materials sensitometric characteristics by the conventional procedures of the art. For example, the results derived by means of the process of the present invention functionally correlate directly to the conventional procedure for the measurement of the relative speed of the photosensitive material, that is, the empirically derived relative measurement which may be defined as a value representing the reciprocal of the exposure required to produce a given result as detailed hereinafter.
Any precise definition of speed, however, is traditionally thus based upon the relative selection of a particular result as the standard reference point. A so-called precise quantitative measure of speed has been developed from the work of L. A. Jones et al., as reported in Mees, The
Theory of the Photographic Process, the Macmillan Company, New York, 1944, chapters XIX and XXII. This work suggested a system in which negative sensitive materials are assigned a speed that is in terms of the exposure required to give a negative image from which a positive print of specified quality can be produced.
Based on this work, the American Standards Association, Incorporated, has established standards for rating sensitive materials for speed. Under such standards, emulsion speed is considered as a value inversely proportional to the minimum exposure which must be incident upon the negative material, from the scene element of minimum brightness in which detail is visible, in order that a print of excellent quality can be made from the resultant negative. These standards specify techniques for plotting the characteristic I-I&D curve of a negative material, that is, the curve relating the logarithm of the original exposure of the negative to density in said negative. The value of speed derived from the standard characteristic curve so determined is specified as equal to the reciprocal of the exposure, E, on the characteristic curve at which the slope is 0.3 times the average slope for a log exposure range of 1.5 of which E is the minimum exposure. The precise method for determining speed in this manner is described in detail in the publication of the American Standards Association, Incorporated, PH 25-1954, and titled American Standard Method for Determining Photographic Speed and Exposure Index.
Accordingly, primary objects of the present invention are to provide a rapid access process particularly adapted for the precise determination of the sensitometric response characteristics of a photoresponsive material; to provide a rapid access process adapted for the precise determination of the sensitometric response characteristics of a photoresponsive material to actinic radiation of selected frequencies; to provide a rapid access process adapted for the precise determination of the sensitometric response characteristics of a photoresponsive material to actinic radiation of selected intensities; to provide a rapid access process adapted for the precise determination of the sensitometric response characteristics of a fluid photoresponsive composition; to provide a rapid access process adapted for the precise determination of the effects of adjuncts upon the sensitometric response characteristics of a photoresponsive material; to provide a rapid access process adapted for the continuous monitoring of the sensitometric response characteristics of photoresponsive material; and to provide apparatus particularly adapted to effect performance of the foregoing processes.
Other objects of the present invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter.
The invention accordingly comprises the method involving the several steps and the relation of one or more of such step-s with respect to each of the others, and the apparatus possessing the construction, combination of elements and arrangement of parts which are exemplified in the following detailed disclosure and the scope of the application of which will be indicated in the claims.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic partially schematic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of apparatus, constructed in accordance with the present invention for carrying out an embodiment of the process of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic top view, along line 22 of FIGURE 1, showing an embodiment of a turbine mixer employed in apparatus constructed in accordance with FIGURE 1; and
FIG. 3 is a graphic illustration of the log exposuretemperature relationship signal generated during the hereinafter detailed illustrative performance of an embodiment of the process of the present invention employing apparatus constructed in accordance with FIGURE 1.
For the production of photoresponsive material such as photosensitive silver halide emulsions, preferably gelatino silverhalide emulsions, the photoresponsive silver halide crystals may be prepared by reacting a Water-soluble silver salt, such as silver nitrate, with at least one water-soluble halide, such as ammonium, potassium or sodium bromide, preferably together with a corresponding iodide, in an aqueous solution of a peptizing agent such as a colloidal gelatin solution; digesting the dispersion at an elevated temperature, to provide increased crystal growth; washing the resultant dispersion to remove undesirable reaction products and residual water-soluble salts by chilling the dispersion, noodling the set dispersion, and washing the noodles with cold water, or alternatively, employing any of the various floc systems, or procedures, adapted to effect removal of such undesired components, for example, the procedures described in US. Patents Nos. 2,614,928; 2,614,929; 2,728,662; and the like; after-ripening the dispersion at an elevated temperature in combination with the addition of gelatin and various adjuncts, for example, chemical sensitizing agents of US. Patents Nos. 1,574,944; 1,623,499; 2,410,689; 2,597,856; 2,597,915; 2,487,850; 2,518,698; 2,521,926; and the like; all according to the traditional procedures of the art, as described in Neblette, C. B., Photography Its Materials and Processes, 6th ed., 1962.
Optical (spectral) sensitization of the emulsions silver halide crystals may be accomplished by contact of the emulsion composition with an effective concentration of the selected optical sensitizing dyes dissolved in an appropriate dispersing solvent such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, water, and the like; all according to the traditional procedures of the art, as described in Hamer, F. M., The Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds.
Additional optional additives, such as coating aids, hardeners, viscosity-increasing agents, speed-increasing agents, stabilizers, preservatives, and the like, for example, those set forth hereinafter, also may be incorporated in the emulsion formulation, according to the conventional procedures known in the photographic emulsion manufacturing art.
The photoresponsive material of the photographic emulsion will, as previously described, preferably comprise a crystal of silver halide, for example, one or more of the silver halides such as silver chloride, silver iodide, silver bromide, or mixed silver halides such as silver chlorobromide or silver iodobromide, or varying halide ratios and varying silver concentrations.
As the binder for the emulsion, the aforementioned gelatin may be, in whole or in part, replaced with some other colloidal material such as albumin; casein; or zein; or resins such as a cellulose derivative, as described in US. Patents Nos. 2,322,085 and 2,327,808; polyacrylamides, as described in US. Patent No. 2,541,474; vinyl polymers such as described in US Patents Nos. 2,253,078; 2,276,322; 2,276,323; 2,281,703; 2,310,223; 2,311,058; 2,311,059; 2,414,208; 2,461,023; 2,484,456; 2,538,257; 2,579,016; 2,614,931; 2,624,674; 2,632,704; 2,642,420; 2,678,884; 2,691,582; 2,725,296; 2,753,264; and the like.
The sensitometric response characteristics of a photoresponsive material such as a photosensitive silver halide emulsion to actinic radiation is a function of substantially all factors entering into fabrication of the emulsion formulation, including both material and environmental input factors.
In general, control of the input factors during photosensitive emulsion fabrication has been traditionally an open-loop system of necessity. Specifically, no sensitometric control system has been developed, until the present invention, which provides sufficiently rapid access to the precise analytical data required to be available for inprocess monitoring of the production procedure and, particularly, rapid access to the continuous inprocess control data required for the continuous monitoring of the production procedure.
Engineering efforts to date have been expended mainly, as a practical matter, in providing precise control of all the recognized physical input variables and especially those derived from the raw materials employed in the fabrication procedure. However, photosensitive silver halide emulsion formulations commercially employed exhibit a sensitivity to input variables greatly exceeding known physical and chemical methods of measuring the pertinent input variables, especially with respect to the inherent variability of raw materials employed and, particularly, those raw materials derived from naturally occurring sources such as gelatin, and the like.
The lack of the availability of a process adapted to provide sufficiently rapid inprocess access to data regarding the sensitometric characteristics of a photosensitive silver halide emulsion, during formulation, has resulted in the traditional batchwise production of emulsions exhibiting variability in their sensitometric response characteristics. Such variabilty has been required to be minimized by the blending of various emulsion batches, in selected ratiometric quantities, based upon the respective characteristics of the individual formulations as derived from conventional postfabrication sensitometric procedures. Thus, the final composite product of more consistent characteristics is necessarily of lower than optimal quality, and the extent of this dilution of quality is, of course, dependent on the range of variability in the emulsion formulations which have been combined.
As previously mentioned, all sensitometric procedures known in the art, for the stated purpose, are so timeconsuming that they cannot, at their present state of development, be adapted to effect a closed-loop system for controlling the fabrication of a photosensitive silver halide emulsion. This is especially true in that the sensitometric characteristics of a finished photosensitive silver halide emulsion are extremely dependent on the time and temperature employed during the ripening and after-ripening stages of emulsion fabrication, and in particular the latter, as well as the types and quantities of raw materials employed for the production of the emulsion.
As an example, both the fog and the speed of a photosensitive silver halide emulsion formulation usually increase continuously with ripening and especially with after-ripening time and/or temperature; hence, for any particular emulsion formulation, those ripening and afterripening times and/ or temperatures should be employed which produce the highest speed to fog ratio, that is,
signal to noise ratio, at which the fog base line, noise level, is not excessive. Obviously, therefore, variations of the sensitometric characteristics of a particular emulsion, for example, due to the nonuniformity of raw material and other factors influencing the rate of after-ripening, can be at least partially offset by compensating variations of the operating conditions under which the emulsion is produced and, in particular, the times and temperatures employed during the ripening and after-ripening stages of production. However, as stated above, the operations of traditional sensitometry are so time-consuming that they cannot be used for such monitoring and control of the preparation of an emulsion. By the time the results of testing a sample of a particular emulsion by conventional means are available, the ripening or after-ripening of that emulsion has been completed. What is needed, therefore, is a method of evaluating the sensitometric characteristics of a photosensitive silver halide emulsion which is rapid enough to permit access to the data obtained therefrom in a sufiicient time sequence to allow modification of the operating conditions under which the emulsion is being produced. The present invention provides such process of rapid sensitometry and apparatus particularly adapted to effect the process.
As previously mentioned, the present invention includes a rapid access process, for example, a signal readout of less than about seconds per point, for the precise determination of the sensitometric response characteristics of a photoresponsive material, suspended in a fluid medium, to radiation actinic to the material, which comprises the steps of exposing the material to actinic radiation, contacting the material with an agent therrnically reactable with the material, as a function of exposure, and measuring temperature change as a function of the materials exposure, and apparatus particularly adapted by construction to perform such process.
It has been specifically discovered that the net reaction enthalpy denoted is not only thermic but, for example, when a photosensitive silver halide emulsion is subjected to incident actinic radiation and contacted with an agent thermically reactable with photoexposed silver halide such as a silver halide developing agent, the changes in reaction enthalpy, as a function of photoexposure, directly correlate to the quantitative reduction of photoexposed silver halide to silver during the resultant oxidation-reduction reaction. Thus, the signal response generated by the process of the present invention is substantially in terms of the absolute quantity of photoexposed silver halide reduced to silver, during the oxidation-reduction development procedure, in contradistinction to the traditional prior art procedures which generate a signal response in terms of, and as a function of, the optical density of silver produced, which latter signal is dependent upon the physical conformation of, as well as the quantity of, silver produced.
Referring now to FIGURE 1 of the drawings, there is shown a diagrammatic, partially schematic, cross-sectional view of an illustrative embodiment of apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention and particularly adapted to effect the process described.
As schematically shown in FIGURE 1, a photosensitive silver halide emulsion 1 during its fabrication in a vessel 2, agitated by mixer 3, is circulated by means of centrifugal pump 4 through conduit 5, at a constant pressure maintained by adjustment of control valve 6 in response to pressure gauge 7.
A photosensitive silver halide emulsion 8, having standardized sensitometric response characteristics, is retained in a vessel 9 having an outlet port connected to valve 10 by conduit 11. Valve 10 is additionally interconnected with tank 12, containing distilled water 13, for instrument flushing purposes, through conduit 14 and to conduit 5, through which is circulating photosensitive silved halide emulsion 1, through conduit 15.
By selective adjustment of valve 10, photosensitive silver halide emulsions 1 and 8 and distilled water 13 may be individually supplied to exposure station 16 of the apparatus, for example, in the desired alternating sequence.
The rate of material flow from valve 10 to exposure station 16 of the apparatus may be effectively controlled by employment of a positive pressure pump 17, for example, a commercially available gear pump, powered by a drive motor, not shown, intermediate material transport conduits 18 and 19.
Exposure station 16 comprises a housing containing a source 21 of electromagnetic radiation, including X-ray or radioactive emission, where desired, actinic to photosensitive emulsions 1 and 8, for example, a prefocused, internal reflection projection lamp, for directing radiation on a conduit 22 transmissive to the incident radiation, for example, a transparent glass capillary exposure tube, containing photosensitive emulsion continuously fed into conduit 22 from conduit 19. The electromagnetic radiation employed to effect exposure of emulsion in exposure conduit 22 may be selectively filtered continuously or intermittently to provide predetermined radiation gradient intensities and/or frequencies, as desired by the operator, such as by the interpositioning of appropriate radiation modulating means intermediate source 21 and exposure conduit 22, for example, as illustrated, the interpositioning of a circular, continuously varying density wedge 23 such as those composed of carbon selectively deposited on a glass or other transparent support or any other appropriate material which provides for the relatively uniform selective attenuation of the radiation employed, and/or spectral filters selectively restricting radiation incident on the exposure conduit to predetermined frequencies.
It will be recognized that a monochromatic radiation source may also be substituted for radiation source 21 for providing radiation of selected wavelengths. A synchronous drive motor, not shown, may be used to rotate illustrative density wedge 23, and other automatic controls may be adapted as desired and as would be obvious to one skilled in the art. In the preferred embodiment shown, an infrared heat filter 24 is positioned intermediate source 21 and wedge 23 to prevent radiant heating of emulsion in exposure conduit 22.
Subsequent to exposure, photoexposed emulsion is transported by conduit 25 to heat exchanger 26 which is immersed in a constant temperature water bath 27 in vessel 28. The water bath may be kept at a constant temperature, for example, 45:0.0l C., by conventional means, not shown, but which are readily available in the commercial market.
Upon emergence from heat exchanger 26, the photoexposed emulsion, now at the temperature of the water bath, enters tangential jet mixer 29 through conduit 30. At the same time, a fluid developer composition 31 enters mixer 29 and is combined with the emulsion.
The developer solution 31, preferably having a lower viscosity than that of the emulsion, may be fed into the system at a constant velocity by means of the following system. An inert gas such as nitrogen from a tank 32, at a flow rate control by valve 33 responsive to pressure gauge 34, supplies through conduit 35 a pressure head of gas to vessel 36 retaining a high viscosity fluid 37, for example, glycerin, mineral oil, or the like. Fluid 37 is forced by the gas pressure head through conduit 38 to positive pressure pump 39, for example, a commercially available high pressure gear pump, which is powered by a suitable drive motor, not shown. Pump 39 delivers the viscous fluid through conduit 40 into expandible rubber balloon 41 disposed in fluid developer composition 31 retained in tank 42 or, where immiscible and functionally inert, directly into developer composition 31. Composition 31, as a result of the expansion of balloon 41, is forced through conduit 43 at a constant velocity proportional to the expansion of balloon 41 which, in turn, is effected at a rate determined by the quantity of fluid 37 delivered to balloon 41 by pump 39. The developer solution 31 enters heat exchanger 44, which is immersed in constant temperature water bath 27 contained in tank 28, whereat it is equilibrated with the temperature of the photoexposed emulsion. The temperature of the developer is then monitored by thermistor 45 in chamber 46, intermediate heat exchanger 44 and conduit 47, subsequent to equilibration of developer 37 in heat exchanger 44 and before the developer enters tangential mixer 29 through conduit 47. A suitable thermistor comprises commercially available Fenwal Electronic G 794 thermistor. The signal generated by thermistor 45 is fed to DC. bridge circuit 48 by leader 49 whereat it is compared with the temperature derived signal generated by an identical thermistor 54 during reaction of the developer 37 with the emulsion subsequent to intermixing in tangential mixer 29.
Extent of reaction and temperature change are a function of exposure. Temperature is monitored within adiabatic chamber 53 by thermistor 54 which may be attached to the end of movable probe 55. The signal from thermistor S4 is fed to a DC. bridge 48 by leader 56. Probe positioning determines the time duration of reaction before temperature measurement by thermistor 54 and may be be adjusted to set the time base line for a series of different compositions or may be moved to determine the kinetics of the development of emulsion as a function of time. Suitable continuous motive means may be employed to variably locate the probe such as a drive motor in combination with a screw feed or similar devices as would be obvious to one skilled in the art. Spent composition may be drained from adiabatic chamber 53 into waste container 57 through pipe 58 and appropriately disposed of.
DC. bridge circuit 48 produces a signal voltage output proportional to the temperature dilferential derived by comparing the output of the thermistors 45 and 54. This generated signal may be amplified by amplifier 59 and recorded by an automatic plotter 60, for example, a commercially available Moseley Autograph Recorder Model 7100 B, to provide a sensitometric curve, directly related to a density vs. log exposure H&D curve of the prior art, obtained by controlling the response of the X axis of the plotter with the DC. bridge circuit output signal and the Y axis with a log exposure signal proportional to the exposing radiation from exposure station 16 as monitored by photoelectric cell 61, amplified by log amplifier 62 and fed to plotter 59 by leader 63.
Alternatively, or in addition to curve plotting, the output signal may be directly employed to control feedback mechanisms of appropriate design to alter the environmental or material parameters of the emulsion production process.
The construction of tangential jet mixer 29, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, taken together, is particularly adapted to provide a turbulent non-laminar mixing of the developer and emulsion which results in a highly eflicient uniform reaction between the two fluids and specifically adapted to employ small quantities of each solution, for example, less than about 50 cc. per minute. Developer to emulsion ratio will, of course, depend upon the specific composition of each, but a three-to-one proportion of about 45 cc./ min. to 15 cc./ min. feed ratio has been found typical of a mix which produces optimum results employing the developer formulation set forth hereinafter and a conventional emulsion formulation. Tangential inlet jets 50 and 51 and mixing chamber 52 may vary in size according to the viscosity of the feed stock solutions and in the last-mentioned embodiment will preferably range from about 0.007 to 0.012 of an inch in diameter.
As each solution in such embodiment passes through its associated jet, mixing generally occurs in about seconds as the liquids enter mixing chamber 52 at velocities approaching 30 meters/sec. Mixing is achieved in the mixing chamber by random combination of the liquids after which the composite mixture is forced by internal pressure into glass adiabatic reaction chamber 53.
In general, tangential jet mixer 29 may comprise a body 64 enclosing and supporting a laterally flanged annulus 65, intermediate its walls at the upper portion thereof, which laterally circumscribes mixing chamber 52 having a strictured outlet port 66 exiting to conduit 67. Conduit 67, in turn, exits into adiabatic chamber 53. Annulus 65 is maintained in position, in part, by cover plate 68 engaging the lateral flanges of the annulus and additionally provides the upper Wall of mixing chamber 52.
Variations in the illustrative configuration of the embodiment of the invention described will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the radiation source can be placed directly within the exposure conduit; the emulsion and developer may be mixed prior to, or during, exposure rather than thereafter; multiple feeds of various emulsions and developers can be, for example, sequentially fed to the reaction and thermal measuring sections of the apparatus, thus allowing a central production control system for a plurality of individual emulsion manufacturing processes; and the like.
Where it is desired to examine the modifying effect of various adjuncts such as optical sensitizing dyes, chemical sensitizing agents, color formers, solvents, impurities, stabilizers, antifoggants, speed increasing agents, surfactans, hardening agents, and the like, on the properties of a photoresponsive material, the process of this invention may be used to provide a rapid determination of the change in sensitometric characteristics caused by additives.
Experiments performed employing the process of the invention and the apparatus described above clearly established that the results obtained thereby are substantially the functional equivalent to the optical density measurements obtained by conventional sensitometric procedures. Specifically, employing the compositions designated hereinafter, at the flow rates stated above, resolution of the process has been found to be i0.002 C., which is better than :001 of an exposure stop, and the repeatability of the system, when compared with conventional sensitometric methods, over a wide range of conditions, has been found to be -0.0l5 log E or 10.05 of an exposure stop.
Thermal noise employing the apparatus described, with the stated developer flow, is :0002" C. Thus, the apparatus described for the practice of the rapid thermometric sensitometry method contributes far less to the overall discrepancy in repeat measurements, under like conditions, than the variation in emulsion or developer properties which occurs with the passage of time for the same materials.
It will thus be recognized that the instant thermometric method with its increased flexibility and speed offers the stated advantages over conventional methods and provides results which are repeatedly and demonstrably within i005 of an exposure stop under similar conditions.
The present invention will be illustrated in greater detail in conjunction with the following procedure which sets out a representative embodiment and utilization of the process and apparatus of this invention, which, however, is not limited to the details therein set forth and is intended to be illustrative only.
An emulsion was formulated as follows: a dispersion was formed of 50 grams of silver nitrate, grams of ammonium bromide, and 1.1 grams of potassium iodide, in 62 grams of 5.5% trimellitic acid anhydride derivatized gelatin in 650 cc. of water, and maintained at a temperature of 72 C., under agitated conditions, for a period of 60 minutes. The resultant dispersion was flocculated by the addition of 8 cc. of 2 N sulfuric acid until a pH of about 2.5 was obtained. The flocculant was separated from the reaction mixture by decantation and washed with water to a conductivity of about 200 micro mhos/cm. at 8 C. 32 grams of active gelatin and 25 9 cc. of water were then added to the dispersion, with agitation, and the mixture after-ripened for 75 minutes at a temperature of 60 C. and a pAg of 8.7.
The sensitometric response characteristics of the emulsion formulation were measured continously, during the after-ripening period. Representative curves at time intervals of 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes are shown, employing the apparatus described above, and a silver halide developing composition comprising 1000 cc. of water, 100 grams of anhydrous sodium sulfide, 3 grams of potassium thiosulfate, 3 grams of benzyl-a-picolinium bromide, 20 grams of benzotriazole, 150 grams of potassium hydroxide and 75 grams of methyl phenyl hydroquinone, and the mixing proportions and flow rate previously detailed.
The results obtained are graphically set forth in FIG. 3, specifically denoting the stated log exposure-temperature relationship wherein the X axis denotes A temperature and the Y axis denotes A log exposure, and Curves A, B, C, D and E represent the sensitometric response characteristics of the emulsion formulation at after-ripening intervals of 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively.
The development reaction of primary interest in the illustrative preferred embodiment of the invention, i.e., the selective reduction of photoexposed silver halide to silver, may be schematically written for purposes of simplicity as Such other heat producing reactions which occur as a function of a photosensitive emulsions exposure, including those which depend quantitatively on the extent of the last-identified reaction, result in desirable amplification of the signal generated. For example, the tanning of gelatin by spent developer oxidation products, for example, quinone when produced, which cross-link gelatin, provides amplification of the signal directly proportional to the development reaction, depending upon the formation of such agents as a by-product of the development reaction. Such cross-linking, however, may increase the viscosity of the developer solution, and it may be desirable, in a given instance, to suppress this particular reaction to eliminate any fluid flow problems, for example, by the addition of an inhibitor, such as sodium sulfite in the case of quinone production, to the developer formulation which will neutraliz the cross-linking activity produced in the development reaction. Such reactions effectively prevent cross-linking and, in certain instances, also produce heat directly proportional to the development reaction. Complex reactions such as regeneration of spent developer species by, for example, hydroxylation and the like mechanisms also add to the thermal change, as a quantitative function of the development of the photoexposed silver halide emulsion.
In the practice of the present invention, however, the potential contribution of extraneous reactions to the net enthalpy which are not a function of exposure and/or development should be avoided where possible, or if not possible or desirable, the contribution should be filtered out of the system by establishment of the thermal base line of the process to be performed.
'For example, activation of a developer composition by addition of an alkali may produce a heat of neutralization resulting from the combination of a very weak acid and strong base. This heat, extraneous to the process, may be eliminated from the system by dissolving the developer in alkali, allowing neutralization to occur and then readjusting the solution to a desired temperature prior to utilization. Reactions which are not a function of exposure or development but are predictably constant such as the neutralization reaction between alkali and the carboxyl groups of gelatin, especially gelatin that has been derivatized with an acid anhydride or the like which yields additional acid groups, kinetic energy dissipation due to changes in the velocity of fluid flow, etc., are measurable constants and may be easily factored out of the process results by establishment of the thermal base line of the specific process performed.
Although the process of the present invention has been described in terms of the preferred photoresponsive material, that is, photosensitive silver halide and particularly photosensitive gelatino silver halide emulsions, the most commonly employed photoresponsive material, it will be readily recognized that the present invention may equally be employed to analyze the sensitometric response characteristics of the various photoresponsive materials of the art, for example, photosensitive copper, mercury, zinc, cadmium, lead and thallium, and the like salt systems; photoresponsive silver salt systems, in addition to the previously described silver halide systems, such as oxalate, tartrate, nitrate, and the like, systems; chromate and dichromate systems; diazo systems; and the like.
In addition, although the process of the present invention has been illustrated in terms of the perferred exothermic type reaction system and the specific employment of methyl phenyl hydroquinone as the agent exothermically reactable with the preferred photoresponsive material as a function of its exposure, it will be readily recognized that any agent or agents endoor exothermically reactable with a photoexposed photosensitive material, as a function of exposure, may be employed in the practice of the present invention.
In general, in a preferred embodiment of the invention the agent or agents selected for employment with the aforementioned preferred photoresponsive material will comprise an agent exothermically reactable therewith, as a function of photoexposure, and, most preferably, a silver halide developing agent. An extensive compilation of such agents both inorganic and organic as are contemplated for employment in the practice of the present invention are set forth in Mees-James, The Theory of the Photographic Process, 3rd ed., 1966, chapter 13; Neblette, C. B., Photography Its Materials and Processes, 5th ed., 1952, chapter 13; Glafkides P., Photographic Chemistry, vol. 1, 1958, chapter 9; the US. patents classified in Class 96-Subclass 66; etc.
Preferred silver halide developing agents will generally comprise benzenoid type silver halide developing agents, especially those benzenoid agents which comprise a 6- membered aromatic ring system possessing at least two hydroxyl and/or amino group substituents, at least one of which is substituted in one of ortho or para positions on the ring with respect to one other of the substituents, and, in particular, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (hydroquinonyl) type agents.
Since certain changes may be made in the above process and apparatus without departing from the scope of the invention herein involved, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for the determination of the sensitometric characteristics of a photoresponsive material in a fluid medium to radiation actinic to said material which comprises, in combination:
(a) means for exposing said material to radiation actinic thereto;
(b) means for contacting said material with an agent thermically reactable with said material as a func tion of exposure of said material to said actinic radiation; and
(0) means for measuring the temperature change as a function of said exposure of said material during reaction of said agent with said exposed material.
2. Apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said means for exposing said material to radiation actinic thereto includes means for varying the intensity of said radiation.
3. Apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said means for exposing said material to radiation actinic thereto includes means for varying the frequency range of said.
4. Apparatus as defined in claim 1 which includes means for causing said material in a fluid medium to flow in a stream at a substantially uniform rate, and means for introducing said agent thermically reactable With said material into said stream at a substantially uniform rate.
5. Apparatus as defined in claim 4 wherein said means for exposing said material to radiation actinic thereto includes means for varying the intensity of said radia tion.
6. Apparatus as defined in claim 4 wherein said means for exposing said material to radiation actinic thereto includes means for varying the frequency range of said radiation.
7. Apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said means for measuring said temperature change as a function of said exposure of said material during said reaction of said agent with said exposed material includes means for generating an electrical signal proportional to said temperature change.
8. Apparatus as defined in claim 7 including means for amplifying said generated signal.
9. A process for the determination of the sensitometric characteristics of a photoresponsive material in a fluid medium to radiation actinic to said material, which process comprises, in combination, the steps of:
(a) exposing said material to radiation actinic to said material;
(b) contacting said material with an agent thermically reactable with said material as a function of exposure of said material to said actinic radiation; and
(c) measuring the temperature change as a function of said exposure of said material during said reaction of said agent with said exposed material.
10. A process as defined in claim 9 wherein said agent thermically reactable with said exposed material is a reducing agent which selectively oxidizes said exposed material as a function of said materials exposure.
11. A process as defined in claim 10 wherein said photosensitive material is photosensitive silver halide.
12. A process as defined in claim 11 wherein said reducing agent is a silver halide developing agent.
13. A process as defined in claim 9 wherein said agent is dispersed in said fluid medium prior to said exposure.
14. A process as defined in claim 9 wherein said measurement of said temperature change comprises measuring the change in temperature of said medium containing said exposed material.
15. A process as defined in claim 9 wherein said actinic radiation is of a selected frequency range.
16. A process as defined in claim 9 wherein said fluid medium containing said photosensitive material is caused to flow in a stream at a substantially uniform rate, said agent is introduced into said stream at a substantially uniform rate and said photosensitive material is exposed by irradiating said stream with radiation actinic thereto.
17. A process as defined in claim 16 wherein said stream containing said photosensitive material is irradiated with said actinic radiation at a location upstream from the location at which said agent is introduced into said stream.
18. A process as defined in claim 16 wherein successive portions of said fluid medium stream containing said photosensitive material are exposed to actinic radiation of selected intensities and the temperature change upon contact of exposed material with said agent at such successive portions is individually measured.
19. A process as defined in claim 16 wherein said measurement generates an electrical signal proportional to said temperature change.
20. A process as defined in claim 19 including the step of amplifying said generated signal.
21. A process as defined in claim 9 wherein said agent is exothermically reactable with said photosensitive material as a function of said exposure.
22. A process for determining the effect of the addition of adjuncts to a photographic emulsion upon the sensitometric characteristics of said emulsion which comprises:
(a) adding an adjunct to a portion of said emulsion;
(b) exposing emulsion containing said adjunct to actinic radiation;
(c) reacting said emulsion with an agent thermically reactable with said emulsion as a function of said exposure; and
(d) comparing the temperature change as a function of said exposure of said emulsion during said reaction with the temperature change processing a portion of said emulsion to which said adjunct has not been added according to steps (b) and (c).
23. A process as defined in claim 22 wherein said adjunct is added subsequent to said step of exposing said emulsion.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,590,830 3/1952 Williford et al 96-27 XR 3,160,477 12/ 1964 Wasilewski 23253 3,245,758 4/1966 Benzinger 23259 XR 3,436,190 4/1969 Priestly 23253 MORRIS O. WOLK, Primary Examiner D. G. MILLMAN, Assistant Examiner US. 01. X.R. 23-253; 73 1s.4; 9650
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 14, 1948
|Mar 25, 1952
|Gen Aniline & Film Corp
|Emulsion sensitometry
|Jan 29, 1962
|Dec 8, 1964
|American Insutrument Company I
|Thermometric titrating apparatus
|Sep 30, 1963
|Apr 12, 1966
|Theodor H Benzinger
|Calorimetry for photochemical reactions
|Jan 13, 1965
|Apr 1, 1969
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Device for the determination of the concentration of a chemical compound in a liquid
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 14, 1973
|Feb 4, 1975
|Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd
|Method of continuously measuring the progress of development of photographic emulsions
|May 24, 1993
|Jul 12, 1994
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method for assessing and controlling the sensitometric characteristics of photographic products
|Feb 14, 1973
|Aug 23, 1973
|Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd
|Photographic emulsion development - with progress determined by continuous light-absorption measurements in flow cell
|U.S. Classification
|436/80, 422/82.12, 436/147, 430/30, 436/905
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
National Executive
The Executive Committee is elected every two years to run ATL and to develop every aspect of its policy, work and services. It acts on resolutions passes at the annual Conference and operates through a number of committees.
The Executive Committee comprises up to 53 members including six national officers, one of which is the AMiE president, and meets seven times a year in London.
Members of the Executive Committee are representative of their electoral constituencies and should report back to them as appropriate.
The two year cycle for the current Executive Committee members began on 1 September 2014.
There are currently some vacancies, details of which can be found here.
The Executive Committee operates through a number of advisory, operational and policy committees, which focus on different aspects of the overall work of ATL. These committees consider a wide range of important issues, from continuing professional development and conditions of service, to independent schools and special educational needs.
The committee structure provides many opportunities for members of ATL to participate in its activities and to contribute in areas where they have expertise. For more information, speak to your branch or view our page on ATL's member working groups and ATL's committee co-options.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
2017 Elections – Deadline ends March 14!
SIOP is calling upon its members in order to contribute to the mission of the Society and its collaborative work in paediatric oncology education, research and advocacy around the world by nominating themselves or another member for election as SIOP Treasurer Elect and Scientific Committee Member for 2017! Read more
PROS 2017 – Submit your abstract by March 10
Innovative developments in paediatric radiation oncology: opening new approaches in curative treatments for childhood cancer.
2017 Schweisguth Prize
The SIOP Schweisguth Prize is an annual prize for the best scientific article written by a trainee.
The QUARTET Project Enrolled Its First Patient
Launched last year in Brussels, the project QUARTET (Quality and Excellence in Radiotherapy and Imaging for Children and Adolescents with Cancer across Europe in Clinical Trials) is rapidly making progresses and has enrolled its first patient.
International Childhood Cancer Day
One Unified Message – Our Ultimate Goal! Better access to Care for Children & Adolescents with Cancer Everywhere!
2017 Free Meeting Rooms
Book a meeting room for your committee or working group meetings at SIOP 2017 in DC.
Message from the President
Dear colleagues and friends of the SIOP community, The International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) is deeply concerned that the U.S. president's recent executive order limiting travel for foreign nationals will adversely impact childhood cancer research, child welfare, and international scientific collaboration in pediatric oncology. Read more
Launch of the new SIOPYI-NET Blog
The Young Investigators committee at SIOP (SIOPYI-NET) is very excited to announce the launch of the new platform for young investigators to share their experiences in paediatric oncology.


