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(This page revised September 21, 2017)
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World War II had profound effects on the home front, in almost every aspect of civilian life. Rubber and gasoline rationing changed travel habits, creating a boom in railroad ridership — so much so that the U.S. government found it necessary to produce posters reading, "Millions of troops are on the move… Is YOUR trip necessary?" Quotas on fuel oil made knitting fashionable again as families needed sweaters to keep warm in winter, and many women also knitted socks and scarves to be sent to the troops in the field. Diets changed as meat, butter, coffee, and sugar were rationed, and people saved their extra waste fat and turned it in at the butcher shop to be sent off and made into explosives. Victory Gardens sprang up everywhere to supply more fresh vegetables. Limits on clothing and shoes turned many housewives into seamstresses and even cobblers — and skirts got shorter. As the lyrics of a song by the Hoosier Hotshots put it, "So we'll eat less, and see a bit more, if it's gonna help win the war." The war even touched that most prosaic of tools, the pen.
The principal effect on U.S. pen manufacture resulted from the War Production Board's restrictions. Rubber, steel, aluminum, brass, petroleum, and other raw materials were designated as critical war resources and strictly rationed, with most of the supply going to the manufacture and shipping of war matériel and the operation of the Allied war machine. Pen companies had to scale back their pen production, devoting their efforts instead to manufacturing war goods. (In November 1942, the WPB limited production of fountain pens to 46% of 1941 output.)
Companies that excelled in war production received the Army-Navy "E" Award for Excellence in Production, and they proudly displayed the award banner (shown to the left above) at their factories and in their advertising. The G. S. Parker Pen Company received the "E" Award on October 29, 1943, for the production of bomb and shell fuzes, and the W. A. Sheaffer Pen Company received it on May 13, 1944, for the production of bomb fuzes and aircraft radio tuners. The enameled sterling silver lapel pin shown to the right above is one of those given to Sheaffer's employees at the company's award ceremony. The poster shown directly to the right is one of a series that companies that had received the award would display in their factories to encourage workers to keep up their efforts. Some companies also provided additional awards to their workforces. The Parker "51" shown here, engraved to commemorate the awards ceremony, was given to a Parker employee:
Advertise It Even If You Can't Sell It!
The heart of a free-market economy, even in the midst of a war that caused severe shortages, was advertising. But how to advertise a product you can't sell? American companies came up with many ways to do that, and the first and best guideline was to play on the people's patriotism. A classic example of this technique was the advertisement shown to the left, which appeared in The Saturday Evening Post in 1944, comparing the streamlined look and smooth performance of the Parker "51" to those of the North American P-51 Mustang fighter. Of course, you might not be able to buy a "51" right then because fountain pen production was restricted by the government, but (as the ad was careful to point out) the "World's Most Wanted Pen" was worth the wait.
Furniture Goes Down- or Up-Market…
Brass was the base metal for most pen furniture (clips, levers, and cap bands). With brass restricted, manufacturers turned to other metals. While cheap pens appeared with thinly gold-plated furniture of low-grade steel, first-tier models from the Big Four manufacturers acquired more intrinsic value in the form of gold-filled parts made with sterling silver instead of brass. (This material is not vermeil, which is plated, not sandwiched, and has much less actual gold in its makeup). Here are a cheap pen (Chicago Conklin, with a plated steel nib and painted-on cap bands) and a more expensive one (Sheaffer's "TRIUMPH", introduced in May 1942):
The use of sterling silver as the base material for clips, cap bands, and other trim led to an interesting phenomenon. Gold and silver are chemically similar, and over time, silver ions migrated upward through the gold and formed a new layer atop the gold. The migrated silver, which was deposited absolutely uniformly, then tarnished to a color that can best be described as "gunmetal" and might be believed to have been intentional. This phenomenon is most frequently seen on Sheaffer and Eversharp pens. Illustrated to the left is the cap from a Sheaffer Tuckaway, showing the appearance of the silver layer on the clip and band. Fortunately for modern collectors, the silver can be removed easily; to the right is the same cap after restoration.
…While Some Nibs Go Up-Market
Because steel was a critical resource in the U.S., many lesser pen makers, among them David Kahn Inc. and the Morrison Fountain Pen Company, began fitting their pens with gold nibs. They were fortunate because the price of gold in America remained relatively stable, floating at about $35.00 per Troy ounce from late 1941 to the end of 1945. With an average nib weighing approximately 0.5 to 0.6 gram, the value of the gold in most third-tier nibs was 40¢ or less, a rise in cost that was relatively easy to absorb. A few manufacturers, notably Esterbrook, began producing nibs of a less costly silver-palladium alloy. Shown to the left is a silver-palladium Esterbrook 8668 nib.
As can be seen from some of the pens illustrated in this article, some third-tier manufacturers managed to stick with steel. It is reasonable to conjecture that these companies had determined that continuing to use stainless steel for nibs and mild steel for clips would not exceed their allotment under WPB regulations.
Material Restrictions Lead to Changes, but That's Not Always a Bad Thing!
Because of their popularity among collectors, the Parker Vacumatic and "51" are widely recognized as having "gone under the knife" due to material restrictions. The Vacumatic's filler pump was made almost entirely of metal, primarily aluminum. With aluminum needed for aircraft manufacture, Parker went back to the drawing board and redesigned the filler, producing a new version that used much less aluminum and was also less costly and less likely to jam or suffer corrosion. The new filler's plunger is made of celluloid and features an external spring instead of the one enclosed by the older tubular aluminum plunger. Here are a 1939 Vacumatic Speedline Major (upper) and a 1946 Vacumatic Major (lower):
As the war went on, Parker tried further refinements of the new filler; the final version appeared in late 1943 or early 1944 and is made entirely of plastic except for the spring. This all-plastic version is sometimes cemented into the pen barrel very securely and can be very difficult to remove when diaphragm replacement is required. Parker retained the new filler design after the end of the war but reverted to metal for the two collars that secure the diaphragm and the filler itself into the pen.
Parker also responded to the restrictions on brass by switching to a silver base for its furniture, and it took an additional step by redesigning the exterior of its pens to eliminate the blind-cap tassie. This change saved material, and — like the filler redesign — reduced the manufacturing cost of the pens. Shown here are the same two Vacumatics illustrated above:
More immediately important to most pen companies' designers, however, was the restriction on rubber. Pens that used only a little rubber, like Parker's Vacumatic and Sheaffer's Vacuum-Fil models, could skate through with minor functional changes; but pens that used more rubber, i.e., anything with a sac, presented a problem. Sac pens continued in production, but there were far fewer of them, proportionally speaking. Sheaffer's Vacuum-Fil, with its tiny rubber usage, was immensely popular among those who could afford it; this was fortunate because Sheaffer, in response to the WPB's enactment of serious restrictions on rubber in October 1942, ceased manufacturing lever-filling pens. Thus, the number of lever-filling "TRIUMPH" pens produced was minuscule in comparison with the much greater numbers of the Vacuum-Fil "TRIUMPH" version.
