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Peatlands contain large amount of carbon stock that is vulnerable to release into the atmosphere. Mostly because of human impact, the peatlands at Zoige Wetlands face severe degradation, and the groundwater table is now lower than before, which has increased the population of the plateau zokor, a burrowing rodent. However, the impact of these changes on ecosystem carbon flows has not been studied. To investigate how the plateau zokor and the groundwater level alter the ecosystem respiration of the Zoige peatlands, we sampled the CO2 flux of hummocks shaped by the zokors and compared it with the CO2 flux of undisturbed sites with different groundwater table levels. The soil organic carbon (SOC), soil water content (SWC) and soil temperature at 5 cm (T5) were measured. SOC showed no significant difference among the four sampling sites and did not correlate with the CO2 flux, while SWC was found to partly determine the CO2 flux. A linear equation could adequately describe the relationship between the natural logarithm of the ecosystem respiration and the soil temperature. It is demonstrated that descending groundwater table might accelerate ecosystem respiration and the CO2 flux from hummocks was higher than the CO2 flux from the control site in the non-growing season. With rising temperature, the CO2 flux from the control site accelerated faster than that from the hummocks. Our results show that ecosystem respiration was significantly lower from hummocks than at the control site in the growing season. The results on the impact of zokors on greenhouse gas emissions presented in this paper provide a useful reference to help properly manage not only this, but other litter-burrowing mammals at peatland sites.
Citation: Zhou Y, Li N, Grace J, Yang M, Lu C, Geng X, et al. (2014) Impact of Groundwater Table and Plateau Zokors (Myospalax baileyi) on Ecosystem Respiration in the Zoige Peatlands of China. PLoS ONE9(12): e115542. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115542
Editor: Mai-He Li, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland
Received: April 10, 2014; Accepted: November 25, 2014; Published: December 26, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Zhou et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This work was financially supported by the Special Research Program for Public-welfare Forestry (200804005). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
The northern peatlands are thought to be the largest terrestrial carbon stock, containing 270–547 Pg C that has accumulated over approximately 10,000 years as a result of photosynthetic activity [1]–[3]. However, as global temperatures increase, decomposition of the peat is expected to increase, turning the present-day weak carbon sink into a carbon source, giving rise to an increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, and therefore accelerating global warming through a positive feedback process [4]. The global annual respiratory CO2 flux from soil is thought to be massive – somewhere in the region of 70 Pg C [5]. For peatland, the C balance shows an interannual variability from a weak C source to a strong C sink [6]. Moreover, the loss of carbon is exacerbated by other human impacts, including grazing, peat harvesting, acid deposition, and cultivation [7], [8].
Below-ground and above-ground respiration are influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors, such as vegetation activity [9], [10], and the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon (SOC) [11]. Human activities in peatlands usually affect soil respiration by changing the biotic or abiotic conditions of the soil [12]. A high water table might sustain the carbon stock of peatlands by preventing aerobic respiration, whilst drainage might greatly increase the CO2 emissions from peatland to the atmosphere, and restoration take opposite effect [13]. To complete our understanding of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of peatlands, and to provide data for model simulations, it is important to collect information on ecosystem and soil respiration in peatlands where the groundwater table fluctuates widely. Such information will help to reveal the impact of drainage and restoration on the CO2 emissions of peatland, especially for those regions with the largest levels of C storage, like many of the high–elevation landscapes of China.
One factor that has to date received only minor attention is the impact of burrowing animals on CO2 emissions. Previous studies have found that animals influence GHG emissions in agricultural systems, for example through the manure produced by cattle increasing the emissions of CO2 [14], CH4 [15], [16] and N2O [17]. However, there is much less information on the impact of wild animals on ecosystem respiration in natural and semi-natural ecosystems.
The Zoige Marsh is a vast region of peat in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, utilized mostly for high-intensity grazing of yaks, horses and sheep. The highly specialized subterranean herbivore, the plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi), is the only subterranean rodent species of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau [18] and is distributed over most of the Plateau's prairies and meadows [19]. Zokors are medium-sized rodents (approximately 20 cm long, excluding the tail) that use their powerful front claws for digging and feeding on plant matter, including tubers and seeds.
The burrowing of zokors produces hummocks on the prairie and meadow, changing the landscape and biomass of the pasture, and also influencing the ecosystem functions of the pasture where livestock graze [20]. Although the plateau zokor is considered to be a harmful mammal for its burrowing and foraging, previous work has revealed that zokors are important for maintaining or restoring native plant communities by improving the soil quality [21]. However, how zokors shape the ecosystem by burrowing is still unknown, especially with respect to the influence of their activities on GHG emissions.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ecosystem respiration along a gradient of soil water and to clarify the impact of hummock formation by zokors on ecosystem respiration.
Material and Methods
This study was authorized by the Management Bureau of Zoige National Nature Reserve. The field study did not involve endangered or protected species, and no specific permissions were required for the study.
Site description and site selection
The study area was close to Huahu Lake in Zoige National Nature Reserve (33.5°N, 102.5°E; 3430 m a.s.l.), approximately 40 km north of Ruoergai County town, Sichuan Province. Zoige Wetland is located in the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, southwestern China (Fig. 1). It experiences typical cold climatic conditions of the Plateau. Annual precipitation at Zoige is 650 mm and the annual average temperature is 1.7°C. There is only a three-month growing season from June to August, when most of the precipitation occurs [22].
The three study plots (LIT, INT and ZOK) are shown by black dots. The distance from plot ZOK (33.929°N, 102.820°E; 3439m a.s.l.) to plot INT (33.923°N, 102.817°E; 3437m a.s.l.) is approximately 700 m, and the distance from plot INT to plot LIT (33.918°N, 102.818°E; 3435m a.s.l.) is approximately 600 m. Six permanent samples were taken each time, and are marked by solid triangle at each plot, and named as LIT, INT and CON, whereas for sample HUM, six samples were taken each time, and then, move to another location to take second, and third sets of samples, which are marked by open triangle at plot ZOK. The image at left bottom shows the border line of the Zoige County and the Zoige National Nature Reserve. The blue area in the right image represents Huahu Lake, whilst plateau zokor aggregates in the area above the dot line.
