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The uterus is the organ of gestation, receiving the
fecundated ovum in its cavity, retaining and supporting it during the development
of the fetus, and becoming the principal agent in its expulsion at the
time of parturition. In the virgin state it is pear-shaped, flattened
from before backward, and situated in the cavity of the pelvis between
the bladder and rectum; it is retained in its position by the round and
broad ligament on each side and projecting into the vagina below. Its upper
end, or base, is directed upward and forward; its lower end, or apex, downward
and backward in line of the axis of the inlet of the pelvis. The
uterus measures about three inches in length, two in breadth at its upper
part, and nearly an inch in thickness, and weighs from an ounce to an ounce
and one-half.
The size, weight, and location of the uterus varies
at different periods of life and under different circumstances. In
the fetus the uterus is contained in the abdominal cavity, projecting beyond
the brim of the pelvis.
The uterus consists of two parts: the body, with
its upper broad extremity, the fundus; and the cervix, or neck, which is
partly above the vagina ,and partly in the vagina.
The division between the body and cervix is indicated
externally by a slight constriction, and by the reflexion of the peritoneum
from the anterior surface of the uterus on to the bladder, and internally
by a narrowing of the canal, called the internal os.
The body gradually narrows from the fundus to the
neck. Its anterior surface is flattened, more than the posterior,
covered by peritoneum throughout, and separated from the bladder by the
utero-vesical pouch. Its posterior surface is convex transversely,
covered by peritoneum throughout, and separated from the rectum by some
convolutions of the intestine. Its lateral margins are concave, and
give attachment to the Fallopian tube above, the round ligament below and
in front, and the ligament of the ovary behind both of these structures.
The fundus is placed on a line below the level of
the brim of the pelvis, being directed forward behind the upper portion
of the anterior pelvic wall.
The cervix is the lower constricted segment of the
uterus; around its circumference is attached the upper end of the vagina,
which extends upward a greater distance behind than in front.
The supravaginal portion is not covered by peritoneum
in front; a pad of cellular tissue is interposed between it and the bladder.
Behind, the peritoneum is extended over its upper part. The vaginal
portion is the rounded lower end projecting into the vagina. On its
surface is a small aperature, the os uteri, generally circular in shape,
but sometimes oval. The margin of the opening is, in the absence
of past parturition or disease, quite smooth.
Ligaments. - The ligaments of the uterus
are eight in number: one anterior; one posterior; two lateral or broad;
two sacral-uterine - all these being formed of peritoneum; - and, lastly,
two round ligaments.
Cavity. - The cavity of the uterus is small
compared with the size of the organ; that portion of the cavity which corresponds
to the body is triangular, flattened from before backward, so that its
walls are closely approximated, and its base is directed upward toward
the fundus. At each superior angle is a funnel-shaped cavity, which
constitutes the remains of the division of the body of the uterus into
two cornua, and at the bottom of each cavity is the minute orifice of the
Fallopian tube. At the inferior angle of the uterine cavity is a
small constricted opening, the internal orifice, which leads into the cavity
of the cervix.
Blood Vessels. - The arteries of the uterus
are the uterine, from the internal iliac, and the ovarian, from the aorta.
They are remarkable for their tortuous course in the substance of the uterus,
and for their frequent anastomoses. The termination of the ovarian
artery meets the termination of the uterine artery, and forms an anastomotic
trunk, from which branches are given off to supply the uterus.
The veins are of large size, and correspond with the arteries.
In the impregnated uterus these vessels are termed the uterine sinuses,
consisting of the lining membrane of the veins adhering to the walls of
the canal channeled through the substance of the uterus. They terminate
in the uterine plexuses.
Nerves. - The nerves are derived from the
inferior hypogastric and ovarian plexuses, and from the third and fourth
sacral nerves.
At puberty the uterus is pyriform in shape, and
weighs from eight to ten drachms. It has descended into the pelvis,
the fundus being just below the level of the brim of the pelvic cavity.
The arbor vitae is distinct, and extends to the upper part of the
cavity of the organ.
During menstruation the uterus is enlarged, and
more vesicular, its surfaces rounder; the os externum is rounded, its labia
swollen, and the lining membrane of the body thickened, softer, and of
a darker color. At each recurrence of the menstruation a molecular
disintegration of the mucous membrane takes place, which leads to its complete
removal, only the bases of the glands imbedded in the muscle being left.
