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|Message view
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|« Date » · « Thread »
|Michael Stack <st...@duboce.net>
|Re: NoSuchElementException when creating a table
|Fri, 02 Nov 2007 18:26:50 GMT
Holger Stenzhorn wrote: > .. >> Hadoop RunJar looks to contain the only use of hadoop.tmp.dir other >> than test and contrib code. It does the following: 'new File(new >> Configuration().get("hadoop.tmp.dir"));' using java.io.File. In >> hbase, its all Path and hadoop FileSystem. So, yes, content of >> hadoop.tmp.dir is treated differently. > Could that be changed? ...meaning, wouldn't it be sensible to change > HBase (to use Path etc.) so it behaves like Hadoop? You mean, can hadoop be changed? (Its hbase that's drunk the kool-aid; its the one that goes via hadoop FileSystem for all filesystem accesses whereas the hadoop use of hadoop.tmp.dir goes via java.io.File). I took a look again at your logs trying to figure why no deploy of the critical .META. For .META. to be deployed, it needs mention in the -ROOT- table as a row. This is done in the HMaster constructor IF this test passes: '#903 if (!fs.exists(rootRegionDir)) {'. I'm guessing this test is failing. But the Mighty Jim Kellerman just tried on his cygwin install and if using local filesystem and all defaults -- no additions to hbase-site.xml -- it all just works for him (.META. gets deployed successufully, etc.). What happens if you clean up your local directory removing ${hadoop.tmp.dir} and retry? Thanks, St.Ack >> >> Did you just change the value of hadoop.tmp.dir from >> /tmp/hadoop-${user.name} to /tmp/hadoop-holste on cygwin and it then >> worked? > No. I changed it to changed the value "c:\tmp\hadoop-holste". >> >> >>> Also, I tried to do the very same (as described in my intitial mail) >>> on Ubuntu also *without* specifying "hadoop.tmp.dir". >>> There it works wihtout problems... >> >> Yeah. I know things work out-of-the-box on linux/macosx. Jim has >> been doing a bunch of work trying to get the same to happen on cygwin >> (10Minutes has the latest fruit of his work). >>> >>> As requested by Michel Stack I also attach my log (turned to debug) >>> when starting the server. >> >> Thanks for the log. Comments interlaced. >>> >>> Cheers, >>> Holger >>> >>> 07/11/02 13:40:09 DEBUG conf.Configuration: java.io.IOException: >>> config() >>> at >>> org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration.<init>(Configuration.java:144) >>> at >>> org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration.<init>(HBaseConfiguration.java:30) >>> >>> at org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HMaster.doMain(HMaster.java:3043) >>> at org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HMaster.main(HMaster.java:3097) > > ...
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From Our Editors
Grab a homemade soup and sandwich for lunch or dinner at Subway in Bessemer. Vegan and health nuts will bow down to Subway.
With a host of nearby parking options, many choose to drive to dinner.
With tabs typically staying under $15, your wallet (and your stomach) will be happy with a trip to Subway. You can stop by at practically any time, since Subway serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. So now that you know about the amazing sandwiches at Subway, only one decision remains. Which wich do you try first?

subset: commoncrawl


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500 Peru Rd, Windsor, Massachusetts
$231,6073 Beds2 Baths
$231,6073 Beds2 Baths
500 Peru Rd, Windsor, Massachusetts 01270 - Great Cape in a lovely country setting! 3 bedrooms, 2 baths. Formal dining, living and family room all on first floor along with eat-in kitchen with French door to rear deck. Roof approximately 5 years old. Breezeway attaches large two car garage. Kerosene stove with direct vent, heats this house. There is also electric heat. Over 2 acres for your enjoyment!
View Virtual Tour
Listing Courtesy of BISHOP WEST REAL ESTATE


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Health Insurance News
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Posts about Canadian magicians and magic happenings in Canada.
"The finest location for up to date information
on magic in Canada." -- Shawn Farquhar
Nominations are open for the 2017 "Readers' Choice Inspirational Canadian Magician of the Year" award!
22 February 2016
Monday musings: Tom Mullica
A Tom Mullica moment from the first CAM convention:
Posted by Canada's Magic at 12:05 AM
Labels: # CM, # musing, ~CAM, Tom Mullica
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For the third year running, BESTSELLER's offices in Brande and Aarhus will be turned into buzzing fashion fair venues for this year's BESTSELLER FASHION DAYS.
Two colleagues from BESTSELLER will go on a journey to see and experience how the GIVE-A-DAY charity money has been put to use.
Last night, as the Danish Olympic team entered the Estadio do Maracanã in Rio, they did so in style wearing JACK & JONES and VERO MODA outfits.
Official Danish Olympic styles from JACK & JONES and VERO MODA available online for Danish fans.
On 9 and 10 May BESTSELLER is co-hosting the annual membership meeting of the Sustainable Apparel Coalition (SAC).
We're trying to improve the experience of our website - For that to happen we're using cookies, which tell us a bit about your behaviour on our website. By clicking around the site you accept our usage of cookies. Learn more about cookies


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Managing Director & ECD @VMLAustralia. Strategy, innovation, creative & tech leader. Founder of Digital Buzz. FWA + Effies + LIA + AIMIA Judge. Comms Council.
@adenhepburn — 18,730 followers, 7,591 tweets
Burger King Presents: Scary Clown Night http://www.digitalbuzzblog.com/burger-king-presents-scary-clown-night/ #burgerking #scaryclownnight
Here it is >> Nike: Introducing The NBA Connected Jersey http://www.digitalbuzzblog.com/nike-introducing-the-nba-connected-jersey/
I unlocked $0 brokerage to buy and sell US listed shares at Stake, the shop for shares. You can too. Check it out: https://stake.com.au
The KLM Care Tag: A Connected Device http://www.digitalbuzzblog.com/the-klm-care-tag-a-connected-device/
Miyubi: Oculus' Feature-Length VR Experience http://www.digitalbuzzblog.com/miyubi-oculus-first-feature-length-vr-experience/ #oculus #VR #films


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Argon in Quenya is Arakano.
Said to be 3rd son of Fingolfin, had no children, name was never Sindarinized.
Died in the "Battle of Lammoth", Fingolfin's first meeting with the orcs in Middle-earth..
Reference: "The Shibboleth of Feanor" in The Peoples of Middle Earth, which is Vol 12 of The History of Middle Earth


text:
Justin Bieber
In November of 2014, seven months after being moved to a new label, Bieber released a collaborative single with Australian singer Cody Simpson titled 'Home to Mama'. 4 months later in February 2015 ... off the UK leg of his Purpose tour in October.
Inside the hipster megachurch that may have lured Justin Bieber out of music
Selena Gomez, Hailee Steinfeld, Cody Simpson, Hailey Baldwin and Kendall and Kylie Jenner ... Lentz's means of defending the church's conservative leanings, as explained in a must-read 2015 profile of the church in GQ Magazine, will be familiar to anyone.
Fears government is on the brink of collapse after loss of second Cabinet minister in a week – as ousted Priti Patel sticks the knife in by warning May: 'I'll be thorn in ...
Amid farcical scenes, Miss Patel was ordered to fly home to face the music just 12 hours into a tour of Africa – and just two days ... or for another General Election bringing Jeremy Corbyn to Number 10. One European leader told the Times: 'There is.
