text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 10, 1999
|Filing date
|Aug 13, 1997
|Priority date
|Aug 13, 1997
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Roger Peterson
|Original Assignee
|Peterson; Roger
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (20), Classifications (5), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present disclosure is a deep well sample collection apparatus. It is a sample apparatus that enables collection of a specified volume of sample for use in deep well monitoring. In one aspect, it can be used to test the purity of an acquifier. It also can be used to test for leakage of industrial or nuclear waste around a large plant facility. A shallow sample collection apparatus is set forth in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 795,147 which was filed on Feb. 7, 1997. That sample collection apparatus is adapted for sample measurement at shallow depths. Most of the samples that are important in that type of equipment are found just below the surface. Common depths are just a few feet and typically not greater than about 50 feet. By contrast, this disclosure enables the installation of the equipment at depths measured in hundreds or indeed in thousands of feet. In testing a water acquifier for instance, the acquifier may surface in a certain geographic area and slope away to an underground location at lateral distances from it. As greater depths are accomplished, the acquifier might have an overburden of five thousand feet. As a rough rule of thumb, the water pressure is approximately one pound per square inch (psi) for about 26 or 27 inches of water; therefore, a depth of five thousand feet will provide a water pressure of about 2,300 to 2,400 psi. It is difficult to get a test sample off the bottom of that kind of deep well.
The present disclosure sets forth a deep well system which enables sample collection. In particular, it Utilizes a vacuum operated chamber deployed in a deep well which collects and removes a sample in the manner set forth in the above-mentioned co-pending application. That, however, is not enough structure in the sense that it can provide a sample when overburdened at great depths. As the depth increases, great depth and the heavy standing columns of water prevent proper operation and may interfere with sample collection. Moreover, as the depth increases, prevailing pressures at the equipment set forth in the foregoing disclosure are increased. The present apparatus enables sample collection in cooperation with a second pump assure sample delivery and proper turnover in the deep well. This equipment is advantageous for a number of reasons. Among others, this equipment has the advantage of operating at great depths while yet obtaining a sample from the water sampling well. Moreover, as flow goes in and out of the region, the water sample is interchanged and gathering of samples is obtained while trapping of the remaining portion of water in the deep well is avoided. So to speak, water flows by percolation down stream in an acquifier. The acquifier will receive rain at its exposed portion, thereby enabling the water to flow down the slope to greater depths. This migration is carried out through the percolating sand formation and also flows through the deep well. The well is cased, conveniently with a three inch or four inch plastic pipe with a number of perforations in it at different depths. This enables flow of water into and out of the percolating pipe. The perforations permit such an interchange.
The present equipment is especially useful in that it flushes the bottom region of the pipe which lines the well. For example, the well may be cased with four thousand feet of pipe. In the preferred form, it is perforated at many locations except near the bottom. The bottom most portion of about five to ten feet is left without perforations.
So that water does not stagnate at that area, the present apparatus stirs and replaces that water by expelling a portion of it separate from the sample which is taken. This assures that fresh sample collection occurs.
The present apparatus is therefore summarized as including a vacuum operated sample measuring and delivery system. More than that, it also includes and features a bottom located sample input mechanism having a positive displacement pump which assures volumetric turnover in the region of the sample collection pump.
One version is an electric powered positive displacement water pump assisting a vacuum pump. It operates with a packer sleeve which is expanded to isolate a position of the well. The packer sleeve isolates the bottom portion of the well. When the packer inflates the well portion is isolated so that the sample in that area is properly collected and that any remaining portion of the water in that area is expelled for the moment so that turnover can be accomplished.
So that the manner in which the above recited features, advantages and objects of the present invention are attained and can be understood in detail, more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view through a deep sample well showing the vacuum operated sample recovery chamber of the present invention assisted by a positive displacement electric pump;
FIG. 2 is an end view of the sample collection chamber;
FIG. 3 is a view showing alternate plugs which modify the interior cavity of the sample collecting chamber;
FIG. 4 shows a well bottom support positioning the present apparatus in a cased well above the screen in the well to enable fresh sample circulation;
FIG. 5 shows an electrical control system connected to operate three valves to assure timely control;
FIG. 6 is a simplified view of a solenoid valve switching to open or close a flow path; and
FIGS. 7 to 12 show the flow paths and a sequence of operation in an alternate form of the present invention.
Attention is directed to FIG. 1 of the drawings where the sample collection apparatus is generally indicated by the numeral 10. It is installed in a deep well having a well liner. The liner 12 is a solid wall pipe from the top to the bottom of the well. It can readily be perforated at many locations or support a screen to admit formation water. The well is typically closed at the bottom end. The equipment 10 is located near the bottom well. Operation of the equipment and details of its construction will begin by tracing the equipment from the top.
A vacuum line 14 extends to the surface through the deep well 12. The line 14 connects with a fitting 16 and then to a cheek valve assembly 18 which is equipped with a hydrophobic check valve element 20. This is normally an air flow line. It is used to assure delivery of a specified sample pumped up from the pump chamber 22. The chamber 22 is a hollow chamber or container holding a specified sample. To recover a sample of 50 cc, the chamber typically will hold about 100 cc of liquid. The chamber 22 is contained within a housing which is closed and sealed at the top and bottom ends. For example, the top end 24 is a closed structure. There is an open passage 26 through the chamber to receive wiring or tubes extending across the structure. There is another isolated passage 28 (FIG. 2). The passages 26 and 28 are connective passages through or across the sample pump mechanism 30 for the equipment located below.
The sample pump 30 is used in conjunction with a resilient sleeve 32 around the exterior. The sleeve 32 is also shown in dotted line to show expansion of the sleeve. When expanded the sleeve 32 aids and assists in defining a plug that functions as a packer in an oil well. It is a packer equipped with the through holes or passages 26 and 28. The holes 26 and 28 extend fully through for communication sake. An encircling strap 34 confines the inflatable sleeve 32 so that it is not pulled free of the ends. Similar straps are located at both ends. This controls or confines sleeve expansion. The sleeve 32 centralizes the pump equipment when the swelling of the expandable sleeve 32 occurs in a controlled fashion.
The vacuum sample pump 30 is operated by a controllable solenoid valve 36. When it opens, it permits fluid flow up through the line 38 which extends to the surface. The line 38 is parallel to the line 14. It delivers the measured or sized sample from the sample chamber.
Briefly, operation of the sample pump 30 occurs in the following manner. A measured quantity of liquid is captured in the chamber 22. It is held for an interval until the solenoid valve 36 is operated. Then, it delivers flow out through the line 38. For that event, the solenoid valve 36 must be opened to deliver the measured amount. The output of the chamber 22 is through the solenoid valve 36 and into the line 38. There is no sample flow out through the line 14. Rather, the line 14 is used to deliver air down and into the chamber 22. This air flow expels the liquid which is delivered. While that is a cursory description of which occurs in that portion of the equipment, a good deal more also occurs and that needs to be added for context.
Filling the chamber occurs through operation of the solenoid valve 40. When it is open, the chamber 22 is then filled from below. Filling, however, occurs through the inlet 42 located below the chamber 22. Water delivered through that inlet is forced by the prevalent down hole pressure to flow through the port 42 and then through the filter 44. The filter 44 is connected serially with the valve 40 and therefore delivers water into the chamber.
That water is delivered from the very bottom of the well. It is desirable to obtain this water to get a bottom located sample. To be consistent, when that sample is delivered up through the chamber of the pump 30, it is metered and measured so that the proper amount is recovered at the surface
Continuing with the description of FIG. 1 of the drawings, care should be taken to relate the function of the sample pump 30 with the remainder of the equipment. The apparatus 30 can function with a head of liquid over it of just a few feet. It can be installed in wells which are shallow. It works quite well at shallow depths. However, it is intended to work at much greater depths. While the prevailing head pressure above the device creates a difficult environment, at great depths, the present mechanism is filled without any problems. More specifically, the flow sequence is initiated by the solenoid control valve 40 to thereby admit the sample water through the filter 44. This flow path is therefore from the opening 42, through the filter 44, subject to control by the valve 40 and into the sample pump 30. It is then delivered from the sample pump 30 under control of the solenoid valve 36 into the line 38. The sample pump 30 fills with water to the level which is adequate to fill it. Water filling is limited by the check valve 20 previously mentioned. The check valve is equipped with a hydrophobic element 20 so that the rising water is limited in the check valve. The downward flow of air to expel the sample is delivered through the check valve 20 from the line 14. The measured water quantity from the sample pump 30) is thus delivered out through the line 38 extending to the surface. As will be understood, it is customary to extend the pipe 12 lining the well to the surface, and also to position the lines 14 and 38 in the liner extending to the surface. One surface connected line delivers air flow downwardly to force the liquid out while the sample flows out through the other of the two lines. Note again that the structure includes the through passages 26 and 28 so needed wiring can be extended for control purposes to the various electrically operated valves. For instance, the valve 40 requires an electrical conductor which passes through the passage 26.
