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The control of grip forces when moving a hand held object is impaired in patients with cerebellar degeneration. We asked the question whether after-effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the lateral cerebellum or M1 improved grip force control in cerebellar patients.
Grip force control while holding an object during cyclic arm movements was assessed in patients with pure cerebellar degeneration (n = 14, mean age 50.2 years ± SD 8.8 years) and age- and sex-matched control participants (n = 14, mean age 50.7 years ± SD 9.8 years). All subjects were tested before and after application of tDCS (2 mA, 22 min) in a within-subject design. Each subject received anodal tDCS applied to the cerebellum, anodal tDCS applied to M1 or sham-stimulation with a break of 1 week between the three experimental sessions.
There were no clear after-effects of tDCS on grip force control neither in control participants nor in cerebellar patients. Cerebellar patients showed typical impairments with higher grip forces, a higher variability of movements.
In the present study, deficits in grip force control were neither improved by tDCS applied over the cerebellum nor M1 in cerebellar degeneration.
While moving hand-held objects, inertial loads arise from the acceleration of the object mass and grip forces must prevent slippage of the object despite the destabilizing loads [1]. In healthy subjects, grip and load force change in parallel indicating that the grip force is adjusted in a predictive way in order to compensate changing load forces [2, 3]. Apart from load perturbations grip force control depends on physical object properties such as weight, shape and surface friction [4, 5]. During free movement of a hand held object cerebellar patients typically show slower movements, higher peak grip forces and higher movement variability compared to healthy controls [1, 6]. Less efficient coupling of grip and load forces was reported in some studies [7, 8] but was not detected in others [1, 6]. The impaired grip force control found in cerebellar patients likely adds to patients' disability in everyday-life. As yet, controlled studies are lacking of rehabilitative interventions to improve grip force control in cerebellar patients.
Because of its ability to modify cerebellar excitability and to induce plastic modifications without significant side effects, cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be a powerful tool in the rehabilitation of cerebellar patients [9]. As yet, it is unknown whether tDCS improves deficits of cerebellar patients in grip-force control.
A seminal study conducted by Galea et al. [10] demonstrated that anodal cerebellar tDCS led to faster visuomotor-adaptation in young and healthy subjects. Galea et al. applied anodal stimulation over the right cerebellum during the experimental task ("online stimulation") [2]. In a recent sham-controlled study, a single session of cerebellar anodal tDCS was followed by significant improvement of ataxia [11] as assessed by the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA; [12]) and the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS; [13]). Importantly, there was also a better performance in the 9-hole peg test as a marker of upper limb coordination and finger dexterity. These results were replicated in a study looking at long-term effects. Anodal tDCS was applied 5 days a week for 2 weeks. Positive effects were still present after 3 months [14]. In both studies anodal stimulation was applied over the cerebellum bilaterally. Outcome measures were assessed after the stimulation ("offline stimulation").
TDCS of the motor cortex may also be helpful in treatment of cerebellar disease because motor cortex excitability is reduced in patients with cerebellar disease [15, 16]. Bilateral M1-stimulation was followed by improvement of ataxic gait with better symmetry of step execution and reduction of base-width in three patients with cerebellar disease [17] (anodal electrode placed over M1 contralateral to the most affected side, offline stimulation). Authors also reported improvements in the SARA score for upper limb function. Therefore, M1 stimulation maybe another promising approach to improve grip-force modulation in cerebellar patients.
Few studies have assessed the effects of tDCS on the learning and retention of the control of grip forces. One study found a better reproduction of an irregular force pattern in participants who received 5 days of anodal tDCS over the contralateral M1 (offline stimulation). Consolidation of performance was improved over the night in the tDCS group [18]. Other studies reported heterogeneous findings, such as absent effects of anodal tDCS stimulation over contralateral M1 (online and offline stimulation) in a grip force tracking task [19] or performance decrements in the form of increased variability in an isometric constant grip force task [20]. Investigating the grasping and lifting of objects with different surface material in elderly subjects, the authors reported a decrease of the grip force in those subject who practiced a different fine motor task during tDCS stimulation of contralateral M1 compared to subjects who practiced with sham stimulation [21]. The effect of stimulation was particularly evident with a more slippery surface and less with the rougher surface and the timing of the lifting act was not affected. Interestingly, the application of dual hemisphere tDCS (online and offline stimulation) in a group of stroke patients resulted in a decrease of grip forces and a decreased time to establish the grip during a similar grasping and lifting task [22]. Heterogeneous effects of tDCS over M1 have been reported in healthy subjects, elderly subjects or stroke patients. As yet, effects of tDCS on disordered grip force control in cerebellar patients are lacking.
In the present study we assessed the effect of tDCS applied to the cerebellum or M1 on grip-force modulation during self-generated, sinusoidal up-down movements with a handheld object in healthy subjects and patients with cerebellar degeneration. We hypothesized that anodal tDCS over the cerebellum or M1 improves grip-force control in cerebellar patients. We expected higher movement frequencies, lower grip forces and more precise coupling after stimulation in the patient group.
Fourteen individuals with pure cerebellar degeneration (6 females; mean age ± SD of 51.2 ± 7.6 years) and 14 age-matched controls without any known neurological diseases (5 females; mean age ± SD 50.8 ± 10.1 years) participated in this study. All subjects were right-handed as assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory [23]. A summary of the subjects' characteristics can be found in Table 1. The severity of cerebellar symptoms in cerebellar participants were assessed by two experienced neurologists (DT & MK) based on the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS; (13)) and the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA; (12)). Five cerebellar participants had a genetically defined spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA6, SCA14). Five participants presented with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) type III. Three cerebellar participants had sporadic adult onset ataxia of unknown etiology (SAOA). One cerebellar participant presented with cerebellar degeneration caused by cerebellitis. These disorders are known to primarily affect the cerebellum [24, 25]. All subjects gave informed oral and written consent. The experiment was approved by the ethics committee of the medical faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was conducted as part of another study investigating the direct tDCS effects on reach adaptation [26].
All subjects participated in a task designed to analyze grip force adjustments according to movement induced load changes while holding an object. The task has been introduced by Flanagan and Wing [2]. The set-up in the present study has been used by Brandauer et al. in previous studies [1, 2].
Subjects' grasped a custom-made instrumented object with their right hand. The object had a rectangular form with two grasping surfaces (60 × 60 mm) and a width of 26 mm. The grasping surfaces were covered with medium grain sandpaper (No. 240).
The object incorporated sensors to record the grip force on each side (0–100 N, accuracy ±0.1 N), the linear vertical and horizontal accelerations tangential to the graspingsurfaces (±50 m/s2, accuracy ±0.2 m/s2), and the load force (0–60 N,accuracy ±0.1 N).
The grip force of both sensors for each side was averaged. To increase the amplitude of the movement-induced sinusoidal load changes a weight of 300 g was fixed to the object which increased the total weight of the object to 500 g. Vertical acceleration (AccZ) was defined as pure kinematic acceleration due to movement. The net load force was calculated as the vectorial sum of weight (m x g), acting vertically, and the acceleration-dependent inertial loads in the vertical and sagittal directions (m xAccZ, m xAccY), acting tangential to the grip surfaces {LF = m x[(AccZ + g)2 + AccY2]1/2}.
Participants were asked to grasp the object and to hold it with the right hand in front of their trunk with grip surfaces vertical and parallel to their front. This orientation was kept constant during the movement. It was required to grasp the center of the object with the thumb on one side and the index and middle fingers on the opposite side. The three-finger grip was used to minimize rotational torques that arise when the object is grasped away from the center of mass.
After a verbal command subjects had to move the object along a vertical line up and down with an amplitude of about 30 cm at a frequency of about 0.8 Hz, which was demonstrated by the examiner sitting opposite to the subject by moving the hand up and down. The accurate movement execution was visually monitored by the examiner.
Following one practice trial, five trials of 22 s duration were performed successively.