When the U.S. went to war in December 1941, Parker had just introduced the revolutionary "51", whose body is made of Lucite® (acrylic). The war put the success of the "51" in jeopardy because Lucite was suddenly needed in greater quantities for aircraft canopies. Parker did continue making the "51", but in severely restricted numbers — of which the majority went to the military. The difficulty of obtaining a "51" in the civilian market only heightened the pen's desirability; Parker's wartime advertising used patriotic sentiments to capitalize on the obstacles to owning the pen, and "51" sales took off like a rocket after the war ended. The 1944 advertisement shown to the left, which appeared in The Saturday Evening Post, explained that more than half of the already-limited "51" production was being delivered to the military "under Priority AA-1 orders." What it carefully does not say is that the U.S. military did not procure fountain pens from Parker or any other manufacturer. Pens issued to clerical and other staff were wooden-handled dip pens with nibs made of ordinary steel, not stainless. The fountain pens that went to the military were sold in Stateside and rear-area NEXes and PXes, where officers and enlisted personnel alike could buy whatever pens their budgets could afford. Writing letters was such a popular pastime that it was the subject of songs like "Dear Mom." The U.S. Marine in the photograph to the right is writing a letter home with an Eversharp Skyline that he probably bought at an NEX.
Changes in Body Materials
Parker was able to obtain enough Lucite that it did not have to cease "51" production entirely, and because celluloid was not on the critical materials list, Parker and other companies were able to continue making most of their pens using the same body materials as before. The L. E. Waterman Company, on the other hand, appears to have seen the war coming and taken steps to forestall a materials crisis. Waterman's Hundred Year Pen, introduced in 1939 and made of Lucite, was produced in black and transparent red, green, and blue. In 1940, Waterman introduced another Lucite pen, the $5.00 model 515. Here are a red 1940 Hundred Year Pen and a red 515:
The first step toward working around what promised to be serious material restrictions was an unpublicized change, as late-production 1940 Hundred Year Pens (made in early-to-mid 1941) acquired some celluloid body parts. The black Hundred Year Pen shown here has a Lucite cap and a celluloid barrel:
Things went further, however. The Hundred Year Pen took on a dramatically different (but rather more conventional) style for the 1941 Christmas season, as before the bombing of Pearl Harbor the company had already introduced its new pens. The Hundred Year Pen wore a new body of celluloid, offered with or without a transparent barrel end that was an apparent nod to the transparency of the barrels of previous models. The 515 gained a new name, becoming the Commando; it, too, was made of celluloid and offered with a choice of transparent or opaque barrel ends. In 1945, when Waterman introduced the Taperite, some trim versions of that model also had transparent barrel ends. Here are a burgundy 1941 Hundred Year Pen and a black Commando, both made of celluloid. (The amber barrel end on the Hundred Year Pen may look odd on a burgundy, but it is correct; for the first year of production, all celluloid Hundred Year Pens had amber ends except the black version, whose end was clear. Waterman did not offer celluloid pens with red barrel ends.)
Another material change, one that was probably seen as a technological advancement rather than merely as a way to cope with the exigencies of war, was Eversharp's transition from celluloid to polystyrene in the manufacture of its Skyline pens. At the outset of the war, all Skylines were celluloid. I. G. Farben had pioneered polystyrene production in Germany before the rise of Adolf Hitler, and when the material became available in the U.S., Eversharp adopted it. There are several significant advantages to polystyrene as a pen material, principal among which is that — unlike celluloid, which must be made ahead and cured for several months — it is sold in pellet form and can be fabricated very rapidly on demand by injection molding. This process eliminates most of the costly machining required to produce a pen body from celluloid rod. Polystyrene also resists the corrosive action of ink, making it a material of choice for use in pens that could handle the new faster-drying formulas then appearing on the market.
Polystyrene could not be made in the brilliantly patterned colors that were available with celluloid, and this minor deficiency led to the eventual discontinuation of the Modern Stripe Skylines. Eversharp continued to produce striated celluloid caps, however, because the sleeve that makes the body of a Skyline cap can be formed easily from sheet stock. Shown here are a green Modern Stripe Skyline in celluloid and a Jet Black Skyline in polystyrene:
Eversharp was not the only maker to adopt polystyrene. David Kahn Inc. had been experimenting with injection molding since David Kahn himself had purchased equipment for the process in Germany in the late 1920s, some years before I. G. Farben had perfected the process. Kahn's company contributed to the war effort by producing huge quantities of injection-molded valve caps for inner tubes to go into jeep and truck tires. The company further capitalized on the cost of the valve-cap molding dies by using them to mold blind caps for the button-filling Wearever Pacemaker (pictured below, upper), a celluloid Parker Striped Duofold knockoff that Kahn introduced during the war. Kahn also produced polystyrene pens under the Wearever brand, beginning with the 1944 introduction of the Zenith (below, lower).
Waterman's new celluloid design, while it produced aesthetically attractive pens, had a consequence that made the Hundred Year Pen's century-long guarantee a sad joke. Celluloid is a relatively unstable material, unfortunately. Its instability appears as ambering (discoloration) and, in more severe cases, as crystallization, crazing, cracking, and eventual crumbling. The tendency to crystallize is inversely proportional to the curing time and the amount of colorant in the celluloid, and it is directly proportional to the object's thickness. The combination of these factors has led to the disintegration of the transparent barrel ends on celluloid Waterman pens that featured this design, including Hundred Year Pens, Commandos, and Taperites. (The burgundy Hundred Year Pen shown above has had its barrel end professionally replaced with a more stable material.)
The worst disadvantage of Eversharp's polystyrene did not become evident until some decades after the Skyline ended its product life in 1948. The early and relatively untested resin formulation that the company used has turned out to be unstable: the pens fade, and they deteriorate mechanically to the point of becoming brittle and frangible. Polystyrene Skyline inner caps, molded integrally with the cap derby, are sometimes found in a crumbled state.
David Kahn Inc. had perhaps a decade's experience with polystyrene before Eversharp got into the fray, and in that time Kahn's people had learned a thing or two that turned out to be beneficial. Wartime molded Wearever pens do not appear to be subject to the crumbling decay that ruins some Eversharps.