Below the sample pump 30, an additional pump 50 is incorporated. The pump 50 is provided with an inlet 46 connected with a filter 48 which delivers water to the pneumatically driven pump 50. The pump 50 is controlled from the surface by air pressure in a flow line which extends through the passage 26. The pump 50 output is delivered under pressure through a check valve 54. Water flows upwardly from the valve 54 through the line 56 to a check valve 58 which has an opening at 60. The pump 50 moves water below the sample pump 30 to be expelled above the sample pump 30. Moreover, because water is pumped with increased pressure over the ambient pressure in this region, it is delivered from the line 56 to a lateral line 62 to inflate the expandable bladder 32 previously identified. Operation of the pump 50 is coordinated with the pressure set points of the check valves 54 and 58. A solenoid valve 64 dumps water from expanded bladder 32. More specifically, the check valve 54 opens at a low pressure differential while the check valve 58 opens at a higher differential pressure. Accordingly, pump 50 and delivers water flow through the valve 54. The pumped water flowing through the check valve 54 inflates the sleeve 32 which moves to the dotted line position. This is accomplished through the lateral passage 62. The pump is operated for a sufficient time to enable the bladder 32 to be properly inflated. The water volume needed from the pump 50 to fill the bladder 32 is fairly consistent. Thus, it typically requires pumping for a fixed interval to obtain the necessary bladder inflation. Assume, for purposes of discussion, that the interval is one minute. Obviously, it can be shorter or longer depending on scale factors. When inflated, the bladder isolates all liquid in the well below the expanded bladder 32. A motor 51 powering said pump 50 is operated for an interval and continues to draw water in from the lower well portions. This will evacuate most of the water from the bottom part of the well. The evacuated water flows through the pump 50, through the line 56 and out through the flitting 60 above the inflated bladder 32 which serves as a packer to isolate this region. Since the pump 50 is held above the very bottom of the well, the vertical height of the packer element 32 above the bottom is well known. The pump 50 is held above the bottom of the well by a spacer 52. In fact, he spacer 52 is better shown in FIG. 4 where only the lower end of the well is illustrated. The pipe 12 in the well is interrupted at the bottom by a set of perforations or a screen to enable the water percolation from the formation in the well. The spacer is sized to be small enough in diameter to insert easily and large enough to reduce the total water volume in the well at V. The packer 32 isolates the volume V in the well below the packer. The net volume V is reduced by the size of the spacer 52. If it is about 93% to 97% of the pipe ID, it reduces water in the volume V. This reduction shortens the pumping time. Proper sampling techniques involve the removal of the volume V after the bladder 32 has been inflated. To be safe, the volume V is pumped out, preferably by three fold or more. An acceptable volume is foul times V; by reducing V, the interval for pumping is decreased. The decrease is related to the size of the spacer 52. Ideal design of the spacer suggests the larger diameter plus height greater than the perforations or screen in the tubing 12. The elevated position of the pump 50 assures water turnover in the volume V and enables artesian water to percolate into the well to refill the volume V.
If the pump 50 is switched off at that time, the bladder 32 is left inflated by virtue of the check valve 54. Evacuation of the bladder is through the solenoid valve 64 connected to the drain line 66.
One advantage of evacuating the volume below the inflated bladder is to permit expulsion of most water in the lower area. Percolation from the artesian sand into the pipe liner 12 is encouraged. While the well is cased with solid wall pipe so that there are no inlets or outlets into the lower end, it is possible to install the screen, at the bottom two, three or four feet. The specific length of screen is subject to choice.
With the solid wall pipe defining a closed chamber, sample stagnation at the well bottom may occur because of a lack of circulation. Because the sample pump 30 defines a narrow gap around the exterior, interchange of water above and below the plug is minimal. The interchange and removal of water is desirable so that a fresh and accurate sample can be obtained. Assume for purposes of discussion that the trace material of interest in the sample changes by one hundred fold in concentration. That change would not be observed because the sample trapped in the well bottom (the nearly closed chamber of the pipe liner 12) would not flow in and out. Therefore, to obtain a fresher sample, it is desirable that the pump 50 be operated for an interval sufficient to exchange all of the water out of this region. Later on, another sample can be taken but it will be a sample that is more representative, i.e., it will not be stagnant sample. Assume in this regard that a sample is taken daily. The operation of the equipment just described requires only a few minutes. Through the use of a 24 hour clock, proper and timed sample operation can be obtained. Moreover, once the sample has been collected, water below the sample pump 30 can be expelled into the space above the pump 30 and fresh water then percolated into the well. That can be ended simply by operating the solenoid valve 64 which permits water to flow in the line 66 out of the bladder, deflating the bladder. Then, the artesian formation fluid drive below the sample pump 30 can be used to advantage because it will force a new sample from the sand into the screened portion of the well. Then, the bladder 32 can be operated again to isolate that particular sample and make the appropriate sample recovery.
FIG. 2 illustrates the passages 26 and 28 through the equipment. They are incorporated to provide communication across the sample pump 30. The equipment shown in FIG. 1 can he modified by the insertion of different plugs 70. They are different in size. The plug 70 enables the volumetric capacity to be adjusted. The plug 70 is especially important to adjustment upwardly or downwardly of the capacity.
Attention is now directed to FIG. 5 of the drawings which shows a control circuit for the equipment shown in FIG. 1. The control circuit 75 incorporates a conductor 76 which extends to the surface and provides a current through a series resistor 77 and then through a Zener diode 78. The diode collects a charge on the plates of a charging capacitor 80. The capacitor 80 is substantial in size. It charges to provide power for operation as will be explained. The conductor 79 is input through a relay control coil 81. The coil 81 operates a first set of contacts 82 and a second set of contacts 83. Note the connection of the contacts 82 and 83. While one set is normally open, the other is normally closed. One or the other provides an output by which the capacitor 80 can be discharged.
The control circuit 75 also includes a control line 84 which is input to a relay coil 85. It has a set of contacts which provide power to a coil 86 which is a solenoid for controlling a valve. In this particular instance, the valve is indicated generally by the number 88. Its particular location in the system will be denoted in detail. FIG. 5 replicates this equipment to show air added control line 87 and another control line 89. They operate with the same type of equipment. The three relays are deployed so that they have a normally open position.
Signals on the conductors 84, 87 or 89 provide for control of the valves 88. Going in greater detail to FIG. 6, the valve 88 is there shown with a valve and valve seat. FIG. 6 incorporates the solenoid winding 86. The solenoid winding 86 creates an electromagnetic attraction for a spherical valve element 90. The valve element is pulled up to an open position for the valve. The valve element 90 is also pulled downwardly in FIG. 6 to a closed position. It closes against a valve seat 91 and prevents flow between the inlet port 92 and the outlet port 93. The valve 88 is operated with a permanent magnet 94 which is replicated on two sides to assure an adequate attraction force serving as a bias for the valve element 90. The valve element 90 is pulled upwardly against the force of a spring 95. The spring 95 is an alternative bias force for the closure of the valve element 90. The magnets, one or more, deployed around the valve seat 91, can be used to provide a normally closed position for the valve element. The valve element 90 is moved in response to two opposing forces. One force pulls it open while the other force pulls the valve element to the closed position. Whether opened or closed, that position is obtained depending on the operative state of affairs for the valve. Whether opened or closed, control can he exercised fully by appropriate adjustment of the forces. For instance the resilient spring 95 can be used to pull the valve to a closed condition, or the system can be inverted so that the steady state bias force is used to hold the valve open. In the latter event, the electrically powered solenoid coil 86 can then be used to pull the valve to a closed condition. As a generalization, in the absence of a signal, the valve is preferably closed and kept closed.
The valve 88 is responsive to an electrical signal applied to it for operation. Now, consider the operation of the equipment so that proper operation is understood. FIG. 5 shows five conductors which extend to the surface. Preferably all five of the conductors are made of very light gauge metal noting it is uncommon to use very small current conductors. It is possible to use very large wire but that crowds the pipe 12 which defines the deep well. In this particular instance, five signal conductors are preferably made of small gauge wire, even as small as thirty gauge wire. Current is continued on the conductor 76 to serve as a trickle charge for accumulating an adequate charge for operation. Charging occurs by collection of a charge on the capacitor 80. No current flows through any of the control circuit components shown in FIG. 5 until a signal is actually applied. For that, the conductors 84, 87 and 89 are preferably quite small and relatively light weight. When current flows through any one of the three, the current is sufficient to cause operation of the connected relay 85. While normally open, they switch to the normally closed condition and provide a signal for operation of the valves 88. This signal is obtained by discharging the capacitor 80 through the solenoid 86 and then to ground. Solenoid resistance determines the duration of that signal. Assume that the aggregate series resistor is adjusted so that the timing is properly controlled. In that instance, the valve 88, represented in general terms in FIG. 5, is structurally the valve shown in FIG. 6. The valve is opened when the valve element is pulled upwardly. Using that as an example, the valve 44 (FIG. 1) is a sample filling valve. It is open to fill the sample container. The sample discharge is delivered through the valve 36 shown in FIG. 1. The valve 64 is the bladder discharge valve. It is operated by the third of the control signals shown in FIG. 5. The three control signals are thus tailored in length to operate the three mentioned valves. The duration of operation is controlled in any suitable fashion. When they operate, they establish control over operation of the pump system so that the air powered pump 50, shown in FIG. 1, is appropriately seated and operated in the desired fashion.
