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Corporate Consultant- lending and re-financing
- Recruiter
- Blakemore Recruitment
- Location
- London, South East England
- Salary
- 40000.0000
- Posted
- 19 Jun 2017
- Closes
- 19 Jul 2017
- Sector
- Banking, Finance & Insurance
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Hours
- Full Time
Our client is a leading Finance organisation and is currently looking for a Corporate Consultant with experience of re-financing businesses by arranging Debt Facilities.
This is a new Division and the role exists due to increased business levels and continued growth.
- To maintain up to date market knowledge to enable the identification of appropriate financing solutions for Corporate customers
- Clear Business Development confidence and attributes
- To generate business from our client's Corporate database of registered business purchasers and existing operators
- To create close working relationships with Corporate colleagues to maximise referral opportunities and reciprocal business and be competent when presenting to them
- To maintain ongoing contact with prospective clients (both internal and external) to ensure our client is foremost in their minds for any business finance opportunity
- To identify and develop relationships with active lending institutions across core sectors
- To prepare and submit quality Finance Applications for finance on behalf of clients
- To plan, manage and execute several ongoing assignments at any one time whilst ensuring that tight deadlines are met
- To operate in line with FCA Guidelines
You will be motivated, a team player and a strong relationship builder with a strong track record in re-financing businesses by arranging Debt Facilities.
On offer is a very lucrative salary and bonus package and the opportunity to work for a leading organisation in this field.


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Welcome to Chalford
Forthcoming Meetings
All meetings are open to members of the public. If you wish to attend, please contact the Clerk prior to the meeting.
Full Council: Thursday, 5th October at 7pm
Plans Assessment Committee: Thursday, 12 October 9.30am
Works Committee: 18 October 7pm at the Parish Centre
Finance & Management: Thursday 26 October 2pm at the Parish Centre
Annual schedule of dates for Full Council
Visit our REPORT IT page to find out how to contact (online and by phone) the appropriate authority for any problems affecting you or your local area.
Road Off Randalls Green to Side of School, Chalford
This road will be closed (as per the plan) from 24th July 2017 to 17th November 2017. This is to allow for construction of new building at the school.
If you require any further information regarding this closure please contact Highways on 08000 514514.
Hyde Hill, Chalford: overnight closure
This road will be closed, at the rail bridge, from 23.00hrs on 14th October 2017 to 06.00hrs on 15th October 2017. This is to allow for works at the rail bridge by contractors working on behalf of Network Rail.
If you require any further information regarding this closure please contact Highways 08000 514514
Silver Street, Chalford
This road will be closed (as per the attached plan) from 23rd October 2017 to 25th October 2017. This is to allow for a new water connection by Severn Trent Water Ltd. If you require any further information regarding this closure please contact Highways 08000 514514.
See Transport Page for further details
Welcome to the official website of Chalford Parish Council giving details of the services and activities of the Parish Council and also providing some information about the local area.
The Parish of Chalford is located in Gloucestershire in the South Cotswolds between Stroud and Cirencester. It covers the settlements of Chalford Hill, Chalford Valley, Bussage, Brownshill and France Lynch and is known for its steep terraced hillsides,stone walls and traditional buildings.
Information, News and Events
Gym at Thomas Keble School: Stroud District Council have informed the Parish Council that they will no longer be funding the gym for public use at Thomas Keble school from August 2018. The Parish Council realize this is a popular and well-used facility for the local community and will be meeting in the next few weeks with SDC and the school to discuss how it would be possible to continue with the community service currently offered there.
A group of locals are hoping to set up The Kings Head as a Community Owned Pub as Pat and Mike Duff, who have been run it successfully for the last 20 years, are planning to retire. Click here for details and more information on how to become involved. Please give your feedback using the survey
An open meeting is planned for Saturday 18th November at 3pm at the pub.
Playrangers are back on The Old Common this half-term on Tuesday, 24 October.
Play Rangers in Bussage: Holiday Play Session to be held on The Old Common in Chalford on Tuesday 24th October 2017 10am – 4pm. Play Rangers will be on site in all weather providing activities for 7 – 14 year olds (under 7's also welcome, but should be accompanied by a parent/carer) – including building dens, sports, arts & crafts. Please note Play Ranger activities are open access, i.e. there is no registration and children can leave the site at any time.
Proposed mobile phone mast at Frith Youth Club. The Trustees have made a short statement concerning this proposal. Go to the FYC webpage on this website for further details
Notice of Election for District Council – Chalford Ward
Potential candidates, interested in standing, should contact Stroud District Council for nomination papers available. Nominations will open on Friday 20 October and close on Friday 27 October.
For further details and the notice of election, please click HERE
Parish Council Matters
Celebrating Chalford's Heritage
Chalford is a beautiful place with a fascinating and rich history. The Parish Council is exploring the idea of creating some outdoor panels, possibly to be placed in each of the villages, to raise awareness of the local heritage. A small working group has been convened to develop this idea and they have produced a mock-up of what a panel might look like, focussing initially on Chalford Vale. To see this panel click here or come and see it for real at the Parish Centre (or drop into the Village Shop where there is also an example). Please let us know what you think? Is this a good idea? Have we got the content and level of information right? Do you like the design? Please contact us at the Parish Centre by phone (01453 887204) or email email@example.com
Casual Vacancy – Parish Councillor, Bussage Ward
A Casual Vacancy has arisen for a Parish Councillor in Bussage Ward.
The vacancy will be filled by election if any ten local government electors for the said electoral area submit a written request to that effect in the manner prescribed below, and if no such request is made the vacancy will be filled by the Parish Council.
Please click here for more details
Can you help find a landowner?
The Parish Council is struggling to find the owner of land a stile and gateway in Old Bussage is on. We've tried all the usual approaches, such as a Land Registry search, asking neighbours, known landowners, and knowledgeable Councillors without success.
The stile is on the path in Old Bussage that is signed from the bottom corner of Cowswell Lane and which runs around the east and south of a paddock (which hasn't had horses in recently). A locked gate by the stile has been removed in the last few months. The path is known formally as MCH109.
We need to know the owner so we can ask for permission to install a kissing gate as a way of ensuring easy access to the fields along Toadsmoor Valley while still making sure the route is stock proof. The kissing gate is ready and waiting!
If you can help, please contact the Parish Office on 01453 887204, or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Coppice Hill Car Park
Over the past few years the Parish Council has been carrying out research into the ownership of the Coppice Hill Car Park. We have been in contact with both County and District Councils who have confirmed they have no responsibility, and a Land Registry search shows that the land is unregistered. We erected signs in the car park area asking people to come forward if details of ownership were known, but there was no response.
We have agreed to take control of this area with immediate effect and will commence maintenance. Before we can carry out any required major work to trees, we need to establish ownership of any parked vehicles so they can be moved to avoid damage. If you are an owner or know owners of any of the vehicles in the car park please contact the Clerk.
Traffic Calming
Areas in the Parish where speeding, vehicle access or possibly parking issues are a problem are being considered. A group has been created to address these matters and identify such sites in the Parish. Once we have established our needs we will be speaking to Gloucestershire Highways about them.
A new aerial runway has been installed in the Valley Playing Field. We are grateful to Awards for All England and Gloucestershire County Council for the funding of this project.
Parish Council Strategic Priorities: Street naming, Interpretation Boards and the Footpath Survey project – Information and Updates
The monthly Parish Council news is included in the local publications – The Herald, Bussage, Brownshill & Eastcombe Newsletter and every 4 months in Valley News, the text of which can be read here
Allotments at Middle Hill There are still a few available allotment plots at Middle Hill (and one or two at Browshill and France Lynch). If you wish to become a tenant please get in touch with the Clerks at The Parish Centre either by phone during opening hours on 01453 887204, or email firstname.lastname@example.com Allotment rents are incredibly reasonable, so growing your own is very economical, not to mention all the added benefits of fresh air, exercise and the company of friendly like-minded neighbours! Visit our Allotments page for more information
Local Events
Chalford Hill Primary School PTA bonfire night. To be held Tuesday, 7th November on France Lynch Pleasure Ground. 6pm lighting of bonfire. 7pm Fireworks. £8 per family and £3 per person.
For a full listing of local events visit our Local Events Page. To advertise a local event on our website, please contact us at the Parish Centre: firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Motorhomes may have to steer clear of the verge
Motorhome owners that park in front of friends' or families' houses may face a fine if the Taupo District Council's proposed freedom camping bylaw goes ahead, a policy expert says.
James Imlach - police and planning manager for the New Zealand Motor Caravan Association [NZMCA] - spoke to the NZMCA's submission on the draft bylaw at a hearing on Wednesday.
He said the council's proposed bylaw was an outlier when compared to other councils' bylaws. The proposal ran counter to New Zealand legislation, he said.
* Taupo schools reject idea of free campsites next door
* Taupo to expect influx of Lions' supporters
* Freedom campers could be banned in Taupo
"The Freedom Camping Act 2011 says freedom camping should be generally permitted, except in certain sites where it needs to be restricted or prohibited.
"The council has done the opposite and said freedom camping is prohibited everywhere, except in certain sites," he said.
"The council is maintaining a 'designated-sites approach' when that's not permitted under the Act."
Putting the bylaw through in its current state would put Taupo in a very difficult situation because Taupo will have a very different bylaw from other councils, he said.
"If the council adopts the bylaw in its current form then the NZMCA would have little option but to consider seeking a judicial review," Imlach said.
NZMCA's submission said the association has 72,000 members, and membership is expected to rise to 80,000 by the end of 2018. Baby-boomers characterise the majority of the association's membership and each year 4500 members participate in various clean-up and restoration events around the country, the submission said.
Imlach said the NZMCA attended council-facilitated workshops in 2016 before the bylaw was drafted.
"At no point did anybody mention through those workshops that [motorhomes staying outside friends' or family's houses] was a big issue that needed to be stopped," he said.
"The main issue was around protecting the lakefront – so why do you need to extend prohibition across the whole district? I just don't understand," he said.
"The idea of hoards of freedom campers descending on local neighbourhoods – that just doesn't happen, that isn't happening – that's a scare tactic."
Imlach said the association would support an approach that promoted freedom camping at certain areas and allowed it generally across the district, with the exception of specific sites such as Ferry Rd and the lake front.
- Stuff