As the first step of data analysis, the first 2 s of each trial were discarded and the remaining 20 s divided into two 10 s-intervals so that 10 intervals per condition resulted.
The following measures were determined for each intervals:
To quantify the performance in each interval, a computer algorithm first searched for peaks (local maxima and minima) in the sinusoidal profile of the vertical acceleration. Positive acceleration peaks corresponding to load force peaks occur at the lower turning point of the movement, negative accelerations and minimum loads occur at the upper turning point. The magnitude of vertical acceleration was calculated as the averaged acceleration range between positive and negative acceleration peaks. Variability was calculated as the standard deviation of positive and negative acceleration peaks within each interval (averaged for positive and negative peaks) related to the vertical acceleration magnitude described above. Movement frequency was determined from the power spectra of the acceleration profile.
To quantify the magnitude of the produced grip forces, the grip force peaks were determined ina window around each load force peak. In addition, minima of the ratio between grip-force and load-force were determined in the windows. Both values were averaged for each 10 s-interval. The force ratio represents a measure of the efficiency of the grip-force output related to the load.
The coupling between the modulation of grip-force and load-force was evaluated by calculating the cross-correlation function between both time series. The maximum cross-correlation coefficient was taken as the indicator of the precision of the coupling.
The resulting data values were averaged across the intervals of each participant and each condition.
Participants were invited for three experimental sessions separated by 1 week. In two sessions, subjects received verum tDCS stimulation, in one session sham stimulation. Anodal tDCS was performed over M1 and over the cerebellum. Sham tDCS stimulation was performed either over M1 or cerebellum. The order of the three sessions was counterbalanced between participants.
The grasping task was performed as part of another study [26]. In that study tDCS was applied during reach adaptation. The grasping task was performed before the reach adaptation task (and therefore prior tDCS) and after the reach adaptation task. The second testing took place on average 10:52 min (mean, ± 1:34 min SD) after the end of tDCS in patients, and 9:52 min (mean, ± 3:55 min SD) in the control group.
Stimulation parameters were chosen in close accordance with previous studies of Galea et al. [10, 27]. Anodal tDCS was delivered through two rubber electrodes (5 cm × 5 cm; surface area: 25 cm2) covered with conductive paste (Ten20 Conductive; Weaver) via a NeuroConn device (DC-Stimulator PLUS; NeuroConn). For cerebellar stimulation the anodal electrode was placed over the right cerebellar cortex, with the center of the electrode being 3 cm lateral to the inion, and the cathodal electrode was placed on the right buccinator muscle. The anodal electrode for M1 stimulation was centered over the area of the left primary motor cortex which elicited a response of the first dorsal interosseous muscle after single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses. TMS was delivered by a MagPro magnetic stimulator (MagPro; Dantec). The cathodal electrode was placed on the skin overlying the contralateral supraorbital region. During each experimental session, the electrodes were placed over all four stimulation locations, so participants were blinded for stimulation location.
In both cerebellar and M1 anodal stimulation, the target stimulation intensity was set at 2 mA, resulting in a current density of 0.08 mA/cm2. Current was ramped up from 0 mA to 2 mA in a period of 30 s. At the end of tDCS stimulation, current was ramped down from 2 mA to 0 mA in 30 s. In sham stimulation current was ramped-up in 30 s, remained at 2 mA for a duration of 60 s, after which current was ramped down again.
On average, subjects were stimulated for 25:34 min (mean, ± 6:34 min SD) in the patient group and for 21:37 min (mean, ± 2:32 min SD) in the control group.
One experimenter (LJ) ran all the behavioral experiments and used a prepared set of stimulation codes in order to remain blinded for stimulation polarity (sham or anodal). An experimenter (BB) who was not involved in the collection of behavioral data, deblinded the stimulation codes after data collection had ended.
To assess the differences between the single-task conditions, repeated-measures ANOVAs were calculated with the between-subjectfactor "group" (controls, patients) and the within-subject factors "stimulation" (cerebellum, M1, sham) and "time" (pre stimulation, post stimulation). We expected to find differences between patients and control subjects obvious as effects (main and interactions) involving the factor "group" for the different measures. In addition, we expected that the ANOVA reveals effects of tDCS stimulation obvious as interactions between "stimulation" and "time" and also as a three way interaction to indicate differences in the effects of stimulation between patients and control subjects. T-tests were used for post hoc analyses. An alpha level of 0.05 was chosen to indicate statistical significance.
Intervals were excluded from statistical analyses if movements were performed very slowly (movement frequency < 0.3 Hz, 0.4% of 10 s-intervals) or if values of behavioral measures were out of two standard deviations of the mean (14,3% 10 s-intervals in controls excluded, 12,9% 10 s-intervals in patients excluded). The number of excluded intervals in each subject and condition never exceeded three, resulting in a minimum of seven data values that were averaged for each condition. In one patient, pre-stimulation data for the M1 session were missing preventing the inclusion of the subject in the statistical analysis. Acceleration data were missing due to technical problems in another patient for sham stimulation (pre and post tDCS).
Figure 1 shows the profiles of the vertical acceleration of the grasped object (AccZ), the combined gravitational and inertial load that result from the movements (LF) and the produced grip force (GF) in one patient and in one healthy control subject before and after the anodal stimulation of the cerebellum. The patient moved faster after the stimulation as obvious from higher accelerations. The patient's grip force profile is clearly more irregular than the load force profile indicating decreased precision of the coupling between both forces. Nevertheless, most grip force peaks coincide in time roughly with main peaks of the load force profiles indicated some preservation of anticipatory control of the grip force. In the control subject, the grip force profile is regular and the timing of grip force peaks anticipates the loads force peaks. The magnitudes of the grip force peaks are substantially higher in the patient compared to the control subject. In general, the individual patient's behavior reflects the performance of the patients' group. No clear changes of grip force control were obvious before and after the stimulations and for the different stimulation conditions (see below).
Subjects produced cyclic movements with frequencies slightly lower than instructed (overall data including patients and controls prior and post stimulation: mean 0.73 ± 0.17 Hz). Movement frequencies were somewhat higher for controls compared to patients without statistical significance (patients: 0.69 ± 0.16 Hz, controls: 0.76 ± 0.15 Hz, main effect of "group": P > 0.1). The only significant effect was an increase of frequency after the stimulation compared to pre-stimulation values for all participants including patients and controls (pre tDCS: 0.72 ± 0.16 Hz, post tDCS: 0.74 ± 0.15 Hz, main effect of "time": F(1,25) = 7.8, P = 0.010). The ANOVA results for the magnitude of arm acceleration reflected the findings for the frequency with higher accelerations produced post-stimulation (pre-tDCS: 11.3 ± 4.6 m/s2, post-tDCS: 13.0 ± 4.7 m/s2, main effect of "time": F(1,24) = 42.9, P < 0.001) regardless from the group and whether cerebellar, M1 or sham stimulation was applied (all other main effects and interactions: P > 0.1). Thus, the kinematics of arm movements and consequently also the self-generated loads where comparable in magnitude between patients and control subjects as intended by the procedure.
Variability of arm movements was higher in patients through all conditions compared to controls (main effect of "group": F(1,24) = 6.0, P = 0.022, see Fig. 2). Variability was lower post-stimulation for both groups (main effect of "time": F(1,24) = 20.8, P < 0.001). Figure 2 and a statistically significant interaction between "time" and "group" (F(1,24) = 9.9, P = 0.004) indicates that the difference between groups was most prominent before the stimulations. Indeed the post-hoc test found a difference between patients and control subjects for the tests prior to tDCS (t = 2.6, P = 0.016), but not after tDCS (P > 0.1). No significant main effect nor any interaction were found for the factor "stimulation" (P > 0.1).
The average magnitude of peak grip forces exhibited by patients were clearly higher through all conditions compared to controls (main effect of "group": F(1,24) = 11.0, P = 0.003, see Fig. Fig.2).2). The analysis for the ratio of grip force to load force confirmed the findings for the absolute value for grip force (main effect of "group": F(1,24) = 8.3, P = 0.008). No other factor nor any interaction reached statistical significance (P > 0.1).
