text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|12 Sep 2017
|Filing date
|10 Oct 2016
|Priority date
|9 Oct 2015
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Richard J. Keniuk, Gary D. Schulz
|Original Assignee
|Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (104), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Applications No. 62/239,831, titled "SYNCHRONIZED MULTIPLE-RADIO ANTENNA SYSTEMS AND METHODS", filed on Oct. 9, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Patent Applications No. 62/277,862, titled "SYNCHRONIZED MULTIPLE-RADIO ANTENNA SYSTEMS AND METHODS" filed on Jan. 12, 2016, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The apparatuses described herein generally relate to antenna having multiple radios connected to a single emitter/receiver for simultaneous transmission from each of the radios. The radios may be balanced (e.g., data packet load balanced).
Wireless networks are typically realized using point-to-multipoint radios. Also, some Internet service providers (ISPs) provide Internet connectivity to remote locations by installing radio towers that use point-to-point antennas to relay the network connection to the remote location. Some radio towers include both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint radios that are driven by a ground-level base station at the base of the tower.
Space in radio towers is often at a premium, and may be expensive. In general antenna assemblies, including point-to-point and point-to-multipoint antennas assemblies typically include a single radio that operate over the full bandwidth, and transmit and receive all RF data through the antenna. Each antenna requires space and separation from other antenna to prevent undesirable interference, requiring a significant amount of tower space and therefore expense. Although antenna systems in which more than one radio may be used, these systems typically require a great deal of coordination and communication between each radio of the system, resulting a slowing and inefficiencies of the resulting antenna system and also increased cost. Further, such systems are not well able to adapt to changes in the transmission rate (or disruption of) one or more of the radios. What is needed are antenna systems that may use multiple radios connected to the same antenna assembly in a scalable (e.g., linearly scalable) manner without requiring direct communication between the multiple radios.
In any multiple-radio apparatus it may be useful to split/combine RF signals transmitted. Combiner-splitters for RF systems are known. For example, the Wilkinson divider splitter/Wilkinson combiner is a form of power splitter/power combiner that is used in microwave applications and uses quarter wave transformers, which may be fabricated as quarter wave lines on printed circuit boards. These apparatuses may provide a cheap and simple splitter/divider/combiner. The Wilkinson splitter/combiner may be formed entirely of printed circuit board transmission line components, or it may include other forms of transmission lines (e.g. coaxial cable) or lumped circuit elements (inductors and capacitors).
A Wilkinson power divider is a passive electronic device that splits a single RF input signal into two (n=2) or more (n≧3) in-phase output RF signals. Such devices can also be used in the opposite direction to combine multiple in-phase RF signals into a single RF output. The details of design and operation for these devices are well known. Such devices are typically realized using resistors and impedance-transformer sections of RF transmission line (such as coaxial line, microstrip, stripline, etc.) in various configurations.
Thus, a Wilkinson power divider or Wilkinson splitter may be used as a multiple port device, including as a two way divider. Wilkinson splitter/combiners have known benefits and problems. Advantages include: Simplicity, low cost, relatively low loss, and reasonable isolation. For example a Wilkinson divider/splitter/combiner can be realized using printed components on a printed circuit board. It is also possible to use lumped inductor and capacitor elements, but this complicates the overall design. Although the cost may otherwise be very low, to reduce losses, a low-loss PCB substrate may be used, which may increase the cost. Loss may arise from the division of the power between the different ports, though components used for a Wilkinson splitter can be relatively low loss, especially when PCB transmission lines are used along with low-loss PCB substrate materials. Disadvantages of traditional Wilkinson splitters may include a reduction in frequency response. As the Wilkinson splitter is based around the use of quarter wave transmission lines, it has a limited bandwidth.
Described herein are apparatuses (systems and methods) that my address the issues raised above, and may take advantage of simple system of splitter/combiners (including chains of splitter/combiners) while enhancing performance, e.g., throughput, of the overall antenna apparatus.
The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses (including devices and systems) for combining a plurality of radio frequency (RF) radios so that all of the radios can simultaneously and synchronously send or synchronously receive RF signals from a single antenna.
Described herein are methods of combining a plurality of radios so that they simultaneously send or receive from a single antenna. These methods may include: passively combining the inputs of each of the plurality of radios into a single output coupled to the single antenna; synchronizing each of the plurality of radios using a master synchronization signal (e.g., global positioning satellite, or GPS, signal), so that each of the plurality of radios is operating on a same duty cycle; simultaneously transmitting RF signals from each of the plurality of radios using the single antenna, wherein each of the plurality of radios transmits in different frequency channels; and simultaneously receiving RF signals in each of the plurality of radios using the single antenna.
Any of these methods may also include synchronizing the remote (e.g., slave) radios that communicate with the combined (master) radios). The slave devices may themselves be combined, or they may be separate radios.
For example, a method of combining a plurality of radios so that they simultaneously send or receive from a single antenna may include: passively combining the inputs of each of the plurality of radios into a single output coupled to the single antenna; periodically synchronizing each of the plurality of radios using a GPS signal, wherein each of the plurality of radios is operating on a same duty cycle; transmitting a synchronized master timing preamble from each of the plurality of radios; simultaneously transmitting RF signals from each of the plurality of radios using the single antenna, wherein each of the plurality of radios operates in different frequency channels; simultaneously receiving RF signals in each of the plurality of radios using the single antenna; and synchronizing a duty cycle of a first remote slave radio using the master timing preamble.
Any of the methods described herein may include attaching each of the plurality of radios to a single antenna. The radios may be attached via a mount or other attachment that holds the radio in communication with the multiplexer and the single antenna. Each antenna may be configured to transmit/receive in multiple polarities (e.g., vertical/horizontal, etc.) and the input or inputs used to connect the radio to the passive combiner/divider may account for this, e.g., including two or more ports (connectors).
In general, all of the radios (in the plurality of radios) connected to the same antenna may had a synchronized duty cycle for Transmission (Tx) and receiving (Rx). For example, the duty cycle of the plurality of radios is 50/50, 67/33, or 25/75 (any other duty cycle ratio may be used).