Top 10 posts from Aussie stars on Instagram in 2015
We've compiled the top 10 most-liked Instagram posts from Aussies in 2015. There are some familiar faces among ... Taylor Swift, Milla Jovovich, Cody Simpson, Justin Bieber and her OITNB co-stars. But it was this "aww"-inspiring snap of Ruby cosying.
2017 In Review Fast Facts
April 19 - Aaron Hernandez, the former New England Patriots tight end who was convicted of murder in 2015 and sentenced to life in prison ... defends his decision to announce eleven days before election day, the FBI was reviewing additional emails from.
Gigi Hadid and Cody Simpson Are Completely Naked and Hugging in This Sexy Pic! See the Teens' PDA
Cody Simpson and girlfriend Gigi Hadid are taking it all off for a super-sexy photo shoot! The gorgeous black and white spread, which was shot by famed photographer Mario Testino, features the 18-year-old singer and his 19-year-old model girlfriend.
Cody Simpson and Tinashe Get Real About Following Their Passions
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Judith Starkadder (Character)
from Cold Comfort Farm (1995) (TV)
Please see the IMDb GetSatisfaction Character announcement for details.
|Photos (See all 2 | slideshow)
FilmographyEdit Credits
- Cold Comfort Farm (1995) (TV) Played by Eileen Atkins
- "Cold Comfort Farm"
- Doom (1968) TV episode, Played by Rosalie Crutchley
- Woodshed (1968) TV episode, Played by Rosalie Crutchley
- Folk (1968) TV episode, Played by Rosalie Crutchley
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Judith Starkadder: Get back to the vicarage, Violet. See more »
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How a headscarf-wearing group of women faced up to Cuadrilla and became the frontline against fracking in Lancashire
Lancashire councillors fail to decide whether to allow fracking for shale gas in the UK for the first time since 2011, deferring decision until Monday
VICTORY! VICTORY! VICTORY! lets celebrate this. Lancashire county councillors today refused planning permission for cuadrilla to frack on the Little Plumpton site (Preston New Rd-PNR) after last week also refusing to let them frack at Roseacre. This is a major step forward for us. but its not the end of the war. Cuadrilla will now run to their lickspital friends in Westminster and push for the government (the one that liked to shout about local democracy remember) to overturn this and then change the planning laws to take these decisions from local hands and put them into the power of the government who are in the pockets of the frackers. this may well yet get very dirty, but that's not to take away from the fabulous victory today won by YOU! yes, YOU, the people of the Fylde, who petitioned, protested, put up signs placards banners and waved the anti fracking flag for all these years. I don't thank you for this, but I feel that your children and grandchildren's generation will be glad you stood up and fought for what is right. Thanks to John Regan
Report from County Councillor says it all!!!
Fracking application for Roseacre in Lancashire rejected
Thursday, June 25, 2015 – 17:25


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Harvey's rainfall so extreme, new colors have been added to maps
Karen Graham
Aug 28, 2017 in
With the feet of rainfall associated with Hurricane Harvey making landfall Friday night and the unbelievable amount of rains that have continued to pummel Texas, the National Weather Service had to add additional colors to their rainfall maps.
The National Weather Service has a number of maps that break down a storm into everything from wind speeds to storm surge areas, and warning cones to rainfall amounts, showing either predicted or current figures.
However, Hurricane Harvey has been the epitome of an extreme weather event, not only for the damage it has inflicted on infrastructure but for the unbelievable amounts of rain that have come down, causing a flood event that is unprecedented in U.S. weather history.
On Saturday, so much rain had been dumped on southeastern Texas, the National Weather Service's (NWS) maps needed to be altered. Because more than 30 inches of rain had fallen in just a couple days, the
NWS added a lavender layer
to the map to show areas that had already seen "unfathomable" amounts of rain.
The old scale used by the NWS had 13 colors, from light green to dark purple to depict precipitation from 0.1 inches to greater than 15 inches. Well, Harvey's rainfall amounts trashed the old scale all to pieces.
The new scale
resets the dark purple color to indicate 15-20 inches of rain — and tacks on "two additional lighter shades of purple to denote 20-30 inches and greater than 30 inches."
The NWS can assure everyone the new rainfall levels are not "hypothetical," but real. Any number of Texans along the middle Texas coast and inland areas are living through this extraordinary event and the disheartening news on Monday night is that the region can expect an additional 25 inches of rain in the next day or so.
Houston set a new daily rainfall record Sunday, with 16.07 inches reported at the city's main airport. On Saturday and Sunday, the NWS said, more than 2 feet of rain (24.44 inches) fell.
Australian Bureau of Metereology temperature map
Making a change to forecast maps is not totally uncommon. The same thing happened in Australia in 2013. On January 8, 2013, during Australia's summer, the temperature forecast for the following Monday by Australia's Bureau of Meteorology was so unprecedented, over 52 degrees Celsius (126 degrees Fahrenheit), that it has had to add a new color to the top of its scale, a suitably incandescent purple, said
The Guardian
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Squadron Supreme 12 Issue Limited Series 1985
This comics is no longer for sale (sold on 2009-04-08)
Price : US $6.00
No International Bidders
U.S.A. Residents Only
You are looking at the 12 Issue Limited Series of Squadron Supreme from 1985.
1 - 12 Complete VF/ NM Set.
All are in excellent high grade condition unless otherwise noted.........
Payment Options = Paypal
Shipping will be by USPS Priority at 4.80. ( Flat Rate Envelope) to any continental U.S. address.
Comics will be placed between 2 oversized pieces of cardboard to protect the corners and then wrapped in bubble wrap. I've spent years protecting my comics and I dont want the post office to mess them up.
If you have any questions or would like more scans please e-mail me at email@example.com. You can also use Ebay messages , however in the past it has taken several days for me to get messages from Ebay. Regular e-mail is usually better. Your choice. Please allow at least 24 to 48 hours for my response.
If for any reason you are not happy with your purchase, please contact me for a refund. I will refund purchase price and original shipping upon receiving the books back.
