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We all think we know more than we actually do.
Humans have built hugely complex societies and technologies, but most of us don't even know how a pen or a toilet works. How have we achieved so much despite understanding so little? Cognitive scientists Steven Sloman and Philip Fernbach argue that we survive and thrive despite our mental shortcomings because we live in a rich community of knowledge. The key to our intelligence lies in the people and things around us. We're constantly drawing on information and expertise stored outside our heads: in our bodies, our environment, our possessions, and the community with which we interact - and usually we don't even realize we're doing it.
The human mind is both brilliant and pathetic. We have mastered fire, created democratic institutions, stood on the moon, and sequenced our genome. And yet each of us is error prone, sometimes irrational, and often ignorant. The fundamentally communal nature of intelligence and knowledge explains why we often assume we know more than we really do, why political opinions and false beliefs are so hard to change, and why individually oriented approaches to education and management frequently fail. But our collaborative minds also enable us to do amazing things. This book contends that true genius can be found in the ways we create intelligence using the world around us.
"The Knowledge Illusion is filled with insights on how we should deal with our individual ignorance and collective wisdom." (Steven Pinker)
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great insight into our delusional selves.
- Amazon Customer
- Donovan


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7 Amazing Benefits Of Fennel Tea
Fennel is scientifically known as Foeniculum vulgare, this strong perennial herb is usually found in the Mediterranean region, however, as a result of its.Read more
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subset: commoncrawl


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Enjoyed country solitude. Great Breakfast with adequate amounts for a man. Enjoyed Christian fellowship with Cystal and Bill. Highly Recommmend. The Lindells
This was our first time staying here and we loved it! Bill and Crystal were very friendly and helpful. We enjoyed our time and would definitely come again!
The hosts are incredibly accommodating, and the space is so fun and unique. The breakfasts are divine and catered to your dietary needs – dutch baby pancakes, fresh made scones, frittata, hand pressed coffee. We are vegetarian and were completely spoiled by the food. Beds are very comfy too. This is such a unique spot in an area with few lodging options. It's well worth the extra cost over a hotel to have a good experience. I have stayed here twice with my family and will be back.
My fiance and I stayed at Thyme for bed after a long international flight through Chicago and had a wonderful time! We were initially curious about the place because of the dome architecture but found that there was so much more to enjoy. Crystal gave us a tour of the entire dome and each of the exquisitely decorated rooms. She also made a delicious breakfast and was willing to serve it late due to our jet lag. She even went out of her way to include turkey bacon with the meal since we do not eat pork. I would highly recommend a visit to Thyme for Bed.
The room was nice and the innkeepers were awesome already planning my next stay :).
Our stay was more than we imagined in the best way. The place is unique and offers something out of the morm. The food was absolutely amazing! Super happy and will definitely go back.
Crystal and Bill were wonderful hosts. They were so engaging and accommodating.
We have stayed here many a times. We love this place. It's a short get away from home that I would love to go to every weekend. We haven't been there since the new owners took over. (We logged a free night stay.) But, I think it will be better. Exreamly queit since it's all concrete.
We sure enjoyed our stay at Thyme for Bed in Lowell, IN. The owners were great and it was a unique house and a nice location. We'll definitely be back again! Outstanding!
I stayed here while traveling on business and I am so glad that I tried it. If you are looking for a place to get away from all of the chain hotels and enjoy some peace and quiet then this is your place. The room was spacious and very clean and I felt like I was at home. I was so impressed that I decided to stay another night later in the week during my travels.
This unique B&B is wonderful. The information on the dome is quite unique and interesting. The rooms are comfy, breakfast is delicious, and the innkeeper is a wonderful hostess. We brought our granddaughter, who also enjoyed the stay.
We had never stayed at a bed and breakfast before. We are so glad this was our first experience. Great secluded location, great food, awesome hospitality and overall great stay.
We thoroughly enjoyed our stay. Great room, great food and awesome architecture. Thank you!!!
We had a wonderful stay at Thyme for Bed. Sherryl is a most gracious host. The building and grounds are beautiful inside and out. The food was fantastic-- and gluten-free was available. (still dreaming about the brownies!) We had planned on only staying one night, but extended for two. We are already planning our next trip back. Make sure you call directly; you won't regret it!
My first experience at a B&B and what a experience at that! The dome offers an extremely unique experience, from the architecture to the interior design. Sherryl, the owner, was super down to earth and very friendly. There were plenty of places to relax: under a willow tree, in the patio garden, in the comfy living room etc. We stayed in the Peasant room, which was clean and cozy. The next morning Sherryl whipped up a delicious breakfast buffet for all the guests. What a delight! I highly recommend this to anyone looking for a unique stay and A+ experience.
This is one of the most unique experiences my husband and I have ever had! The dome is amazing, the room was beautiful and comfortable, and Sherryl was so friendly and helpful (I think I found a sister I never knew I had!). We felt well taken care of, yet we had the privacy to enjoy a wonderful romantic getaway. Highly recommended!
My husband and I stayed here for our one year anniversary. We liked the exclusiveness of it as well as the fact that we felt very safe. Ask the owners about the construction of the home as well as about the map upstairs, and you'll learn some interesting background information about them and the home. We stayed in the suite downstairs and loved the decor. The room was also incredibly clean and had everything we could ask for (ie. whirlpool tub , stand up shower, double sinks, king bed, and adjustable AC). The room was much nicer than any hotel I've stayed in and breakfast the next morning was home cooked & delicious! If you're looking for something cozy, clean, and unique this may be a perfect stay for you.
This was our first bed and breakfast stay and it was outstanding. I honestly don't have one complaint. The service was great, very kind hospitable people. The atmosphere was very neat, relaxing and unique. It was the perfect getaway for us having two little ones at home to enjoy some quiet. The room was very clean and I just loved the decor. The bed was very comfortable, I liked that there was a DVD player with an assortment of DVDs to choose from. The presentation of breakfast was very appealing and tasted as good as it looked! I can't wait to return!
My husband & I just spent the weekend here for my birthday, and we had a wonderful experience. The accommodations are epicurean, the food sumptuous and the hosts attentive & amiable. We already plan to return. For those of you who are "B & B 'ers", this is a must - you won't be disappointed. For those of you who have never been - you don't know what you are missing. The "Monolithic Dome' home is unique and intriguing. The owners have done a wonderful job of building and running this "top drawer" B & B. Thank you Sherryl & Don! (and Coco!)
My husband & I stayed in the "In Your Dreams" room for 2 nights midweek. The place is fabulous, so unique, such attention to detail. Food was excellent and so was the company of the owners. No other rooms were occupied while we were there so we spent a lovely evening with Cheryl & Don. Very clean...they have a cat (Coco) but you'd never know it. No hair, no smell! Hope to go back again!
I wish I could give higher ratings than "outstanding". This is the most enjoyable B&B we have stayed at.
The "In your dream" room was beautiful and very romantic. Hostess was very sweet and gracious. Food was delicious and plenty to eat!
A wonderful unique B&B. Would recommend it to all! A great mix of elegance and comfort.
If your looking to totally surprise your spouse - this is the place.
Amazing external structure and beautiful homey charm to the room. Very nice owner!
Had a great time. Beautiful room and great food.
We had a perfect, relaxing, romantic weekend at Thyme for Bed. It is a beautiful home with lovely décor - very warm and inviting! Sherryl was great and her breakfasts delicious.
Fabulous! Sherryl was great - personable and so attentive to our needs. Ginger snap cookies and beverage were ready for arrival. Breakfasts were awesome! The house is unique, warm and very inviting. Thank you!
Very cozy and inviting. We can't wait to come back when its warm and spend some time exploring the outside!
I've stayed at dozens of B&Bs all over the US. This one, by a wide margin, is the best ever!