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2205 Fleurie Lane, Braselton, GA 30517
Great Buyer Incentive Bonus from the Seller! ~ The Freedom of an Open Floor Plan, Enhanced by Vaulted Wood Ceilings, Beams & Oak Floors, Framed by the Woods of Chateau Elan on Duncan Creek. Double Door Entry Opens to an Exciting Foyer & Great Rm Offering 20Ft Vaulted Wood Stained Ceiling, Master Main w/2 Private Bths, State of the Art Kit, Indoor/Outdoor Dining Rms on Main, Wooded Backyard Offering Spectacular Views to Duncan Creek, Unique Oak Sweeping Staircase Opens to Lower Library. Terrace Level Offers Media/Office/3 Private Suites, Screened Porches on Both Levels.
Contact Eileen Howard for more details at 770-310-0508.
Chateau ElanChange this Search Criteria
Data may not be reproduced or redistributed and may not be used for any purpose other than individual consumer's use.
© 2001-2017 Reliance Network and RE/MAX of Georgia.
All rights reserved. US Reg. Copyright TX-5-910-991, TX-5-910-992, TX-5-910-993, and TX-5-910-994.
Each RE/MAX® Office is Independently Owned and Operated. Equal Housing Opportunity.


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Today I volunteered. I read the end of the book From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement by Luke W. Cole and Sheila R. Foster.
I like reading the endings of these types of books because I get to read the notes or footnotes. Yes, I'm a weirdo, but I have a soft spot for references and such. So, I read the last three files and finished the book so it can be all done. Yay!
But I didn't find any money.
Next I went to the post office. On the way there, I spotted a penny out my driver's side window laying on the street. I walked back there when I was done mailing my letter but couldn't find it. I think someone else picked it up! The nerve.
Then I drove to Fresh and Easy where I spotted this penny in the second aisle. Yay!
This Found Money Facts:
Denomination: 1 penny
Year: 2012
U.S. Mint: D
Condition: like new, shiny and bright
Total Found Money To Date for 2013: $.17


text:
FICTION, GENERAL* Author: LaSELLE GILMAN Title: THE DRAGON'S MOUTH Product ID: 004895
ISBN: Binding: Edition: Publisher: NEW YORK: WILLIAM SLOANE ASSOC, 1954Place of Publication: Date Published: Signature: Book Condition: Very Good-Jacket Condition: Book Size:
All orders shipped media mail the following working day..Good/No Jacket. Ex-Library. GREEN HARD COVER. 245 PAGES.
Keywords: GENERAL FICTION
We offer a exchange or refund policy if the item you purchased does not meet your expectations in any way. Please return within 7 Days.


text:
of our customers choose GE Appliances Factory Service for fast, reliable service at an affordable price.
We can fix your appliance faster
If it's washer repair in Boulder, CO you're looking for, GE Appliances Factory Service is ready to help. We offer a suite of effective repair services for all types of GE appliances. Our friendly, highly trained repair professionals come equipped a full complement of Genuine GE Appliances Parts, meaning they can almost always repair washer problems in just one visit.** So if you want a prompt, affordable, one-time repair solution, it's time to call GE Appliances Factory Service.
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The perks we offer:
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text:
Get an overview of this hotelRockley apartments in Parish of Christ Church with kitchens and balconies
Popular property highlights
Located in Parish of Christ Church, this apartment is 0.4 mi (0.6 km) from Lanterns Mall and within 3 mi (5 km) of Brownes Beach and Barbados Parliament Buildings. Rockley Golf Course and Rockley Beach are also within 10 minutes.
Property Features
This apartment features laundry facilities, tour/ticket assistance, and a garden. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include barbecue grills and a front-desk safe.
Room Amenities
All 13 apartments have free WiFi and feature kitchens with refrigerators, stovetops, and microwaves. Other amenities available to guests include balconies or patios, cable TV, and coffee makers. Limited housekeeping is available.
Guest Highlights
- Good location
- Proximity to public transit
- Beach
- Overall value of stay
- Helpful staff
Adulo Apartments
Apartment Amenities
Apartment Amenities
Adulo Apartments features tour/ticket assistance, barbecue grills, and a garden. Wireless Internet access is complimentary. This Rockley apartment also offers laundry facilities and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Barbecue grill(s)
- Laundry facilities
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Total number of rooms - 13
- Free self parking
- Number of floors - 2
- Free WiFi
- Number of buildings/towers - 3
- Garden
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Free Wi-Fi
- Kitchen
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Free WiFi
- Balcony or patio
- Ceiling fan
- Access via exterior corridors
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Kitchen
- Limited housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Shower only
- Iron/ironing board
- Cable TV service
- Stovetop
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Free cribs/infant beds
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Water skiing nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Surfing/boogie boarding nearby
- Golf lessons available nearby
- Sailing nearby
- Windsurfing nearby
- Scooter/moped rentals nearby
Apartment Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for USD 10 per night.
- Free cribs (infant beds)!
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Optional extras
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10 per night
Apartment Name
- Adulo
- Adulo Apartments
- Adulo Apartments Rockley
- Adulo Rockley
- Adulo Apartments Barbados/Christ Church Parish
- Adulo Apartments Hotel Christ Church
- Adulo Apartments Apartment Rockley
- Adulo Apartments Apartment


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Rising Consumer Demand for Free Hosting The usage of the hosting dedicated web free server services around the world has leveled up to a good extent in the past few decades. The proper progression of the Information Technology has made it possible for the companies to gain their base in the online market. In the older times these companies were not so much well acquainted with … [Read more...]
Dedicated IP Web Hosting
Dedicated Hosting for the Business Realm Around the world the business organizations are putting high preference to the dedicated IP web hosting for a number of reasons. Obviously the first reason would be the high proficiency of the server to call the traffic flow. But for having a proper realization of the other reasons it is important to understand the present scenario in … [Read more...]
Web Hosting Packages Explained
Web hosting packages can be confusing - especially if this is your first time looking for a web hosting plan. To help you out with all the lingo, here's a breakdown of the plans you're most likely to find. Managed Hosting: when you sign up for managed hosting, the hosting company you're working with will dedicated one or two employees solely to make sure that your site runs … [Read more...]
Is Self-Hosting a Smaller Site Worth It?
Setting up a small business online comes with a lot of options. That means that you'll have to make a ton of choices based on the information that you can gather, which can be hard at times. This is especially true when it comes to whether or not you should consider self-hosting your small business website. Since most small businesses sell a product or server, this article will … [Read more...]
Are Canadian Hosting Companies Better?
I've been reading a lot of articles about the advantages of having a dedicated server in Canada lately. The claim is that Canadian dedicated servers are more secure and safer than a dedicated option elsewhere. How true is this claim? And, why is a Canadian dedicated server better? Let's take a look. The Argument 1. Canada is a peaceful place. Well, this much is true. It's … [Read more...]