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Aiteo Cup runners up Niger Tornadoes have been given a pat on the back despite finals defeat by Akwa United, Sunday at the Agege Stadium. The Minna based side currently based in Lokoja, got the commendation from veteran of the Nigerian Premier league, Victor Ezeji. The former Enyimba striker opined that Tornadoes performed above expectation adding that they actually caged Akwa United who had been tipped by some analysts ahead of the tie to have a jolly ride. "I… Read more
Lagosians join Akwa United supporters in celebration
Jubilant supporters of Akwa United FC on Sunday in Lagos took to the streets of Agege and its environs to celebrate their team's victory over Niger Tornadoes in the AITEO finals. The supporters had immediately after the match, took over the streets gleefully dancing, singing and blowing their trumpets to savour the epic win over the Northern opposition, who gave them a run for their money. Akwa United emerged winners of the maiden AITEO Cup in the finals played at… Read more
Alteo Cup final: Tornadoes get Ebenezer boost
Niger Tornadoes have received a huge boost following the return to full fitness of Ebenezer Adeyemi ahead of the Alteo cup final on Sunday at the Agege Stadium. Adeyemi was injured in the semi final tie against FC IfeanyiUbah fueling fears that he might miss the final showdown against Akwa United. But The Nation was told that the impressive forward has returned to training and is itching to go for the kill. "The spirit in camp is very high… Read more
Kastina vs Tornadoes: Bala sure of Ogbonna's ability
Niger Tornadoes coach Abubakar Bala is optimistic his side can hold their own in Wednesday clash with Kastina United missing the services of impressive central midfielder Sunday Akinmoladun. Akinmoladun is serving a one match ban as a fall out from the accumulation of five yellow cards. Akinmoladun has been inspiring as central defender of the Minna Ikon Allah side and his partnership with Andrew Ikefe, Reuben Ogbonnaya or James Martin Iko has been productive The former Kaduna United player… Read more
Tornadoes set for August return to Minna
Premier league campaigners Niger Tornadoes will return to their original ground Bako kontagora memorial stadium Minna in August the State FA has confirmed. The stadium which has been under renovation is to eventually emerge as an ultra-modern showpiece and comfortable place for the players to bring out their best in the club's quest to top the league and earn a continental ticket. The club's last four matches of the 2016/2017 NPFL season will be played at the new look… Read more
Tornadoes midfielder Jeremiah vows to double effort
Niger Tornadoes midfielder Gabriel Jeremiah has vowed to double effort ahead of next set of matches even as he predicted that the entire team will come into the second round much stronger. Voted man-of-match on match day 19 at the Confluence Stadium, Lokoja in Niger Tornadoes 1-0 win over Kano Pillars, Jeremiah said he was surprised with the award. He said though the team started on a slow note, he was happy to be part of the team's progress so… Read more
Ajoku enjoying life at Niger Tornadoes
Chidiebere Ajoku has said that he has 'enjoyed every bit of Minna' since joining Niger Tornadoes. "I have enjoyed every bit of Minna since I arrived here. And I am looking forward for not only better days but better performances from myself and the team," Ajoku told Goal. "I have not found it hard gelling into the team because my teammates have been very friendly and they have made life relatively easy for me. Also, Niger Tornadoes plays a similar… Read more
Tornadoes get Ajoku's boost vs Enyimba
Hard working technical crew of Niger Tornadoes have received a major boost following Super Striker Blessing Ajoku's return to fitness ahead of Sunday's clash against two time champions league side Enyimba. Ajoku whose impressive finishing has become a major talking point among die hard followers of the Nigeria professional Football league, was pulled off in the second half of Tornadoes tie against Remo Stars raising fears that he may be missing the match against the Peoples Elephants to… Read more
I am disappointed says Remo FC. Captain
Remo Stars FC captain, Victor Mbaoma has expressed disappointment at the inability of his club to win the match against Niger Tornadoes FC. He said after the match :"I feel really bad and disappointed losing our second home game to Niger Tornadoes." "It has happened and I am sure things will actually go right from our next match." "I want to use this opportunity to remind our fans that this is our first time in the league and we are… Read more
Nwabulu out of Tornadoes' game
Wikki Tourists first choice goalkeeper, Emeka Nwabulu has been ruled out of Wednesday's match day four of Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL) clash against Niger Tornadoes at the confluence stadium, Lokoja, Kogi state. The club's media officer, Nasiru Kobi who disclosed the information to SportingLife, revealed that Nwabulu sustained bruises on his lap during their last home game against Akwa United on Sunday in Bauchi. Kobi said that Nwabulu did not travel with the rest of the squad to Lokoja… Read more
Bala blames loss of concentration, poor marksmanship for defeat to MFM
Niger Tornadoes Head Coach, Abubakar Bala has blamed his team's 3-0 defeat to MFM FC in the Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL) match day one encounter on loss of concentration and poor marksmanship on the part of the players. Three first half goals from Olatunbosun Sikiru, Odey Stephen and Adekunle Adegboyega were enough for the Olukoya Boys to record its first home win of the season in a match decided at the 'Soccer Temple', Agege Township Stadium, Lagos on Sunday. In… Read more
Niger Tornadoes coach, Bala gets official car, house
Niger Tornadoes Technical Adviser, Abubakar Bala has been presented with a brand new Peugeot 406 Prestige Car ahead of the Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL) season. Bala, who was confirmed technical adviser after guiding the Ikoh Allah to the 11th position on the log last season, has also received keys to his three bedroom apartment to assist him in his new designation as the team's coach. He was the team's chief coach last season as he took over from the… Read more
Bala: Niger Tornadoes are ready
Technical Adviser of Niger Tornadoes, Abubakar Bala has revealed the pre-season progress report for his team. "We have completed our recruitment process and we have gotten to the third phase of our preparation. We are currently participating at the Gold Cup preseason tournament in Ijebu ode. The quality of opposition will help us see more of the team's weakness and strong points," Bala told Goal. "The target was to carry out a total overhaul of the team and inculcate a… Read more


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The Fine Print
Promotional value expires 120 days after purchase. Amount paid never expires. New customers only. Appointment required, 24 hour advance notice required. Limit 1 per person, may buy 1 additional as a gift. Limit 1 per visit. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.
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At optimal fitness training you will receive the knowledge and tools needed to adopt a lifestyle of healthy choices. Whether you're goal is to lose weight or improve performance you'll learn how to obtain lasting changes.
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From seeing major improvements in my quality of life after going through my own weight loss transformation, I have wanted to share what I know with other people.
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text:
Armature: the moving conductor in a magnetic field.
Also see:
Showing results 1 - 15 of 29 products found
DS-e/d Series - Shanghai Aoboor Electric Co., Ltd.
Applicable to accurate test of armatures made by single-fork, double-fork or large and small bar winding process; and test of armatures made by piezoresistor, carbon commutator, equalizer, double-insulation and other special process.
Electronic Systems of Wisconsin, Inc.
Complete electrical testing for resistance, weld, surge and AC/DC hipot. Quick change armature tooling. Complete data logging and networking capability. Commutator offset testing. Fully automatic or manual testers. Fast test times with accurate and repeatable testing results. System helps avoid costly recalls and customer dissatisfaction. Insulation resistance test. ESW tests from very small armatures to traction armatures.
GR3/4 - Whitelegg Machines Ltd
Desk mounted armature tester/growler with meter indication. For locating shorts, open circuits and grounds in armatures from 10-200 mm diameter. With a built in check meter for checking reverse coils, defective windings etc. Complete with probes for commutator ground test, switch and test leads.
531 - Sotcher Measurement, Inc.
The Growler Plus provides a fast, yet accurate, test of armatures and field windings from universal motors. Suitable for 120 and 240 volt products.
Changzhou Chanlon Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
This testing machine is applied to test armature for kinds of power tool and vacuum cleaner. Its LCD shows all technical data which obtained by industrial control computer, which check and verify the quality of testing stator.
• Touch Screen Interface. • Windows® 7. • Lowest Board Count in the Industry. • High Reliability with Proven Design. • All Proprietary Boards are Second Sourced. • USB Interface – No I/O boards in Computer. • Remote Control Software for Factory Diagnostics/Updates. • Full Network Compatibility. • Integral Statistical Reporting. • Test Data May be Stored in Multiple Formats. • Two Year Warranty on Electronics.
DS610 - Shanghai Aoboor Electric Co., Ltd.
Rrecision test of electrical properties of 3-,5-,6-,7-bar piezoresistors armatures.
Automation Technology, Inc.
Automation Technology's ATS-3800 is at the top of the class when it comes to Armature Test Systems. The ATS-3800 is packed with standard features and like all of ATI's 3800 Series Test Systems; it is backed by ATI's industry leading two-year limited warranty. The ATS-3800 offers the most comprehensive testing of armatures available.
DS920 - Shanghai Aoboor Electric Co., Ltd.