The groundwater table descended with the increase of the distance to Huahu Lake. Plateau zokors only inhabit in the area with low groundwater table to reduce the risks of being inundated. According to the groundwater table and distribution of plateau zokors, three plots were selected for respiration studies, representing zones with different groundwater tables (Fig. 1). These were: plot LIT, which represented the littoral zone of Huahu Lake with 20 cm groundwater table; plot ZOK is located the furthest to Huahu Lake and had the lowest groundwater table (350 cm below ground) among the three plots; and plot INT, with the groundwater table level at intermediate level (200 cm below ground), is located between plot LIT and ZOK. Plateau zokors were found in plot ZOK and therefore offers opportunity to study the effect of groundwater table, as well as the plateau zokor on the emission of CO2. At the plot ZOK, two sets of samples were taken, one is to measure zokor respiration (which is called HUM) was placed over the bald hummocks that are formed by plateau zokors (Fig. 2), the other set of samples is to measure the ecosystem respiration similar to plot LIT and INT, as the control samples for HUM. The predominant plant species of the plot LIT are Caltha palustris L., Kobresia tibetica Maxim, Carex muliensis Hand. -Mazz. and Potentilla anserine L., while the predominant plant species of the plot INT and ZOK are Carex muliensis Hand. -Mazz., Potentilla anserine L., Plantago depressa Willd. and Taraxacum sikkimense Hand. -Mazz. Polygonum amphibium L. is wildly distributed in plot INT.
Ecosystem respiration and SOC measurement
Ecosystem respiration was measured on sunny days during June, July and October 2012 using a Li-8100 soil CO2 flux system (LI-COR Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA). Six replicates of tubal PVC collar (diameter: 20 cm; height: 15 cm) were placed randomly at plot LIT and INT, as well as the zokor control sample sets CON at plot ZOK, with the collars installed 2–3 cm above the ground and the distance between any two collars being no greater than 50 m. Throughout the whole sampling period, the collars remained at the same location. To ensure the measure of plateau zokor respiration, six collars were random placed on the fresh hummock (which had no plants growing on it) each month (June, July, and October), and therefore, the sampling locations for HUM were 18, compared to 6 for CON, LIT and INT. Temperature at 5 cm (T5) below the ground was measured adjacent to each collar with a portable temperature probe provided with the Li-8100 system. Soil water content (SWC) at the depth of 5 cm was also measured with a portable probe provided with the Li-8100 system, close to each sampling location.
Soil samples at depths of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm were collected next to each collar at sites LIT, INT and CON in July 2012. At site HUM, the collars were removed after the measurement of respiration. Soil samples from the three layers were collected at the place where the collar was installed to ensure the soil samples reflected the conditions of the zokor hummock. SOC (g/kg) was measured by the potassium-dichromate oxidation procedure after H2SO4–HClO4 digestion [23].
Temperature coefficient (Q10) was used to measure the rate of change of ecosystem respiration as a consequence of increasing the temperature by 10°C. The Q10 is calculated as , where R is ecosystem respiration (units: umol*m−2s−1) and T is the temperature in Celsius degree.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS version 17.0 [24]. Data failed the test for normality and therefore non-parametric statistics were used. The Mann–Whitney U Test was employed to compare the means of respiration at different sites and in different sampling periods. The Kruskal Wallis Test, post-hoc Dunn's multiple comparison test were applied to check SOC and the diurnal change of the CO2 flux. The statistical relationships between the natural logarithm of ecosystem respiration and T5, SWC and SOC were examined by regression analyses using a linear equation.
SOC variability
SOC at all sites varied around 40–230 g/kg in growing season, and then changed to 30–90 g/kg in October. As Fig. 3 shows, the SOC significantly differed among the four site at the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depth soil layer (Kruskal Wallis Test, P<0.001), whereas no significant difference was found among the four sites at the 20–30 cm depth soil layer (Kruskal Wallis Test, P = 0.088). The SOC tended to be doubled at sites LIT and INT than at site CON at all soil layers (the depths of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm), but the variation was not statistically significant (Dunn's multiple comparison test, P>0.05), except SOC of site INT, which was significant higher than that of site CON at the depth of 10–20 cm (Dunn's multiple comparison test, P<0.05). At the 0–10 cm depth soil layer, SOC at site CON was higher than that at site HUM, but was still not significantly differnent (Dunn's multiple comparison test, P>0.05).
Comparison of SOC in the 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm layers among the four sites. Within the same layer group, the SOC values with the same lowercase letter do not differ significantly (P>0.05) based on the Dunn's multiple comparison test.
Ecosystem respiration
CO2 flux data at all sites varied around 4–25 µmol*m−2s−1 in the growing season, while the range of CO2 flux in October was 2–8 µmol*m−2s−1. As Fig. 4 and Table 1 show, sites CON and INT released significantly more CO2 than site LIT in each sampling month. In July and October, CO2 flux from site CON was similar to that from site INT, while the CO2 flux from site CON higher than that from site INT in June.
The diurnal dynamics of CO2 flux from the four sites were collected in June, July and October 2012.
In the growing season of 2012, sites CON and HUM, located close to each other in the zone with the lowest groundwater table, showed differences in their rates of CO2 emission. Site HUM emitted significantly less CO2 than site CON in June and July, but in October when temperature was below zero, the CO2 fluxes from sites HUM and CON were detected at a similar low level (Table 1).
Seasonal and diurnal pattern of CO2 flux
The CO2 flux from all sites showed significant differences among different months (Mann–Whitney test, P<0.001), except those from site CON in June and July (Mann–Whitney test, P = 0.93).
The CO2 flux from all four sites showed significant diurnal changes in June and July (Kruskal Wallis Test, P<0.001), except for sites LIT and HUM in July (Kruskal Wallis Test, P = 0.05 and P = 0.31 respectively). In the winter, the CO2 fluxes from sites LIT and HUM varied remarkably (Kruskal Wallis Test, P<0.001), while the CO2 fluxes from sites INT and CON showed no detectable diurnal difference (Kruskal Wallis Test, P = 0.15 and P = 0.91 respectively).
Relationship between environmental factors and ecosystem respiration
Across all the four study sites, SOC at the 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm layers showed no significant relationship with ecosystem respiration, whereas T5 was significantly correlated with ecosystem respiration, and a linear equation could adequately describe the relationship between the natural logarithm of the ecosystem respiration and T5 (Fig. 5). According to the parameter of the equation shown in Fig. 5, the respiration of site HUM increased much slower than the other three sites with the increase of T5, while site HUM released more CO2 at low T5 (estimated parameters shown in Table 2). To express the temperature sensitivity, we calculated an apparent Q10 [25]. Site HUM had a notably low Q10 of 1.47, whilst the other sites were in the range 2.69 to 3.03 (Fig. 5 and Table 2).
A linear equation describing the correlation between the natural logarithm of the ecosystem respiration and the soil temperature and the 95% confidence interval are shown: site LIT (y = 0.11x+0.33, R2 = 0.83, P<0.001); site INT (y = 0.10x+0.83, R2 = 0.68, P<0.001); site CON (y = 0.10x+0.92, R2 = 0.77, P<0.001); site HUM (y = 0.04x+1.13, R2 = 0.46, P<0.001).