Each of the plurality of radios typically operates in a different frequency channel. The different frequency channels may be adjacent (e.g., immediately adjacent) to each other without a guard band between adjacent channels. For example, each channel may be a 20 MHz channel and the GPS-synchronized radios may talk simultaneously over the single link on directly adjacent channels, such as one at 5780 MHz and the other at 5800 MHz.
Any of the apparatuses described herein may operate in MIMO, particularly when acting in the shared antenna mode described herein.
Any of the methods and apparatuses described herein may be configured for synchronization using an outside, global synchronization signal source, such as an external GPS. Thus, none of the radios of the plurality of radios may (or must) communicate directly about the synchronization. Thus, these methods including using an external synchronization signal such as a GPS signal comprises synchronizing each of the plurality of radios without communication between the radios. For example, each of the plurality of radios may independently receive the GPS signal. The synchronization of each of the plurality of radios using a GPS signal may occur about every 1 second, e.g., +/−15 nanoseconds. In general, the global synchronization signal does not necessarily have to be GPS but may be some other form of sync amongst the master radios to keep their TX-RX frames aligned.
In any of these methods the step of simultaneously transmitting RF signals from each of the plurality of radios may comprise simultaneously transmitting a synchronized master timing preamble from each of the plurality of radios. A master timing preamble may be sent before each transmission and may include information about the signals being transmitted. The master timing preamble it typically synchronized (e.g., by master timing tick, based on the GPS signal).
As mentioned, any of these methods may include synchronizing a duty cycle of a first remote slave radio using a synchronized master timing preamble transmitted by each of the plurality of radios, and may further include synchronizing a duty cycle of a second remote slave radio with a synchronized mater timing preamble. Any of the slave radios communicating with the master devices may synchronize by sliding a receiver frame until the master timing preamble is identified. This is possible even when the remote (slave) radio false synchronizes to another timing preamble, such as a slave preamble symbol from a nearby (slave) radio.
Thus, any of these methods may include transmitting RF signals from the first remote slave radio to the single antenna during a transmission frame determined by the synchronized duty cycle of the first remote slave radio.
In general, passively combining the inputs of each of the plurality of radios into the single output coupled to the single antenna may include passing inputs from each of the plurality of radios through a Wilkinson power divider/combiner having an output coupled to the single antenna.
The apparatuses described herein may be configured to operate in an unsynchronized mode or in a synchronized mode. For example, any of these methods may also include switching from an unsynchronized mode of operation to a shared antenna mode in which each of the plurality of radios is synchronized using the GPS signal to operate on the same duty cycle.
Also described herein are apparatuses that are configured to perform the methods described above. These apparatuses may include hardware, software and/or firmware for performing the functions described herein. For example, described herein are multiplexer apparatuses for combining a plurality of radios so that they simultaneously send or receive from a single antenna. Such apparatuses may include: a first external mount configured to hold a first radio, and a first input configured to connect to an input of the first radio; a second external mount configured to hold a second radio and a second input configured to connect to an input of the second radio; a passive power divider/combiner coupled to the first input and the second input, the passive power divider/combiner configured to passively combine RF signals from the first and second input and output them to an antenna port and to divide RF signals from the antenna port between the first and second inputs; and an antenna mount for holding a single antenna, wherein the antenna port is in or adjacent to the antenna mount.
In some variations the apparatuses may include the radio(s) and/or the single antenna. The antennas (e.g., the single antennas) into which the plurality of master radio devices feed may be any type of antenna. For example, as used herein, a single antenna may include a single reflector (e.g., parabolic dish) for both transmitting and receiving or it may refer to a compound antenna having a dedicated Tx reflector and a dedicated Rx reflector, or it may include an array antenna that operates as a single antenna (e.g., microstrip array antenna). The single antenna may be a directional antennas or a non-directional (e.g., omni) antenna. The type of antenna is generally not relevant to combining of the radios on the single antenna. For example, the combining could occur as several multi-point access points combined on a single omni antenna (e.g., two or more combined) communicating with individual (client) subscribers. Multiple point-to-point masters radios on a single antenna (which could be an omnidirectional antenna) may link to individual point-to-point slaves radios on individual antennas in different directions around the single antenna (master radios).
Any of the apparatuses described herein may be integrated with either or both the radio(s) and/or the antenna. For example, a multiplexer apparatus for combining a plurality of radios so that they simultaneously send or receive from a single antenna may include: a first external mount configured to hold a first radio, and a first input configured to connect to an input of the first radio; a second external mount configured to hold a second radio and a second input configured to connect to an input of the second radio; a passive power divider/combiner coupled to the first input and the second input, the passive power divider/combiner configured to passively combine RF signals from the first and second input and output them to an antenna port and to divide RF signals from the antenna port between the first and second inputs; and a single antenna coupled to the first and second external mounts, wherein the antenna feed is coupled to the antenna port.
As mentioned, in any of these apparatuses the passive power divider/combiner may be a Wilkinson divider/combiner.
The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the claims that follow. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
Described herein are multi-radio antenna apparatuses and stations for wireless networks including multiple radios coupled to a single transmit/receive antenna, in which the antenna (and/or the radios) is highly synchronized. These multi-radio antenna systems may provide highly resilient links. Synchronization (e.g., GPS synchronization) may allow these apparatuses to organically scale the transmission throughput while preventing data loss. The single transmit/receive antenna may have a single dish or a compound (e.g., a single pair of separate transmitting and receiving dishes) and connections for two or more radios. These apparatuses may be configured for frequency division multiplexing with concurrent transmission from each of the radios out of the same antenna, with minimal or no isolation between radio units.