Applicable to electrical properties test of motor armature with any number of commutator bars, for example, automotive motors, motorcycle starter motors ect.
This test will allow you to compare your lamination stack and shaft assemblies' steel magnetic capabilites to OEM material or to your own "in house" generated standard. This tester is designed to give you a constant source of equal magnetic strength lamination stacks and shafts, so that you will know the torque of the armature before you waste the time and money winding an armature that will not pass your final load test for high amps and/or low torque.
DS720 - Shanghai Aoboor Electric Co., Ltd.
Applicable to electrical properties test of motor armature with any number of communator bars, for example, automotive motors, motorcycle starter motors, Power tools motors, traction motors, vacuum cleaner motors, fitness equipment motors.
ECG KOKUSAI Co., Ltd.
A control system with a commercial personal computer (OA/FA) Automatic data storage to HDD A data output with USB, Ether Net, a printer, etc. Software development (device control, data management, etc.) A design and manufacture of Examination Jigs and tools
KAT Series - Jabbals
Model range upto 15KVPC Compatible - store & print waveforms3½ Digits LED Display for bar-to-bar testHand held probe for bar-to-bar testFoot switch for hands free operation
GR1/2 - Whitelegg Machines Ltd
Hand held device for testing shorts in stators and armatures. For armatures 150-300 mm diameter. For stators 60-300 mm. .
B-1 - Martindale Electric, Ltd.
Type B-1 has adjustable jaws 2-1/2" long. Armature capacity: 1" to 18" diameter. There are no obstructions at the ends of the jaws, thus allowing small armatures with fans, bearings, etc., to fit properly.
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I only stayed 1 night at this hotel. Actually its a stop by point for my Ko Lipe Island trip. This hotel is nearby the airport. The room is spacious and clean. The staff are helpful. But the breakfast is poor... This hotel is isolated from all activities and nightlife on this island. The worst thing is no restaurant nearby. Fortunately, i only stayed for 1 night. Very basic hotel...
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The Bella Vista Express Langkawi offers travellers affordable 'value for money' retreat, be it for leisure or for business. It is only 8 minutes to Pantai Cenang and under 5 minutes to Langkawi International Airport. Shopping is just a breeze from here. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Agoda, Expedia, TripOnline SA, Hotels.com, Booking.com, Ctrip TA, Ebookers, Travel Republic (UK), 5viajes2012 S.L. and HotelsClick so you can book your Bella Vista Express Langkawi reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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text:
When I hear the phrase "Freedom is not free," I always think of our country's service men and women who have given their lives during wartime, or returned home physically or emotionally scarred.
I'm going to borrow those four words (with much respect) and add the word "financial": i.e., "Financial freedom is not free." If county taxpayers want some relief from high real estate taxes they must demand consolidation of the county's elementary schools.
New Jersey's public unions, with the help of politicians, have for many years waged a successful war on taxpayers; extracting every dollar they can get to create unnecessary jobs and to overcompensate many existing positions.
Newton's Mayor Levante, with his mission to consolidate elementary schools, has put himself in the crosshairs of the teachers' unions and will need all the support he can get from the citizenry.
The largest portion of our real estate tax bills goes to support the school system. Consolidation will greatly reduce the cost. If you object to our state having the highest real estate taxes in the country, you need to make an effort and get involved.
We can all start by writing to our mayors or town administrators and let them know we support Mr. Levante's proposition and want your towns to join him. Even a short letter to Mayor Levante showing your support will reassure him that his noble undertaking isn't a waste of time.
Tris Tristram
Editor: Why does it seem to be necessary to write letters to remind our so-called "elected officials" that we put them in office to protect our nation, our rights and our future.
Editor: I can't believe that the New Jersey Herald saw fit to publish a letter on Friday written by G. Edward Caulder. It spewed hate on anyone who did not agree with Donald J. Trump.
Editor: I am appalled at the letter by G. Edward Caulder that was published in the Nov. 10 edition of the New Jersey Herald.
Grateful for anti-drug' message Editor: Since 2001, the youth in our county have proudly been sharing their many "anti-drugs" messages with all of Sussex County by way of the annual "What's Your Anti-Drug?" contest.
Editor: I am writing regarding "Why pay raises are elusive with unemployment low" by Christopher Rugaber, published in the New Jersey Herald on Nov. 5.
Editor: President Trump, the sheriff, is in town. The Bushes along with the Clintons, Obamas and the gangs of the Washington corrupt empire are running away.
Editor: We live in an era where our two oceans no longer can guarantee peace.


text:
I just received my lampshades yesterday and they're just perfect. You did a wonderful job. Many Thanks.Deadly Nightshades Guestbook
Dear Annie, got our lampshades yesterday. They are beautiful. Thank you. Will probably have another order in the near future.Deadly Nightshades Guestbook
Thanks once again for two more beautiful shades! They are exactly what I needed and arrived in record time!!Deadly Nightshades Guestbook


text:
ACW Limo is Charleston's 1st choice in transportation. We have rapidly grown to become one of the largest companies in the Charleston area. We offer a wide variety of transportation: Coach Buses, Limos, Trolleys, Party Buses, London Black Cab, SUV Limos, our Vintage Rolls Royce's, plus many others! We specialize in wedding transportation. Whether it's for just the bride & groom to get away at the end of the night, or for a wedding party of 200, ACW Limo has you covered. We offer services not just in Charleston, but in the surrounding areas as well. Please visit our website at www.ACWLimo.com or call us at (843) 801.1533 for any additional information and one of our friendly staff will be happy to assist you! www.ACWLimo.com (843) 801-1533 email@example.com
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Superbe compagnie dans la Colombière
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|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|February 20, 2013 04:38 PM EST
ATLANTA, Feb. 20, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Southern Company Chairman, President and CEO Thomas A. Fanning today announced that Kimberly S. Greene has been elected president and CEO of Southern Company Services, Inc. She will also have a seat on the company's management council. Greene will succeed Susan N. Story, who is retiring from Southern Company to become chief financial officer of New Jersey-based American Water. The announced changes will take effect April 1.
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130220/CL63648)
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20080801/SOCOLOGO)
"Susan has been an extraordinary leader at Southern Company," said Fanning. "She rose to the highest ranks of our company, due to her sharp focus on finance, operations and customer service. We call these the 'whats.' But equally important are the 'hows', and Susan Story is world class at both."
Greene is currently executive vice president and chief generation officer of TVA. Previously, Greene served as TVA's chief financial officer, executive vice president of Financial Services and chief risk officer. She was also group president for Strategy and External Relations at TVA.
Prior to joining TVA in 2007, Greene was senior vice president of finance and treasurer at Southern Company, where she began her career.
"Kim is one of us," Fanning said. "We are so fortunate to have her returning to Southern Company. She has demonstrated excellence in nearly every facet of our industry, and our customers and the employees who serve them will benefit from her wide range of expertise."
In her new role, Greene will be responsible for overseeing the company's information technology, human resources, supply chain management, marketing services, business performance services and system aircraft functions, as well as SouthernLINC Wireless, Southern Company's wireless telecommunications provider, and Southern Telecom, the company's wholesale fiber optic network provider. She will also lead efforts surrounding the company's Smart Energy efforts, which include emerging technologies involving energy innovation, energy efficiency and customer energy choices.
Greene earned a bachelor's degree in engineering science and mechanics from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. She earned a master's degree in biomedical engineering from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and a master's in business administration from Samford University. She also completed the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School.
