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Move over fingerprints, voice and iris scans! Researchers have developed a new Google Glass-based biometric system which uses the skull to provide access to devices.
People use laptops and smartphones to save and organise their entire life – protected only by a password or a PIN.
However, these are often not secure, because users do not choose or store them well. With so-called biometric identifiers such as fingerprints, voice or iris scans, users can be identified more easily and securely, researchers said.
Now, scientists from University of Saarland and University of Stuttgart in Germany have introduced a new biometric identifier which can be used with the eyewear computer Google Glass.
- Apple iPhone X: These six features were already there on other smartphones
- Google Glass app helps autistic kids have conversations
- Aadhaar data kept, processed only on own secure servers: UIDAI
- Samsung Galaxy Note 8 unveiled with Infinity display: Full specifications, features and price
- Samsung Galaxy S8 iris scanner can be easily fooled: Here's how it was done
- Why fingers make handy, if not foolproof, digital keys to unlock devices
Their system "SkullConduct" uses the skull to provide a digital access code. In the future this new method could also secure smartphones, researchers said.
"Eyewear computers such as Google Glass are already being used in companies and universities, for helping with physics experiments and in chemistry labs, documenting medical examinations and assisting pediatricians during operations," said Andreas Bulling from Saarland University.
"Not only may the users have no hands free to enter a password, they often share a Google Glass among each other and save sensitive data on the device," said Bulling.
To protect the eyewear computer and its data in case of theft, and to identify legitimate users and prove their authenticity, researchers used components the Google Glass already has.
Besides the miniature microphone, they use the so-called bone conduction speaker, which is barely visible and is embedded in the frame near the right ear.
Using bone conduction, it transmits sounds to the ear in the same way as special hearing aids do. It directs sound vibrations through the surrounding skull bone directly to the inner ear, researchers said.
"Because the skull is individual, the sound signal is changed in a way which is unique for every person. Hence, we can use it as a biometric identifier," said Bulling.
Researchers had the bone conduction speaker play a signal covering a broad frequency spectrum. The signal resulting from the skull was recorded with the Google Glass' built-in microphone.
From this recording, scientists extracted the identification features using a special algorithm and compose them into a kind of digital fingerprint.
"This is characteristic for each person, and hence it is stored," said Bulling.
The new method showed an accuracy of 97 per cent, with tests being conducted in a room with no background noise.
For all the latest Technology News, download Indian Express App


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Sparkling Bachelorette Party Punch/
I'm a fan of punches as a great way to provide a delicious treat for guests at a party. They can look highly elegant yet remain easy to put together, and I'm a huge fan of that combination! Any time a hostess can save herself time in the pre-party prep yet still end up with party details that make the guests feel special I am all over those ideas. Especially since focusing on the special details, though fun, can often leave the hostess feeling exhausted and unable to fully enjoy the party, which is not how things should go.
Today I have a delicious and easy punch recipe for all of you. It looks beautiful in a large punch bowl and tastes divine! I first made this punch for my friend Jen's bachelorette party and it was a hit with all of the bridesmaids, so I know it will be a hit at your next celebration!
2 liters of Sprite or 7-Up
1 bottle (approximately 25 ounces) Pinot Grigio
2 cans frozen Raspberry Lemonade
8 Cuties sliced
A couple hours before your party combine the wine, thawed frozen lemonage and Cuties so the flavors can begin to meld. Keep it refridgerated. When it's party time, pour the mixture into the punch bowl, add the soda, and you're good to go!
If you're short on time or forget, you don't need to combine any of the ingredients beforehand. You can definitely combine it all at the last moment and still end up with a punch that your guests will be talking about!
It is important to note that, as a punch, you don't need to search for an expensive Pinot Grigio or a Pinot Grigio that you love drinking on its own. The cheapest Pinot Grigio in the store should be more than sufficient.
Are you looking for a punch you can serve to underage party members? This punch tastes great without the addition of the alcohol, too! You will want to use only one can of the frozen raspberry lemonade otherwise the sweetness will be over the top.
What is one of your favorite punch recipes?
xoxo, Stacia

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Wakefield, NH48 Pumpkin Lane Lane
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Very well taken care of property. A wonderful year round home with two car garage. The updates are endless and it is definitely worth the money. As you walk into the property it is very open and inviting. A great get-away, golf is nearby as well as snowmobile trails and many lakes in the area. Come and see what you can get for the money.
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I Corinthians 7:39 requires that if a Christian marries it must be "only in the Lord." Most obviously this forbids marrying unbelievers and therefore dating them, because the purpose of courtship is to ascertain if it is God's will that you marry that person. The sin of professing believers dating and marrying unbelievers led to the apostasy of the antediluvian church and the destruction of the old world by the flood (Gen. 6:1-2)! Disobeying the command of God by marrying (or courting) a non-Christian is one of several ways in which a child of God foolishly places upon his shoulders a (very painful) unequal yoke: "Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness?" (II Cor. 6:14). Thus the Westminster Confession states, "It is lawful for all sorts of people to marry [including priests, monks and nuns!], who are able with judgment to give their consent. Yet it is the duty of Christians to marry only in the Lord. And therefore such as profess the true reformed religion should not marry with infidels, papists, or other idolaters: neither should such as are godly be unequally yoked, by marrying with such as are notoriously wicked in their life, or maintain damnable heresies" (24:3).
But what if someone is saved after they are married and God has not converted his or her spouse or what if a Christian has sinfully married an unbeliever? Does this mean that they should divorce? No! "If any brother hath a wife that believeth not, and she be pleased to dwell with him, let him not put her away. And the woman which hath an husband that believeth not, and if he be pleased to dwell with her, let her not leave him" (I Cor. 7:12-13). (For more, see "Married to an Unbeliever;" CR News X:23-24.)
Christians ought only marry godly, orthodox believers. Moreover, if Paul solemnly entreated his Corinthian brethren, "by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ," that they all speak the same thing and be perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment so that there may be no divisions among them (I Cor. 1:10), how much more does this apply to two believers who are considering becoming one flesh in marriage? Surely, there must be no divisions among them! Surely, they ought to speak the same thing and be of the same mind and the same judgment!
Two believers contemplating wedlock ought to be of one mind and one judgment about the nature of marriage itself (a one flesh union "till death us do part"), the roles in marriage (husband as loving head and wife as submissive helper thus mirroring Christ's relationship with His church) and the purposes of marriage (intimate companionship and mutual help, rearing godly children, and avoiding fornication). They must also, of course, be of one mind and one judgment as regards biblical doctrine, as faithfully summed in the Reformed confessions.
But there is another way of considering the unity required by the calling to marry "only in the Lord" (7:39). We are hereby taught that we ought only marry one who confesses and lives according to the lordship of Jesus Christ—His sovereign ownership and government of all things.
Christ is Lord of creation. Is it marrying "in the Lord" to wed a "theistic evolutionist" or a "progressive creationist"? Such a person denies Christ's lordship, as the One who made all things in heaven and on earth in six days, by compromising with evolutionism. Christ is Lord of history, as the sovereign ruler over all things, including sin and catastrophes and Antichrist, according to God's eternal decree (Eph. 1:11). Does your boyfriend or girlfriend believe this? Christ is Lord of redemption, dying on the cross to blot out the sins of His people (Matt. 1:21), His sheep (John 10:15), His seed (Isa. 53:10) and His church (Eph. 5:25)—and not the goats (Matt. 25:33) nor the seed of the serpent (Gen. 3:15) nor the "synagogue of Satan" (Rev. 3:9). Christ is Lord of election and reprobation (Rom. 9), regeneration (John 3:8; James 1:18), calling, justification, adoption and glorification (Rom. 8:30). How can someone who has received the truth of sovereign grace be "perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment" (I Cor. 1:10) with one who suspends God's salvation on the "free will" of the sinner? Christ is Lord of the church, as its only redeemer, head and king. His will in Scripture must determine the church's doctrine, sacraments, discipline, worship and government, and not man's feelings or modern culture or ancient tradition. Christ is Lord of the covenant, establishing it not only with believers but also with their elect seed (Rom. 9:6-13), and requiring baptism for the children of believers (Gen. 17:7; Acts 2:39; 16:14-15; Col. 2:11-12).
Christ is Lord also of the whole of our lives: body and soul; work and rest; family, home, children and friendships, etc. He is our master and we are His property, so that all our abilities and time and possessions stand in His service—in courtship and marriage too!
Thus Christians ought to marry (and date) orthodox believers in the fear of Jehovah, seeking to please Christ and at all times submit to and honour His lordship. Such marriages glorify God, strengthen the church and result in solid Christian homes … and happy and contented spouses (Ps. 127-128)! Rev. Stewart
In the last News, I argued that elect children from believing parents are typically saved in infancy or even prior to birth. The reader who sent in the question also asked, "Can an infant baptized into the true church not reach the point of true salvation?" Answering this will also give opportunity to add an important teaching of Scripture to what I wrote in my last article.
First, I assume that the questioner writes of baptism "into the true church," because only baptism performed by a true church is a means of grace. If this is the meaning, he is certainly correct, for one of the marks of the true church is that the sacraments are administered according to the institution of Christ. This point is an important one and worth noting.
The answer to the question, "Can an infant baptized into the true church not reach the point of true salvation?" is emphatically, "Yes! Yes, it is possible that a child of believing parents, baptized into a true church, not reach the point of true salvation?" That is, not all baptized infants are saved; many are lost.