At the cessation of menstruation, by a proliferation of the remaining structures,
a fresh mucous membrane is formed.
The uterus being suspended by muscles and ligaments
in the cavity of the pelvis, and being subject to so many and such radical
changes, it is in no way surprising that ulceration, polypus, cancer, and
prolapse of the uterus are so very prevalent.
The true pathology or proximate condition of these
affections is but little understood by the medical profession, as is apparent
from the general ill success attending the ordinary treatment. The
term prolapsus is used indiscriminately for all degrees of simple
descent or falling of the womb; but some books use the term relaxation,
when the descent is only to the middle of the vagina, procidentia when
the uterus descends to the labia, and prolapsus when it protrudes externally.
Retroversion is that form of displacement in which the fundus uteri
descends toward the sacrum, the os uteri, or mouth of the womb, inclining
towards the pubes. Anteversion, is the reverse of the preceding,
the fundus falling forward and the os uteri inclining backward. In
inversion the organ is turned inside out while in a state of prolapse.
In anteversion the body of the uterus is bent forward on the cervix.
Retroflexion denotes the permanent backward dislocation of the fundus
uteri, with simultaneous flexion of the uterus over the posterior surface.
In some cases the upper part of the vagina protrudes into the lower, constituting
what is called prolapse of the vagina.
Prolapse of the uterus is attended with a
heavy, disagreeable, or painful dragging-down sensation at the lower part
of the abdomen, aching, or weakness about the small of the back, and, when
severe, great difficulty or inability in walking. At first there
is increased mucous secretion, which increases by degrees until it acquires
the character of an obstinate leucorrhea.
Retroversion of the uterus is attended with
irregular or constipated bowels, and from the pressure of the displaced
organ in the rectum behind and urethra in front there is more or less difficulty
experienced in expelling the contents of the bowels and bladder.
In this situation the womb often becomes congested, inflammatory, and enlarged,
and every attempt at walking is exceedingly painful and exhausting.
In bad cases the patient can only endure a fixed, motionless position in
her chair or bed. There is, too, usually considerable tenderness
and tension of the whole abdomen.
Anteversion is a less frequent occurrence;
it is denoted by difficulty in walking, sense of weight or fullness in
the pelvis, with many of the symptoms of prolapse, and is attended with
much less difficulty in evacuating urine and feces than retroversion.
Inversion is known by the organ hanging
down externally; it is usually the result of violence in extracting the
placenta, but may occur from an adhesion of the placenta or from polypous
tumors. In some instances the falling of the uterus or vagina drags the
bladder with it, constituting what is called complicated prolapse.
In this case the bladder, being deprived of the expulsory aid of the abdominal
muscles is incapable of evacuating its contents without artificial assistance.
Anteflexion must be accompanied by rigidity
at the point of flexion; there are disturbances of bladder functions, and
symptoms peculiar to inflammation. The os is frequently small and
the cervix long. The uterus may also, at the same time, be retroverted.
Retroflexion never exists without some degree
of retroversion. There is pain in the back constantly; reflex neuroses,
excessive, long, and painful menstruation; and conditions due to the extent
of retroversion. The neck is usually near the vulva.
Genital excrescence consists in polypus or
other tumors issuing from the surface of the uterus or vagina; they are
of all sizes and various degrees of consistency, from the softness of the
sponge to the firmness of leather.
Although medical authors and professors of midwifery
are continually talking about "relaxation of ligaments" which hold the
uterus in position, as the main cause of its displacement, it is quite
clear that this relaxation has nothing whatever to do with it; the yielding
or elongation of the ligament itself being an effect of the displacement.
The natural supports of the uterus are the vagina and abdominal muscles;
if the former is greatly relaxed, the uterus will descend, and the ligaments,
being kept constantly on the stretch, will finally elongate more or less;
and if the abdominal muscles are greatly debilitated, they do not contract
vigorously, so as to keep up equable and uniform compression in all the
various positions of the body, and hence the uterus is liable to fall forward
or backward, or to incline laterally; and when both are badly relaxed and
debilitated, we find both conditions of displacement - falling down and
tipping transversely across the pelvis.
