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If the police or a government agency want to speak to you, you may want to know if hiring a lawyer is necessary. Even if they tell you that they only want to learn the basic facts about ...Read more 0
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Premises liability becomes pertinent if a person is injured while on someone else's property, due to the tenant's negligence or the property owner's negligence. For example, if you were away and staying at a hotel but slipped and ...Read more 0
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Tootsies bar in Nashville by Fred McKie
The bar at Tootsies World Famous Orchid Lounge in downtown Nashville, Tennessee, USA.Add to Cart Add to Lightbox Download
- Filename
- Travel-photography-Tootsies-bar-Nashville-131002.jpg
- Copyright
- Copyright © Fred McKie. All rights reserved.
- Image Size
- 1920x1280 / 2.3MB
America Australian editorial travel photographer Australian travel photographer Brisbane editorial travel photographer Brisbane travel photographer Honky Tonk bar Nashville Tennessee Tootsies Tootsies Orchid Lounge USA United States bar editorial travel photography horizontal landscape format travel travel photography
- Contained in galleries
- USA > Tennessee

subset: commoncrawl


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Develop A Digital Marketing Strategy
The web has actually converted a vital part of our daily lives and also it is just inconceivable to try and visualize our lives without it. The number of times have you needed info about something and also the first point that took off to your mind was to Google it?
That is exactly just what consumers do when searching for details regarding a business they are involved in they search for it online.
That is one of the most essential reason you have to produce an online visibility for your company. You have to have an efficient digital marketing plan that could aid you attain that as well as set your commercial on the right course to success.
Due to the fantastic use the internet as well as the constant advances in skill, digital marketing is one of the very best approaches that can aid your development. It can assist you get even more clients and also develop your standing whilst expanding your service.
Standards In Digital Marketing Plan
Starting A Blog site
Either by itself or as a component of your digital marketing is an excellent method of attracting your clients and making them intend to get your item or use your solutions. For a good blog site is the key. Think about hiring a group of content writers that can make your blog look frustrating.
Not only will your blog site attract even more consumers however it will also help you construct your standing since it is the most effective location for you to talk about your service and share your point of views with a large number of individuals.
Your blog could additionally be a terrific system for the responses of your clients, and it is of supreme rank that you connect with them.
Having great interaction with your customers is essential for success, because it is the most effective means to reveal the people who you are and also why you are unique. So, blogging is one more crucial digital marketing technique that will assist you efficiently expand your organisation.
Creating A Social Media Presence
As a result of the expanding appeal of social media sites networks, you ought to seriously think about developing your web marketing. It is a terrific online market method for your business as well as you will obtain even more clients, given that every person is on-line at all times factually.
An existence on Facebook, Twitter, Google+, LinkedIn, or any other social media sites network will aid you grow your company because it will be obvious to countless individuals.
Being energetic on social media is the very best method to display your service to a numerous number of feasible clients as well as learn from their comments, in addition to maintain a steady flow of communication with your existing clients.
Making A Website For Your Service
It's the primary step you need to take when aiming to establish your on the internet presence. In order to have a top quality website with wonderful loading speed, you have to locate a great hosting carrier that will certainly deal you the most effective service possible.
Once you have your host, the essential point you should pay care to is your gratified and also the overall layout. You can not allow your site become messy whatever needs to be solid as well as noticeable to ensure that visitors can easily locate all the details they need.
Quality web content is just what will make those site visitors come back, so it is one of one of the most essential points when it pertains to your site and also bring in more customers.
Making a site for your service is the best digital marketing technique that can assist you grow. Though, it is just a start factor and also there are a couple of even more points to do in order to favorably develop your on the internet visibility.
Some Negative aspects You Had to Know In Digital Marketing
Though, internet marketing lets you to promote your company targeting global consumers, the set up price of a web site is expensive. Added, you need to invest more time on choosing fine-looking format for your internet site.
There are several customers still not familiar with internet. Some people prefer getting items on shop instead of getting it online.
The regulation of interchange in web transformed quickly. It requires constant attention and also shadowing to make sure the advertising and marketing approach truly functions.
When comes to online, you need to know phony activities as well as online scam. Spamming is among the prime difficulties for online marketing as well as confidential data could be quickly hacked.
Last Thoughts In Digital Marketing
When it involves digital marketing you should continuously apply new ideas as well as learn brand-new ways of refining your service, considering that the electronic ambience is transforming every day. You have to maintain the action with brand-new innovation and make sure your online presence flourishes, that is, attracts even more customers, flagging your way to the top.
Expand your information and make use of various other plans also as well as you will surely enlarge your company and make it expand every day.
Source: Galaxies Mobile Ap Development


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Nuts & BoltsDec. 26th, 2009 11:04 pm
Still tweaking my newest cookie recipe, but thought i'd share a savory baked snack in the meantime....this is a favorite in our family this time of year.
( Nuts and Bolts )
( Nuts and Bolts )
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we have a ford focus 1.6L diesel in stock very good condition drives great good service history long mot great to drive finance available RAC warranty available, 3 months warranty, Next MOT due 04/04/2018, Service history, Good bodywork, Multicolour Cloth interior - Good Condition, Tyre condition Good, Air Conditioning - Manual, Power Front Windows - One Touch Up/Down, Perimeter Alarm, Heated Front Windscreen, 7 x 16in 5-Spoke Alloy Wheels, ICE 6000 CD Radio with Remote, 3x3 point rear seat belts, Airbags, Centre Rear Seat Belt, Drivers Airbag, Electric door mirrors, Folding rear seats, Heated Rear Screen, Front and Rear Head Restraints, Front Passengers Airbag, Height adjustable drivers seat, Power steering, Tailgate Wash/Wipe, Third Brake Light, Steering Column - Rake and Reach Adjustable. 5 seats, Solid black, We are an RAC Approved dealership and authorised by the FCA , HPI or RAC Passport report included, 12 months breakdown with accident recovery included, RAC Buysure, for peace of mind , , CMT car supermarket is a partner of many national brands such as RAC and Supaguard. Our Site being just under an acre stocking lots of cars we can offer you options such as nationwide delivery possible, paint protection, fabric protection, Finance, Same day drive away and an extended warranty. We accept all major cards., Our friendly staff is available on the phone from 9am till 10pm 7 days or come in to site for a viewing 9am till 7pm. Mon to Sat and 10am to 5 pm Sundays, PLEASE NOTE: We have customers from all over the UK please call and confirm availability of the car before you travel. , RAC 82 point check , RAC data check , Minimum 3 month RAC warranty , Complimentary 12 month RAC breakdown cover , RAC warranty upgrades available, Finance available , Fully valeted , 5 Day drive away insurance available , Extras Also available include , Supagard protection, #RAC Approved Dealer #Used Car Finance, £4,495 p/x welcome
|Term (Months)
|Monthly Repayments
|Cash Price
|Rep flat (%)
|Purchase & Completion Fee
|Total amount of finance
|Total amount payable


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Yale's website supports sales
Published: 22 February, 2011
ONLINE: Security specialist Yale has given its website a total overhaul for 2011, providing merchants and retailers with more online support and helping consumers to see how easy it is to replace or update their home security products.
The website includes a home security checklist, an easy-to-use product search function and new photography, as well as a 'Find an Expert' section and Yale SecurityTV.
Yale SecurityTV features informative and educational videos on a range of security products, designed to help consumers understand how to quickly and easily upgrade their home security by installing Yale products.
The website also includes a 'standards' section, which provides simple explanations of security logos such as Secured By Design, Insurance Approved and Sold Secure, helping consumers to make more informed purchasing decisions and increasing the opportunities to upsell.
Merchants can also access customer-specific areas on the new website, where they can download Yale point of sale, images, details of product promotions and other sales support materials.
Caroline Martin, the company's marketing manager, said: "The designated customer areas provide information tailored to merchants, installers and consumers, and the point-of-sale materials and logo definitions should lead to increased sales."


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If a man is running at a speed of 5mi/hr, how many yards has he traveled in 25 minutes?