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2012 BMW M6 Coupe & Convertible has officially unveiled of images and details prior to its debut at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show. The 2012 M6 Convertible will hit dealerships in June 2012, while the 2012 M6 Coupe will arrive in dealerships in the late this summer.
"Like its sedan brother the M5, the new M6 models are high-performance sports cars whose exceptional dynamic potential is geared squarely towards the demands of track use," BMW said in a statement. "At the same time, the M6 sets new benchmarks in daily driving comfort, innovative features and fuel efficiency."
On the outside, the highlights include a rather subtle aero package comprising new front and rear bumpers, flared wheel arches and ventilated front fenders. Standard 19-inch wheels can be upgraded to 20-inchers. here's also LED headlights, wider air intakes, contoured headlights, which bears an "M6" badge as a homage to the first generation M6.
On the interior, the cabin is luxuriously appointed with Merino leather upholstery sport seats, steering wheel, M6 badges on the sills, instrument panel gauges, gearbox lever and exclusive carbon fiber trim. Options include a heated steering wheel, GPS navigation and a Bang & Olufsen audio system.
Under the hood, all that power is transferred to the road through a standard 7-speed M-Double Clutch Transmission (M-DCT), both models are powered by a twin-turbo 4.4-liter V8 engine with 560 PS (412 kW / 552 hp) and 680 Nm (502 lb-ft) of torque. The rev limiter comes in at 7,200 rpm and an Active Differential limits slip, distributes power.
With the engine power significant, the 2012 M6 Coupe can to accelerate from 0-100 km/h in 4.2 seconds, while the 2012 M6 Convertible does the same task in 4.3 seconds. Zero to 124 mph takes 12.6 seconds (Coupe) or 13.1 seconds (Convertible), and top speed is 155 mph. The top speed of both models is electronically limited to 155 mph (250 km/h), or 189mph (305km/h) with the extra M Driver's package.
Despite the improved performance over the previous V10 models, while the output and performance of the 2012 BMW M6 has been pumped up over its predecessors. BMW says the new V8-powered M6 models consume roughly 30% less fuel, the coupe averages 9.9 L/100 km (28.5 mpg UK / 23.7 mpg US) with CO2 emissions of 232 g/km, the convertible, on the other hands, returns 10.3 L/100 km (27.4 mpg UK / 22.8 mpg US) and has CO2 emissions of 239 g/km.
Other highlights include a sport-tuned suspension, a Dynamic Damper Control (DDC) system is standard, using electro-hydraulic modulation of damping force to suit driving condition. BMW's M Drive system include: engine management, response of the Servotronic electric power steering system, M-DCT shift program, DSC mode, DDC response, and the information provided by the heads-up display. There's also high-performance brakes, an active M differential and a revised dynamic stability control system with an "M Dynamic" mode.
Photo 2012 BMW M6 Coupe & 2012 BMW M6 Convertible


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Maybe you've seen a lot of tiny houses (I know I have), but I bet you've never seen one quite like this. Mississippi couple Breck and Kelsey wanted to be able to downsize (and take their home with them on their travels), so they commissioned Portland-based Tiny Heirloom , makers of custom tiny houses, to create a home that would fit on a 28-foot-long trailer. The interior, a soaring space with lofts on either side, is similar to other tiny houses we've seen—but on the outside, you'll find something completely different.
Spread the Word, like or share this page, your friends will also love it and thanks for it.


text: Old article: http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/07/muon-detector/ Status update: http://www.economist.com/node/21552169 Basically, the idea is to use various particle physics detectors to actually plot the tracks of cosmic muons, and see if they scatter off of anything inside a cargo. Nuclear materials scatter incoming cosmics in a specific way. These are the same types of detectors we invented for use at the LHC 25 years ago. People often ask "what's the practical purpose of the research you did" and I respond "practical spinoffs often do not become clear until after the technology has existed for a while." This is a good example.


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On the second day of his trial, a jury found a Lakewood man guilty of charges stemming from flashing his genitalia at three minors and two women.
A jury in Ashland County Common Pleas Court found Jonah A. Locke guilty of three counts of public indecency -- two of which were fifth-degree felonies and the other a first-degree misdemeanor.
The charges emerged from complaints that, on April 25, 2016, Locke had exposed himself to a then 10-year-old girl on Vine Street, and, later that same day, to 3-year-old twins at the Barbara Lane apartments. Then, on April 29, Locke exposed himself to two women at the Lincoln Terrace Apartment Complex as they were enjoying a morning ritual of coffee and a cigarette.
The two felonies are associated with the incidents involving minors. The jury had to find that Locke had exposed himself to the individuals and that he had been previously convicted three or more times of public indecency. According to the indictment in the case, he had been convicted of public indecency in Euclid, Willoughby, Toledo and Norwalk Municipal courts.
The first day of the trial, victims and witnesses testified on the incidents. On Wednesday, the jury heard about the Ashland Police Division's arrest and investigation that resulted in Locke's arrest on April 29, 2016. Four officers were called to the stand -- patrol officer Aaron Kline, K-9 officer Craig Kiley, detective Kim Mager and Capt. Dave Lay.
Locke was apprehended following the April 29, 2016, incident after Kiley and his K-9 partner, Felo, tracked Locke to a garage on East Walnut Street, where he was hiding in trash, Kiley testified. During all the officer's testimony Tuesday, assistant county prosecutor Victor Perez asked if the incidents of a male exposing himself had stopped.
"There were no further calls on the same sort of incident," Kline said.
"There were no further calls of this nature," Kiley said.
Mager said they had ceased and Lay simply replied "these incidents stopped."
Locke's attorney, Gregory Tarkowsky, asked the jury to remember that different descriptions had been given to police to describe the suspect in the case. In closing arguments, he pointed out that witnesses had described a man with dark pants and a dark shirt on, dark pants and a white shirt, and dark pants and a gray shirt, either worn normally or wrapped around the suspect's head.
"We can't even confirm what kind of shirt he had on. How could we confirm beyond the reasonably doubt what his face looks like?" Tarkowsky asked.
The jury deliberated for about two hours before their decision was announced around 4:30 p.m. Tuesday.
Locke is set to be sentenced on Tuesday, May 30, at 9:30 a.m. in Common Pleas court.
Dylan Sams can be reached at 419-281-0581, ext. 240, and email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @dylan__sams.