In corroboration of this view of the subject, we
may advert to the fact that all the cases of uterine displacement met with
in our practice, with the single and rare exception of such as are produced
by violence, occur in females who suffer from the very circumstances which
are most efficient in inducing muscular relaxation of these parts, as constipation,
piles, dyspepsia, nervous debility, mis-menstruation, abortions or miscarriages,
preternatural labors, etc.
It is a well-known fact that all cases of female
troubles are accompanied by a weak, lame back, and it is to this point
we trace the real cause of almost cases of falling of the womb and other
troubles peculiar to women. Either by an accident or overwork, the
muscles of the back, from the first lumbar vertebra to the last sacral,
have become strained, causing contraction and a consequent pressure on
the nerves which control the organs of generation, thus breaking the nervous
current from the brain to these parts, interfering with the circulation
and permitting the muscles and the vagina, which hold the organs of generation
in place, to relax. The fact that our treatment usually gives immediate
relief, and in most cases a continuation of the treatment effects a permanent
cure, is ample proof that in female troubles the principles of Osteopathy
are far superior to any other known method.
1. Place the patient on the side; beginning
at the first lumbar vertebra, with the fingers close to the spine, move
the muscles upward and outward, very gently but deep, as low as the last
sacral vertebra. In the sacral region move the muscles very deeply
for about two inches on each side, as it is here we find formina which
transmit nerves directly to the organ in question. Treat the opposite
side in a similar manner.
2. Place the patient on the back; flex the
limbs slowly but strongly against the abdomen and hold in this position
for a few seconds, moving them gently from side to side.
The above treatment stimulates the nerves and frees
the blood-supply to the weakened muscles and the vagina; relaxation and
lack of tone being the true cause of this disease.
3. In all cases of constipation the bowels
should be flushed and the Constipation Treatment given.
4. Insert the finger into the vagina and move
the uterus carefully back to its normal position. It is seldom necessary
to use an instrument to perform this operation.
Treatment should be given every other day, except
local treatment, which should be given no oftener than every third or fourth
day. In the majority of cases a decided relief will be the result
of the first treatment.
In a great many instances a slight dislocation will
be discovered in the lumbar region - the result of accident or a strain.
In such instances a speedy cure may be effected by reducing the dislocation,
in addition to the above treatment.
See Dislocation
of the Lumbar Vertebrae (below).
Place the patient on the face, the limbs lying perfectly
straight, the arms hanging over the sides of the table; in this position
the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae should be exactly in line
and an equal distance should intervene between them; place one finger upon
each side of the last dorsal vertebra, move the fingers carefully down
the spine, and a slight lateral slip will easily be detected.
In case the spinous processes are thrown up or down,
it is easily discovered by passing the finger slowly downward over the
In case of a lateral displacement to the right,
after manipulating the muscles gently but deeply in the immediate region,
place the thumbs upon the spinous process of the vertebra at fault, while
an assistant, grasping the limbs, carries them slowly but quite strongly
to the left, bringing them with strong extension slowly back to their former
position, the operator pressing quite hard upon the spinous process of
the vertebra at fault the instant the limbs, under strong extension, are
brought back to the median line. Care must be exercised not to use
sufficient strength to cause the patient much pain, the object being to
gain a little each treatment until the cure is effected, which usually
requires from two to eight weeks treatment, given every other day.
In case of a posterior dislocation the patient should
be placed upon the side, the thumbs of the operator upon the spinous process
at fault, while the limbs are flexed by an assistant strongly against the
abdomen, a strong pressure being exerted by the operator upon the vertebra
at fault as the limbs are extended slowly but with strong extension.
May be due to tight clothing, violent effort, pregnancy,
congestion, or dislocation of lumbar vertebra.
Frequent micturition due to pressure of the uterus
on the bladder; may be menorrhagia; other symptoms similar to Metritis,
Cellulitis, and Peritonitis; the cervix is far back into the hollow of
the sacrum; the fundus approximates the symphisis pubis.
Displacements of the Uterus.
May be due to tight clothing, muscular efforts,
tumor, pregnancy, or a partial dislocation of a lumbar vertebra.
Frequent micturition; dysmenorrhea; leucorrhea;
sterility; the cervix lies rather high, the os directly downward and forward.