Before I explain this further, I want to make a caveat regarding the question's suggestion that usually salvation comes in later life to a baptized child. This is not correct when one is speaking of the children of believers. As I explained in the last News, the children of believers are usually saved either before birth, perhaps at the time of conception, or very shortly after birth. Scripture seems to suggest the former, as in the cases of Jeremiah and John the Baptist (cf. "Covenant Children and Infant Baptism;" www.cprf.co.uk/quotes/infantbaptism.htm).
Not all children of believing parents are saved. We must reckon here with the truth of predestination, including both election and reprobation. Sovereign election determines those who are saved, and sovereign reprobation determines those who are not saved. As the Canons of Dordt put it, "That some receive the gift of faith from God and others do not receive it proceeds from God's eternal decree ... According to which decree He graciously softens the hearts of the elect, however obstinate, and inclines them to believe, while He leaves the non-elect in His just judgment to their own wickedness and obduracy" (1:6).
God's sovereign and eternal decree of election and reprobation not only determines who will be saved and who will not be saved on the mission field, but it also determines who will be saved and who will not be saved in the covenant lines of believers and their seed. The elect children of the covenant are saved; the reprobate children of the covenant are not saved.
This divine distinction was already true in the home of Isaac and Rebekah. Although Esau was the firstborn and the heir of the birthright, he was reprobate. Though Jacob showed in much of his life that he was no better than Esau, he was elect. Esau was not saved; Jacob was (Gen. 25:19-26; Mal. 1:2-3; Rom. 9:10-13). Election and reprobation ruled throughout the nation of Israel. Many, usually the majority, in Israel, though born in the line of the generations of believers, were reprobate (Isa. 1:8-9; Rom. 9:6-8; 11:5).
What was true in the old dispensation is also true in the new. Throughout the history of the church, the divine distinction within the lines of the covenant was carried out: not all the children of believers are saved. Believing parents, while they joyfully receive their children from God as children of God's covenant, know that not all their children are saved. They know that the decision as to the salvation of their children rests with God. They bow before His sovereign will. They rejoice that God is so merciful that He gathers His church from the children they bring forth.
Some charge the Protestant Reformed Churches with teaching "baptismal regeneration," that is regeneration by means of baptism. Nothing could be further from the truth. Others charge the Protestant Reformed Churches with teaching "presupposed regeneration," that is, that the churches teach that believers presuppose the regeneration of all their children. But this is also a slander and a lie. Believers know that God saves according to His good pleasure and that God has not promised to save all their children.
Some argue against the position of the Protestant Reformed Churches (and all Reformed churches) by asking the question: Why then do believers baptize all their children, when they know that not all are saved? I have a great deal of difficulty understanding the force of this objection. Why does every church that preaches the gospel preach to all without distinction when they know and believe that God saves only some? If these churches are not Arminian (preaching a gospel that God loves every one and is gracious to every one), they will have to admit that it is wrong and contrary to God's will to preach only to the elect. They preach to elect and reprobate—as well they should.
Baptism is a sacrament that is added to the preaching to signify by an outward sign the truth of the gospel. It ought not to strike us as strange that the sacrament of baptism is also administered to all the children of believers. But this fact does not deny that baptism is a sign and a seal of the washing away of sin in the blood of Christ. And that which baptism signifies and seals is that only the elect are saved by the blood of Christ. Prof. Hanko
Prof. Hanko will preach for the CPRC in Ballymena at all services on Lord's Days 18 & 25 November and 2 December, and lecture on "The Reformation's Emphasis on Piety" in Porthcawl, S. Wales (7:15 pm, 30 November)—DV.
A DVD of a 2-hour debate on "The Charismatic Gifts and Cessationism" (Rev. Stewart v. Rev. Antwi) is available from the CPRC for £2 or can be seen on-line at http://www.cprf.co.uk/ cessationismresources.htm
If you would like to receive the Covenant Reformed News free by e-mail each month (and/or by post, if you are in the UK), please contact Rev. Stewart and we will gladly send it to you.


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BOSTON — Sheri Piers has sniffed the top 10 at the Boston Marathon numerous times over the years, finishing as high as 11th in the grueling race. The Falmouth runner made her home state and country proud as the first American-born woman to cross the finish line in Copley Square while finishing 10th overall in the women's field, completing the 26.2-mile journey from Hopkinton in 2 hours, 41 minutes, 55 seconds on a hot Patriots Day where temperatures climbed into the 80s. Overall, the women's race featured a dramatic two-horse duel between Sharon Cherop and Jemima Jelagat Sumgong, both of Kenya, who were dead even through 35 kilometers. (read more at Bangor Daily News)
1 Comment on "Falmouth Runner Is The John McCain Of The Boston Marathon"
She needs to dial back the hormone treatments. That jaw alone could break the back of a bull.
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Chelton Offers Discount To D2A Customers
When Direct To Avionics (D2A) closed its doors last month, buyers who had paid up front for Chelton Flight Systems avionics they never received were left hanging. This week, Chelton released a statement saying it will help out those customers by offering replacement Chelton and Pinpoint Inertial components at prices significantly below their own manufacturing cost: $10,300 for a dual Integrated Display Units (IDU) and a single Pinpoint Inertial ADAHRS/GADAHRS system, or $4,000 for a Pinpoint Inertial ADAHRS/GADAHRS. Chelton's statement also says that all orders it had received from D2A before it closed were fulfilled, although some D2A customers reportedly paid for, but did not receive, all or part of the products ordered. "Chelton Flight Systems will continue to sell its synthetic vision components into the experimental market through existing Chelton dealers," the statement says, and will also continue to provide customer technical support and warranty service to all existing dealers and aircraft builders. For more details about Chelton's discount offer, go to their Web site.
Chelton Vice President of Sales Bruce Bunevich told AVweb on Tuesday that the company doesn't yet know for sure just how many customers have been affected. "We are in active contact with our dealers; each of the individuals who have contacted Chelton Flight Systems has been requested to contact their Chelton Experimental Dealer," he said. To help deal with the situation, the company has named Greg Schmidt, who was Chelton's Western region sales manager, as sales manager for experimentals. Schmidt has built several experimental aircraft, currently flies his own experimental aircraft, is a licensed A&P mechanic and is an instrument-rated flight instructor.


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An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
Wales. This surname was derived from the Aramaic personal name Thomas, which means twin. Prior to the Norman Conquest, this name was rarely found, but by the 13th and 14th centuries, it became extremely common in Britain. The surname Thomerson features the patronymic suffix -son, which superseded other patronymic suffixes in popularity by the 14th century and was most common in the north of England.
Thomerson Early Origins
Cheshire, where they held a family seat from very ancient times before and after the Norman Conquest in 1066.
Thomerson Spelling Variations
Thomerson Spelling Variations
Although there are not an extremely large number Welsh surnames, there are an inordinately large number of spelling variations of those surnames. This variety of spellings began almost immediately after the acceptance of surnames within Welsh society. As time progressed, these old Brythonic names were eventually were recorded in English. This process was problematic in that many of the highly inflected sounds of the native language of Wales could not be properly captured in English. Some families, however, did decide to modify their own names to indicate a branch loyalty within the family, a religious adherence, or even a patriotic affiliation. The name Thomerson has seen various spelling variations: Thomason, Thomasson, Thomerson, Thomoson and others.
Thomerson Early History
Thomerson Early History
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Thomerson research. Another 165 words (12 lines of text) covering the years 166 and 1666 are included under the topic Early Thomerson History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Thomerson Early Notables (pre 1700)
Thomerson Early Notables (pre 1700)
Another 38 words (3 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Thomerson Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many people from Wales joined the general migration to North America in search of land, work, and freedom. These immigrants greatly contributed to the rapid development of the new nations of Canada and the United States. They also added a rich and lasting cultural heritage to their newly adopted societies. Investigation of immigration and passenger lists has revealed a number of people bearing the name Thomerson: Mr. Thomason who settled in Virginia in 1649; Alex Thomason settled in Virginia in 1740; followed by Moses Thomason in the same year; John Thomason settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1818.
Thomerson Family Crest Products
Thomerson Family Crest Products
See Also
See Also
Other References
The Thomerson Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Thomerson Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 11 September 2012 at 08:42.
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WOULD YOU BELIEVE: There is a way to make bread without having to knead it. (We all need bread, but we don't have to knead it.) SOME FACTS: Making your own bread can be very easy, if you purchase a new invention, the bread machine. These machines cost between $125 and $300, but they're well worth the price. They make delicious whole-grain breads with little effort on your part.read more..
Hijiki is a delicious string-like or thread-like sea vegetable that is very high in calcium and iron (as are all sea vegetables). It is virtually interchangeable with arame (described next) although it takes longer to cook hijiki.It has a strong ocean aroma that disappears after it is cooked off, so don't let the initial fragrance prevent you from using it. It is delicious with other vegetables. read more..
The Inverted Food Pyramid suggests you eat two to four servings of whole fruit each day. Most fruits are high on the EMI. They also contain a wealth of vitamins such as beta- carotene and vitamin C.But there are different rules for fruits than for vegetables. Both are about the same on the EMI, but fruit has a very high sugar content. Fructose, read more..
Beans are delicious, hearty and filling.
They are excellent weight loss dishes when prepared properly. Moderate to high on the EMI, they are an excellent source of protein. They also make delicious dips and spreads that are very low in fat (as long as you don't add any fats).read more..