One important aspect of this system is that very small wires are used and there is very little crowding in the well. The five small wires, each being insulated from the other but using thirty gauge wiring, are placed in the well with a minimum of room required. Most of the time, the equipment is off and the only currently flowing is in the conductor 76. The series resistor 77 limits that current so that an appropriate charging current is provided. In like fashion, typically only a short pulse of small current amplitude is delivered over the conductor 79. The remaining three control conductors handle smaller currents; the smaller currents are applied to the relay 85 for short interval(s) and in turn that controls latching of the valve 88. The solenoid 86 carries a larger current. The current is larger than any current which can be delivered to the equipment over the conductors. Because a trickle charge is applied to the capacitor 80, the trickle charge does not require a large diameter conductor while charging is carried out around the clock. Discharge of the capacitor 80 is regulated by the resistance in the solenoid 86 and that is controlled so that an adequate current is delivered. The discharge rate however is limited by increasing the resistor 86 to assure that the valve 88 is operated for the required interval. As noted above, the valve 88 is the solenoid valve which is implemented in FIG. 1 as the valves 44, 36 and 64.
FIGS. 7 through 12 inclusive show a pneumatic system. A description of FIG. 7 will be first provided. Then, a sequence of operations will be provided using all of the views. Reference numerals are assigned to the structure as shown in FIG. 7.
The embodiment shown in FIG. 7 is a unit which is lowered into the cased well and is positioned above the bottom by the apparatus shown in FIG. 4 of the drawings. It is installed at a selected depth. The depth selected should be sufficiently above the screen or perforations to enable artesian water percolation into the area below the apparatus 100. More specifically, the system shown in FIG. 7 comprises an inflatable sleeve 102 which expands to the full line position with inflation. There is a sample pump 104 which is affixed thereabove and which delivers the measured sample of water from the bottom of the well. The sample pump 104 is similar or identical to those in the parent application. The system operates with a sample delivery outlet line 106 through a valve 108 extending to the surface. The valve 108 is controlled in a fashion to be detailed. When operated, it permits delivery of the sample. Another line extending to the surface is the sample vacuum line 110. Additional lines are 112 and 114. The function of all four of these lines will be detailed below. It is noted that the sample vacuum line 110 connects with a valve 116. The valve is a check valve provided with a hydrophobic valve element, i.e., one which is raised on any water in the sample pump. The valve 116, in conjunction with the sample pump 104, work in the same fashion as the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings.
The packer is defined by the bladder 102 which is mounted in the same fashion as before. It is mounted on a large cylindrical body 120 which has a number of passages through it and components which operate as will be described. The sample pump 104 is spaced above the cylindrical body 120. The cylindrical body 120 supports the sample pump in a spaced relationship so that the sample pump is operated above the packer but it draws water from below the packer and will be detailed.
There is a second pump inside the body 120 which operates in collaboration with the sample pump as before but it is powered by a different manner. Rather than operate electrically, it is powered by pressure from the surface. The top end of the body 120 supports a purge outlet check valve 118 and an air bleed check valve 122. Additionally, there is a valve 124 for emptying the packer. There is also a sample pump fill valve 126. The valves 108, 124 and 126 are all provided with control signals from the Surface.
Attention is now directed to the interior of the body 120. The dual piston mechanism has a first piston 132 connected to a second piston 134 by a connecting rod 136. The piston 132 is movable within a pump chamber 138 while the lower piston 134 is movable within a similar chamber 140. The chambers 138 and 140 are divided into upper and lower chambers as a result of the respective pistons located in them.
Going now to the lower end of the body 120, it will be observed to include several inlets or passages with the following noted apparatus. There are four filters which arc identified at 142, 144, 146 and 148. They are all connected to appropriate lines to be explained. There is a water drain line which opens through a check valve 150. In addition, there is a water entry check valve 152 which permits water entry for reasons to be explained. There arc additional water drain valves 154 and 156 which operate at different pressures with different connections as will be detailed. All the foregoing components arc located at the lower end of the body 120.
Within the body 120, there are several lines that need to be identified. At the top, there is an outlet line 160 which goes to the exterior of the body via the check valve 1 18 and is emptied above the packer 102. The same line has an outlet 162 into the packer for filling the packer. The line 160 is provided with fluid flow by the line 164 which connects with the controlled valve 124 for draining the packer. The line 160 additionally is provided with pumped water from the line 166 which is delivered into the line 160 through the low pressure check valve 168. Depending on pump stroke, the line 166 fills the chamber 140 with flow introduced through the filter 142 and the check valve 170.
The line 112 at the upper left corner of FIG. 7 extends downwardly into the pump assembly and connects to the chamber 138 at the top end and then connects with the drain valve 150 by the line 172. Water is selectively drawn into this line through the valve 174 and the line 176. The line 176 branches to the filter 144 to admit water. The line 114 descending from the upper left of FIG. 7 is also connected so that the chamber 138 is provided with pressure from that line. The drain line 178 connects to the line 114 which connects with the line 176 through the check valve 180. The lower chamber 140 connects with an outlet line 182 and that in turn connects with the line 184 extending from top to bottom of the body 120, and having check valves 186 and 188 in it. The ports 190 and 192 connect to the upper chamber 138. The dotted line 196 identifies the housing securing the dual cylinder and piston arrangement within the body.
As a generalization, three different strength check valves are used. While structurally the same, they differ only in that they operate at different pressures. The three pressures are low, intermediate and high. The low pressure check valves operate at about one-third psi and that includes the check valves 122, 168, 186, 154, 170, 188, 174, 180 and 152. Check valves operating at about ten psi (an intermediate setting) include the check valves 118. Finally, the check valves 150 and 156 operate at relatively high pressures such as one hundred psi. The latter pressure is selected so that the lines 112 and 114 are protected against over pressure conditions and also release water when removing the equipment from a deep well.
Continuing with FIG. 7, selected lines have been marked to indicate the entrance of water into the equipment as it is lowered from the surface. Assume, as an example, that it is lowered into a well cased to 4,000 feet and the standing column of water is 3,000 feet in the casing. While being lowered, water fills the housing 120 by entry through the valve 152. The water level rises approximately equal in both lines 112 and 114 flowing through the filter 144, and the water level is indicated by the representative water line 200 shown in FIG. 7. As the device is lowered deeper into the water, rising water will fill the lines 112 and 114 to an equal height. It will also fill the chamber 138. While water is received into the body 120, air originally in the body is vented through the check valve 122.
The foregoing describes the situation while the device 100 is lowered into the well. That is an initial condition for operation. Air is forced out as water enters through the check valve 152 at the bottom. This check valve enables the entire body 120 to be filled with water thereby forcing air out of the air bleed check valve 122. Thus, pressure differentials across various tubes and walls of the equipment are avoided and pressure equalization protects the equipment at any depth.
Going to FIG. 8 of the drawings, the lines 12 and 114 are again noted and it should be observed that a different water level is shown in the two lines. The levels 202 and 204 represent pumping from the surface. Starting the pumping action makes the equipment fill with additional water as now described. The lines 112 and 114 extend to the surface. They have water in the bottom portion of the lines. In an unpowered situation, the water in the two lines will rise to the same height. Once the equipment 100 is installed at the bottom, pumping strokes are applied to it by pulsating air in the lines 112 and 114. Air pressure is reciprocated with an adequate stroke to provide a difference in the air in the lines, hence, oscillating the water lines as shown at 202 and 204. The height of the water is raised and lowered, reciprocating in the fashion of a reciprocating engine. This provides a pumping stroke to the piston 132. It is pumped by an increase in pressure above, then below and then above, etc. The stroked piston 134 draws water in through the filter 142 when stroked in one direction and water through the filter 146 when stroked in the other direction. Water is pumped from the chamber 140 into the lines 160 and 184. That ultimately results in the delivery of water through the port 162 into the inflatable bladder 102 and enlarges the packer. This is continued until the packer pressure increases and sets. Again, this is a relative pressure, i.e., an increase over prevailing or ambient pressure. When pressure is greater than ten psi, the check valve 118 opens to remove water from below the packer. Pumping removes the volume V water (see FIG. 4).