The maximum coefficient of cross-correlation that measures the precision of the coupling between the grip force and the load force was higher in control subjects than in patients (see Fig. Fig.2).2). The main effect of "group" was however not statistically significant (P > 0.1). The factor "group" was statistically significant for the interaction with "stimulation" (F(2,50) = 5.8, P = 0.005). Figure Figure22 suggests that particularly in the session with cerebellar stimulation, patients were less precise than control subjects. Pair-wise post-hoc tests detected a trend for this group difference (t = −2.0, P = 0.059), while no differences were obvious in the other stimulation conditions (P > 0.1). Furthermore, an interaction of "stimulation" x "time" was detected (F(2,50) = 3.3, P = 0.044). Figure Figure22 suggests that the coupling improved after the sham stimulation and deteriorated after cerebellar stimulation. However, pairwise post-hoc tests failed to prove difference between pre and post stimulation values in any of the three stimulation conditions (all P > 0.1). No interaction was found between "group" and "time" nor was the 3-way interaction between all factors significant. Thus, no differential effects of stimulation were evident in the patient group. There was no benefit on grip force control neither in cerebellar patients nor in controls following anodal tDCS applied over the cerebellum or M1.
Contrary to our hypothesis, there were no consistent tDCS effects on disordered grip-force control in cerebellar patients.
Patients with cerebellar degeneration exhibited higher grip-forces and higher variability of movements, which is in good accordance with previous studies [1, 7]. While impaired coupling of grip- and load-forces are also often observed in cerebellar patients [1, 6, 28] deficits in this measure were only present at a trend level in the current study. An increase in movement speed and acceleration post-stimulation was observed in patients and controls and irrespective of the stimulation condition and therefore likely attributed to practice effects. A further practice effects was evident for movement variability particularly in cerebellar patients. Possible reasons for the lack of cerebellar tDCS effects are discussed below.
Firstly, in the current study after-effects of tDCS were investigated. After-effects of tDCS have been detected up to 90 min following M1 stimulation based on changes in motor evoked potential amplitudes [29]. Most studies examining therapeutic effects of tDCS in cerebellar patients, including the studies conducted by Benussi et al. [11, 14], used off-line stimulation [30]. The influential studies by Galea et al. [10, 27], however, examined direct effects of tDCS, that is they applied an online stimulation approach. We cannot exclude that direct tDCS may have stronger effects on grip force control in cerebellar patients than tDCS after-effects.
Secondly, electrode positioning may have been suboptimal for the present task. Benussi et al. [11, 14], used a location which was centered in the midline, while we used a location centered over the right lateral cerebellum. A modelling study using the same electrode placement as we did, demonstrated current distribution mainly over the lateral posterior cerebellum sparing the vermis and intermediate cerebellum [31]. Yet, deficits in grip force control in degenerative cerebellar patients were associated with atrophy of the intermediate cerebellum [32]. The reach adaptation studies of Galea et al. [10, 27], on the other hand, showed clear effects of cerebellar tDCS using a similar electrode location as in the current study. An association of impaired prehensile movements has also been demonstrated with more lateral cerebellar areas in focal cerebellar patients [6, 28].
Thirdly, cerebellar tDCS effects may differ depending on the type of cerebellar degeneration. The pattern of cerebellar atrophy differs depending on the type of spinocerebellar ataxia, and extra-cerebellar areas are affected to various degrees [33, 34].
Fourthly, one must also consider variability of performance as a critical factor that could obscure intervention effects. While on average we succeeded to standardize the movement generated load profiles, individual trials deviated from the indented movement. Movements with relatively low frequency may have reduced the benefit of a precise coupling between grip force and load in control subjects and may therefore have been responsible for the missing group differences in coupling. Variability of the outcome measures may also have played a role. For example, it is difficult to reconcile the difference for coupling precision between patients and control subjects in the session with cerebellar stimulation compared to the other conditions. Since this interaction was independent of the time of testing, also the pre-stimulation data supported this effect. Therefore, variability of baseline performance in the cerebellar patients may have influenced this finding. Variability was however lower for the grip force and not even a tendency supporting any effect of stimulation was obvious. It therefore seems improbable that variability alone could explain the missing effects of stimulation.
Fifthly, we cannot exclude that the performance of the reach adaption task, which was performed during tDCS stimulation, had interfered with tDCS after-effects on grip force control.
Finally, cerebellar tDCS effects may be highly task dependent. Recently, Jalali et al. [35] did not replicate effects on cerebellar tDCS on visuomotor adaptation reported previously [10] when a range of task parameter were systematically varied. Besides, other studies report that cerebellar tDCS had no effects on motor learning in healthy controls and patients with cerebellar degeneration [26, 36]. Due to these inconsistencies it has been questioned whether cerebellar tDCS could become a valuable tool in clinical neurorehabilitation [26, 35].
Like cerebellar stimulation, M1-stimulation was not followed by significant effects on grip force control. There was a major difference in the setup used in a prior study reporting reduction of ataxia [17]. The authors used bilateral M1 stimulation. The anodal electrode was placed on the motor cortex contralateral to the most affected side and the cathode stimulation was placed on motor cortex of the less affected side of the body. In the present study the cathodal electrode was placed over the contralateral supraorbital region. It cannot be excluded that bilateral M1 stimulation leads to changes in grip force control. Reminiscent of the above findings, bilateral stimulation of the M1 lead to improved control of grip force during grasping and lifting of an object in stroke patients [22]. In a similar task tested in a sample of elderly subjects, unilateral stimulation of M1 also resulted in an increase efficiency of grip force control. However, results were not consistent. They were significant only for one of two object surface materials and not obvious for a temporal measure [21].
No effects of cerebellar or M1 anodal tDCS were observed on grip force control in cerebellar patients. Further studies are needed to explore different stimulation parameters including online stimulation and /or optimized electrode placements. At present tDCS cannot be recommended in the neurorehabilitation of disordered grip force control in cerebellar disease.
The study was funded by a grant of the German Research Foundation (DFG TI 239/16–1) awarded to DT; and a scholarship by the Else Kröner Fresenius foundation awarded to LJ.
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due data storage on local hard drives but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
LJ: data collection, data analyses. MK: study design, data collection, neurological examination, writing manuscript. TH: writing manuscript. DT: writing manuscript, study design, neurological examination. JH: writing manuscript, data analyses. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
All subjects gave informed oral and written consent. The experiment was approved by the ethics committee of the medical faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Not required for this study.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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You'll shed a tear or two—especially if you're a parent—and they'll be totally earned.
You'll shed a tear or two—especially if you're a parent—and they'll be totally earned.
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The movie is about Frances Farmer, a beautiful and talented movie star from the 1930s and 1940s who had a streak of, independence and a compulsion toward self-destruction, and who went about as high and about as low as it is possible to go in one lifetime.
She came out of Seattle as a high school essay-contest winner and budding intellectual. She was talented and pretty enough to make her way fairly easily into show business, where she immediately gravitated to the left-wing precincts of the Group Theater and such landmark productions as Clifford Odets' "Waiting for Lefty." She also became a movie star, and there was a time when her star shone so brightly that it seemed the party would last forever.
It did not. She was a stubborn, opinionated star who fought with the studio system, defied the bosses, drank too much, took too many pills and got into too much trouble. Her strong-willed mother stepped in to help her, and that's when Frances' troubles really began.
The mother orchestrated a series of hospitalizations in bizarre mental institutions, where Frances Farmer was brutally mistreated and finally, horrifyingly, lobotomized. She ended her days as a vague, pleasant middle-age woman who did a talk show in Indianapolis and finally died of alcoholism.
Jessica Lange plays Frances Farmer in a performance that is so driven, that contains so many different facets of a complex personality, that we feel she has an intuitive understanding of this tragic woman.