WOULD YOU BELIEVE: One of the most convenient ways to add greens to your menus is to use sea vegetables (seaweed). SOME FACTS: Most sea vegetables (seaweed) are much like dark, leafy greens in that they are quite high in calcium (see table on page 262) and other nutrients and have practically no fat. Most people, however, don't know how to use them. read more..
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March 02, 2015
Research Data Offers Nonprofits a New Revenue Source
The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation's huge windfall from selling royalty rights to a drug whose development it helped finance is sparking greater interest among other medical charities in gaining a profit from their research data, The Philadelphia Inquirer writes. The newspaper talked to experts in philanthropy and medical ethics about the benefits and risks of venture-philanthropy initiatives they said can blur lines between financial success and medical mission.
The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation earned $3.3-billion last fall by selling its interest in Kalydeco, a drug for the inherited disorder in which the charity had invested $150-million. National nonprofits such as the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, and diabetes charity JDRF are also engaging in venture philanthropy.
Simon's Fund, a Philadelphia-area nonprofit that works to prevent sudden cardiac death in children, spent about $200,000 to build a national registry of youth heart data and "would entertain a fee for access" by private interests like pharmaceutical firms, said the charity's co-founder, Darren Sudman.
Read more on these topics:


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Rapid Idea Testing Is on the Rise
With lower fee structures and advanced user-friendly interfaces, robo-advisors are infiltrating the financial services industry at a higher rate than ever before. As a result of the increase in consumer choice, the bargaining power of financial enterprises in the market has had a downward trajectory. Companies like Betterment and Wealthfront have attracted a lot of press lately. Most startups, however, are unprofitable; many will likely disappear, consolidate, or be acquired with time; and several are still working to formulate sustainable business models. While robo-advisors collectively manage about $60 billion in assets, the largest incumbent financial services enterprises—Vanguard, Fidelity, Blackrock, and Schwab—together manage more than $15 trillion in assets. FinTech companies may be cropping up globally, but it's clear incumbents still have the upper hand. If traditional companies want to survive this industry shift, however, they must find ways to drive innovation across their geographically dispersed and often bureaucratic corporate structures. But how?


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Contact Info / Websites
All 79 movie Reviews
Prostitute Mickey 3
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
It's been a long time...
...but it was orth it.it was funny I LMAOd but the sound and the quallity weren't that good and that's why i give 9/10 4/5
Shower Products for Men
Rated 5 / 5 stars
It's like those products were made from Chuck Norris himself.
That was a secret, you weren't supposed to tell anyone...
Kenya Bros
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
LOL Awesome!
And for all you guys that say he's doing like a little kid each clear that he is doing that for fun and not because he wanted to act like this.You can see this from many things.For example he says about going to Gay Biebers house for fun.He puts the other guys for fun.
This sumbision is for FUN!
Yoshi Galaxy Episode 1
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
Pretty Good.
It's pretty good but it was kind of shortand also the spelling needs work.In a part I saw all the !!!!!! and in the and I saw number 1 cause you forgot to press shift.Next time check your spelling but I think the next one will be much better.
Look at my reply underneath
World Cup 2010 Champion
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
Spain will win....
cause pol the octopus said and it hasn't been wrong so far
Tankmen:Dual part 2
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Loved them!
I loved all 4 animations and can't w8 for the nxt one.Keep it up.
We Hate Modern Warfare 2
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Ramirez! get me a burger from burger town!
Everything is so true expect luck of Grigs.Theres an easter eag in Favela that says he is a mucisian.
Parody Rangers "Abridged"
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Penis jokes
more penis jokes
even more penis jokes
LARRY episode 1.5
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Just awesome.
Awesome as the first LARRY but I expected that it would be something that is happening in the same time with what was happening in the 1st one because in most of the flashes that I seen with a 1.5 episode they have that.One last question,when is the 2nd episode coming out?
thanks. and, in time...
John of War
Rated 5 / 5 stars
what did you expect
it's uttah it's supposed to be awesome


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~From the Principal's Desk~
Enjoy a Blessed Summer Break
Let me begin by saying thank you to everyone who has embraced me and my family as we transitioned into the HBCS Family. We have felt your prayers, heard your kind words, and received your tokens of love.
As we go our separate ways for the summer, know that we will pray for you daily. Whether you are returning in the fall or attending another school, let me be the first to say that you all will always be welcomed and will remain a part of our Bear Nation Family. I pray that God will continue to lead and guide us all as we embark upon new adventures in life.
It has been my pleasure and honor to work with your kids during the 2016-2017 school year. May God's favor and blessing continue to saturate you and your family.
Love & Prayers,
Tim Sensley
Through this website you are able to link to other websites which are not under the control of Highland Baptist Christian School, Highland Baptist Church or any employees thereof. We have no control over the nature, content and availability of those sites. The inclusion of any links does not imply a recommendation or endorsement of the views expressed within them. Every effort is made to keep the website up and runnign smoothly. However, Highland Baptist Christian School, Highland Baptist Church, or any employees thereof takes no responsibility for, and will not be liable for, the website being temporarily unavailable due to technical issues beyond our control.
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Strategy as Practice Community Day at EGOS
Not only are there two EGOS sub-themes that explicitly invite contributions by strategy-as-practice scholares – one on "Cognition, Emotions & Strategizing" and one on "Practicing Openness in Innovation, Strategy and Beyond" – but there will also be a Strategy-as-Practice Community … Continue reading
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EGOS CfP: Strategy-as-Practice: Cognition, Emotions & Strategizing
Julia Balogun, Jane Lê and Feng Liu call for submissions to their EGOS sub-theme 61 on "Strategy-as-Practice: Cognition, Emotions & Strategizing": Strategy-as-practice researchers view strategy as a social activity; in other words, as something that members of an organization actually … Continue reading
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CfP: Open Organizations for an Open Society? Practicing Openness in Innovation, Strategy and Beyond
Leonhard Dobusch, Georg von Krogh and Richard Whittington are convenors of a sub-theme at the upcoming 31st EGOS Colloquium, July 2-4 2015 in Athens, Greece, on "Open Organizations for an Open Society? Practicing Openness in Innovation, Strategy and Beyond". Excerpt … Continue reading
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Waste Plastics as an Alternative Energy Source
Waste Plastics as an Alternative Energy Source
waste utilization – energy recovery – thermal destruction – alternative fuel – air pollutants
Current trends of technique and technology result in a wide of application of plastic materials. However,
the growth in production causes also a lot of waste plastics consequently. Among lots of methods of
utilization, thermal decomposition methods of waste plastics, as materials produced from the same stock as
natural high calorific fossil fuels, are undoubtedly very suitable methods for a total removal of waste plastics
from the environment with simultaneously the thermal energy recovery. But improper plastic combustion
processes, what are very complicated processes, may contribute to the serious environment contamination.
Thus, it is very important, that combustion chemical processes are studied properly, and then industrial
technology processes may be controlled. It is particularly important when we consider high costs of complex
operations on exhaust gases form large incineration plants. Public awareness of possible environment and
health hazards contributed to not only the more restricted emission standards but also to the interest on crucial
aspects of physical and chemical phenomena of industrial combustion processes. Nevertheless, complexity of
combustion processes of polymeric materials is not the argument against the environmentally-friendly energy
recovery possibility form plastic waste with the mandatory policy of a sustainable development satisfied.
There is a necessity that each parameter that has an influence on the combustion process progress is considered and most of the toxic products of the incomplete combustion are identified by available analytical
methods and successfully eliminated. In the following work some experiments of the co-combustion process
of bisphenol A polycarbonate with propane and 50 % air excess in the fluidised bed reactor filled with the
quartz sand or the limestone in the different temperature conditions are presented. The results confirmed the
general thesis about the influence of such parameters as the temperature value and the kind of the reactor bed
on the combustion progress and the flue gas components. The higher temperature value affected in positive
way the whole process because lower emissions of the incomplete combustion compounds were registered in
the flue gases then. There was also observed that the combustion in the presence of the different fluidising
materials filled the reactor may considerable change the character of the whole process. In case of the
limestone bed smaller temperature variations were registered in the reactor freeboard space when compared
with the quartz sand bed what may indicate different chemical reactions occurred.
mgr inż., Wydział Inżynierii Środowiska, Politechnika Krakowska, email@example.com
dr inż. Jerzy Baron, mgr inż. Jadwiga Zabagło, dr hab. inż. Witold Żukowski, prof. PK, Wydział Inżynierii i Technologii
Chemicznej, Politechnika Krakowska, firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com
Połomska J., Baron J., Zabagło J., Żukowski W.: Waste Plastics as an Alternative Energy Source
1. Waste Incineration
Waste incineration is commonly used to reduce the volume and the toxicity of municipal solid
waste. And as in other combustion processes, the principal gaseous products of waste incineration
are carbon dioxide and water vapour. But waste incineration also produces by-products such as ash
and some amounts of organic and inorganic compounds. Other contaminants that are released in
exhaust gases from waste incineration plants may contain lots of harmful chemical compounds,
like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, volatile organic
compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, dioxins and furans. The presence of these harmful
substances in the exhaust gases is determined by the waste stream composition, by the combustion
process itself and by the reactions occurring in the flue gases after combustion. The amount of
toxic products of incomplete combustion may be successively limited by the enough time of
combustion processes, the effective mixing of gases in combustion chambers and high combustion
temperature. When the gases in the combustion chamber mix continuously with air and proper
temperature values are maintained, then optimal conditions are achieved. In correctly designed
chambers the hazardous pollutants may be completely destroyed. Because all of the crucial issues
are in the public awareness nowadays, so environmentally-friendly technologies of waste
incineration may be realized [4].