text:
Two of the most important characteristics of a printer are the quality of its' printouts and the speed at which each page is printed. Brother's line of laser printers offers both of these features, all for a relatively lower price than you will find … [Continue reading]
How to Set Up Wireless Printing With the Brother HL2270DW
How to Block an Email Address in Norton 360
Sometimes you are going to receive emails that you do not want. This is the price that we pay as Internet users. Whether the unwanted email originates from a list to which you personally added an address, or if it was something outside of your … [Continue reading]
How to Clear the Clipboard in Photoshop CS5
Copying and pasting in Photoshop CS5 is an incredibly helpful means for quickly copying large or helpful pieces of data or images. Anything that you copy for Photoshop, whether it is copied from Photoshop or another program on your computer, will be … [Continue reading]
How to Change the Line Spacing For Every Slide In Powerpoint at Once
Microsoft Powerpoint presentations consist of a series of individual slides that each convey a certain point about your presentation. You can customize the appearance of your entire presentation using a number of different tools, including the … [Continue reading]
Display More Decimal Places in Excel 2010
Last updated: March 2, 2017 Learning how to increase the number of decimal place in Excel 2010 is important for anyone that is working with spreadsheets where two decimal places is an insufficient level of detail. Excel often rounds numbers to … [Continue reading]
How to Stop Excel 2010 from Changing Numbers to Dates
Excel 2010 is such a popular program because of the scope of problems it is able to solve. You can use it for so many different tasks that it is difficult to really describe the program as being primarily suited for any one task. An unfortunate side … [Continue reading]
How to Put a Picture as a Background in Powerpoint 2010
Last updated: January 3, 2017 By their very nature, Powerpoint 2010 presentations need to be eye-catching. The purpose of a Powerpoint slideshow is to catch the reader's attention and keep it so that they can absorb the information that you are … [Continue reading]
How to Turn off the Guest Network on My Cisco E1000 Router
The Cisco E1000 wireless router is a sleek device that is a good solution for people that want to create a wireless network in their home. The setup process is simple, and the router will even create a unique wireless network name and password when … [Continue reading]
How to Join Video Clip Files in Windows Live Movie Maker
Many people that are just learning how to edit video files on their Windows 7 computers might wind up taking the route of downloading third-party video editing programs. While many of them are good, some ever great, the fact that you can download a … [Continue reading]
How to Display the Menu Bar in Internet Explorer 9
Most people that have been using computers for a few years are very familiar with Internet Explorer. Almost to the point where the term "Web browser" has become synonymous with Internet Explorer, despite the fact that there are a number of other … [Continue reading]