She is just as good when she portrays Farmer as an uncertain, appealing teenager from the Northwest as she is when she plays her much later, snarling at a hairdresser and screaming at her mother. All of those contradictions were inside Farmer, and if she had learned to hide or deal with some of them she might have lived a happier life.
The story of Frances Farmer makes a fascinating movie, if only because it's such a contrast to standard show-business biographies. They usually come in two speeds: rags to riches, or rags to riches to victim. "Frances" never really lays blame for the tragedy of Farmer's life.
It presents a number of causes for Farmer's destruction. (A short list might include her combative personality, her shrewish mother, the studio system, betrayal by her lovers, alcoholism, drug abuse, psychiatric malpractice and the predations of a mad lobotomist.)
But the movie never comes right out and says what it believes "caused" Farmer's tragedy. That is good, I think, because no simple explanation will do for Farmer's life. The movie is told from her point of view, and from where she stood she was surrounded. On one day she had one enemy, and on another day, another enemy. Always, of course, her worst enemy was herself.
The movie doesn't let us off the hook by giving us someone to blame. Instead, it insists on being a bleak tragedy, and it argues that sometimes it is quite possible for everything to go wrong. Since most movies are at least optimistic enough to provide a cause for human tragedy, this one is sort of daring.
It is also well made by Clifford, a first-time director whose credits as a film editor include such virtuoso work as "McCabe and Mrs. Miller" and "Don't Look Now." Clifford has made a period picture that wears its period so easily that we're not distracted by it, and he has made a movie that is bleak without being unwatchable.
There are a few problems with his structure, most of them centering around an incompletely explained friend of Farmer's, played by Sam Shepard as a guy who seems to drift into her life whenever the plot requires him. Kim Stanley plays Farmer's mother on a rather thankless note of shrillness, and the lobotomist in the picture seems to have wandered over from a nearby horror film. (He apparently gave the same impression in real life.)
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She might have been one of the greatest movie stars of her time. As it is, when I was asked the other day to name a few of Frances Farmer's best films, I had to admit that, offhand, I couldn't think of one.
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- 1998
NTBC is a triketone with herbicidal activity that has been shown to have a novel mode of action by inhibiting the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase in plants. Early studies on the toxicity of this compound found that rats treated with NTBC developed corneal lesions. Investigations aimed at understanding the mechanistic basis for the ocular toxicity… (More)
- Trevor Green, William M Provan, D C Collinge, A E Guest
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The in vivo interaction of methylene chloride and its metabolites with F344 rat and B6C3F1 mouse lung and liver DNA was measured after inhalation exposure to 4000 ppm [14C]methylene chloride for 3 hr. DNA was isolated from the tissues 6, 12, and 24 hr after the start of exposure and analyzed for total radioactivity and the distribution of radioactivity… (More)
- Edward A. Lock, Peter Gaskin, +5 authors L. C. Mutter
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Administration of a single oral dose of 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione (NTBC) to rats produced a marked tyrosinemia in the plasma and aqueous humor. The tyrosinemia was both time- and dose-dependent with the duration being more marked at the higher doses. The dose-response curve was very steep with a single dose of 1.5 micromol… (More)
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- Toxicology and applied pharmacology
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A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model capable of describing the metabolism of vinyl chloride (VC) in rats, mice, and humans has been developed and validated by comparison with experimental data from experiments not used in model development. This PBPK model has been used to predict measures of delivered dose (reactive VC metabolites produced… (More)
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- Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in…
- 2002
1. Analysis of urine by (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to detect biochemical disturbances predictive of toxicological changes. Recent studies, using (1)H-NMR spectroscopy have suggested that Alderley Park rats can be classified as hippuric acid (HA) or m-(hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (m-HPPA) excretors. Evidence exists for the… (More)
- Edward A. Lock, Peter Gaskin, Martin H. Ellis, William M Provan, Lewis L. Smith
- Toxicology and applied pharmacology
- 2006
2-(2-Nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-cyclohexane-1,3-dione (NTBC) is a potent inhibitor of rat liver 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) leading to tyrosinemia and corneal opacity. We examined the effect of NTBC on the extent of tyrosinemia and production of corneal lesions in the beagle dog, rabbit and rhesus monkey, as part of safety evaluation on… (More)


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we will be closing at 2pm on Wednesday, November 22nd & closed on Thanksgiving Day
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With respect to Shakro Molodoy proceedings was instigated for establishment of criminal association
Previously, The CrimeRussia has already reported that with respect to detained on charges of extortion Zakhar Kalashov the examination of other facts is carried out.
Investigators filed another criminal case against the kingpin Zakhar Kalashov known as Shakro Molodoy under the Article 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Creation of a Criminal Community (Criminal Organisation) and Participation Therein). It is reported by RIA Novosti with reference to its sources. However, the Kalashov's lawyer Alexander Gofshtein said that he has not been informed about that.
Earlier, a source of The CrimeRussia has already reported that in respect to Shakro Molodoy there is the examination of his involvement in other crimes. It has been reported that he will become a defendant in another criminal case on more serious article – 210 (Creation of a Criminal Community (Criminal Organisation) and Participation Therein). In addition, it checks his connection with encashment flows.
July 13 Tverskoy Court of Moscow arrested Zakhar Kalashov until 15 August. Shakro Molodoy held on charges of extorting a large sum from the owner of Elements restaurant on Rochdelskaya street in Moscow. Another defendant in the same case is his colleague a kingpin Andrey Kochuykov (Italian), for whose release from prison Kalashov offered 1 million dollars. At bribe there were caught senior officers of the Investigative Committee. The day before they were detained.
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Official charges have not been brought yet. The arrest can not last more than 48 hours without a court decision.


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Score from 2980 reviews
from 289 AED – Hotel
from 315 AED – Hotel
from 293.25 AED – Hotel
from 280 AED – Guest accommodation
Guest accommodation
0.14 km
Sheikh Zayed Road , Dubai
0.17 km
Sheikh Zayed Road, Opposite Sharaf DG Metro Station , Dubai
0.18 km
Al Barsha , Dubai
0.19 km
Sheikh Zayed Road, Near Mall Of Emirates , Dubai
* Distances are measured as a straight line, calculated from a starting point to a destination point
All bookings are confirmed instantly. No waiting, no email exchanges, no confusion.
On the famous Sheikh Zayed Road, the Rose Garden Hotel features a rooftop swimming pool offering panoramic views of Dubai. It offers modern, self-catering studios and apartments with free Wi-Fi.
The accommodation at Rose Garden Hotel Apartments – Barsha come with well-equipped kitchenettes or full kitchens. They feature seating areas and flat-screen satellite TVs. The private bathrooms come with free soap and shampoo products.
Guests can enjoy the sun at the deck surrounding the rooftop pool. Or opt for a workout in the fitness centre that comes with cardio equipment and free weights.
Rose Garden Hotel Apartments is just 800 metres from the famous Mall of the Emirates and Ski Dubai. Sharaf DG Metro Station is just 100 metres away. Free private parking is available on site.
Rooms: 19
Please note that Rose Garden Hotel Apartments is a non-alcohol accommodation.
The property accommodates families and married couples. Single bachelors are welcome but due to security reasons they cannot accommodate any visitor into their apartment except parents or siblings.
All guest must present their valid original ID (Passport, Emirates ID, UAE labor card) upon check-in as its mandatory from local authority.
Please note that upon check-in, guests must present the credit card used to make the booking. For third party bookings, kindly contact the hotel at least 7 days prior to arrival date.
Please note that there might be slight noise disturbance during the day time from the construction in the nearby area and in hotel premises due to necessary appliance fixing.
Please note that VAT is likely to be introduced across the UAE on 1 January 2018. The rate is likely to be 5%. Should there be a change in the date of VAT implementation or in VAT rate, it will be adjusted on guest bill upon departure.