The "Real Deal"
In every country that was involved in the war, patriotism sprang up everywhere. In some countries, you were patriotic "or else"; in others, patriotism was the natural outgrowth of the fact that the home front was as much a part of the war as were the young men and women who were off fighting somewhere. Especially in the United States, where the home front was virtually untouched by the ravages of the conflict, manufacturers played on people's patriotic sentiments (as noted earlier) to sell their products. This type of merchandising affected pens, of course, and it also affected accessories and ephemera related to pens. One obvious example was advertising blotters. A staple of a world in which the principal writing instrument was the fountain pen, advertising blotters were given away by many businesses, and some companies' blotters got a wartime makeover. Shown to the left are several blotters from a series titled "America's Finest Planes," produced to promote Bond Bread, a product of the General Baking Company of New York.
Perhaps the pen model best known specifically as a wartime pen is Morrison's Patriot, which was also advertised by a peripheral product, in this case matchbooks like the one to the right above. The Patriot had been introduced before the United States became a combatant, and it was produced in versions honoring the four U.S. military services and several other organizations such as the American Legion and Britain's Royal Air Force. The Blue Star Mothers, an organization of American mothers who had sons or daughters in the service, was conceived by U.S. Army Captain George Humphrey Maines and founded in Flint, Michigan, in February 1942, and Morrison even made a Blue Star Mothers Patriot. Here are Army, Navy, Air Corps, and Marine Corps Patriots:
Each of the service pens has the crest of its service, cast in sterling silver and gold plated, glued to the cap crown. The cap-crown emblem to the right of the pens, cast in sterling and enamel filled, is for the Blue Star Mothers. The most significant feature of these pens, however, is not the external design, but the internal one that resulted from the progressively stricter rationing of critical war resources. When limits were established on the use of steel, Morrison switched to gold nibs; and in late 1942, when the WPB published an almost crippling limitation on rubber (which was needed for tires for military vehicles), Morrison began producing a version of its Patriot that complied with new regulations. This new version used a syringe (Post) filler, with the entire barrel screwing off to expose the filling unit. Except for the disappearance of the filling lever, the new Patriot was exactly the same in appearance as the old.
The new Patriot lived up to its name when it came to conserving critical war resources. Except for the filler's two gaskets, the nib, and the metal parts on the cap, the entire pen, including the section and feed, was made of celluloid.
Wartime pens in America did not spring suddenly into existence after Pearl Harbor. In Chicago, Illinois, Solomon M. Sager, founder of the Sager Pen Corporation, realized early on that Yankee troops would be going into battle. His response was to reintroduce the trench pen, which had appeared during World War I. Trench pens were eyedropper fillers that made their own ink by mixing a dried ink pellet or tablet with water in the barrel; but Sager's version — which he intended to be used by civilians as well — added the multiple-fill feature pioneered in the '20s and '30s. Sager even set up the Graphomatic Corporation to be the manufacturer of his new Inkmaker pens. Shown here is an Inkmaker in "Military Khaki"; the pens also appeared in Jet Black, Burgundy, and Navy Blue:
Sager was careful in designing the Inkmaker to ensure that it met the needs of the military audience, foremost of which (after eliminating the need to carry bottled ink in the field) was a military clip, so that the pen would not disturb the appearance of a soldier's uniform while being carried in his pocket. He also ensured that it used no potentially critical resources: the nib was 14K gold, the clip was made of the same plastic as the pen body, the cap band and section trim were made of gold-plated sterling silver, and there was no rubber anywhere in the pen.
Good Ideas Should Be Shared
Morrison's Patriot was not the only syringe-filling pen to appear during World War II. With virtually crippling restrictions on the amount of rubber available for pen manufacture, and with the Rev. Woodruff Post's patent (U.S. Patent No 510,145) long since expired, cheap pens with syringe fillers (including the blue Conklin illustrated near the beginning of this article) appeared in relatively great numbers. These cheap pens were made along more traditional lines, with the front half of the barrel forming the ink reservoir and the back half forming a blind cap that screws off to expose the plunger in the same manner as in the Post pens of earlier decades. These pens were made extremely cheaply, with crudely fashioned filler parts and, in most cases, with celluloid sections fused onto barrels rolled up from thin celluloid sheet. Today they're virtually impossible to repair. Here is a DU-PONT pen, better made than most of its competitors in that it has a hard rubber section. This pen has been fitted with a Pelikan M200 nib, with plating removed from the tines to match the original DURIUM TIPPED nib's design.
Interestingly, although most of the cheap syringe fillers featured bright and cheery colors, there was at least one produced in Olive Drab, like the Patriot:
Unlike many of its competitors, including the Morrison and DU-PONT pens shown here, this anonymous pen has a military clip and could indeed have been worn by a soldier or a Marine while in uniform.
Service Sets: Convenience for the Serviceman and Woman
Pen makers had long offered sets of a pen and pencil together, but for those in the military, carrying writing instruments in the breast pocket was not necessarily convenient and might, depending on the design of the pen and pencil, violate uniform requirements. People in the service needed a better way to carry their pens and pencils with them. Manufacturers answered the need by adding a leather carrying case that would keep the pen and pencil together and protect them while packing more compactly than a box (which might be crushed in a duffel bag or seabag). Sets with leather cases were called "service sets," but anyone could buy them; the tacit assumption was that such sets were being purchased for service members. Shown here are service sets from Waterman and an unknown third-tier maker:
Price Fixing
Production limits set by the WPB were not the only way U.S. government wartime regulations affected pen manufacture. Another government agency, the Office of Price Administration, was authorized to set ceiling prices for all items except agricultural products. The purpose of price ceilings was to prevent war profiteering, and because fountain pens were scarce, they were among the articles for which the OPA established ceilings. As shown by the slip of paper illustrated here (included with a Morrison Patriot service set), the OPA placed a $6.25 ceiling price on that particular service set, and there was also a 20% federal tax, bringing the buyer's top price for the set to $7.50.
Not Last Year's Paper and Ink
The huge volume of mail being sent from the American home front to the men and women fighting overseas created the need for a more efficient way to use the limited space available for transport. Letters and parcels could be sent the usual way, but that mail went by ship and could take many weeks to arrive. In fact, given the Germans' unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic, mail sent by ship might not arrive at all. To provide for reliable, expedited delivery, the government created V-Mail ("V" for Victory), a system whereby people would write their letters on special V-Mail forms that folded up to make their own envelopes, like the Wessel's Envo-Letters illustrated below. Folded, sealed, and mailed, the letters were sent to a central post office where they were unsealed, censored, and photographed onto rolls of microfilm that were then forwarded overseas by airplane. On arriving at rear-area centers in the war zones, the microfilmed letters were printed at 60% of their original size onto cheap, readily available paper, sealed, and delivered to their destinations.
The three dots and a dash between the letter V and the word Mail in the V-Mail logo are Morse code for the letter V.
Service personnel could send V-mail without charge. Others paid the usual rates, 3¢ for ground transport to the central post office for microfilming, and 6¢ for airmail. Not only did V-Mail save thousands of tons' worth of space and weight, but it also foiled attempts at espionage because invisible ink, microprinting, and microdots would not reproduce on microfilm.