Greene is on the advisory boards for the University of Tennessee College of Engineering and the University's Department of Finance. She is also on the board of the Electric Power Research Institute and will assume the chairmanship in April.
A native of Knoxville, Tenn., she and her husband, Ted, have two daughters.
With 4.4 million customers and more than 43,000 megawatts of generating capacity, Atlanta-based Southern Company (NYSE: SO) is the premier energy company serving the Southeast through its subsidiaries. A leading U.S. producer of clean, safe, reliable and affordable electricity, Southern Company owns electric utilities in four states and a growing competitive generation company, as well as fiber optics and wireless communications. Southern Company brands are known for energy innovation, excellent customer service, high reliability and retail electric prices that are below the national average. Southern Company and its subsidiaries are leading the nation's nuclear renaissance through the construction of the first new nuclear units to be built in a generation of Americans and are demonstrating their commitment to energy innovation through the development of a state-of-the-art coal gasification plant. Southern Company has been recognized by the U.S. Department of Defense and G.I. Jobs magazine as a top military employer and listed by DiversityInc as a top company for Blacks. The company received the 2012 Edison Award from the Edison Electric Institute for its leadership in new nuclear development, was named Electric Light & Power magazine's Utility of the Year for 2012 and is continually ranked among the top utilities in Fortune's annual World's Most Admired Electric and Gas Utility rankings. Visit our website at www.southerncompany.com.
SOURCE Southern Company
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22nd International Cloud Expo, taking place June 5-7, 2018, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY, and co-located with the 1st DXWorld Expo will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world. Cloud computing is now being embraced by a majority of enterprises of all sizes. Yesterday's debate about public vs. private has transformed into the reality of hybrid cloud: a recent survey shows that 74% of enterprises have a hybrid cloud ...
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text:
Identification and Related Records
- 【CAS Registry number】
- 57-55-6
- 【Synonyms】
Trimethyl glycol
Propylene Glycol(PG)
alpha-Propylene glycol
Propylene glycol (TN)
Propylene Glycol USP
Propylene glycol (JP14/USP)
Isopropylene glycol
Sentry Propylene Glycol
(+-)-Propylene glycol
Monopropylene glycol
Methylethyl glycol
Methylethylene glycol
- 200-338-0
- 【Molecular Formula】
- C3H8O2 (Products with the same molecular formula)
Chemical and Physical Properties
- 【Spectral properties】
- Index of refraction: 1.4324 at 20 deg C/D
IR: 5974 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)
UV: 5-12 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
NMR: 45 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue)
MASS: 95 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
- 【Computed Properties】
- Molecular Weight:76.09442 [g/mol]
Molecular Formula:C3H8O2
H-Bond Donor:2
H-Bond Acceptor:2
Rotatable Bond Count:1
Exact Mass:76.05243
MonoIsotopic Mass:76.05243
Topological Polar Surface Area:40.5
Heavy Atom Count:5
Formal Charge:0
Isotope Atom Count:0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count:0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count:1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count:0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count:0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1
Feature 3D Acceptor Count:2
Feature 3D Donor Count:2
Effective Rotor Count:1
Conformer Sampling RMSD:0.4
CID Conformer Count:6
Safety and Handling
- 【Safety】
- Slightly toxic by ingestion, skin contact, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: general anesthesia, convulsions, changes in surface EEG. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. An eye and human skin irritant. Mutation data reported. Combustible liquid when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials. Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame. May react with hydrofluoric acid + nitric acid + silver nitrate to form the explosive silver fulminate. To fight fire, use alcohol foam. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Safety Statements: 24/25
S24/25:Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
WGK Germany: 1
HS Code: 29053200
- 【Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations】
- Mildly irritating to the eyes.
May cause primary skin irritation in some people, possibly due to dehydration, but the material is not a sensitizer.
May cause transitory stinging, blepharospasm, and lacrimation.
- 【Cleanup Methods】
- SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.
Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Wash away spilled liquid with plenty of water.
- 【Fire Fighting Procedures】
- Water fog, alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.
In case of fire, keep drums, etc, cool by spraying water.
- 【Formulations/Preparations】
- GRADE: refined, technical, USP, FCC, feed
Both the industrial-grade and USP grade have at least 99.5% purity.
- 【Exposure Standards and Regulations】
- Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
Propylene glycol used as an emulsifying agent in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
Propylene glycol used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: propylene glycol is included in pediculicide drug products.
Ophthalmic demulcents. The active ingredients of the product consist of any of the following, within the established concentrations for each ingredient: Propylene glyol, 0.2 to 1 percent.
The Food and Drug Administration has determined that propylene glycol in or on cat food is not generally recognized as safe and is a food additive subject to section 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act). The Food and Drug Administration also has determined that this use of propylene glycol is not prior sanctioned.
The Food and Drug Administration has determined that propylene glycol in or on cat food has not been shown by adequate scientific data to be safe for use. Use of propylene glycol in or on cat food causes the feed to be adulterated and in violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act), in the absence of a regulation providing for its safe use as a food additive under section 409 of the act, unless it is subject to an effective notice of claimed investigational exemption for a food additive under part 570.17 of this chapter, or unless the substance is intended for use as a new animal drug and is subject to an approved application under section 512 of the act or an effective notice of claimed investigational exemption for a new animal drug under part 511 of this chapter.
- 【Reactivities and Incompatibilities】
- Reacts with strong oxidants, causing fire hazard.
Propylene glycol is incompatible with oxidizing reagents such as potassium permanganate.
No significantly dangerous substances are produced after contact with light, humidity or commonly available chemicals. Propylene glycol may react with hydrofluoric acid + nitric acid + silver nitrate to form the explosive silver fulminate.
A chemical polishing mixture of hydrofluoric acid, propylene glycol, and silver nitrate was put into a closed glass bottle which burst 30 min later, and formation of silver fulminate was suggested. However, in absence of the silver salt such mixtures evolve gas and should not be stored in any event, especially after use for metal polishing, when the dissolved metal(s) tend to further destabilize the mixture.
- 【Other Preventative Measures】
- SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.
Above 99 deg C use a closed system, ventilation.
Propylene glycol should be handled in a well-ventilated environment; eye protection is recommended.
- 【Protective Equipment and Clothing】
- Mildly irritating to the eyes.
May cause primary skin irritation in some people, possibly due to dehydration, but the material is not a sensitizer.
May cause transitory stinging, blepharospasm, and lacrimation.
- 【Specification】
- Propylene Glycol (CAS NO.57-55-6) is also named as (+-)-1,2-Propanediol ; (+-)-Propylene glycol ; (RS)-1,2-Propanediol ; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane ; 1,2-Propylene glycol ; 1,2-Propylenglykol ; 1,2-Propylenglykol [German] ; 2,3-Propanediol ; 2-Hydroxypropanol ; 3-01-00-02142 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) ; AI3-01898 ; BRN 1340498 ; CCRIS 5929 ; Caswell No. 713 ; DL-1,2-Propanediol ; Dowfrost ; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 068603 ; FEMA No. 2940 ; HSDB 174 ; Isopropylene glycol ; Methylethyl glycol ; Methylethylene glycol ; Monopropylene glycol ; Sirlene ; Solar Winter BAN ; Solargard P ; Trimethyl glycol ; UNII-6DC9Q167V3 ; Ucar 35 ; alpha-Propyleneglycol ; dl-Propylene glycol . Propylene Glycol (CAS NO.57-55-6) is clear viscous liquid. It is mixes with water and dissolves many essential oils. Propylene Glycol is sensitive to excessive heat (tends to oxidize at high temperatures). It can react with oxidizing materials. And it is incompatible with acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, chloroformates, and reducing agents.Liquid may irritate eyes. Propylene Glycol is combustible.