Microwave, Stovetop, Refrigerator, Kitchenette, Electric kettle, Kitchenware, Oven, Dining area, Toaster
Shower, Bath or Shower, Toilet, Bathroom, Free toiletries, Bath, Bathrobe, Toilet paper, Slippers, Hairdryer
Wardrobe/Closet, Safety Deposit Box, Washing Machine, Ironing Facilities, Clothes rack, Iron, Tile/Marble floor, Tumble dryer, Dressing Room, Desk, Air conditioning
Flat-screen TV, Cable Channels, Telephone, Satellite Channels
Wake Up Service/Alarm Clock, Linen, Towels
Upper floors accessible by lift, Upper floors accessible by stairs only
Child safety socket covers
This spacious studio features a large open-plan sleeping area, a living area and a well-equipped kitchenette.
Oven, Kitchen, Toaster, Stovetop, Kitchenette, Dining table, Kitchenware, Electric kettle, Refrigerator, Dining area, Microwave
Shower, Slippers, Toilet, Hairdryer, Bath, Bath or Shower, Bathrobe, Toilet paper, Free toiletries, Bathroom
Tile/Marble floor, Wardrobe/Closet, Iron, Dressing Room, Tumble dryer, Clothes rack, Desk, Washing Machine, Ironing Facilities, Sofa, Safety Deposit Box, Air conditioning, Seating Area
Telephone, Cable Channels, Flat-screen TV, Satellite Channels
Towels, Linen, Wake-up service
Upper floors accessible by stairs only, Upper floors accessible by lift
Child safety socket covers
This large one-bedroom apartment features a master bedroom with a private bathroom, a separate living room, a dining area and a fully equipped kitchen.
Dining table, Electric kettle, Microwave, Kitchenware, Dining area, Kitchenette, Dishwasher, Stovetop, Oven, Kitchen, Refrigerator, Toaster
Free toiletries, Toilet paper, Toilet, Bath, Hairdryer, Shower, Bathroom, Bathrobe, Slippers
Washing Machine, Dressing Room, Air conditioning, Sofa, Tumble dryer, Ironing Facilities, Desk, Wardrobe/Closet, Iron, Clothes rack, Safety Deposit Box, Tile/Marble floor, Seating Area
Telephone, Satellite Channels, Flat-screen TV, Cable Channels
Wake-up service, Linen, Towels
Balcony, View
Upper floors accessible by stairs only, Upper floors accessible by lift
Child safety socket covers
This spacious two-bedroom apartment features a master bedroom with a king bed, a second bedroom with twin beds, 2 private bathrooms, a separate living room, a dining area and a fully equipped kitchen.
Kitchenette, Oven, Stovetop, Microwave, Dining area, Kitchenware, Electric kettle, Refrigerator, Toaster
Toilet, Free toiletries, Bathrobe, Shower, Slippers, Hairdryer, Toilet paper, Bath or Shower, Bathroom, Bath
Iron, Desk, Safety Deposit Box, Tile/Marble floor, Clothes rack, Dressing Room, Air conditioning, Washing Machine, Tumble dryer, Ironing Facilities, Wardrobe/Closet
Satellite Channels, Telephone, Cable Channels, Flat-screen TV
Wake-up service, Linen, Towels
Upper floors accessible by stairs only, Upper floors accessible by lift
Child safety socket covers
This spacious studio includes a large open-plan sleeping and living area and a well-equipped kitchenette.
Refrigerator, Kitchenware, Dining area, Microwave, Dining table, Kitchenette, Toaster, Electric kettle, Dishwasher, Stovetop, Oven
Free toiletries, Shower, Slippers, Hairdryer, Bathrobe, Toilet paper, Bath, Toilet, Bathroom
Seating Area, Air conditioning, Dressing Room, Tile/Marble floor, Safety Deposit Box, Wardrobe/Closet, Desk, Washing Machine, Sofa, Iron, Ironing Facilities, Tumble dryer, Clothes rack
Telephone, Flat-screen TV, Cable Channels, Satellite Channels
Towels, Wake-up service, Linen
Landmark view, Balcony, City view
Entire unit wheelchair accessible, Upper floors accessible by lift, Upper floors accessible by stairs only
Child safety socket covers
This two-bedroom apartment features a balcony, a kitchenette and air conditioning.
After booking, all of the hotel's details, including telephone and email address, are provided in the online booking confirmation, confirmation email.
WiFi available in all areas
Golf course (within 3 km)
Chocolate or cookies, Grocery deliveries, Bottle of water, Room service, Fruits, On-site coffee house, Breakfast in the room, Restaurant
Outdoor pool (all year), Kids' pool, Pool/beach towels, Heated pool, Fitness centre, Swimming pool, Rooftop pool, Sauna, Pool with view
Secured parking, Shuttle service (additional charge), Airport shuttle, Airport pick up, Airport shuttle (additional charge), Shuttle service, Airport drop off, Car hire
Tickets to attractions or shows
Daily maid service, Trouser press, Dry cleaning, Shoeshine, Laundry, Ironing service
Family rooms, Facilities for disabled guests, Non-smoking throughout, Toilet with grab rails, Emergency cord in bathroom, Non-smoking rooms, Air conditioning, Wheelchair accessible, Lift
Free WiFi! WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Free parking! Free private parking is possible on site (reservation is not needed).
From 14:00 hours
Until 12:00 hours
All children are welcome.
One child under 12 years stays free of charge when using existing beds.
One older child or adult is charged AED 125 per person per night in an extra bed.
One child under 3 years stays free of charge in a child's cot/crib.
The maximum number of extra beds/children's cots permitted in a room is 1.
Pets are not allowed.
Our hotel reviews will help you find the best deal in the right location.
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Its my first time going to Paris. I need some help knowing whats the train station and which route I need to take from the airport to the suburb called Savigny Le temple?
where Can i find the time schedule form this train? How far is from Paris?
Thanks for the info!!
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whats the train station from the airport to Savigny Le temple
Its my first time going to Paris. I need some help knowing whats the train station and which route I need to take from the airport to the suburb called Savigny Le temple?
Report Abuse
Savigny le temple is about an hour by car from CDG on the other side of Paris. It doesn;t show on the bahn.de site which makes me think it doesn;t have a train station. You would need to find out what nearby town would have a station and figure out how to get to the center of Paris from there. I certainly hope you're not trying to tour Paris from there - it's nowhere near the city.
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It's in the new town of Sénant, which is served by the RER D line.
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Team Building Activities in Oklahoma City, OK
If you're looking for a fun outdoor team building activity and a great way to experience the city, check out ScavengerQuest and Ultimate Race. Our treasure hunt begins at the Santa Fe Plaza and if you are hosting your meeting at the convention center, you are in luck.
Our course is only one block away. You and your teams will be guided around the area with smartphones and clue packets as you search for details in the architecture, signs and statues. Complete puzzles, take photos and complete challenges to earn points as you bond with your peers and improve teamwork.
Taking Flight with DISC is an enlightening and engaging way to improve communication skills within your team and your organization. Through interactive exercises, you will learn what your communication style is and how to adapt your style based on your audience. DISC is a powerful tool that leaders use in coaching sessions, team meetings and distributing important information company wide.
ScavengerQuest | Wheels for the World | Harmonia | You Take the Cake! | Mini Golf Charity Classic | Intergalactic Adventure | Taking Flight with DISC | SmileKits


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Offering wireless media to the residence possesses lots of perks for the property individual. Along with the complete turn out from wireless innovations enabling fast wireless gain access to the occupy through makers has actually enhanced providing a lot more alternatives and also even more needs to make your home a wireless one. At the center from the property wireless system is actually the wireless hub.
There are actually numerous wireless routers on the marketplace today as well as picking one located completely on rate alone is actually certainly not the most effective remedy. In the observing resource I will certainly review a number of the functions that could be actually demanded when looking at a wireless modem for the house. Just before carrying on a fundamental understanding from making contacts modern technology as well as the numerous velocity functionalities from each is actually needed.