First we convert miles/hour into yards per minutes
1 miles per hour = 29.33 yards per minutes
So 5 miles/hour = 146.65 yards per minutes
yards he traveled in 25 minutes = 25 minutes * 146.65 yards/minutes
= 3666.25 yards
Hence he traveled 3666.25 yards in 25 minutes.
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Theresa May reveals she will seek a transitional Brexit deal as she refuses to say if MPs will get a final vote
- Theresa May backs post- Brexit transitional deal
- PM refuses to guarantee MPs a final vote
- Theresa May hits out at EU leaders
- MPs may as well stop asking Theresa May about Brexit
- Sturgeon: Scotland could stay in single market
Theresa May has announced for the first time that she hopes to negotiate a transitional deal after 2019, as she refused to guarantee that Parliament will have a vote on the final Brexit deal.
The Prime Minister insisted that any transitional arrangement put in place after Britain leave the EU would not be an excuse to delay Brexit or extend the negotiation period.
Businesses have been keen for a transitional arrangement to avoid a sudden "cliff edge" change in relationships after Brexit.
Speaking to MPs on the Liaison Committee this afternoon she said there should be time for British and European economies to adjust and to deal with "simple practical matters" after...
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Tag massage best massage .
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text: TrustKeeper Scan Engine Update April 22 2015 April 24, 2015 Posted By Jonathan Claudius Comments (0) Share: LinkedIn Facebook Twitter Embed %> Email The latest update to the TrustKeeper scan engine that powers our Trustwave Vulnerability Management product (including both internal and external vulnerability scanning) is now available. Today we're adding a new vulnerability check for a Vulnerability in HTTP.sys Could Allow Remote Code Execution (MS15-034/CVE-2015-1635). Please see the Microsoft Security Bulletin for more information. How to Update? All Trustwave customers using the TrustKeeper Scan Engine receive the updates automatically as soon as an update is available. No action is required. Share: LinkedIn Facebook Twitter Embed %> Email Tags: TrustKeeper Scan Engine


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Product Overview
The Mommy's Touch Diaper Pail Liner is a dry diaper pail liner. It is made of PUL with two elastic drawstrings at the top which allows it to double as a hanging pail. This multi-use bag can also make a great laundry bag or dirty diaper bag when traveling. The bag measures 26″ wide by 29″ deep with a large gusset at the bottom so that the pail will stand up when there are items inside. It is available in a rainbow of solid colors and prints.
Why I Like It
I made the mistake of buying an elastic top diaper pail liner and when I decided to go on a trip, using an elastic top bag did not help contain smells. The Mommy's Touch diaper pail liner comes with not one but two elastic drawstrings, so you can use the bag on it's own or in a pail or can. The PUL material helps to keep wet diapers from soaking through the bag.
Purchase two diaper pail liners so that you can wash one and use one.
Where to Buy
Amazon ($17.95-$18.99 + shipping)
Nurtured Family ($17.95 + free shipping) Best Price
Chemically, baking soda and boaricanbte of soda (or sodium boaricanbte) are the same. However, washing soda is also boaricanbte of soda and boaricanbte of soda can be purchased at the hardware store. The Arm Hammer brand baking soda is in a bright yellow box or plastic bag and is labeled Baking Soda . If it is another brand, read the label. If it does not say it is suitable for baking do not use it. The baking soda variety of boaricanbte of soda is the only one certified to be free enough of other contaminates to be fit for human consumption. The answerer who mentioned that it has tartaric acid added is confusing it w/ Baking Powder. One of the acid/alkaline combinations for Baking Powder is baking soda and cream-of-tarter (tartaric acid). The ratio for making baking powder using baking soda and cream-of-tarter is: 4 parts of baking soda to 5 parts of cream-of-tarter. This home made baking powder is equal, measure for measure, to commercial powders.


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crushing and grinding of copper
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Mohave Community College data communications
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Find information about Mohave Community College data communications, and registering for elective discussion sections and seminars. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? Locate accredited business management programs online. Combined with a brief internship or prior office experience, you can expect a great return on your business education. Concentrating on Mohave Community College data communications, for example, you may gain an advantage in corporate recruiting being done on-campus. Check with the database design department for course registration deadlines, and database administration program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Mohave Community College.
Database administrators use specialized computer software, such as phpMyAdmin, to develop and maintain database tables. They make sure that company data is secure from hackers, yet available to registered corporate users. Database developers must learn both Simplified Query Language (SQL), as well as a programming language such as PHP in order to carry out SQL commands such as SELECT TABLE, INSERT INTO, INNER JOIN, and UPDATE.
Common business database management systems now in use include MySQL, SQL Server, Access, Oracle, Sybase, and DB2. The design of a database requires an understanding of data types, such as Float, Int, and VarChar. Further, depending on the number of users, parallel structures and data management may be required. The median annual wage for a database developer was $61,710 in May 2017. Employment of database administrators is projected to grow 11% annually over the next decade. Beyond major requirements within the database design department, you may consider University of Texas Tyler required classes as a complementary elective to your primary course of study.
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"F5 Retrograde Bravo"
"F5 Retrograde Bravo"
F5 Retrograde Bravo
by Nicholas Tredway
60 x 72 inches
Acrylic on canvas
Notes from the artist:
This painting was the first designed in the Fly-By-Wire series, and it is named after it's predecessor F5 Retrograde. An F5 tornado is the strongest ranking with the highest wind speeds. The title of this painting relates to going backwards at the highest rate of speed and with the most dramatic results.
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The year 2015 was a very challenging and unsettling year for the world where conflicts and the global economic downturn dominated the proceedings. Although it was a challenging year, there were positives, such as cooperation between some countries which was assisted by multilateral organizations namely the African Union (AU) and United Nations (UN).
For the first time in 17 years the Venezuelan socialist Partido Sociolista Unido de Venezuela PSUV party under the leadership of Maduro lost its legislative majority in the December 2015 elections. Economic depression and high inflation rate led to the victory of the Mesa de la Unidad Democrática (MUD) opposition, comprised of a coalition of more than 20 parties. This piece serves to analyze the political atmosphere in Venezuela following the appointment of a new legislature.
With the recent accession to power by the Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD), through legislative elections, much has been said about Venezuela's turn towards democracy and the overturn of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela's (PSUV) control of the National Assembly, in the public and on social media. Therefore, it is crucial that democracy must be considered as a larger subset of governance systems, and the key desire of governance systems should be efficiency in service of its people regardless of political or ideological convictions. In other words, the debate should prioritise governance systems and their (in)efficiency in servicing the basic needs and dignity of their people instead of the common narrative of democracy versus the rest. This would allow for a more nuanced discussion that brings in issues of conflicting value-systems, misunderstanding of the application of law and rights and potentially forced cultural and systemic changes.
Wildlife poaching flourishes where security and governance are weak. The revenues generated by this illegal business funds corruption, human trafficking, armed militant groups and other forms of crime. The illegal wildlife trade market has become a multibillion-dollar industry that has left some African species on the brink of extinction. This trade has been rated as the fourth most lucrative illegal business in the worldwith China rated first.
The results of Myanmar's general elections that took place on the 8th of November 2015, promise a new era in a country that has been dominated by military rule for the past decades. However, this will only be judged by the willingness of the military to pave way for a more inclusive and democratic government.


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Costa Rica And Haiti 2
Battle between Polish troops in French service and the Haitian rebels.
Slaves, along with free gens de couleur and allies continued their fight for independence after the French transported Louverture to France. The native leader Jean-Jacques Dessalines – long an ally and general of Toussaint Louverture, brilliant strategist and soldier – defeated French troops led by Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, at the Battle of Vertièressony vgp-bps3 battery. In late 1803, France withdrew its remaining 7,000 troops from the island and Napoleon gave up his idea of re-establishing a North American empire. With the war going badly, he sold Louisiana to the United States.
At the end of the double battle for emancipation and independence, former slaves proclaimed the independence of Saint-Domingue on 1 January 1804,[26] declaring the new nation be named "Ayiti",sony vgp-bps4 battery both a Native American and African term, meaning "home or mother of the earth" in the Taíno-Arawak Native American language and "sacred earth or homeland" in the Fon African language, to honor one of the indigenous Taíno names for the island.