text:
|Story ID:
|Written by:
|Charles Dishno (bio, contact, other stories)
|Story type:
|Musings, Essays and Such
|Dillon Montana USA
|Bart & Burt
|Home | Help
|Member Sign In | Create an Account
|Story ID:
|Written by:
|Charles Dishno (bio, contact, other stories)
|Story type:
|Musings, Essays and Such
|Dillon Montana USA
|Bart & Burt
Bart & Burt…And the Fly Trap
By Chuck Dishno
My hometown, Bly, Oregon was in the heart of the Sprague River Valley. This was cattle country and had several large cattle ranches. These ranches, of course had their share of cowboys. The ranch workers had to do many different jobs and for the most part they were younger men but some had been around the ranching business for many years.
This story is about two of the old timers, Bart Shelly and Burt Skelley. I don't know how old they were but to me they looked ancient. They were the Walter Brennan type but much older and wizen up. They were always seen together and it was rare that one would come into town without the other. They loved to come into town to attend Bly School functions such as basketball games and the annual school carnival.
Both were bent over from many years of hard work and riding horses. They were so bow-legged, that my Pop always said two pigs could run between their legs, side by side and never touch an ankle. It looked like they had broken their jaws several times from being kicked by a horse. I don't mean to sound like I am picking on them as they were both great old timers and were always willing to sit and talk. I just wanted you to get a mental picture of these two fellows.
One day a friend and I stopped by the ranch where they were working. Both were sitting outside the bunkhouse enjoying a smoke and chewing tobacco. As we talked, one of them, Bart, sat there with his mouth hanging open. Apparently he didn't have much control or feeling in his jaw, when a fly landed on his chin. We watched in fascination as that fly walked around and after a few minutes right into his mouth. I don't think Bart felt a thing and we sat staring at him waiting for that fly to emerge. It never did. It probably slid down his throat with a wad of tobacco juice.
When I left Bly in 1954, Bart and Burt had retired and were living on the ranch. I never did know what happened to them after I left but have always wondered if eating flies contributed to their longevity.
Just another memory from my youth, growing up in this unique time and era.
I have many more stories to tell so keep looking.