May be due to tight and heavy clothing, muscular
efforts, distended bladder, pregnancy, or partially dislocated vertebra
in the lumbar region.
Gnawing pain in the back; constipation; menorrhagia;
leucorrhea; cervix lies near the symphisis pubis, the fundus in the hollow
of the sacrum.
Dysmenorrhea; sterility; abortion; cervix lies in
its place; the fundus appears as a round tumor in the posterior fornix
of the vagina.
See Displacements of the Uterus.
May be due to inflammatory disease, direct pressure,
increased weight, or partial dislocations in the lumbar region.
May simulate fibrous tumors.
Due to relaxation and inertia of the uterine walls
and downward traction or pressure.
Dragging pain in the pelvis; anemia; hemorrhage;
leucorrhea; general malaise; cupping may be felt on abdomen by the hand.
May be benefited, but is not treated successfully,
by Osteopathy.
Due to distension and eversion of the vagina, and
impairment of the sphincter vaginae muscle; also relaxation of the uterine
ligaments. Generally produced by parturition, followed by a lack
of tone in the supports.
Dragging sensation in the lower abdomen and
back; protrusion and excoriation of the parts; gradual descent of the vaginal
walls, cervix, and body of the uterus; micturition difficult.
This disease may be benefited by Treatment
for Displacements of the Uterus, but is not treated very successfully
by Osteopathy.
When caused by phthisis, there is emaciation, cough,
and night sweats; when caused by anemia, there is dyspnea and palpitation
on exertion; depraved appetite; headache; constipation; hysteria; pallor,
and edema.
In suppressed menstruation osteopathic treatment,
freeing and equalizing the circulation and nerve-wave to the genital organs,
is remarkably successful, usually giving immediate relief, and a continuation
of the treatment a permanent cure, except in cases where the suppression
of the menses is the direct result of tuberculosis.
1. Place the patient on the face; beginning
at the eighth dorsal vertebra, with the thumbs upon each side of and close
to the spinal process, move the muscles upward and outward, gently but
very deep, the entire length of the spine.
2. Beginning at the first lumbar vertebra,
with both hands upon the same side of the spine, the fingers close to the
spine, move the muscles slightly upward and strongly outward, with quite
a strong pressure, permitting the hands to slip over the flesh as they
are drawn outward. Treat in this manner to the lower part of the
sacrum, being very thorough in the lower lumbar and sacral region.
3. Place the patient on the back; flex the
limbs slowly but strongly against the abdomen, hold in this position a
few seconds, and then move them gently from side to side without relaxing
the pressure.
4. One operator grasping the shoulders, an
assistant the feet, give gentle extension of the spine.
5. Place the hand lightly over the uterus,
and vibrate gently one minute.
6. It is very often advisable in cases
of Amenorrhea, or suppressed menstruation, to give such portion
of our General Treatment as conditions indicate. It is also
always advisable to make careful examination of the spine, endeavoring
to detect, if possible any irregularity in the spinous processes
in the vertebrae of the lumbar region. Slight dislocation
here, caused by strain or accident, is often the cause of serious
troubles See
Dislocation of the Lumbar Vertebrae.
See Amenorrhea.
1. Place the patient upon the table; beginning
at the sixth dorsal, with the hands both upon the same side of the spine,
move the muscles slightly upward but strongly outward, pressing quite hard
as the hands are permitted to slip over the muscles. Treat in this
manner to the lower sacral. All motions should be very slow and gentle,
but as hard a pressure used, as the hands are slipped outward front the
spine, as the patient can stand.
2. With one thumb upon each side of the first
lumbar vertebra, between it and the second, press gently but very strong
a few seconds. Treat each successive vertebra in a similar manner
until the lower vertebra is reached, where a little stronger and longer
pressure should be given.
3. Place the patient on the side; with one
hand against the sacrum, the other grasping the crest of the ilium, draw
the ilium strongly toward the operator, at the same instant pressing hard
upon the sacrum.
Treatment should be given every other day, in a
very careful manner. One month's treatment correctly given is usually
sufficient to effect a cure.
May be caused by obstruction of the general circulation;
diseases of the heart, lungs, or liver; low condition of the blood and
vessels in a wasting disease; fungous degeneration of the uterine mucous
membrane; inversion of the uterus; polypus; carcinoma: ulceration congestion;
areolar hyperplasia; hematocele; or retained products of conception.