Haiti is the only contemporary nation born of a slave revolt. Historians have estimated the slave rebellion resulted in the deaths of 100,000 blacks and 24,000 of the 40,000 white colonists, as well as many free people of color. sony vgp-bps5 battery The United States President Thomas Jefferson continued an arms and goods embargo against the new country. Due to the pressure of southern Congressmen, who feared their slaves being encouraged by the revolt, the United States refused to recognize Haiti's new government until 1867. Americans feared potential slave rebellions incited by free blacks and, after 1810, sony vgp-bps7 battery reduced the number of manumissions in the South, which had increased markedly in the first two decades following its own Revolution.
In February 2010, the eight-page document containing the official Declaration of Independence, which was believed to have been destroyed or thrown out, was found by a Canadian graduate student from Duke University in Britain's National Archives. Coming as it did soon after the 2010 devastating earthquake, the discovery is seen by many to be providential. sony vgp-bpl7 battery
The revolution in Saint-Domingue unleashed a massive multiracial exodus: French Créole colonists fled with those slaves they still held, as did numerous free people of color, some of whom were also slaveholders and transported slaves with them.[29] In 1809, nearly 10,000 refugees from Saint-Domingue arrived through Cuba, where they had first fled, to settle en masse in New Orleans. sony vgp-bps8 battery They doubled that city's population and helped preserve its French language and culture for several generations. In addition, the newly arrived slaves added to the city's African and multiracial culture.[31]
Dessalines was proclaimed "Emperor for Life" by his troops.[32] He exiled or killed the remaining whites and ruled as a despot.[33] In the continuing competition for power, he was assassinated on 17 October 1806. sony vgp-bps8a batteryThe country was then divided between a kingdom in the north directed by Henri I; and a republic in the south directed by Alexandre Pétion, an homme de couleur. Henri I is best known for constructing the Citadelle Laferrière, the largest fortress in the Western Hemisphere, to defend the island against the French. Despite opposition from the mulatto populace, Henri Christophe successfully united Northern Haiti for a period of time under a semi-feudal corvée systemsony vgp-bps8b battery, establishing a rigid education and economic code aimed at sustainable improvement for all Haitians.[34]
In 1815, Simón Bolívar, the South American political leader who was instrumental in Latin America's struggle for independence from Spain, received military and financial assistance from Haiti. Bolívar had fled to Haiti after an attempt had been made on his life in Jamaica, where he had unsuccessfully sought support for his effortssony vgp-bpl8 battery. In 1817, on condition that Bolívar free any enslaved people he encountered in his fight for South American independence, Haitian president Pétion provided Bolívar with soldiers, weapons and financial assistance, which were critical in enabling him to liberate the Viceroyalty of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela)sony vgp-bps9 battery.
Jean-Pierre Boyer, one of the leaders of the Haitian Revolution, and President of Haiti from 1818 to 1843
Beginning in 1821, President Jean Pierre Boyer, also an homme de couleur and successor to Pétion, managed to reunify the two parts of St. Domingue and extend control over the western part of the island.[36] In addition, after Santo Domingo declared its independence from Spain, Boyer sent forces in to take control. Boyer then ruled the entire island.sony vgp-bps9/s battery According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "During his presidency, Boyer tried to halt the downward trend of the economy – which had begun with the successful revolt of black slaves against their French masters in the 1790s – by passing the Code Rural. Its provisions sought to tie the peasant labourers to plantation land by denying them the right to leave the land, enter the towns, or start farms or shops of their own and by creating a rural constabulary to enforce the code." sony vgp-bps9a/s battery
During Boyer's administration, his government negotiated with Loring D. Dewey, an agent of the American Colonization Society (ACS), to encourage free blacks from the United States to emigrate to Haiti. They hoped to gain people with skills to contribute to the independent nation. In the early 19th century, the ACS – an uneasy blend of abolitionists and slaveholderssony vgp-bps9/b battery – proposed resettlement of American free blacks to other countries, primarily to a colony in Liberia, as a solution to problems of racism in the US. Starting in September 1824, more than 6,000 American free blacks migrated to Haiti, with transportation paid by the ACS.[40] Due to the poverty and other difficult conditions there, many returned to the US within a short timesony vgp-bps9a/b battery.
In July 1825, King Charles X of France sent a fleet of 14 vessels and thousands of troops to reconquer the island. Under pressure, President Boyer agreed to a treaty by which France formally recognized the independence of the nation in exchange for a payment of 150 million francs (reduced to 90 million in 1838) – an indemnity for profits lost from the slave trade. French abolitionist Victor Schoelcher wrotesony vgp-bps9a battery, "Imposing an indemnity on the victorious slaves was equivalent to making them pay with money that which they had already paid with their blood."
After losing the support of Haiti's elite, Boyer was ousted in 1843. A long succession of coups followed his departure to exile. National authority was disputed by factions of the army, the elite class, and the growing commercial class, increasingly made up of numerous immigrant businessmen: Germans, Americans, French and English. sony vgp-bps9b battery
In 1912, Syrians residing in Haiti participated in a plot in which the Presidential Palace was destroyed.[citation needed] On more than one occasion, French, US, German and British forces allegedly claimed large sums of money from the vaults of the National Bank of Haiti. Expatriates bankrolled and armed opposing groups. sony vgp-bpl9c battery
In addition, national governments intervened in Haitian affairs. In 1892, the German government supported suppression of the reform movement of Anténor Firmin.[citation needed] In January 1914, British, German and US forces entered Haiti, ostensibly to protect their citizens from civil unrest.[41]
United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934)
Cpt. Smedley Butler, Sgt. Ross Iams and Pvt. Samuel Gross entering Fort Riviere in 1915, at the start of the United States occupation of Haitisony vgp-bpl9 battery.
In an expression of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the United States occupied the island in 1915 and US Marines were stationed in the country until 1934. According to Monroe, treaties in 1915 and 1917 gave the U.S. State and Navy departments (and the Navy's Marine Corps) effective control over key government rolessony vgp-bps10 battery; the U.S. assumed responsibility for maintaining domestic peace and put down several small rebellions such as the "Cacos" uprising. Haiti had huge debts, which were refinanced by new loans from the National City Bank of New York, and paid off by American government officials who took control of customs and the national budget. The U.S. transformed the Garde into a modern police force and built up advanced public health, education, ports and roadsSony VGP-BPS12 Battery.
According to Paul Farmer, the US administration dismantled the constitutional system, reinstituted virtual slavery for building roads, and established the National Guards that ran the country by violence and terror after the Marines left. It also made massive improvements to infrastructure: 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) of roads were made usable; 189 bridges were built; many irrigation canals were rehabilitatedSony VGP-BPL12 Battery; hospitals, schools, and public buildings were constructed, and drinking water was brought to the main cities.[citation needed] Sisal was introduced to Haiti, and sugar and cotton became significant exports.[42] The U.S. Marines supervised the operations of a client Haitian government, and emphasized American-style modernization of the infrastructure and universal educationSony VGP-BPS13 Battery. Haitian traditionalists were highly resistant to these changes while the urban elites wanted more control. Together they helped force an end to the occupation in 1934.[43] President Herbert Hoover sent a commission that set up a plan of withdrawal that was achieved under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The first step was a gradual, systematic turnover of government functions to the Haitian governmentSony VGP-BPS13B/Q battery; in 1934 it took control of the Garde and the Marines departed. The debts were still outstanding and the American financial advisor-general receiver handled the budget until 1941.