Going now to FIG. 9 of the drawings, it will be observed that pumping is continued until the check valve 118 opens. This opens that check valve and expels pumped water. This is after filling the bladder. As before, the volume V is pumped out three or four times and replaced with fresh water.
FIG. 10 shows the next step in the sequence of operation. The sample valve 126 is opened, admitting water through the filter 148, and into the sample pump 104 and filling it to the point that the hydrophobic check valve 116 closes. The line 110 assists in fluid transfer by virtue of vacuum on it. That is illustrated in FIG. 10. Going now to FIG. 11, the next step is operation of the sample pump 104. Briefly, air is forced down through the sample line and flows through the valve 116 into the sample pump 104. It forces sample out through the valve 108 which is open so that the line 106 delivers the sample to the surface.
Going now to FIG. 12 of the drawings, the equipment call be readily switched off at which time the bladder 102 collapses to the original size. This is accompanied by opening the packer relief valve 124 which empties water in the packer or bladder to the exterior through that valve. It flows out through the line 164 previously identified.
In addition, FIG. 12 shows how the water drain valves 150 and 156 drain the lines 112 and 114. They arc drained while the equipment is raised to the surface so that the lines 112 and 114 drain through the drain valves just mentioned.
An important aspect of operation of the equipment is turnover of water in the trapped portion of the well below the packer. Going back momentarily to FIG. 9, it shows in particular the purging accomplished by the pump which ejects water through the check valve 118. Water is removed from below the packer to above the packer. This is done so that the volume is turned over, referring again to the volume V mentioned with regard to FIG. 4 of the drawings. That is continued so that the volume is turned over about four times. Again, this is a relatively stable geometric measure which is repeated time and again.
Noting now the operation of the equipment that feature prepares for getting a fresh sample. Pumping through the check valve 118 assures proper water volume turnover prior to taking a sample into the sample pump. That particular step follows the operation shown in FIG. 9 and flow is along the line from below the packer to above, see FIG. 10.
The sequence of operation given above has been described as though the single sample were taken and then the equipment retrieved. In actuality, the equipment can be used to take many time separated samples. Over time, the sequence of operation can be determined by the operator subject to the control as discussed in this disclosure.
While the foregoing disclosure is directed toward preferred embodiments, the scope of the invention is set forth by the claims which follow.
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|Nov 24, 2009
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Dual piston, single phase sampling mechanism and procedure
|Jun 13, 2007
|Sep 28, 2010
|Conestoga-Rovers & Associates
|Portable discrete groundwater sampling system
|Dec 19, 2012
|Jan 26, 2016
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Electronically set and retrievable isolation devices for wellbores and methods thereof
|Jul 27, 2005
|Jun 15, 2006
|David Mundell
|Method of pumping drill cuttings and dual cylinder positive displacement pump for moving drill cuttings
|Sep 22, 2006
|Jan 25, 2007
|Blaisdell Mark K
|Method and Apparatus for Gas displacement Well Systems
|Jan 29, 2007
|May 31, 2007
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Dual Piston, Single Phase Sampling Mechanism and Procedure
|Jun 13, 2007
|Jan 31, 2008
|Herzog David W
|Portable discrete groundwater sampling system
|Jan 19, 2011
|Jul 21, 2011
|A.P. Van Den Berg Holding B.V.
|Penetration device for driving a tool, such as a soil probing or sampling tool, and assemblies of such a device, and such a tool
|Nov 20, 2013
|May 21, 2015
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Water Line Control For Sample Bottle Filling
|Nov 12, 2001
|May 15, 2002
|Schlumberger Holdings Limited
|Sample chamber with dead volume flushing
|Nov 12, 2001
|Jan 22, 2003
|Schlumberger Holdings Limited
|Sample chamber with dead volume flushing
|Feb 10, 2004
|Aug 26, 2004
|Yoram Kadman
|Apparatus and method for collecting soil solution samples
|Feb 10, 2004
|Feb 24, 2005
|Yoram Kadman
|Apparatus and method for collecting soil solution samples
|Sep 18, 2013
|Apr 3, 2014
|Device for sampling at a depth
|Dec 13, 2013
|Jun 26, 2014
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Electronically set and retrievable isolation devices for wellbores and methods thereof
|U.S. Classification
|166/264, 73/864.34
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 30, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 19, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 14, 2011
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 10, 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 27, 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110810


text:
Bernie Sanders' problems with words, numbers, facts, reality, etc.
In case you haven't heard, Bernie Sanders really doesn't like banks. He truly detests Wall Street banks, but Main Street banks aren't exactly his bag, either.
And neither are facts, or financial literacy.
On Tuesday, a tweet from his account drew a lot of derision from conservatives on Twitter, including yours truly. Here's the offending message:
"Each time"? I don't know about you, but I might pay an ATM fee once or twice per year, on those occasions when, for the sake of convenience, I knowingly use a machine not owned by my bank. It stings, and I avoid doing it as much as possible — and those are the exact reasons those fees exist.
A Sanders defender joked about the cost of "moving electrons," (yeah, bro, right on!) but there are actual costs incurred for the purchase, installation, maintenance and especially the stocking (with cash, not electrons) of ATMs. Banks would prefer not to have non-customers taxing their resources and impose fees to discourage them from doing so. (Of course, this isn't the only model: Some banks choose not to build and maintain a network of ATMs and instead reimburse customers for the fees they incur when they use other banks' machines.) And it's no coincidence that ATM fees, and other charges, have gone up since Democrats put caps on other bank fees with the
But back to those words "each time." I figured it was possible to find out exactly how often ATM users pay fees, and indeed a 2013 report from the Government Accountability Office has just those statistics.
Using 2011 data, the GAO found that financial institutions charged a fee for ATM usage about — drum roll, please — 8.4 percent of the time. That's one out of 12 times, not "each time." In fact, people used U.S. banks' ATMs more than 3 billion times that year without incurring a fee.
Now, there is one group of ATMs that did charge fees almost all the times they were used. These are the ones run by "independent ATM operators" — think the generic-branded machine you might find at a gas station — and they charged fees for 93.3 percent of transactions. That sounds like a lot, until you consider that people used bank-owned ATMs about 22 times as often as these independent ATMs, almost certainly because of those fees. They are there purely for convenience, and they charge a price for that convenience: Remember, there's a cost to ensuring they are available, with cash to dispense, on those occasions you can't make it anywhere else. In any event, if we add those transactions to the ones at bank-owned ATMs, we have a grand total of 12 percent of the time that people paid fees at ATMs in 2011.
That neither Sanders nor his supporters understand all this — or maybe just don't want to acknowledge it — is not surprising. His entire campaign is built on a foundation of financial and economic illiteracy, the notion that just because some other people have more money than the rest of us, we can take it from them, on and on and on, and only good things will happen. This makes for good fairy tales, but bad policy.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
NorthShore University HealthSystem is always looking forward, exploring the latest medical technology, approaches to treatment and leading-edge research. And throughout the natural progression of patients' lives, as their healthcare needs change, NorthShore is always there for them, with advanced care for whatever's next.
The multi-year campaign breaks down into five areas of specialty medical practice, over 75 medical group locations, community activation, an app designed to help patients manage their health, and collaborations with Mayo Clinic, and the Chicago Bears and Blackhawks professional sports teams. The campaign media buy includes print, digital and out-of-home advertising, website landing pages, television and radio broadcast, vehicle wraps, and environmental design.
Client: NorthShore University HealthSystem
Agency: 88 Brand Partners
Year: 2015-2016
Role: Design


text:
Visit North Rothbury - Best of North Rothbury
North Rothbury is a small town located in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. It is 19 km from Cessnock. In the 2011 Australian Census the suburb was home to 838 people. The town is home to a small population of the critically endangered North Rothbury Persoonia (Persoonia pauciflora).Wikipedia
Is North Rothbury in Australia on your travel bucket list? This online travel guide is all you need to have before planning your trip. When planning a trip to North Rothbury, make sure you visit its near-by prime city of Sydney. Take a short trip from North Rothbury and set some time aside to explore the Sydney. Dotted with places like Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower, The Rocks; it will definitely be a good idea. Also, to reach North Rothbury, you'll have to take a flight to Sydney; so its not really a detour. And even if it is, the city is worth paying at least a quick visit. 1-2 days is an ideal duration of visit to North Rothbury.
Don't just take a trip, let the trip take you! Have a enjoyable time at North Rothbury.
Explore the best travel planner for your visit to North Rothbury and create a flawless plan in few simple steps!