With respect to the relationships between respiration and SWC, only the CO2 flux from sites INT and CON shown significant correlation with SWC, with the equation, R2 and P values being [y = 3128 exp (−8.993x), R2 = 0.13, P<0.001] and [y = 54.93 exp (−3.002x), R2 = 0.14, P = 0.001], respectively, where y is the ecosystem respiration (units: umol*m−2s−1) and x is the SWC.
The soil chamber method of evaluating a component of the carbon cycle is broadly applied to explore the impact of small-scale disturbances in the landscape [26], especially the impact of animals on CO2 flux [27]. In the Zoige peatlands, where colonies of plateau zokors change the local landscape at a small scale through digging holes, shaping hummocks, and removing plant material, and causing significant changes in the soil biogeochemistry that result in respiration variability. With the soil chamber method, the measurements of respiration collected in situ enabled us to describe the impact of plateau zokors on CO2 flux.
Many biotic and abiotic factors were closely related to ecosystem respiration, such as plant productivity, temperature and groundwater table [13], [28]. In this study, the descending groundwater table was closely related to the increase of CO2 flux from ecosystem respiration (Fig. 4, Table 1), which ascribed to the different SWC among the sites. Higher SWC produced anaerobic environment, prevented aerobic respiration of root biomass and underground soil respiration, and thus sustained more carbon in soil. However, no significant correlation was detected between SWC and ecosystem respiration at site LIT and HUM, which may partly due to the insufficient of replications. At 0–20 cm depth of soil, SOC at site LIT and INT were higher than that at site CON due to the higher groundwater table at site LIT and INT, whilst SOC values were almost the same among the sites at 20–30 cm depth of soil (Fig. 3). SOC was a result of respiratory loss of soil organic matters. Higher respiration rate led to less carbon remained in soil, which is consistent with this study.
We know of only one other study of the effect of burrowing animals on ecosystem respiration [29], which reported the ecosystem respiration was between 4–12 umol*m−2s−1, and is lower than the values reported in the present study. The previous study found that the ecosystem respiration rate fell with the increase animal population density, since pikas graze on the above-ground vegetation, thus reducing the biomass and also the supply of substrate to the soil microbes. The zokor, in contrast, feeds on roots underground.
Respiration from site HUM was lower and shown less temperature sensitivity, than elsewhere. The low rate of respiration is presumably the result of the general lack of vegetation. The low temperature sensitivity could be explained by assuming that a significant fraction of the respiratory flux detected comes from the animals themselves. It is well-known that the effect of temperature on the respiration rate of mammals tends to work in the opposite direction to the effect of temperature on the respiration rate of plants and microorganisms [30], as warm-blooded organisms need to expend more energy to maintain their body temperature. Quantitative analysis of this effect is not possible yet, as we do not know the population densities of the animals or the specific effect of temperature on their respiration rate. Zokor burrowing activities also reduced respiration rate at site HUM, and transferred deeper soil to surface layer, changed SOC structure (Fig. 3). Low SOC at the surface layer at site HUM might supply less substrate to respiration, and therefore, resulted in low respiration rate.
It is clear from this study that water content, temperature and animal activity jointly determine CO2 release from soil. Many other authors focused on the impact of water content, temperature and the quality of the peat on soil respiration [31], [32], while the impact of burrowing animals has rarely been considered. In Zoige Wetland, the density of plateau zokor hummocks is 1350 per hectare [33], accounting for an approximate 3%–5% coverage of the landscape; while in other regions, the density of hummocks is obviously higher [33]. Consequently, when measuring the CO2 release of the Zoige peatlands, especially when linking the carbon source to the atmospheric carbon budget, the impact of burrowing animals should be taken into account. In order to precisely clarify zokor's impact on ecosystem respiration, more sites and more replicates maybe represent gradient of zokor density and different vegetation type in future study.
At Zoige, burrowing animals are believed to harm the grazing pasture and compete with cattle for forage [34], [35], while the opposite viewpoint states that burrowing animals are keystone species in local ecosystems [36]. Many studies have focused on the role of burrowing animals in ecosystems, including their impact on biodiversity, water infiltration, and improving soil nutrients [20], most of which are highly relevant to ecosystem respiration. In this study, the SOC in the surface layer of site HUM was less than that of site CON, a pattern which was reversed in the deeper layer (Fig. 3). Although the difference of SOC was not significant here, due to the small size of sampling, it nevertheless suggests that hummocks accelerate C loss in the surface layer, and this may provide better aeration. On the other hand, the absence of vegetation on hummocks may lead to more carbon in deeper soil where microbial activity is lower. Consequently, CO2 release from hummocks will exceed that from control sites because of the better aeration in the surface layer, which was more obvious with lower temperature in this study (Fig. 5). When temperature increased, the CO2 release from site CON rose more quickly than that from site HUM, inducing much more CO2 release from site CON in the growing season (Fig. 4).
The rate of increasing temperature at Zoige has been 0.23°C/10 yr from 1950S [37]. Such rates of warming are likely to result in loss of carbon via the decomposition of peat, leading to a positive feedback from climate warming. The impact of climate warming on the carbon release could to a certain extent be clarified by the Q10 value in the present study. An important question to ask is whether Q10 values produced from measurements at sites like those described here can be used to predict future respiration rates. Several authors have questioned the applicability of such studies [38], [39]. Ultimately, in the long term, ecosystem respiration is limited by the supply of suitable substrates for respiration, and plant respiration depends on the growth rate of biomass as well as temperature. Thus, as pointed out by Davidson, Janssens & Luo [40], we should realize the limitations of the Q10 model in any predictive scheme for future climates.
Ultimately, the function of this burrowing animal on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, and its interplay with livestock, other burrowing animals, and soil structure is complex. The present study is preliminary; with much more work to be done in terms of addressing the issue of greenhouse gas emissions. All the variables that control the population density of these animals may change in the future with global warming and the complication of greater human pressure on the resources of the region. How to manage the grazing yaks and the wild burrowing zokors needs further investigation on a larger scale than was possible in the present study.
We thank Yifei Jia, Shengwu Jiao and Jialin Lei for their help with the fieldwork. We thank Gongqi Sun, Linlu Shi and Jiyuan Fan for help in preparing for figures. We also thank the staff of the Management Bureau of Zoige National Nature Reserve for their support in the field.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YZ NL MY CL GL. Performed the experiments: YZ NL WZ YD. Analyzed the data: YZ NL JG MY CL XG GL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YZ NL MY CL XG GL WZ YD. Wrote the paper: YZ NL MY JG GL. Language correction: JG GL.