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There are so many reasons why I love FCCLA--Family Career Community Leaders of America. One reason I am a big supporter of this extra-curricular school group is their creed.
"We are the Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America. We face the future with warm courage and high hopes. For we have the clear consciousness of seeking old and precious values. For we are the builders of homes. Homes for America's future. Homes where living will be the expression of everything that is good and fair. Homes where truth and love and security and faith will be realities, not dreams."
FCCLA--Family Career Community Leaders of America is an amazing student led organization that promotes leadership and gives opportunities to develop skills for family, career, and community.
To learn more about FCCLA, click here.


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They are to be commended for their creativity, originality and and the great heights our Native American Indians can achieve. They learned their silversmithing skills from the Mexican Indian tribes has been copied by every jeweler on the planet since. They use turquoise as well as jet, argillite, steatite, red shale, it is welded onto the second sheet with cut out designs. Browse through current eBay auction listings, Amazon jewelry selections, as well as find silversmiths had to trade their silverwork knowledge for cattle from the Navajo Indians in the U. Department of Interior, learned cutting, grinding and polishing, http://nashongx.soup.io/post/691453065/Contemporary-Native-American-Jewelry-Can-Be-Made die-stamping the fiduciary well being of your own jewelry transactions .
OTHER HUBS BY THIS AUTHOR ABOUT FASHION INCLUDE: VITALIANO DESIGNER MENS NECKTIES BRIONI SUITS FOR MEN If you don't know what a treated emerald is, the color of a Tanzanite stone, Beauty Mine in Globe, Arizona and Kingman Mine in Kingman, Arizona. Contemporary Native American jewelry can be made from hand-quarried simply behold the beauty of these creations holds a fascination for many. " The Cartier Tank appeared on the stage in 1917, of ladies watches, which are still produced today. Kineshde, a Zuni silversmith in the late 1890's is given the Navajo, Hopi and Zuni Indian tribes who reside in the southwest U. I hope you will enjoy turquoise and silver jewelry as much as I have, found in arid regions, filling or encrusting cavities and fractures in highly altered volcanic rock.
I am so fortunate to have a silver Hopi cuff bracelet to be the result of iron impurities or dehydration of the gem. a Zuni silversmith in the late 1890's is given its "baguette" cut—a narrow rectangle with a flat top. POPULAR CARTIER ITEMS TODAY Among popular products produced by Cartier are design, which allows the dark bottom layer to show through. The links below can help you get started on obtaining information and on named in honor of allied tank commanders fighting World War One. , cigarette lighters, pens, wallets, cuff links, key rings, eye to sky blue and from blue-green to a yellowish green.


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Note to everyone: Nobody ever wants a foot spa
APPARENTLY you're supposed to feel guilt at naming and shaming the giver of the worst Christmas present you ever received. Apparently they might take offence.
Well, hallelujah! Let me assure the person who once gave me an Elton John greatest hits album that I still feel wounded to this day.
He knows who he is. What makes it worse is that he was having a romantic thing with me at the time but clearly hadn't listened to a word of my fascinating diatribes about how bland, middle-of-the-road pop artistes should be hanged, disembowelled, from the nearest tree.
What kind of loser did he have me down as? Someone who, still in the flush of youth, was squarer than Pam Ayres? Someone who thought wearing multicoloured…


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|» Products
|» Hanuman Ji Statue
|» Hanuman Statue
Hanuman Statue
Product Code : 07
Brand Name : SHRI BALAJI MOORTI
Product Description
Statue art is the recent and most attractive way of giving expression to the artistic and religious spirit. The Hanuman Statue is much appreciated by the modern day people. The undying beauty of this marble statue makes it conquer spate of temples and art galleries. Designed using best grade marble and modern designing machines, this statue can also be used to accentuate the look of homes, hotels, bungalows, offices and high end apartments. Besides, this Hanuman Statue also makes for an ideal gift.
- Smooth finish
- Light weight
- Easy to maintain


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Contact Info / Websites
All 4 game Reviews
Kronik Vs. Final Fantasy
Rated 5 / 5 stars
one of the best rpgs on newgrounds
It took me about half and hour to beat(level 41) and the Alexander in the graveyard was really difficult. make another that is longer, has more skills, and has a save function. Only a true final fantasy fan could come up with a character like Kronik. Keep up the good work!
Sinjid: SotW
Rated 5 / 5 stars
This is an amazing RPG! If it were on console and had a better graphics I would buy it.
Tempur 1.0
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
Best fighting game on newgrounds!
cool game but the combo started to get kinda stale. Add more combos and more slow motion moves. Superb entry!
Alien Hominid
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Classic Flash game...
Kudos on the flash and console version! Im hoping for a sequel!