In 1915, Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave was elected president. He was succeeded by Louis Borno in the 1922 elections. Borno worked closely with the Americans. Aware that many Haitians did not speak French, he was the first president to authorize the use of Creole in the education systemSony VGP-BPS13/Q battery. Recognition of the distinctive traditionalism of the Haitian people had a sharp impact on black writers in the U.S. (as well as white writers exploring black themes), including Eugene O'Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston and Orson Welles.[45]
End of US occupation until election of Duvalier (1934–1956)
The US occupation forces established a boundary between Haiti and the Dominican Republic by taking disputed land from the latter. Sony VGP-BPS13A/B battery After the US left in 1934, Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo – in an event known as the Parsley Massacre – ordered his Army to kill Haitians living on the Dominican side of the border.[46][47] In a "three-day genocidal spree", he murdered between 10,000 and 20,000 Haitians.[46] He then developed a uniquely Dominican policy of racial discrimination, Antihaitianismo ("anti-Haitianism"), targeting the mostly black inhabitants of his neighboring countrySony VGP-BPS13/S battery.
Sténio Vincent was succeeded as President in 1941 by Élie Lescot. In 1949, Lescot tried to change the constitution to allow for his own reelection, but in 1950 this triggered another coup. General Paul Magloire led the country until December 1956, when he was forced to resign by a general strike. After a period of disorder, an election held in September 1957 saw Dr. François Duvalier elected PresidentSony VGP-BPS13/B battery.
Duvalier family dictatorship (1957–1986)
From 1957 to 1986 Haiti was governed by the hereditary dictatorship of the Duvalier family.
Former minister of health and labor François Duvalier, known as "Papa Doc" and initially popular among the black population of the nation, was the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971. A strong believer in the rights of the Haitian black majority, he advanced black interests in the public sector.[48] He stayed in power by enlisting an organization known as Tontons Macoutes ("Bogeymen"), which maintained order by terrorizing the populace. Sony VGP-BPS13B/S battery
In the 1960s and 1970s, Haiti's diaspora made vital contributions to the establishment of francophone Africa's newly independent countries as Haiti's university professors, medical doctors, administrators and development specialists emigrated to these countries.
"Papa Doc" was succeeded by his son (born 3 July 1951) Jean-Claude Duvalier – known also as "Bébé Doc" – who led the country from 1971 until his ouster in 1986Sony VGP-BPS13A battery. In 1986, protests against "Baby Doc" led him to seek exile in France. Army leader General Henri Namphy headed a new National Governing Council.[50]
In March 1987, a new constitution was overwhelmingly approved by Haiti's population. General elections in November were aborted after dozens of inhabitants were shot in the capital by soldiers and Tontons Macoutes, and scores more were massacred around the country. Fraudulent military-controlled elections followedSony VGP-BPS13A/S battery, boycotted by opposition candidates, and the elected President, Leslie Manigat, was overthrown some months later in the June 1988 Haitian coup d'état when he sought to assert his constitutional control over the military. The September 1988 Haitian coup d'état followed after the St Jean Bosco massacre brought to the fore the increasing prominence of former Tontons MacoutesSony VGP-BPS13AS battery, and General Prosper Avril led a military regime until March 1990. Throughout the late 1980s and into the 1990s, leading members of the military, intelligence and police were involved in the illegal drug trade in Haiti, assisting Colombian drug traffickers smuggling drugs into the United States.
In December 1990, the former priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected President in the Haitian general election, winning more than two thirds of the voteSony VGP-BPS13S battery. His 5-year mandate began on 7 February 1991, having survived a coup attempt even before his inauguration, when former Tonton Macoute leader Roger Lafontant seized the provisional President Ertha Pascal-Trouillot and declared himself President. After large numbers of Aristide supporters filled the streets in protest and Lafontant attempted to declare martial law, the Army crushed the incipient coupSony VGP-BPS13A/Q battery.
During Aristide's short-lived first period in office, he attempted to carry out substantial reforms, which brought passionate opposition from Haiti's business and military elite. His relationship with the National Assembly soon deteriorated, partly over his selection of his friend René Préval as Prime Minister. In September, Aristide was overthrown in the 1991 Haitian coup d'étatSony VGP-BPS13A/R battery, led by Army General Raoul Cédras, and flown into exile. Elections were scheduled, but then cancelled. The Organization of American States condemned the coup, and the United Nations set up a trade embargo. A campaign of terror against Aristide supporters was started by Emmanuel Constant. In 1993, Constant, who had been on the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's payroll as an informant since 1992, organized the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti (FRAPH) Sony VGP-BPS13AB battery, which targeted and killed an estimated 5000 Aristide supporters.
In 1994, an American team, under the direction of the Clinton Administration, successfully negotiated the departure of Haiti's military leaders and the peaceful entry of US forces under Operation Uphold Democracy, thereby paving the way for the restoration of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president.[51] In October 1994, Aristide returned to Haiti to complete his term in office.[52] Aristide disbanded the Haitian army, and established a civilian police forceSony VGP-BPS13B battery.
Aristide vacated the presidency in February 1996, the scheduled end of his 5-year term based on the date of his inauguration. In the 1995 election, René Préval was elected as president for a five-year term, winning 88% of the popular vote. Préval had previously served as Aristide's Prime Minister from February to October 1991.
See also: 2004 Haitian coup d'etat, United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, and 2010 Haiti earthquakeSony VGP-BPS13B/B battery
The November 2000 election gave the presidency back to Aristide with an overwhelming 92% of the vote.[53] The election had been boycotted by the opposition, now organised into the Convergence Démocratique, over a dispute in the May legislative elections. In subsequent years, there was increasing violence and human rights abuses. Aristide supporters attacked the opposition. Sony VGP-BPL21 battery Aristide spent years negotiating with the Convergence Démocratique on new elections, but the Convergence's inability to develop a sufficient electoral base made elections unattractive.
In 2004, a revolt began in northern Haiti. The rebellion eventually reached the capital; and Aristide was forced into exile, whereupon the United Nations stationed peacekeepers in Haiti. Much evidence points to a key U.S. role in Aristide's ousterSony VGP-BPS21 battery, with Aristide and his bodyguard, Franz Gabriel, claiming that he was the victim of a "new coup d'état or modern kidnapping" by U.S. forces. Mrs. Aristide stated that the kidnappers wore US Special Forces uniforms, but changed into civilian clothes upon boarding the aircraft that was used to remove Aristide from Haiti.[55][56] Boniface Alexandre assumed interim authoritySony VGP-BPS21A battery. René Préval was elected President in February 2006, following elections marked by uncertainties and popular demonstrations. The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (also known as MINUSTAH) remains in the country, having been there since the 2004 coup d'etat. The United States led a vast international campaign to prevent Aristide from returning to his country while he was exiled in South AfricaSony VGP-BPS21B battery. Released Wikileaks cables show that high-level U.S. and U.N. officials coordinated a politically motivated prosecution of Aristide to prevent him from "gaining more traction with the Haitian population and returning to Haiti." The United States and its allies allegedly poured tens of millions of dollars into unsuccessful efforts to slander Aristide as a drug trafficker, human rights violator, and heretical practitioner of voodoo. Sony VGP-BPS26 Battery
Michèle Pierre-Louis was the second female Prime Minister of Haiti (September 2008-Nov. 2009).[60] Claudette Werleigh (1995–1996) was the first.