In general, the apparatuses described herein include a single antenna assembly that is couples to an operates with a plurality (e.g., 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, 9 or more, . . . n or more, or between 2 to n, between 3 to n, between 4 to n, etc. where n is 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, etc.). The antenna assembly typically includes a single combined transmitting/receiving antenna emitter/detector (transceiver or simply "emitter" for convenience), or a pair of transmitting antenna emitter and receiving antenna detector (see, e.g., US 2014/0218255).
The antenna assembly may also include an emitter (e.g., combined emitter/absorber for transmitting and/or receiving RF energy). The emitter may be mounted within a reflector (e.g., parabolic reflector). The emitter/absorber surface may include one or more feeds (e.g., horizontal and vertical, or other polarization feeds) and each feed may include one or more power splitters/power combiners, such as, e.g., a Wilkinson power splitter/power combiner. The power splitter/power combiners may be nested (e.g., multiple power splitter/power combiner may be connected together to multiply divide the signals between the plurality of radios associated with the apparatus. The power splitter/power combiner may be 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:m, 2:3, 2:4, 2:5, 2:6, 2:7, 2:8, 2:9, 2:10, 2:p, etc. For example, the apparatus may include a lumped element 2-2ay Wilkinson splitter/combiner coupled to the feed(s) of the antenna, through which the different radios connect to the emitter. Wilkinson power splitter/power combiners may be particularly useful, as they may be compact and do not typically require special electronics.
Although the use of power splitter/power combiners as described above and shown here may result in a loss in overall power of the transmitted signal (e.g., this loss has been measured as about 3.5-4 dB), the tradeoff may be an increase in throughput. When the radios are highly synchronized (e.g., using a high-accuracy GPS signal) and/or when operated with a networking device (e.g., router) that can dynamically monitor and balance the operation of the radios, the result is a highly scalable increase in signal throughput (which may linearly scale as the number of radios increases) without loss or delay as radios are removed/fail.
Any of the antenna assemblies described herein may include GPS synchronization that is sufficient to synchronize within appropriate timing (e.g., within less than 100 ms, 50 ms, 25 ms, 10 ms, 5 ms, 1 ms, 0.5 ms, 0.1 ms, 0.05 ms, 0.01 ms, etc.) so that the radios receive and transmit on the same, nearly-identical (within the timing parameters just mentioned) schedule, without requiring any coordination between the radios. This transmitting/receiving schedule may be regularly 'refreshed' by the accurate GPS signal, and each radio may be configured to operate within a predetermined schedule. The use of the highly accurate GPS timer as described may allow the radios to function in a coordinated manner by the pre-set, shared schedule, without requiring that the radios talk with each other or with other systems before they transmit and/or receiver. Thus, the radios do not need to handshake or otherwise communicate back and forth with each other, which would typically delay operation. The apparatuses (which may generally include devices and systems) described herein typically use the GPS signals as a reference clock and do not have to talk with each other, or even be aware of each other to function in a coordinated, and therefore more efficient manner. Instead, the radios may send and/or receive data frames based on the preset schedule and the GPS clock without coordinating/communication between the radios. The use of the GPS timing, when the accuracy is sufficiently high, may allow an intelligent architecture such that dividing multiple radio signals between one or more antennas may be successfully performed.
Any of the apparatuses described herein may use any appropriate signal multiplexing technique. In particular, the apparatuses described herein may use frequency division multiplexing. Frequency division multiplexing may allow a plurality of radios coupled to the same antenna apparatus to transmit at the same time and receive at the same time using the apparatus architecture described herein.
For example, the synchronized radios may be configured on a repeating and/or resetting schedule that determines when transmission occurs, when receiving occurs. For example a GPS synchronizing signal may initiate a cycle in which, e.g., every second a counter is re-set so that transmission occurs every 200 ms; at the end of a predetermined period, the cycle is re-set by the GPS synchronization in all of the radios, therefore the radios get re-time synched at the next second. Alternatively, another architecture may include the use of filters; the use of synchronizing GPS as described herein may prevent or reduce the need for this level of signal filtering, which may be expensive and lossy.
In general, radios may be configured to each receive the synchronizing signal (GPS signal) directly or from the antenna assembly that they are connected to. For example, an antenna assembly may include connections (docks, attachments, etc.) for connecting to a plurality of radio devices, and may also include the high-accuracy GPS synchronizing circuitry described herein; alternatively or additionally, the radios may be configured to receive directly the GPS synchronizing/timing signal.
In general, each radio may be operating within a different (e.g., offset) frequency range within the bandwidth of the antenna assembly. For example, when three radios are used, the upper, middle and lower frequency ranges of the bandwidth of the antenna may be parsed between the three radios. The antenna assembly may set the frequency range for each radio.
The apparatuses described herein may allow on-the-fly addition/removal of radio devices. For example, the systems may include radios that are added/removed or degrade during operation without interrupting the transmission. Thus, these apparatuses may operate at full capacity even as one or more radios are added/removed or degrading. This functionality may be enhanced by the use of a networking device such as a router, or other controller, that monitors the radio operation/throughput, and dynamically balances the transmission loads between the different radios. Any of the apparatuses (e.g. multi-radio antenna systems) described herein may therefore be load-balanced multi-radio antenna systems and may include or be configured to operate with a controller (e.g., network device, router, etc.) that load balances between the radios.
Thus, any of these apparatuses may automatically load balance between the radio devices coupled to the same antenna. The network device (and therefore the system) may thus detect when a radio that is connected to the antenna has degraded (e.g., reduced throughput, efficiency, and/or failed, etc.) and re-balance between the remaining radios, e.g., by switching which radios transmit the 'load' of data packets. Unlike other systems that may require down-time while switching, the apparatuses described herein may constantly evaluate the capacity of the radio(s) connected and may detect failure; when failure or performance degradation (or improvement) is detected, the apparatus may handle it by adjusting the load. In general, the apparatuses (e.g., network devices, routers, etc.) described herein may detect the change in capacity between radios in terms of Mbit/sec balance based on the changes in rate.
For example,
Load balancing may be done automatically, e.g., after an initial set-up/detection step, or it may be user adjusted/modified. Appendix A, attached hereto, including one example of an apparatus (configured as a router) that may be used as described herein.