In many countries incineration is widely used not only to reduce the volume of municipal-solid
waste but also to produce some forms of energy like heat, steam or electric energy. Firstly in 1960
combustion in low-efficiency incineration plants without energy recovery or advanced pollutioncontrol technology burned several percent of the municipal solid waste generated. In 1980 waste
incineration was decreased. Nevertheless, because there has been more and more interest about
waste-to-energy policy, by 1990 waste incineration had increased again. There were a few reasons
that had caused the decreasing in the municipal-waste incineration [4]:
− some alternative low-cost methods of waste disposal like land-filling,
− local people resistance what resulted in other locations of waste incineration plants,
− reusing of products and obligatory programs for waste recycling and so reduction of amount of
− some amount of municipal waste that can not be monitored.
Individual owners of houses and hotel managers had practised uncontrolled combustion of
municipal solid waste in their small waste incinerators for many years. But, from that time, waste
incineration technology and emission control have improved considerably. Nowadays large-scale
incineration plants are specially designed furnaces. Today, it is known, that the first step to reduce
the emissions of harmful substances have to start from the limiting of formation of them in the
incinerators by the reduction of pollutant precursors (e.g. chlorine, metals, nitrogen, sulphur) in the
waste stream. Formerly, typical waste incineration plants might be fed a heterogeneous mixture of
various-component municipal solid waste including toxic elements that were transformed into or
catalyzed the formation of pollutants. The combustion processes had been carried out with no
respect to temperature and oxygen control so consequently some waste components were often not
completely burned. Today, not only the volume but also the toxicity are considered during planning of waste incineration [4].
2. Fuel Properties of Plastics
Plastics have a widespread usage in our community today and the market of plastics has
increased rapidly over the past few decades. They are used in the construction of many items in the
development of numerous industrial, commercial and domestic applications. All plastics are
V Krakowska Konferencja Młodych Uczonych, Kraków 2010
polymers with long chain molecules. Generally, they are flexible and unbreakable materials, but
there are many rigid and brittle plastics and these physical features depend on the particular
plastic's chemical characteristics. There are two basic kinds of plastics: thermoplastic materials
which can be re-melted, reformed and reused, and thermosetting materials which cannot be
reformed [3].
Plastics are produced from petroleum sources. Several percent of all the petroleum extracted
from the earth each year is intended to the petrochemical industry and from some of this amount of
petroleum plastics are produced. Petrochemical plants produce the basics of plastics and these
basics are then processed to final products [3].
The quantity of plastics in municipal solid waste is growing rapidly nowadays. The content of
plastics in a typical waste is directly proportional to the plastic consumption. The increase of plastic
waste may cause many problems with the disposal. Presently, the most common methods of the
disposal of solid waste including plastics are land-filling and incineration. However, there are many
drawbacks of land-filling of waste plastics, because covering waste plastics with soil simply removes
their visibility since plastics do not decompose. Most plastics are resistant to chemical corrosion and
biological attack and thus waste plastics may remain undamaged for many years. Dumping plastics
to sea does not result in their degradation as well. However, the increase of the content of plastics in
municipal solid waste brings about the higher heating value of these waste [3, 14, 15].
Waste incineration provides considerably reduction of the volume of waste and the heat
generated during the process may be utilized, but there are many unresolved problems when
combustion of municipal solid waste with waste plastics is considered. Application of conventional incinerators is usually not effective because combustion of plastics is often incomplete. Low
temperature of the combustion, below 760°C, may result in the emission of a lot of smoke because
of the burning of organic plastic waste. Grate systems may be found unsuccessful because heavier
thermoplastic polymers melt and create a sticky mass that block the air supply and inhibit the
process. Probably the most important problem with conventional incineration plants that burn
waste plastics is the high calorific value of plastic materials, which is approximately 24 MJ/kg to
43 MJ/kg. Most municipal sold waste incinerators are designed to burn materials that generate
much less heat then plastics, between 11 MJ/kg and 23 MJ/kg. However, plastics with their
chemical differences, high molecular weights and hydrocarbon natures may sometimes inhibit the
efficiency of the combustion of waste materials in conventional incineration plants. [3, 14].
3. Plastic Combustion Basis
Incineration of waste plastics, like other combustion processes, is a very complex phenomenon.
In a fire mass and heat fluxes to and from the combustible substance and the surrounding
atmosphere are occurred. The whole combustion process consists of a few stages and depends on
mainly the kind of the polymer [13].
The kind and the amount of the products what are created during the thermal decomposition of
the specific material substantially depend on the physical conditions under which the material is
decomposed. When the surrounding atmosphere is low in oxygen then a pyrolysis occurs but the
oxygen-rich atmosphere results in an oxidative pyrolysis or a flaming combustion. All natural and
synthetic polymers contain carbon so when they are burnt carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
are generated. But, in fact, the smoke from polymer combustion processes is a very complex
mixture of solid particles and aerosols, there are lots of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons,
partially oxidized fragments of particles and more complex aromatics [7].
The combustion of polymers is an extremely interesting process so it is examined in different
ways in many special controlled flammability standards. For these purposes some appropriate
Połomska J., Baron J., Zabagło J., Żukowski W.: Waste Plastics as an Alternative Energy Source
devices and apparatus are used. The most common parameters for testing and measurements
during small-scale flammability tests include [1]:
− the sample size, the dimensions and the orientation,
− the sample exposure to small flame or radiant heat,
− the sample environment (the oxygen concentration),
− the test measurements (the ignition time and the flame extinguishment, the dripping of the
burning or non-burning polymer melt and the ignition of the combustibles in the close
proximity to the test sample, the light obscuration by the smoke, the release rate of the smoke,
the heat release and the rate and the extent of the flame spread and the surface charring).
The process of the polymer burning can be started by setting a fire that may be initiated by the
exposure of the polymer to heat with or without using of a pilot flame. The burning proceeding
depends on the kind of the polymer. The exposure of thermoplastics to external or internal heat
fluxes in a fire brings about the polymer softening and the melting, and next the release of some
vapours to the environment but without the significant surface charring, whereas the exposure of
thermosets to external or internal heat fluxes in a fire generally results in the surface charging and
the release of some vapours to the environment. The mixture of the polymer vapours with air is
created and a combustible or a non-combustible zone around the polymer sample can be formed.
The combustible mixture ignites the polymer surface and some flames are then observed, while the
non-combustible mixture does not ignite. Because of the vapour ignition, the continuous process
of the polymer burning can be maintained. The expansion of the fire ignites the polymer surface
ahead and the release of some heat and smoke take place. The mass of the polymer sample is
reduced. The heat generated is transferred ahead and the growth of the polymer surface
temperature to the ignition temperature takes place and this temperature is maintained until the
polymer vapours ignite. During the whole thermal decomposition process including the ignition,
the combustion and the fire propagation, the incomplete and the complete combustion products
and the heat are generated. Considering more exactly of the polymer burning process, after when a
part of the sample melts, the molten and burning drips flow away from the heat source and they
burn as a liquid fire and also they ignite other parts of the polymer and other materials located
close to the fire. All the physical processes (so the softening, the melting and the flow of the
molten burning drips) and also the chemical processes (so the kind of the reactions in the flame),
what are carried out during the polymer burning process, depend on the polymer morphology [1].
The incineration of waste plastics have to be maintained by the energy released during the
combustion process, so the amount of the energy have to be sufficient to heat the air, that is needed
to oxidative reactions, and also the incoming waste plastic materials to the ignition temperature,
otherwise some fuel, that sustains the burning, have to be added. Beyond the air excess, the
combustion process is influenced also by the temperature and the time in the following way: while
higher temperature values, then shorter time is needed to attain the same effect of the oxidation
rate, and as the reverse, with lower temperature values the oxidation process is slower and the
combustion time is longer. It should be mentioned that the appropriate mixing conditions are also
very important because every mass of the waste plastics have to come in contact with the oxygen
form the air supplied [11]. There are some methods available to improve the mixing of the air and
the waste streams, e.g. fluidised bed reactors.
4. Experimental Data and Discussion
Among lots of various plastic materials, the special attention should be devoted to those which
are characterized by a complex chemical structure, so to those plastics which particles include not
only carbon and hydrogen molecules but also oxygen molecules or some other molecules like
V Krakowska Konferencja Młodych Uczonych, Kraków 2010
nitrogen or sulphur, and to those plastics which particles are composed of molecules that are
combined together not only by linear bonds but also by highly energetic aromatic bonds, what
makes those chemical compounds very stable and difficult to decompose. To break such chemical
structure during a combustion process a lot of energy and a high temperature are needed. Often, it
may be impossible to decompose thermally such compounds without using special methods.