2010–2011: Earthquake, cholera, and flooding
Main articles: 2010 Haiti earthquake and 2010–2011 Haiti cholera outbreak
Port-au-Prince, 19 January 2010
The 2010 Haiti earthquake left up to 316,000 people dead and 1.6 million homeless.[61] Massive homelessness and displacement continues and does not appear to have significantly abated. Government agencies were also hard hitSony VGP-BPS26A Battery. Two days afterwards thousands of U.S. troops arrived to aid in the earthquake relief effort[62] and relief agencies are playing a large role in rebuilding Haiti's infrastructure, while taking care of the short-term emergency needs of the many injured and displaced Haitians.[63]
In October 2010 a cholera epidemic was identified. On October 14, the first cases of diarrhea, acute fever, vomiting, and severe dehydration were observed in Haiti, northwest of Port-au-Prince, near the banks of Meye river, next to Mirebalais, Sony VGP-BPS14/B Battery Three weeks later, Hurricane Tomas worsened the situation by mixing polluted bodies of water.[65] On October 22, the Pan American Health Organization recorded 183 deaths.[66] These increased after the hurricane. The World Health Organization reported 1,415 deaths on November 20.[67] The Haitian Ministry of Health reported 3,333 deaths and 148,787 infected persons on December 26.[68] Cholera had never been observed in Haiti., Sony VGP-BPS14B Battery"The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that the cholera strain ravaging the country matched a strain specific to South Asia, but said they had not pinpointed its origin or how it arrived in Haiti."[70] The expert panel appointed by the UN concluded that the cholera epidemic in Haiti was due to contamination of the Meye River, a tributary of the Artibonite RiverSony VGP-BPS14/S Battery, with a pathogenic strain of Vibrio cholerae of South Asian origin resulting from human activities.[71]
General elections had been planned for January 2010, but were postponed due to the earthquake. The elections were held on 28 November 2010 for senate, parliament and the first round of the presidential elections. The run-off between Michel Martelly and Mirlande Manigat took place on 20 March 2011Sony VGP-BPL14/B Battery, and preliminary results, released on 4 April, named Michel Martelly the winner.[72]
Haiti is on the western part of Hispaniola, the second largest island in the Greater Antilles. Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean behind Cuba and the Dominican Republic (the latter shares a 360-kilometre (224 mi) border with Haiti). Haiti at its closest point is only about 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) away from Cuba and has the second longest coastline Sony VGP-BPL14 Battery (1,771 km/1,100 mi) in the Greater Antilles, Cuba having the longest. The country lies mostly between latitudes 18° and 20°N (Tortuga island lies just north of 20°), and longitudes 71° and 75°W. Haiti's terrain consists mainly of rugged mountains interspersed with small coastal plains and river valleys.
The northern region consists of the Massif du Nord (Northern Massif) and the Plaine du Nord (Northern Plain) Sony VGP-BPL14B Battery. The Massif du Nord is an extension of the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic. It begins at Haiti's eastern border, north of the Guayamouc River, and extends to the northwest through the northern peninsula. The lowlands of the Plaine du Nord lie along the northern border with the Dominican Republic, between the Massif du Nord and the North Atlantic OceanSony VGP-BPL14/S Battery. The central region consists of two plains and two sets of mountain ranges. The Plateau Central (Central Plateau) extends along both sides of the Guayamouc River, south of the Massif du Nord. It runs from the southeast to the northwest. To the southwest of the Plateau Central are the Montagnes Noires, whose most northwestern part merges with the Massif du Nord. Its westernmost point is known as Cap CarcasseSony VGP-BPS14 Battery.
Beach at Gommier
The southern region consists of the Plaine du Cul-de-Sac (the southeast) and the mountainous southern peninsula (also known as the Tiburon Peninsula). The Plaine du Cul-de-Sac is a natural depression that harbors the country's saline lakes, such as Trou Caïman and Haiti's largest lake, Lac AzuéiSony VGP-BPL15/B Battery. The Chaîne de la Selle mountain range – an extension of the southern mountain chain of the Dominican Republic (the Sierra de Baoruco) – extends from the Massif de la Selle in the east to the Massif de la Hotte in the west. This mountain range harbors Pic la Selle, the highest point in Haiti at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft).[73]
The country's most important valley in terms of crops is the Plaine de l'Artibonite, which is oriented south of the Montagnes NoiresSony VGP-BPS15/B Battery. This region supports the country's (also Hispaniola's) longest river, the Riviere l'Artibonite, which begins in the western region of the Dominican Republic and continues most of its length through central Haiti and onward where it empties into the Golfe de la Gonâve. The eastern and central region of the island is a large elevated plateau. Haiti also includes various offshore islandsSony VGP-BPL15/S Battery. The historically famous island of Tortuga (Île de la Tortue) is located off the coast of northern Haiti. The arrondissement of La Gonâve is located on the island of the same name, in the Golfe de la Gonâve. Gonâve Island is moderately populated by rural villagers. Île à Vache (Cow Island), a lush island with many beautiful sights, is located off the tip of southwestern Haiti. Also part of Haiti are the Cayemites and Île d' AnacaonaSony VGP-BPS15/S Battery. La Navasse located 40 nautical miles (46 mi; 74 km) west of Jérémie on the south west peninsula of Haiti,[74] is subject to an on-going territorial dispute with the United States.
Main articles: Environment of Haiti and Deforestation in Haiti
Satellite image of Haiti's border with the Dominican Republic (right) shows the amount of deforestation on the Haitian side
In 1925, Haiti was lush, with 60% of its original forest covering the lands and mountainous regions. Since then, Haiti's residents have cut down an estimated 98% of its original forest cover for use as fuel for cookstoves, and in the process have destroyed fertile farmland soils, contributing to desertificationSony VGP-BPS15 Battery.
In addition to soil erosion, deforestation has caused periodic flooding, as seen on 17 September 2004. Earlier that year in May, floods had killed over 3,000 people on Haiti's southern border with the Dominican Republic.
There has been little marine, coastal, and river basin management. Forest cover in the steep hills surrounding Haiti's river basin retains soil, which in turn retains water from rainfallSony VGP-BPS18 battery, reducing river flood peaks and conserving flows in the dry season. But deforestation has resulted in much of the soil being released from the upper catchments. Many of Haiti's rivers are now highly unstable, changing rapidly from destructive flooding to inadequate flows.[77] Scientists at the Columbia University's Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) and the United Nations Environment Programme are working on the HaitiSony VGP-BPS22 BatteryRegenerative Initiative an initiative aiming to reduce poverty and natural disaster vulnerability in Haiti through ecosystem restoration and sustainable resource management.
Natural disasters
Hurricanes and tropical storms
In 2004, Tropical Storm Jeanne skimmed the north coast of Haiti, leaving 3,006 people dead in flooding and mudslides, mostly in the city of Gonaïves.[78]
Haiti was again pummeled by tropical storms in late August and early September 2008. The storms – Tropical Storm FaySONY VGN-FZ11E battery, Hurricane Gustav, Hurricane Hanna and Hurricane Ike – all produced heavy winds and rain in Haiti. Due to weak soil conditions throughout Haiti, the country's mountainous terrain, and the devastating coincidence of four storms within less than four weeks, valley and lowland areas throughout the country experienced massive flooding. Casualties proved difficult to count because the storm diminished human capacity and physical resources for such record keepingSONY VGN-FZ11L battery. Bodies continued to surface as the flood waters receded. A 10 September 2008 source listed 331 dead and 800,000 in need of humanitarian aid.[79] The grim state of affairs produced by these storms was all the more life threatening due to already high food and fuel prices that had caused a food crisis and political unrest in April 2008. SONY VGN-FZ11M battery
2010 earthquake
Main article: 2010 Haiti earthquake
The National Palace, after the 12 January 2010 earthquake
On 12 January 2010, at 21:53 UTC, (4:53 pm local time) Haiti was struck by a magnitude-7.0 earthquake, the country's most severe earthquake in over 200 years.[81] The epicenter of the quake was just outside the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince.[82] On 10 February the Haitian government gave a death toll of 230,000.[9] Widespread damage resulted from the quake, and the capital city was devastatedSONY VGN-FZ11S battery.
The Presidential Palace was badly damaged, the second floor collapsing onto the first floor; the Haitian Parliament building, UN mission headquarters and the National Cathedral were also destroyed. International aid flowed in but was hampered by damaged infrastructure: the main port was damaged beyond immediate use, the one local airport was of limited capacity, and border crossings with the Dominican Republic were distant and crowdedSONY VGN-FZ11Z battery.