text:
Fulton-Montgomery Community College operations research
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Find information about Fulton-Montgomery Community College operations research, and registering for elective lectures. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? Whether you are considering an associates degree, or a bachelor of business administration degree, your investment may pay off with a higher-paying job, or an in-house promotion. Concentrating on Fulton-Montgomery Community College operations research, for example, you may gain an advantage in corporate recruiting being done on-campus. Check with the business management department for course registration deadlines, and business operations program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Fulton-Montgomery Community College.
There are a variety of approaches to project management. Critical chain management (CCPM) puts more emphasis on the resources required to execute tasks, while event chain methodology focuses on managing events that will affect scheduling. Regardless of the method you choose, the Small Business Administration advises listing out specific project objectives, create a working timeline of both materials and personnel, and monitor all required costs as the project proceeds. Project control means keeping on-track, on-time, and under budget.
A project manager, therefore, is responsible for determining project requirements, and managing all elements of the task. Project management software is available that will help to organize both yourself and your team. Depending on the sophistication of the software, it may include estimating and cost control, decision-making trees, and a workflow analysis. Over the course of any project, the requirements may change mid-stream, without prior notice. Changes can be the result of necessary design modifications, altered site conditions, material availability or lack thereof. Finally, a formal, compliance-based audit may be conducted by upper management after completion. Beyond major requirements within the business management department, you may consider Lehman College finals 2017 as a complementary elective to your primary course of study.
Financial Analyst - Accounts Payable
Associate Degree or higher in Finance or equivalent work experience. Work closely with Accounts Payable management/staff and other Finance departments in..
4 days ago Junior Financial Analyst
eg+ worldwide
As a Finance Analyst, the person in this role is expected to provide critical thinking and concrete analysis that can be presented directly to the Senior..
3 days ago Coordinator, Corporate Service
The American Hockey League
Expert Microsoft Excel skills (advanced functions, strong layout skills, charts, data staging, pivot tables, and data connections)..
2 days ago Junior Cyber Security Analyst
Tanager, Inc.
They will have the opportunity to find a rewarding new career and you may receive up to $500 in the process. Work on special projects as assigned.
2 days ago SQL / BI / Database Developer
PCS Globaltech
PCS Global Tech is looking to hire talented and committed entry level candidates for our ongoing business needs in the USA.
4 days ago Material Handler
Alro Steel
An Alro career provides a dynamic work environment that allows our teammates to learn, grow and succeed in whatever they put their minds to, both personally and..
2 days ago


