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PHOTO: Right Royal Selfie
2:27pm 16th July 2014
(Updated 2:27pm 16th July 2014)
A Cornish builder has bagged a selfie with the Duke of Cornwall.
Scaffolder Sam Wayne approached Prince Charles as the Royal visited an affordable housing development in Newquay.
The 34 old from Pool tells Pirate FM if you do not ask, you do not get: "He was OK. I think he was a bit camera shy at first but I got one in the end.
"I knew he was coming round the corner so I sort of like shuffled up and made sure I was there. I spoke to a site agent and I thought well, I might as well take my chances and I asked the Prince for a selfie.
"He was very chatty, made me feel at ease, he didn't make me feel awkward about it or anything; yeah it was nice. I felt quite comfortable talking to him you know? You've got to be brave.
"I think it will be a profile picture or something."
Prince Charles and Camilla were visiting Tregunnel Hill in Newquay which is a mixed-use neighbourhood on Duchy-owned land on the south-western edge of Newquay town centre.
It comprises 174 homes including 48 two and three bedroomed affordable homes and employment space for around 30 jobs.
Work on the 4.4 hectare site started in 2012 and will be completed in 2015 using granite and slate from local companies in places like Tintagel and Tavistock.
The Royal couple have also visited flood-hit businesses in Looe and Jamie Oliver's Fifteen on a three day tour of the West Country.
2:27pm 16th July 2014
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If you can work from home, then you can go your whole life without stepping foot outside your door. Buy groceries at places like http://Safeway.com, order in services and entertainment from television channels to books or music, and even pay your bills online. The online shopping industry is growing at a phenomenal rate&bull.
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Dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat
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Knowledge of the potential distribution (i.e. abundance and spatial extent) of an invasive species is important to estimating its potential impacts on recipient communities. Most previous studies have focused on the potential spatial extent of invasive species populations at regional scales, but little is known on how species successfully recruit and establish at more local scales. In this study, we examined how recruitment of the green alga Codium fragile ssp. fragile (hereafter Codium) can vary spatially and the environmental factors associated with Codium establishment in eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds. Standardized recruitment blocks (65 blocks in a 720 × 240 m2 grid) were used to monitor the number of Codium recruits, juveniles and adults over 2 years. Environmental factors (depth, relative water flow, light and temperature) and attributes of the surrounding macrophyte assemblage (eelgrass density, eelgrass length, Codium biomass) were also measured. Recruitment occurred on all blocks or nearby artificial structures (i.e. buoys) and mainly originated from button stages (i.e. female gametes or utricles). Contrary to other studies, the abundance of Codium (recruits, juveniles and adults) was best predicted by the density of the native canopy-forming species, Z. marina, which highlights a positive interaction between native and non-native canopy-forming species. Seasonal variation in recruitment was observed; it was lower during the summer. Recruitment did not show any distinct spatial pattern (e.g. gradient or patch), but the same spatial pattern of recruitment was observed every sampling date, suggesting that there are "hotspots" for recruitment. In general, the total number of Codium fronds observed on a block at the end of the experiment was positively correlated with the cumulative number of recruits. However, recruitment occurred on some blocks but recruits never grew, suggesting that some environmental factors limit Codium distribution and abundance in eelgrass beds. Overall, the assessment of Codium recruitment over 2 years showed that the colonization of suitable locations by Codium within seagrass beds may take several years and that some factors may not only limit, but also inhibit Codium expansion within eelgrass beds.