text:
Head office address
No.416 Jianye Road, South Jinqiao Area, Pudong, Shanghai, China
Zip: 201201
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{this text has numerous concerns. be sure to assist boost it or talk about these challenges around the communicate web page. (find out how and when to get rid of these template messages)
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text: In 2003 I moved from the St. Louis, Missouri area to Florida. While in Florida, the Rays reached the World Series for the first time and the Marlins won the World Series. Florida also won the College Football and Basketball championships. So I then move to North Carolina. During my stay there, UNC won the NCAA Basketball tournament. The next year it was Duke's turn. That's not all. In 2010 I move back to Missouri. So the Cardinals decide to win the World Series in 2011. I should be worth good money to a sports team.


text:
Savory Bread Pudding
Bread Pudding (Bon Temps Rouler)
- 5 cups milk
- 6 ounces sweet butter
- ¾ cup raisins
- 5 large eggs
- 2 cups white sugar
- 1 teaspoon grated fresh nutmeg
- 1 teaspoon cinnamon
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract (if available, LeRuth's vanilla bean marinade is preferable)
- ⅓ teaspoon salt
- About 15 cups of French or Italian bread torn into 2-inch chunks (2 to 3 loaves)
- Whisky sauce (see recipe)
Nutritional Information
Note: The information shown is Edamam's estimate based on available ingredients and preparation. It should not be considered a substitute for a professional nutritionist's advice.
Nutritional analysis per serving (8 servings)782 calories; 28 grams fat; 15 grams saturated fat; 0 grams trans fat; 7 grams monounsaturated fat; 2 grams polyunsaturated fat; 115 grams carbohydrates; 3 grams dietary fiber; 66 grams sugars; 17 grams protein; 177 milligrams cholesterol; 785 milligrams sodium
- In a saucepan melt the butter in the milk to scald.
- While the milk is heating, place the raisins in another saucepan with water to cover and bring to a boil to plump the raisins. Drain well and set aside.
- In a bowl whisk together the eggs, sugar, nutmeg, cinnamon, vanilla and salt. Add milk in a slow, steady stream, whisking constantly (or else the eggs will curdle). Add raisins and bread. Push down the bread to make sure it soaks up most of the custard mixture but is still very moist. Place in a buttered two-quart (about 10 inches in diameter) baking pan or earthenware crock. Place this in a larger baking pan filled halfway with hot water. Cover it all with tin foil.
- Bake at 350 degrees for about one hour. Remove tin foil and bake another 15 minutes to brown. Serve hot with whisky sauce.


text:
Tool Bottom Lyrics
sponsored linksMy compassion is broken now.
My will is eroded,
And my desire stolen and it makes me feel ugly.
I'm on my knees and burning.
My piss and moans are the fuel that set my head on fire.
So smell my soul burning.
I'm broken, looking up to see the enemy.
I have swallowed the poison you feed me
But I survive on it,
And it leaves me guilt fed, hatred fed, weakness fed.
And I feel ugly, and dead inside.
**** adds up at the bottom.
You've left me no choice but to go inside and rebuild
What's broken.
Too much, too far, too late to lie down now.
I must arm myself to fight you
By making weapons out of my imperfections.
It's all I have left.
There's no other choice.
I'm shameless, nameless, nothing, and no one now.
But my soul must be iron for my fear is naked.
I'm naked and fearless.
But I'm dead inside.
You see, **** adds up, now I'm dead inside.
Hatred, weakness, and guilt keep me alive
At the bottom.
Undertow Track Listing
1 Intolerance
2 Prison Sex
3 Sober
4 Bottom
5 Crawl Away
6 Swamp Song
7 Undertow
8 4°
9 Flood
10 [silence]
69 Disgustipated
Written by: A. Jones, D. Carey, H. Rollins, J. Keenan, P. Du0027amour
Lyrics © IMAGO MUSIC, BMG RIGHTS MANAGEMENT US, LLC


text:
Clean vehicle exterior appearance is always demanded by many people, thus we should know how to maintain the vehicle exterior look to keep it in a good performance. Manufactured by Bon-Aire, this ultimate hose nozzle is well manufactured using durable five patterns spray nozzle that brings multifunction spray tool and provide easy vehicle washing/ cleaning process. This product is well engineered with aircraft-grade aluminum, stainless, fiberglass, and comfort soft rubber grip to create optimal performance and long lasting application. This product comes in fire hose nozzle construction with unique patented two ways shut off for easy application. Available in 4" H X 3" L X 3"W, this hose nozzle is ready to provide simplest way on vehicle washing process to create better vehicle exterior appearance.
« Heavy Duty Oil Filter with High Lubricity Gasket Design and Anti-Drain Back Valve Design for Greater Engine Performance by Bosch


text:
Could "convergence" meetings such as this one coming up next month in Michigan be a sign of things to come in medical meetings? The April 4 IT Forum ``Life Sciences/Biotech: Why Here, Why Now?'' at the Crowne Plaza, 610 Hilton Blvd., in Ann Arbor, will be co-sponsored by the Ann Arbor IT Zone and The Michigan Biosciences Industry Association.
Forum speakers are Gilbert S. Omenn, M.D., Ph.D., executive vice president for Medical Affairs at the University of Michigan; James R. Baker, Jr
Register to view the full article
Register for MeetingsNet.com and gain access to premium content including the CMI 25 Listing, our monthly digital edition, the MeetingsNet app, live and on-demand webinars, and much more.
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text:
Black Belted Shirt Dress
Solve the conundrum of what to wear to after-work drinks this season with this shirt dress. Pair with peep toe block heels to complement.- Button front fastening- Collared neck- Simple long sleeves- Belted waist- Casual fit that is true to size- Midi length- Shana is 59/175cm and wears UK 10/EU 38/US 6. Size: 10.
Related Products
Black Cross Front T-Shirt
For simple style this season, try this cross front t-shirt paired with a coated skirt and peep toe block heels.- Rounded neckline- Cross front straps- Simple short sleeves- Casual fit that is true to size- Melaine is 58/173cm and wears UK 10/EU 38/US 6. Size: 10.
White Badge Embroidered Shirt
Bring embroidery into your casual wardrobe this season for smart style. Pair with straight leg jeans and peep toe block heels to complement.- Badge embroidered detail- Collared neck- Button front fastening- Simple long sleeves- Soft cotton finish- Casual fit that is true to size- Arabella is 510/178cm and wears UK 10/EU 38/US 6. Size: 18.
White Abstract Print Panel Contrast Trim T-Shirt
Complement this outspoken t-shirt with a pair of black shorts. Finish with a pair of mirrored pilot glasses.- Contrast trim- Abstract print panel- Soft cotton finish- Single pocket front- Simple short sleeves- Rounded neckline- Rob is 61/185cm and wears size Medium/Chest 96-102cm. Size: M.


text:
The last couple of weeks have been challenging. Between starting a new semester, moving for the umpteenth time, a few financial emergencies, anticipating and then accepting a full-time job – after not working full time in over a year and a half – my stress levels have been pretty much through the roof.
I am anxious and excited to begin this job, truly. But that hasn't yet elevated some very real concerns. The biggest is knowing that for the first time in her life, I won't be home with Emma. I have been so blessed to spend every day with her, to see her grow and to learn from her sweet spirit. I know I have been spoiled, as my mother didn't get as much one-on-one time with me, and many women – of necessity or choice – don't get that time with their children. I cherish that gift, and have been so thankful of the circumstances we have had that allowed that. But circumstances are notorious for changing.
Mickayeen had a remarkable first semester and has been enjoying his classes so far this spring. I am approaching graduation – although not quickly enough for my taste – and have necessarily needed to plan for when I am no longer receiving student loans. Mickayeen had previously tried working full time and going to school full time, only to find that it was impractical and unproductive for both arenas. When he determined to go back to school last year, we made the decision knowing that I would graduate and then work to support us until he is in a position to "take over".
I can't regret the decisions that have brought us here, because they were all so obviously correct and sanctioned by God. And the more recent decisions have followed neatly in line. Moving has already manifested new friends, promising outlooks, increased convenience and improved environment. This job and the process of interviewing, deciding and accepting it, were all very spirit-led. But there are still inherent challenges, even when things are right. Opposition has always accompanied goodness, because without it we would surely fail to value the many tender mercies bestowed upon us.
While being a working mom is far from the ideal, I know that God understands and supports us in this situation. I feel sure that this job, while a necessity for our financial support, has more potential and purpose in God's eyes than even what I initially see. And because of that, I am determined to work diligently, to magnify the position I have been asked to fill, and especiallyto consecrate my efforts to the Lord; for I know that through him, this job can become a divine experience for my growth and a potential stepping stone in furthering his work.
Even in the midst of these challenges, God has not failed to show me how aware he is of me. One of the biggest roadblocks this past week was finding appropriate child care for Emma – a daunting feat considering no mother wants to hand her child over to anyone with standards for the child's well-being lower than her own. Melaleuca has a wonderful off-site day care facility that we planned to use – that is until we found out they were full. My search commenced with a visit to a convenient Rexburg day care that left me with trauma issues. No way could I imagine sending Emma there full time! I just wished that I could find something like my childhood sitter. Something in a home with good values and healthy practices.