text:
> >As I see it for resets, the zone should not reset as long as a player is > >in it. (Exception: cities?). In fact, resets should probably be pretty > >rare. > Some zone would never get reset. No mobs make a dull zone. This is already built into the CircleMud (and indeed DikuMud) code. For zone resets: 0 -- never 1 -- only when empty (read: no players in it) 2 -- always All of these apply when the counter has hit the lifetime of the zone (of course). > I give my written consent to make this document public domain. As a side note, anything (on this list) is considered to be under the copyright of the author, but free to use. Ae. +------------------------------------------------------------+ | Ensure that you have read the CircleMUD Mailing List FAQ: | | http://qsilver.queensu.ca/~fletchra/Circle/list-faq.html | +------------------------------------------------------------+
This archive was generated by hypermail 2b30 : 04/10/01 PDT


text:
ClinicTalks: Transactional Law Clinics
March 20 @ 12:00 pm - 12:45 pm
- This event has passed.
Are you interested in providing legal assistance to small businesses, entrepreneurs and community organizations? Do you want to learn about business formation, contract review and negotiation, commercial financing, leasing, community economic development, and other transactional legal services? Join us to learn more about these opportunities.
Lunch: Crema Cafe Sandwiches
Please RSVP below to help us plan for lunch


text:
November 3, 2004
For more information contact:
Emily Wynns (aka Lucinda Regulations)
Co-Director of Public Relations
Alice Meaker (aka Iona Bigga Yacht)
Director of Field Operations
917.406.3945 / 845.687.2058
Celebrate Disappearance of over 1 Million Votes
New York, NY, November 3, 2004 — Billionaires for Bush (B4B), activists for the corporate elite, today raised their martini glasses to President Bushs victory in the 2004 elections.
"We paid for eight years," announced Phil T. Rich, Billionaire for Bush CEO and Schmoozer-in-Chief, "and trust me, our investment is paying back handsomely."
The Billionaires are looking forward to four more years of war profiteering, corporate welfare, secret energy policy meetings, pollution exemptions, no-bid contracts and White House sleepovers.
"If the next four years resemble the last four," said Phil T. Rich, "we'll have two more wars, $2 trillion added to the deficit, no increase in the minimum wage, continuing increases in the middle-class tax burden, another million jobs outsourced, and our corporate ice sculptures will continue to urinate fine Russian vodka."
The Billionaires were particularly happy that the media chose to refer to an estimated 1 million spoiled and purged votes as a minor problem. According to left-wing truth-monger Greg Palast, over 1 million likely Kerry votes were lost. Election officials in the key swing states of Ohio, Florida, and New Mexico successfully removed tens of thousands of legitimate voters from registration rolls and overlooked or lost countless absentee ballots, primarily from minority areas. These suppressed votes are an example of the huge triumph of our Block the Vote campaign, said Mr. Rich. This election was in our pockets long before November 2nd.
"We breathed a sigh of relief today," explained Mr. Rich. "A changing of the guard would have meant disclosing the lobbyists who wrote the 2001 energy policy, revealing the staffer who leaked Valerie Plames name to the press, and incarceration for Kenneth Lay. But now we are filled with hope."
About Billionaires for Bush
Billionaires for Bush is a do-it-yourself media campaign using humor and street theater to expose politicians who support the corporate elite at the expense of everyday Americans. Billionaires for Bush is organized as an independent 527 committee, with headquarters in NYC and 100 chapters nationwide. For more information, please see www.BillionairesforBush.com.
Billionaire CD!
Stay the Course!
what you pay
per song!
Give 'em a listen!
Click here.
2008 Billionaire
Wall Calendar
on DVD!
(Website requires Flash Player 8)
Watch the archives on the I.N.N. website, including a clip show of the first season,
Social Insecurity Calculator
See how much privatization will cost
taxpayers while we
reap billions!
Discover your
Billionaire name!


text:
"Nazar inspires me – to be more than just a listener, an observer or a bystander."
-Nimisha Mittal (Writer)
"Nazar", or perspective, is what we want to bring to the South Asian scene at UT. As students here, we're in a position to offer a different perspective on events in the subcontinent – and we can offer our own cultural spin on things, too. How does the quota system in the subcontinent's universities compare to affirmative action in US colleges? What is it about yoga and Bollywood that captivates American audiences?
If you're interested in questions like this, then Nazar is the place to be. Whether you want to write, be part of the web design team, or market Nazar, we'd love to hear from you. Show us what you've got. We're listening. And we make sure others do too.
"Nazar lets me keep in touch with the three things I love most – India, Cricket and Writing."
-Mohit Joshipura (Writer)
The positions open at Nazar include Publicity Officers, Marketing Officers, Writers and Web Designers.
Please fill out the form below to indicate your interest and we will get back to you as soon as possible.
"I enjoy Nazar for the simultaneous diversity and unity of its staff members"
-Muneezeh Kabir (Writer)
To be part of Nazar is to be one of a pioneer team of people interested in anything South Asian.
Are you ready to be part of a phenomenon?
Email firstname.lastname@example.com if you want to write, edit, publicize, or lead Nazar.