Photographic films designed for microfilm work were more sensitive to some colors than others. Betty's beautiful purple ink and Edith's gorgeous pale-blue ink would not register properly on microfilm. To solve this problem, pen and ink companies produced special V-Mail ink. Parker named the colors of its two V-Mail inks Micro-Film Black (shown here) and Micro-Film Blue.
On the Other Side of the Lines
Restrictions on materials did not affect only the Allied nations. Axis civilians too found the necessities of life rationed, as illustrated by the German "cereal ration card" shown to the right, which entitled the named bearer to purchase specified quantities of cereal grains, starch, ersatz coffee, and certain food additives. Living conditions in Germany and Japan became progressively worse as Allied bombing destroyed not only homes, businesses, and factories, but also domestic food production, while blockades prevented imports of both war matériel and home goods.
The Nazis had recognized that Germany lacked sufficient resources to conduct a war and sustain the country's people. They knew that they would have to purchase imported goods and raw materials. Reasoning correctly that neutral countries would be unlikely to accept Reichsmarks in payment, they established a policy of plundering and hoarding gold. They placed gold on Germany's list of critical war resources to restrict its use in the making of jewelry or other precious items, and they seized the gold stocks of countries they annexed or overran and even pried gold fillings from the teeth of people murdered in their extermination camps. The result, as it affected the pen industry, was that instead of fitting lesser pens with gold nibs, as happened with U.S. manufacturers such as Morrison, German first-tier makers such as Pelikan and Soennecken switched to steel nibs. Illustrated here are a Pelikan 100 and a Soennecken 118, both wartime pens fitted with flexible steel nibs. The Pelikan's nib is imprinted with the letters CN in a circle. These letters stood for chromium and nickel, the two principal nonferrous elements in the stainless steel of which the nib was made.
As in Allied countries, there were in Axis countries first-tier pens like those above, and there were lesser pens. One such is the nameless German piston filler below. Like the two above, this pen has a flexible steel nib; the imprint reads Edel / Chromstahl / 1. Qual., meaning "Noble / Chrome Steel / 1st quality." As on the Soennecken, the clip on this pen is gold plated rather than chromed as on the Pelikan.
Japan, being an island nation with precariously limited natural resources, was even more pressed than Germany. The 1944 ration booklet illustrated to the right was issued in Okinawa to a woman named Mitsuaki Moromi. The long coupons at the top and bottom were specifically for cotton towels, socks, and yarn, while the coupons on the left half, each worth 1 ration unit, could be used toward whatever the buyer chose. (In the face of America's rapidly increasing use of unrestricted submarine warfare, the choice of available foodstuffs, the most critical need, grew more and more circumscribed until many Japanese were surviving on acorns, rough grains, and small amounts of rice.) With less gold to be acquired in China and the European colonies in Asia and Oceania than in Europe proper, the Japanese reportedly intended to finance their war effort with gold looted from Southeast Asia. It is not clear now much gold was looted, but there are persistent stories of a huge hoard collected by General Tomoyuki Yamashita, who was called "The Tiger of Malaya." Whether there was such a hoard or not, the Japanese government, as in Germany, listed gold as a critical war resource, and Japanese pen makers found themselves compelled to use progressively less gold. The gold-plated steel nib in the eyedropper-filling Morison pen shown here indicates that the pen was made during the 1930s, after Japan's 1931 invasion of Manchuria but before 1938, when a total embargo on gold ushered in a period lasting until well after the war, during which all new pens had chrome-plated furniture and nibs of unplated steel, known as 白 (shiro, "white" nib):
Shortages did not prevent Japanese pen makers from advertising, and like their American counterparts they took advantage of opportunities that presented themselves. Pocket calendars were immensely popular, and the pocket calendar to the left above is a typical example of something useful that was also a patriotic advertisement. The red text along the left side reads, "Pilot High Quality Fountain Pens" while the black text reads, "Invincible Japan."
"Where the Rubber Meets the Road"
If cars run on rubber, pens run on iridium — or, more properly, tipping material. Before World War II, metallurgical technology had not developed to a degree sufficient to support the economical manufacture of high-quality alloys suitable for tipping fountain pen nibs. Tipping material was culled from high-grade ores of platinum-group metals, principally iridium and osmium. Ore was crushed, fragments were selected based on their metal content and welded to nibs, after which the tips were ground and polished to finish them. This technology worked reasonably well, but the quality of finished nib tips could vary greatly, as one might have a cleavage line that would result in a fracture of the tip while the next might be made of a fragment whose spongy texture resembled that of sintered metal (more suitable for ballpoints; cf. the Parker T-Ball Jotter) and a third might be perfect in all respects.
The military's need for highly refined alloys that were very hard led in America to the development of technology to meet the requirements, and that technology spilled over to consumer goods, including pens. Early in the war, Parker advertised that the nib of the "51" was tipped with osmiridium, a naturally occurring alloy of iridium and osmium; during 1943 the company changed to an alloy it called Plathenium, which is very high in ruthenium and is therefore much harder and more durable. The Plathenium-tipped "51" nib shown to the left is in a pen made during the first quarter 0f 1945.
Other manufacturers quickly followed Parker's lead, and soon nibs tipped with highly refined alloys were the rule rather than the exception for high-quality pens.
Some third-tier pens continued to appear with untipped steel nibs, changed in no way from the nibs used before the war. The Conklin and DU-PONT pens illustrated here left their respective factories fitted with butterfly (untipped) nibs. Other third-tier makers, such as David Kahn Inc., switched to tipped nibs, and the longevity of their pens increased immensely. The Wearever Zenith pictured earlier in this article was made during the war, and it has a 14K nib. After peace was concluded in 1945, the Zenith's nib became tipped steel, allowing Kahn to keep the price down while still producing a pen that was better than its prewar ancestors.
The war wrought its changes on all aspects of life; and when daily life returned to normal, it turned out that even "normal" had changed. New technology enabled more rapid and more economical manufacture of better pens, and new cultural norms made the sexes more nearly equal than at any time in the past — which also played a role in pen design and marketing. (See, for example, the Waterman advertisement to the right, clearly targeted at the postwar "Modern Woman"!) Pens from the war years offer a surprisingly penetrating look at the times, and a collection containing nothing made before 1940 or after 1945 would be a richly fascinating one indeed.
The Billboard, August 7, 1943, page 52.
Apparently, everyone working at Parker's Janesville plant received one of these pens; Henry Ahrbecker, who got this one, was a 64-year-old part-time custodian.