We had been planning on attending the family ward for our boundaries until one night when two brothers from the Married Student ward stopped by. We ended up chatting for over an hour and their friendliness and openness had us interested in maybe changing our plans. They encouraged me to contact the relief society president about potential sitters and she directed me to their group Facebook page where I received several quick responses from sisters willing to take Emma.
One name stood out to me in particular. After conversing and coordinating, we discovered that she lived right across the parking lot. Her nearness opened up whole new avenues as Mickayeen can now drop Emma off and pick her up at more reasonable times than my work schedule will demand. His schedule also worked out so that he can watch Emma on Tuesdays and Thursdays. If she attended daycare, she would likely be there for 10-11 hours a day.
We were able to work out a deal with this willing sister, and in doing so she professed that she had been praying for a child to watch, to bring in some extra financial support for her own family. Heavenly Father's joint awareness of us both and his perfect coordination in bringing us physically so near each other to answer one another's prayers is both baffling and wonderful in the best ways. The fact that she is a kind, sweet and strong daughter of God and that our husbands and daughters all get along swimmingly is a delicious cherry on top.
I am still easily overwhelmed at what lies ahead. Being away from home 10 hours a day, needing to cover nine credits worth of schooling and assignments, becoming an attentive and present mother with the time I have and striving to support and love my husband as much as possible is an intimidating load. I fully expect my own capacity to be insufficient. I already anticipate relying heavily on that which is stronger than me, and I am so thankful that not only I have that grace and power available to me but that I am blessed to know it. So many others who struggle do not. It's a privilege that I aim to be worthy of.


text:
Hughes & Kettner Triamp MKii with midi module and cover - $2100 One of my favorite amps, used it live and studio. Has minor tolex damage but runs like a dream, most reliable amp Iv ever had!
Triamp Specs
Hughes & Kettner VC412a cabinet - $600 Fair condition, tolex wear but works perfectly. Half the price of a new cab.
Cab Specs


text:
Lyubov Ostrovska and Vitaly Kroner have shaped their careers based on the needs of the societies in which they've lived. Ostrovska has worked as a biologist in both an academic and research-based environment, developing a method for cancer treatment. Kroner was an electrical engineer for nearly two decades before purchasing a tax office in 2007…. Read More
A Million-Dollar Legacy JWGF hits milestone, grants longer-term funding
For 13 years, a group of dedicated, impassioned Jewish women in Baltimore have been quietly making a meaningful philanthropic impact on the lives of women and girls in communities locally and abroad. And this year, they upped the ante even more. The Jewish Women's Giving Foundation is a unique agency of The Associated: Jewish Community… Read More
Man Stabbed During Home Invasion in Cheswolde
A 36-year-old Cheswolde man was stabbed in the abdomen during a home invasion in the early morning hours of Tuesday, June 7. The man, who was awake and working on his laptop, was stabbed with a sharp unknown object after he discovered an intruder in his home in the 2800 block of Cheswolde Road at… Read More
Rice, Mayors Highlight AJC Global Forum
More than 2,700 Jews from 70 countries packed the Washington Hilton earlier this week for the American Jewish Committee's annual Global Forum, which brings together leaders from around the world to discuss major issues of concern for the Jewish community. Highlighting the three-day conference was a "world leader's plenary" session on Monday night that featured… Read More
Nature and Numbers Inspire Temple's Stained Glass
Temple Isaiah sits in a rural area of Howard County. In the sanctuary, two tall, narrow, clear glass windows flank the bima — and by extension the Torah. That's how things had stood since the Reform congregation moved in 13 years ago. Last week, however, those windows were replaced by six custom-made stained glass panels…. Read More
Mid-Atlantic Media Honored by MDDC
The Baltimore Jewish Times added to its publishing honors last month at the MDDC Press Association's Editorial Awards luncheon, held May 13 at the BWI Westin hotel in Linthicum. Besting publications such as The Washington Post and The Baltimore Sun, the JT's interim managing editor, Melissa Gerr, won Best in Show for arts and entertainment… Read More
Fed Live! Honors Members, Celebrates Community
This year's Jewish Federation of Howard County's Fed Live! Stars & Stripes is sold out, and with good reason. On June 9, more than 400 attendees will enjoy the witty "we put the mock in Democracy" entertainment of The Capitol Steps and also have an opportunity to Give for Good. Fed Live! is about honoring… Read More
Unable to 'Do Everything,' Hiller Finds Her Passion
It was during college that Sarah Hiller found herself questioning the impact she could have on the world. "I was learning about all of these things wrong with the world, all of the problems faced by different communities, and I was just struck by my own perceived inability to do anything about it," says Hiller,… Read More
Painting by Numbers: 32B, 34C, 36D
At first, most were shy that afternoon last September, modestly folding their arms over their bare breasts. But it wasn't long before the 23 women who volunteered to have their chests painted to raise awareness and funds for breast cancer abandoned their inhibitions and joined together in what many described as an "empowering" experience. Organized… Read More
Anthony Weiner Lets It All Hang Out in New Documentary
It's just before Rosh Hashanah in 2013, and New York City's mayoral campaign is heating up. Disgraced former congressman Anthony Weiner, who in a surprise move had thrown his hat in the ring a few months earlier, is doing one of those obligatory photo ops at a Jewish bakery in Brooklyn. All is going well…. Read More
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text:
Buy prospering retail shop at Airwil Intellicity. ...
Category : Shops for Rent - Sale Posted : 20/06/2016 Price : 1700000.00 INR Location : Noida(Uttar Pradesh)
Airwil the foremost builder presenting commercial venture Airwil Intellicity at plush location of Noida Extension. The spaces are available for office space, virtual space, IT space and others, these spaces loaded with the ultramodern amenities. The project has been designed miraculously with ample parking space.
Location Advantages:
Project Name: Airwil Intellicity
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Deliverables: Create a website that contains a PHP Login System which displays a user's details once they are logged in.
Project For: Sheridan College – CCT 360 – Intermediate Web Design
See It Live* // Check my code on GitHub
Project Requirements:
Project must contain the following pages built in PHP
1. Homepage + Login Page
2. User Registration Page
3. Registration Confirmation Page
4. Login Failed (wrong username / password)
5. User Profile page / Edit details – only viewable to logged in users.
PHP Login
Login To BatTeam
Fighting Crime is easy with BatTeam
Login / Join
Incorrect Info
Write PHP code to inform users when they enter wrong username or password.
Find where to fight crime or edit BatTeam details.
Incorrect Details!
Wrong info - you won't catch Joker like that!
Toronto Police Crime Stats
"Find where to fight crime" linked to Toronto Police Services.
Logout Screen
"When you're ready to fight crime again."
Not being a designer and being very new to the 'web developer' space when assigned this project, I had more fun building story boards and architecting my content than actually writing code; who knew that would become my 'thing.' While my PHP Login System worked, I encourage you to check it out. Not because it's amazing, (70% – ouch) but because of the building blocks of what I had the opportunity to learn.
* I know you want to join the BatTeam – so definitely try to check out my login page, however please note it is hosted on Sheridan's servers, so at one point it may no longer be hosted to free up band width for new creative geniuses.
Batman logo and Joker images property of DC Comics.


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This year marks 150 years of the Football Association and a landmark in the development of a sport now followed by billions around the globe. Joe Curtis looks back at the contribution of a Chingford resident who played a pivotal role in shaping the modern game.
The son of a wealthy shipping merchant, Charles William Alcock enjoyed all the trappings of class privilege.
He was educated at Harrow and lived in the family mansion, Sunny Side, on the corner of Kings Head Hill and Woodberry Way in Chingford.
However, Alcock's achievements would later challenge class divisions by bringing people from all walks of life together to enjoy the beautiful game.
He developed a passion for football at school at a time when class defined what version of the game was played.
Upper class players had more time to develop their skills and a good diet ensured they had more energy to dribble with the ball, while the working class version was more violent and based on passing.
But with the founding by Alcock and two friends of the Forest Club in the 1860s, which first played in Wanstead and Leytonstone, local people from a variety of backgrounds played together under new association rules, which formed the basis of the modern game.
The team later became known as the Wanderers because it played at various locations across London.
Mark Wilson is secretary of the club, which was reformed as a charitable trust in 2009, and is proud to uphold the principles established by Alcock.
Commenting on the mix of people, he said: "It made a big difference. You were both just a guys, there was nothing separating you. You were equal.
"It's amazing to have restarted the club. I get contacted by people from all around the world.
"It's nice to play it in the spirit Charles Alcock started it in, which is about fairness and equality."
As well as becoming renowned as a hard-working and effective centre forward, Alcock became an influential administrator of the game in his role as Football Association secretary.