text:
October 18, 2007
Not This Again
If you've been a regular reader of this site for a decent length of time, you know that I'm fairly critical of repeated efforts to call more penalties. The crackdown on obstruction that went into effect prior to the start of the 2004-05 season was supposed to give talented offensive players the room to be creative without foes draped all over them like a bad Oscars dress. Instead, it led to a flurry of whistles, an endless parade of supposed miscreants to the penalty box, and uneven, disjointed games with no flow. More power plays yields more scoring opportunities, but it also leads to endless sequences in which the attacking team chips the puck deep into its end and the defending team retreats to fire the puck the length of the ice.
The following year, an emphasis was placed on assessing major penalties for checking from behind. In theory, the goal was to ensure the safety of the players. Checking from behind is among the most dangerous plays in hockey, and the risk of serious injury is great. And sure, the effort worked to a certain extent, but it among the unintended side effects was players turning parallel to the dasher boards when sensing the presence of an opponent in order to draw the five-minute major, exposing themselves to the exact dangers the rule was supposed to eliminate.
This year's proposal to make the game better involves experimenting with the NHL officiating system, which utilizes two referees and two linesmen. The plusses of this system seem dubious at best. Theoretically, adding another referee will lead to more penalties being called, which means more whistles and stoppages in play, and the further elimination of the natural flow of five-on-five hockey. Besides, wouldn't you think there's a better way to opening up the game than by putting an additional body — and that of a lumbering official, no less — onto a playing surface of finite area?
(As an aside, last weekend's games officiated by two referees and two linesmen on the index card-sized ice sheet at the DECC in Duluth must've been like skating on the Rockefeller Plaza rink on an afternoon the weekend prior to Christmas.)
Through the first weekend of the season, the two-referee arrangement was utilized in 13 games, and the traditional system was used in 21 games. As is my modus operandi, a breakdown of statistics provides the best method of evaluating the differences.
At first glance, it doesn't appear that the addition of another referee makes a significant impact in the quality of play. In fact, the quality of play could actually decrease if the extra official needed for the two-referee system lacks experience or isn't very good. There were two referees on the ice for last Friday's Rensselaer-Minnesota game at the Ice Breaker Tournament, but it didn't prevent the Engineers' Andrew Lord from getting whistled for a sketchy — and by sketchy, I mean horrible — checking-from-behind major with less than five minutes remaining in regulation and the score tied at 3.
This initiative should be scrapped upon completion
of this experimental phase. It's needlessly superfluous
and, most importantly, doesn't make the game any better.
When are you clowns gonna learn? Every year you say Minnesota is going to be terrible because they lost three starters. There's no way freshmen could possibly be good, even though [Minnesota] freshmen are always the cream of the crop. Fourth in the WCHA? Eighth in the nation? I can't wait until halfway through the season when the Gophers are ranked no. 2 and they fall to no. 3 because they tied Wisconsin once and the team below them got swept by Canisius. Say something good about them for a change … they are the premier college hockey program in the country.
Minnesota has a very nice rink. Frank
Mazzocco is my favorite television play-by-play guy in the
game. And the fight song is catchy. Are those enough good
In his season preview, WCHA beat writer
Jess Myers predicted the Gophers would finish fourth in
the league. I probably would've pegged them at
third behind North Dakota and Denver, and I think we gave
the Ground Squirrels the benefit of the doubt by ranking
them eighth in the Great 58+1.
I'm still not sold on the freshman defensemen,
nor am I convinced that Jeff Frazee is a no. 1 goalie. But
they'll be fine, so sit back and relax.
I would like to have seen a new poll this week. Just because some teams didn't play doesn't mean the polls can't change.
Vadnais Heights, Minn.
Yeah, I guess. But it seemed a touch ludicrous
to rank each of the country's 59 teams — a process
that takes longer than you would think — only to completely
shuffle the top 20 less than a week later. We'll definitely
have new Power Rankings this Sunday night, but I wouldn't
be opposed to waiting until the first Sunday in November
to post our first regular-season ratings.
* that the five-minute major Andrew
Lord received late in the third period of Rensselaer's
loss to Minnesota wasn't the worst call I've seen. Except
that it was. Based on the way the momentum had shifted,
chances of the Gophers eventually getting the go-ahead goal
before the end of regulation seemed likely. For the game-winner
to come during an extended power play that was the by-product
of an inexplicable call put a damper on what was a pretty
entertaining game.
* that in its first two games without
goaltender Jon Quick, who signed with the Los Angeles
Kings during the off-season after a breakout sophomore campaign,
UMass got fine performances from its netminders on last
weekend's difficult road trip to the North Country. Freshman
Paul Dainton stopped 31 of 33 shots he faced in a 2-1 overtime
loss to a very good Clarkson squad, and sophomore Dan Meyers
turned aside all but one of the 23 shots he saw in a 3-1
win at St. Lawrence the following night.
* that this weekend's Miami-Ohio State
series carries an extra dollop of intrigue. Not
only are the heated rivals kicking off the CCHA schedule
against one another, but both are coming off impressive
debuts last weekend. Miami stifled Vermont on back-to-back
nights in Oxford, while the Buckeyes topped Mercyhurst and
Wisconsin to win the Lefty McFadden title. The RedHawks
have established themselves as one of the nation's fastest-starting
teams — factoring in the two wins against UVM, Miami's
record in games prior to New Year's Eve since the start
of the 2005-06 season is 30-9-3. The RedHawks' Nathan Davis
is out with a bum shoulder, by the way.
* that based on the way he's played
for the Colorado Avalanche so far this season, a
lot of college hockey fans who saw Paul Stastny play a couple
seasons under George Gwozdecky at Denver are telling their
friends, "I knew he was gonna be
special when I caught his act down at (insert name of local
rink here.)"
* that I can't believe someone asked
me to speak to college students without prefacing
the presentation by saying, "Don't make the mistakes
this guy did."
Upon an invitation from a friend who's an
adjunct professor at Grand Valley State University in Allendale,
Mich., I talked to three business classes last week about
starting your own business. The parents of these children
will be thrilled to learn that the three major points I
made were 1) don't be afraid to quit your job if you don't
like it, 2) Mike Judge nailed the life of the average American
white-collar employee in "Office Space," and 3)
nobody throws a Frozen Four party like Inside College Hockey.
I learned that Grand Valley has a female-to-male student
ratio of 7-to-1 (or so I was told) and that the Lakers really
should add a Division I hockey program.
New Music That's Gotten Me Through the Preseason


text:
This page will be updated as the semester progresses with new links and resources.
Text Editors ⤒
Text editors are very much a matter of taste.
That's fine, because there are numerous text editors suitable for front-end development, both free and paid. A good text editor will have:
- Syntax highlighting (color coding).
- Help you with tabbing and closing tags.
- Code folding, to collapse and expand chunks of code.
- Edit multiple lines at once.
- Popup dictionaries of tag names, attributes and CSS rules.
- Many can handle FTP as well, so you can sync and upload your files to your server from right inside the program.
Many students (and web developers) use Brackets or Sublime, which are feature-full, free, and available on all platforms. Paid programs all have a free trial period though, so try a few. Spend a week or so in each as the semester progresses. I personally use Coda, BBEdit, or vim depending on the task.
- TextWrangler - mac only - Free. Excellent general purpose text editor. Has all the features you need, but not the bells and whistles (autocomplete and tag closing). Very powerful find and replace features.
- Brackets - mac only - New. Adobe's free and open source player. Not bad, but I've found it still has some quirks.
- Sublime Text - win/mac - Highly functional. A favorite for many.
- Notepad++ - win only - Free. Very good windows-only option.
- UltraEdit - win/mac - Another good option particularly for windows.
- Coda - mac only - Also very good. Geared specifically toward web developers.
- BBEdit - mac only - TextWrangler's big brother. Adds a few helpful features, most notably autocomplete dictionaries.
- Atom - win/mac - Might be worth a try if you're on windows.
Finally, a note about Adobe Dreamweaver, which is installed on all of the lab computers as part of the Adobe suite. Dreamweaver is much better in recent versions, but it has several features that can become a crutch while learning, and actually get in our way. Avoid using Dreamweaver for this class.
Helpful Links ⤒
- Can I Use! - Check the current browser support for any CSS property or HTML feature.
- HTML Validator - Check your HTML syntax using this W3C tool.
- CSS Validator - Check your CSS syntax using this W3C tool.
- W3 Counter - Global Browser and Platform Market Share
- Chrome CSS Usage - CSS Feature Usage based on Chrome's anonymous usage statistics
Browser Developer Tools
One of the greatest things about the web is that you can freely poke around at the code for any web page.
All major browsers nowadays have a sophisticated collection of built in developer tools that are extremely useful for web development. When activated, they usually open as a pane within your browser window, but can easily pop out into their own window as well.
They make all of a web page's source code easily viewable, and you can even edit and preview code right in the browser.
Tip: Don't get too far ahead of yourself editing code in the browser. Get in the habit of switching to your text editor and updating your code after every couple of changes. Once you refresh the page in the browser, everything goes back to its original state!
Develop > Show Web Inspector
HTML Entities ⤒
How do I put quotes between quotes without closing my quotes?!
HTML code obviously uses a handful of characters that have special meanings.
< > for tags,
"" for attributes, etc.
But what happens when you want to literally display those characters on your web page, when they would otherwise be interpreted as code? And what about symbols and characters that we don't have keyboard keys for, like accented letters, special currencies, or greek letters?
Every unicode character has a code number, and many of them have an abbreviated name. These are called HTML Entities, or character references. Instead of typing the character that you want directly in your code, you use the named or numbered reference to that symbol.
An ampersand
& tells the browser you're entering a character reference, and the reference terminated with a semicolon
For example, this doesn't display the way you probably want in a browser:

Only one of these spaces will show up.