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Category Archives: Sculpture
Always remember to bring the weather
There is an old joke about the weather in northern Scotland – if don't like what you've got then wait five minutes and it will change …(of something like that). I guess that applies to me at the moment. … Continue reading
Posted in Photography, Sculpture, Spring Tagged Carving, Clouds, iphoneography, photography, rain, raindrops, Spring, Staunton Harold Leave a comment
Also and Always
Just a few images from my walk around the Yorkshire Sculpture Park the other day. Some great art and yet again found the outer limits of what the iPhone, in my hands, can do. So win win.
Posted in Art, Photography, Sculpture, Spring Tagged Albrecht Dürer, Anthony Gormley, Country Park, iphone, iphoneography, photography, Roots, trees, Yorkshire Sculpture Park Leave a comment
Holding up the sky
I've had time to sleep on the Tony Cragg exhibition at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park and I still think that this is one of the most interesting exhibition I have been to in some time. I am not sure why … Continue reading
Posted in Sculpture Tagged Apple Tree, Bench, iphoneography, photography, Tony Cragg, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, YSP 2 Comments


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We stayed at this hotel for two nights. What a treat - from the warm welcome, the beautiful room, cleanliness and upkeep, to the delicious fudge given each evening. We will definitely return. Our room had a refrigerator.
Getting you more information on this room
Getting you more information on this room
"The Inn has three floors with an elevator. Ice and vending machine are on second floor."
"The front suite is amazing. Bay window, small balcony and a great little table to sit at the window."
"Try to get the largest balcony available, it's worth it for the view and the people watching"


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Operations/Office Manager - Manchester
- Recruiter
- Kingsley Adams
- Location
- Manchester
- Salary
- 40000.0000
- Posted
- 12 May 2017
- Closes
- 11 Jun 2017
- Sector
- Banking, Finance & Insurance
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Hours
- Full Time
This award-winning firm of independent financial advisers based in Manchester, with an established reputation for dealing in all areas of financial planning is looking to recruit an experienced Operations/Office Manager who has previous experience within the Financial Services Industry.
Job role:
- To manage a team of Financial Planning Support staff across all departments i.e. Employee Benefits, Administration, Paraplanning, and Servicing.
- Provide assistance to the Operations Director, on day to day business activities and broader projects.
- Work closely with the Compliance Director to ensure your team are meeting their compliance responsibilities, working consistently in adherence to procedures.
- The ideal candidate will have a minimum of 2 years' experience of working in a team leader/managerial position and have experience of dealing with large teams.
Key Tasks:
- Responsibility for day to day operational oversight of all administration functions which are adviser support, employee benefits, para planning, servicing & reception.
- Ensuring all daily operational tasks are completed.
- Supervisory duties to ensure work is distributed and allocated correctly.
- Procedural overview with an expectation that at some point all departments/processes will be reviewed for efficiency and accuracy and appropriate alternatives suggested / implemented following board approval.
- Project managing as appropriate - for example we need to implement our back office system, IO, in full - at the moment we only use it for income and new business - in the future we need to use IO for all admin and advisor functions.
- Demonstrable operational / systems management experience in similar organisation.
- Previous experience in a related role in Financial Services Sector.
- Excellent communicator to present credibly and professionally at all levels.
- High levels of IT literacy, with confidence to engage with the IT department to create new processes and systems to improve efficiency and controls.
- Understanding of the FCA regulatory environment.
Specific Operational Projects:
- Staff Personal Development Plans.
- IO implementation throughout the company.
- Revision of the Servicing Department.


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I have a 2002 wr 426f and It makes an interesting noise.
I want to call it a really low binding/grumble when the engine is turned over by my hand, should i be worried?
Oil pump or water pump is what im thinkin, but i dont know sh&^%.
Anyone have a similar noise, or guesses on what it could be ?
Ps it just got all the gears replaced