Much effort has focused on identifying factors limiting invasion success over global and regional scales, with the goal of predicting the rate of range expansion and identifying vectors of dispersion (e.g. Lyons and Scheibling 2009; Johnson et al. 2012; Jofré Madariaga et al. 2014; Gagnon et al. 2015b). In contrast, little information is available on how invasive species successfully disperse and establish at local scales (but see Sepulveda and Marczak 2012). Patterns in invasibility may differ greatly from landscape- to small-scales, as well as temporaly, largely because mechanisms that influence species distributions are not homogenous through space and time (e.g. Davis et al. 2000; Pyšek and Hulme 2005). Invasion dynamics have similar steps at local, regional and global scales, although the mechanisms may differ greatly. Species first need to reach a new area (arrival/recruitment) and then pass through various abiotic and biotic filters (establishment/colonization) so that a local population may thereafter expand within and to new locations (spread/distribution). The local extent of an invasive species population is thus dependent on coupled dispersal–recruitment dynamics and subsequent interactions with the recipient community and the local environment.
Space monopolization of native habitat is one of the main ecological effects reported for invasive seaweeds (Davidson et al. 2015). However, this does not necessarily result in a "hostile takeover". In îles de la Madeleine, eastern Canada, the invasive green seaweed Codium fragile ssp. fragile (synonymous of ssp. tomentosoides, Provan et al. 2008, and hereafter Codium) is observed to grow epiphytically on eelgrass (Zostera marina) rhizomes. Hydrodynamic processes may contribute to expose rhizomes and encourage the horizontal growth as a phenotypic response by Codium to growing in soft-bottom habitats (Garbary et al. 2004) and may explain the association of eelgrass with Codium. At the time of our study, Codium had already formed extensive stands within some eelgrass beds in the study site and had likely been present for many years prior to its initial detection in 2003 (Simard et al. 2007). However, Codium did not occur at a uniformly high biomass throughout the invaded area (A. Drouin, pers. obs.). Given that field experiments have shown that a high density of Codium has negative effects on eelgrass (Drouin et al. 2012) and influences associated invertebrate and fish communities (Drouin et al. 2011), knowledge of the mechanisms that influence the occurrence and spatial extent of Codium abundance within eelgrass habitat will allow a better assessment and understanding of its ecological impacts (Kolar and Lodge 2001; Strayer et al. 2006; Olenin et al. 2007; Thiele et al. 2010).
The dispersal capacity of invaders is of prime interest in the study of recruitment patterns as propagules must first reach an area to settle. Spread of Codium may occur by the dispersal of parthenogenic female gametes (Trowbridge 1998; Prince and Trowbridge 2004), isolated utricles (the loosely compacted filaments that make up the thallus), or vegetative buds or thallus fragments (Fralick and Mathieson 1972; Trowbridge 1998; Nanba et al. 2002). While dislodgment of buds, fragments, or thalli may contribute to Codium dispersion over several kilometres (Gagnon et al. 2011, 2015a), female gametes have lower mobility, swimming for only a few minutes after they have been released (Coolidge Churchill and Moeller 1972), and thus, settlement should be expected to occur predominantly close (within metres) to adults. As with rafting seaweeds (e.g. Durvillaea antarctica, Thiel and Gutow 2005), drifting Codium may act as a source of propagules (e.g. female gametes or utricles) and allow for dispersal to occur over greater distances than it would from thalli attached to the substrate. Unattached plants may also persist within the low-energy hydrodynamic environments, such as eelgrass habitats, and continue to contribute to demographic processes (Gagnon et al. 2011, 2015a). The range over which Codium might spread is dependent on its reproductive mode and dispersal rate, which may be influenced by environmental conditions (D'Amours and Scheibling 2007). Thus, spatial structure in Codium recruitment should provide insight into the importance of different dispersal modes for the alga, but also reflect niches within an area (Shea and Chesson 2002). For example, a patchy pattern of recruitment within a population may result from spread due to a limited dispersal mode (gametes) such that individuals recruit near attached parent plants, or because environmental conditions that permit establishment and growth tend to be spatially auto-correlated.