But this does.

But these spaces will.

Here are the symbols you may need to "escape" when you want them to display rather than be interpreted as code. I threw in a few other common ones as well.
Here is a very useful complete character reference from the W3C, and more information on Wikipedia.
Screenshots ⤒
Oftentimes it's useful to "take a picture" of exactly what's displayed on your screen. Fortunately this is easy to do on both Macs and PCs.
Using a program: Macs have an app called Grab.app in the Applications > Utilities folder (spotlight should also find it quickly). Most PCs running Windows Vista or newer have a tool called the Snipping Tool. In Windows 10, open the start menu and search.
Faster than using the programs though, you can just use keyboard shortcuts!
On a mac:
cmd + shift + 3
cmd + shift + 4
cmd + shift + 4, spacebar
Screenshots are saved to the desktop.
On a PC:
win + PrtScn
alt + PrtScn
The default file type on both systems is png.


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Lamha (Seedlings) was screened in London after its first Pakistani screening in Lahore. Just like it did at the New York International Film Festival, Seedlings left the audience enthralled with beautiful performances. It is unfortunate that the film has not had a nationwide be release in Pakistan, due to a lack of sponsors.
London-based blogger Somaya Khan, who watched Seedlings in London, writes about it:
I am generally sceptical of creative output from Pakistan. I have no doubt about the talent in the country, but due to lack of finances and facilities there (and hence, international-level experience), I find myself dumbing down my expectations, which makes it difficult to assess the quality of work, impartially. So, just imagine my surprise when my worst fears were laid to rest and I realised I had no need to dumb down my appraisal.
Seedlings (Lamha) revolves around three main characters: a married couple — Raza (Mohib Mirza) and Maliha (Aamina Sheikh) — and a rickshaw driver Anil (Gohar Rasheed). All three seem to be in a state of melancholy, grieving over some deep sorrow. As the film progresses, it is clear that Raza and Maliha have been driven apart by an unbearable personal tragedy and that Anil played a very important role in that. Will any one of them be able to forgive one another, or more importantly, themselves? Is there any redemption for a mistake, a 'moment' that destroys lives? Is there any way to move forward when your core being has been ripped to shreds? How can you hope, when there is no hope to speak of?
The best thing about Seedlings is that it does not preach, for even a moment. There is no lengthy dialogue to explain the situation to the audience. It is not an overly complex film, but the emotions it deals with can be difficult to understand. Also, the film does not spend extra energy on making it simple for anyone. It is a journey of self-discovery for the characters and the deepest insights come from short conversations with the secondary characters.
Customary and redundant words have been replaced with lengthy silences in the movie, aided by a very appropriate background score by musician Usman Riaz. There are long scenes, where nothing happens, but you can feel an over-arching loneliness. This is something which is not seen in Pakistani dramas, wherein shouting is considered a must to express emotions — even that is used very sparingly in the film. Less is definitely more for Seedlings.
The acting is very mature. While Sheikh has already won accolades for her portrayal of a woman in constant emotional pain, Mirza and Rasheed are excellent, too. They did not overact or cross the lines of believability, throughout the film.
Unfortunately, what the film confidently achieves in scripting (film-maker Summer Nicks), direction (Mansoor Mujahid) and acting, it loses in production values. The budget is quite apparently limited and that is obvious in some technical aspects like cinematography and sound recording and, at some points, in the editing, too. There is a slight amateurish quality to it all, which makes it less palatable to an audience used to slicker products. I am also curious about why Seedlings was filmed on a 4:3 aspect ratio, a frame which more suitable to an older television format, than cinema today — but honestly, these are all minor issues.
The lack of sophistication is made up for, by a strong script, a detail-oriented direction and very involved performances. If a case can be made for independent cinema in Pakistan, then Seedlings is definitely a role model.
Unfortunately, as film-maker Meher Jaffri informed the audience after the screening, finding a distributor to release the film in Pakistan is proving difficult. So yet again, an excellent effort may never see the light of day in its country of birth.
The writer has an MA degree in Media & Communications from Goldsmiths College and blogs about films as it's her passion.
Published in The Express Tribune, March 17th, 2013.


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So when was the last time you read a story about a cat helping a rescue team? I like cats but we all know they are fun because they are so independent and we think they are all pretty like "Garfield" the cat, its all about me!
Well, now researches say hold up there, cats actually may be even better at search and rescue than dogs? Whoa, what? According to a new paper, published in the journal Applied Animal Behavior Science, researches say "Cats notoriously turn their noses up to many foods, but this ability to sniff out particular odors holds tremendous potential, according to new research that makes a case for training domestic cats as search and rescue animals."
Wait, it gets more bizarre! Researches say forget dogs and cats, rats is the new rescue pet! Rats "are already being used to detect landmines, and research is underway to use them to detect tuberculosis. The rodents are also being trained now to be search and rescue animals, with five trained rats acing a test that called for them to locate a human in a simulated collapsed building."
So while I still believe dog is man's BFF which is why they are a natural for helping us there's always room for more, especially if the kitty cat and rat can help us help others. It's all a win, win! ~grace
Twitter @ItsYourGrace
Instagram @gracesunnyv
Facebook Grace Vasquez (Grace V)
Email email@example.com


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We arrive February 23 and return home February 29.
Never been to this area. Will be family of four including 9 yo daughter and 6 yo son. They love history and I think will love CW. We will also visit Busch Gardens.
We plan to stay 3 nights in the CW area - is this too many nights?
We are flying into Richmond - where else would be a good base for seeing the sights? We have been to D.C. on another trip so didn't feel the need to head up that way.
I am a little lost with planning this.
Also, would love to have a hotel with a nice indoor pool. The kids love this for down time. A lot that I saw online seem to be dingy little holes. I guess since I will be sitting there while they swim I'd appreciate a nice pool area to hang out in.


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Discussion in 'Disney World Tips' started by bornwiththeears, Jun 4, 2006.
Is it possible to purchase tickets in advance (through Disney of course) using rewards points?
Yes, when you check out there is a place to use your rewards card.
You should be able to use them if you purchase tickets at a Disney Store too.
I just purchased my tickets tonight at a disney store and used my rewards card.
Only two weeks left!!!!!
Separate names with a comma.


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It's Nice That 6
The sixth instalment of It's Nice That looks to be a cracker and includes features on Lawrence Weiner, Marion Deuchars, Keith Haring and cover-star, George Lois
The sixth instalment of It's Nice That looks to be a cracker and includes features on Lawrence Weiner, Marion Deuchars, Keith Haring and cover-star, George Lois…
Danish photographer Asger Carlsen and gallerist Kate MacGarry also feature in the issue, alongside a conversation piece between designer/artists Martino Gamper and Francis Upritchard. INT now also runs to 140 ad-free pages, apparently, which can't be bad for a cover price of £10.
Also inside, write INT, "Pennsylvania-based photographer and publisher Nicholas Gottlund shows us his studio and the process behind his publishing house, Gottlund Verlag; the Bafta winning animator Mikey Please talks about his love of imperfection; curator Virginia Whiles remembers the artist Shelagh Cluett, her work and her collection of international artefacts; David Bennewith writes about typographer Herbert Bayer and in particular his _Universal Alphabet_ design study; photographer Carl Kleiner gets the freedom of ten pages to present his brightly coloured exploration of the golden ratio; and finally, Columbian musician Chaz Bundick (aka Toro Y Moi) welcomes us into his family home."
The Work section of issue six features Xavier Antin, Assemble, Romulo Celdran, Dallas Clayton, Quentin Dupieux, Encyclopedia Pictura, William Goldsmith, Anna-Wili Highfield, Ill Studio, Tom Phillips, Eske Rex, Brian Nuda Rosch, Travess Smalley, Stephan Tillmans, Studio Weave, Paul Wackers, Ann Woo and Federico Yankelevich.
Published on July 14, It's Nice That 6 will be available from itsnicethat.com and various stockists. Designed by It's Nice That in collaboration with Joseph Burrin. Printed by Push. A Flickr set documents the entire production process of the issue, here.


text: Explore Further Core Ftp Sponsored Products Category Category Internet Software Subcategory FTP Software Publisher's Description+ From BulletProof Software: BulletProof FTP Client Mac is the easiest way to transfer files between your Mac and remote FTP servers. Take advantage of its Aqua style interface, Site Manager address book, extensive server type support, and fast transfers. read more +