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This Sunday's sermon was truly blessed. As we reflect on Easter and what is of eternal importance, we can also reflect on what is of temporary importance. As we work hard during the week, we can consider how this relates to out eternal purpose. Whist God does want us to be diligent and work to provide for ourselves, we should always maintain a heavenly perspective. If we only pursue worldly wealth: money, fame and acceptance on Earth, then we will surely miss the plan that He is in store for us.
David exhorted us also to seek His plan and perspective for our lives. We should always be secure in the knowledge that He will provide for us, though He wants us to seek Him first and foremost. If we seek security in material possessions then we are sure to be disappointed: simply because they can be taken away from us in an instant. David related how he had sought to conform with society's expectations and built his life around material acquisition, only to be prompted by God to seek Him. In fact, God took all that he had acquired and it went up in flames. Of course, this was difficult at the time, since we are expected by society to cling onto our material possessions. However, heaven asks us to relinquish them and rely on Him. We should be servants of His Heavenly Kingdom and not of our worldly ambition or a simple desire to increase our status.
As we took Holy Communion, we were able to appreciate once again the wonderful calling which has been made known to us. It is truly amazing that, despite our sins and rebellions, God has chosen to embrace us and draw us near to Him. Praise be to God!


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Bake up a snowstorm with our recipes for spicy gingerbread, crumbly cookies and fruity cakes, pies and tarts that are all perfect for Christmas. Our decadent hot puds and kid-friendly biscuits are the ultimate seasonal bakes that are easy to make and will hit that sweet spot. We've even got make-ahead bakes that are perfect for gifting to friends and family.
Biscuits and cakes make the ideal Christmas pressies for friends and family.


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The Curtis Counter Stool brings a sleek, contemporary silhouette to your dining area. Perfect alongside a counter or tall table, this contemporary counter chair features smooth, glossy faux leather in a beautiful shade of dark brown with a matching covered button accent. Made in China, this seat is made with a sturdy solid wooden frame finished with brown stain and requires assembly. Foam cushioning provides easy, quick comfort. To clean, wipe the surfaces with a damp cloth. For a unified look throughout your home, we also offer matching Curtis Bar Stools and Dining Chairs (each sold separately), which are also available in cream. 16"W x 20.5"D x 38.5"H , seat dimension:16"W x 15.8"D x 25"H
Dark brown


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I'm looking for a hot roast beef sandwich that's juicy and full of flavor. The bread need to by rye or pumpernickle and the cheese need to be swiss. That is all I ask. I've googled the sandwich and came up with Mavericks is it any good if not where do I go?
Thank you, you guys are great