In the following work a few experiments of the co-combustion process of some
bisphenol A polycarbonate samples with propane in the fluidised bed reactor, filled with the quartz
sand or the limestone, are presented with the results below in some graphs. Polycarbonate is a
thermoplastic polymer with a very high oxygen index equal to 26 (what indicates the minimum
volumetric concentration of oxygen in an oxygen – nitrogen mixture which will just support
combustion; higher OI values represent better flame retardation) and besides it is classified as V-2
by Underwriters' Laboratory what means a material which have to be exposed to a relatively high
temperature before it will ignite [10, 12]. Because of the specific properties of polycarbonate, it is
commonly used in lots applications. It is an engineering polymer used in many everyday-usage
utensils in housewares, in laboratories and in industry as well. Polycarbonate typical engineering
applications may be presented in e.g. electrotechnical and electronic industry (switch and lamp
enclosures, connectors, plugs, sockets, loudspeakers, electrical insulation films, mobile phone
enclosures, identity cards, credit cards, compact discs and digital versatile discs), automotive
industry (streetlights, traffic signals, automotive windows, lampshades, reflectors, headlights,
taillight covers, interior lights, motorcycle windshield visors and helmets), a great deal of food
package and domestic utensils (drinking bottles, drinking glasses, egg boilers, coffee makers,
coffee filters, plastic dishes and trays, beverage pitchers, wine carafes, electrical kettles,
attachments for electrical grills and microwave ovens, electric shavers, hair-dryer, tanks for flat
irons), laboratory equipment (tubes, rods, microscope parts and flash-light instruments), medical
industry (some apparatus like blood oxygenators, dialysis machines, and also optical glasses and
diverse kinds of lenses), leisure devices (like ski carriers or binoculars), research animal enclosures
and lots of other technical employment and practical usage [2,10]. All these devices at the final
stage of their usage become waste components and consequently there is a need of the utilization
of them. Waste materials containing polycarbonate or creating from polycarbonate may cause
some serious problems while municipal waste combustion processes in industrial incineration
plants. The specific chemical construction of polycarbonate makes the polymer very thermally
stable. The results of the following presented laboratory-scale experiments are the prove that the
thermal decomposition of polycarbonate in combustion processes is possible and may be applied
in industrial waste incineration plants as well.
The whole laboratory position, which was used for the performance of the few experiments, is
schematically presented in the figure 1. The combustion processes that are realized in this bubbling
fluidised bed reactor can generate the heating power about from 5 kW to 15 kW, what depends on
the combustible substance applied. The reactor is the horizontal oriented cylindrical quartz tube,
which diameter equals to 96 mm, the height equals to 500 mm and the wall thickness is equal to
3 mm. The tube is resting on a flat perforated Cr/Ni steel distributor which thickness is equal to
1 mm. The perforation is made as a sequence of circular holes of 0.6 mm in their diameters in the
quantity of 6.25/cm2. The reactor principle operation arises from its construction and there are
three main zones if physical and chemical processes are considered. The first zone, the plenum
chamber, is located at the bottom, the air and some propane were mixed there. The streams of
gases supplied to the reactor plenum chamber were equal to 1.650 dm3/s of air and 0.046 dm3/s of
propane, measured at the ambient temperature. The mixture of the gases were then supplied
by the distributor to the bed, the second zone, and the fluidising flow of the bed was maintained.
Połomska J., Baron J., Zabagło J., Żukowski W.: Waste Plastics as an Alternative Energy Source
O2 (EC), NO,NOx (CLA)
23 MRU VarioPlus
CO2 ,VOCs (IR)
ECOM SG Plus
VOCs (FID)
1 - plenum chamber
2 - bubbling fluidised bed
3 - freeboard space
4 - perforated distributor
5 - reactor cover
6 - pilot flame
7 - bed thermocouples
8 - freeboard thermocouples
9 - insulating sleeve
10 - air rotameter
11 - propane rotameter
12 - propane container
13 - air blower
14 - air blower contoller
15 - air pipe
16 - propane pipe
17 - flue gas sampling probe
18 - ash trap
19 - cyclone
20 - exhaust fan
21 - valve
22 - ECOM SG Plus gas analyser
23 - MRU VarioPlus gas analyser
24 - HORIBA VA-3000 - PG-250 gas analyser
25 - J.U.M. FID 3-200 gas analyser
26 - data storage system
Figure 1. The fluidised bed reactor with the measuring devices and the data logging system
Rysunek 1. Reaktor fluidyzacyjny wraz z zestawem urządzeń pomiarowych oraz systemem rejestracji danych
The chemical reactions of the combustion processes were just observed mainly in the fluidising
bed, which porosity and temperature altered all the time. The air in the quantity of 50 % excess,
was responsible for the ensuring of the special oxidizing conditions, what were required for the
particular arrangement of the combustion processes, and the propane, as a high calorific
hydrocarbon fuel, heated the sand or the limestone fluidising bed in the reactor. As a result, the
concentration of oxygen in the flue gases was about seven percent during the propane combustion
process and the temperature of the bed depended on the position of the moveable insulating sleeve,
which covered the reactor tube partially at the height of the freeboard location or was removed
completely, and that is why, the different bed temperature values, 960°C and 900°C, were
achieved appropriately at the same fuel distribution to the reactor. In the following few
experiments the mass of the fluidising bed was equalled to 300 g in each case, and the diameters of
the sand particles were about from 0.385 mm to 0.430 mm and the diameters of the limestone
particles were about from 0.500 mm to 0.600 mm. The temperature in the bubbling bed was
measured by the set of two Cr/Ni-Ni thermocouples located 20 mm and 50 mm above the
perforated distributor. The whole space of the fluidising bed had almost the same temperature
during each specific experiment. Above the bed, in the freeboard space, the third zone, the pilot
flame used for the ignition initiation was located, and through the freeboard space the parts of the
V Krakowska Konferencja Młodych Uczonych, Kraków 2010
solid fuel, the samples of polycarbonate, were inserted to the hot fluidising bed, where afterwards
they were ignited by the combustible air-propane mixture and then were heterogeneously burned
bombarding by the particles of the fluidising bed material. The temperature in the freeboard space,
above the fluidising bed, was monitored by the set of eight Cr/Ni-Ni thermocouples, the first one
180 mm above the distributor and the others: 187 mm, 195 mm, 204 mm, 214 mm, 224 mm,
235 mm and 245 mm located in the sequence on the axis of the reactor. The temperature values in
the freeboard space depended on the height above the distributor and these temperature values
were higher for the points located closer to the fluidising bed (and so closer to the distributor and
so closer to the main zone of the combustion processes, because in the bed the highest temperature
values were observed) and were equalled to about from 800°C to 750°C in case of the limestone
bed and from 830°C to 770°C in case of the sand bed. The values of the temperature growths in
the freeboard space, that are mentioned in the further description of this work, are the mean values
form these eight values of the temperature growths in the listed points. Next to the reactor, the
exhaust fan was located and it contributed to creating a small subatmospheric pressure, so that the
flue gases were not spread in the laboratory room but were taken outside into the atmosphere. The
laboratory position was equipped with four devices for the measurements of the concentrations of
the selected compounds in the flue gases:
− MRU Vario Plus gas analyser with some electrochemical sensors for detecting of O2, CO, NO,
NO2 and SO2 and some IR sensors for identification of CO2 and VOCs,
− Ecom-SG Plus gas analyser with some electrochemical sensors for detecting of O2, CO, NO,
− Horiba VA-3000 - PG-250 gas analyser with some IR sensors for CO2, CO, N2O, SO2
identification, some electrochemical sensors for detecting of O2 and some chemiluminescent
acid sensors to monitor NO and NOx concentration,
− and J.U.M. 3–200 gas analyser for monitoring of the total concentration of VOCs with FID
method applied.
Figure 2. The propane combustion
(960°C, sand bed)
Rysunek 2. Spalanie propanu
(960°C , złoże piaskowe)
Figure 3. The polycarbonate co-combustion
process with propane (960°C, sand bed)
Rysunek 3. Współspalanie poliwęglanu
z propanem (960°C, złoże piaskowe)
The emissions of all nitrogen oxides that were monitored (NO, NO2, N2O, often given as NOx
and calculated as NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were almost negligible during the whole time of
the experiments because neither propane nor bisphenol A polycarbonate without some specific
pigments include nitrogen and sulphur in their chemical compound structures. All the data from
the measurements of the concentrations of the monitored components in the flue gases (O2, CO2,
Połomska J., Baron J., Zabagło J., Żukowski W.: Waste Plastics as an Alternative Energy Source
CO, VOCs, NO, N2O, NO2 or NOx and SO2) and of the temperature values in the fluidising bed
and in the freeboard space were registered in the frequency of 1 Hz and were saved on the
computer hard disc.
During the experiments, firstly, some propane was used to initiate the ignition and to heat up
the fluidising bed (the sand bed or the limestone bed as well). Some photos, which were made,
confirmed the fact that the combustion of propane in the fluidised bed reactor was a process
without flames and so the oxidative reactions between the air and the fuel were nearly complete.
Thus, the emissions of carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds were very low then. The
appearance in the hot fluidising bed of some samples, from two to five pieces, of polycarbonate of
the masses about from 40 mg to 100 mg, which were thrown from the top of the reactor, was
resulted in some periodic blazing flames above the fluidising sand bed, in the freeboard of the
reactor, and at that time sudden temporary growths in the measured emissions of carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds in the flue gases were observed. The
concentration of oxygen in the flue gases decreased then. During this part of the experiment the
reactor quartz tube was also covered with a very thin layer of some soot, what is the prove, that the
combustion process of polycarbonate was incomplete. The emission of the carbon dioxide and the
water vapour, that are the main products of the combustion process of the specific mass of the
polycarbonate sample can be easily approximately calculated from the following formula (1):
+ n18O 2 + n18
N 2 ⇒ n16CO 2 + n7 H 2 O + n18
but it should be noticed that the oxidation reactions during combustion of polycarbonate never
goes in this way exactly, and besides carbon dioxide and water vapour there are usually some byproducts, like carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds, what was experimentally proven
and it is showed in the following graphs (figures 4 and 5). The experiments were realized in
different conditions, because both the kind of the fluidising material (the quartz sand or the
limestone) and its temperature were depended on the authors and therefore some crucial
conclusions can be stated.