As many as one million Haitians were left homeless.[83]
A Haitian school and school bus after the earthquake
Haiti will need to be completely rebuilt from the ground up, according to a journalist, as "[e]ven in good times, Haiti is an economic wreck, balancing precariously on the razor's edge of calamity."[84] Several international appeals were launched within days of the earthquake, including the Disasters Emergency Committee in the United KingdomSONY VGN-FZ130E/B battery, Young Artists for Haiti (Canada) and Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief based in the USA, which was a global effort to raise relief funds by way of a charity telethon held on 22 January 2010. International officials are looking at the short and long term priorities while continuing the daily task of managing the emergency situation.[85] As of September 2010, there were over one million refugees living in tents and the humanitarian situation was characterized as still being in the emergency phase. SONY VGN-FZ130E battery
On 31 May 2011, BBC News reported that a new report challenges Haiti's official earthquake death toll. "Significantly fewer people died or were left homeless by last year's earthquake in Haiti than claimed by the country's leaders, a draft report commissioned by the US government has said. The unpublished report puts the death toll between 46,000 and 85,000SONY VGN-FZ140E/B battery. (Haiti's government says about 316,000 died.) It also suggests many of those still living in tent cities did not lose their homes in the disaster. The draft report, which has yet to be released publicly, is based on a survey commissioned by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and draws its numbers from door-to-door surveys carried out over 29 days in January 2011." SONY VGN-FZ140E battery
Although Haiti averages approximately 250 people per square kilometer (650 per sq mi.), its population is concentrated most heavily in urban areas, coastal plains, and valleys. Haiti's population was about 9.8 million according to UN 2008 estimates,[88] with half of the population being under 20 years.[89] The first formal census, taken in 1950, showed that the population was 3.1 million. SONY VGN-FZ140N/B battery
85% of Haitians (depending on the source because the Haitian government does not conduct a census) are primarily of African descent; the remaining 15–20% of the population are mostly of mixed-race background. Smaller minority groups include people of Western European (French, German, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish), Arab, Armenian,or Jewish origin. SONY VGN-FZ145E battery Haitians of east Asian descent or East Indian origin number approximately 400.
Millions of Haitians live abroad in: the Dominican Republic, United States, Cuba, Canada (primarily Montreal), Bahamas, France, French Antilles, the Turks and Caicos, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and French Guiana. There are an estimated 800,000 Haitians in the Dominican Republic, SONY VGN-FZ15 battery600,000 in the United States,[94] 100,000 in Canada,[95] 80,000 in France,[96] and up to 80,000 in the Bahamas.[97]
A Voodoo ceremony in Jacmel.
Around 80% of Haitians profess to be Catholics. Protestants make up about 16% of the population.[2] Some Haitians combine their Catholicism with elements of Voodoo.[98]
One of Haiti's two official languages is French, which is the principal written and administratively authorized language. It is spoken by all educated HaitiansSONY VGN-FZ150E battery, is spoken in schools, and is used in the business sector. It is also used in ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations and church masses. The second is the recently standardized Haitian Creole,[99] which is spoken by virtually the entire population of Haiti. Haitian Creole is one of the French-based creole languages. It is closely related to French, but is also influenced by African languages. Haitian Creole is related to the other French creolesSONY VGN-FZ15G battery, but most closely to Mauritian Creole and Louisiana Creole.
See also: National Assembly of Haiti, President of Haiti, and Military of Haiti
The government of Haiti is a semi-presidential republic, a multiparty system wherein the President of Haiti is head of state elected directly by popular elections.[100] The Prime Minister acts as head of government and is appointed by the President, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the governmentSONY VGN-FZ15L battery.
Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Assembly of Haiti. The government is organized unitarily, thus the central government delegates powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent. The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in the Constitution of Haiti on 29 March 1987. The current president is Michel MartellySONY VGN-FZ15M battery.
In 2010, there were 7,000 people in the Haitian National Police.[101]
The Institute for the Protection of National Heritage has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center of Cap-Haïtien.[102]
The legal system for torts is based on a version of the Napoleonic Code.
Departments, arrondissements, and communes
Further information: Departments of Haiti, Arrondissements of Haiti, and Communes of Haiti
For reasons of administration, Haiti has been divided into ten departments. The departments are listed below, with the departmental capital cities in parenthesesSONY VGN-FZ15S battery.
Haitian politics have been contentious: in its 200-year history, Haiti has suffered 32 coups.[104] Haiti's is the only country in the Western Hemisphere to undergo a successful slave revolution, but a long history of oppression by dictators – including François Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier – has markedly affected the nation. France and the United States have repeatedly intervened in Haitian politics since the country's founding, sometimes at the request of one party or another. SONY VGN-FZ15T battery
The 2006 Haitian general elections.
According to a Corruption Perceptions Index report in 2006, there is a strong correlation between corruption and poverty and Haiti ranked first of all countries surveyed for of levels of perceived domestic corruption. The International Red Cross reports that seven out of ten Haitians live on less than US$2 a daySONY VGN-FZ160E/B battery.
Cité Soleil, Haiti's largest slum in the capital of Port-au-Prince, has been called "the most dangerous place on Earth" by the United Nations.[107] The slum is a stronghold of supporters of former Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide,[108] who, according to the BBC, "accused the US of forcing him out – an accusation the US rejected as 'absurd'".SONY VGN-FZ160E battery
Jean-Claude Duvalier suddenly returned to Haiti in late January 2011, claiming his doing so was out of concern for the present situation in Haiti. On the other hand, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was initially denied access to Haiti by Haitian immigration authorities, despite issuing appeals to his supporters, and to international observers, to be able to enter. The world's most prominent governments did not overtly oppose such appeals, nor did they support themSONY VGN-FZ17 battery; an unnamed analyst 'close to the Haitian government' who was repeatedly quoted in several media sources including the New York Times, is reported to have commented, "Aristide could have 15 passports and he's still not going to come back to Haiti. ...France and the United States are standing in the way." However, Aristide finally returned to Haiti just days before the 2011 Presidential election, on 18 March 2011. SONY VGN-FZ17G battery
In February 2012, Haiti signaled it would seek to upgrade its observer status to full associate member status of the African Union (AU). The AU plans at its next summit in June 2013 to upgrade Haiti's status from observer to associate.
Main article: Elections in Haiti
The first round of the 2010 Haiti Elections, was held in December and qualified Mirlande Manigat and Jude Celestin for the second round, but the results of the election were contested. Some people said that the first round was a fraudSONY VGN-FZ17L battery, and that Michel Martelly should be in the place of Jude Celestin, René Préval's chosen successor. There was some violence between the contending parties.[113]
On 4 April 2011 the Provisional Electoral Council announced preliminary results that Martelly had won the presidential election.[114]
Bas-Ravine, in the northern part of Cap-Haïtien
Haiti's economy is still recovering from the massive earthquake in January 2010. Its purchasing power parity GDP fell 8% in 2010 (from $12.15 billion to $11.18 billion) and the GDP per capita remained unchanged at (PPP US$) 1,200.SONY VGN-FZ18 battery Comparative social and economic indicators show Haiti falling behind other low-income developing countries (particularly in the hemisphere) since the 1980s. Haiti ranked 145 of 182 countries in the 2010 United Nations Human Development Index, with 57.3% of the population being deprived in at least three of the HDI's poverty measures. SONY VGN-FZ180E/B battery
The World Factbook reports a shortage of skilled labor, widespread unemployment and underemployment, saying "more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs", and describes pre-earthquake Haiti as "already the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the population living under the poverty line and 54% in abject poverty."[2] Most Haitians live on $2 or less per day. SONY VGN-FZ180E battery
Adult literacy is variously reported as 52.9% [World Factbook] and 65.3% [United Nations], and the World Bank estimates that in 2004 over 80% of college graduates from Haiti were living abroad, with their remittances home representing 52.7% of Haiti's GDP.[116] Cité Soleil is considered one of the worst slums in the Americas;[117] most of its 500,000 residents live in extreme poverty. SONY VGN-FZ18E battery Poverty has forced at least 225,000 Haitian children to work as restavecs (unpaid household servants); the United Nations considers this to be a modern-day form of slavery.[118]
About 66% of all Haitians work in the agricultural sector, which consists mainly of small-scale subsistence farming, but this activity makes up only 30% of the GDP. The country has experienced little formal job-creation over the past decade, although the informal economy is growing. Mangoes and coffee are two of Haiti's most important exports.SONY VGN-FZ18G battery
Graphical depiction of Haiti 's product exports in 28 color coded categories.