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 14, 1999
|Filing date
|Mar 24, 1997
|Priority date
|Sep 24, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Richard Michael Jordan, Allen Dennis Roche
|Original Assignee
|Sprayform Holdings Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (69), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention is concerned with a metal forming process and, in particular, a metal forming process involving spray deposition of atomized metal onto a substrate. (The term metal, as used herein, encompasses pure metal, metal alloys and composites having metal matrices, and ceramics).
Spray deposited products are made by an incremental process in which the product is built up from successive layers of deposit. In most cases this means that the last deposited layer is laid down on a cooler earlier deposit. This generally leads to the build up of internal stresses because of volumetric changes occurring during cooling; these internal stresses may lead to distortion or cracking of the product.
In order to eliminate distortion and cracking it is necessary to develop a suitable spray strategy and a means of controlling the volumetric changes that occur during cooling of the successive deposited layers.
Volumetric changes occur in three regions of a solidifying metal. Firstly, in the region above the liquidus, volumetric changes occur as cooling takes place, but no stresses develop because of the flow of liquid. Secondly, in the region between the liquidus and solidus, volume changes do occur but internal stresses do not develop on cooling until only a small fraction of liquid remains, in which case super-solidus cracking may occur.
The third region in which internal stresses (compressive or tensile) may develop on cooling is below the solidus temperature; these stresses may result in distortion or cracking. Here two phenomena are important:
(a) further shrinkage in most metals directly related to their coefficients of thermal expansion, and
(b) phase changes occurring as the temperature falls, or the inclusion of reaction products formed by reaction with the atomizing gas, for example, leading to volumetric changes which are superimposed on (a).
Both of these phenomena can affect the build up of internal stresses, and therefore distortion of the product with, in extreme cases, cracking or spalling.
We have now developed a spray deposition metal forming process in which this build-up of internal stresses resulting from thermal contraction or shrinkage on solidification or cooling can be matched or offset by other volumetric changes taking place in the deposit.
The process according to the invention comprises the steps of:
(i) depositing atomized metal onto a substrate so as to cause at least partial solidification of the deposited metal;
(ii) depositing further atomized metal onto said partially solidified deposited metal on said substrate; and
(iii) allowing the metal deposited onto said partially solidified deposited metal to fully solidify on the substrate;
the cooling of the further atomized and/or further deposited metal, and the composition of the metal and/or of a gas used in the atomization of the further atomized metal being tailored such that volumetric contraction on solidification and cooling of said further deposited metal is compensated for, when said further deposited metal has cooled to ambient temperature, by volumetric expansion associated with a reaction or phase change in said further deposited metal.
The metal may be sprayed on to a substrate (such as a pattern) using an atomized spray of metal in which either air, or an inert gas, or a reactive gas is used for atomizing; such that the product is built up incrementally in spray deposited layers, the metal and the atomizing gas being chosen such that phase changes occur and/or reaction products with the atomizing gases are formed and/or particles are introduced during at least part of the deposition process, leading to an expansion or relatively lower contraction in volume of the last layers of deposit, to offset the normal thermal contraction occurring during cooling, to the extent that the last layers have greatly reduced internal stresses, or the whole product has a stress system where component stresses counteract each other in a way such that the product is substantially free from distortion, cracking, or spalling.
It has been found that under the conditions of spray forming where the product is built up from successive layers of spray deposit, certain metal compositions are particularly useful because phase changes can be made to occur and/or reaction products incorporated which can cause expansion after deposition and therefore give the unusual and unexpected benefit of offsetting the volumetric changes outlined in (a) by the changes outlined in (b). By controlling the conditions of spray deposition, and therefore the thermal history of the spray, and therefore the temperature of deposition, and by selecting a suitable metal composition, and/or by choosing a reactive or non-reactive gas as appropriate to the metal composition, it is possible to produce a product in which internal stresses are minimised, and so distributed and balanced, that the product does not distort during manufacture or in subsequent use.
Benefits can also be obtained by grading compositions such that the later deposits consist of compositions that show lower or even negative shrinkage (i.e. expand as temperature is lowered over a particular temperature range) compared with the earlier deposits. Such deposits can be made in a controlled graded manner or in some circumstances can be made in a manner in which the composition shows a step change.
We have also found that, when depositing steel on a substrate, the use of certain steels (such as carbon steels) under appropriate conditions can result in compressive stresses in the deposit; with appropriate control, therefore, a deposit can be formed according to the invention with net stresses approximating to zero.
Steels undergo various phase changes as they cool and these have been found to be particularly useful in helping to control stresses during spray deposition. The transformations from austenite to ferrite, pearlite, bainite, or martensite during cooling of certain steel all involve positive volumetric changes. This has been well documented in the technical and scientific literature.
This effect has also been described previously by Stanton, who reported on the contraction stresses that occur in sprayed metal deposits (Metal Industry, Dec. 19, 1958 pp 509-511). But Stanton only reported smaller tensile stress formation in this work. He did not report any ability to produce neutral or compressive stresses, despite the obvious benefits in so doing if this could have been achieved in his work. Indeed, it is well known that many researchers have been striving to control stresses and produce neutral stresses in thick sprayed steel and other deposits over several decades, since the benefits in so doing, for the production of net-shape products by spray deposition, are very great.
But the precise way in which the various transformations take place in products produced by spray depositing are peculiar to the spray depositing process itself. This is due to the rapid nature of the solidification processes that occur during spray depositing, which frequently leads to undercooling in the molten metal droplets in flight, leading to a delay in the onset of solidification. Rapid cooling and undercooling would also affect the way that nucleation of solid then occurs within the droplets in flight. None of these can be precisely predicted and therefore the precise nature of the phase transformations and the volume % of the phases and the effect on stresses cannot be predicted either. So it is not surprising that no previous workers have discovered how to reliably control stresses during spray deposition, by controlling the phase changes that can occur in steels, or that can occur in other materials too.
Indeed there are many aspects of the present invention that are surprising and unexpected in addition to this.
For example, the phase transformation from austenite to martensite, and formation of 100% martensite, would lead to an instantaneous volumetric change of approximately 4.3% as calculated from first principles from the lattice dimensions of the unit cells of these two phases. These calculations occur in many standard metallurgical undergraduate texts, for example in (ref: R. E. Reed Hill; Physical Metallurgy Principles; Van Nostrand; 1st ed. 1964; p 503).
Now consider the Fe--C phase diagram (attached hereto as FIG. 5), and the various phase transformations that can occur (ref: Hansen; Constitution of Binary Alloys; McGraw Hill; 2nd ed. 1958). These phase transformations must also be considered in relation to the well known Time-Temperature-Transformation curves established for many steels, an example of which is attached hereto as FIG. 6 (ref: US Steel Company; Atlas of Isothermal Diagrams, also reproduced in Reed-Hill). The phases that form depend on the rate at which the steel is cooled. This is described in most standard texts on the subject, for example in Reed-Hill. When cooling is rapid, as would be expected for metal droplets in flight during spray deposition, then the γ->α+Fe3 C phase transformation is suppressed and martensite is formed at the martensite start temperature (Ms) in FIG. 6. A eutectoid steel containing ˜0.8% carbon cooling 1190� C. from the solidus temperature at 1400� C. to the martensitic transformation temperature of 210� C. (ref: Honeycombe, Steels, Microstructure and Properties, Edward Arnold, 1st ed, 1981) would be expected to undergo a linear contraction of 1190�12�10-6 =0.01428 inches per inch. This is calculated using a coefficient of thermal contraction for austenite of 12�10-6 per �C. This may be an underestimate of this coefficient; the actual contraction may be more than this (See data in C. J. Smithells; Metals Reference Book; Butterworths; 5th ed 1976). The volumetric contraction can then be calculated conservatively as:
(1.0)3 -(1.0-0.0148)3 =0.0437 or approximately 4.37%.
This is greater than the 4.3% maximum volumetric increase that could be expected from the martensitic transformation described in Reed-Hill above, even if 100% martensite were formed; and therefore based on this calculation it would not be assumed possible to achieve sufficient compressive component from the phase transformation to counteract the tensile stresses due to cooling. Similar calculations based on the other possible transformations to ferrite, bainite or pearlite would lead to similar conclusions.
Yet another surprising finding according to the present invention is the fact that it has been found possible to produce martensite and to develop neutral or compressive stresses in steels deposited under conditions where the steady state deposition temperature appears to be above the martensitic transformation temperature. While a volumetric increase would be expected due to the other transformations of austenite to ferrite, bainite or pearlite, these transformations all require time for diffusion to occur, and would not be expected to produce the same instantaneous stress relief, to the same good effect, as would an instantaneous martensitic shear process. It is unlikely that the other reactions would produce an effect fast enough to prevent spalling of spray deposited material during the spray depositing process, for example.
Both the ability to generate neutral or compressive stresses, and also the fact that martensite has been observed in steels where the steady state deposition temperature is above the martensitic transformation temperature are now attributed, according to the present invention and with the knowledge of hindsight, to the non-equilibrium nature of the sprayforming process. In retrospect, it is believed that the effects observed during the process, and therefore the mechanisms for achieving stress relief according to the present invention, are as follows:
(a) On sprayforming, metal droplets are undercooled before the first solid is formed. That is to say that in the above example describing the previously expected behaviour of a 0.8% C steel, the nucleation of solid would not occur at the equilibrium solidus temperature. In fact this nucleation would be delayed--maybe considerably delayed--until some lower temperature. The contraction stresses developed in the austenite would then be reduced, because they would result only from cooling from the final nucleation temperature down to the martensitic transformation temperature. If, for example, nucleation first occurred at 805� C. instead of 1400� C., then the linear contraction would be precisely half that calculated previously in the example, leading to a volumetric contraction calculated as before of ˜2.2%; and the formation of approximately 51% martensite at the martensitic transformation temperature would be sufficient to compensate for the thermal contraction stresses in the austenite.
(b) With regard to the observation that martensite appears to form, in practice, in samples of. 0.8% C steel deposited under conditions where the steady state deposition temperature is above the martensitic transformation temperature, this can also be explained by the non-equilibrium nature of the process. In hindsight it is entirely possible that individual droplets would cool below the martensitic transformation temperature before recalescing to a higher temperature on the substrate due to the evolution of latent heat. The conditions that would lead to this are not readily predictable "a priori", but the practical observations made in executing various embodiments of the current invention would point strongly towards the operation of this mechanism.
In any case, we have in fact been able to achieve precisely the desired effects and stress control, not only in 0.8%C steels, but also in other materials too, as will be described later.
The martensitic transformations in various steels (e.g. in the Fe--C and Fe--Ni systems) are particularly useful again, because in many cases the spray deposition temperatures can be controlled around the martensitic transition temperatures. Martensitic transformation temperatures are typically in the region of 200� C. in the Fe--C system, as mentioned previously, and this has proved particularly useful in the present invention because small changes in deposition temperature have been used to "fine-tune" the process.
It will also be realised that the process of stress control can also be fine-tuned by the additional application of simultaneous spray peening (for example, as described in GB patent 1605035) in combination with the phase change mechanisms described above.
According to a further aspect of the invention, therefore, there is provided a method of forming a sprayed deposit of steel on a substrate, which comprises providing at least one atomized stream of molten martensitic (that is, martensite-forming) steel, and directing the or each said atomized stream towards the substrate to form sequentially deposited layers of steel, under an atmosphere preferably containing no more than 12% by weight of oxygen, the balance predominantly comprising a non-reducing, non-oxidising gas (such as nitrogen, which is preferred, argon or helium), and cooling of the deposited steel in such a way that martensitic transformation takes place. The martensitic steel is preferably a carbon steel.
It will also be realised that similar phase changes can occur in materials other than carbon steels. For example martensitic reactions occur in a variety of materials, such as Fe--Ni; Fe--Ni--C; pure Ti; Ti--Mo; Au--Cd; In--Tl, as described in Reed-Hill.
Atomization conditions may be chosen, as is known in the art, to control the size, velocity, direction and temperature of the sprays of hot metal particles. On being atomized, the particles of molten metal spread out in a conical spray pattern, which may be of circular cross-section or may be modified, as also known in the art, to form a different cross-section or a more even spread of steel particles.
The substrate may be any suitable surface, which may for example be flat or tubular, with the metal spray to be deposited on the inner or outer surface.
It is generally preferred that the atomized droplets be still at least partially liquid on impact, otherwise the deposit may be too porous. However, at least some of the droplets should be undercooled (that is, below the solidus temperature). By suitable control of the atomizing conditions, the sprayed metal is partially or fully liquid on impact, so that, where undercooled liquid particles are concerned, solidification takes place immediately on impact and there is no need for large amounts of heat to be extracted through the substrate.
It is possible to provide fibres, whiskers or particles of refractory material, e.g. carbon or silicon carbide, on the substrate in such a way that they become embedded in the coherent composite metal deposit and provide reinforcement for it. Also if desired, particles of refractory material can be incorporated in the spray. The substrate may be translated, or reciprocated, or rotated in order to collect the metal spray in the desired way. These features can be used to exercise further control over the structure of the deposit.
In some embodiments, a first stream of metal droplets may be supplied initially, followed by a second stream of metal droplets, so that the deposit consists of the first metal laminated with the second. The supply of molten metal in two or more streams gives the operator a great deal more latitude in determining the structure of a deposit.
For example, at least two layers of each metal may be formed in alternating superimposed relationship. The thickness of the alternating layers has a significant effect on the properties of the laminate. In the as-sprayed deposit, each layer preferably has a thickness in the range 0.01-10 mm, more preferably 0.05-0.5 mm.
In a further embodiment, metals having different volumetric changes on cooling may be sprayed simultaneously, for example, from the same spray nozzle or gun. It is believed that spraying of two or more such metals from the same spray nozzle or gun in a sprayforming or spray deposition process may be novel and inventive per se.
FIG. 1 shows an exemplary spray deposition metal forming process according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating how droplets build up incrementally in layers on the substrate;
FIGS. 3 and 3a illustrate how this process would normally be expected to lead to the build up of tensile stresses due to the continuing arrival of relatively hotter droplets onto a relatively cooler deposit (the temperatures Ts to T6 in FIG. 3 correspond, for the purposes of illustrating the process, to those in FIG. 2).
FIGS. 4 and 4a illustrate a similar effect, but this time the tensile stresses are compensated for, schematically, through a phase change, and a volume increase due to this phase change, occurring at temperature T3, where the temperatures are also the same as those illustrated schematically in FIG. 2;
FIGS. 5 and 5a illustrate a process similar to that of FIGS. 4 and 4a and FIG. 3 and 3a, but where a phase/volume change over compensates for thermal contraction stresses such that, on release from the substrate, deformation occurs due to compressive stresses;
FIG. 6 illustrates a further deposition process resulting in compensated stresses; and
FIGS. 7 and 8 are respectively, a temperature--time transformation diagrams, and a phase diagram for steel materials suitable for use in the process according to the invention.
The general apparatus arrangement for spray forming processes is shown in FIG. 1 and comprises one or more arc spray guns A,B producing atomized metal sprays 2 which are deposited on a substrate 1. The substrate is usually provided on a manipulator arm 3 which is movable translationally in mutually perpendicular directions, and is also rotatable. The substrate is typically positioned inside a spray chamber 4 which has an exhaust 5 to a wet scrubber.
Referring to FIG. 2, the metal spray comprises a multiplicity of atomized metal droplets 6. The deposit is built upon substrate 1 as partially liquid splats 7a land and solidify upon solid splats 7b which may be above the equilibrium steady state deposition temperature. Solid splats in the body of the deposit 7c attain and retain the equilibrium solid state deposition temperature.
Sprayforming processes are useful for producing tools, molds and dies for use in the plastics components and moldings industry because features of fine detail can be achieved. The substrate 1 typically comprises a master pattern of the article to be formed in plastics. The metal spray or sprays 2 are deposited on the surface of the master pattern substrate 1 to produce a working face of the tool mold or die formed in register with the surface of the master pattern substrate. Spraying is continued to build up a relatively thick body to the mould, tool or die; when the required thickness of solidified deposit is achieved, the spray deposited mold, tool or die body is released from the substrate master pattern 1.
Difficulties have previously been encountered in manufacturing sprayformed tools and dies in this way because high internal stresses during deposition and subsequent cooling at times causes marked distortion of the tools, dies or molds so formed. Means for controlling the internal stresses have been devised enabling sprayforming techniques to be utilised in manufacturing operations for forming tools and dies. The present invention is therefore particularly applicable to the production of tools and dies for use in the plastics molding industry.
Following manufacture of molds, tools or dies in accordance with the invention, they may subsequently be used in high volume, high pressure manufacturing processes for casting or molding articles of suitable materials (such as typically plastics).
The following worked examples are, in combination with the drawings, given by way of explanation and illustration in order that the way in which the invention may be put into operation may be more fully understood.
A tubular substrate 75 mm external diameter was coated with 0.8% carbon steel to a thickness of 3 mm using nitrogen as the atomizing gas. On completion the deposit was cut to relieve overall stress and was found to have a smaller radius of curvature indicating a (surprising) compressive stress in the coating.
Example 1 was repeated using air as the atomizing gas, the stress in the coating was found to be tensile with an increased radius of curvature.