A. CO (900 oC)
B. CO (960 oC)
CO [mg]
C. VOCs (900 oC)
D. VOCs (960 oC)
VOC [mg]
200 300
PC [mg]
200 300
PC [mg]
Figure 4. The carbon monoxide emissions during
the polycarbonate co-combustion process with
propane in the sand bed fluidised bed reactor in
different temperatures
Figure 5. The volatile organic compounds
emissions during the polycarbonate
co-combustion with propane in the sand bed
fluidised bed reactor in different temperatures
Rysunek 4. Emisja tlenku węgla (II) podczas
współspalania poliwęglanu z propanem w
reaktorze fluidyzacyjnym ze złożem piaskowym
w różnych temperaturach
Rysunek 5. Emisja lotnych części organicznych
podczas współspalania poliwęglanu z propanem
w reaktorze fluidyzacyjnym ze złożem
piaskowym w różnych temperaturach
Some observations, which were made, confirmed general theoretical theses about combustion
of polymers. The higher temperature values influenced in a positive way the combustion process
of polycarbonate because the lower emissions of the incomplete combustion compounds were
registered in the flue gases then. The results of the measured carbon monoxide and volatile organic
compounds emissions during the polycarbonate co-combustion process with propane in the two
experimentally realized cases, so while the temperature of the fluidised sand bed was equal to
900°C and 960°C, are presented in the figures 4 and 5. It was observed that the relations between
the emissions of the mentioned two parameters monitored in the flue gases were very similar when
the temperature dependence is considered. It should be also notice that in the two discussed
experiments both the oxygen access and so the turbulence and the time of the combustion process
were at the same level in each case.
200 300
PC [mg]
T limestone
T freeboard
200 300
PC [mg]
deltaT freeboard [oC]
deltaT bed [oC]
T sand
T freeboard
deltaT bed [oC]
deltaT freeboard [oC]
Figure 6. The growths of the temperature of the sand
bed and in the freeboard during the polycarbonate
co-combustion process with propane at 960°C in the
fluidised bed reactor
Figure 7. The growths of the temperature of the
limestone bed and in the freeboard during the
polycarbonate co-combustion process with propane
at 960°C in the fluidised bed reactor
Rysunek 6. Wzrost temperatury piaskowego złoża
oraz przestrzeni nadzłożowej podczas współspalania
poliwęglanu z propanem w temperaturze 960°C
w reaktorze fluidyzacyjnym
Rysunek 7. Wzrost temperatury wapiennego złoża
oraz przestrzeni nadzłożowej podczas współspalania
poliwęglanu z propanem w temperaturze 960°C
w reaktorze fluidyzacyjnym
There was also observed that the polycarbonate combustion process itself highly depends on
the kind of the material filled the reactor. The hot fluidising bed heated up the polymer samples
when they appeared in it and also maintained constant mixed conditions of air provided oxygen
and the gaseous and solid fuels so propane and polycarbonate. Despite the fact that the emissions
of carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds in the next two discussed experiments were
in the very comparable levels, because the temperature of the combustion process was almost the
same and equalled to about 960°C, however there were different temperature growths in the bed
and in the freeboard when the sand bed and the limestone bed are compared. The analysis of
figures 6 and 7 gives the obvious conclusion that the difference between the reactions in the
freeboard zone of the fluidised bed reactor in both two cases was considerable. The higher
temperature growths in the reactor freeboard space while combustion with the sand bed as the
fluidising material may indicate to creating some more diffusive flames than in the analogous
temperature and hydrodynamic conditions during the combustion process with using the limestone
to mix the fuels with air. Because of this fact limestone is suggested to be more appropriate bed
while polycarbonate thermal decomposition processes by combustion. Diffusive blazing flames
Połomska J., Baron J., Zabagło J., Żukowski W.: Waste Plastics as an Alternative Energy Source
are very unwanted physical phenomena and they accompany aromatic products of incomplete
combustion and soot particle aggregation [9].
Summarising all these experimental data results, limestone may be assumed to be more
recommended fluidised reactor bed when the combustion of polycarbonate is deliberated. The
industrial processes of the incineration of waste, especially containing plastic waste, which are
very common in municipal solid wastes, should be carried out in high temperature, which is
defined in the prevailing standards [5,6]. The high calorific value of plastics, giving polycarbonate
as an example, which is in fact a hydrocarbon fuel, was also experimentally proven, because the
increase of the temperature of the fluidising bed causing by the additional amount of the fuel,
which warmed the bed up, was also undoubtedly confirmed the alternative fuel properties.
[1] Andrady A. L., Plastics and the Environment, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, 2003.
[2] Bottenbruch L., Anders S., Engineering thermoplastics: polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyesters,
cellulose esters, Hanser Verlag, New York, 1996.
[3] Cheremisinoff P. N., Morresi A. C., Energy from Solid Wastes, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976.
[4] Committee on Health Effects of Waste Incineration, Board on Environmental Studies and
Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, Waste Incineration and
Public Health, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 2000.
[5] Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the
incineration of waste.
[6] Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the
limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants.
[7] Gad S. C., Anderson R. C., Combustion Toxicology, CRC Press, Florida, 1990.
[8] Hilado C.J., Flammability Handbook for Plastics, Technomic Publishing Company, Basel 1998.
[9] Jankowska G., Przygocki W., Włochowicz A., Palność polimerów i materiałów polimerowych, WNT,
Warszawa, 2007.
[10] Krajewski B. (red., praca zbiorowa), Poliwęglany, WNT, Warszawa, 1971.
[11] Reynolds J. P., Jeris J. S., Theodore L., Handbook of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
Calculations, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2002.
[12] Seymour R. B., Engineering polymer sourcebook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990.
[13] Troitzsch J., Plastics Flammability Handbook: Principles, Regulations, Testing and Approvals,
Hanser, Kempten, 2004.
[14] Wandrasz J. W., Wandrasz A. J., Paliwa formowane. Biopaliwa i paliwa z odpadów w procesach
termicznych, Wyd. Seidel-Przywecki, Warszawa, 2006.
[15] http://www.wte.org/ (10.06.2010).
Odpadowe tworzywa sztuczne źródłem alternatywnej energii
Słowa kluczowe
utylizacja odpadów – odzysk energii – rozkład termiczny – paliwo alternatywne –
– zanieczyszczenia powietrza
V Krakowska Konferencja Młodych Uczonych, Kraków 2010
Obecne trendy rozwojowe techniki i technologii przyczyniają się do coraz szerszego zastosowania
tworzyw sztucznych. Jednak wzrostowi ich produkcji towarzyszy także wzrost ilości powstających z nich
materiałów odpadowych. Tworzywa sztuczne są materiałami wytworzonymi z tych samych surowców, co
wysokoenergetyczne paliwa naturalne. Spośród wielu możliwych metod ich dalszego wykorzystania, procesy
termicznej utylizacji tworzyw sztucznych są z pewnością najlepszym sposobem na całkowite usunięcie ich ze
środowiska przy jednoczesnym wykorzystaniu ich potencjału energetycznego. Nieodpowiednie prowadzenie
wielce złożonego procesu spalania tworzyw sztucznych może jednak stanowić poważne zagrożenie dla
środowiska. Należy zatem szczegółowo poznać zjawiska zachodzące podczas termicznego rozkładu tworzyw
mogących stanowić alternatywne, użyteczne źródło energii, aby następnie móc sterować całością procesu
technologicznego. Jest to szczególnie ważne mając na uwadze wysokie koszty oczyszczania gazów odlotowych ze spalarni odpadów oraz stopień skomplikowania składających się na to oczyszczanie operacji
jednostkowych. Świadomość społeczna możliwych zagrożeń środowiskowych i zdrowotnych przyczyniła się
nie tylko do zaostrzenia obowiązujących przepisów, w tym standardów emisyjnych, ale także do wzrostu
zainteresowania przebiegiem całości procesu spalania oraz odpowiednim projektowaniem jego parametrów
technologicznych. Każde zjawisko zaobserwowane makroskopowo jest sumą sekwencji zdarzeń na poziomie
molekularnym, co z pewnością stanowi niebagatelną przeszkodę nad możliwością całkowitego zapanowania
nad procesem spalania. Złożoność procesu spalania takich odpadów jak tworzywa sztuczne nie stanowi
jednak przeszkody do coraz szerszego rozpowszechniania przyjaznych środowisku technologii termicznej ich
utylizacji, a użyteczne wykorzystanie generowanej w ten sposób energii cieplnej jest zgodne z obowiązującym prawem i zasadą zrównoważonego rozwoju. Niestety, stuprocentowa eliminacja wszystkich produktów
niecałkowitego spalania nie wydaje się możliwa, dlatego istotne i celowe jest zwrócenie uwagi na każdy
parametr procesu mający wpływ na jakość przebiegu procesów spalania. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki
eksperymentów współspalania poliwęglanu z propanem z nadmiarem powietrza w ilości 50 %, przeprowadzonych w reaktorze fluidyzacyjnym wypełnionym piaskiem lub wapieniem, eksperymenty te zrealizowano
w różnych warunkach temperaturowych. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają ogólne tezy dotyczące wpływu
takich paramentów jak temperatura czy środowisko reakcji na rodzaj zachodzących zjawisk oraz jakość
otrzymanych produktów procesu spalania. Zaobserwowano, że prowadzenie procesu termicznego rozkładu
oraz utleniania w wyższych temperaturach jest korzystniejsze ze względu na niższe stężenia składników
niecałkowitego lub niezupełnego spalania w gazach odlotowych. Wykazano również, że rodzaj zastosowanego złoża stanowiącego wypełnienie reaktora może mieć istotne znaczenie dla przebiegu procesu spalania.