Priority AA-1 was the highest procurement priority, used by the U.S. government to purchase parts and supplies for critical projects such as the Manhattan Project. Parker copyrighted the phrase "Priority AA-1" on June 20, 1945, possibly after someone questioned the company's use of the term, so that its advertising could continue to say "under Priority AA-1 orders" even though those orders did not come from the government.
This information came from Colonel John A. Hauck, U.S. Army (Retired), who as a staff sergeant was a divisional clerk in the Army's 7th Infantry Division while the division was deployed to retake and hold the Aleutian Islands of Attu and Kiska.
Morrison used the "Air Corps" name throughout the war despite the fact that the U.S. Army Air Corps had in June 1941 been officially renamed the U.S. Army Air Forces.
Do not confuse Morison (with one r) with Morrison. The former was a Japanese company, until 1933 named Kikaku Seisakusyo. For more information, refer to the Glossopedia's entry on Morison.
This was not the international embargo of 1917, which was lifted in 1930. It was an internal embargo imposed by the Japanese government in 1932 in an effort to stem the financial hemorrhaging that resulted from the cost of the Manchurian campaign in 1931. Some gold use was allowed until 1938, when the total prohibition was put in place after the 1937 invasion of China.
The information in this article is as accurate as possible, but you should not take it as absolutely authoritative or complete. If you have additions or corrections to this page, please consider sharing them with us to improve the accuracy of our information. My thanks to David Rzeszotarski, who provided images and information about life in Japan during the war.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


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Last week I went skiing. I drove there on the left, and I didn't take my passport, change any money, take out insurance or get on a plane – I just drove north for a long time, and hit the slopes in Scotland. It was my second time, and I loved it.
While the UK is having a lot of newsworthy rain, wind and waves, Scotland's fantastic snow isn't getting much of a national mention. But it's falling regularly, and I can report that it's truly superb underski. As the Glencoe ski report stated last week (and it's the same this week), 'there's no need to worry about runs: there's so much snow you can ski anywhere.'
Yes, the snow was superb – deep and crisp and even. And that was good, because I might as well have been wearing a blindfold – the cloud was thick and impenetrable, and as the bank holiday crowds appeared and disappeared through the fog, and queued through it for significant amounts of time (thanks to it being half term), it became apparent and delightful that no one cared a hoot. When you come skiing in Scotland, you have to shift your priorities.
When skiing, the stakes are high – holiday is limited, the travel, ski hire and accommodation are expensive, and the one thing you can't control – the weather – can make or break the experience. What's more, skiing can play havoc with the self-esteem, and bad conditions are the last thing you need.
The famous French, Swiss or Austrian ski resorts are vast, and this helps with the risk. On a cloudy day you can ski in lower areas where the trees might help with visibility. On an icy day choose south-facing slopes; on a spring day head high for firmer snow. And if all else fails, take it up with the management or your insurance, or cut your losses and head for the spa, the crazy golf, or the boutiques.
Not so in Scotland – and believe it or not that's what I really love about it. In Scotland you get what you're given, and you make your own fun.
People know the names of the pisteurs, and appreciate their hard work. There's a palpable sense of pride, but no delusions – the weather alerts are incredibly honest; no one gains from getting skiers here on false pretences. With this proximity to the workings of the resort you can see how much effort it is to run a ski area. Machinery is precious, snow takes time to clear, weather is fickle, safety is crucial. And when you can see the inner workings of something, it's hard not to be all the more grateful for it. "Be prepared to have fun – even if the sun doesn't shine every day!" advises the Visit Scotland ski website, and it certainly seems to be the case. People come knowing that they need a good attitude, and nothing makes for a better day out than a lot of people with good attitudes. And nice snow helps…
It's not that everyone is a sunny pushover – but even when people don't like something they really get involved. Altogether it's a much more personal experience than being one of thousands of visitors to a mega resort.
Perhaps it's like the difference between going a long way to get to Disneyland – the trip of a lifetime, where everything just has to be perfect – or getting excited when the fair comes to town.
And, it turns out, whisky and haggis are easily as satisfying as mulled wine and fondue…
I went skiing in Glencoe: www.glencoemountain.com
Follow Glencoe at www.facebook.com/glencoemountain or on Twitter at @glencoemountain
There's lots of info at ski.visitscotland.com and you can also sign up to snow alerts. There's a very active forum at www.winterhighland.info which is worth a look around – and you quickly get an impression of the passion there is for Scottish skiing.
Where to stay – I stayed at the Ballachulish Hotel www.ballachulish-hotel.co.uk which was cosy and majestic at once, with delicious food and kind staff, many of whom were keen and knowledgeable skiers.
Where to après – I had a little après ski at the Clachaig Inn www.clachaig.com – a game of pool in front of an open fire, and dedicated clientele to chat to.


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Miley Cyrus, Actress & singer ("Hannah Montana") is 15
. . . . .
1943, during World War II, United States forces seized control of the Tarawa and Makin atolls from the Japanese. (Go to article.)
Friday, November 23, 2007
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The Securities and Exchange Commission has signaled that additional regulation for hedge funds is needed to protect wealthy individuals and retirement funds that invest in alternative investments, the Associated Press reports.
SEC Chairman William Donaldson has inched closer in recent weeks to calling for new guidelines requiring hedge funds to register as investment advisors, and in a speech delivered last week before the Society of American Business Editors and Writers , he signaled another shift toward stricter regulations for alternative investments.
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Marketing or Just Making a Personal Statement
Marketing your business can take on a variety of forms and one of the more popular ways is to sell or give products with your business name on them. It's not really much different than making your own personal statement. Whichever you are trying to accomplish, there is an easy way to do it on your own Custom Shirts, Hats, Coffee Mugs, Carrying Bags, Stickers, Buttons, Magnets or even a Clock on your wall.


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On the other side of the world my blog counterpart EJ was feeling the chill. Whilst London is feeling toasty, in Melbourne you can barely feel your toes.
There isn't a better panacea for the winter blues than comfort food. And you'll find that in it's most hyperbole form at the true blue American Misty's Diner. It's off Chapel Street in Prahran section. The generous opening hours means you can dine on all things dangerous, deep-fried and naughty for most of the day. It's a funky 50's decor style and this is one of the two they have here in Oz. The staff are as welcoming as any roadside diner in Texas and the menu is authentic to the 'American diner' experience. We were checking out Misty's Diner as part of a event with a crowd of other bloggers. The grand platter of the menu had an even mix of hits and some misses, and despite a lot of food, we actually did still leave a touch hungry due to the sharing aspect.
Continue reading "Misty's Diner, Prahran, Melbourne"


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Sunrise of Springfield
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Do You Know Investment Management?
by Kristin Moyer | June 16, 2011 | Comments Off on Do You Know Investment Management?