Natural resources of Haiti include bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble and hydropower. Haiti contains relatively small amounts of gold, silver, antimony, tin, lignite, sulphur, coal, nickel, gypsum, limestone, manganese, marble, iron, tungsten, salt, clay, and various building stones. Gold and copper are found in small quantities in the north of the countrySONY VGN-FZ18M battery. The government announced the discovery of new gold deposits in the northern peninsula in 1985, but long-standing plans for gold production proceeded slowly. Copper also was mined, beginning in the 1960s, but production of the ore was sporadic. There are bauxite (aluminum ore) deposits on the southern peninsula, but large scale mining there was discontinued in 1983SONY VGN-FZ18ME battery. The country's only bauxite mine, the Miragoâne mine in the southern peninsula, produced an average of 500,000 tons of bauxite a year in the early 1980s; however, in 1982 the declining metal content of the ore, high production costs, and the oversupplied international bauxite market forced the mine to close. Bauxite had at one time been the country's second leading exportSONY VGN-FZ18S battery. Haiti apparently has no hydrocarbon resources on land or in the Gulf of Gonâve and is therefore heavily dependent on energy imports (petroleum and petroleum products).[119]
Haiti's richest 1% own nearly half the country's wealth.[120] Haiti has consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world on the Corruption Perceptions Index.[121] Since the day of "Papa Doc" Duvalier, Haiti's government has been notorious for its corruptionSONY VGN-FZ18T battery. It is estimated that President "Baby Doc" Duvalier, his wife Michelle, and three other people took $504 million from the Haitian public treasury between 1971 and 1986.[122]
Female vendors at a roadside market in Port-au-Prince, 2010.
Similarly, some media outlets alleged that millions were stolen by former president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. However the accuracy of the information is questionable and may have been concocted to discredit Aristide. In March 2004, at the time of Aristide's being kidnappedSONY VGN-FZ190 battery, a BBC article wrote that the Bush administration State department claimed that Aristide had been involved in drug trafficking.[127] The BBC also described pyramid schemes, in which Haitians lost hundreds of millions in 2002, as the "only real economic initiative" of the Aristide years.[128] However this cannot necessarily be entirely blamed on Aristide since one of his conditions upon being returned to Haiti bySONY VGN-FZ190E battery the Clinton administration during the 90s was that he not stir the pot away from US Free Market Trade Policies.[129] Clinton recently expressed regret and apologized for the US's trade policies with Haiti[130] Aristide however decided against being further tied to the free market policies that he was restricted to, and he attempted to raise the country's minimum wageSONY VGN-FZ210CE battery.
Foreign aid makes up approximately 30–40% of the national government's budget. The largest donor is the US, followed by Canada and the European Union.[131] From 1990 to 2003, Haiti received more than $4 billion in aid. The United States alone had provided Haiti with 1.5 billion in aid.[132] Venezuela and Cuba also make various contributions to Haiti's economySONY VGN-FZ21E battery, especially after alliances were renewed in 2006 and 2007. In January 2010, China promised $4.2 million for the quake-hit island.[133] US President Barack Obama pledged $1.15 billion in assistance.[134] European Union nations promised more than 400 million euros ($616 million) in emergency aid and reconstruction funds.[135]
US aid to the Haitian government was completely cut off from 2001 to 2004, after the 2000 election was disputed and President Aristide was accused of various misdeeds. SONY VGN-FZ21J battery After Aristide's departure in 2004, aid was restored, and the Brazilian army led the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti peacekeeping operation. Following almost 4 years of recession ending in 2004, the economy grew by 1.5% in 2005.[137]
In 2005 Haiti's total external debt reached an estimated US$1.3 billion, which corresponds to a debt per capita of US$169SONY VGN-FZ21M battery. In September 2009, Haiti met the conditions set out by the IMF and World Bank's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program to qualify for cancellation of its external debt.[138]
"Tap tap" bus in Port-Salut.
Haiti has two main highways that run from one end of the country to the other. The northern highway, Route Nationale No. 1 (National Highway One), originates in Port-au-Prince, winding through the coastal towns of Montrouis and Gonaïves, before reaching its terminus at the northern port Cap-HaïtienSONY VGN-FZ21S battery. The southern highway, Route Nationale No. 2, links Port-au-Prince with Les Cayes via Léogâne and Petit-Goâve.
According to the Washington Post, "Officials from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers said Saturday [23 January 2010] that they assessed the damage from the 12 Jan. quake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and found that many of the roads aren't any worse than they were before because they've always been in poor conditionSONY VGN-FZ21Z battery."
The port at Port-au-Prince, Port international de Port-au-Prince, has more registered shipping than any of the other dozen ports in the country. The port's facilities include cranes, large berths, and warehouses, but these facilities are not in good condition. The port is underused, possibly due to the substantially high port fees, compared to ports in the Dominican RepublicSONY VGN-FZ220E/B battery. The port of Saint-Marc is currently the preferred port of entry for consumer goods coming into Haiti. Reasons for this may include its location away from volatile and congested Port-au-Prince, as well as its central location relative to numerous Haitian cities.
During the 2010 Earthquake, the Port-au-Prince port suffered widespread damage, impeding aid to the victims. The main pier caved in and fell into the water. One of the main cranes also collapsed in the water. Port access roads were severely damaged as wellSONY VGN-FZ220E battery.
Main article: List of airports in Haiti
Toussaint Louverture International Airport is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) North/North East of Port-au-Prince. It has Haiti's main jetway, and as such, handles the vast majority of the country's international flights. To travel on from the international airport at Port-au-Prince to other Haitian cities requires boarding a smaller plane. Cities such as JacmelSONY VGN-FZ230E/B battery, Jérémie, Les Cayes, Cap-Haïtien, and Port-de-Paix have airports that are accessible only by smaller aircraft. Companies that fly to these airports include: Caribintair, Sunrise Airways and Tortug' Air.
Main article: Rail transport in Haiti
In the past, Haiti used rail transport, but, today, railroads are no longer in use, due to their replacement by other forms of transportationSONY VGN-FZ230E battery.
Main article: Telecommunications in Haiti
Medical personnel prepare a Haitian woman for surgery at the Milot hospital in cap-Haitian, Haiti operated by the Crudem Foundation.
Half of the children in Haiti are unvaccinated; only 40% of the population has access to basic health care.[140] Prior to the 2010 earthquake, nearly half of all Haitian deaths were attributed to HIV/AIDS, respiratory infections, meningitis and diarrheal diseasesSONY VGN-FZ240E/B battery, according to the World Health Organization.[141] Ninety percent of Haiti's children suffer from waterborne diseases and intestinal parasites.[142] HIV infection is found in 2.2% of Haiti's adult population.[143] The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Haiti is more than ten times as high as in the rest of Latin America.[144] Approximately 30,000 people in Haiti suffer each year from malaria. SONY VGN-FZ240E battery
Most people living in Haiti are at high risk for major infectious diseases. Food or waterborne diseases include bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever; common vectorborne diseases are dengue fever and malaria; water contact diseases include leptospirosis. Roughly 75% of Haitian households lack running waterSONY VGN-FZ25 battery. Unsafe water, along with inadequate housing and unsanitary living conditions, contributes to the high incidence of infectious diseases. There is a chronic shortage of health care personnel, and hospitals lack resources, a situation that became readily apparent after the January 2010 earthquake.[146]
Main article: Education in Haiti
Haitian girls at the République du Chili school (2006) SONY VGN-FZ250E/B battery.
The educational system of Haiti is based on the French system. Higher education, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education, is provided by universities and other public and private institutions.[147] Haiti counts 15,200 primary schools, of which 90% are non-public and managed by communities, religious organizations or NGOs. SONY VGN-FZ250E battery The enrollment rate for primary school is 67%, and fewer than 30% reach 6th grade. Secondary schools enroll 20% of eligible-age children. Charity organizations, including Food for the Poor and Haitian Health Foundation, are building schools for children and providing necessary school supplies. Haiti's literacy rate is 52.9%.SONY VGN-FZ260E battery
The January, 2010 earthquake was a major setback for education reform in Haiti. Literacy levels remain near 50%. Haiti is one of the lowest-ranked countries in the world, 177th out of 186, for national spending on education.[149]
Many reformers have advocated the creation of a free, public and universal education system for all primary school-age students in Haiti. The Inter-American Development Bank estimates that the government will need at least $3 billion USD to create an adequately funded system. SONY VGN-FZ27 battery
Rara (Gaga) ritual dancers.