Following the arrival of propagules, some environmental parameters (such as resource availability, interspecific relationships and physical conditions) may promote invasion success, whereas others may limit the establishment of non-native species at a local scale (Melbourne et al. 2007). In seagrass habitats, high sedimentation rates and low light levels or shading by leaves may limit Codium growth (Malinowski and Ramus 1973; Thomsen and McGlathery 2007; Thomsen et al. 2007) and thus negatively influence its distribution. Conversely, the availability of substrata is an important resource that can stimulate invasion by this species. Gagnon et al. (2015a) observed that disturbance can promote the establishment of Codium in eelgrass beds, likely because it increases the availability of suitable substrata by exposing rhizomes. The same study also noted that eelgrass density may promote invasion by increasing the retention of drifting fragments.
Temporal variation in effects may also be expected when studying invasion success. Spread within a given location is logically a function of the time since initial establishment, although it may not occur at a regular rate or follow a simple diffusive pattern. Moreover, invasive species success can fluctuate through time (Simberloff and Gibbons 2004). As observed by Drouin et al. (2012), environmental factors can influence the persistence of Codium in a given area and thus its pattern of distribution through time.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of spatial and environmental factors on the recruitment and establishment of Codium within an invaded eelgrass bed to better understand its distribution at small spatial scales. Specifically, we assessed spatial variation in Codium recruitment in eelgrass beds and the environmental factors that are correlated with Codium establishment there. To this end, we examined the relationship between environmental conditions and the distribution of Codium recruitment and establishment on regularly distributed standardized substrata over 2 years in an invaded eelgrass meadow.
Study site
Recruitment pattern
Although Codium most typically grows on eelgrass rhizomes at this site, we used hollow concrete blocks (0.40 m long, 0.20 m wide and 0.15 m high—henceforth "blocks") as a standardized substratum to monitor Codium recruitment. Each block was marked by a 5-cm buoy that was positioned ca. 20 cm above the eelgrass canopy and anchored with a 20-cm nail driven into the seafloor ca. 20 cm away from each block to facilitate finding them for sampling. Elsewhere, Codium grows primarily on hard substrata (see above), and it had earlier been observed growing on similar concrete blocks at this site, so it was known that it could settle and grow on this type of surface. Recruitment was assessed over time and space by counting the number of recruits, i.e. settlers that had reached a "button stage" (Sears and Wilce 1970; Ramus 1972)—an erect macroscopic thalli with a single primordial axis of about 0.5–1 cm (Fig. 3). This stage follows the initial undifferentiated filamentous phase of Codium development (Ramus 1972) and was easily distinguishable with the naked eye in the field; moreover, this distinction avoided potential confusion with other filamentous green algae. According to Nanba et al. (2002), a single utricle can potentially become a new individual, reaching button size in 10 weeks, but these recruits could also have resulted from settlement of parthenogenic gametes.
Environmental conditions
Water depth was measured at each recruitment block (time and date were noted for each measurement to later standardize the mean water depth according to the tide level using the tide table for the study area). Relative water flow was estimated by measuring the mass loss of plaster of Paris cylinders (9 cm long, 3 cm diameter; Lepage™, Brampton, Ontario, Canada) placed over a metal rod attached vertically to the corner of each recruitment block. The ends of the cylinders were covered with a layer of fibreglass resin to prevent dissolution at cylinder ends to ensure that a near-constant area was exposed during deployment. The plaster cylinders were deployed for 24 h (two full semi-diurnal tidal cycles) and dry mass loss (initial–end weight) used as a relative index of hydrodynamic action (rate of plaster loss, flow index, g d−1; Thompson and Glenn 1994). Plaster cylinders were deployed on three haphazardly selected dates in July 2007. For two of the dates, winds reached speeds higher than 50 km h−1, which is representative of the conditions that may occur in the studied area during the summer. Variation in light and temperature among recruitment blocks was evaluated using 12 Onset HOBO pendant light and temperature loggers (model UA-002-64) that were deployed from 17 June to 6 September 2008. Loggers were installed on stakes at the surface of the blocks to measure light coming from the surface and were distributed among stations to cover the entire range of depths found in the study area (i.e. from 1.2 to 3.0 m). Light data were used to estimate the period of day when light intensity exceeded the light saturation and compensation levels for Codium (Arnold and Murray 1980).