The Gartner Banking & Investment Services (BIS) team is adding an analyst in the Investment Management area (i.e. asset management and wealth management). Full details of the role and how to apply or refer a friend/colleague can be found here. Please note that this search is global (although it is listed as an EMEA hire) and location is not paramount so long as you have an Internet connection, can work remotely and are close to an airport! Most important is that the successful applicant should have great analytical skills – able to generate new ideas and critique existing ones – and then apply these skills to recognize business trends and deliver IT advice to senior executives. That will require an open and inquiring mind as well as deep experience of both the business and IT sides of this sub-sector of the FS industry.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm shift for manufacturing operations. Its fanfare creates uncertainty in state-of-the-art technology...
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Tonight is the night many of my follow citizens spent a night in Konstantinoupolis (Istanbul) fifty-five years ago in nightmares. Today their sons were killed, today, fifty-five years ago their daughters were abused. Their shops were destroyed. But their pride was intact.
They did what a real citizen would do. They thought the pogrom against the Greeks of K'poli (Istanbul) and Smyrna (Izmir) was an act of a mob. They waited for the state to protect them. They didn't know then, the state itself was behind the mob. The last remnants of the Greek population of Asia Minor would be sent away. 5o years of ethnic cleansing against the Greeks was about to be completed.
They also didn't know they were spending one of the last nights that they would in a city that they have built almost two millennia ago. A city that they created, embellished and worshipped above all. A city where its Greek inhabitants survived centuries of abuse, humiliation and torture. But that was it. As an infamous patriarch of the turn of the century couldn't save them when Greek Republic was formed, as banishing the newly born Greece couldn't save his head, the fate was written on the wall.
The father of the protagonist of the movie "Politiki Kouzina" (Cuisine of Poli) narrates about the night they were deported from the city. The policemen comes and asks them to leave, while whispering to his ear; "but of course if you turn muslim, you can stay". The father still cries when he says that he thought about it for some seconds. He couldn't decide right away. Noone can decide right away when it comes to this city. But even they thought, their blood, their beliefs, and most of all their belief to mother Greece, made them leave the city of their dreams.
So they went.
Their bodies are gone for decades. But their souls linger on. When I hear Dalaras sing "The bells of Hagia Sophia", I still hear the chorus of countless refugees. This is what they are still. Premature kids of mother Greece; belonging nowhere, still in limbo.
You can hear Theia Eleni weeping if you listen carefully on the pavement at Yeniköy. You can see the absurd looks on the faces of private security personnel at Fanari. Or you may take the "vapori" (steamship) to the Princess islands. Where you can listen the cries of sirens longing for their habitual songs of amines.
Yes, for half a century, the city lost its children. But that unfortunately was not the gain of another. Children were simply lost. That's all.
Maybe soon in time, no one would remember the citizens of K'Poli. But the city will. From the walls of Hagia Sophia, or from the ruins of a Byzantine aqua-duct, you will still hear the song "Kaiktsi", longing for a lover lost on a different shore, in the centuries to come. Because a child never forgets the womb he was created in.
Erdal Devrim Aydin (4 years ago)
"Maybe soon in time, no one would remember the citizens of K'Poli…"
We will… As time goes by, the outspoken citizens of Istanbul (K. Poli) will shout louder about the persecution that the people who calls themselves Turkish do to their real brothers.
Tonight is the night that we write shame with big letters to the history of the most beautiful city in the world…
Tonight, is the night which before we go our beds we have to beg for forgiveness from our citizens souls that we force to leave their beloved city.
Ανάθεμα Σεπτεμβριανά!


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To James Madison from William Charles Coles Claiborne, 6 March 1807
New Orleans March 6, 1807.
Dear Sir,
I fear I was greatly deceived in the character which was given me of a Mr. Hopkins, a young man who was the bearer of my dispatches of the 5. & 6. of December last. I have heard, from good authority that he lost by gaming some money at Natchez and behaved otherwise imprudently. His indiscretions were renewed at Nashville; and I fear it is true that he is undeserving of confidence: While therefore I have seriously to regret, that I was so far misled as to speak favorably of this young man in my letters to you, I cannot but express my sincere desire that he may not have obtained a commission in the army for which I had recommended him. I am Dr. Sir, Your friend
W. C. C. Claiborne
DNA: RG 59-TP-Territorial Papers, Orleans.


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- Apps
Information Panel is a simple SharePoint add-in which allows you to set-up in few easy steps a stylish information board on your SharePoint site.
The application uses the Megafolio Pro jquery plugin to generate the tiles and jQuery Fancybox to display the tiles contents.
The add-in doesn't need any permissions to run and no external data is being sent or loaded, the app is self-contained and isolated.
To add content you can just navigate to the Information Panel List, add a new item by specifying Title, Contents and a picture, that's it.
You can customize the main title and the colour theme by using the Settings list (check user instructions).
• Simple content management, the data is stored in a SharePoint list.
• Show/Hide tiles by setting up unique role assignments in the Info Grid List
• Customize tiles layout, background color and title.
• Showing/hiding admin links based on the list permissions.


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Being aware that this is probably the most bikesheddy thing in this whole discussion, I've actually thought about this a bit.
From skimming a lot of early Eliezer posts, I've seen all three uses "LessWrong", "Lesswrong" and "Less Wrong" and so there isn't a super clear precedent here, though I do agree that "Less Wrong" was used a bit more often.
I personally really like "Less Wrong", because it has two weirdly capitalized words, and I don't like brand names that are two words. It makes it sound too much like it wants to refer to the original meaning of the words, instead of being a pointer towards the brand/organization/online-community, and while one might think that is actually useful, it usually just results in a short state of confusion when I read a sentence that has "Less Wrong" in it, because I just didn't parse it as the correct reference.
I am currently going with "LessWrong" and "LESSWRONG", which is what I am planning to use in the site navigation, logos and other areas of the page. If enough people object I would probably change my mind.


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« Back to communities Hays, Texas
The City of Hays is a rural community with four primary streets located in Hays County. Visitors will find the best of country living, complete with goats, chickens and vegetable gardens.
Situated west of Interstate 35 on FM 1626 and just outside the communities of Kyle and Buda, citizens enjoy quality schools, shopping and other amenities of a suburban area while enjoying a slow country lifestyle.
Complimenting the City's commercial businesses, many citizens operate small home businesses.
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More Fired UpAllen & Unwin 2012; US$ 15.90
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We are looking for a Receptionist / Office Co-ordinator to join our Temperley London Notting Hill office.
• Responsible for meeting and greeting visitors to Temperley London Ltd
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• Dealing with client enquires and complaints, filtering and directing to appropriate department
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• Sorting the post and logging deliveries from couriers and alerting the relevant people when they have a parcel
• Manage Notting Hill and ensure strong linkage to Mayfair and the Warehouse.