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Apartments in Southeast Orlando
Brand New Apartments in Southeast Orlando The possibilities are limitless at Fountains at Lingo Cove, Southeast Orlando's newest apartment homes. In an ideal location, this newly built mid-story and townhome community is close to major employers including Orlando International Airport, Lake Nona's Medical City and Orlando-Kissimmee area theme parks. As a Fountains at Lingo Cove Resident, take advantage of quick access major roadways, including State Road 528 Beachline Expressway. Enjoy the flavors of casual dining close to home at the brand new Gateway Village Plaza and more!
Choose from one, two, three and four bedroom mid-story or townhome floor plans featuring spacious interiors, chef-inspired kitchens with custom cabinetry, granite countertops and Energy Star-rated CleanSteel appliances. Relax in comfort with in-home washer/dryer connections, walk-in closets and direct access garages in select apartment homes. At Fountains at Lingo Cove, community amenities are just beyond your front door, including a web cafe, fitness studio and children's playground.
Enjoy the many benefits of this affordable Southeast Orlando apartment community. Click Here to stay connected and for the latest news updates on Fountains at Lingo Cove Apartments!.
*Photos are representations of the product and not exact.
Learn more about our communities by visiting Concord Management, Ltd. at ConcordRents.com


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Berlin Motion Picture Festival is an annual international event dedicated for independent filmmakers. Located in the city centre of Berlin, we look forward to be hosting an amazing event in Sony Center with you and your friends. The film industry today is largely monopoly-based and dependent on large scale budgets for productions to succeed. However, this festival aims at providing a voice for those who don't have a massive budget at their hands but nevertheless, an important story to tell.
Akin to our mission of providing a platform for indie filmmakers, we are able to provide an affordable solution catered to advance the cause of independent filmmaking. Therefore all submissions are priced at $10-$30.
We will be providing awards for a number of categories to which our Jury will carefully evaluate to their best degree. We welcome submissions of all genres and lengths!
Awards & Prizes
We will be hosting 4 types of category awards:
1. Film Awards
2. Music Awards
3. Script Awards
4. Photography Awards
Films selected for screening will be notified on the 5th November 2017.
Awards ceremony will take place after the screening on Saturday, 2nd December 2017.
Rules & Terms
1. All films must be subtitled in English.
2. All films must be completed after 2010.
3. All films must have cleared or licensed copyright materials.
4. We are not held responsible for the content of your submissions.
5. You grant us permission to post your trailer on our social media platforms.
6. We are unfortunately not able to provide refunds.


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Calling all Developers, Project Managers, Idea Persons, Cheerleaders and Fans this is the meeting where we turn the corner and focus on Incubation part of our Charter. I have Project 1 and 2 lined up and ready to start working on.
Looking for at least 2-3 more project ideas to forms teams around. Do as little or as much as you want. We will be using the latest and greatest tools. Learn as you go if you have not used Github, GenMyModel, Parse, Firebird, Heroku, etc.., there is a place for everyone.
Cheerleaders and Fans, pizza and drinks is welcome.
Lets put Alpharetta on the map, lets fill the room.
It was an extremely productive meeting. I'm excited.
0 · July 18, 2014
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I couldn't find a thread for this movie, one of the weirdest of all weird spaghetti westerns:
and Karis even doesn't wear that pseudoponcho anymorei kinda liked this one, Diego's gang was very entertaining and added sort of Clockwork Orange riotious conduct touch to iti didn't like ending, although it was quite interesting, i'd prefer Karis to deal with the bandits personally (not soldiers)anyway, if you are feeling that you have stepped into lower regions of genre, scherp, just wait for the third one
I read that even Karis thinks the third one is rubbishHadn't thought of Clockwork Orange, might have been a source of inspiration
This one's certainly lower region budget wise, but I actually think it's one of the better of those from the bottom
Unusually vulgar film, Diego of Habsburg is a rather interesting character but in my opinion even among "those from the bottom" this one is average at best.
It is indeed quite vulgar. And La Grande Bouffe is from '73, so can't be blamed for it, they made up those farts themselves.
This guy looks more like a hero from a Turkish crime movie than a gunfighter from a spaghetti western, LOL.
And in the movie he's supposed to be ... Irish
Do not mind this film in the realms of bottom tier stuff, and the thing that sticks with me the most in this one is that horrible guy who picks his nose.
Just watched this. Apart from the colorful villains the film is very basic low budget western. As a sw of a 70's there's a dose of compulsory comedy stuff which was mostly awkward. I think the most interesting bit in the film was Spirito Santo's relationship with his crippled brother and the ex-lover whom the brother married but this plot doesn't go anywhere.I don't remember much from the first Spirito Santo film but apparently there isn't much connection to the first one. At least this was much better than the third film in the trilogy.
Agree with the general sentiment regarding this being a decent watch for the deeper ends of the genre (or is it the shallow end?).
There wasn't any connection, apart from the same guy with the same name. Still, the films feel very similar apart from the silliness of the bandits. The similarity can probably be chalked up to the same lead, and looking very much the same in terms of budget, location and how they are shot. And with both I like them, although have a hard time giving much reason why.
Like ENNIOO, the nose picking guy really caught my attention with how the film repeatedly cuts to him picking away.
Next up will be the third of the trilogy


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I have a 8 week old yorkie puppy who is ready for her forever home. She is up to date on all her shots and her deworming is done! She is papered and her…$2,400
I have a female yorkie who is 6 weeks old and is ready in 2 weeks for a forever home! She is papered and she will come with her first set of shots and…$2,600
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Beautiful AKC Reg Pemproke Welsh Corgi Pups for sale. 2 girls and 1 boy left,they are much loved family pets.Both puppies have had all their shots. My…$500
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Morkie Puppy for Sale in California 707-720-9042 www.TinyYorkieKisses.com Kari 707-720-9042 email@example.com visit my website for all Morkies…$800


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Kevin Spacey: "If we don't reach out to make theatre affordable to the young generation we will lose them all"
"When I look around at Broadway and the West End, theatre is becoming an exclusive club," says Spacey
Kevin Spacey Talks 'Richard III', The Old Vic and Doing Shakespeare Drunk
Kevin Spacey sat down with Theater Talk's Michael Riedel and Susan Haskins to chat about his current role as Richard III (directed by Sam Mendes...
Dylan O'Brien on His 'Maze Runner' Injury and Working with Michael Keaton on 'American Assassin'
"Getting to play a character over a lengthy period of time is always a pleasure, especially if you like the character." - Dylan O'Brien
Billy Eichner on His Unsuccessful Past as a Child Actor: "I was too tall. I was too this. I was too that"
Eichner reveals that he turned to comedy because his initial forays into acting proved unsuccessful.
Eddie Izzard on Creating a Character: "I should be able to come off script and improvise"
"The better you researched it – the better you are into the character before you land on the set, the easier it's going to be. " - Eddie Izzard on Preparing for a Role
Mackenzie Davis on Breakthrough 'Halt and Catch Fire' Role: "It was one of my very first jobs. I was so nervous"
"When I started this job, I remembered looking up "how actors prepare for parts" because I just didn't know!" - Mackenzie Davis
Michael Keaton on Choosing Roles: "If you overthink the money part, you tend to mess it up"
Keaton explains why material is so much more important to him than money.


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I normally don't focus on the risk side of health behaviors because that turns so many people off (and activates their resistance) so they stop listening. I prefer to concentrate on the positive health side of healthy choices. On occasion, though, I think it's important to face the risks – the downside of our varous lifestyle choices.
Today an article caught my eye about the risks of smoking for women and I thought at least a handful of you would like to know about it. To read it, go here.Print This Post |


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Words containing arochro
Found 2 words containing arochro. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain arochro. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play!
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Ashley Gonzalez
Last quote by Ashley Gonzalez
Aug 03 2017
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A conference of the Association of Community Radio Producers AMARC is currently taking place in Amman. A small APC team is there and, besides other types of involvement, we are organizing a workshop on wireless networking, with the focuse on wireless networks usage by community radios.
Our team was small, but visible. As the AMARC 9 was kicked off, we prepared a training room in a side hall, used as a passage by waiters running from the kitchen to the restaurant on the first floor.
Soooo, the starting conditions were not that great, given that the room was a bit obscure and, what is worse, the main conference program was running alongside our training.
To let everyone know that we exist and they might think of skipping main program because of us, we applied a sort of partisan strategy… post advertising posters around the noble hotel Belle Vue, a strategy that proved efficient soon was picked up and copied by other workshop organizers.
The people who came made a very good group: smaller group than we expected, but very interested in the topic. The main learning from the workshop is that it is a real challenge to try to organize a dedicated focused workshop as part of a large event, because you can't oblige people to be continually present for the whole time and leave with everything you were hoping for them to take home. However, the people who eventually do show up, are charged with ideas about how to link the skills from the training with their radio (or other) projects. More often than usual thus trainers become learners and trainees turn into trainers.
Yes, there was a fluctuation, some people stayed only first day and other joined in on the second or third day, complaining about having been elsewhere and having missed previous sessions. So one would say that there is not enough continuity and consistency in such training. On contrary. No snoring, no nodding with bored expressions. People were fixed on trainers (Fatima Bhyat and Anas Tawileh) even during usually the most challenging (read "boring") sessions on wireless standards and budgeting.
Perhaps it should not be surprising. AMARC people are practitioners skilled in distributing information locally to their listeners. They struggle with difficulties when sharing their production with others, shortages of staff etc. They have very clear ideas what they need and when confronted with people who know what wireless "can do", the spark ignites immediately.
Good and inspirative three days. APC and other similar networks should perhaps be much closer to community radio people than they seem to be.