It will be seen that the factors acting in favour of compressive stress in Example 1 can be counteracted by factors acting in favour of tensile stress in Example 2 so that by choosing appropriate metal/gas composition and rate of cooling, it is possible to achieve a beneficial phase change during cooling below the solidus temperature to produce a coating either with compressive stresses, or substantially stress-free, or with another particularly desired stress system that may be appropriate to particular product forms.
That is, the increase in the amount of phase change which occurs in the process involving spraying with nitrogen, compared to spraying with air, produces an increase in volume of the deposit resulting from solid state phase transformation, which could compensate for the tensile stresses arising from shrinkage, so that the internal stresses in the deposit would become compressive.
A flat substrate 75 mm�110 mm�10 mm thick was sprayed with low carbon steel containing less than 0.4% carbon, using air as the atomizing medium. The stress levels in the deposit were approximately neutral. However when (for comparison) the same substrate was sprayed with the same steel using nitrogen, tensile stresses were observed in the deposit on release from the substrate.
In this example, the level of carbon in the feedstock, and the cooling rates achieved were not sufficient to produce significant levels of martensitic phase transformation on cooling, but the presence of oxides resulting from the reaction of molten steel droplets with the air atomizing gas resulted in an increase in volume of the deposit as the density of the oxides is less than the matrix material which had the effect of counteracting the shrinkage stresses.
A similar effect can be produced by adding a second phase material to the matrix during deposition. In this case the volume increase is achieved by the second phase particles having a coefficient of expansion much less than the matrix material. A practical application of the above observations was found to be the making of spray formed shapes where the control of dimensions was particularly important.
When 18/8 stainless steel was sprayed in the same manner as described above the stress levels, when using metal spray deposited with air or nitrogen are both tensile, in character.
In this case the stainless steel did not produce significant levels of reactive products (i.e. oxides) and it is known that 18/8 stainless steel does not undergo any significant phase changes on cooling from the melting point. Therefore in this case, it is difficult to counteract the shrinkage stresses inherent when the metal is spray formed onto a relatively cold substrate.
To combat this tensile stress the procedure used was to deposit alternate layers of 18/8 and 0.8% carbon steel both atomized with N2. This procedure allows the tensile stresses of the 18/8 deposit to be offset by the compressive stresses of the 0.8% carbon steel. This procedure is particularly useful when building up thick shells in the case of tools and dies made by spray forming using a replication technique.
The equipment consists of two arc spray guns set up as shown in FIG. 1. Gun A is positioned to spray metal at approximately right angles to the substrate surface. Gun B is positioned to spray at approximately 5 degrees to the substrate surface. The relative position of the guns is such that the spray material from each of the two guns strikes the substrate at the same position on the substrate, situated approximately 160 mm from the guns. The substrate is manipulated in a manner which attempts to deposit sprayed material to an even thickness over the substrate surface.
In this example arc spray gun A was operated at 80 amps using air as the atomizing medium and 0.8% carbon steel wires. (The operating amps is directly related to the feed rate of wire through the gun.) Gun B was operated at 97 amps with nitrogen gas as the atomizing medium and 0.8% carbon steel wire.
With these spraying conditions the equilibrium deposit temperature reached a steady state value of 257� C. The change in shape of the deposit, on removal of the substrate, indicated that compressive residual stresses had existed in the deposit prior to its removal from the substrate.
The deposit was also found to be very hard to cut, indicating that a substantial proportion of martensite and/or bainite and/or pearlite were present in the final product. In this case the volumetric changes associated with the phase changes occurring during spray deposition were more than sufficient to compensate for the thermal contraction stresses in the product, and net compressive stresses were introduced.
In this example the equipment was set up as described in Example 1. Gun A was operated at 140 amps with air as the atomizing medium and 0.8% carbon steel wires. Gun B was operated at 95 amps with nitrogen gas as the atomizing medium and 0.8% carbon steel wires.
In this case metal sprayed by Gun A, using air, reacted to some extent with the oxygen in the air. Carbon was oxidised and the level of carbon therefore reduced in the droplets. Iron oxides formed too, as evidenced by the metallurgical structure of the deposit, and the heat of reaction from both of these reactions increased the temperature of material sprayed from Gun A, which therefore arrived relatively hot, and probably well above the martensite start temperature Ms. The iron oxides formed resulted in an increase in volume, but the phase transformations in the steel deposited from Gun A would not have been expected to compensate for the thermal contraction stresses. Droplets arriving from Gun B, however, arrived on the substrate relatively cooler, and probably below the martensitic start temperature Ms, although it was not possible to measure this.
The combined effect of all these factors would have been impossible to predict without the experience gained during the course of the present invention, but the steady state temperature of the deposit on the substrate was measured as 364� C. The change in shape of the deposit on removal from the substrate indicated that tensile residual stresses had existed in the deposit prior to removal. In this case lower volumetric changes occurred than in Example 1, and these changes were insufficient to compensate for the tensile thermal contraction stresses, so that the net residual stress system in the deposit was tensile.
In this example only one of the arc spray guns was used i.e. Gun B, spraying at 45 degrees to the substrate surface.
This gun was operated at 95 amps with 0.8% carbon steel wires. The atomizing gas supplied to the gun was alternated between nitrogen and air. Each of the gases was used for periods of 30 seconds before switching to the alternative gas.
In this case the effects described in Example 1 were combined with the effects described in Example 2, and a layered structure was produced. The layering also produced the bi-metallic strip effect at the same time.
Again, the combined effects would have been impossible to predict. In this case, the steady state temperature of the deposit was 155� C., which is well below the martensitic start temperature Ms. The deposit on removal from the substrate exhibited no change in shape as compared to the substrate, indicating that a neutral stress situation existed within the deposit prior to removal from the substrate.
Although the combination of all of the effects described above lead to considerable difficulty in predicting the stress systems to be expected under a particular set of conditions, because of the precise control that can be exercised during the arc spray process and other sprayforming processes, the conditions can be replicated exactly, and the process is therefore very reproducible and controllable.
This particular process was repeated experimentally eight times in succession on one occasion, with precisely the identical result each time. Indeed the previous, and also the following examples, have also been found to be precisely reproducible under identical conditions too.
In this example the Gun B was used to generate the deposit.
The gun was operated at 100 amps using nitrogen gas as the atomizing media. The wire feed to the gun consisted of one spool of 0.8% carbon steel and one spool of copper. The two wires were fed into the gun at the same rate.
In this case, based on the embodiment of the invention described in Example 1, it would be anticipated that the steel component would be deposited on the substrate in compression due to the phase changes. The copper, on the other hand would be deposited in tension because there are no phase changes in copper to give the desired volumetric increase. The combined deposit of copper and steel was designed, based on previous embodiments of the invention, to give a net neutral stress system in the deposit.
The steady state temperature of the deposit was measured as 201� C., just below the martensitic start temperature Ms. The deposit on removal from the substrate exhibited no change in shape indicating that the stress pattern in this deposit was balanced and neutral.
The embodiment of the invention described in Example 4 produced a slightly more porous product than usual or desirable for many applications. This is due to the reduced deposition temperature required to generate a neutral stress system in this case, and in many specific cases it may be necessary to produce sprayed deposits at a low temperature and therefore with a higher than desirable level of porosity, where the primary requirement is to achieve a neutral stress situation. This would be the case for many coated products, and also particularly in the manufacture of tools and dies by spray forming. In such a case it is desirable to subsequently fill any residual porosity that results from a low spray deposition temperature.
There are a variety of approaches to this problem, but in one specific example a porous product was infiltrated at room temperature with a chemical ceramic sol. Such sols are well known in the ceramics industry. There are many ceramic sols available. In our case we used a very simple silica sol, and soaked the porous deposit in this. The product was then dried, and fired at a low temperature of 200� C. for two hours to produce silica ceramic within the surface porosity. The porosity was not completely filled at this stage, but repetition of the same process three more times, making four treatments in all, substantially filled the porosity in question.
The final product was therefore substantially fully dense at the surface, with significant penetration of full density below the surface. The silica produced inside the pores was also well bonded to the metal, with evidence of bonding to natural oxides that would have been present within the pore cavities.
In this example, the two arc spray guns were set up as described in Example 1. A sprayed deposit using conditions similar to those described in Example 1 was formed on the substrate to a thickness of approximately 6 mm. (The residual stress in the deposit was assumed to be compressive at this stage based on previous results and examples). The wires in Gun B (angled at 45 degrees to the substrate) were then changed from 0.8% carbon steel to aluminium. The spraying process was then continued using Gun B to spray deposit aluminum simultaneously with the Gun A spray depositing 0.8% carbon steel. Gun B was operated at 80 amps initially rising to 180 amps over a period of 60 seconds (i.e. the percentage of aluminum compared to 0.8% carbon steel in the deposit was gradually increased to produce a graded composition over this region). After 60 seconds of simultaneous spray deposition, the Gun A was switched off. Gun B continued to spray deposit aluminum at 180 amps for a further 6 minutes building up a thickness of approximately 8 mm of aluminum on top of the 0.8% carbon steel deposit.
The steady state temperature measured while the spray deposit of 0.8% carbon steel was being built up was 265� C. The steady state temperature measured while the aluminum was being deposited was measured as 183� C.
The deposit when removed from the substrate exhibited no change in shape. This result indicated that a neutral stress situation existed in the deposit prior to removal from the substrate. The spray deposited layer of 0.8% carbon steel alone (see Example 1) would have exhibited compressive stresses. The addition of a graded layer followed by an aluminum layer has had the effect of neutralising these compressive stresses i.e. the combination of compressive stresses generated when 0.8% carbon steel is spray deposited using conditions described in Example 1, were neutralised by the tensile stresses generated in the aluminum layer deposited on the 0.8% carbon steel.
In this case a single arc spray gun was positioned 220 mm from a rotating aluminum cylindrical mandrel (50.56 outside diameter�20 mm long). Commercial purity aluminum wire was sprayed onto the cylindrical mandrel using 200 amps current. Nitrogen was used as the atomizing gas, and metal was sprayed for 60 secs.
The sprayed deposit was removed from the mandrel by slitting to produce a split ring. The cut was along the axis of rotation of the mandrel and the change in dimension of the slit ring was recorded. The deposit opened up after slitting, to a maximum diameter of 51.24 mm. This result indicated that significant tensile stresses existed in the ring prior to cutting through the deposit. This was anticipated because there are no phase changes in pure aluminum, as it cools, to produce the volumetric increase required to compensate for the tensile stresses generated during spray deposition.
A second experiment was then carried out. In this experiment the spray conditions were identical to those described above, except that 10 micron particles of silicon carbide powder were injected into the spray plume of liquid aluminum droplets (near to the point of atomization). This procedure had the effect of introducing approximately 10% by volume of silicon carbide particles in the aluminum ring deposit. As before the ring was removed from the mandrel by slitting along its axis.
The diameter was observed to increase only slightly in this case, to 50.65 mm. The result shows that the introduction of silicon carbide particles has the effect of reducing the tensile stresses in arc sprayed aluminum deposits. There are two reasons for this, in combination.
Firstly, the injection of cold silicon carbide particles into the spray plume had the effect of lowering the average temperature of the spray. This then had the effect of reducing the overall thermal contraction taking place in the solid as previously described in connection with the behaviour of steels.
Secondly, it is well known that silicon carbide itself has a lower coefficient of thermal contraction than aluminum, and therefore the thermal contraction to be anticipated by the composite would be less anyway, so reducing the total thermal contraction stresses due to cooling.
Referring to FIGS. 3 to 5 and 3a to 5a, these illustrate in generalised schematic detail a deposition process using notionally sequentially deposited layers 1 to 6.
Referring initially to FIG. 3, layer 6 is the most recently deposited layer, which is semi-solid and at a droplet arrival temperature T6. Layer 5 is just solid (temperature T5) such that no stresses have yet developed. Layer 4 (temperature T4) is tensile with respect to layers 1,2 and 3 due to thermal contraction upon cooling between temperatures T5 and T4. Layer 3 is at a temperature T3 and is tensile with respect to layers 1 and 2 due to thermal contraction from T5 to T3. Layer 2 is at a steady state (equilibrium temperature Ts) and is tensile with respect to layer 1 due to thermal contraction from T5 to T2. Layer 1 is deposited on the substrate and is at steady state temperature Ts. It can be seen that in this example each solid layer is in tension with respect to the immediately underlying layer. There is no phase change in the solid state to compensate for thermal contraction stresses, and upon removal from the substrate deformation of the sprayed deposit occurs, to the form shown in FIG. 3a.
Referring to FIG. 4, layers 6 and 5 are in similar conditions to those described for FIG. 3 (no stress developed). Cooling of the deposit (or controlling of steady state temperature) and/or metal composition or atomizing gas are tailored such that layer 4 (at temperature T4) is tensile with respect to layers 1 and 2 due to contraction from T5 to T4, but layer 3 (temperature T3) undergoes a compensating phase change with increase in volume to be neutral with respect to layers 1 and 2. This phase change compensates for thermal contraction stresses resulting in the deposit retaining its dimensional accuracy when removed from the substrate and cooled to ambient temperature, as shown in FIG. 4a.
FIG. 5 shows the situation when the phase change in the solid state overcompensates for thermal contraction stresses to the extent that there is compressive deformation of the deposit upon removal from the substrate, as shown in FIG. 5a.
FIG. 6 shows a situation in which deposition is tailored such that a steel layer 30 is deposited in compression, with an aluminum layer 31 subsequently being deposited in tension such that the overall "stress system" of the product is neutral (i.e. there is no deflection/deformation).
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|Oct 13, 2015
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Conditioning ferrous alloys into cracking susceptible and fragmentable elements for use in a well
|Nov 27, 2001
|Oct 24, 2002
|Ford Motor Company
|Method and arrangement for heat treatment before the execution of sprayform techniques
|Nov 27, 2001
|May 8, 2003
|Ford Motor Company
|Method and arrangement for affecting time, temperature and transformation dependent stress relief in sprayform techniques
|Nov 27, 2001
|May 29, 2003
|Ford Motor Company
|Method and arrangement for implementing heat treatment during the execution of sprayform techniques
|Apr 5, 2002
|Oct 9, 2003
|Van Steenkiste Thomas Hubert
|Method of maintaining a non-obstructed interior opening in kinetic spray nozzles
|Apr 17, 2003
|Mar 25, 2004
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Spray system with combined kinetic spray and thermal spray ability
|Jul 9, 2003
|Mar 25, 2004
|Steenkiste Thomas Hubert Van
|Spray system with combined kinetic spray and thermal spray ability
|Oct 2, 2002
|Apr 8, 2004
|Smith John R.
|High performance thermal stack for electrical components
|Oct 1, 2003
|Apr 15, 2004
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Kinetic sprayed electrical contacts on conductive substrates
|Nov 22, 2002
|May 27, 2004
|Elmoursi Alaa A.
|Method for aluminum metalization of ceramics for power electronics applications
|Jan 21, 2003
|Jul 22, 2004
|Thomas Hubert Van Steenkiste
|Magnetostrictive/magnetic material for use in torque sensors
|Feb 10, 2003
|Aug 12, 2004
|Ford Motor Company
|Method for spray forming metal deposits
|Mar 28, 2003
|Sep 30, 2004
|Malakondaiah Naidu
|Integrating fluxgate for magnetostrictive torque sensors
|Mar 25, 2003
|Sep 30, 2004
|Ford Motor Company
|Method for enhancing adhesion of metal particles to ceramic models
|Aug 21, 2003
|Feb 24, 2005
|Zhibo Zhao
|Coaxial low pressure injection method and a gas collimator for a kinetic spray nozzle
|Oct 2, 2003
|Apr 7, 2005
|Fuller Brian K.
|Correcting defective kinetically sprayed surfaces
|Oct 25, 2004
|Apr 21, 2005
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Kinetically sprayed aluminum metal matrix composites for thermal management
|Nov 22, 2004
|Apr 28, 2005
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Method for direct application of flux to a brazing surface
|Oct 30, 2003
|May 12, 2005
|Steenkiste Thomas H.V.
|Method for securing ceramic structures and forming electrical connections on the same
|Dec 21, 2004
|May 19, 2005
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Integrating fluxgate for magnetostrictive torque sensors
|Jan 23, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Nehl Thomas W.
|Assembly for measuring movement of and a torque applied to a shaft
|Jan 23, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Steenkiste Thomas H.V.
|Modified high efficiency kinetic spray nozzle
|Mar 24, 2004
|Sep 29, 2005
|Taeyoung Han
|Kinetic spray nozzle system design
|Aug 23, 2004
|Feb 23, 2006
|Van Steenkiste Thomas H
|Replaceable throat insert for a kinetic spray nozzle
|Aug 23, 2004
|Feb 23, 2006
|Taeyoung Han
|Continuous in-line manufacturing process for high speed coating deposition via a kinetic spray process
|Nov 30, 2004
|Jun 1, 2006
|Teets Richard E
|Secure physical connections formed by a kinetic spray process
|Mar 21, 2005
|Sep 21, 2006
|General Magnaplate Corporation
|Combination high density/low density layers
|Jul 7, 2006
|Nov 9, 2006
|Delphi Corporation
|Kinetic spray application of coatings onto covered materials
|Oct 4, 2005
|Apr 5, 2007
|Zhibo Zhao
|Non-clogging powder injector for a kinetic spray nozzle system
|Jul 14, 2006
|Jan 17, 2008
|Thomas Hubert Van Steenkiste
|Feeder apparatus for controlled supply of feedstock
|Aug 24, 2007
|Feb 26, 2009
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Conditioning Ferrous Alloys into Cracking Susceptible and Fragmentable Elements for Use in a Well
|Aug 7, 2008
|Feb 11, 2010
|United Technologies Corp.
|Heater Assemblies, Gas Turbine Engine Systems Involving Such Heater Assemblies and Methods for Manufacturing Such Heater Assemblies
|Jun 16, 2010
|Oct 7, 2010
|Snecma Services
|Method of depositing a thermal barrier by plasma torch
|Jan 30, 2004
|Aug 11, 2004
|Ford Motor Company
|A method for spray forming metal deposits
|Jan 30, 2004
|May 24, 2006
|Ford Motor Company
|A method for spray forming metal deposits
|Apr 16, 2002
|Oct 24, 2002
|Ford Motor Company Limited
|A method and arrangement of heat treatment
|U.S. Classification
|427/455, 427/419.2, 427/404, 427/422, 427/426, 427/425, 164/46, 427/427, 427/424
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 22, 1999
Owner name: SPRAYFORM HOLDINGS LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOM
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:JORDAN, RICHARD MICHAEL;ROCHE, ALLEN DENNIS;REEL/FRAME:009889/0936
Effective date: 19990302
|Feb 11, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 27, 2007
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 7
|Aug 27, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 18, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text: I want an Hitachi Rear projection Hi-def screen - 57". I'm looking at three models (all 57") and I have no idea how they differ! Does anyone know? What's the difference between the TW, SW, and the UW series??? I'm looking at the spec sheets, for instance, for the 57TWX20B and the 57SWX20B and I can't find one thing different between them! Maybe I'm going blind here or something. All three have rave reviews online but I have yet to determine what makes them different (and more/less costly). Any help? The only thing I see different about the TW model is it has a marble paneling on both sides of the base. Much appreciated! Rick