He is credited with being responsible for arranging the first ever international match, a game between England and Scotland in 1870 at The Oval in south London which ended 1-1.
Alcock himself would later score in a 2-2 draw between the countries in 1875.
Inspired by the 'sudden death' inter-house competitions held at Harrow, Alcock in 1871 proposed the following: "That it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association, for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete."
The world-famous FA Cup was born.
A total of 15 teams took part in the first competition, with Alcock's Wanderers beating the Royal Engineers 1-0 in the final.
The two teams recently commemorated the game by playing again, but this time with a very different outcome.
Mr Wilson said: "We lost 3-1. It was great fun but they were much more professional than us."
Alcock is also a famous name in cricket having played for Middlesex and Essex, while organising the first test match to be played in England when the hosts met Australia in 1880.
He was also a renowned sports journalist, having written the first football annual and edited the Cricket newspaper for almost 25 years.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 9, 2003
|Filing date
|Sep 26, 2002
|Priority date
|Sep 27, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yoshio Okahata, Toshiaki Mori, Yuri Tsuchiya
|Original Assignee
|Asahi Glass Company, Limited, Yoshio Okahata
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (11), Classifications (24), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a method for producing a fluoropolymer in the presence of fluoroform and water.
Heterogeneous polymerization employing supercritical carbon dioxide has been proposed. Carbon dioxide is inexpensive and safe and presents little influence over the environment, and it is thus preferred as a solvent for polymerization. U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,882 to DeSimone et al discloses a heterogeneous polymerization method for synthesizing a water-insoluble polymer in carbon dioxide. This heterogeneous reaction mixture contains carbon dioxide, a monomer and a surfactant, but does not contain water or a water-rich phase.
Further, carbon dioxide is used as a polymerization medium for polymerization of a hydrocarbon type monomer and a fluoromonomer. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,522,228 to Fukui et al discloses a method for polymerizing a vinyl monomer employing a hydrocarbon type polymerization initiator in carbon dioxide. U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,845 to Slocum et al discloses a method for gas phase polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and another fluoromonomer diluted with gaseous carbon dioxide. WO93/20116 by DeSimone of North Carolina University, discloses a method for producing a fluoropolymer, wherein a fluoromonomer is solubilized and polymerized in a solvent containing carbon dioxide. In this example, a fluoromonomer selected from the group consisting of a fluoroacrylate, a fluoroolefin, a fluorostyrene, a fluorovinyl ether and a fluoroalkylene oxide, is used.
In the foregoing examples, in each case, carbon dioxide in a supercritical state is employed, but there is no case where fluoroform in a supercritical state is used.
WO00/47641 discloses a polymerization method for a fluoropolymer in a supercritical state of a fluorocarbon. However, there is no disclosure or indication about a medium wherein a fluorocarbon in a supercritical state and water are coexistent.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a fluoropolymer, wherein an inexpensive and environmentally preferred medium is used, and a formed polymer can be separated from the medium relatively easily. Namely, the object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a fluoropolymer, which comprises polymerizing a monomer containing a fluoromonomer having a polymerizable double bond in a medium containing fluoroform and water, under a condition such that fluoroform is in a supercritical state.
That is, the present invention provides a method for producing a fluoropolymer, which comprises polymerizing a monomer containing a fluoromonomer having a polymerizable double bond, using an initiator, in a medium containing fluoroform and water, under a condition such that fluoroform is in a supercritical state.
Now, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments.
The method for producing a fluoropolymer of the present invention is carried out in a medium containing fluoroform and water under a condition such that fluoroform is in a supercritical state. By letting fluoroform be in a supercritical state, the dispersion state of the resulting fluoropolymer will be good.
Usually, gas becomes liquid upon application of pressure, but at a temperature higher than the critical temperature specific to the gas, it will not be liquefied even if pressure is applied and will be in a supercritical state having a nature intermediate between liquid and gas. In a supercritical state, it is capable of dissolving many substances like a liquid and exhibits high flowability like a gas. As conditions to bring fluoroform in a supercritical state, the critical temperature is about 26� C., and the pressure is at least about 48.5 MPa.
In the present invention, the degree of polymerization of the fluoropolymer to be produced, can be controlled by changing the mixing ratio of fluoroform and water as the medium. The mixing ratio of fluoroform/water in the medium is preferably from 1/99 to 99/1 by mass ratio. It is more preferably from 10/90 to 90/10, most preferably from 30/70 to 70/30.
The fluoromonomer in the present invention is a fluoromonomer having a polymerizable double bond. As such a fluoromonomer, a monomer having at least one fluorine atom, perfluoroalkyl group or perfluoroalkoxy group, which is bonded directly to the polymerizable double bond, is preferred.
Specific examples include a fluoroolefin such as tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride or chlorotrifluoroethylene, a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) such as perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), perfluoro(ethyl vinyl ether) or perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether), a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) having a functional group, such as CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO2F or CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2CO2CH3, a fluoromonomer having an alicyclic structure, such as perfluoro(2,2-dimethyldioxazole), a fluoromonomer having a curable site, such as bromotrifluoroethylene, and a (perfluoroalkyl)ethylene having a perfluoroalkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. These monomers may be used alone or in combination as a mixture of two or more of them. The fluoromonomer may be gaseous or liquid.
The fluoromonomer is preferably at least one member selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), more preferably tetrafluoroethylene. Tetrafluoroethylene has good polymerizability, and the resulting polymer has a wide range of industrial applications.
It is also preferred that the monomer in the present invention contains a monomer other than the fluoromonomer. As the monomer other than the fluoromonomer, a monomer copolymerizable with the fluoromonomer, is preferred, and a hydrocarbon type monomer having a polymerizable double bond, is more preferred.
Specific examples for the monomer other than the fluoromonomer include an olefinic monomer such as ethylene, propylene, isoprene, chloroprene, butadiene or vinyl chloride, a vinyl carboxylate monomer such as vinyl acetate, a (meth)acrylate monomer such as an alkyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, an alkyl acrylate, acrylic acid or acrylamide, a styrene monomer such as styrene or tert-butylstyrene, a vinyl ether monomer such as ethyl vinyl ether, n-butyl vinyl ether, hydroxybutyl vinyl ether or cyclohexyl vinyl ether, acrylonitrile, and maleic anhydride.
The content of the monomer is preferably from 1 to 100 parts by mass, more preferably from 5 to 50 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the total of water and fluoroform as the medium.
In the method for producing a fluoropolymer of the present invention, an initiator is used. Preferably, a water-soluble initiator is used. When a water-soluble initiator is used, the residue of the initiator dissolves in the water phase after polymerization and scarcely remains as an impurity in the resulting polymer.
The water-soluble initiator may, for example, be an inorganic peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide, persulfate ions, potassium permanganate or disuccinic acid peroxide, an alkali metal persulfate or bisulfate, ammonium persulfate, ferrous sulfate, silver nitrate, copper sulfate, or a redox initiator made of a combination thereof.
The initiator is used preferably in an amount of from 0.00001 to 3.0 parts by mass, more preferably from 0.0001 to 1.0 part by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the monomer.
To the medium in the present invention, a water-soluble additive may be incorporated. Such a water-soluble additive may, for example, be a surfactant, a stabilizer, an acid, a base, a salt, a pH buffering agent or an alcohol.
The surfactant may, for example, be an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant or a polymer surfactant.
The anionic surfactant may, for example, be perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts (inclusive of sodium and ammonium salts).
The cationic surfactant is preferably e.g. a stearyltrimethylammonium halide or a laurylstearyltrimethylammonium halide (inclusive of chloride and bromide).
The nonionic surfactant is preferably e.g. polyethylene oxide lauryl ether or polyethylene oxide octyl phenyl ether.
The amphoteric surfactant is preferably e.g. dimethyllaurylbetain. The surfactant is more preferably an anionic surfactant, most preferably perfluorooctanoic acid or its salt.
The stabilizer is preferably a polymer stabilizer. Specifically, poly(vinyl alcohol), hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium styrenesulfonate, poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(acrylic acid)sodium salt, may, for example, be mentioned.
In the method for producing a fluoropolymer of the present invention, as an additive other than those mentioned above, an additive such as a chain transfer agent which has a function to control the physical or chemical properties of the resulting fluoropolymer, may be incorporated.
The chain transfer agent may, for example, be an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol, a mercaptan such as ethylmercaptan or butylmercaptan, a sulfide such as butyl sulfide, a halogenated hydrocarbon such as an alkyl iodide, perfluoroalkyl iodide, an alkyl bromide, a perfluoroalkyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride or chloroform, or an alkane such as ethane or methylcyclohexane.