The 3 major rates for wired hookups are actually 10Mb (10 Megabits), 100Mb (ONE HUNDRED Megabits) as well as 1GB (1 Gigabit or even THOUSAND Megabits). The velocity is actually determined in megabits each 2nd as well as the fast forward for every is actually 10, ONE HUNDRED as well as THOUSAND megabits each next. So as to get to the wanted connection velocity both tools have to possess a coordinating system slot to make it possible for connection through a necessary system wire. That costs keeping in mind that merely CAT5e system wires can 1 GIGABYTE links. Many present day system allowed tools possess system slots that possess the capability to car recognize the connection rate from the matching system slot.
The existing offered requirements for wireless systems are actually 802.11, 802.11 a, 802.11 b, 802.11 g as well as 802.11 n. The connection rates from these criteria have actually strengthened with time as well as are actually 802.11 – 2Mbps, 802.11 a – 54Mbps, 802.11 b – 11Mbps, 802.11 g – 54Mbps, and also 802.11 n 100Mbps upwards. Wireless N is actually the most up to date add-on as well as is actually ending up being considerably accessible to the residence individual. Some producers publicize velocities from up 300Mbps for wireless N allowed gadgets however this rate hinges on numerous variables featuring the layout from the structure and also the density from wall surfaces and so on
Generally there are actually pair of significant kinds of routers, those along with cable boxes integrated and also those without. Routers without integrated cable boxes should be actually attached to an existing broadband cable box to make it possible for connection to the world wide web. These 2 teams from wireless routers are actually divided in to 2 kinds due to the connection styles they manage ADSL as well as Cord (UK). The right hub kind is actually needed for the equivalent connection kind. Prior to choosing to buy a modem along with an integrated cable box that will be actually a good idea to consult your Access provider (ISP) for being compatible advise.
A lot of routers possess a user interface that makes it possible for the customer to handle the performance and also components from the hub. Although the design as well as attributes may differ there are actually a couple of components that are actually thought about a have to when deciding on a residence wireless hub.
When picking a hub surveillance need to be actually a higher top priority. There are actually a handful of requirements on call for safeguarding wireless relationships yet nothing at all under WPA2 ought to be actually made use of to stop unsanctioned accessibility to a wireless system or even use a house web connection. WEP is actually no more solid sufficient to protect relationships.
A MAC COMPUTER deal with is actually provided to each system qualified tool when created. Each system memory card or even wireless system tool possesses its very own worldwide one-of-a-kind MAC COMPUTER Handle. Some wireless routers permit these deals with to become taken part in the routers enable listing. The moment made it possible for, gadgets that have actually certainly not been actually contributed to the modem permit listing will certainly be actually incapable to link wirelessly to the system.
A lot of great house wireless routers possess integrated firewall programs to stop unsanctioned accessibility to the system using the net. That is actually a great idea to feature this attribute in any sort of hub acquisition. At some time details treatments or even activities on a pc could make use of particular slots to attach to the net. This function makes it possible for sending from the called for slots to the demanded place on the system. Get in touch with the creates guidelines on putting together this attribute.
Wireless routers could feature several attributes depending upon the degree as well as rate from design obtained. Some added components could be readily available and also could be actually demanded in specific scenarios. Folks that operate off house might require VPN accessibility to the place of work as well as could require a hub that works along with the company's system needs.
If get access to is actually needed to tools when out of house after that this likewise has to be actually thought about. Slot sending could be actually needed as well as some routers are going to enable the establishing from compelling DNS profile info enabling quick and easy accessibility using a net web internet browser.


text:
Swoon Commission (2004)
Art by Dave Sim
(from Comic Art Fans, 2010)
Commisioned piece for CBLDF auction. The design was to be used for t-shirts but something went wrong. Doubtful it will ever be used at this point.
And then I inserted the announcement post. I continued:11/15/17Hi again Dave,At your request (via Sean,) I've posted my message and your response on AMOC (or rather, it's scheduled to be posted sometime tonight, or tomorrow morning. Ah, the wonders of the internet…)Anyway, I've posted the announcement of the Editorial take-over to AMOC. Here it is for your amusement:
Anyway again, regarding your fax of 14 November:It's not so much "stressing", it's more of a mental coping mechanism I've developed. If I assume the worst, I can be pleasantly surprised when things don't go wrong.A. Yeah, I've kinda assumed the arm's length part. It IS my show now, but it's a show that defers to the President of A-V. I've been trying to come up with a better analogy, but nothing seems to fit. (Batman/Commissioner Gordon?) But as Tim told me, the mandate is: to celebrate Cerebus and Hopefully drive some money to A-V. (I can't find the direct quote right this second…)B. No Dave! You're doing it wrong! It's SUPPOSED to go: "Oh Man! NOT Matt! Anybody but MATT!!!" Digression: Back in the early 2000s, right before Grant Morrison took over writing one of the X-Men books, I sent in a pitch to Marvel (along with a box of cookies), when I told my Dad about it, he said, "The worst they can do is say 'no'" to which I replied, "No, the worst they can do is say 'yes'. Then I'd have to write the damn thing!"C. I'm gonna shout "FEED THE BEAST!" every time I hit the "post" button now… And I know they're finite. Technically EVERYTHING is finite. But when a feature reaches its natural conclusion, I'll (hopefully) have a new feature. (Or quit. Ya know, just keeping my options open…)I. So, that's a "NO" on me using them? Just asking for clarification. Also, what about the Blog and Mail? Is that stuff "fair game" or should I hold off on raiding it? (I'm mostly thinking of the Mr. Meaty drawing…)II. I dunno about a "wiki," but I can start organizing that stuff on my computer and either burn it to disc, or copy it to a flash drive and sent it "up Nort' " when it's full/needed. (I plan to start this whatever your response. It's too good an idea.)III.
[redacted by the "None of your damn business" Police. For further inquiries on this matter, please direct all communications to momentofcerebus {at} gmail {dot} com. We apologize for the inconvenience. We here at A Moment Of Cerebus know you have a many options for daily doses of Cerebus the Aardvark related conten...wait a minute, no you don't. We're it. Ha ha suckers!]
And now Dave Sim's response (via Sean R.) to the above:D. 1. That's ME: "Matt Dow: Problem Maker!"I. And that's when that feature ends. Also, that's two-years-from-now-Matt's headache…II. Well, not really. I kinda assumed you had copies of them somewhere in the Archive. I mean, it's The Beavers. Not IDW's Rip Kirby reprints. Nobody is gonna bitch about them not being in Hi-Def 1080p super deluxe awesomeness (or at least, I'M not gonna CARE if they do. It's like they taught Janis in Pre-school, "You get what you get, and you DON'T throw a fit.") (Also, while I totally understand where you're coming from and absolutely don't question your position on this, I kinda wanna press the point just because I find the idea of "The Great Dave Sim Beaver Hunt" hilarious. I can see the online article headlines now: "Dave Sim Searches For Beaver!" "Dave Sim Wants Your Beavers! Only High Quality Images!" "Help Dave Sim Find Beaver!" Heh.)D. 2. "Blight"? Okay. It was an idea. To paraphrase Groucho Marx: "These are my ideas, if you don't like them I have others.""Welcome to the Jungle"? Wait, you DO know the next line in the song is "You're gonna die!!!!" (okay, near the end of the song, but still…)Paula, Janis, and Rocky all say, "Hi" (Well, not really. Paula's at work, Janis is doing homework, and Natasha just says, "Phbbt." and "credibles" (she's into The Incredibles right now.))I'll put George on the list of helpers.Thanks for the wishes, good luck with the Kickstarter,Matt Dow
17 November 17
Hi Matt!
I'd describe it as "less extreme" than Batman and Commissioner Gordon, but that's not a bad analogy: the Commissioner of Police working secretly with a masked vigilante is "not on" in any conventional real-world sense. And Dave Sim, non-feminist, is "not on" in our society as constituted. Which leaves you, as Commissioner Gordon, with an unenviable balancing act.