In general, any of the apparatuses described herein may include multiple radios and may be adapted to hold or secure these radios onto the back of the apparatus, as shown in
The variation shown in
The emitter portion (emitter/absorber) portion shown in
In some embodiments of the methods and apparatuses described herein, the apparatus is a scalable MIMO Multiplexer having a very reduced footprint because it can efficiently combine multiple radios with a single antenna (e.g., in some variations a single reflector). FIGS. 1B-1D illustrate examples of such a multiplexing apparatus, which may be referred to as an "N�N" MIMO multiplexer. This apparatus may have multi-gigabit throughput, and also allows redundancy between the included radios, without the need for additional antennas. Each of the radios may transmit synchronously and receive synchronously. Because they are synchronized and their RF signals passively mixed by the multiplexer, they may simultaneously communicate from the same antenna with very little Rx degradation/interference (e.g., cross-talk, etc.); each radio may transmit at a different frequency band, and these bands may be immediately adjacent, without the need for a guard band between nearby frequency bands.
The methods and apparatuses described herein typically synchronize each (master) radio extremely accurately through their GPS clock receivers. RF timeslots are framed and transmitted to allow multiple radios to sync without being in communications with each other and without requiring any direct electrical connection (e.g., wiring) between them. These methods and apparatuses embodying them are sufficiently accurate so that there is little or no interference between the radios which all transmit and receive at nearly exactly the same time (within tens of nanoseconds). Thus each local (master) radio will not transmit when another local (master) radio is receiving or vice versa.
In any of the variations described herein, each of the radios may use a common GPS timing reference. All of the (master) radios in the multiplexer may independently receive the GPS timing reference. Any downstream (slave) radios may also reference the same external GPS timing signal; in some variations it is not necessary that the slave devices reference the external GPS timing signal. The slave devices may instead synchronize their duty cycle off of the preamble (master preamble symbols) transmitted by the radio(s) as part of their transmission frame (during the Tx portion), prior to transmission of the Tx symbols.
As described above, in general, the ports (output/input) for each of the radio devices connect to the same antenna device through a passive combiner/splitter that can combine the input/output for all of the radio apparatuses (for each polarization, for example) into a single input/output for the antenna. In some variations a Wilkinson splitter (also referred to as a Wilkinson combiner, Wilkinson divider, etc.) is a wide-band multi-port and passive construct which can take a single input and splits it into two or more outputs, keeping a level of isolation between the input and outputs and the two outputs themselves. As a passive device, it works in the opposite direction, as a combiner.
In the methods and apparatuses described herein, when operating in a shared antenna mode, the transmitting/receiving is done in the time domain (instead of the frequency domain), and the radios may include adjacent channel rejection characteristics, and be used with a very low noise power amplifier, allowing two channels directly next to each other.
In the methods and apparatuses described herein, the bands for each radio may have any appropriate channel width. For example, two or more 50 MHz links (each corresponding to a single master radio) may be delivered from the same dish (assuming the spectrum is available), which would provide 800 Mb aggregate. As mentioned, the channels don't have to be directly adjacent although they may be; the operating channels for each radio can be anywhere in the band. The band of each radio may be of any appropriate size, and may be different from each other. Note that each radio may provide multiple polarizations (e.g., horizontal, vertical, etc.). These different polarizations may also be passively combined. In some variations all of RF signals of a particular polarization for all of the radios may be passively combined and fed to the same antenna. In some variations, different passive combiners/splitters may be used for each polarization. In some variations the same passive combiner/splitter may be used.
Although the disclosure herein describes the advantages and use of passive combiner/splitters such as the Wilkinson splitter, any appropriate passive combiner/splitter may be used. A Wilkinson combiner typically allows combining with little frequency selectivity but there are many other broadband and combiners that may be used to sum the radio signals on one single antenna. Further, these methods and apparatuses are not limited to passive combiners; the same principles may apply to active combiner/splitter subsystems, and therefore such active combiner/splitters may alternatively be used in any of these methods and devices. In addition, some of the concepts (e.g., GPS synchronization) may also be applied even without combiner/splitters and a single antenna. For example, multiple radios each connected to separate antennas may be synchronized, particularly where the antennas are adjacent/near but separated by a physical isolation/boundary or barrier (e.g., "choke boundary").
Note that in some variations the apparatuses and methods may allow operating in other modes which may not include the benefits described herein for the shared antenna mode, but may allow operation of the radio devices even in the absence of external (e.g., GPS) synchronization between these radio devices. Other modes may also allow frequency-domain operation. In some variations the apparatuses described herein may be configured to switch between modes, e.g., between the synchronized "shared antenna mode" and other modes that may not be externally synchronized, including frequency-domain operational modes. Switching may be done manually or automatically. Automatic switching may be performed based on the presence/absence of the GPS timing signal (or the strength of the signal), based on signal quality considerations, and/or based on spectral information (e.g., available bandwidths).
As mentioned, any of these apparatuses may also be used as part of a MIMO configuration. For example, with two radios connected and multiplexed to a single antenna as described herein 4�4 MIMO may be achieved (with 2� faster throughput); with four radios, 8�8 MIMO may be used (with 4� faster throughput).
In general, in variations in which the radios are not integrated into the multiplexing apparatus, the multiplexing apparatus may include a plurality of radio mounts for securely connecting each radio to the apparatus. For example, the housing may include bays or slots into which each radio device may be secured. One or more ports for each radio device (not visible in
Each of the radios may generally include a GPS receiver and control circuitry (hardware/firmware) for receiving and processing a GPS timing signal. During operation of the multiplexer in the shared antenna mode, all of the connected (master) radios may be synchronizing using a GPS timing pulse signal, so that each of the plurality of radios is operating on a same duty cycle 1103. Synchronization may be periodically and/or regularly (e.g., every 1 second, 2 seconds, etc.) repeated. Each of the radios may then transmit synchronously and receive synchronously according to the synchronized duty cycle. Slave devices receiving and transmitting to the multiplexed ratios may synchronize to the same duty cycle, as will be described in greater detail below.