• Facilities admin; liaise with contractors to maintain the building, scheduling and managing the repair process and building good relationships with suppliers
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To apply for this position, please forward a cover letter and your CV to firstname.lastname@example.com


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Triple Teaser!
Entry posted by Whysomadyo ·
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Hello, And welcome To the first entry ever on my first CJ Ever! What I will show you today is just a teaser, but I am actually really fond of this city, as it is one of the best i have done up to date. Now, the pics.
FUN FACT: BTW, even though the name of the republic looks and hears cool, it actually means "moron" in german u.U
Hope you Enjoy it!


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It's Friday which means Friday Fun is here! The best of the best of the week right here in one spot!
Ok so we all heard about Instagram video launching yesterday… What does this mean for Vine? Only time will tell. We did find a great site that breaks down the difference… Thanks TechCrunch!
For those of you gearing up for the 4th of July check out this DIY 4th of July Dress for your little ones! Beware… ADORABLENESS AWAITS!
How about some 4th of July attire for you Hot Mama's… Or fashion forward Auntie's!
Need to fix a blankie, don't click this link. (Need some humor, click that link!)


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FiN350- "Structure of Interest Rates"
From the first e-Activity, create an argument on whether the yield rate or the forward interest rate has the greater impact on interest rates in the U.S. ( Go to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's Website to read the article titled "What Moves the Interest Rate Term Structure?" dated November 7, 2011, located at http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2011/el2011-34.html.)
Analyze the current economic forecasts by economists and financial experts, and predict the impact on the interest rate term structure.
From the second e-Activity, imagine the Federal Reserve Bank did not exist. Speculate how the economy would function without its services. (Watch the YouTube video titled "What does the Federal Reserve Bank do?" (1 min 45 s) dated July 23, 2009, located at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zInPquYgp2w . Be prepared to discuss.)
From the third e-Activity, summarize your article's position (critic or ally), being sure to cite your source, and opine on your agreement or disagreement with the argument presented. Support your response with evidence or an example. (Research the Internet to find an article that criticizes or praises the Federal Reserve Bank's actions during the Great Recession (2008-2011). Be prepared to discuss.)
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Furnish the home you never want to leave
Issue 18, Autumn 2017
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A luxurious design with padded vegetable horsehair armrests and a goose down seat cushion!
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Art of Craftsmanship
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- Heinrich Wieneke, Sebastian Rickers, +9 authors Erhard Kisker
- Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and…
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AIMS Leadless pacing can be done by transmitting energy by an alternating magnetic field from a subcutaneous transmitter unit (TU) to an endocardial receiver unit (RU). Safety and energy consumption are key issues that determine the clinical feasibility of this new technique. The aims of the study were (i) to evaluate the stimulation characteristics of the… (More)
The digital audio broadcasting (DAB) standard allows high spectrum efficiency, high voice quality, energy saving transmission and additional non-audio services like video and data transmission. Especially the last aspect enables the reuse of the DAB physical layer (PHY) for cognitive radio (CR) systems This manuscript analyzes the performance of a DAB… (More)
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Nursing home social workers were surveyed to determine nursing home smoking policies and the effect these policies may have on resident and staff interaction. Data analyses suggest that in the past five years there has been a trend toward facilities becoming smoke-free. Facilities that permit smoking face greater conflicts between residents and staff.… (More)
The digital audio broadcasting (DAB) standard has established the family of standards for efficient and reliable multimedia broadcasting. Based on OFDM technology the DAB standard provides high spectrum efficiency and reliable data transfer. Due to its limited channel bandwidth, DAB can be used for cognitive radio (CR) application in the TV whitespace… (More)
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NEW YORK, March 23, 2016 /PRNewswire/ -- Recognized as a consulting leader that helps clients create a more effective business, KPMG LLP has been named a Leader in the IDC MarketScape: Americas Business Consulting Services 2016 Vendor Assessment (#US40634116, March 2016).
"This recognition demonstrates how our strategic approach helps clients both anticipate and navigate marketplace disruptors," said Carl Carande, Vice Chair of Advisory at KPMG. "Ours is a culture of innovation. And our deep bench of talented professionals brings innovative solutions to our clients, while mitigating the challenges of new competitors, technologies and regulatory compliance."
For more information about KPMG's Advisory practice, please visit https://advisory.kpmg.us/.
The IDC MarketScape: Americas Business Consulting Services 2016 Vendor Assessment specifically noted KPMG's strengths with clients as:
- Among the best at integrating with client teams and transferring knowledge;
- Better than many firms at helping clients manage risk, reduce costs, and providing high-quality service.
In the last 12 months, KPMG has made significant investments to enhance the firm's Advisory capabilities. Notable investments include:
- Beacon Partners, a healthcare consulting firm that offers strategic management and clinical and information technology consulting services to healthcare providers.
- Towers Watson's HRSD practice, a recognized leader in HR transformation with deep expertise in HR service delivery.
New Alliances
- In December of 2015, KPMG and Taulia Inc., a provider of technology solutions for the financial supply chain, formed a strategic alliance to help the world's largest organizations optimize working capital, drive bottom-line impact and strengthen supplier relationships. The alliance combines KPMG's supply chain and procurement transformation experience with Taulia's leading suite of technology products to streamline the flow of financial information between trading partners in the value chain.
Collaborative Tools – Source
- Last May, KPMG announced the creation of Source, a tool that provides KPMG partners and professionals the collective industry insights and experiences from its global network – including leading practices, benchmarks, and KPI, coupled with our extensive repository of financial services industry methodologies; and the technical know-how of our three functional businesses – using the collaborative tools, such as Wiki's, that the platform provides.
Advanced Work Environments -- KPMG Ignition
- In 2015, KPMG unveiled two high-tech work environments designed to facilitate the cross-functional teaming critical to the successful design and delivery of emerging solutions to its clients. Dubbed "Ignition Centers," the environments are modeled after leading technology parks and business incubators around the world that feature dedicated, project-focused workspaces designed for information sharing, spurring innovation and collaboration and increasing efficiencies during the creative process. Centers opened in Denver, Colo., and Grand Rapids, Mich.
About IDC MarketScape:
IDC MarketScape vendor analysis model is designed to provide an overview of the competitive fitness of ICT (information and communications technology) suppliers in a given market. The research methodology utilizes a rigorous scoring methodology based on both qualitative and quantitative criteria that results in a single graphical illustration of each vendor's position within a given market. IDC MarketScape provides a clear framework in which the product and service offerings, capabilities and strategies, and current and future market success factors of IT and telecommunications vendors can be meaningfully compared. The framework also provides technology buyers with a 360 degree assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and prospective vendors.