- 【Disposal Methods】
SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Use and Manufacturing
- 【Use and Manufacturing】
- Methods of Manufacturing
Preparation of levorotary propylene glycol from hydroxyacetone by yeast reduction.
Propylene glycol is produced by the non-catalytic liquid-phase hydration of propylene oxide at 100-200 deg C
Manufactured by treating propylene with chlorinated water to form the chlorohydrin, which is converted to the glycol by treatment with sodium carbonate solution. It is also prepared by heating glycerol with sodium hydroxide.
The only industrial process for manufacturing propylene glycol is direct hydrolysis of propylene oxide with water. Dipropylene glycol and tripropylene glycol are formed by sequential addition of propylene oxide to propylene glycol. Consequently, all three products are produced simultaneously and separated by distillation.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. Commercial production of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol ) (PG) is by hydration of propylene oxide. Di- and tripropylene glycols, plus small quantities of higher glycols, are also produced in the reaction.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. Propylene glycol (PG) is produced commercially by the hydration of propylene oxide (PO). DiPG and TriPG, and small volumes of higher glycols, are also produced. PG production is driven by PO availability and extra PG can be produced to balance PO. The reaction between PO and water takes place at a temperature of 200 deg C and 12 bar pressure. The amount of water is controlled to favor PG production. The reaction mixture is dehydrated by evaporation and the various glycols are separated by distillation. PG processes are being developed based on carbohydrates and glycerols, which are cheaper than petroleum-based feedstocks.U.S. Exports
(1972) 4.90 X 10+10 g
(1976) 2.91 X 10+10 g
(1984) 2.18 X 10+11 g
(1986-1989) avg 75,000 tons/yr
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Exports: 1992: 160 million pounds.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Exports: 1994: 174 million pounds.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Exports: 1996: 162 million pounds; averaged 182 million pounds per year for the five year period 1992-1996.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Exports: 1999: 274 million pounds; 2000: 262 million pounds.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Exports: 2002: 375 million pounds; 2003: 340 million pounds.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Exports: 2005: 272 million pounds; 2006: 310 million pounds.U.S. Imports
(1984) 2.56 X 10+11 g
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Imports: 1994: 12 million pounds.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Imports: 1996: 31 million pounds; averaged 10 million pounds per year for the five year period 1992-1996.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Imports: 1999: 43 million pounds; 2000: 32 million pounds.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Imports: 2002: 52 million pounds; 2003: 59 million pounds.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Imports: 2005: 89 million pounds; 2006: 46 million pounds.U.S. Production
(1972) 2.60 X 10+11 g
(1975) 1.77 X 10+11 g
(1984) 2.10 X 10+10+11 g
(1989) Western Europe produced 708 million pounds (325 kilotons) and consumed 660 million pounds (300 kilotons).
(1992) US sales of propylene glycol amounted to 231,086,000 kg
(1991) 301,902,000 kg
(1990) 342,200 tons
(1998) Capacity: 1312 million pounds (596 kilotons). Domestic demand: 1050 million pounds (477 kilotons).
(1999) 1,083 million pounds
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Production Capacity: 1986: 820 million pounds/year.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Production Capacity: 1989: 875 million pounds/year.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Production Capacity: 1992: 910 million pounds/year.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Production Capacity: 1995: 1,050 million pounds/year.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Production Capacity: 1998: 1,312 million pounds/year.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Production Capacity: 2001: 1,280 million pounds/year.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Production Capacity: 2004: 1,410 million pounds/year.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Production Capacity: 2007: 1,590 million pounds/year.
PRODUCT FOCUS: Monopropylene glycol. European Production Capacity in 2000: 559,000 tonnes/year. European propylene glycol capacity in 2000 (thousand tonnes/year) Location Capacity France 80 Garmany 318 Italy 23 Netherlands 80 Poland 4 Slovak Republic 2 Spain 52
PRODUCT PROFILE: Propylene glycol. Global Production Capacity in 2002: 1.294 million tonnes/year. Global propylene glycol capacity in 2002 (thousand tonnes/year) Location Capacity Europe 568 USA 540 Asia 186
PRODUCT PROFILE: Propylene glycol. Global Production Capacity in 2006: 1.805 million tonnes/year. Global propylene glycol capacity in 2006 (thousand tonnes/year) Location Capacity Australia 15 Brazil 85 China 80 France 80 Germany 388 India 15 Japan 165 Mexico 25 Netherlands 80 Poland 4 Romania 9 Singapore 65 Slovakia 2 South Korea 50 Spain 97 USA 645
1,2-Propanediol is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).
Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. Year Production Range (pounds) 1986 >500 million - 1 billion 1990 >1 billion 1994 >500 million - 1 billion 1998 >1 billion 2002 >1 billion
Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: 1,2-Propanediol. Aggregated National Production Volume: 1 billion lbs and greater.Consumption Patterns
52% for polyester resins; 11% exported(1973); 8.5% for cellophane; 7.5% as a tobacco humectant; 7% for synthesis of polymeric plasticizers; 4% as a component of brake and other functional fluids; 10% for misc applications (1973)
Unsaturated polyester resins, 47%; Foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, 11%; Pet foods, 10%; Tobacco, 6%; Plasticizers, 3%; Cellophane, 3%; Functional fluids, 8%; Coatings, 6%; Miscellaneous and other, 6% (1983)
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene Glycol. US End-use Pattern for Propylene Glycol in 1986. End-use pattern for propylene glycol in 1986 End-use Percent Unsaturated polyester resins 46 Exports 18 Pharmaceuticals and food 8 Semi-moist pet food 7 Humectant for tobacco 5 Polymeric plasticizers 5 Paint and coatings 4 Functional fluids 3 Cellophane 2 Miscellaneous 2
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene Glycol. US End-use Pattern for Propylene Glycol in 1989. End-use pattern for propylene glycol in 1989 End-use Percent Unsaturated polyester resins 41 Exports 29 Food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics 11 Semi-moist pet food 7 Humectant for tobacco 4 Functional fluids 4 Miscellaneous 4
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene Glycol. US End-use Pattern for Propylene Glycol in 1992. End-use pattern for propylene glycol in 1992 End-use Percent Unsaturated polyester resins 40 Liquid laundry detergent 15 Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics 12 Antifreeze and deicers 10 Functional fluids 6 Semi-moist pet foods 6 Paint and coatings 4 Tobacco 3 Miscellaneous 4
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene Glycol. US End-use Pattern for Propylene Glycol in 1995. End-use pattern for propylene glycol in 1995 End-use Percent Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) 40 Liquid laundry detergent 15 Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics 12 Antifreeze and deicers 10 Functional fluids 6 Semi-moist pet foods 6 Paint and coatings 4 Tobacco 3 Miscellaneous 4
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene Glycol. US End-use Pattern for Propylene Glycol in 1998. End-use pattern for propylene glycol in 1998 End-use Percent Unsaturated polyester resins 26 Antifreeze and de-icing fluids 22 Food, drug and cosmetic uses 18 Liquid detergents 11 Functional fluids 4 Pet foods 3 Paints and coatings 5 Tobacco 3 Miscellaneous, including plasticizer use 8