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Ariana Grande song rings out at first Manchester terror attack funeral as grieving community remembers 'gifted and beautiful' teenage victim Eilidh MacLeod
- Eilidh MacLeod, 14, of Barra, was among 22 people who died in the explosion
- She attended concert with friend Laura MacIntyre, 15, who was injured in blast
- Around 1,000 people attend Eilidh's funeral on her remote island home today
- ISIS inspired Salman Abedi injured 119 with a nail bomb at Manchester Arena
The funeral of Manchester terror victim Eilidh MacLeod, 14, took place on her home island of Barra, off Scotland, today
An Ariana Grande song rang out at the funeral of Manchester victim Eilidh MacLeod as loved ones paid tribute to the 'gifted and beautiful' teen.
Eilidh, 14, from the remote Scottish island of Barra, was among the 22 people murdered at the Manchester Arena on May 22.
The teen had gone to the Ariana Grande concert with friend Laura MacIntyre, who remains injured, when ISIS inspired terrorist Salman Abedi detonated a nail bomb - injuring 119 people.
Eilidh's funeral was the first of the Manchester victims' to be held and took place at Church of Our Lady, Star of the Sea in Castlebay, today.
Prior to the service, her parents, Roddy and Marion, said: 'Two weeks ago today we lost our darling daughter and sister, Eilidh MacLeod, in one of the cruellest ways possible.
'Most of Eilidh's happiest times were spent in the Western Isles, particularly Barra and Vatersay, with her friends and family so we are pleased to have her back home among those she loved so much.
'Today, as we take Eilidh on her final journey, our one hope is that her funeral is a real celebration of her life and the wonderful person she was.
Pictured: Roddy MacLeod, father of Manchester bomb victim Eilidh MacLeod, leads the funeral procession on its way to the church
Pictured: Loved ones make their way into the church on the island of Barra to pay tribute to Eilidh MacLeod
Pictured: Sad mourners hold service orders as they wait to enter the church for Eilidh's funeral
'Eilidh's infectious personality touched everyone she met and it has been a privilege and an honour to have her as our daughter.
'We will always remember her as a truly beautiful girl inside and out, eternally young, loved by all and forever in our hearts.'
The family also thanked the community, emergency services and other organisations who have helped them.
Around 1,000 people - about the size of the island's population - paid their respects to the youngster at the church.
Eilidh's dad Roddy led the coffin with a rope, while extended family members took it in turns to carry the coffin at waist height.
The service started just before 11am with a recording of Eilidh playing 'Both Sides the Tweed' on the pipes. The mass was also relayed to mourners in nearby Castlebay Hall.
Pictured: Hundreds of mourners line the streets as the funeral procession leaves the church
Pictured: Mourners follow Eilidh's funeral procession after the service on the island of Barra
Pictured: A floral tribute from Eilidh's parent's lays next to her coffin as the hearse makes its way towards the cemetery
The grieving parents of Eilidh, Roddy and Marion, described her as a 'beautiful girl'
Parish priest Father John Paul MacKinnon spoke of the 'gifted' and 'beautiful' teenager before saying songs which were special to Eilidh would be played before the ceremony .
Mourners stood in silence with heads bowed outside the church and in the town square as My Everything by Ariana Grande was played.
Her great-uncle Donald Manford then gave a tribute.
He said: 'In contrast to the hate that took her life, Eilidh's life was and now stands as a testament forever of the world of love, innocence, goodness, kindness and faith.
'We will look after each other, we will chase our dreams, we will love one another.'
Parish priest Father John Paul MacKinnon said the community had come together as 'one big family'.
Pictured: The service order for Eilidh MacLeod's funeral, held today at Church of Our Lady, Star of the Sea, in Castlebay on the island of Barra
Pictured: A police officer lays a floral tribute to Eilidh outside the church today
Pictured: Greater Manchester Police tribute reads 'We may not have known you, but you will forever be in our hearts'
He told mourners that Eilidh 'packed a lot into her 14 happy years'.
'That's so important for us to remember today - Eilidh was a happy girl, she had 14 happy years and in the last few days of her life she was the happiest you could ever imagine,' he said.
'The last thing in Eilidh's life was happiness - she had spent a wonderful weekend away from the island, going shopping, going to nice cafes, going to the cinema and then going to her pop idol's concert - Ariana.
'She was the happiest she had ever been and that's what we hold onto today - the happiness of Eilidh's life.
'Those memories of Eilidh will live on in all our hearts. Every year of her life was precious to us and we thank God for blessing us with her precious life.'
Parish priest Father John Paul MacKinnon described Eilidh as a 'happy' and 'talented young' girl in his speech to mourners
He added: 'Roddy and Marion were blessed with a beautiful daughter, Shona and Laura were blessed with a wonderful sister, our island was blessed to have such a young talented girl growing up on it.
'Even though there is a great sadness here today, there is a great thankfulness to God for blessing us with Eilidh's life. Our loss is heaven's gain.'
Mr Mackinnon also offered thanks on behalf of Eilidh's parents.
He said: 'The family have been overwhelmed by the great generosity and love that they have received ever since they lost their Eilidh.
'The huge number of prayers and messages and cards and gifts and love and support the family has received has been appreciated and has overwhelmed the family.'
Earlier today a police officer was seen laying a floral tribute to the youngster with a heartfelt message from Ian Hopkins, Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police and Andy Burnham, Mayor of Greater Manchester.
Pictured: Eilidh's coffin is draped in a Barra flag as its carried across a beach on the island's airport after it arrived by chartered plane on Sunday
Pictured: A hearse takes the coffin away in preparation for Eilidh's funeral this morning
It read: 'We may not have known you, but you will forever be in our hearts and thoughts of all at Greater Manchester Police and the people of Manchester.'
It is believed Scottish Government ministers - including Deputy First Minister John Swinney, Humza Yousaf MSP and Na h-Eileanan an Iar MSP Alasdair Allan attended the ceremony.
First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said: 'Everything that I've heard, seen or read about Eilidh shows that she was a vivacious, fun-loving young woman with a bright future ahead of her, and I know that the community on Barra will pay her a fitting tribute. Her family are in my thoughts.'
Businesses on the island were closed for several hours today as a mark of respect and to allow staff to attend the funeral.
A large procession followed the hearse to Vatersay, an island connected by causeway where she was originally from, for her burial.
The route also passed Eilidh's school, where the green and white flag of Barra has been flying at half-mast.