In general, operation of this method may be regulated and/or controlled by control logic in the multiplexer (e.g., using circuitry, e.g., hardware, and/or firmware and/or software), the radios, and/or a router connected to the multiplexer. For example, the multiplexer may communicate with each radio to indicate that shared antenna mode is operating, and therefore establish the duty cycle that each of the radios will be operating in, as well as indicating that the radio should synchronize via the external GPS signal. Similarly the multiplexer may receive information from one or more of the radios to determine if the apparatus should enter/remain in shared antenna mode (e.g., based on the presence/absence of a GPS signal, signal degradation, etc.)
In the shared antenna mode, each radio may simultaneously transmit 1105, and may also transmit a synchronized master timing preamble that may be used to synchronize the receiving (slave) radios in the link pair(s). As mentioned, each of the plurality of radios may operate in different frequency channels, which may be directly adjacent and without using a guard band between adjacent Tx frequency bands (e.g., "end-to-end"). Each radio may also simultaneously receive (Rx) RF signals during the appropriate and synchronized portion of the duty cycle using the same antenna 1107. As mentioned, any of these methods may also include synchronizing the slave (e.g., the duty cycle for Tx/Rx) in the link of a first remote slave radio using the master timing preamble.
When a feature or element is herein referred to as being "on" another feature or element, it can be directly on the other feature or element or intervening features and/or elements may also be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being "directly on" another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. It will also be understood that, when a feature or element is referred to as being "connected", "attached" or "coupled" to another feature or element, it can be directly connected, attached or coupled to the other feature or element or intervening features or elements may be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being "directly connected", "directly attached" or "directly coupled" to another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. Although described or shown with respect to one embodiment, the features and elements so described or shown can apply to other embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed "adjacent" another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.
Terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. For example, as used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items and may be abbreviated as "/".
Spatially relative terms, such as "under", "below", "lower", "over", "upper" and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is inverted, elements described as "under" or "beneath" other elements or features would then be oriented "over" the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term "under" can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms "upwardly", "downwardly", "vertical", "horizontal" and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise.
Although the terms "first" and "second" may be used herein to describe various features/elements (including steps), these features/elements should not be limited by these terms, unless the context indicates otherwise. These terms may be used to distinguish one feature/element from another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussed below could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a second feature/element discussed below could be termed a first feature/element without departing from the teachings of the present invention.
Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising" means various components can be co jointly employed in the methods and articles (e.g., compositions and apparatuses including device and methods). For example, the term "comprising" will be understood to imply the inclusion of any stated elements or steps but not the exclusion of any other elements or steps.
As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in the examples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may be read as if prefaced by the word "about" or "approximately," even if the term does not expressly appear. The phrase "about" or "approximately" may be used when describing magnitude and/or position to indicate that the value and/or position described is within a reasonable expected range of values and/or positions. For example, a numeric value may have a value that is +/−0.1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−2% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−5% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−10% of the stated value (or range of values), etc. Any numerical values given herein should also be understood to include about or approximately that value, unless the context indicates otherwise. For example, if the value "10" is disclosed, then "about 10" is also disclosed. Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. It is also understood that when a value is disclosed that "less than or equal to" the value, "greater than or equal to the value" and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if the value "X" is disclosed the "less than or equal to X" as well as "greater than or equal to X" (e.g., where X is a numerical value) is also disclosed. It is also understood that the throughout the application, data is provided in a number of different formats, and that this data, represents endpoints and starting points, and ranges for any combination of the data points. For example, if a particular data point "10" and a particular data point "15" are disclosed, it is understood that greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
Although various illustrative embodiments are described above, any of a number of changes may be made to various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention as described by the claims. For example, the order in which various described method steps are performed may often be changed in alternative embodiments, and in other alternative embodiments one or more method steps may be skipped altogether. Optional features of various device and system embodiments may be included in some embodiments and not in others. Therefore, the foregoing description is provided primarily for exemplary purposes and should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention as it is set forth in the claims.
The examples and illustrations included herein show, by way of illustration and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. As mentioned, other embodiments may be utilized and derived there from, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein individually or collectively by the term "invention" merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventive concept, if more than one is, in fact, disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.
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|International Classification
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|10 May 2017
Owner name: UBIQUITI NETWORKS, INC., CALIFORNIA
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text:
7 Amazing Eco-Friendly Beauty Products
BY ULTA #2 in Cosmetics & Beauty Stores
4.65 / 5 based on 23,344 Reviews
Top Questions See all 195 Q&A
- Which store is better to buy makeup Ulta or Sephora?455 Answers
- I have debated about going to Ulta. I have never been in any type...6 Answers
- Does any other girl get a big sense of excitement and joy as soon...34 Answers
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- "I love that I can go to the drugstore brand items for things im not to picky about like my foundations and mascaras and lip products but I also love that I can get my high end skin care , blushes, and eye shadow palettes I can spend hours here " in 241 reviews
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- "This store has wide range of products, from makeup you would find at the drug store.. to what you would pay good money for." in 90 reviews
- "Loveee this store there is so many makeup brands and products to choose from and they have lots of hair products and nail items too!" in 68 reviews
I love every thing here but I really love how they sell it cosmic stuff cause they are my favorite cosmetic
Makeup and beauty heaven! I love that there is a mix of drugstore and high end items. It's nice to be able to shop for everything at one location (:
Ultra always has exactly what I need. Their brand isn't always my favorite but they always supply other brands that work well.
You can find a lot of great-quality products in this store: makeup, hair products, skin products, perfumes, etc. You need to try it out! Love ULTA!
I'm not going to lie, they sell almost everything that Sephora does. However, Sephora's reward programs outshines Ulta by far.
Great products but too expensive. Sephora has better prices. However they have NYX, and I can't seem to find it anywhere else.