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene Glycol. US End-use Pattern for Propylene Glycol in 2001. End-use pattern for propylene glycol in 2001 End-use Percent Unsaturated polyester resins 27 Functional fluids (antifreeze, de-icing, heat transfer) 20 Food, drug and cosmetic uses 20 Liquid detergents 17 Paints and coatings 5 Tobacco humectant 2 Miscellaneous, including plasticizer use 9
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene Glycol. US End-use Pattern for Propylene Glycol in 2004. End-use pattern for propylene glycol in 2004 End-use Percent Unsaturated polyester resins 26.6 Functional fluids 22.5 - Deicing - 12.2 - Engine antifreeze - 6.6 - Heat transfer - 3.7 Food, drug and cosmetic uses 19.6 Liquid detergents 15.8 Paints and coatings 4.4 Tobacco humectant 2.5 Miscellaneous, including plasticizer use 8.6
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene Glycol. US End-use Pattern for Propylene Glycol in 2007. End-use pattern for propylene glycol in 2007 End-use Percent Unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) 26.4 Functional fluids 22.2 - Deicing - 12.1 - Engine antifreeze - 6.4 - Heat transfer - 3.7 Food, drug and cosmetic uses 20.4 Liquid detergents 15.4 Paints and coatings 4.4 Tobacco humectant 2.3 Miscellaneous, including plasticizer use 8.9
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Demand: 1986: 568 million pounds; 1987: 582 million pounds; 1991: 640 million pounds /projected/.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Demand: 1989: 840 million pounds; 1990: 860 million pounds /projected/; 1994: 975 million pounds /projected/.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Demand: 1992: 780 million pounds; 1993: 800 million pounds /projected/; 1996: 900 million pounds /projected/.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Demand: 1995: 1,005 million pounds; 1996: 1,055 million pounds /projected/; 2000: 1,280 million pounds /projected/.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Demand: 1997: 1.025 billion pounds; 1998: 1.05 billion pounds; 2002: 1.25 billion pounds /projected/.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Demand: 1999: 854 million pounds; 2000: 871 million pounds; 2004: 943 million pounds /projected/.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Demand: 2002: 820 million pounds; 2003: 845 million pounds; 2007: 915 million pounds /projected/.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Propylene glycol. US Demand: 2005: 895 million pounds; 2006: 885 million pounds; 2010: 960 million pounds /projected/.
(1992) Uses of propylene glycols in US: unsaturated polyester resins 37%, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foods 17%, pet food 3%, tobacco humectant 4%, functional fluids 16%, paints and coatings 5%, liquid detergents 11%, others 7%.
(1994) Unsaturated polyester resins, 26%; antifreeze and de- icing fluids, 22%; food, drug and cosmetics uses, 18%; liquid detergents, 11%; functional fluids (inks, specialty anti-freeze, de-icing lubricants), 4%; pet foods, 3%; paints and coatings, 5%; tobacco, 3%; miscellaneous, including plasticizer use, 8%.
(1999) Chemical intermediate in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins (228 million pounds, 26.7%), cosmetics and personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and human food (170 million pounds, 19.9%), liquid detergents (135 million pounds, 15.8%, deicing fluids (85 million pounds, 10%), antifreeze/engine coolant (55 million pounds, 6.4%), paints and coatings (40 million pounds, 4.7%), tobacco humectant (25 million pounds, 2.9%), other fluids (32 million pounds, 3.8%), and other applications (84 million pounds, 9.8%).
Biomedical Effects and Toxicity
- 【Pharmacological Action】
- - A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered. (Dictionary of Pharmacy, 1986)
- Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
- 【Therapeutic Uses】
- Propylene glycol is used as a vehicle for IV administration of drugs such as lorazepam, etomidate, phenytoin, diazepam, digoxin, hydralazine, esmolol, chlordiazepoxide, multivitamins, nitroglycerin, pentobarbital sodium, phenobarbital sodium, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
As an antiseptic it is similar to ethanol, and against molds it is similar to glycerin and only slightly less effective than ethanol.
Hydroscopic agents (eg, propylene glycol) are added /to respiratory inhalants/ to reduce viscosity of bronchial secretions.
Ointment containing approx 70% propylene glycol has been used as osmotic agent with good results in treatment of edema of cornea.
Orally admin propylene glycol (1-1.5 g/kg) has reduced intraocular pressure by raising osmotic pressure of blood in human.
Topical application of 40-60% aqueous solution of propylene glycol with occlusion has been reported to clear skin in x-linked ichthyosis and ichthyosis vulgaris.
Propylene glycol, a widely used vehicle in dermatologic formulations, is isotonic in 2% concentrations. Concentrations up to 70% alter keratin to hydrate and soften the skin and cause desquamation of scales, particularly when used under occlusive dressings. Propylene glycol and other hydroalcoholic gels augment the keratolytic action of salicylic acid; this combination may be effective in ichthyosis.
Medication (Veterinary): Propylene glycol is commonly used in the veterinary profession for treatment of bovine ketosis and equine impactions, respectively. [McClanahan S et al; Vet Hum Toxicol 40 (5): 294-296 (1998). Available from, as of December 16, 2009:]
- 【Biomedical Effects and Toxicity】
- Absorption of orally administered propylene glycol from the gastrointestinal tract, and its removal from the body, follow first order kinetics. Clearance from blood is rapid in humans, with a mean half-life of approx. 2 hr. Its metabolism is inhibited by pyrazole, indicating a role for alcohol dehydrogenase in this process. Once absorbed it is readily converted into lactic and pyruvic acids, which then enter the general metabolic pool.
Propylene glycol is readily absorbed from the GI tract and distributed throughout total body water. Propylene glycol accumulation is reported to differ significantly among people maintained on a repetitive oral dosing schedule, due to intersubject variability in clearance.
The uptake of propylene glycol mist by humans was studied using 10% solution in labeled deionized water nebulized into a mist tent. Less than 5% of the mist entered the body, and of this 90% lodged in the nasopharynx and rapidly disappeared into the stomach. Very little was found in the lungs.
Intravenous administration of propylene glycol in amounts of 3-15 g/sq m is followed by plasma concentration of 60 to 425 ug/mL, respectively, with a volume of distribution of 0.51 to 0.88 L/kg, and a clearance rate of about 300 mL/min/1.73 sq m. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations are as high as 85% of the serum concentrations.
From 1/4 to 1/2 of an oral dose given to rats, dogs, or human beings appears unchanged in the urine within 24 hr.
It is extensively metabolized in the liver, mainly to lactic and pyruvic acids, and is also excreted unchanged in the urine.
The route of elimination depends on the dose administered, not on the route of exposure. It is mainly excreted in the urine as the glucuronide conjugate but 12-45% is excreted unchanged. Renal clearance decreases with dose (390 mL/min/1.73 sq m at a dose of 5 g/day, but only 144 mL/min/1.73 sq m at a dose of 21 g/day).
About one-third is excreted via the kidneys as a conjugate with glucuronic acid and the rest is metabolized or excreted in the urine unchanged. This suggests that the organic injury and the central nervous system depressing action are probably due to the excessive presence of the propylene glycol and not to its metabolites or its glucuronide.
Percutaneous absorption may occur following application to damaged skin.