In the present invention, a compound to accelerate generation of radicals from the initiator, may be incorporated. Usually, if such a compound is incorporated, the polymerization can be carried out at a low temperature as compared with a case where no such compound is incorporated. As such a compound, a reducing agent such as sodium sulfite, ammonium sulfite or sodium hydroxymethylsulfinate, which forms a redox system, sulfur dioxide, ultraviolet rays, etc., may be mentioned.
In the method for producing a fluoropolymer of the present invention, the polymerization of the monomer is carried out under such a condition that fluoroform becomes a supercritical state. Particularly, it is preferred that the temperature is from 30� C. to 200� C., and the pressure is from 10 MPa to 60 MPa, and it is more preferred that the temperature is from 60� C. to 150� C., and the pressure is from 10 MPa to 30 MPa.
The method for producing a fluoropolymer of the present invention is carried out preferably in a high pressure reactor or in a tubular reactor to polymerize the monomer in a batch system or continuously. The reactor is preferably equipped with a heating means such as an electric heater for heating to a desired temperature, a mixing means such as a paddle type stirrer, an impeller stirrer, a multistage impact counter-current stirrer or a vane type stirrer, to sufficiently mix the initiator, the medium, the monomer, etc. (hereinafter referred to as a reaction mixture), a cooling device to remove the polymerization heat, etc.
As the polymerization procedure in the present invention, the following may be mentioned as examples.
Procedure in which the monomer and the initiator are introduced into an autoclave, fluoroform and the water phase are added thereto, then the autoclave is closed, and the reaction mixture is brought to the predetermined polymerization temperature and pressure.
Procedure in which only a part of the reaction mixture is introduced into an autoclave and heated to a predetermined polymerization temperature and pressure, and the rest of the reaction mixture is supplied by a pump at a speed corresponding to the polymerization rate.
Procedure in which a part of the monomer is firstly introduced into an autoclave containing the entire amount of fluoroform, and the monomer is supplied together with the initiator to the autoclave by a pump depending upon the speed of the progress of the polymerization.
Various means may be used to separate the fluoropolymer from the reaction mixture containing fluoroform and water, after completion of the polymerization. For example, it is preferred that the fluoropolymer is separated from the reaction mixture simply by purging fluoroform into the atmosphere, and then the fluoropolymer is isolated by a physical means such as filtration.
The fluoropolymer produced by the method of the present invention, may be used for applications wherein conventional fluoropolymers are commonly used, and it may be used particularly preferably for applications such as wire coatings, gaskets, seals, container linings, hoses, elastomers, valves, bottles, films, fibers and protective coatings.
Now, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to Examples. However, it should be understood that the present invention is by no means restricted to such specific Examples.
Into a 13.5 ml stainless steel reactor equipped with a stirrer chip type stirrer, 17.8 mg of ammonium persulfate and 9.45 ml of water were added. The reactor was deaerated and then sufficiently cooled by liquid nitrogen, whereupon 0.80 g of tetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter referred to as TFE) was blown thereinto. Then, while slowly adding fluoroform, the temperature was gradually raised to 40� C., and when the internal pressure became 10.1 MPa at 40� C., injection of fluoroform was terminated. Then, the internal temperature was raised to 80� C., and stirring was initiated. The stirring was continued at 80� C. for 18 hours, and then, the pressure of the reactor was released, whereupon the reactor was opened, and the content was recovered. The aqueous phase was filtered off, followed by drying to obtain 0.13 g of a fluoropolymer. The yield of the fluoropolymer was 16%. The molecular weight of the fluoropolymer calculated from the crystallization calory by DSC was about 2.1�104.
The polymerization was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the termination of the injection of fluoroform was at 40� C. under 17.2 MPa, whereby 0.16 g of a fluoropolymer was obtained. The yield of the fluoropolymer was 20%. The molecular weight of the fluoropolymer calculated from the crystallization calory by DSC was about 2.2�104.
The polymerization was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the termination of injection of fluoroform was at 40� C. under 25.3 MPa, whereby 0.21 g of a fluoropolymer was obtained. The yield of the fluoropolymer was 27%. The molecular weight of the fluoropolymer calculated from the crystallization calory by DSC was about 3.1�104.
According to the method of the present invention, a fluoropolymer can be produced without using a solvent which is expensive and undesirable for the environment. Fluoroform in a supercritical state is able to dissolve various monomers, whereby various fluoropolymers can be produced, and their molecular weight distribution can be made narrow. Further, fluoroform and water are used as the polymerization medium, whereby various additives may be incorporated to control the polymerization reaction or to control the structure and physical properties of the fluoropolymer to be formed. Further, separation of the obtained fluoropolymer is easy.
Further, the polymerization method of the present invention can be carried out on an industrial scale by means of a conventional polymerization apparatus.
The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-296067 filed on Sep. 27, 2001 including specification, claims and summary is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 15, 1967
|Jul 28, 1970
|Sumitomo Chemical Co
|Novel method for polymerizing a vinyl compound in the presence of a carbon dioxide medium
|May 17, 1978
|Aug 28, 1979
|Asahi Glass Company, Ltd.
|Terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene and fluorovinyl ether and process for producing the same
|Mar 10, 1988
|Aug 29, 1989
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Polymerization of fluoroolefins
|Sep 22, 1989
|Apr 21, 1992
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Process for the production of finely dispersed polymer mixtures
|Mar 1, 1995
|Dec 26, 1995
|Bayer Corporation
|Process for the production of polyesters using enzymes and supercritical fluids
|Jul 7, 1995
|Jul 14, 1998
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Supersatmospheric reaction
|Jun 7, 2000
|Dec 24, 2002
|North Carolina State University
|Method for meniscus coating with liquid carbon dioxide
|Sep 25, 1997
|Jul 21, 1999
|Daikin Industries, Ltd.
|Process for the polymerization of fluorinated olefin monomers
|Feb 10, 2000
|Apr 3, 2002
|Daikin Industries, Ltd.
|Process for producing fluoropolymer
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Feb 26, 1993
|Oct 14, 1993
|The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill
|Method of making fluoropolymers
|Feb 10, 2000
|Aug 17, 2000
|Daikin Industries, Ltd.
|Process for producing fluoropolymer
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 27, 2004
|Oct 20, 2005
|Enzo Life Sciences Inc.,
|Composition of matter comprising library of analytes hybridized to nucleic acid array for generating complex formation and signaling domains
|May 21, 2004
|Nov 24, 2005
|Gangadhar Panambur
|High performance polymer electrolyte with improved thermal and chemical characteristics
|May 28, 2004
|Dec 1, 2005
|Mada Kannan Arunachala N
|Process of producing a novel MEA with enhanced electrode/electrolyte adhesion and performancese characteristics
|Oct 26, 2004
|Apr 27, 2006
|Gangadhar Panambur
|Novel compositions of monomers, oligomers and polymers and methods for making the same
|Oct 26, 2004
|Apr 27, 2006
|Gangadhar Panambur
|Novel compositions of monomers, oligomers and polymers and methods for making the same
|Oct 26, 2004
|Apr 27, 2006
|Gangadhar Panambur
|Novel compositions of monomers, oligomers and polymers and methods for making the same
|Oct 27, 2004
|May 18, 2006
|Peter Jansz
|Diagnosing a path in a storage network
|Aug 28, 2003
|Jun 8, 2006
|Mitsuo Tsukamoto
|Process for production of fluoropolymer
|Feb 22, 2006
|Aug 31, 2006
|Hoku Scientific, Inc. - A Delaware Corp.
|High performance polymer electrolyte with improved thermal and chemical characteristics
|May 8, 2008
|Jul 15, 2010
|Klaus Hintzer
|Process for removing fluorinated compounds from an aqueous phase originating from the preparation of fluoropolymers
|May 8, 2008
|Dec 31, 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Process for removing fluorinated compounds from an aqueous phase originating from the preparation of fluoropolymers
|U.S. Classification
|526/206, 526/250, 526/89, 526/942, 526/229
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 26, 2002
Owner name: ASAHI GLASS COMPANY, LIMITED, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OKAHATA, YOSHIO;MORI, TOSHIAKI;TSUCHIYA, YURI;REEL/FRAME:013336/0249
Effective date: 20020810
Owner name: OKAHATA, YOSHIO, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OKAHATA, YOSHIO;MORI, TOSHIAKI;TSUCHIYA, YURI;REEL/FRAME:013336/0249
Effective date: 20020810
|Jun 20, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 9, 2007
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 29, 2008
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20071209


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On the heels of its re-categorization of U.S. funds, Morningstar this month is launching a new foreign funds classification system that the company hopes will aid fund-owners in investment decisions. The move follows a similar move by Lipper in late July to retool its own international classifications.
Morningstar said it made the move to combat the increased specialization in recent years of the foreign-stock mutual fund market. That, coupled with investors' growing tendency to invest in smaller foreign companies, led to a decision that would help the investors understand differences among foreign funds much as they do domestic funds a no-brainer.
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