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Running A Business Online
There are a lot of people who have expanded their business online. This has become successful for the past years that is why businessmen have been loving it these days. The good thing is that there are a lot of benefits if you consider this for your business. It is important that you are aware of its difficulties just as you are aware of the risks that you can get from it. Because of this, try to interview people and know how they became successful at doing their business online. You too can ask them about their secrets. When it comes to business and its success, never stop learning, and you can learn from other successful stories as well. What you need to consider as well is a good business model for your business. It is true that online business is hard but it does not mean you can't be successful with this type of business.
The important thing about online business is that you know the methods to be successful so that you can achieve what you want. This is important to ensure that everything is working well for you. If you want to have an online business, the first thing that you need to consider is a website. So if you want to begin this venture, you have to make a good website for your business. Of course, you must make sure that you host the site by yourself. The reason why people host their website is because of the benefits that they could get from it. This is important for every business so that in the end, they can control the site by themselves. This is to ensure that your site can look as unique as you want it to be. The website that you have has its own functions too that can you take full control. Furthermore, you have to also consider making your website famous.
One of the ways to keep the website famous is to bring it always on top. This can increase the traffic to your site. The more traffic, the more money you can get from it. Make your site as easy as possible for customers to navigate. It is hard to do this except if you have a web developer to help you. The truth is that having an online business only cost more compared with constructing your own building or store for it. For your online business, you can still support and provide the needs of your customers through your excellent customer service. It is actually advantageous to have these kind of people working for your business because through their help, your business can be managed well. The good thing with this is that your business will be well supported.