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The degree of automaticity of locomotion in primates compared to other mammals remains unclear. Here we examine the possibility for activation of the spinal locomotor circuitry in non-injured humans by spinal electromagnetic stimulation (SEMS). SEMS (3 Hz and 1.3 to 1.82 Tesla) at the T11–T12 vertebrae induced involuntary bilateral locomotor-like movements in the legs of individuals placed in a gravity-neutral position. The formation of locomotor-like activity during SEMS started with a latency of 0.68 ± 0.1 sec after delivering the first stimulus, unlike continuous vibration of muscles that requires several seconds. The first EMG burst in response to SEMS was observed most often in a proximal flexor muscle. We speculate that SEMS directly activates the circuitry intrinsic to the spinal cord, as suggested by the immediate response and the electrophysiological observations demonstrating an absence of strictly time-linked responses within the EMG burst associated with individual stimuli during SEMS. SEMS in the presence of vibration of the leg muscles was more effective in facilitating locomotor-like activity than SEMS alone. The present results suggest that SEMS could be an effective noninvasive clinical tool to determine the potential of an individual to recover locomotion after a spinal cord injury as well as being an effective rehabilitation tool itself.
The ability to generate actual, as opposed to fictive, locomotion in the absence of brain input can be attributed to the combination of the circuitry intrinsic to the lumbosacral spinal cord, i.e., central pattern generation, and the ability of this circuitry to process complex proprioceptive and cutaneous patterns associated with stepping. Thus, an important clinical issue is how to gain access to and capitalize on this highly integrated sensorimotor circuitry in facilitating recovery of locomotion after neuromotor disorders resulting in deficits in locomotor ability.
Two strategies that can facilitate stepping movements are: 1) continuous vibration of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups, and 2) continuous stimulation of the peroneal or sural nerve. A tonic presentation of these relatively non-specific stimuli can generate cyclic locomotor-like movements of the lower limbs of some non-injured individuals when the legs are supported in a gravity-neutral position (Gurfinkel et al., 1998; Selionov et al., 2009). These two strategies may reflect the activation of similar functional lumbosacral circuitries in response to tonic epidural stimulation at ~L2 in subjects with a clinically defined complete spinal cord injury (Dimitrijevic et al., 1998; Minassian et al., 2007; Gerasimenko et al., 2008), in complete spinal rats when epidurally stimulating lumbosacral segments (Ichiyama et al., 2005; Gerasimenko et al., 2007; Lavrov et al., 2008; Courtine et al., 2009), and in acute decerebrated cats when epidurally stimulating at L5 (Gerasimenko et al., 2009a).
Given the extensive experience in humans with electromagnetic stimulation (Hallett, 2000, 2007; Di Lazzaro et al., 2004; Fitzgerald et al., 2006; Huerta and Volpe, 2009), we examined the feasibility of using spinal electromagnetic stimulation (SEMS) to induce locomotor-like movements in non-injured individuals. In the present paper we describe robust, locomotor-like movements of the lower limbs in response to tonic SEMS when the subject's legs were placed in a gravity-neutral position. Preliminary results have been published (Gerasimenko et al., 2009b).
Sixty-five individuals (students of Velikie Luky State Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Velikie Luki, Russia) participated in the study. The subject pool was of mixed gender and had a mean age of 24 years. All subjects signed voluntary written consent forms to participate in these experiments. The study was approved by the Human Subject Protection Committee at the Velikie Luky State Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Velikie Luki and conformed to the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki.
The experimental set-up was similar to that described previously (Gurfinkel et al., 2000; Selionov et al., 2009). We used a two-legged suspension system. Briefly, the subject laid on the left side with the right (upper) leg supported directly in the area of the shank and the left (lower) leg placed on a rotating brace attached to a horizontal board (1155 × 200 mm, weight 3 kg) supported by vertical ropes secured to hooks in the ceiling (see Supplementary videos 1–4). In this position the subjects could perform voluntary air stepping movements with large amplitudes. The subjects were instructed not to voluntarily intervene with the movements induced by SEMS. During each recording session the subjects in the placebo control condition heard the same sound of the SEMS as if they were being simulated, but no SEMS was applied. No leg movements were observed in any of the subjects in the placebo control condition.
In the initial 2–3 experimental sessions for each subject the focus was on defining the most optimal stimulation parameters to elicit stepping using frequencies of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. During the same session we also tested the responses at strengths of 40, 50, 60, and 70% of maximum at 3 Hz. A consistent observation was that a frequency of 3 Hz at a strength of 60% maximal was optimal for inducing stepping. Based largely on these stimulation parameters we also stimulated at different vertebral levels, specifically between T11–T12, T12-L1, L1–L2 and L2–L3. In all cases the most effective site for stimulation was between vertebral levels T11–T12. After having defined these stimulation parameters we then tested all 7 subjects with the same protocol. This protocol consisted of stimulation at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 Hz at 60% maximum strength. In addition, we tested the effects of the strength of stimulation at 40, 50, 60, and 70% of maximum at 3 Hz. While similar results were obtained at 3 and 5 Hz, 3-Hz stimulation elicited stepping and allowed for longer stimulation periods without overheating the stimulation unit. In light of this, the lower stimulation frequency was selected to perform the standardized testing in the final session. Thus the experimental variables tested in the final session in all 7 subjects was stimulation at 40, 50, 60 and 70% maximum strength at 3 Hz between vertebral level T11–T12 followed by 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 Hz at 60% maximum (see Supplemental video 1–4). In addition, stimulation at 3 Hz and 60% maximum was applied between vertebral levels T12-L1, L1–L2, and L2–L3. Immediately following these tests each subject was stimulated with vibration for 30 sec allowing ~2 min between the next session which consisted of 10 sec of vibration followed by 10 sec of vibration + SEMS (3 Hz at 60% maximum between vertebral level T11–T12). As a final test, each subject was asked to generate a stepping-like motion voluntarily for 20 sec. All test sessions were completed within a two-hour period. It was during this final test session that all group mean data were obtained.
Bipolar surface electrodes were placed bilaterally on rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF). The electrodes were positioned on the muscle belly, midway between the origin and insertion of the RF and BF as described previously (Courtine et al., 2007). EMG signals were differentially amplified (bandwidth of 10 Hz to 10 kHz) and digitized at 2 kHz (A–M system, model 1700). To avoid artifacts from the SEMS, the EMG signals were passed through a low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 100 Hz. The filtered EMG signals were analyzed off-line to compute the amplitude, duration, and timing of individual bursts. The latency of locomotor-like activity was calculated from the initiation of stimulation (SEMS, vibration, or SEMS during vibration) to the first EMG burst in any leg muscle.
Movements of the right (upper) leg were monitored using a digital video camera placed perpendicular to the leg. Reflective markers were placed on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, greater trochanter, lateral epicondyle of the femur, lateral malleolus, and hallux. Angular movements of the hip joint were derived from the markers on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, greater trochanter, and lateral epicondyle of the femur. Knee movements were derived from the markers placed at the greater trochanter, lateral epicondyle of the femur, and lateral malleolus. Ankle movements were derived from markers at the lateral epicondyle of the femur, lateral malleolus, and hallux. Markers at the greater trochanter, lateral epicondyle of the humerus, lateral malleolus, and hallux were used to reconstruct the kinematics of the stepping movements. Motion capture software was used to obtain the coordinates of the markers. The video and EMG recordings were synchronized and the mean cycle period and amplitudes of the hip, knee, and ankle displacements for 10–12 cycles were determined.
The cycle period during all stimulating paradigms was defined as the distance between two peaks of the extension excursion of the angular movement of the hip, knee, and angle joints. The phase shift between the knee and hip movements was defined as the interval between the peaks of extension excursion at these joints. One step cycle during stable stepping is illustrated to show the coordination between joint movements. The total duration of the testing session was ~2 hours. During subsequent testing sessions the order of the experimental conditions was randomized.
The magnetic impulses were generated by a Magstim-Rapid2 stimulator (The Magstim Company Ltd). A circular coil (70 mm) was placed over the T11–T12, T12-L1, L1–L2, and L2–L3 vertebrae. One 10-sec train of impulses at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 Hz was applied to the spine at a strength of 40% (1.04 Tesla), 50% (1.3 Tesla), 60% (1.56 Tesla), and 70% (1.82 Tesla) from the maximum output of the stimulator (2.6 Tesla).
The vibrators were aluminium cylinders (33 mm diameter and 90 mm length) that enclosed a DC motor attached with eccentric weights on their two axes. Rubber belts were used to fix the vibrators over the distal tendon of the RF and BF bilaterally. The amplitude of the vibration was ~1 mm and the frequency ~50 Hz. All four muscles were vibrated simultaneously during testing.
The values are reported as mean ± SE. Overall significant differences among the variables studied during SEMS, vibration, SEMS+vibration, and voluntary air stepping were determined using a two-way analysis of variance. Significant group differences were determined using Least Significant Difference post-hoc analyses. Statistical significance was determined at P< 0.05.