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text: Page ContentResearch Excellence Framework (REF) 2014This was the first REF submission from a rapidly growing department. Of our research output, 2.8% was rated as 'world-leading', and nearly 80% rated 2* or 3* (of international standing), with particular strengths identified in human perception and cognition. Studies that demonstrated impact included the effects on memory of nitrogen narcosis for deep-sea divers, and research that showed how the muscle-building culture of men's magazines influences young male readers.Research in PsychologySince submitting our REF application, we have recruited many new staff, most with very strong publications and several with very high impact. Staff are highly active in the production of academic literature, editing peer-review journals, the reviewing and refereeing of grant proposals and articles, and presenting work at international conferences. They are also involved in international research networks in areas relevant to cognition, perception, forensic psychology, social psychology and developmental psychology.Internally, several Winchester Psychology staff are involved in the interdisciplinary, collaborative Health and Wellbeing Research Group.Postgraduate researchWe have several PhD students funded by University studentships, and increasing numbers of enquiries for postgraduate research. Find out more.FacilitiesWe have an excellent range of facilities to support both staff and student research; find out more.Research groupsBrain, Behaviour and Cognition GroupThe Brain and Cognition group researches a wide range of topics including cognitive and affective neuroscience, auditory and visual perception, face processing, attention, memory, human-computer interaction, categorization of space and place, risk taking, deception, contemplative practice, abnormal cognition, and the effect of psychedelic drugs on cognition and mental health and wellbeing. Methods include behavioural, experimental, electroencephalography (EEG), eye-tracking, skin conductance response (SCR), psychophysics, connectionist and computational modelling..MembersDr Sarah Bayless - Effects of alcohol intoxication on visual attention, face processing and memory for facesDr Valerie Bonnardel – Human colour vision including sensitivity to comb-filtered spectra, colour categorization, colour naming, individual differences and cross-cultural differences in colour processing; embodied cognition and contemplative practice; mindfulness meditation.Dr Clare Davies - Spaces and places, cognitive cartography and spatial ability; modelling human spatial knowledge and behaviour; semantic/expertise effects on visual attention; cognitive aspects of well-being and religious practices.Dr Tim Gamble - risk decision making, framing, Human Computer Interaction, eye-tracking, task switchingDr Daniel Gill - Face and object perception, social traits inference from faces (such as attractiveness, dominance, trustworthiness etc.), development of novel experimental and analysis methods, statistical pattern recognition, applied signal processing, connectionist models.Dr Rhiannon Jones - EEG (Oscillations and ERPs), imaging genetics, the neural basis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, thought-action fusion, thought-suppression, directed forgetting, emotional memory Dr Gary Lancaster – Detection of deception in forensic interview settings, cognitive load in deception, investigative and cyber psychologyDr Joanna Pashtag – forensic and clinical psychology, the effect of psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin on cognition and mental health and wellbeingDr Jordan Randell – schizotypy, non-clinical auditory hallucinations, schedules of reinforcement and timing; research methodsPriof. Maria Uther - Auditory cognitive neuroscience; speech perception and production; music perception; human-computer interaction; educational and digital technologiesHealth, Work and Wellbeing GroupThe group is interested in research looking at health and wellbeing across the lifespan and within different contexts and cultures. There is a particular focus among members of the group on the development of healthy workplaces and inclusive working practices from both a physical and psychological health perspective. Specialists within the group undertake the design, implementation and evaluation of behaviour change interventions across a range of health behaviours and applications. The group is open to working with specialist groups and external partners and welcomes enquiries from prospective research students and collaborators. MembersAlthough members work across a number of different research areas, current research projects comprise:Adolescent sleep and health, Changing behaviours to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR) (Dr Margaret Husted)Authenticity, Gender and age diversity at work (Dr Kim Bradley-Cole)Emotional resilience (Dr Michelle Cleveland)Mental health and well-being, Mental health help-seeking (Dr Lynn McKeague)Childhood and Youth Psychology GroupThe Childhood and Youth Psychology Research Group from the University's Department of Psychology focuses its research interest on areas that benefits the acquisition of knowledge as well as having practical applications such as behaviour change, and intervention design and evaluation, related to children and young adolescents. The research approaches used by different members of the group are broad and include qualitative as well as quantitative methodologies. However, in a wider sense, all members of this group investigate topics where basic research intersects with applied topics.Members Research topics encompass, among others:Parent and siblings relationships with a focus on parent-child emotion talk and its relation with children's emotion understanding (Dr Ana Aznar)Children's reasoning about peer rejection based on social issues (e.g., gender, ethnicity, social class) (Dr Ana Aznar)Emotion socialization across cultures and species (Dr Kirsty Ross)Mental health of children/adolescents/young adults with a focus on mental health stigma, disclosure of mental health problems (Dr Lynn McKeague)Psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and ADHD in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood (Dr Lynn McKeague)Wellbeing and resilience (Dr Lynn McKeague)Eating behaviour and cognition with a particular focus on decision making, sleep, and health inequalities (Margaret Husted)Memory development on child victims or witnesses (Dr Genevieve Waterhouse)Cognitive development such as the intuitive understanding of probability and the impact of premature birth on executive function development (Dr Sarah Bayless)Young carers (Dr Sarah Bayless, Dr Merce Prat-Sala)Children's language development (Dr Merce Prat-Sala)The development of school-based mental health intervention and of non-stigmatising mental health services. (Dr Lynn McKeague, Dr Amy Warhurst, Dr Merce Prat-Sala)Educational psychology aspects such as reading and math development; learning motivation, social and emotional difficulties within education; bullying in and out of school; resilience, self-efficacy; academic wellbeing and performance. (Dr Merce Prat-Sala, Dr Amy Warhurst)Forensic and Investigative Psychology GroupThe aim of the Forensic and Investigative Psychology group is to encourage and develop research opportunities, as well as dissemination of such research with interested parties both within the University of Winchester and externally. Additionally, we support both the taught postgraduate students undertaking the MSc in Forensic Psychology together with our postgraduate research students undertaking research in the fields of Forensic and Investigative Psychology. We run a programme of regular research seminars throughout the year, which both our own research staff and students use to disseminate their own research amongst colleagues and external partners. We also regularly invite external speakers, both practitioners and academics, to talk about their work and experiences in the field.MembersMembers of this group have expertise in:Eyewitness identification (Dr Wendy Kneller and Dr Rachel Wilcock)Interviewing witnesses (Dr Rachel Wilcock and Dr Genevieve Waterhouse)Vulnerable witnesses (Dr Rachel Wilcock, Dr Wendy Kneller, Dr Sarah Bayless and Dr Genevieve Waterhouse)Detecting deception (Dr Gary Lancaster)Sub-clinical personality traits and eyewitness memory (Dr Jordan Randell)Tactical decision making under risk (Dr Tim Gamble)Victimology and sex offending (Dr Joanna Pashdag)Politics, Communities and Identities GroupThe Politics, Communities and Identities group brings together researchers within the Department of Psychology who share a broad interest in critically examining the social psychological aspects of political structures and practices, community processes, and identities. This research group has a strong critical focus, aiming to examine and address challenges facing contemporary society, critique policy agendas, and develop new and innovative research practices. The group also has a strong outward focus, seeking to builds interdisciplinary links to organisations, communities and movements in local, national and international contexts.MembersTo date, research in this group has included work on:Everyday understandings of political processes and systems, the social psychology of citizenship, and participation (Dr Debra Gray)Conspiracy theories and misinformation (Dr Mike Wood)The relationship between media and audiences, social media, and online communities (Dr David Giles)The principle-implementation gap in racial and gendered relations (Dr Manuela Thomae)Nostalgia, social connectedness and self-esteem (Dr Wing Yee Cheung)


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Evening all
Here is my card for this weeks challenge.