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Dilute Arabians and Appaloosas
Leonidas is a flashy, black gelding with star and 4 white socks. He has an exotic head with a lovely, archy neck, and tippy ears. He has a stout body with…SOLD
11yr old Mare. Red Dun. Unregistered QH. Approximately 15hh. Broke to ride mainly for trails with several years of amateur riding. Doesn't necessarily…SOLD
Araloosa, AraAppaloosa, Half-Arab, Half Arabian, Buckskin, Perlino, Hollywood Dunit
If so, you can update this page by editing your company information.


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In February 2015 Benjamin had a showcase at Mangapäivä in Kemi.
The whole convention was a great success and it was awesome to meet some new people and hangout with friends while promoting the music and selling other products. Perhoslapsi did a great job of organising the event and making something usually small extra special this year!
Of course the first demo album and the early single release were on sale but he was also selling pins, phone charms and bookmarks.
These bookmarks are exclusive merch for the upcoming album, Blue Eyed Emotion.
Here are some more photos from the event, lots of great cosplays and cool stuff for sale!
Photos taken by Qtti


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History term papers 14 712. Writing a research paper on walt disney. Term paper topics for embedded system. Social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. Symptoms of marfan syndrome — psychology term paper topics ideas syndrome is overviewed with the focus on symptoms. Essay on impact of social networking sites like facebook. Abnormal psychology term paper ideas. Social psychology also produces the idea of construals which represent how a person perceives comprehends or interprets the environment. Social psychology essay introduction. Tags psychology essay ideas psychology essay topics psychology essays. Finding ideas for your psychology term papers;ideas for psychology papers looking for a great topicideas for. Here we present general topics abnormal psychology topics developmental psychology topics cognitive psychology topics and also social. Looking for a topic idea. In understanding the social psychology of everyday life we can also create new realities in terms of ourselves the groups to which we belong and the.
Sample reaction paper. I just got my acceptance letter. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the. You are welcome to discuss the social psychology research paper topics and the ways you want them to be highlighted in your. Term paper on economic systems spirited away essay questions romantic love essays self realization essay sample journal article. One will have to touch upon the core idea and problems researched by sociologists and prove that the discipline is quite useful for understanding. Peace psychology links from social psychology. Also social psychology is not some new idea either in fact there have been social experimentations conducted since the late 1890s myers 2010. Social psychology essay question. 10 great abnormal psychology term paper ideas. A social psychology term paper which speaks about the different social aspects can also be written. Finding intro sample. Paper against global warming.
Ideas for psychology papers looking for a great topic. In terms of social psychology. Refer a friend | customer service center wednesday. Free psychology papers essays and research papers. There is a list of psychology topics which will help you get psychology term paper ideas or you can also select any of the following topics as your next psychology term paper. Psychology term papers paper 18267 on child psychology. 2016 are you struggling to find a great topic for your psychology paper. Social science research council dissertation proposal development fellowship. Space race term paper. Example term papers. Social psychology is the scientific study of how people. Purpose of paper child psychology study of children s behaviorincluding physical cognitive motor linguistic perceptual social and emoti. There are several big ideas in social psychology one being our need to "construct our social reality" myers 2010.