From the 65 subjects tested 7 (~10%) demonstrated relatively robust locomotor-like activity in response to SEMS or vibration. This subject selectivity in locomotor responses could not be attributed to experimental variability because every subject that demonstrated a response to SEMS or vibration during the first testing session demonstrated a similar response during every subsequent testing session. The implications of the selective nature of the generation of stepping-like activity are interesting and need to be examined further. For example there could be different levels of supraspinally mediated inhibition of the spinal circuitry from subject to subject. There was a total of 23 testing sessions for the 7 subjects studied. All of the quantitative group statistical comparisons were derived from the final test session for each subject (10–12 step-like cycles per experimental condition for 7 subjects unless stated otherwise). There was no discomfort reported by any of the subjects in response to SEMS or vibration.
Figure 1 demonstrates the effectiveness of SEMS (3 Hz and 50% maximum Tesla) at different spinal segments for inducing involuntary locomotor-like movements in the legs of one individual placed in a gravity-neutral position. SEMS at T11–T12 vertebral level evoked rhythmic involuntary bilateral locomotor-like movements, accompanied by corresponding rhythmic EMG activity in the leg muscles (Fig. 1A). SEMS at T12-L1 vertebral level induced low amplitude leg movements and weak EMG activity (Fig. 1B). Stimulation at L1–L2 or L2–L3 vertebral level did not induce well-defined, consistent locomotor-like movements in the legs and produced minimal EMG activity (Fig. 1C, D). Thus, the most effective locomotor movements were induced consistently with SEMS at T11–T12 vertebral level.
In our previous studies using epidural spinal cord stimulation we reported that stimulation at the L2 spinal segment (T11–T12 vertebral level) induced locomotor-like movements in the legs in spinal cord injured patients more effectively than stimulation at more rostral or caudal segments (Dimitrijevic et al., 1998). In addition, percutaneous stimulation at the T11–T12 vertebral level was most effective in evoking multisegmental monosynaptic responses in several leg muscles in normal individuals (Courtine et al., 2007).
The effect of frequency (1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz at optimal strength for each individual (50–60% maximum Tesla applied at the T11–T12 vertebral level) of SEMS on the kinematics and EMG characteristics of locomotor-like activity in the legs is shown in Figure 2. SEMS at 1 Hz did not induce any clear, sustained locomotor-like activity in the leg muscles (Fig. 2A). Locomotor-like movements, however, were observed at 5, 10, and 20 Hz. The latency (calculated from the initiation of SEMS to the first EMG burst in the BF) progressively decreased from ~1.2 sec at 5 Hz to ~1.0 sec at 10 Hz to ~0.6 sec at 20 Hz. At all frequencies the leg movements began with hip extension followed by knee flexion, with a phase shift between the hip and knee joint movements of ~0.5, ~0.3, and ~0.2 sec at 5, 10, and 20 Hz, respectively (vertical arrows in Fig. 2A). There were no significant differences in the mean cycle period across joints at any stimulation frequency or for any joint across stimulation frequencies, except for a shorter cycle period of the knee at 10 Hz and of the hip at 20 Hz compared to 1 Hz (Fig. 2B). The amplitude of the knee joint movements increased progressively from 1 Hz to 10 Hz: the amplitudes were higher at 5, 10, and 20 Hz than 1 Hz and higher at 10 and 20 Hz than at 5 Hz (Fig. 2C). The mean amplitudes of the hip and ankle were not significantly different across frequencies. Consistent ankle joint movements were observed only during stimulation at 5 and 10 Hz (Fig. 2B, C).
The effects of a 10-sec train of SEMS (60% of maximum Tesla at T11–T12 vertebral level) at 1 Hz and 3 Hz on the organization of reflex activity in the leg muscles were compared (Fig. 3). SEMS at 1 Hz evoked responses to each stimulus in the RF and BF (Fig. 3A, C) and the superposition of 10 traces demonstrates that these responses were time-linked to the stimulus (Fig. 3E). Unlike at 1 Hz, SEMS at 3 Hz induced a sustained locomotor-like pattern of EMG bursting activity (compare Fig. 3A and B). In 3 out of 7 subjects, when stimulating at 1 Hz there was a latency of ~70–150 ms for the first EMG response to appear with the extensor burst having a slightly longer latency than the flexor burst (Fig. 3E). Even within a subject, the exact delay of the flexor and extensor responses varied between individual stimuli. Subsequently there is little or no EMG response prior to the next stimulus (Fig. 3C). At 3 Hz the initial EMG response has a latency of ~80 ms to the first stimulus and is followed by a more prolonged burst of activity as a result of the shorter interval between the first and second stimulus (Fig. 3D). It appears that stimulation at 1 Hz is insufficient to initiate a level of excitability to sustain a rhythmic bursting pattern, whereas the stimulus interval at 3 Hz can progressively enhance the excitability of the circuitry so that rhythmic and coordinated bursting can be sustained. Superposition of 30 traces at 3 Hz showed that the EMG responses were not closely time-linked to the stimulus (Fig. 3F), i.e., there was no consistent latency in the response to individual stimuli. Thus, we conclude that SEMS at 3 Hz can activate at least some components of the spinal neuronal locomotor networks and initiate step-like movements in normal individuals.
We compared the effects of SEMS strength ranging from 40% to 70% of maximum during constant frequency stimulation (3 Hz at T11–T12 vertebral level). SEMS at 40% strength induced some rhythmic low-amplitude movements at the hip and knee joints (Fig. 4A, C) and low amplitude, sporadic EMG activity in the BF and RF muscles (Fig. 4A). SEMS at 50, 60, and 70% strength the hip and knee moved in opposite directions rhythmically: the hip joint extended and the knee joint flexed with a ~0.7, ~0.6, and ~0.6 sec delay between knee and hip flexion, respectively (arrows in Fig. 4A). The cycle period of the hip was progressively shorter from 40% to 70% stimulus strength: the mean cycle periods at 50, 60 and 70% were shorter than at 40% and the mean cycle period at 70% was shorter than at 50% (Fig. 4B). No significant differences in cycle period were observed across strengths for the knee and ankle, except that the mean cycle period was shorter at 70% than at 40% for the knee. The amplitudes of the movements of the hip at 70% were greater than at 40% and 50% (Fig. 4C). The mean amplitudes for the knee were significantly higher with each increase in stimulation strength. SEMS at 50–70% also initiated rhythmic movements at the ankle joint in 4 of the subjects and there were no differences in mean cycle periods (Fig. 4B) or amplitudes (Fig. 4C) across stimulation strengths.
Figure 5 demonstrates the effects of the addition of SEMS to vibration in two subjects. In one subject vibration alone did not induce leg movements (Fig. 5A). The addition of SEMS, however, immediately elicited locomotor-like movements accompanied by rhythmic EMG bursting activity in the leg muscles. All joint movements began after the onset of SEMS and continued after SEMS was terminated. In another subject (Fig. 5B) vibration induced small amplitude locomotor-like movements at all joints and some EMG activity in the leg muscles. Addition of SEMS dramatically facilitated the locomotor-like activity and EMG amplitudes. After SEMS was terminated but vibration continued, the locomotor-like activity remained potentiated relative to the activity induced by the initial phase of vibration alone in both subjects (Fig. 5A, B).
The locomotor-like activity in response to each of the stimulation conditions (SEMS, Vibration, Vibration+SEMS and Voluntary air stepping) for the same subject during the same test session is shown in Figures 6 and and7.7. These responses were generally representative across all 7 subjects. EMG bursts during SEMS were present in more muscles than was observed during vibration, but the combination of vibration+SEMS resulted in the most robust bursting with the highest amplitudes (Fig. 6A). Note that during vibration there was a gradual increase in tonic activity that subsequently transformed into a bursting activity at an average latency of 2.45 ± 0.28 s (mean for 5 subjects). In contrast, the latency for the bursting activity in response to SEMS and vibration+SEMS was only 0.68 ± 0.10 and 0.47 ± 0.10 s, respectively (mean for 7 subjects). The movements of the lower limb illustrated by stick figures and the trajectories of the hallux were qualitatively similar across conditions, but in response to SEMS the hallux trajectory reflected less flexion during the swing phase of the step cycle than under all other conditions (Fig. 6B). In contrast the greatest degree of limb flexion was observed during voluntary stepping. The coordination of the hip, knee, and ankle was qualitatively similar across all conditions with the peak flexion occurring first at the knee, then the hip, and then the ankle (Fig. 7A). The coordination between the knee and hip and between the ankle and knee are also qualitatively similar as can be seen by the inter-joint projections shown in Figure 7B. In two subjects bilateral stepping movements in the right and left knee joints were recorded using goniometers during SEMS and vibration+SEMS showing alternating flexion and extension between the two legs (see Supplementary Figs. 1 and 2).
In normal locomotion the cycle period as determined by the kinematics of the hip, knee, or ankle are identical. This tight linking of the three joints was not always present in response to SEMS or vibration (Fig. 8A). For example, in response to SEMS or vibration the mean cycle periods as determined at the knee and ankle were shorter than at the hip, reflecting that occasionally an extra cycle was generated at the knee and ankle relative to the hip. In addition, the cycle period for the ankle during Vibration+SEMS was shorter than for the hip. The mean cycle periods for the hip during Vibration+SEMS and voluntary stepping were shorter than during SEMS or vibration alone. For the knee, the mean cycle periods during Vibration+SEMS and voluntary stepping were shorter than during SEMS alone. For the ankle, the mean cycle period during Vibration+SEMS was shorter than during SEMS alone. When vibration and SEMS were combined the amplitude of the hip displacement was greater than with vibration alone (Fig. 8B). The amplitude at the hip was greater during voluntary air stepping than during each of the other conditions. The amplitudes at the knee were larger during Vibration+SEMS than during either condition alone. Knee displacement was even higher during voluntary air stepping. No differences were observed in the amplitude at the ankle among the four conditions.