Macrophyte attributes
The vegetation in the vicinity of each recruitment block was characterized in July 2007 and July 2008. Eelgrass shoot density was estimated within 0.1-m-diameter-circular plots (0.008 m−2) randomly placed within 5 m of each block (n = 8 per block). Maximum eelgrass length was measured haphazardly at three places in these same areas using a measuring tape. Codium biomass was measured by collecting all the fronds within three 0.5 × 0.5-m2 haphazardly placed quadrats within a zone from 1 to 5 m around each block. Codium thalli were promptly weighed after removing excess water using a salad spinner. A major unanticipated shift in the distribution of Codium occurred during the study. Great quantities of large thalli previously attached to rhizomes were observed scattered all over the study site in June 2008, and thus, the status of Codium was also noted, i.e. attached to eelgrass rhizomes or drifting specimens, and used as a binary variable for subsequent analyses.
Statistical methods
Distance–recruitment relationships for recruitment blocks were determined with a measure of spatial autocorrelation, Moran's I, plotted against distance (m, Fortin and Dale 2005). Correlograms based on Moran's I were created for Codium recruit, juvenile and adult abundance on recruitment blocks using SAM 3.0 (Rangel et al. 2010). The number of distance classes was determined using Sturge's rule based on sample size and an equal-number-of-pairs approach to minimize edge effects (Fortin and Dale 2005). The test of significance of the entire correlogram was determined using the Bonferroni correction (Fortin and Dale 2005). Kendall's coefficient (τ) was used to test for the presence of monotonic relationships (i.e. a variable maintaining the same given order over time) for the same independent variables between two sampling dates, and for measures of the association between the abundance of a specific class size at a specific sampling date and the subsequent class size at the following sampling date (Quinn and Keough 2002).
To extrapolate the light data recorded at 12 blocks to the entire grid of blocks, the relationships between light intensity, depth, water flow and eelgrass attributes were evaluated using regression models. The relationships between the cumulative number of recruits observed on blocks before June 2009 and the total number of growing fronds (>10 cm) at the end of the experiment, i.e. in June 2009, were also evaluated using regression models. The relationships between environmental data and Codium recruit, juvenile and adult abundances was tested for each sampling date using distance-based linear models (DISTLM) in PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER-e version 6 (Anderson et al. 2008). Conditional tests using forward selection were used to evaluate the proportion of variability in the abundance of Codium recruits or growing fronds explained by the environmental data while controlling for covariance among independent variables. Analyses were performed on raw data because initial transformations did not improve the fit of data to assumptions and DISTLM is robust to departure from statistical assumptions because of the permutational approach employed. Environmental variables used in the models were depth, flow index, eelgrass shoot density and length, biomass of Codium in the vicinity of the blocks, presence/absence of Codium attached to eelgrass rhizomes surrounding the blocks, and total biomass of Codium on the blocks at the preceding sampling periods. Collinearity among predictors was evaluated by examining tolerance values (i.e. above a reference point of 0.1) (Quinn and Keough 2002) but was absent except between eelgrass density in 2007 and 2008 and eelgrass length in 2007 and 2008, so the 2007 values were removed from subsequent analyses. Spearman coefficient (rho) (or in the case of presence/absence of Codium attached to eelgrass rhizomes, the point biserial coefficient, rpb) was used to test the correlation among the best predictor variables obtained from DISTLM results and dependent variables. ANOVAs were used to compare environmental characteristics (eelgrass density, eelgrass length, flow index and depth) among groups of recruitment blocks following evaluating the assumption of homoscedasticity using Bartlett's test. A posteriori comparisons were made using Tukey's tests.