About KPMG LLP
KPMG LLP, the audit, tax and advisory firm (www.kpmg.com/us), is the U.S. member firm of KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International"). KPMG International's member firms have 174,000 professionals, including more than 9,000 partners, in 155 countries.
Mike Adorno
Twitter: @KPMG_US
To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/kpmg-named-a-leader-for-business-consulting-services-in-the-americas-by-idc-marketscape-300240447.html


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There's a particular annoying pattern I notice in debate, in which one person criticises another's choice of argument on the basis of a sort of misapplication of pragmatics.
Here's a concrete (if slightly melodramatic) example. Imagine we're drinking together, and you demand, suspiciously, 'Wait, how do I know you haven't poisoned this bottle of wine?'. To which I respond, 'I'm drinking from it too, so that would be a really bad idea!' Now if you were to think, or say, 'Oh, so you would have poisoned it if we hadn't been drinking from the same bottle?', you'd be committing this fallacy.
Because in fact, of course, the main reason I haven't tried to poison you is some combination of because I don't want to and because I'm too moral to do such a wrong thing, and both of those reasons would still apply regardless of any detail of who was drinking what.
But you can't check those statements, because they're about stuff entirely inside my own head. So if I'd tried to use either one as a defence, then you'd be no more convinced of my non-murderousness than you are now, because if you can believe I might try to poison you in the first place, then you'd have no trouble also believing that I'd lie about my motives in the course of the attempt. Whereas you can easily verify for yourself that I am indeed drinking from the same bottle, and perhaps you might find it harder to believe I was self-sacrificingly murderous than merely self-interestedly murderous.
(Since this is a silly hypothetical example, let's assume we can disregard all the even more improbable edge cases beloved of fiction, like the poison being in the ice cubes, or smeared on your particular glass in advance, or that I took the antidote beforehand, or have spent ten years building up resistance to iocane powder, etc…)
Anyway. That's why I chose that particular reason as the one to mention: not because it was my core reason or my only reason, but because it was one you'd be more likely to believe, because you could check it yourself.
I think the general pattern of which this is an example is: it's a fallacy to assume that someone who has mentioned one good or bad property of a thing (or reason to do it or not do it, or whatever) must have chosen that particular property because it's the most important or the only one, rather than choosing the property most appropriate to what particular goal the utterance as a whole is trying to achieve.
In this silly example, my goal is to try to convince you that you're safe; so I have to pick a reason that will actually manage to do that job, rather than one that is more important to me but likely to be less effective. In other kinds of debate, one might similarly choose the argument that appeals most to the particular audience one is trying to convince, not the one that is most fundamental in the arguer's own mind. Or you might avoid particular arguments because you know they'll cause some enormous derailing sidetrack. Any number of reasons, really.
So. Does this fallacy have a well-known name?
I'm not sure, but this XKCD What-If visits some fairly similar places with its multiple proofs of the same perhaps-surprising result.I'm particularly struck by footnote [3].
I'm not sure. I think it's a specific case of too-much-tunnel-vision -- of automatically replying to the most recent thing the person you're talking to said, rather than thinking, did they say that as part of support for a larger statement, is there any point arguing about the details of the supporting statement if you agree with its applicability to the larger statement, etc.[1]But that's too general to be this specific thing.[1] The annoying thing is, I think it's always ok to say, "oh, hey, that made me think..." and jump into an interesting digression from any point. But I find unbearably aggravating a common argument pattern of:Them: Sweeping false generalisation.Me: But that can't be true because X and Y.Them: Oh! But you didn't take that far enough, couldn't you have said XXX? Or Z?Me: ...uh, I guess I COULD have done, but would that have you more likely to connect your previous sentence to the one before?Or:Them: offensive statement.Me: Hey, isn't that quite harmful?Them: QUITE? It's incredibly unforgiveably harmful, why are you giving it a pass?Me: ...I don't know, I thought maybe you had some reason for saying it I would found out if I disagreed politely?
I suggest that we now call it the 'specific stoat fallacy'. ;)
Oh you're alive! Jolly good. How are you?
Very well, thank you! Good to hear from you too. How're you?
Oh good! Last time I saw you, you were really ill.I am doing pretty well! I seem to be going from one six-month job to another except they are the same job with the same boss at the same desk and nothing changes except every six months I wonder whether I'll get the next six months, but I have got used to it and am pretty happy. Lots of canoeing happening, lots of fun science.
Oh yes, I'd forgotten you last saw me in early 2015 when I was ill. Sorry – I probably should have remembered that, and posted something sooner!Yes, I made a full recovery from that illness – though I still don't know what it actually was, because the medical profession spent three months doing tests that only turned up things it wasn't, and then they ran out of time because it got better on its own. Bodies, eh, who'd have 'em.
Given your example, surely this is the Sicilian Defence?
It's a false dichotomy, and it's derailing; but I don't have a term for the deliberate invention of an argument you didn't make - 'straw man' doesn't quite fit. Do you have any synonyms for argument from opposites?
I have a feeling that fallacyology and pragmatics clash hard.Fallacyology tends to be concerned with what can be known with certainty. For example, among your list of fallacies is Affirming the consequent (ATC). If A implies B, and B, then ATC fallaciously says A. Of course, ATC looks a lot like Bayesian reasoning: P(A|B) = P(B|A)P(A)/P(B) - if A => B then P(B|A) = 1, which means that if P(A) < 1 and P(B) < 1 then P(A|B) > P(A), which is a "soft" version of A=>B and B gives A.Pragmatics is pretty much all about this style of reasoning, and as you say it is often done badly. Possibly a line to follow is Jumping to conclusions which isn't on Wikipedia's fallacy list but which nevertheless is associated with Wikipedia's fallacyology. Following a link there I get to Fallacy of the single cause which might be what you're looking for... or might not be quite right. They seem to be talking about various conditions being only jointly sufficient for something, whereas here we have several things which are independently sufficient. Possibly though the FOTSC covers a multitude of sins, and one of these may be the thing you're thinking of.
Hmm I don't know about your one, but here's a good list of common fallacies in argument: http://www.relativelyinteresting.com/logical-fallacies-collection-30-ways-lose-argument/ It might be a black /white one - suggesting would definitely rather than could have, perhaps? Or exclusion of the middle.
Have you seen the cognative biases diagram where they put everything in a pretty circle? I really like ithttps://betterhumans.coach.me/cognitive-bias-cheat-sheet-55a472476b18#.n1gg2c1z2
It's fairly close to a straw man argument.


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02 October 2017
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In July 2017, Polish authorities published a draft of
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Since August 12 2017, one can make one-off tax depreciation
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Monika M Dziedzic (email@example.com)
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Website: www.mddp.pl
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In addition to the vampire romance project, I am so excited to announce the second book in the Darling Cove series, Must Have Faith is complete
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