/Child/ Propylene glycol is an excipient and various pharmaceutical preparations. The pharmacokinetics after rectal administration are studied, followed by a consideration on local and systemic side-effects for a solution of paracetamol in a mixture of propylene glycol and water. After administration of 8.64 g propylene glycol to 10 adults and 173 mg/kg bw to 4 children, peak concentrations (Cmax) of 199 mg/L and 171 mg/L respectively were reached (tmax) after 1.5 hr and 1.0 hr. The average terminal half-lives (t1/2) in adults and children were respectively 2.8 hr and 2.6 hr, total body clearance (CI/F) 0.20 L/hr/kg and 0.21 L/hr/kg and apparent volume of distribution (VD/F) 0.79 L/kg and 0.77 L/kg. [Kolloffel WJ et al; Pharm World Sci 18 (3): 109-13 (1996). Available from, as of December 16, 2009:] PubMed Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profile of propylene glycol during multiple oral-dosing regimens was examined. The 22 subjects were outpatients who participated in a phenytoin bioavailability study where propylene glycol was used as a solvent. In one study, 16 adults received a 20.7 g/dose 3 times daily for a minimum of 3 days. In another study, 6 individuals received a 41.4 g/dose twice daily for a period of 3 days. These oral doses were given in conjunction with 100 mg phenytoin in 7.25 mL of alcohol USP, 6 uL of Peach Flavor, 5 mL of glycerin USP, and 8 mL of 70% (w/w) fructose. Propylene glycol was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with maximum plasma concentrations obtained within 1 hour of dosing. The average serum half-life of propylene glycol for the study with 16 and 6 individuals was determined by the authors to be 3.8 and 4.1 hours, respectively. The average total body clearance was determined by the authors to be approximately 0.1 L/kg/hr, although there was significant variability in clearance rate among individuals. The apparent volume of distribution was determined by the authors to be approximately 0.5 L/kg, which approximates the volume of distribution of total body water
/Infant; Child; Child, preschool; Adolescent; Aged, 80 yrs and over/ There is limited information on the absorption of propylene glycol through intact human skin. In a study of human skin biopsy specimens from adults 19-50 years of age, no penetration of radioactive tracer materials was found after up to 1 hour permeation time using propylene glycol alone as a vehicle [visual evidence of tracer uptake into biopsied skin, but no analytical confirmation provided]. Enhancers, such as surfactants, increased absorption. Three studies involved patients with significant medical complications. In 45 patients (0.5-87 years old) with second- and third-degree burns on 21-95% of their body, propylene glycol was absorbed through skin following dermal treatment with sulfadiazine in a propylene glycol vehicle; serum levels of propylene glycol in those patients ranged from 0 to 0.98 g/dL [0 to 129 mM]. In an 8-month-old infant with second- and third-degree burns and complicating toxic epidermal necrolysis over 78% of his body, dermal treatment with silver sulfadiazine in propylene glycol resulted in a peak propylene glycol blood level of 1.059 g/dL (139 mM). A blood propylene glycol level of 0.070 g/dL (9.2 mM) in an infant was attributed to Mycostatin cream usage for diaper rash.
In most mammals, part of the absorbed propylene glycol is eliminated unchanged by the kidney, while another portion is excreted by the kidneys as a glucuronic acid conjugate. The amount of propylene glycol eliminated by the kidneys has been estimated for humans at 45%, for dogs at 55-88%, and for rabbits at 2.4-14.2%
The pharmacokinetics of propylene glycol in humans in conjunction with the IV administration of medications was studied. Propylene glycol concentrations were measured in sera and cerebral spinal fluids (CSFs) from five patients receiving medication containing propylene glycol as a vehicle; lactate and pyruvate concentrations were also measured. All patients had normal hepatic and renal function based upon laboratory tests. In the rabbit, metabolic clearance accounts for 85.8-97.6% of total clearance at lower doses.
The rate-determining step in the metabolic clearance of propylene glycol in the rat is the NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase. Using the dehydrogenase inhibitor pyrazole, there was a dose-dependent inhibition of the dehydrogenase leading to a dose-dependent increase in urinary excretion of propylene glycol. The maximum metabolizing capacity in the rat was 8.33 mmol of propylene glycol/kg bw/hr, which would extrapolate to 1.06 kg bw/day for a 70 kg human.
In mammals, part of the propylene glycol dose is eliminated unchanged by the kidney and part is metabolized by the liver to lactic acid and further metabolized to pyruvic acid; in mammals, with the exception of cats, the remainder is conjugated with glucuronic acid and eliminated in the urine. The amount of propylene glycol eliminated by the kidneys has been estimated for humans at 45%, for dogs at 55-88%, and for rabbits at 2.4-14.2%. In the rat, increasing doses of propylene glycol increased elimination by the kidneys. Dosages of 19, 38, and 77 mmol/kg bw resulted in 2.3, 7, and 17% renal excretion of propylene glycol. Maximum urinary excretion of propylene glycol was determined using pyrazole (1.0 mmol/kg bw), a competitive inhibitor of propylene glycol. High urinary clearance was observed with 75% excretion of the ingested dose within 24 hours.
In human adults receiving 20.7 or 41.4 g propylene glycol 2-3 times daily for a minimum of 3 days, the total body clearance was dependent on serum concentration and was approximately 0.1 L/kg bw/hr; elimination half-life in those same subjects was about 4 hours. [The influence of ethyl alcohol administration must be considered when interpreting results since it will compete with propylene glycol for the dehydrogenase enzymes.]
/Infant, Child/ In a study where adults and children were rectally exposed once to 123-173 mg/kg bw propylene glycol [blood levels 1.6-2.2 mM], the clearance rate was 0.2 L/hour/kg and half-life was 2.6-2.8 hours. In 6 adults receiving propylene glycol intravenously, blood levels of propylene glycol were measured at 48-425 ug/mL [0.63-5.6 mM] and an average half-life of 2.3 hours was estimated. A small number of studies suggest that elimination of propylene glycol in infants is slower than in adults. In an 8-month-old infant exposed to propylene glycol through medication applied to burns, the propylene glycol blood level was 1.059 g/dL [139 mM] and the elimination half-life was measured at 16.9 hours. Ten infants exposed to 10 mL [10.36 g] propylene glycol in a parenteral vitamin solution daily for 5 days had propylene glycol blood levels of 65.950 mg/dL [8.5-125mM] and elimination half-lives of 10.8-30.5 hours, with a mean of 19.3 hours.
/Infant/ A good correlation between osmolality gap and serum propylene glycol concentrations was reported in ten infants. The half-life was reported as 19.3 hours (range 10.8-30.5 hours), which is about 10 times longer than in adults. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity is up to 10 times lower in infants than in adults providing an explanation for the prolonged half-life in the latter and at the same time further evidence that this enzyme is the rate-determining enzyme in the clearance of propylene glycol.
Environmental Fate and Exposure Potential
- 【Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary】
- TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.92(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propylene glycol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of propylene glycol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.13 mm Hg(4), and assigned value for water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(5). Propylene glycol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Laboratory experiments using agricultural soils from South Carolina conducted at 22 deg C and a fortification of 1,000 ppm propylene glycol, yielded 73-78% mineralization during a 51 day incubation period(6), suggesting that biodegradation will be an important fate process in soils(SRC).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.92(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propylene glycol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.13 mm Hg(5), and assigned value for water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Numerous screening studies using wastewater or sewage inoculum as seed, suggests that propylene glycol will be degraded readily under aqueous environments(9-11).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), propylene glycol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.13 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase propylene glycol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 32 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(3). Propylene glycol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).