Ultra has great makeup. Love going in to shop also love shopping online. The sales people bug me a bit but prices aren't to bad. Quality is great.
I love Ulta's points/rewards system, their mix of high end and drugstore, and their salon service options!
This store has everything I love inside. I got there even if I have no money and I can stay here for hours. I love this store.
Literally my favorite store, I'm a platinum member and the deals I get are fantastic! I could live at Ulta!!!!
Which store is better to buy makeup Ulta or Sephora?
What's your experience been like with customer service at Ulta? Good, bad?
Does any other girl get a big sense of excitement and joy as soon as they walk into Ulta? I always leave so happy and I never regret anything I buy!
Never been there. Do they have samples, are they worth it And is it better than sephora?
What's your favorite makeup brand(s) from Ulta?
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I love this service because of the free fast shipping. and this coupon service has the same coupons I receive in my sunday paper for my region.Read More ->
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I made this frame to demo a class I taught for a group of Stampin Up Demonstrators. We had so much fun... Now they are teaching classes and making their own frames.. I just love my Job... This picture is of two of my minature horses. I have six altogher. These are two of my little girls.. Oakley & Ruby.
Sweet Hot Cocoa with Aimee!
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Adirondak Loj, built in 1927, is owned and operated by the Adirondack Mountain Club and offers comfortable lodging and delicious home-cooked meals.
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SRS Real Estate to represent Shopko in property disposition
Dallas — SRS Real Estate Partners has been selected to represent Shopko in the disposition of its outlot properties and vacant properties in 19 states across the Midwest and western United States.
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Cream City and Byron River Rock
This home uses a combination of Buechel Stone's Cream City River Rock and Byron River Rock along with siding. Ref: Cream City and Byron River Rock2. Visit www.buechelstone.com/shoppingcart/categories/Building-Sto... for more products in arctic color tones.
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Ages 3-5 years
Pint-Sized Science is a drop-off program designed for children ages 3-5 to explore science with their friends. During this three-hour program, they will discover and learn about a range of science topics, from bubbles to physics to machines and more! They will be guided through simple lessons accompanied by hands-on activities and science-infused play.
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Climb aboard the space shuttle and join us as we rocket around the solar system, touching down on each of the eight planets, and learning about what makes each one unique.
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Twinkling in the sky during the day and the night – stars are everywhere! Come discover what makes these giant balls of gas (including our sun!) glow, produce light and heat, and create beautiful patterns in the sky.
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The common denominator will have to have factors 2, 5, and 7. Build each fraction so that each denominators has these three factors.
and .
The problem can now be written in the equivalent form .
Reduce the answer.
Do you need more help? Please post your question on our S.O.S. Mathematics CyberBoard.
Author:Nancy Marcus


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From Our Editors
Hungry and in a hurry? Great grocery items can be found right around the corner at Aldi in Indianapolis.
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Listen to free music played by arappocaro
Blip.fm is internet radio made social. It's easy to search for, play, and discover free music recommended by real people. Join today to create your own free station and start listening to @arappocaro.
arappocaro おはようござおます^^(さあて、気合いw) Depapepe – Wake Up!
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text:
First of all, thank you very much Ivana Nucock & AFWD swapped the run indeed, and set the run in heavy rain, very appreciated. It's another typical evidence of Work-Life balance theory/life style collapse in HK, regardless which part of the earth you come from. Or according to CIMT, his appearance here is mainly for W&M, so may be the theory/life style has never collapse to him.
Anyway, the God must decided to show mercy, tell us how well he looks after his children after given a test to IN & AFWD for their run setting skill in rain. The weather switched off from thunderstorm, pouring rain to dry& hot by the time I stepped out of the office and rush to the A.
A short distance before the entrance of the park to A, I heard a few unclear but loud noises from my left hand side, most of the people on the street turned their head toward the noise direction and try to find out what's going on, while I made my move a bit faster, the shout was clearer, it's 'on, on'!
Arrived A, warm welcome by the hares, quick instruction and suggestion to do the R, set off on my own. The trail was very well mark, and most of the flavours survived, I guess it's set sometime after 3pm? I didn't know what time the rain stopped but it was still pouring rain around 3. Well done the hares!
Not much hope to catch up with the group, and with such good marking, I was happy to run on my own speed and enjoy the quietness as usual, but may be the affect of reading too much ghost novel recently, a sense of uncomfortable feeling push myself run faster, and yell louder not long after the SW, R split, tried to shake off the shadow of there may be other form of human being around me in the dark. I didn't realised how loud I yelled until I heard someone called 'on, on' somewhere far below me, I was joy and run faster and faster, keep yelling and finally saw Lost in Space from the space in front of me. Worry no more, the run was completed happily with LIS's company.
Down Downs by Gobi Lo:
Hares - setting the run in rain and thunder
Hares - set the run with string but not one runner saw any string. Oops, mistake, Lost in Space and Wanchai Wanker saw it - Gobi Lo to drink DD
Tight Lips - property market crashed, so have to do an Indy: yacht as a house. Building a yacht now, so no time to hash
Come into my Tunnel & Toilet Spray - supposed to hare this run but managed to escape the bad weather by swapping the run with Ivana Nucock. Lucky b*stards
AFWD - still ditching the bash to go home to the new gf. P*ssy-whipped!
Vanilla Rice - doing super flexible yoga stretches, caught the eye of many girls. Advertising that he is good in bed!
Vanilla Rice - no torch, again, trying to be macho!
Paul - FRB without power gel this time
Paul - actually, he (very sneakily) had a power gel just before the run...
Paul - the real reason he's hashing = he's not getting any sex!
Jamie - virgin hasher
Jamie - Motormouth made her come! That's not an image we want in our heads...
Thermal Dick - still injured... FRBs waiting for him to get well to have some competition
Hopeless - lookalike Lost in Space - comes back from NYC, finally can do DDs again but still buggered off because of a work promotion. He's no longer a full-time hasher, sadly
Catch of the Day - hashes all the time because she has no life, no family, no dogs...