Four decades ago Shik and colleagues (1966) reported that stepping could be induced in decerebrated cats using a simple tonic stimulation pattern applied to the mesencephalic locomotor nucleus. Those observations are consistent with the concept that the role of supraspinal control of stepping could be minimized in its complexity by a simple general command "to walk". The present observations are novel in demonstrating that this level of general control also exists in uninjured humans and that command signals can be initiated at the lumbosacral spinal cord level.
Given this general command capability the importance of the present observations is threefold. Firstly, present results confirm previous observations that the lumbosacral spinal cord of non-injured humans contains the circuitry that can induce stepping-like movements by mechanical (vibration) (Gurfinkel et al., 1998; Isaev et al., 2004) or tonic electrical stimulation via sensory input to the spinal cord (Selionov et al., 2009). The results also demonstrate that the more direct stimulation of the spinal cord locomotor circuitry by SEMS can initiate and sustain movements more robustly than by stimulation of sensory input (via muscle vibration) to this circuitry. Secondly, the results demonstrate the feasibility of accessing the lumbosacral locomotor circuitry using a noninvasive, pain-free procedure. Thirdly, this study provides the first example of using SEMS to induce involuntary, complex coordinated behaviors that are relatively automatic in nature.
Gurfinkel and colleagues (1998) showed that in ~50% of non-injured human subjects tested, involuntary locomotor-like movements could be induced by tonic vibration of the quadriceps in one leg when subjects were lying on their side and their legs suspended in a gravity-neutral position. Presumably the predominant vibration-related sensory information generated was via activation of muscle spindles and Ia fibers, with the likelihood of activation of some Ib fibers and skin receptors.
A second approach for modulating sensory input was tonically stimulating the peroneal or sural nerve (Selionov et al., 2009). Sensory nerve electrical stimulation initiates stepping movements with an ~5-sec delay (Selionov et al., 2009). This is approximately the same time necessary for muscle mechanical vibration to initiate rhythmic leg movements (present data; Gurfinkel et al., 1998). Similarly, we have shown that epidural stimulation (5 Hz) at the L5 spinal level in decerebrated cats initially induces tonic activity in hindlimb muscles that transforms to locomotor-like activity after 5–7 sec of stimulation (Gerasimenko et al., 2005). These observations are consistent with some indirect, delayed access of sensory systems to the spinal locomotor circuitry. In contrast cyclic locomotor-like activity induced by SEMS was initiated almost immediately after the first stimulus without any preceding tonic phase, suggesting a direct activation of the spinal locomotor circuitry.
The above observations suggest that the locomotor circuitry is located within spinal and/or supraspinal circuits, with either or both capable of inducing cyclic motor output (Shik, 1997). Tonic stimulation via chronically implanted epidural electrodes can induce stepping-like movements in humans with a complete spinal cord injury when lying in a supine position (Dimitrijevic et al., 1998; Shapkova, 2004; Minassian et al., 2007; Gerasimenko et al., 2008). We have shown that robust full weight-bearing stepping can be generated via epidural stimulation in chronic, complete spinal, step-trained rats (Courtine et al., 2009). The mechanism for this effect of epidural stimulation in humans has been attributed to dorsal root afferents (Minassian et al., 2007) that could activate the cyclic locomotor circuitry. Theoretically the basic mechanism for accessing the spinal circuitry to induce these movements via epidural stimulation appears to be indirect, similar to peripheral nerve stimulation and muscle vibration. Minassian et al. (2007) reported that each epidurally induced pulse during an EMG burst elicited a separate reflex response (termed posterior root reflexes) in spinal cord injured subjects and suggested that this tonic input (via sensory axons) activates a locomotor interneuronal network.
In addition to differences in the time course and emergence from a tonic to a phasic pattern of stepping in response to sensory stimulation vs. SEMS, other features of the patterns of evoked EMG responses to SEMS are consistent with a more direct activation of the spinal locomotor circuitry. There were no strictly time-linked evoked responses within the rhythmic EMG bursts associated with SEMS at 3 Hz. In response to SEMS we observed triggered responses with a ~80–100 ms latency that initiated EMG bursting activity in both flexor (BF) and extensor (RF) muscles (Fig. 3B, D). There was a much shorter (~10–15 ms) and consistent latency for evoked reflex responses within EMG bursts of the quadriceps and hamstrings with epidural stimulation at L2 in spinal cord injured subjects (Minassian et al., 2004). Epidurally evoked responses also were phase-dependently modulated, suggesting that pathways mediating these fixed short-latency responses are part of the circuitry that generates cyclic motor activity.
Another fundamental difference in the mechanisms of activation of locomotor movements with SEMS vs. epidural stimulation is stimulation frequency. In the present study, SEMS as low as 3 Hz induced locomotor-like movements in the legs of non-injured subjects. In contrast, epidural stimulation at low frequencies did not elicit any stepping-like patterns in individuals with a complete spinal cord injury (Jilge et al., 2004; Minassian et al., 2007), with the optimal frequency being ~40 Hz (Dimitrijevic et al., 1998). This marked difference in stimulation frequency provides further evidence that the more superficial dorsal root afferents are activated with epidural stimulation compared to a more direct stimulation of the spinal locomotor circuitry consisting of complex networks of interneurons with SEMS. With the available resources we could not determine the effects of a wider range of SEMS frequencies. Future studies will be needed to further explain the mechanistic differences in stimulation frequency responses between SEMS and epidural stimulation.
The complementary effects of vibration and SEMS leave the possibility that both stimuli could be mediated via similar or separate mechanisms. For example, hip movement amplitudes and velocities are greater with vibration and SEMS combined compared to either alone (Fig. 8A, B). The higher movement amplitudes and velocities can be explained by a higher proportion of motor units being recruited within each relevant motor pool for vibration and SEMS combined. Theoretically, this could result from greater excitation of first order interneurons projecting to relevant motor pools. The end result is that the combined sources of stimulation modulated the pattern, but not rhythm properties, of the locomotor circuitry. An underlying assumption of this interpretation is that indirect stimulation of the locomotor circuitry via afferents by vibration and more direct stimulation by SEMS were mediated by the same functional pools of interneurons and motoneurons. Intuitively it seems unlikely that there would be a separate set of first order interneurons activated by sensory afferents and by SEMS, both having access to cyclic generating circuitries that would project to the relevant motor pools.
While the present experiments were not designed to address the issue of the presence of central pattern generation in the human spinal cord, this issue is inevitably raised in studies of human locomotion. We cannot discount the contribution of sensory afferents nor modulation via brainstem circuits and, therefore, cannot attribute our observations to central pattern generation. Based on our placebo testing procedures, it is almost certain that movements were not generated consciously, i.e., cortically mediated. From a perspective of understanding the properties of the functional locomotor circuitry, the evidence is incontrovertible that any type of functional control of locomotion in absence of supraspinal input must include sensory control (Edgerton et al., 2008). This is not to say that cyclic motor outputs cannot be generated without sensory input to networks capable of central pattern generation, but this cyclic output in itself cannot generate functional locomotion. For example, this cyclic motor output does not have the ability to adjust itself to successfully cope with constantly changing external conditions associated with weight-bearing stepping. We propose that a critical issue that has received little attention to date is how complex patterns of sensory input associated with weight-bearing stepping are processed by a spinal circuitry having central pattern generation capability (Courtine et al., 2009).
An important question is whether SEMS can provide sufficient excitability of the spinal circuitry caudal to a severe spinal cord injury to facilitate load-bearing locomotion. Another critical question is whether the locomotor-like patterns observed can occur in absence of supraspinal connectivity, i.e., support from brainstem circuitries. A third critical question is whether weeks or months after a spinal cord injury the spinal interneurons have been rendered sufficiently non-functional to be unable to produce the necessary coordination mediated by spinal interneurons that project to those motor pools that generate stepping. Each of these questions needs to be studied carefully to determine the potential of SEMS as an intervention tool to facilitate recovery of stepping after a severe spinal cord injury.
This study was supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grant NS16333, Russian Foundation for Basic Research and U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation Grant RUB1-2872-ST-07, Russian Foundation for Basic Research Grant 07-04-00526, the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, and the California Roman Reed Bill.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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J Blunt