Pattern of Codium establishment
Proportion of recruitment blocks (%) with Codium at each sampling date. Numbers in brackets represent the number of recruitment blocks assessed
October 2007
36 % (64)
June 2008
65 % (62)
September 2008
83 % (61)
June 2009
72 % (50)
Measure of the association (Kendall tau) between abundance of a class size of Codium and the next greater class size at the subsequent sampling date
Pairs of individual size and date
Kendall tau
Recruits, October 2007
Juveniles, June 2008
Juveniles, June 2008
Adults, Sept. 2008
Recruits, June 2008
Juveniles, Sept. 2008
Juveniles, September 2008
Adults, June 2009
Recruits, September 2008
Juveniles, June 2009
Factors linked with Codium establishment
Results of the DISTLM test on Codium abundance for each class sizes (recruits, juveniles and adults) at each sampling date and correlation coefficients (Spearman, rho, or point biserial, rpb) among predictor and dependant variables
Best predictors
p values
October 2007
June 2008
Eelgrass density
Codium biomass on blocks in Oct. 2007
September 2008
Codium biomass around blocks in July 2008
Codium biomass on blocks in June 2008
Eelgrass length
Presence of attached Codium
Codium biomass on blocks in June 2008
June 2009
Eelgrass density
Codium biomass on blocks in Sept. 2008
Codium biomass around blocks July 2008
Eelgrass density
Codium biomass on blocks in Sept. 2008
The results of the present study showed that Codium dispersal occurred across the entire study area, as recruits were observed on all blocks or nearby artificial structures (i.e. buoys) at some point during the study period. However, Codium abundance varied over space and time and was best predicted by the density of the native canopy-forming species, Z. marina. This positive correlation contrasts with previous observations of seaweed invasion in seagrass beds (Ceccherelli and Cinelli 1997; den Hartog 1997; Ceccherelli et al. 2000) and Codium invasions of rocky shores (Scheibling and Gagnon 2006; Valentine et al. 2007), where gaps and low macrophyte density promoted the invasion. The observations from the present study highlight that invasibility may be sustained by facilitation interactions (Fridley et al. 2007; Bulleri et al. 2008). The assessment of recruitment over 2 years shows that the colonization of suitable locations by Codium within seagrass beds may take several years and that some factors may not only limit, but also inhibit Codium expansion within eelgrass beds.
Dispersal and recruits pattern
Despite the presence of drift fragments and thalli within the studied bay, Codium growing on blocks was mostly at the button stage, and thus Codium colonization was likely primarly due to gametes or utricles during this study. Drifting fragments might also have indirectly contributed to dispersal by transporting gametes and utricles, the later which may be released from damaged fronds or through abrasion of the frond on blocks. Interestingly, recruits were mainly observed around the edges of the blocks, which have resulted via several mechanisms, such abrasion of fronds, differential settlement of propagules (Johnson 1994), or by hydrodynamic effects created by the blocks. In the same area, Gagnon et al. (2015a) observed low variation among Codium thallus length 10 months after recruitment, indicating that individuals were likely from a same cohort and thus had not originated from the settlement of drifted fragments. Given the lack of correlation between the density of recruits and the local abundance of Codium, the hypothesis that drift fragments contribute to the transport of gametes and utricles is possible, or that gametes may have a higher dispersal range than previously reported (e.g. Trowbridge 1998; Prince and Trowbridge 2004). Since the abundance of drifting Codium varies with patterns of water movement and the seasonal production of fragments (Gagnon et al. 2011, 2015a), this dynamic between drifting and attached states may enhance stochasticity in the availability of propagules and thus the potential distribution of recruits.
Because recruits were concentrated on block edges, space available for new settlers could have been limited. However, the number of recruits did not decrease between the early summer sampling periods, suggesting that the available space on blocks for Codium recruitment was not limited. The apparent decrease in the number of recruits over the summer season may have resulted from growth of the recruits observed in the summer to juvenile and/or adult stages, coupled with limited recruitment during the summer months. Density-dependent effects (e.g. Arenas et al. 2002) could have also contributed to this decrease and include a higher vulnerability to grazers (Vadas et al. 1992), or a higher mortality of young stages of Codium due to a preferential grazing season (Underwood 1981). Gamete production elsewhere is known to occur at the beginning of the fall (Fralick and Mathieson 1973; Hanisak 1979) and could explain the observed temporal variation in recruitment, although observations made in the present study do not allow us to differentiate whether button stages originated from parthenogenesis (gametes) or utricles.