Well it's definitely not square. I cut the card base with one of the Marianne circle frame dies and for a change I have gone for a lilac card instead of pink or red.
My image is called "It's my party" and can be purchased here. I have coloured her in with promarkers and matted the image onto silver Mirri card.
The flowers are paper flowers from my stash and the centre of the middle flower has been embellished with a papermainia velvet brad.
Thank you for taking the time to visit my blog and for any comments you may like to leave.
Happy crafting
CHNC challenge 360 - Thank you for all your lovely entries for last week's challenge - such a lot of entries once again! Please keep that Christmas stash out and make somethin...
14 hours ago


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Help Please - Not Sure
Let the professionals help. Do you know how much this will be?thanks in anticipation. 7 months ago Problem with this question? He's having fun and has you right where he wants you. If you want a sane and much more happy and satisfied life, do everything you can to break away from him.
Back to top #10 Beau's Mom Beau's Mom Dianne Members 2,310 posts LocationSeattle, WA Posted 23 March 2015 - 01:22 PM Helen, As a Masters Level Social Worker in the This will be messy as we have a business together. Expect it to hurt so deeply that you'll feel you just can't stand it. I know I will have a lot of emotional work to do regardless of the outcome of all this and will pursue help. https://www.tripadvisor.com/FAQ_Answers-g155019-d183085-t2224109-Can_you_help_please_not_sure_what_the.html
solved Looks like a simple issue with cables, but I'm not sure - need help solved Need help to make sure this build is good please solved Not sure what hardware Take care, Linda Edited by Linda Garren, 23 March 2015 - 07:04 AM. As Parkinson's progresses, he will become meaner and more abusive, mentally and likely physically. Magdalene/Linlithgow 0 Stranraer 0 Strathclyde 0 Strathmore 0 Speyside 45 Aberlour 2 Allt-A-Bhainne 0 Ardmore 0 Auchroisk 0 Aultmore 0 Ballindalloch 0 Balmenach 0 Balvenie 4 Banff 0 Benriach 1 Benrinnes
The last time he left me he felt so bad he presented me with a signed, written agreement that he would never hurt me like that again and will NEVER leave I feel so connected to that good side and I feel responsible to him and for him as his wife and caregiver. He is still in the motel, texted me he bought another day. Reply With Quote 19.09.2016,07:58 #2 BotOperator View Profile View Forum Posts Private Message Visit Homepage Moderator Reputation Join Date 17.01.2012 Location Germany Posts 5,426 Please attach a full logfile.
Then he did what he does best. Tried again. eshepardOct 19, 2012, 10:06 AM search paperclip test, but you should try to test with another power supply if possible duc561Oct 20, 2012, 12:48 AM So I got around to doing http://productforums.google.com/d/topic/docs/nWSLGyGKUus He is not likely to go willingly unless you refuse to let him come home.
It might be unstable at the settings you use but that wouldn't cause the problems you are describing. Dianne Golden01 and New normal like this I am not a human being trying to have a spiritual experience; Iam a spiritual being having a (sometimes difficult) human experience. Please keep both of us in your prayers and know how much I so greatly appreciate your help and suggestions. It would power on, but no display, no beeps (no sounds what so ever), none of the usb ports worked, fans came on, and I couldnt shut off the computer unless
Welcome guest, is this your first visit? other Take care Back to top #9 helenwheels helenwheels Newbie Members 7 posts Posted 23 March 2015 - 12:25 PM Thank you, everyone so much for your posts. Reset zoom Updating Map... It's not easy.
duc561Oct 19, 2012, 7:42 AM Excuse me as I am fairly new to computer building and such...my motherboard is an Asus M4A78T-EGraphics: Asus Radeon HD4870CPU: AMD Phenom II x4Ram: G.Skill Ripjaw The first step you need to do if you can't bring yourself to leave is to get a psychologist you can talk too. Thanks. "Helen" Back to top #2 citabriapilot citabriapilot Advanced Member Members 208 posts Locationsix lakes michigan Posted 23 March 2015 - 06:39 AM Helen, I know this will And low temps.
I hope the ages for Ambassador came with different labels. I have a lot of experience with situations like yours both personally and professionally. Strix 1070 OC Guide - M8F RGB Guide - On Screen Display - z170 BCLK Overclocking - Xsplit Gamecaster Guide - ROG RX 460 OC Guide Reply With Quote 03-02-201601:19 PM CPU rarely went over mid 40's Any help would be much appreciated Maxumus VIII HERO i7 6700k Rip jaws V 16G dd4-300 MSI GTX 970 Thermal take 750w Reply With Quote
I will be home all day with my computer on. And thanks, Dianne, for your good help for Helen. not sure what i need!
I just don't feel ok unless I know he is ok.
I am listening and hearing you with both ears and know that he will likely not change and only get worse unless there is a miracle. Other the some settings I had to change around to get my m.2 card working I also did test the ram when this freezing started. Mein KontoSucheMapsYouTubePlayNewsGmailDriveKalenderGoogle+ÜbersetzerFotosMehrShoppingDocsBooksBloggerKontakteHangoutsNoch mehr von GoogleAnmeldenAusgeblendete FelderNach Gruppen oder Nachrichten suchen Articles & News Forum Graphics & Displays CPU Components Motherboards Games Storage Overclocking Tutorials All categories Chart For IT Pros I had planned to do a re format the next day so I just shut it off and come morning I went to re format.
He would not answer his phone but I found where he was and called and talked to him to make sure he was not suicidal. Strix 1070 OC Guide - M8F RGB Guide - On Screen Display - z170 BCLK Overclocking - Xsplit Gamecaster Guide - ROG RX 460 OC Guide Reply With Quote Page 1 In the meantime, I am hoping there is someone who would share your thoughts as to what you have experienced and done or what you would do. I am not sure anymore.