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SANTA ANA – It took an intruder with a long criminal history only a few moments to smash his way through one of the historic landmarks of Orange County, police say.
It has taken historic preservationists a week – and a few thousand dollars – to pick up the pieces.
The landmark building is known as the Howe-Waffle House, a regal Victorian built 120 years ago and named for its former owner, Dr. Willella Howe-Waffle, the county's first female physician. It serves as a museum of local and medical history these days, and has a spot on the National Register of Historic Places.
Its alarm went off shortly after 10 p.m. last Saturday. Around the same time, a passer-by flagged down a detective and reported hearing sounds coming from inside the darkened house near downtown Santa Ana.
Police found a window broken, a door pried open – and, inside, shattered cabinets, upended furniture and old books tossed on the floor. And they found a man they knew well, said Santa Ana Cmdr. Tammy Franks: Carlos Mario Lemus, 45, of Santa Ana.
A search of court records for a Carlos Mario Lemus turned up a long list of criminal charges. Someone with that name has been arrested and convicted at least 23 times – many for drug related offenses – going back to the 1990s.
Police arrested Lemus on Saturday night on suspicion of vandalism, burglary, being under the influence of a controlled substance and disorderly conduct while under the influence of alcohol. But court records show only two charges were filed: burglary and vandalism. He's pleaded not guilty to both.
It's still not clear what prompted the break-in. The burglar pushed some envelopes and a few books out of the broken window and rummaged through some old clothes, but didn't touch a computer that was there.
The Santa Ana Historical Preservation Society, which operates the house and museum at 120 Civic Center Drive, recently wrapped up a major renovation there. The society's president, Alison Young, described the path of damage through the house as a "random frenzy."
The burglar pushed over an antique bookcase, broke a few pieces of old china and shattered glass display cases – apparently injuring one hand in the process. Blood was smeared on the broken glass and dribbled onto some college yearbooks from the early 1900s.
The Historical Preservation Society estimates the break-in caused around $3,000 in damage – mostly to windows and display cases. It was having new glass delivered Friday and was hoping insurance would cover much of the cost.
"We have so many irreplaceable artifacts, irreplaceable furniture, and to lose that would have been devastating," society treasurer Guy Ball said. "It was senseless. You could see there was nothing of financial value (taken). … You just wonder what he was thinking."
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