Haiti has a long and storied history and therefore retains a rich culture. Haitian culture is a mixture of primarily French, African elements, and native Taíno, with influence from the colonial Spanish. The country's customs essentially are a blend of cultural beliefs that derived from the various ethnic groups that inhabited the island of HispaniolaSONY VGN-FZ28 battery. In nearly all aspects of modern Haitian society however, the European and African elements dominate. Haiti is world famous for its distinctive art, notably painting and sculpture.
The music of Haiti is influenced mostly by European colonial ties and African migration (through slavery). In the case of European colonization, musical influence has derived primarily from the Frenchtery.co.uk/sony-vaio-vgn-fz280e-b-battery.html">SONY VGN-FZ280E/B battery, however Haitian music has been influenced to a significant extent by its Spanish-speaking neighbors, the Dominican Republic and Cuba, whose Spanish-infused music has contributed much to the country's musical genres as well. Styles of music unique to the nation of Haiti include music derived from Voodoo ceremonial traditions, Rara parading music, troubadour ballads, and the wildly popular CompasSONY VGN-FZ280E battery.
Compas (in French) or Kompa (in Creole)[152] is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from African rhythms and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture. It is a refined music, played with an underpinning of tipico, and méringue (related to Dominican merengue) as a basic rhythm. Haiti had no recorded music until 1937 when Jazz Guignard was recorded non-commerciallySONY VGN-FZ29VN battery. One of the most popular Haitian artists is Wyclef Jean. Wyclef Jean, however, left the country before his teenage years. His music is somewhat hip-hop mixed with world music.
Brilliant colors, naive perspective and sly humor characterize Haitian art. Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, delectable foods, lush landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods. Artists frequently paint in fablesSONY VGN-FZ31B battery. People are disguised as animals and animals are transformed into people. In a mostly illiterate land, symbols take on great meaning. For example, a rooster often represents Aristide and the red and blue colors of the Haitian flag often represent his Lavalas party. Many artists cluster in 'schools' of painting, such as the Cap-Haïtien school, which features depictions of daily life in the citySONY VGN-FZ31E battery, the Jacmel School, which reflects the steep mountains and bays of that coastal town, or the Saint-Soleil School, which is characterized by abstracted human forms and is heavily influenced by Voodoo symbolism.
A table setting of Haitian food.
Haitian cuisine originates from several culinary styles from the various historical ethnic groups that populated the western portion of the island of Hispaniola, namely the French, African, and the TaínoSONY VGN-FZ31J battery. Haitian cuisine is similar to the rest of the Latin-Caribbean (the French and the Spanish-speaking countries of the Antilles) however it differs in several ways from its regional counterparts. Its primary influence derive from French cuisine, and African cuisine, with notable derivatives from native Taíno and Spanish culinary technique. Though similar to other cooking styles in the region, it carries a uniqueness native only to the country and an appeal to many visitors to the islandSONY VGN-FZ31M battery. Haitians often use peppers and other strong flavorings.
Dishes tend to be seasoned liberally and consequently Haitian cuisine tends to be moderately spicy, not mild and not too hot. In the country, however, many businesses of foreign origin have been established introducing several foreign cuisines into the mainstream culture. Years of adaptation have led to these cuisines (ie: Levantine from Arab migration to Haiti) SONY VGN-FZ31Z battery to merge into Haitian cuisine. Rice and beans in several differing ways are eaten throughout the country regardless of location, becoming a sort of national dish. They form the staple diet, which consists of a lot of starch and is high in carbohydrates. Rural areas, with better access to agricultural products, have a larger variety of choices.
One such dish is mais moulu (mayi moulin), which is comparable to cornmeal that can be eaten with sauce aux pois (sòs pwa) SONY VGN-FZ320E/B battery, a bean sauce made from one of many types of beans such as kidney, pinto, chickpeas, or pigeon peas (known in some countries as gandules). Mais moulin can be eaten with fish (often red snapper), or alone depending on personal preference. Some of the many plants used in Haitian dishes include tomato, oregano, cabbage, avocado, bell peppers. A popular food is banane pesée (ban-nan'n peze) SONY VGN-FZ32B battery, flattened plantain slices fried in soybean oil (known as tostones in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico). It is eaten both as a snack and as part of a meal is, often eaten with tassot or griot, which are deep-fried goat and pork respectively.
Haiti national football team training in Port-au-Prince, 2004.
Soccer is the most popular sport in Haiti with hundreds of small soccer clubs competing at the local level, and basketball is growing in popularity. SONY VGN-FZ340E/B battery
Notable natives and residents
Main article: List of Haitians
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, who might have been born in St Marc, Saint-Domingue in 1745, established a fur trading post at present-day Chicago, Illinois; he is considered one of the city's founders.
In 1779, more than 500 volunteers from Saint-Domingue, under the command of Comte d'Estaing, fought alongside American colonial troops against the British in the Siege of Savannah, one of the most significant foreign contributions to the American Revolutionary War. SONY VGN-FZ340E battery
The French pirate Jean Lafitte, who operated around New Orleans and Galveston on the Gulf Coast of the United States, was born in Port-au-Prince around 1782.[155]
John James Audubon, the renowned ornithologist and painter, was born in 1785 in Les Cayes, Saint-Domingue. His parents returned to France, where the boy was educated. He emigrated to the United States as a young man; and made a career as he painted, catalogued and described the birds of North AmericaSony VAIO VGN-CR110 battery.
Michaëlle Jean, 27th Governor General of Canada, was born in Port-au-Prince in 1957 and lived in Haiti until 1968.
Wyclef Jean, Croix-des-Bouquets-born Haitian-American musician.


text:
I do love my wife, but my desire for a child is naturally strong and I am I don't want to grow old without the opportunity and equally I don't want to lose As incubators for babies, the main carers for children and often victims.
This is an oddly relevant question you asked me - I am in the same boat your wife is in, so I can If you don't want to have kids, don't have them. Just remember..
Dont want kids wife does what should triDo I really need to listen about this person's child rearing woes, their exercise regiment or how awesome their iPhone is. They freely chat each other up and swap discipline strategies and all that shit. Anyway, I have no idea why we still need to sign things. She only wanted his economic support. As incubators for babies, the main carers for children and often victims of career discrimination when they take time out, women, I think, should be allowed extra consideration when it comes to timing and readiness.
The total number is limited by the number of orifices but the combinations can be endless as some orifices are capable of expelling more than one body fluid. "Dont want kids wife does what should" ticking clock that has been nagging Lauren Rankin is not a biological one. The lesson here is this: NEVER assume that the person you're marrying can't contract baby fever at any given time. I've convinced myself that the tooth wouldn't have been nearly as bad if I hadn't eroded it into a hollow shell by treating it like an posts dove cameron kisses girl fans freak disney channel star bisexual clit. For weeks, I tongue banged this socket. Several conversations are more useful than one marathon conversation. You'll never do wrong again in his eyes. This all goes down directly in front of my boss who was washing his hands as I came pooping in. And man, that is just horribly disappointing. If this relationship didn't work out and your next partner really wanted kids, how would you react? We made eye contact briefly before he looked down and said, "JESUS CHRIST! In a recently published Huffington Post articleJessica Burnell wrote about her choice to never have kids. She sees her friends and siblings walking around with little boys and girls and that's pretty much the end of it. When your friends are growing their families, how will you feel? That means she's going to have one. No matter what they say or do now, there may come a time down the pike when they justifiably begin to wonder if something is missing in their lives by being childless.
Expedition Seoul: Dont want kids wife does what should
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Hong Kong Streets by Sarah Choi
Sarah Choi was born in Korea but currently resides in Hong Kong. She was using her iPhone to capture her vibrant, colourful images until a friend of hers advised her to get a camera. "I love the connection between the people and the surroundings in the street. It's like a music without sound. I try to find the best moment of that connection and develop the new sound on the photography" she explains.
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