Which I don't participate in. I'm not a feminist and the 15 Impossible Things To Believe Before Breakfast are among the reasons why I'm not a feminist. Which, in 2017, makes me the metaphysical equivalent of a masked vigilante outlaw. And I'm as fine with that in 2017 as I've been with that since 1994; Completely fine;
It makes my life very straightforward. Everyone else is a feminist and I'm not and neither of those things is going to change in our lifetimes so there's really nothing more to be said.
All I really want to do is get STRANGE DEATH OF ALEX RAYMOND finished and A-V's entire history preserved. I'm assuming I die "in harness", the only question is "when". And then everything keeps going exactly as it's going now except I won't be here, Which leads to:
A greater AMOC emphasis under your editorial administration on "drive some money to A-V" would be nice. Not to the point of the PTL CLUB when that ship was sinking but a kind of on-going "reality check": this is really about one societal outlaw hoping to preserve 40 years -- and counting -- of his outlaw history and the history of his outlaw intellectual properties.
(It's not a "monument to myself'' as the naysayers on AMOC keep saying, it's the whole enchilada of the chrysalis I'm leaving behind when I blow this pop stand somewhere up ahead. "Me" is leaving. This is the "not me" I left behind. Anything in physical form in any way related to Dave Sim is all there in one tiny little Off-White House. Make of it what you will, future generations. I did the best I could to preserve it as close to intact as possible.)
As the old joke went, "don't applaud, throw money". Patreon, Kickstarter, the donation button at cerebusdownloads, cerebus downloads itself, going to the comic store the last Wednesday of every month and buying the new CEREBUS IN HELL? #1. It's been a completely unlikely fan-driven, fan-financed 40 years and that part never gets easier. We're within 1 ,400 copies of dropping to the sales of CEREBUS #1 in 1977.
Apart from that, the best advice I can give you is the advice the aliens gave to Woody Allen, "Tell funnier jokes."
Anything YOU can find ANYWHERE or someone else can find for you is "fair game" in Feeding The Daily Beast. I have never stopped anyone from publishing anything of mine and I can't picture a situation where I would. Since you know where all of the BLOG & MAIL is stored that makes it "fair game". Likewise THE BEAVERS: whatever you can find on your own or someone finds for you, you're welcome to print.
|Notebook #9, page 90
|Notebook #9, page 91
|Cerebus #86, page 5 panel
Dear Dave,
Hey how's it going?
So, I don't know if Tim W. has alerted you yet, but I guess I'm taking over A Moment Of Cerebus, as Interim Editor. (I refuse to be Editor-In-Chief as that sounds like too much responsibility.) Tim is going to become Editor Emeritus.And the whole crap-shoot is gonna go down in flames (probably.)Anyway, I'm sending you this fax to:A. Let you know what's up.B. Let you object as strenuously as possible.C. Let you know my plans for AMOC. Which is basically to fill four days' worth of posts a week (as Tim says you and Margaret and Sean Robinson take care of the other three.) Which I think I can handle between a series of "Cerebus in My Life" posts detailing my history with the character, the book, and you and Ger (strangely going back to 1982 when I was four…). "Hey, I know that Aardvark!" Showing Cerebus appearances in other books. (And hopefully, I can get the creators of those works to comment on why they used Cerebus.) "Kevin Reads Cerebus" my friend just got into the book big time, and he's gonna blog issue by issue (he's been buying singles to get a run), which should run for three hundred weeks. And your answers to the "Five" questions we asked during the Great Cerebus Re-Read on the Yahoo group (L nny and Margaret said I could run those.)D. And to ask about a couple of ideas I had for AMOC. Two regular features for Sundays. 1. "Sunday Funnies" where I'd like to run The Beavers strips. Or 2. Dave's Gospel commentaries. I'd need copies of both, if you think there'd be interest/value in running either.So, that's what's up. I don't know if Tim wants to announce the switch over yet or not (you'd have to check with him,) so I don't know if you can talk about this on the Weekly Update or not. (I don't even pretend that I'm in charge.) But if he does and you want to, I say, "go with it!" It's not like I can stop ya.
Here's to failing spectacularly upward!Matt Dow(I don't know what I've gotten myself into, but it's either gonna be titanic or like the Titanic…)
14 November 17
Hi Matt:
I don't think the "whole crap-shoot is gonna go down in flames". The worst that happens is you have a short tenure as Interim Editor and "pass the baton" in a lot shorter a period of time than Tim W's six years. So, I recommend that you not stress about that.
A. Thanks for that courtesy on your part, although my own policy has always been to maintain an arm's-length relationship to AMOC. My political and social views are too much at variance with the general population for that, I think, to be otherwise. The closest analogy I can think of is President Trump and the New York Times. Like "Love and Marriage" " ... you can't have one without/the other".
B. So, no objection on my part. I think AMOC is Tim W's to dispose of as he wishes and if he's chosen you as his successor then I will respect that as I would imagine President Trump would respect any decision to change the editorial leadership at the New York Times.
C. All very good suggestions and I hope you'll follow through on them. They're also finite suggestions so I would warn you, personally, that a daily blog like this devours material like a California brush fire -- the name of the online news site, The Daily Beast, sums it up nicely. Ask TimW here at the end of his three hundred weeks and I'm sure he'll tell you that 300 weeks is a lot more like an eye blink and lot less like "forever" that it seems at the outset.
i. I had forgotten the Five Questions during the Re-Reads. I'm going to suggest that those be organized as post-mortem "Notes" for my successor as Aardvark-Vanaheim president in future CEREBUS ARCHIVE PORTFOLIOS after I'm dead.
ii. This illustrates the distinction between the AMOC editor and the· president of Aardvark-Vanaheim. A central concern of the latter is always going to be What can we sell to the core A-V readership in order to maintain Aardvark-Vanaheim in perpetuity? The central concern of the former is always going to be What can we use to feed The Daily Beast?
It would be very helpful -- speaking current president to current editor -- if some sort of "hidden Wiki" could be developed into which my observations, trade paperback by trade paperback, could be "dumped'', engineered in such a way that if the observations already exist on the site, the "dumper" is notified when they attempt a "dump" -- "We already have these" or "We didn't have these until you 'dumped' them, so thank you for that".
The prime source would be period letters and period introductions and period AARDVARK COMMENTS and Notes from the President.
If an inventory of this material could be made available that would mean that after my death the CEREBUS ARCHIVE PORTFOLIO series could continue with whatever-the-next-trade was that I would have been commenting on and instead of "the next ten pages in sequence" it could be "any ten pages that best relate to the Notes on hand". Making the job of my successor in the office of president that much easier.
iii) In terms of "feeding the Daily Beast", a snake eating its tail is always going to be the best solution so I would suggest AMOC's own history: begin reprinting the AMOC posts from the beginning on the -- I think, safe •• assumption that no one remembers 1/10th of them and none of them with any specificity. Which means each post effectively fulfills both its "then mandate" -- here"s an interesting Moment from the History of CEREBUS -- as well as a binary "now mandate" •• here"s an interesting Moment from the History of AMOC. Particularly if TimW is willing to comment from time to time about whatever he remembers going on when he did that post.
D 1. A couple of problems with running THE BEAVERS strips:
i) there's only 104 of them so that's two years and two years will go by in an eye blink and you have nothing to replace them with.
ii) they would require scanning and restoration by Sean and a parallel BEAVERS ART HUNT program trying to track down the original artwork 'and (the president of Aardvark-Vanaheim speaking here) there's no money in it Sean's aptitudes -- scanning, restoration and pre-press-· really need to be allocated to (in descending order of importance) a) CEREBUS IN HELL? b) STRANGE DEATH OF ALEX RAYMOND and c) other stuff with THE BEAVERS at or near the bottom of the list.
2. I'd be hesitant to run my Ton:ih/Gospel commentaries as a Sunday feature since I think commentaries at the expense of Scripture is one of the great blights upon our worldwide civilization and I don't really want to contribute to that.