3FM - lookalike Ivana Nucock - dragonboat time trail last Saturday morning after Friday Hash the night before, came in second, blamed the DDs given to her. Actually beer was carbo-loading - HTFU!!
Lost in Space and all the Asian girls - pilots are not only overpaid, they get plenty of action in the cockpit with flight attendants as evident in the recent CX sex scandal photos
Bangkok - had two balut eggs but were crushed in the bag, so bag stinks of dead fetus!
Wanchai Wanker - giving advice on how to get a bargain at the restaurant: throw a hissy fit of epic proportions, threaten to call the boss, ask for name and complain. Hey, it actually worked - corkage fee per person was brought down to $20
CIMT and Toilet Spray - German told Chinese: "You'd better do the write-up because your English is better than mine." German is just a lazy b*stard
Frank the Plank - lookalike (Freewheel) - and Motormouth: Frank sent video clip of a Wanchai hash in 1993, saying: "The women: other than Motormouth, did any survive??"
Paul and Motormouth - no one present knew what Paul's hash name is, not even MM!! I thought I'd never see this day...
DDs from the floor:
Paul - given by Ivana Nucock - being very anal, realized he didn't run the right way back so went back out on trail to do the last bit properly
Gobi Lo - given by Paul - competition on the hash with Crash Test Dummy
The circle was closed with a final DD to Ivana Nucock, for setting a great run despite the downpour. Well done!
The song was sung by the oldest-surviving hashers, Freewheel and Motormouth, as well as next week's hares.


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Complaint Review: Affinion Benefits Group, LLC
- Affinion Benefits Group, LLC
PO Box 183129
Columbus, Ohio
United States of America
- Phone: 18773096576
- Web:
- Category: ORGANIZED CRIME
Affinion Benefits Group, LLC Premium Due for The Hartford for the amount of $67.50 Columbus, Ohio
Does your business have a bad reputation?Corporate Advocacy Program™Fix it the right way.
Set the record straight:Arbitration Program
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 11/19/2012 07:35 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/affinion-benefits-group-llc/columbus-ohio-43218-3129/affinion-benefits-group-llc-premium-due-for-the-hartford-for-the-amount-of-6750-columb-971590. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year. Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report. READ: Foreign websites steal our content
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Volkswagen CC 2.0T Sport
Here's a great deal on a 2016 Volkswagen CC. Smooth gearshifts are achieved thanks to the 2 liter 4 cylinder engine, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. Turbocharger technology provides forced air induction, enhancing performance while preserving fuel economy. Volkswagen prioritized comfort and style by including: 1-touch window functionality, adjustable headrests in all seating positions, heated seats, front dual-zone air conditioning, turn signal indicator mirrors, rain sensing wipers, and power front seats. With high intensity discharge headlights illuminating your path, you'll always appreciate maximum visibility. Premium sound drives 8 speakers, providing you and your passengers a sensational audio experience. With side curtain airbags supplementing the rest of the safety network, you can be assured that you and your passengers will experience top-tier protection. This vehicle has achieved Certified Pre-Owned status, by passing Volkswagen's comprehensive certification process, including a comprehensive 112 point inspection! Our experienced sales staff is eager to share its knowledge and enthusiasm with you. They'll work with you to find the right vehicle at a price you can afford. We are here to help you.


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Haha ds has learnt how to do raspberries this week.
Not long until we have another little squish!
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Closed Thread
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16-07-2014 20:41 #221
The Following User Says Thank You to AdornedWithCats For This Useful Post:
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16-07-2014 22:01 #222
The Following 2 Users Say Thank You to Shrillian For This Useful Post:
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16-07-2014 22:56 #223
Can't wait!!! Not long now !!!
17-07-2014 05:56 #224
Eeeeee Friday!!!! I'm so excited for you!
17-07-2014 08:34 #225
omg LT its so close now!!! I Cant wait im so excited for you to finally have your little one! I hope all goes well for you and you have a nice short labour
17-07-2014 12:05 #226
Exciting!! Hope all goes smoothly LT xx
17-07-2014 14:52 #227
Yay almost time for LT to have her pumpkin baby
17-07-2014 15:39 #228
Hopefully your having bub already but if not good luck tomorrow @Little Ted!
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17-07-2014 16:20 #229
OMG can not wait to hear the news!! Good luck with everything LT!
18-07-2014 01:45 #230
Good luck LT! Can't wait for an update
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February 19 2014
Group organizes to promote rail line rehab
Group organizes to promote rail line rehab
An organization comprised of South Dakota farmers and citizens who support investment in the state-owned rail line west of Chamberlain was established at a public meeting at Kennebec February 6th.
The goal of the grassroots organization, Rails to the Future, is to find funding to upgrade the 42-miles of rail line to support 110-car grain shuttle trains from Chamberlain to Presho.
Senate bill 137 would appropriate at least $6 million from the state's general fund to begin rehabbing the rail line from Chamberlain to Presho and spur economic development in central South Dakota.
Rails to the Future nominated Steve Halverson (222-0270) of Kennebec as chairman, Bill Ferguson (840-9015) of Witten as vice-chairman, and Bryan Jorgenson (840-9005) of Ideal as secretary/treasurer.
The organization is asking for financial support to hire lobbyists to promote SB137 in the 2014 legislature. Donations of any amount would be appreciated but only donations of $1,000 or more will be allowed a vote in the Rails to the Future organization. Donations may be sent to any of the officers or dropped at one of the Dakota Praire Bank locations at Presho, Draper or Fort Pierre.
For more information contact any Rails to the Future officer or see the website at railstothefuture.com.
- Seventh grade Veterans Day presentation
- Presho to hold Cancer Center Fundraiser
- Coffee Cup Fuel Stop addressing congestion issues
- Presho seeks grants for sewer project
- Bra-ha-ha winners announced
- Hailey Thomas crowned Young Miss South Dakota International 2018
- Raider Volleyball hosts Dig Pink
- Fire protection improves in Reliance area
- Kennebec Elementary take a ride
- South Dakota's unofficial October holiday
- Well deserved recognition
- NRCS Announces EQIP Program Signup Deadline October 20, 2017


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Flash Fiction Library (FFL) is a site dedicated to flash fiction literature.