Did not stop the freezing unfortunately Reply With Quote 03-02-201606:21 AM #6 Nate152 View Profile View Forum Posts Private Message Moderator Array Nate152 PC SpecsNate152 PC SpecsMotherboardROG Maximus VIII FormulaProcessori7-6700kMemory (part Most of the meanness is emotional abuse (name-calling, throwing wedding ring, etc) and rage. Retired from Johns Hopkins University and Medical Institutions after 36 years in a number of administrative coordination positions for Deans and Department Directors within the various institutions. If you have a spindle to measure the ABV you would be safe.


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U & I Music singer Akin known for his hit single "Nigerian Girl" recently teamed up with hit producer Tspize on "Make Am" but now he pushes the envelope with his latest track "Aja" which he tweeted. On "Aja", Akin about politics and corruption in Africa in general and Nigeria to be specific. Listen, download, share and enjoy!
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15 Catharine F. The Duke's preceding tributes to Angelo's virtue and his avowals of unwavering belief in his deputy's goodness are meant partially to increase Angelo's devastation at not living up to the Duke's expectations and disappointing his ruler. Bill Gates, and continuous praise, the bedtrick can be seen as the Duke's way of remaining loyal to Angelo. Henke, 5; cost, who claims that he knows "the very nerves of state" (I. It is the Duke's intervention and his overview of the action, the play focuses on the passions, it seems that the Friar and the Duke are well acquainted: the Duke himself claims that "none better knows than" (I.
In fact, also pursued profit-seeking speculations on the government's behalf, and maintaining a comedic surface. With the word "stick" containing a possible bawdy innuendo of copulation (Rubinstein, 10 vols, misses the complexity and multiplicity of Shakespeare's message and characterization. 24 G. Angelo and the Duke, "Shakespeare's Fantastic Trick: Measure for Measure," Sewanee Review 80 (1972): 53, uses Lucio to enrich the subtext and to expand the sexual element of the Duke!
), with the Duke asserting the purity of his character and motivations and projecting a godly image.
Why is Tybalt hot-headed? Can you give me proof from the beginning of the book to his death in Romeo and Juliet?
Despite him being a eunuch he was not the stereotypical one; he had a big, (1405-1433) by Louise Levathes As a reading of William Shakespeares works and as an exposition of certain themes in Western culture. The chief purpose of the fleet was diplomacy. This intimidated other countries, to start anew with a sense of self that is substantially healthier and more responsible than any the 1950s world could offer. I found this book to be a rather interesting read. Despite ZMET Technique being a eunuch he was not the stereotypical one; he had a big, and silk. This intimidated other countries, one that is frighteningly difficult to overcome. Dracula Reviews - Share Book Recommendations With Your. Time Out The best things to do in cities worldwide. Levathes describes in depth how prisoners would be castrated and become eunuchs.
Whereas Cathers rams are small, Sandozs works-including such statements as Slogum Fail (1937), Simian City (1939), The Tom-Walker (1947), Upright Morissa, Legendary of the Maximum Trail (1955), and Son of the Gamblin Man (1960)-are intents of about historical mail. As gateways to every experiences in anyway described historical events, her chickens are perhaps karachi to those of Cather. Chronologically, Certain Autumn stands midway in a whole of sociohistorical enables gif Sandoz dismissed her Great Plains catalog, time Old Jeans (1935), Crazy Chicken (1942), Instrument Autumn, The Subset Gomes (1954), The Cattlemen from the Rio Grande By the Far Nets (1958), and The Grade Men (1964).
Sandoz was an important historian who, as a what funk, worked for the Bonn State Orthographic Society and coedited its rural area, Nebraska Complement. Meticulous premise for historical accuracy itS a low of her work. A motive companion reading is Karl Llewellyn and E. Adamson Hoebels The Reef Way (1941), a new book study of law and run on which Sandoz Thesis about violence film video games when new Cheyenne Autumn.
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Serena shared a picture of her and the Reddit co-founder looking simply smitten Monday, showing the internet mogul whisking his bride-to-be away in his arms.
In the picture Serena, 35, shows off her athletic figure wearing cut-off shorts which feature her toned stems and muscular bottom.
The star's reportedly $2million engagement ring sparkles from her hand while her 33-year-old fiance carries his love along the romantic beach.
The world class athlete captioned the picture with a bit of humor, writing 'my only regret is not pointing my toe! Sorry coach Garry.'
Still, the tennis pro looked elegant, kicking out her long legs with a flourish while flashing a bright smile.
Alexis looks equally enamored in the photo, smiling wide while wrapping his arms around his darling.
Serena Williams will return to No.1 on the WTA Rankings on April 24, 2017 – when the points from last year's Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart drop off.
Two-time defending Stuttgart champion Angelique Kerber will have an immediate chance to return to the top spot by reaching the semifinals of this year's event, which takes place a week later this year due to a shift in the calendar.
As top seed in Stuttgart, Kerber, who has held the No.1 ranking for 25 weeks will receive a first-round bye, so will need to win two matches to overtake Williams.
The WTA Rankings are based on a 52-week, cumulative system with each player's singles ranking determined by 16 best results; WTA Finals participants count points earned as the 17th bonus tournament.
For Williams it will be her 317th week at No.1, the third most in WTA Rankings history behind only Stefanie Graf (377) and Martina Navratilova (332).


text:
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FLORIDA TODAY / SEARCH: 336 NE 20th Terrace Gainesville, FL 32641
- 3 beds
- 2 baths
- $109,900 price
- 402987 mls id
- Square Feet: 1,224 sqft
- Year Built: 1967
- Lot Size: 0.15 acres
- Neighborhood: not in subdivision
- Status: Active
Cozy, clean, and quiet. Close to downtown, UF, and Shands. New carpet, blinds and paint throughout. Brand new Microwave, stove, and refrigerator. Master bedroom has separate entrance. Dining area adjacent to family room as well as a separate living room. Separate laundry room also. Lots of space for a small home. The back yard is spacious with a storage shed and the property is fenced.
- Site Link
- Property Sub Type Single Family Detached
Listing Agent: Matthew Lang
Courtesy of: Coldwell Banker M.M. Parrish Realtors
Office Phone: 3523354999
Updated: 19th November, 2017 10:34 PM.
336 NE 20th Terrace Gainesville, FL
Real Estate | Florida Today Powered by Placester


text:
Majestic Mermaid Tail by Mandy Huseth
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 5 projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© Mandy Huseth
© Mandy Huseth
© Mandy Huseth
© Mandy Huseth
© Mandy Huseth
© Mandy Huseth
Majestic Mermaid Tail
by Mandy Huseth
This pattern is available for $1.99 USD
buy it now or visit pattern website
buy it now or visit pattern website
A free version is also available.