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First Tutors enables you to find Hampshire italian teachers in your local area. Our service profiles Hampshire italian tutors offering popular subjects such as English, Maths and German, but also niche subjects like Greek. Entrance exams, SATs, GCSEs and A-Levels local italian tuition are all catered for throughout Hampshire. Please search for Hampshire local italian tutors near you and select which most fits your needs.
This is the best place to find, through one search, the best Hampshire italian tutor for your needs, whether you are looking for home italian tuition to compliment your child's italian education, your own online italian education programme or you are seeking adult / casual italian education.
Our search will find Hampshire italian teachers in your area according to their charges and proximity to you. Our subjects include English, Maths and German from primary level right through to GCSE, A-Level and on to degree level tuition.
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Today has been a really bad day... I realized "my reality" again and how much that I have to go trough still.
writing about it makes it easier to see whats wrong and how I can fix it. I can either chose to panic and see everything as impossible or to just know that it will work out somehow. It will be scary and uncomfortable but then also it can be simple and easy, everything will unfold itself.
the worst part that I cant deny is that I DO need help from other people, I am used to not having any need of someone else but myself and now I am not even able to take my own body around.
for example; I used to hate walking on the little asphalted roads around the grass cuz i felt like a sheep just following others footsteps so walked on the grass instead, taking shortcuts, making my own ways. Now im almost forced to go on the roads people have built for us and I hate it.
People are unfortunately almost always huge disappointments and they flake and flake until you are too tired to even care anymore. so who am i supposed to rely on when I cant even rely on my own body anymore.. there really is such a thing as "being too nice" I didnt know until now... people take it as a weakness or they still treat you like the devil. so please someone tell me where does the line go?
There is nothing sure about my future and of course that is scary. but I cant stay where I am, I am not happy here, no help will come from this place.
Tomorrow will be a better day and I will see things more clear, I have to go up really early because a news reporter with a film and photo team is going to interview me for their magazine and do a short video interview for their webb tv as well
YAY! I have so much to say! finally :D
|wearing cashmere hair bev hills


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This is part three of my series about interesting ways I use Music Teacher Helper in my studio not always per the software itself.
Keeping track of miscellaneous fees = Headaches
If your studio is like mine, you offer to purchase books and materials for your students. Not only is this a nice service to the customer but it assures that students will have the correct supplies when needed.
My October 2013 blog post discussed ways to earn extra income by offering supplies for the students.
Keeping track of all theses book and miscellaneous charges is, quite frankly, a pain. First you have to remember to get payment from the student. That job is made easier by adding the fees on MTH, however it is up to you to remember to actually add the fee. How many times do you go through your bookkeeping and realize a charge you paid was not transferred to the student for which the purchase was made?
Most transactions come with an email invoice. I flag the invoice when it arrives and regularly review all flagged emails. This is helpful for orders for specific students, such as downloaded eprints. However, when I hand out new books I must remember to place the fees and have several methods that have worked. The simplest solution I have is to place a specific sticker on the front of each book that has been invoiced.
Using MTH creatively to help eliminate the headaches
You may add as much information as you wish to the fee section of MTH. See picture that shows I have added the name of websites from which I ordered eprints. This allows me to easily pull the invoice from my emails by searching for that particular company.
Also note that I list the date materials were delivered in the fee section.
Making sure the fees are added to the next invoice
As I invoice prior to lessons every 2 months, I often make purchases for students before the next payment. To assure that the fee is added to the next invoice, I simply add the 1st date of the next billing period.
You may also search by un-invoiced transactions (see picture 2) to assure that you find any you forgot to date correctly, or simply include the past billing dates on your invoices.
Depending on whether you do invoicing manually or automatically, you will want to decide which invoicing option works best to assure all fees are added to the invoices.
I hope this was helpful to you!
How do you use MTH creatively?
It is fun to see how others use MTH creatively in ways not intended by the software. Please feel free to share your ideas and my next post may contain your ideas!
May the rest of your day be filled with beautiful music! Ms Jean


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Download PRE StudBook app apk 1.4.1 free for Android smartphone
Posted by ANCCE in Tools | Feb. 9, 2015 | 0 Comments
Apk file size: 5.2 MB
Thanks to the Purebred Spanish Horse Stud Book application, you can now consult information for all horses registered therein, surf their family tree, consult descendants, view photos of each horse, as well as access the current news and promotions regarding the LG PRE services as well as contacting the main office directly. These services will continue to expand in subsequent versions, incorporating characteristics that can now be found on the LG PRE stud book web-site in addition to other, totally new applications that are currently being developed.
Whats new
• Access to the private zone for PRE Stud Book breeder, with the possibility of consulting information about stud farms, PRE horses, history….
• A breeder may consult, delete, take and send photos of his/her horses directly from the application.
• Incorporation of Conformation Competitions in recent years.
• Incorporation of Genetic Assessments.
• Improvements in stability and performance.
• Minor corrections.
ANCCE part of our Tools and have average installs from 10000 to 50000. Last Update Feb. 9, 2015. Google play rating is 87.2308. Current verison is 1.4.1. Actual size 5.2 MB.


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Recent Posts
The Diary of 40-Something and Adult Skater: 29 Then 40
Throwback to a RCA Walkman – When iTunes and Spotify Fail
An app on my Smartphone keeps crashing. Today, I spent two hours talking to Fido. When the app crashes, my display screen changes. But the worst thing happened for the first time. One second I was listening to Disturbed on Spotify and – after a reboot – it returned as "ad supported." And my main concern […]
Throwbacks Thursday – Who Loved Skating: Nostalgia of the 80s and 90s
It started between You and I – Why I love ballads
I'm a sucker for a ballad. Especially when it's from the 1980s and edge of the 1990s. Don't get me wrong, current bands can still pump out great music, but the songs from way back take me back. I remember one of the first ballads I ever heard. My mom just tucked my sister and […]
Monthly Archives: April 2013
Pedalling for a cure
In 2009 when Stephie Gagnon was 6 ½ years old, her world changed from relaxed skating lessons to being rushed to the Stollery where she was diagnosed with a life-threatening auto-immune disease. Her mom, Sheila, said Stephie began to exhibit … Continue reading
Posted in auto-immune disease, figure skating, ice skating, Juvenile Dermatomyositis [JDM], Skate Alberta-NWT/Nunavut, Skate Canada, Stephie's Bike Tour, Stollery Children's Hospital Foundation, The Stollery Tagged @Stephbiketour, Extreme Edge Skating Club, JDM, Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee, Stephie, Stephie Gagnon Leave a comment


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I like the grandpa design on the second page, especially the one with his head kinked to the left in exhaustion.My favorite page is the one with the security guard. The 2 on the right have such great personality, though I admit I just really like the bottom right in general.
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Meanwhile, if you're local, or if you're planning a visit, I honestly recommend making time to stop in. We went on a Sunday mid-afternoon (around 2) and there wasn't a line. And we got our food pretty quickly. I give it 5 stars.
So here's my first attempt at a food crit, heh. Until next time, m' dears.


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There's a point where your child is too young for a smartphone but you still would like them to be in contact. This is where the Tinitell comes in. It's a wrist worn mobile phone, strapped to your child, so they can carry it with them. Still, the shed had its history. When it was first built, farmers would bring their goods such as citrus and avocado and the covering would provide shade for the produce, said JoAnn Pepper. Councilman Bob Henderson said that at one time these sheds were common in Uptown Whittier.
The MR2 Spyder was an ambitious design that doesn't appeal to everyone. But for those that do appreciate this car, perhaps the Lotus like appearance, finding these cars for such a low price is a real treat. They're likely to be in the post 100K mileage range, but we're talking about Toyota here.
I fascinated to see how the CFL will set up its halftime show for the 100rth Grey Cup, with teen stars Justin Bieber and Carly Rae Jepsen there for the kids, Gordon Lightfoot there for the usual Grey Cup goers, and Marianas Trench there for no discernible reason. And 20 minutes to get all that in. Teams are lining up to sign Detroit pitcher Anibal Sanchez.
AAP editor Mike Osborne told MediaWatch at the time: "While this incident has caused us to review our verification procedures,. Any fair minded observer would understand how this hoax, with supporting website, 10 page report, and PR people spruiking the results could deceive a busy reporter facing rolling agency deadlines. No matter what the rationale behind this hoax, it is cheap and mischievous.".
Fortune Rocks is a beautiful, pristine beach fenced in by slabs of granite. The beach is quiet fewer screaming children wholesale jerseys china than most. There aren any clam shacks around, so pack a lunch if you staying the day. Have you ever thought what makes intermediaries work in every field? Or, why is it that the intermediaries are able to carve out a niche for themselves? Why is it that the buyer and the seller take to the intermediary route to transact the deals rather than doing it themselves? The same questions can also be asked with respect to the online or the offline travel agencies which are crucial intermediaries between the customer on one hand and the travel product suppliers on the other. These travel products are usually the booking of domestic and cheap international flights, hotels, car hire, trains and the holiday packages. For customers who are looking for the cheap air tickets or good deals on other travel products or product mixes, travel intermediaries are generally one stop providers of varied products from different suppliers.The online agencies do charge their fees for their services, but the cheap nfl jerseys customers do get the product and service as per their choice, be it the cheap air tickets or the top holiday deals.