"Flash fiction" is generally considered to be fictional stories with less than 1,000 words. Some people put a lower limit on flash fiction word counts, but I prefer to leave this open-ended.
I believe that the length of a story should be determined by the story, and not the literary genre. Thus, some of my stories might a bit longer than 1,000 words, but many of them will be quite a bit shorter than that.
I have built FlashFictionLibrary.com as a platform to publish these short(er) stories of mine. If you wish to find some of my longer written pieces, please have a look at my Amazon Author Page here.
Legal Stuff:
I own the copyright to all this website's original content that I have written. If you wish to use any of it, please drop me an email (here). I have tried to ensure that all the images I use on this website I am legally able to do so (I predominantly use pixabay for images). That said, if you object to any of the images, please let me know.
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If you have a piece that you want to see published here, please submit it via email here. All genres, authors and idea are welcome and, in fact, encouraged, though plagiarism is not. I do not take any liability for damages or legalities from submitted pieces, nor do I accept responsibility for checking the authenticity or ownership of pieces.
This is a free website. Let's not make lawyers rich, us poor and the world messier than it already is, and let's keep nasty lawsuits out of it. You use, surf, read and look at this website at your risk (risk of being entertained and your mind blown?!).
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For the October issue of ENDURO Mountainbike Magazine we were set the question, which is faster, an Air or Coil shock? Join us as we go behind the scenes to find out.
With the latest super light steel springs, the best coil shocks are only around 100 g heavier than their gravity focussed air sprung siblings, but which is fastest? We were going to find out, but first we needed an air and coil shock, preferably using similar damper technology to reduce any bias from improved technology in one or the other. Luckily, FOX's X2 shock platform damper technology features on both their leading Factory FLOAT X2 air shock and their Factory DHX2 coil shock. Both shocks include the X2 damper, with its 2-position open/firm compression adjustment and RVS rod valve system to separate high and low compression events. The similar internal architecture of the shocks means we would be comparing just the spring type. Air Vs Coil. It was time for a show down.
The School of hard knocks
Knowing that we would be testing suspension, we needed a track that could dish out enough big hits to make the dampers wheeze with exhaustion, the type of track that pushes both rider and bike to the limit. The track needed to be short enough that it could be quickly learnt and minimise blown runs through fatigue, but long enough that it would give enough data. There was one obvious candidate, the infamous DH run at Dunkeld, Scotland, littered with rocks the size of microwaves and more square edges than a bag full of Lego. With 2 big full compression hits and a big sender at the end onto a tangle of roots this track needs demands performance, composure and balance from the bike's suspension, the perfect testing ground. Check out our test track GoPro run.
Choosing the test riders
Sometimes it's not the fastest riders that benefit from a product, and as such we picked two testers for this analysis with very different backgrounds. One very experienced Alpine guide and racer who could nail down clean lines again and again, pushing the bike hard. The second was an amateur weekend racer, keen and skilled but still learning race-craft and line choice. It would be interesting who, if anyone, benefited the most from either system.
Setup of the shocks
A poorly setup shock will perform less well than even the cheapest shock that is set up perfectly. Good setup is everything! Prior to the first run we set the rear SAGs on both bikes. On the coil shock we used the correct spring weight and preload to give 30% of SAG for each rider. The pressure in the air shock was matched to give an identical 30% SAG and tokens were added if required. Then the fun began. Both the FLOAT X2 and DHX2 have adjustable low and high speed circuits on both the rebound and compression circuits so setup took a lot of time, a full day in fact. Once the SAG had been set, both riders did some test runs on the base tune supplied by FOX, focussing on how the bike felt on the different hits and short climbs in the transition, notes were taken and changes planned. We then marked out a section of trail that included some full compressions and high speed chatter and the setup began.
We first set High Speed Compression by focussing on the bikes behaviour on the big hits, reducing if the riders were not getting enough travel or adding a few clicks if the rider was blowing through the travel (tokens were added to the X2 shock as required). Bracketing the settings allowed us to reach the setting that the riders felt offered the most support. After some full runs to settle the settings, we then focussed on the High Speed Rebound through the test section, bracketing to the extremes to find a setting that allowed the shock to recover quickly, without feeling like it was pushing back. We then marked out a section of track with lots of small bumps to set the Low Speed Compression, reducing the compression until we found the bike offered the best compromise between pedal efficiency and small bump absorption. Finally we set up the Low Speed Rebound, focussing on grip in flat turns and recovery through the big weight shifts over a slow root roll. Each time a full run was put in to dial in the settings and confirm the changes. This process was repeated for both shocks and took a lot of runs, over 20 in fact! All settings were then recorded ready for timed testing the following day.
Repetition is king
With both riders putting down consistent laps within a few seconds of each other, it was time to start the timed runs. With the laps being so close, we knew the results would be meaningless unless we had enough repetition. Lap after lap, the riders fired over the timing station, riding at a speed that let them hit the same lines again and again, the better the suspension the better they could ride. Throughout the day the shocks were swapped from air to coil to avoid bias of track learning and fatigue, over 30 timed runs were racked up, bad runs were discounted, and all timing was blind, the riders did not know how fast their times were. After the data was crunched, we had a winner.
So which is fastest, air or coil?
After 30 runs the results were in, one shock frequently put down the fastest times for both riders. But which one was it? To find out which, you can read the full story with the results and suspension settings in the October issue of ENDURO Mountainbike Magazine right now! Before you freak out, it's 100% free and takes just a few minutes to download, you will also find many more awesome articles that look amazing in the magazine.
If you've already got the App, you'll be able to download the new issue directly. If not, now's your chance to grab our free App for iOS or Android.
Words & Photos: Trev Worsey


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