W przypadku zastosowania złoża z wapienia zarejestrowano mniejsze wahania temperatury w strefie
nadzłożowej reaktora niż dla eksperymentów przeprowadzonych w analogicznych warunkach z zastosowaniem złoża z piasku kwarcowego, co może świadczyć o odmiennym charakterze zachodzących reakcji
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text:
The latest editions of the FAO Food Price Index and AMIS Market Monitor are both now available for September.
The most recent edition of the FAO Food Price Index rose to 179.1 points in July, up 3.9 points from June and 10.2 percent above July 2016 levels. This marks the third month of consecutive increase. Supply constraints and currency movements supported to cereal, sugar, and dairy prices. Meat values remained steady in July, while vegetable oil prices fell.
The latest FAO Food Price Index and AMIS Market Monitor were released earlier this month. The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of the monthly change in international prices of a basket of five food commodity groups; the monthly AMIS Market Monitor covers the international markets for wheat, rice, maize, and soy and provides an overview of the market situation and outlook for each of these crops.
The latest editions of the FAO Food Price Index and the AMIS Market Monitor were recently released.
The FAO Food Price Index continued its decline for the third month in a row, falling by 1.8 percent in April. The prices of all commodities covered by the Index declined in April, with the exception of meat; however, the Index remains 10 percent higher than its April 2016 level.
The FAO Food Price Index fell nearly five points in March, driven by drops in the indices for all commodities except meat. The March Index remained 20 points above its year-earlier level, however.
The Cereal Price Index fell 2.7 points in March and was essentially the same as its March 2016 level. Global cereal supplies remain plentiful, and overall production prospects are favorable for the coming season.
The latest FAO Food Price Index was released last week, citing slightly higher food prices from January. The February Index rose by 0.9 points from the previous month. While this is a very slight increase, the Index is 17.2 percent higher than its February 2016 levels. It has now reached the highest level seen since February 2015.
Surging cereal export prices brought the FAO Food Price Index to a two-year high in January. The Index rose 2.1 percent above its December level, to 173.8 points. This is the highest level seen since February 2015 and as much as 24.5 points above its January 2016 level.
The FAO Food Price Index fell for the fifth consecutive year in 2016, according to the most recently released report. For 2016 overall, the Index averaged 161.6 points, which is down 1.5 percent from its 2015 average. Cereal, meat, and dairy prices all declined in 2016, more than making up for rises in sugar and vegetable oil prices.
The FAO Food Price Index, released today, fell slightly in November but remains 10.4 percent higher than its November 2015 level. This month's small decline, driven mostly by falling oil prices, interrupted the rising trend seen since the start of 2016.
The Cereal Price Index fell 0.6 percent in November and is as much as 12 points below its year-earlier level. Good global supply prospects, particularly for wheat in Argentina and Australia, have supported this decrease.


text:
There are no FAQ's for Flash Duo
Flash Duo
- New StarTec® series lighting effect specifically designed for the Mobile DJ
- Dual heads shot 104 bright, flashing white beams of light that spin and rotate
- This compact and lightweight unit is great for the Mobile DJ on the go (not for commercial use)
- Variable speed control knob for controlling strobe speed
- Includes mounting plate
- Lamp: 2x ZB-45 120V, 45W
- Dimensions: 21.75" x 8.75" x 10.75"
- Weight: 11 lbs.
There are currently no videos available for this product.
The following downloads are available for this product:
|Flash Duo User Manual
Frequently Asked Questions
Please see our frequently asked questions below. Please feel free to send us your questions by clicking here.


text:
FlawedLegacyPC Member
Content count126
Last visited
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About FlawedLegacy
Silver Novice
Recent Profile Visitors
Umbra warframes [Discussion & Appreciation]
FlawedLegacy replied to (XB1)EternalDrk Mako's topic in General DiscussionIt'll probably be longe for umbra but I'd like to believe they can both be out this year, but considering TWW release record umbra probably will be next year.
Will the Game's Specs Change after PoE?
FlawedLegacy replied to MarrikBroom's topic in General DiscussionI mean even if it does (I hope not too much since I am confined to a laptop myself - though one that runs games pretty well even if it's not a gaming one) there's hope it can run okay if DE gives more graphics option - like lowering draw distance, turning off certain effects, low/medium/high etc etc. just adding in those kinda options would probably make everyone happy (although maybe sad that they can't run the graphics to cinematic levels but that'd be the trade off?)
Umbra warframes [Discussion & Appreciation]
FlawedLegacy replied to (XB1)EternalDrk Mako's topic in General DiscussionBut he's here and I'm weeping, legit I'm so hyped. also theory - maybe the sacrifice, since it's talking about giving a life to save theirs and what they mentioned about this being more warframe specific, maybe it's talking about how the warframes might have been made? - because we know they're techno-organic with links to the infested and some questionable sentience? (Unless the end of TSD was latent transference idk) so maybe someone (or someone's) had to be willing to sacrifice their life/body/flesh to make a warframe from? its pretty out there but idk it's just a theory and considering the body horror/creepy connotations that's already in this game what with Kuva/transference/void etc it's not out of the realm of possibility. i haven't read the current replies so I'm probably not the only one with some thoughts in this direction either
TennoGen Round 9
FlawedLegacy replied to [DE]Taylor's topic in TennoGen + Steam WorkshopHope that Excalibur skin gets in on the next round, that one looked really nice (sue me, I love Excalibur Cx ) but I'm definitely getting the equinox skin :0 more winged syandana's are also super cool
Infested Mission Atmosphere
FlawedLegacy replied to Jobistober's topic in Missions & LevelsI'd love for this to be added/returned. current infested missions don't feel scary or tense - it'd definitely be an improvement to their atmosphere.
[Spoilers] What is wrong with Rell (reply if you played recent quest)
FlawedLegacy replied to Cosmic_Elf's topic in General Discussionyeah it was something I appreciated seeing (i am autistic myself, it's kinda disheartening to be seen as a problem :c ) it made me appreciate the quest even more tbh, though i love the horror and forced solo gameplay because of it - will for sure need to replay in the future c:
SPOILERS just in case c: so we all get visited by mr "Hey kiddo" at the end of the chains of harrow. but I'm curious how everyone's operator acted? i know they all sat in different places depending on alignment i do believe, but did they act differently too? my alignment is Neutral/moon leaning last time i checked, my operator seemed to be smiling, sitting cross legged kinda bouncing then she did a creepy as hell headtilt. does everyone's act the same? or different?
so was it just me or did this happen to anyone else post chains of harrow
FlawedLegacy replied to 45neo's topic in General Discussion@Robin-da-Reaper yeah mine was kinda bouncing/happy all smiling sitting there and then did the head tilt, so idk if thats a BAD sign or not >.>
[Spoiler] Harrow Quest/Lore Discussion!
FlawedLegacy replied to Nelizar's topic in General Discussionwould have been nice to see, maybe getting all the voice actors again for a few lines was too difficult or something? busy on the main questline? idk. I really liked the quest tbh, also i really liked Rell - maybe it's also because i'm autistic and alot of the things mentioned (touch, difficulty with emotions etc) kinda struck a chord of familiarity hm. either way its a refreshing change - felt very Dead space-y in parts, I'll probably replay it again in the future.
Chains of Harrow end...
FlawedLegacy replied to -Shadowmist-'s topic in General Discussionhonestly I wonder if we're gonna get more 'hauntings/hallucinations' as we play the game now whenever we're back in the orbiter. that'd be pretty bad &#! and also super creepy when least expected :0
my alignments neutral/slightly dark last time i checked? but my operator showed up with 'hey kiddo' too (i got the 'don't forget you're nothing without me' on the end of war within) "shes just sitting there, MENACINGLY"
so was it just me or did this happen to anyone else post chains of harrow
FlawedLegacy replied to 45neo's topic in General DiscussionMy alignment is neutral/leaning towards moon slightly (embraced void, kuva controlled, teshin killed her, i had hope etc etc) and idk maybe it affects eyes/where they sit/how they act? but.. "Hey Kiddo" creepy :0
Umbra warframes [Discussion & Appreciation]
FlawedLegacy replied to (XB1)EternalDrk Mako's topic in General Discussionanyone thinkin with the recent quest um SPOILERS below just in case. that the umbra frames might either repress the void or enhance it? or that the umbra warframes were used by those controlled/who listened to the 'void entity/man in the wall?' something to think about i guess. end SPOILERS cx
Make the Man in the wall a permanent feature?
FlawedLegacy replied to SickSara's topic in General DiscussionYeah we should get these 'visitations' from time to time, just to keep us on our toes cx
TennoGen Round 9 Deadline
FlawedLegacy replied to [DE]Taylor's topic in TennoGen + Steam WorkshopI need he Excal skin like burning. anyone know what date they announce winners?