Factors linked to Codium establishment
Rapid colonization of disturbed or non-vegetated areas and competition with native species are well-known mechanisms associated with the establishment of invasive macrophytes (Bando 2006; Scheibling and Gagnon 2006; Valentine et al. 2007; Williams 2007; Davidson et al. 2015). In this study, higher eelgrass density was associated with higher Codium abundance (recruits, juveniles and adults). Since there are little hard substrata in the study area, Codium's association with eelgrass rhizomes is essential to its establishment. However, because this study used a standard recruitment substratum, it confirms that factors other than rhizome exposure can link Codium invasion to eelgrass density. Retention of seaweed fragments (Tweedley et al. 2008; Gagnon et al. 2015a) and smaller particles (Gacia et al. 1999) increases with eelgrass bed density due to flow reduction by the shoots. The close proximity of recruitment blocks to a nearby eelgrass canopy could have also allowed the eelgrass to sweep the surface of the blocks (Vadas et al. 1992), which could have a positive effect for algae in soft-bottom habitats as it could remove sediments and dislodge grazers (Choi 2003).
Some observations indicated that Codium had good survivorship once it settled and reached the recruit size. A demographic wave was observed on the blocks, as indicated by the consistently positive relationship between the number of recruits at one sampling date and that of subsequent size classes (i.e. recruits to juveniles; juveniles to adults) at subsequent sampling dates. Further, the number of fronds growing on a block at the end of the experiment was well predicted by the total cumulative number of recruits observed on the same block. A similar result was observed in a concomitant study conducted at a smaller scale (similar experimental layout but blocks spaced at 6 m) where recruits were observed on all the blocks, and only three of the 58 recruitment blocks showed a lower number of fronds than recruits at the end of the experiment (Drouin 2013). The link between the abundance of recruits and the subsequent stages may be a temporal autocorrelation artefact. However, the succession among life stages observed on blocks also suggests that factors regulating population demography, such as grazing and environmental conditions, likely did not have negative effects at these locations. The largest potential grazer in the study site was the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea, which has been shown to be able to limit recruitment of Codium by grazing small (<2 cm) and damaged fronds (Scheibling et al. 2008). However, this species was rarely observed on the blocks. The most abundant grazers associated with the blocks were snails of the genus Calliostoma, which are much smaller than L. littorea, but can reach a higher density on mature Codium thalli (up to 0.57 ind cm−2, Drouin et al. 2011). This snail, as for L. littorea, may be an efficient grazer on newly settled Codium but is likely ineffective on juveniles, i.e. >2 cm (Lubchenco and Gaines 1981; Scheibling et al. 2008). A decrease in the number of blocks with Codium between September 2008 and June 2009 clearly shows that some factors may not only limit Codium expansion within eelgrass beds but may also cause small scale retractions. One likely driver in this system is the burial of blocks by sediments, as was observed on blocks in deeper stations (>2 m), where the flow index was lower and the accumulation of sediments on block upper surfaces—where buttons usually appear—was observed (Drouin, pers. obs.). A low resistance to sedimentation could explain the observed loss of Codium on these blocks (Thomsen and McGlathery 2006, 2007). According to Thomsen et al. (2007), factors related to light extinction and sedimentation are likely strong limiting factors for Codium in soft-bottom habitats and can affect not only recruits but also adult stages. Due to the small range of light variation that we observed, the role of light could not be addressed by our data.
Biomass–density relationships may also partly explain the observed variation in Codium density on blocks. The densities of juveniles and adults were well predicted by the estimated biomass of Codium on blocks at the previous sampling date. The good correlation between biomass and density may indicate that the even-sized stands growing on blocks did not reach critical density levels, beyond which self-thinning would occur (Scrosati 2005). The capacity to form mature fronds while growing in crowded stands is likely a life history trait that promotes Codium establishment where suitable substrata and favourable growing conditions are present.