As an alternative, I could rustle up my readings of the Torah, starting from Genesis 1 and provide you with those. The question that raises is:
a) What is a sensible amount of Scripture for AMOC to run on any given Sunday? I originally did 10 chapters -- what I actually read in my own Sunday observance -- but that's up around two hours. A chapter? Ten verses? I think it would have to be along the lines of "A Moment" so it aligns with the spirit of AMOC and the modern attention span.
b) I would be willing to read and record John's Gospel and Revelation and Suras from the Koran if you want to do a "rotation" -- again, mirroring my own Sunday observance where I read the Torah in the morning, John's Gospel or Revelation at noon and the Koran at night. Rinse and repeat.
c) I think you would have determine how much this encroaches on the largely secular AMOC audience, But, that would be your call as Interim Editor to make: "this is the compromise position between representing Dave Sim and what I picture AMOC as being!'
Welcome to the jungle, Matt!
Best wishes to Paula, Janis Pearl and Bullwinkle.
PS: I had a phone message from George Gatsis, offering his services in running AMOC. I'd suggest that he would be a very good technical advisor for you -· here's what's POSSIBLE in the technical side of AMOC -- and a content provider and sounding board. But, just as there's only one president of Aardvark-Vanaheim at a time, there's only one AMOC editor at a time. I'm sure he'll be happy to give you his advice, as I'm happy to give you my advice, but at the end.of the day, the decisions are yours to make.
Good luck!
|Notebook #9, page 80
|Notebook #9, page 81


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Swift Appoints New Marketing Executive
Swift, the industry cooperative, has appointed Javier Pérez-Tasso as its new marketing executive.
In his new role, Pérez-Tasso will be responsible for growing market share in reference data, matching and cloud services, as well as consolidating the organization's position in its core areas, including clearing and settling and market infrastructure. He will be based in Swift's headquarters in Belgium and report to the chief executive, Gottfried Leibbrandt.
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text: This was our first time to stay at the Grand Hyatt after having stayed at Fairmont at Raffles City for the past years. I always thought Fairmont had a great location as it was connected directly to the mall and Grand Hyatt wasn't, and had the impression that Hyatt was a bit of a walk to the nearest MRT. My... More


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Canyon Sainte-Anne Walking Tour - Quebec5 Reviews Write a Review
From USD 10.79
- Overview |
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Tour Information
Tour Details
OverviewWhether you are traveling on vacation or looking for recreation in the region of Quebec and Charlevoix, enjoy the nature of the Canyon Sainte-Anne and its magnificent waterfalls! While on your 45-minute walking tour, hear the roar of the spring flood waters, walk in the sun in summer, and enjoy the beautiful fall colors. Explore the imposing 74m high Sainte-Anne waterfall and cross one of the highest pedestrian bridges in Quebec at 60 meters high! Discover the giant potholes, cascades of the little canyon and experience Via Ferrata and the Canyon's giant zip line for the adventurous.
- Ideal choice for families
- Soak up the atmosphere on a walking tour
- Tour is wheelchair accessible
- All entrance fees included
- Once-in-a-Lifetime Experience
- Perfect for all ages and skill level
Know More about this tourEnter a spectacular and a vertiginous canyon grooved by the force of the imposing Sainte-Anne falls, 74 meters high (21 meters higher than Niagara Falls) in the 1.2 billion-year-old rock of the Canadian Shield. Imagine a spectacular forest full of rainbows.The safe, groomed trails are easy to access, allowing young families and their children to wander in complete security along the north and south banks of the Canyon.
During this visit, view a series of three suspension bridges, one of which is 60 meters above the gorge, making visitors feel 'suspensational' emotions. Discover the giant potholes, cascades of the 'little canyon,' or help the Petraminis get the rainbow's colors back. Canyon Sainte-Anne is a great adventure, natural and grandiose.
Fly above the gorge
Your own exclusivity in a Canadian natural park
Secure family fun
Sit back, take a deep breath… and soar over a stunning rock and water panorama. Cross the forest at full speed to finally find yourself astonished, feet in the air, dangling 90 m above the Canyon's gorge and its ferocious rumbling waters. Seize the opportunity to observe the canyon the way eagles do.
Secure and offered to the whole family; you are going to experience our Canadian nature in a new unexpected way!
This tour may include initiation to via ferrata and zip lining for the adventurous. Also, enjoy the outdoor terrace in the forest, picnic area. A special shuttle service is provided for anyone who is physically challenged.
Inclusions for Canyon Sainte-Anne Walking Tour
- Entrance fees
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- Walking tour
Exclusions for Canyon Sainte-Anne Walking Tour
- Food and drinks
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Additional Info
Confirmation will be received at time of booking
Children must be accompanied by an adult
Dress code is smart casual
Wheelchair accessible
Cancellation Policy
- If you cancel within 3 calendar days (72 hours) of the scheduled departure time, the cancellation charge will be 100% of the undiscounted tour price.
- If you cancel between 4 to 7 Calendar days before scheduled tour departure,the cancellation charge will be 50% of the undiscounted tour price.
- If you cancel at least 8 calendar days in advance of the scheduled departure time, there is no cancellation fee. You will receive Full Refund for the paid amount.
- Please note that in case of No show, the cancellation charge will be 100% of the listed tour fare.
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The New 'Game Of Thrones' Trailer Promises More Dragons
Expect blood, betrayal, and brutal battles
Expect blood, betrayal, and brutal battles
As the much-awaited premiere of Game Of Thrones Season 7 approaches, HBO has released another new trailer from the seven-episode seventh season earlier today.
The clip begins with Sansa Stark (Sophie Turner) walking away from Winterfell, as her admirer and captor Littlefinger (Aidan Gillen) tells her, "Don't fight in the North or the South. Fight every battle, everywhere, always — in your mind."
Battle scenes between Daenerys Targaryen (Emilia Clarke) and Cersei Lannister (Lena Headey) were also shown, and they're looking mighty epic.
Jon Snow (Kit Harington) can also heard in a voiceover, saying "For centuries our families fought together against their common enemy, despite their differences. We need to do the same if we're going to survive, because the enemy is real."
The teaser continues with a glimpse (finally!) of the wheelchair-bound Bran Stark (Issac Hempstead Wright) as the new Three-Eyed Raven.
Ending the trailer is Sansa's chilling line: "When the snows fall and the white winds blow, the wolf dies but the pack survives."
BONUS: HBO Asia has released an exclusive video of interviews with the cast members.
The series premieres in Asia the same time as the U.S.,exclusively on HBO this July 17 at 9 AM, with a same day primetime encore at 9 PM.
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Paradise in Chains: The Bounty Mutiny and the Founding of Australia
By Diana Preston
The story of Bali Ha'i, Captain Bligh, and Botany Bay.
Echo After Echo
By Amy Rose Capetta
Romance and backstage intrigue share the spotlight in this theatrical tale.
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Across the China Sea: A Novel
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A short tale of an altruistic Norwegian family that packs an emotional wallop.
Bobby Kennedy: A Raging Spirit
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Deep Freeze: A Virgil Flowers Novel
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The Burning Time: Henry VIII, Bloody Mary and the Protestant Martyrs of London
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York Island (Wisconsin)
York Island is one of the Apostle Islands in northern Wisconsin, in Lake Superior, and is part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore.[1] It is located in the Town of Russell in Bayfield County.
Coordinates: 46°58′59″N 090°51′49″W / 46.98306°N 90.86361°W
|This article about a location in Bayfield County, Wisconsin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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We've tried many local Mexcian eateries, but this is always our fave. The service is super-quick and food is delicious. The servers aren't quite chatty, but perhaps because there might be a language barrier -- not a problem with me, seeing as service is quick and food is fantastic. We've always found them to be attentive, and they always give us time to relax and enjoy our food. We've gone there for so long, they recognize us when we come in, which helps us feel welcome. The interior is colorful and fun, and the patio is super-nice (only downside is that it is on a busy road). My faves are the fish tacos (come with an AMAZING sauce!) and the spinach burrito. My husband tries all sorts of dishes, and he is rarely, if ever, disappointed. The value is great here.
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