text:
Salem Community College daycare
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Get info about Salem Community College daycare, and registering for discussion sections and departmental seminars. As a student, your first stop should be the registrar's office, where you can pick up a free copy of both the academic calendar and course catalog, in order to find available credit classes that you may be interested in taking. It may surprise you that it's possible to enroll for a full-time course load, without having any 8am classes at all. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Salem Community College student life information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Salem Community College.
Don't imagine that college is all about getting good grades and finding a job after graduation. A large part of the university growth experience is about personal development and participating in extracurricular activities such as student government, writing for the school newspaper, or joining one of the many student clubs on campus.
It isn't necessary to take a leadership position in a student organization on campus, in order to enjoy contributing to student life at your school. Sure, you have to live somewhere, but spending your freshman year in the dorms can give you the added benefit of making friends and establishing a social circle. Consider signing up for a meal plan, and gaining 10 pounds in the dining hall. Again, the purpose is to socialize and meet other students outside the classroom. Don't forget to go home for the holidays and take advantage of spring break to let off steam. Beyond consideration for Salem Community College daycare, you may think about Middlesex Community College class requirements for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
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Austin Community College
College admissions procedures, programs, and courses. Advises students on various aspects of scholarship programs and related college majors..
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LaGuardia is a national voice on behalf of community colleges, where half of all US college students study. Liaise with campus offices to establish protocol and..
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text:
2017 Fur Sale
Many thanks to everyone who participated in the 2017 sale, including fur harvesters, buyers, sales staff and their families. Here are the results: 2017 Fur Sale Results
historical sale results
The Nevada Trappers Association hosted their first sale in 1978 prior to incorporation.
Historical fur sale results represent fur harvested from numerous states.


text:
EMAAR of black gold
Petroleum & Energy Services Company
EMAAR of black gold provides advanced drilling solutions to the energy industry, while doing business in the most strategic energy region of the world. We are a technically innovative company providing a variety of services including drilling services, rental tools & project management. The EMAAR of black gold has established in October 2011 under the 51722 registration number.
Official Web Site: www.emaarbg.com


text: \u003cp\u003eSt. Clair Square Mall claims a shopper contributed to her own alleged injuries in a slip and fall case for failing to expect that water would be present in a restroom area. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeverly Postar filed a lawsuit on Oct. 7 against St. Clair Square Limited Partnership, doing business as St. Clair Square Mall, CBL \u0026amp; Associates Management, Inc., doing business as St. Clair Square Mall, ERMC II L.P. and Vic White.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the complaint, Postar claims she entered the St. Clair Square Mall on Dec. 9, 2008, and used one of its restroom stalls. She alleges she slipped and fell on a pool of water on the floor in the stall, causing injuries to her pelvis, right foot, right hand and teeth. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePostar argues the defendants failed to properly secure the toilet to the floor, allowed water to leak out, failed to warn its customers about the defect, permitted its customers to use the defective toilet and failed to inspect the toilet. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe defendants filed a joint answer to the complaint on Nov. 2 through attorney Dean Nichols of Pitzer Snodgrass in St. Louis. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe defendants included four affirmative defenses. They argue that any alleged injuries were the result of the plaintiff's own carelessness and fault for failing to keep a careful lookout by not watching where she was going and failing to avoid the open and obvious condition of water, which they say would have been expected in the restroom area. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePostar answered the affirmative defenses on Nov. 23 through attorney Matthew Marlen of Belleville. She denied each and every allegation against her. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe plaintiff seeks damages of more than $50,000, plus costs of the suit. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ci\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSt. Clair County Circuit Court case number 15-L-569\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e


text:
Writs & Criminal Appeals In Solano County
Justice is never served by one's wrongful imprisonment. At the Law Office of Barry K. Newman, we have experience in filing writs on behalf of clients who are being unlawfully detained. If you believe that you or a family members is being wrongfully imprisoned, contact us to evaluate the claim.
Criminal Appeals
The Law Office of Barry K. Newman has experienced trial lawyers who are well-versed in criminal appellate procedure. A criminal appeal can be filed when you are convicted of a crime and there was a mistake, or error, in the trial. Under California law, a criminal appeal can be filed within 60 days of the conviction. The California criminal appeal process is a very specialized, complicated process that demands appellate expertise. It involves extensive research and written and oral arguments. A criminal appeal can often take a year or more. At the Law Office of Barry K. Newman, we have the expertise to handle your criminal appeal.
Prison Law & Inmate Rights
Those convicted of criminal law offenses retain some due process rights under our federal constitution while they are in prison.The Law Office of Barry K. Newman criminal defense lawyers are committed to protecting inmates' rights through civil rights litigation and other formal and informal proceedings. Contact us if you believe that your rights or the rights of a loved one are being violated while in prison.
Mental Health Law
Too often, mentally ill persons find themselves locked in the grips of the criminal justice system. At the Law Office of Barry K. Newman, we have substantial expertise in working with prisoners and other mentally ill clients to ensure that their rights are aggressively and compassionately protected. Call us for a free consultation.


text:
From the outset, Marie Antoinette's famously graceful steps into France became tangled in the web of jealously guarded honors and privileges of the French subjects who, often disingenuously, bowed and curtsied at her feet. Before she alighted upon French soil, serious negotiations had taken place over issues like who would sign the marriage document first, who was allowed to host the Dauphine, to whom should the Dauphine graciously decline her head and to whom should she not, etc., etc..
Author Stanley Loomis comments upon the ludicrous, laughable to the modern mind, immense gravity of 18th c etiquette in his book, Du Barry.: "Immeasurably more important than affairs of State in the wasps' nest were the intricacies of etiquette. Every small privilege: the right to sit where others stood, the right to enter where others couldn't, the right to keep on a hat where others must remove it, was a deliciously public affirmation of one's superiority over someone else. Such petty distinctions were guarded by their proud possessors with a ferocious jealousy."
Time and time again, Loomis' assertion (universally shared by historians) was demonstrated. One of the first instances in which protocol caused a misstep was The Affair of the Minuet.
Here's a synopsis...
Among the celebrations following the wedding of the Dauphin, Louis-Auguste, and the Austrian Archduchesse, Marie Antoinette, in May 1770, was a ball to be held in the newly built Salle de l'Opéra at Versailles. In a gesture of goodwill towards the bride's mother, Empress Marie-Therese, Louis XV decided to break precedents and offer the right of the second dance, after that of the Princesses of the Blood, to the Princesse of Lorraine, a French relative of the Empress' deceased husband, Francis of Lorraine. The King's intention was a gallant demonstration of inclusion of the relatives of his new Austrian in-laws and, at the same time, a gracious bow toward their newly formed alliance. In making this gesture, though, he was, figuratively speaking, stepping on the toes of the French Princesses and Duchesses who held the rights, by birth, according the laws of etiquette, to dance the second dance. Most of the Court and, indeed, most of the country was against the alliance with their long time enemy, Austria. They objected to a member of that family being elevated by this exception to the established rules, though Mademoiselle de Lorraine was French and much of the Royal Family was some mix of French and Austrian because of centuries of intermarriage between the two. So, some of the objection was for political reasons, but most, it seems, was of the time-honored personal jealousy variety.
Oh, non, that will not do. Unacceptable. Versailles was in an uproar at the very idea of this belittling dismissal of the rights of the higher-ranking Princesses and Duchesses of the Court. "Bickerings without end," reported Madame du Deffand. "The minuet is to be danced by Mademoiselle de Lorraine and it is vexing a great many people." A shrill cacophony of insulted French voices rose in indignation. A solemn midnight council made up of the Peers of France and Duke of France met at the residence of the Bishop of Noyon in Paris. Outrage and grave discussion led to the drawing up of this petition.: "Sire, the ranking lords of your realm lay at the foot of the Throne the just alarms that have been awakened in them by the widespread rumor that you have ordered that at the ball of Monsieur le Dauphin's marriage Mademoiselle de Lorraine shall dance a minuet preceding the other ladies of the Court. Your lords believe, Sire that it would be lacking in what was due to their birth if they did not manifest..."
As, Loomis wrote, "The greatest names in France were accordingly affixed to this ridiculous document and it was duly presented to the King."
Louis XV was notorious for his dislike of squabbling and his avoidance of dealing with conflict. At this point in his life, in particular, he seemed to simply want to be left in peace with his delectable new Mistress, Madame du Barry. He probably didn't even want to go to the damn ball. But, go he did, and without caving on the dance line-up. Mademoiselle de Lorraine, acutely aware of the turmoil, might've found walking on coals more comfortable than dancing on the arm of the Monsieur de Lambesc in splendid surroundings, as rancorous courtiers, required to attend, sneered, turned their backs and, even, left the room.
This sort of insubordination would've never passed unpunished by XV's predecessor, Louis XIV, who'd created the web of rights and privileges as a way to control his courtiers. It's easy to trace, in retrospect, the slippery slope toward the French Revolution beginning with the deterioration of the respect for the King. Give 'em an inch and they'll take a mile, as my mom often said.
Loomis, as usual, said it well... "Despicably petty, but dangerously significant is The Affair of the Minuet. The time was approaching when the disaffected and spiteful nobles would have it in their power to destroy more than a party."
Post title was borrowed from my bookcase.