By modifying habitat characteristics, species can promote the establishment of other species, both native and non-native (e.g. Altieri et al. 2010), and thus, invasion may be promoted through facilitation (Bulleri et al. 2008). In the present study, the facilitating eelgrass trait, i.e. its density, was not uniformly distributed, affecting the distribution of Codium within the invaded habitat. Moreover, in some areas, environmental conditions seemed to affect Codium survival, creating a mosaic of more or less adequate habitats for its establishment, although these factors still warrant further research. This study brings empirical evidence that habitat heterogeneity can promote invasion success as well as coexistence (Melbourne et al. 2007; Tamburello et al. 2013). Considering that the effects of invaders in general, and of Codium specifically (Drouin et al. 2012), are often dependent on their abundance and distribution, knowledge of where they can successfully establish within a given habitat is critical for understanding both their local and widespread impacts on invaded ecosystems.
We thank M. Roy-Latreille, M. Couture-Plante, K. Richer, M. Morin, R. Estrada, M. Huot and I. Bérubé for helping with field work and to the personnel from the Centre maricole des Îles-de-la-Madeleine for giving us access to their facilities. This work was supported by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Fondation communautaire Gaspésie-Les Îles, and PhD scholarships to A.D. by the Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la nature et les technologies (FQRNT), Québec-Océan, the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence Coalition on Sustainability and the Fonds Richard-Bernard. We thank Axios Review for feedback on an earlier draft of this manuscript.
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I bring thee a casket of jewels fair… Gather them all for your spirit's shrine… They are gems from the boundless mine of thought! The Language of Gems Miss H.J. Woodman c. Judy Hall In the 1970s I used to buy my crystals in Southend-on-sea. It was an extraordinarily tiny shop. Sawdust on the floor like an old-fashioned butchers, oil drums of unwashed crystals stuffed in anywhere and everywhere. No order to it. Nothing carved or shaped. A few tumble stones...Read More
One of the attractions of going to the Netherlands to facilitate crystal workshops was the promise of visiting 'the hunebeds, our local sacred sites.' We were two hours north of Amsterdam in Drenthe, an area I'd never thought of in connection with passage-grave constructions. But there they were, all 54 of them although we only had time to visit a few. The hunebeds were constructed over 5000 years old ago by Neolithic farmers, before Stonehenge or the pyramids were thought of....Read More
I received a questionnaire that made me ponder, once again, where do I belong? The writers' organisation of which I've been a member for a quarter of a century holds lunch meetings four times a year. But attendances have been dwindling while the number of writers expands exponentially. Why? Well, a name change had meant that the lunches were perceived as exclusively for one county only, not the six previously circulated. The most recent venue is exclusive. The snooty dress code excludes...Read More
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By Raj Giri | March 19, 2012 | Comments
WrestlingINC.com: When you had come back from that first stint and Triple H made a dig at you about coming back slimmer, was that something you knew ahead of time that he was going to say? Was that scripted, or was that an off-the-cuff remark?
Masters: No, that was a scripted interview. People always ask me about that and some people think it was a cheap shot. I am more under of the impression... first of all, I remember the way Hunter looked at the time... I don't know. I didn't really treat it much as an insult as a lot of people jumped on it like it was that big of a deal, but I was still thinking to myself, you know, you [Triple H] take off your shirt and stand next to me and we'll see who looks better? I mean, you know, he wasn't exactly the sharpest knife in the drawer either, he is a little pudgy. So, in his defense, Hunter is a ball buster and is an equal opportunity ball buster, so you know, it might have been a cheap shot. I mean, you seen the way him and Shawn are, that's just the way he is, he's a ball buster. So it was probably like not the most appropriate thing to do, especially where the business is and the message they were trying to convey. But you know, it was said and I'm sure if they could take it back - considering the controversy it raised - I am sure they would. But they don't live in the past, so they don't even think about it.