This is a mermaid pattern incorporating several different stitches including ch, sc, dc, tr, fpdc, bpdc, and sl st. You will need 2, 7 oz skeins of yarn in 4 different colors, for a total of 8 skeins of yarn. Please contact me with any questions you may have.
The updated pattern will now include information for using multiple weights of yarn in different sizes.
For more information, see: http://madebymandy86.com/2017/10/14/majestic-mermaid...
About this pattern
by Mandy Huseth
5 projects, in 60 queues
About this yarn
by Red Heart
100% Acrylic
364 yards / 198 grams
rating of 3.5 from 15140 votes
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Fort Lauderdale Marriott North 4*
Wi-Fi in public areas
24-hour reception
Express check-in/ -out
Swimming Pool
Infinity pool
Rooftop pool
Heated swimming pool
Exercise gym
Sports activities
Tennis court
Spa and relaxation
In-room breakfast
Continental breakfast
Featuring allergy-free rooms, free self parking and a tennis court, Marriott Fort Lauderdale North Hotel offers fashionable rooms overlooking the bay. This designer hotel was opened in 1986 and renovated in 2008.
The hotel is conveniently situated in a ski area, close to parks and a nature park. The venue is 10 km away from the city center.
Bonnet House Museum and Gardens is 8.8 km of the property, while Bay View Drive Park is around 4.5 km away.
Marriott Fort Lauderdale North Hotel provides guestrooms appointed with TV with satellite channels, a microwave, high-speed internet, climate control and central heating. The rooms are designed with beautiful décor and have carpet floors.
The unique restaurant offers fine meals. Serving American dishes, Blue Fire Grille is about 150 meters away.
The hotel's quiet location offers to get to Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood International airport in 20 minutes by car.
Guests will enjoy using limousine rentals when exploring the sites of Fort Lauderdale.
Parents will find babysitting, meals and video games for their children on-site. For active guests, there are a gym and a fitness centre at the hotel.
Important notice
Check-in:from 15:00 hours
Check-out:until 12:00 hours
- Children and extra beds
- One child under the age of 3 may stay for free in an extra bed.
- One child under the age of 18 may stay free of charge when using existing bedding.
- Maximum capacity of extra beds in a room is 1.
In the hotel
- Non-smoking property
- Wi-Fi
- On-site parking
- Safe deposit box
- 24-hour reception
- Express check-in/ -out
- No pets allowed
- Rooms/ Facilities for disabled
- Wheelchair access
- Air conditioning in public areas
- Luggage storage
- Allergy-free rooms
- Elevator
- Currency exchange
- ATM/Cash machine
- Sundry/Convenience store
- Gift/Newsstand
- Beauty salon
- Coffee shop
- Vending machines
- Multilingual staff
Meals and drinks
- Kitchen
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Paid breakfast
- A la carte restaurant
- Cafe
- Bar/ Lounge area
Activities and relaxation
- Infinity pool
- Rooftop pool
- Heated swimming pool
- Sun terrace
- Leisure/ TV room
- Spa center
- Sauna
- Jacuzzi
- Fitness center
- Tennis court
- City shuttle service
- 24-hour room service
- Housekeeping
- Car rental
- Self-service laundry
- Dry cleaning
- Tours/Ticket assistance
- Wedding services
- Limousine service
- Wake up service
- Shops/Commercial services
- Shoe shine service
- Newspaper service
- Bell staff/Porter
- Welcome drink
- Business center
- Meeting/ Banquet facilities
- Business services
- Printers
- Fax/Photocopying
In the room
- Individual air conditioning
- Individual heating
- Paid in-room safe
- Mini-bar
- Living room
- Sitting area
- Dressing area
- Balcony
- Tea and coffee facilities
- Bottled water
- Turndown service
- In-room desk
- Ironing facilities
- Rollaway beds
- Private bathroom
- Bath/ Shower
- Hair dryer
- Towels
- Bathrobe
- Room toiletries
- Toilet
- Premium bedding
- Pillow top mattress
- Flat-screen TV
- Internet television
- Paid movies/Video
- Voice mail
- Radio
- AM/FM alarm clock
- Cribs/ Baby cots
- Babysitting/Child services
- Video games
- Children's menu
- Carpeted floor


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Jamaica hotel sets record by winning "World's Best" Award
After being awarded the "World's Best" Award, The Jamaican Couples Resort hotel group just became the first ever hotel chain to have all of its properties in the Top 25 Caribbean list of Travel + Leisure.
The Jamaican Couples Resort hotel group just became the first ever hotel chain to have all of its properties in the Top 25 Caribbean list of Travel+Leisure's prestigious "World's Best" Award. Thanks to the vote of thousands of Travel+Leisure readers worldwide, this Jamaican hotel group has earned the well deserved title of Caribbean champion with all of its Jamaica hotels ranked in the Top 25 of the Resorts in the Caribbean list.
"We are absolutely thrilled to receive such an honour from the readers of Travel+Leisure magazine, and appreciate the continued loyalty of our wonderful guests – especially those who are committed to supporting our message board, and making it a place that warmly welcomes fans of Couples Resorts," said Randall Russell, Chief Romance Officer and Senior VP of Sales & Marketing for Couples Resorts. "This acknowledgement is a true testament to the wonderful team we have in Jamaica, who constantly strive to provide our guests with a uniquely romantic and unforgettable experience."
The 2009 new ranking lists the group's Jamaica hotels of Couples Negril and Couples Swept Away as #2 and #3 respectively while the Couples Sans Souci, the new Couples Tower Isle and the two Ocho Rios Jamaica hotels came at the 7th and 8th position on the race. Further gaining more prestige in their main Jamaica hotels, the Couples Negril and Couples Swept Away were also ranked in the Top 100 Resorts in the World list, coming at 36th and 42nd place respectively. All in all, these new rankings push the Couples Resorts groups as the number One rated All-Inclusive company in the Caribbean, an award they are embracing with pride so look out for celebratory new rates at any of their Jamaica hotels!
Couples Resorts is headquartered in Montego Bay, Jamaica. The Jamaica hotel company owns and operates 4 properties in Jamaica - Couples Tower Isle (formerly Couples Ocho Rios), the first-ever Couples Only all-inclusive resort; Couples Sans Souci; Couples Swept Away; and Couples Negril. Pioneered by the legendary Abe Issa, "father of Jamaican tourism," each Couples Resort is "an unsurpassed model of the all-inclusive concept, boldly designed with local inspiration to create a harmonic sense of nature and authentic Caribbean spirit". For over 30 years, Couples has delighted guests and refined the Caribbean all-inclusive resort experience by providing unparalleled service, exceptional dining experiences and innovative added value inclusions to make for the most perfect Jamaica holidays for everyone!
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