WrestlingINC.com: I think what upset a lot of people is that he is taking over the company at some point and to be mocking someone's physique, especially during that time when you had the death of Eddie Guerrero and everything... I think it was just kind of tone deaf.
Masters: The surprising thing to me, everybody thought that my whole suspension and everything was over steroids and they equated that to me losing weight when I came back. That wasn't the truth. The truth was my issue was prescription pain killers and the only reason I lost the amount of weight I did was because I would - basically every morning - I woke up and ran two miles as part of my own personal therapy. I wasn't doing as much weight training so, I mean, going for that morning jog five days a week, every week, made me slim down a lot more than I even realized. Because you know, I was off in seclusion, off in the middle of bum f--king Tennessee! I hadn't seen anybody in forever, so I came out of there and people were like, "Oh my god, you lost a lot of weight!" If I would have known it would've created such a stir, I would have probably put on maybe 10 lbs. back on before I came back.
WrestlingINC.com: Do you think painkillers are... because with the wellness policy painkillers are allowed with a prescription, but you know, a lot of say that prescription painkillers are way more dangerous than the banned drugs that are on that list. Do you agree with that?
Masters: Oh yeah, prescription pills are the worst. I mean Whitney Houston is, and all these celebrities are the proof. I mean it's a huge issue in the whole country. I mean WWE does have the thing where they are constantly monitoring a prescription and making sure it is up to date and check with the doctor, so it's like you don't just get a free pass. I mean, these things only stay in your system so long, if you don't take it for a day or whatever you can get by, but I would honestly say through being with the company that the pill problem has been cleaned up quite immensely.
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Philthy Rich – Renegade Alert
Philthy let's you know about the girls that aren't built for this. From the upcoming album "Kill Zone".
Philthy let's you know about the girls that aren't built for this. From the upcoming album "Kill Zone".
Philthy Rich feat Waka Flocka & YG Hootie – "Moving Birds" Music Video
[audio:http://siccness.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/broke-nigga-make-me-sick.mp3|titles=broke nigga make me sick] Broke Ni**a's Make Sick The New Street Anthem From Philthy Rich
An Oakland rapper and two other people were arrested on suspicion of various offenses near a nightclub in San Francisco's Richmond District where the […]
Philthy Rich with a new leak featuring Roach Gigz and Berner! Livewire! [audio:http://siccness.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Light-It-Up-Remix.mp3|titles=Philthy Rich Ft Roach Gigz & Berner – Light It Up (Remix)]
New video from Philthy Rich & Phenom titled Alright Bitch
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[audio:http://siccness.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Philthy-Rich-Speaks-To-The-Siccness-Network-About-Lil-Rue-Altercation.mp3|titles=Philthy Rich Speaks To The Siccness Network About Lil Rue Altercation] The Siccness Network had a chance to have a candid conversation with #TeamPhilthy […]


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M-Lauryl Sulphate BrothHiMedia
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Dubos and Middlebrook (1) developed various formulations containing oleic acid and albumin, which protect Mycobacterium from toxic agents, helping for the growth of tubercle bacilli. Middlebrook 7H10 Agar Base was formulated as per Middlebrook, Cohn et al (2) reformed the original oleic…


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Spreading habit, with yellow-green foliage and black-eyed magenta flowers in summer. Sun-part shade.
Lovely big, soft pink, darker-veined flowers from June until frosts. Forms an impressive mound.
PBR 60cm £4.50
Large pink-purple flowers late summer. Prefers part shade.
NEW 30cm £4.50
Large gentle pink flowers from May, tolerant of most conditions.
20cm £4.50
From Robin Moss. Dainty, bright pink slightly pointed petals.
45cm £4.50
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Brian Ellis, Avondale Nursery, at Russell's Nursery, Mill Hill, Baginton, Coventry CV8 3AG.
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