In the treatment of this disease so much depends
upon the real cause or combination of causes that the results obtained
will depend in a large measure upon the good judgment of the operator,
who, after a careful study of his work, should select such treatment as
the conditions would indicate.
Pain in the uterus at times; at others it is referred
to the ovaries; shooting in character; usually begins just before the flow,
and may be relieved by free flow.
May result from flexion or version of the uterus,
contraction of the cervical canal, vaginal stricture, polypus in the uterus,
or obturator hymen.
Cramp-like pain, with expulsion of blood-clots,
which may relieve the pain until further obstruction.
See Displacement of the Uterus.
May result from exposure to cold, defective portal
circulation ,plethora, metritis, pelvic peritonitis, ovaritis, areolar
hyperplasia, fibrous tumor, displacement of the uterus, or mental disturbances.
Feeling of weight and heat in the back and pelvis
just before the flow; elevation of temperature; rapid pulse; flushed face;
headache. Usually relieved by free flow.
1. See Amenorrhea.
2. Displacements
of the Uterus.
3. In the treatment of this disease a great
deal depends upon the judgment of the operator in selecting such treatment
as conditions indicate, always endeavoring to remove the cause and to free
and equalize the circulation and nerve-wave.
(Usually associated with chronic endometritis and poor general health.)
Colicky pains at the menstrual period, with expulsion
of organized membranes, either as a whole or in pieces.
Pain and tenderness over the ovary between periods,
increased by exercise, coitus, and defecation; symptoms are intensified
at the menstrual period.
1. See Amenorrhea.
2. Place the patient on the back; manipulate
the ovaries gently, carefully, and in a very thorough manner.
3. Place the hand lightly over the ovary,
and vibrate gently one minute.
4. Place the patient on the side; with one
hand of the operator against the sacrum, the other grasping the patient's
knee, draw the limb lowly but quite strongly backward, pressing at the
same moment upon the sacrum. This manipulation stretches the muscles
in the immediate region of the ovary. Treat the opposite ovary in
a similar manner.
Treatment should be given every other day; an immediate
change for the better is usually the result of the first few treatments.
May be caused by disordered menstruation, rectal
or vesical irritation, endometritis, inversion of the uterus, granular
degeneration, fibroids or polypi, and other genital or inflammatory processes.
This disease may be the result of so many different
causes that a great deal will depend upon the good judgment of the operator
in properly locating the cause, giving suitable treatment.
This disease usually, however, responds quite readily
to the following treatment.
1. See Amenorrhea.
2. Place the patient on the face; the thumbs
of the operator upon each side of and close to the spinous process of the
second lumbar vertebra, an assistant raises the limbs slowly, but quite
strongly, as high as patient can stand, the operator pressing quite hard,
at the same instant, with the thumbs; move the thumbs down to the next
vertebra, flex the limbs as before; and repeat until the sacrum is reached.
Place the hand upon the sacrum, pressing very hard as the limbs are raised
strongly. Great care must be exercised not to use sufficient strength
to injure the patient.
Treatment should be given every other day, and will
occupy fifteen or twenty minutes.
Not treated successfully by Osteopathy.
Similar to those of endometritis, but more severe;
elevation of temperature; rapid pulse; pain in pelvis and hypogastrium;
uterus enlarged and tender on pressure; nausea; hemorrhage often.
1. Place the patient on the face; with the thumbs
on each side of the spine, beginning at the upper cervicals, move the muscles
upward and outward gently but deep the entire length of the spinal column.
2. Place the hands upon the same side of the
spine; beginning at the last dorsal vertebra, move the muscles slightly
upward, drawing them slowly outward with a strong pressure, permitting
the muscles to slip under the hand. Treat in this manner through
the lumbar and sacral regions. Treat the opposite side in a similar
3. Place the patient on the back; the operator
grasping the shoulders, as an assistant holds the feet, give gentle extension
of the spine.
4. Place the hand lightly over the pubes,
and vibrate one minute.
5. Place the hands upon the sides of the
neck, the fingers almost meeting over the upper cervicals; tip the
head backward and press quite strongly with the fingers upon the
vaso-motor four or five minutes.
Treatment will require fifteen or twenty minutes,
and should be administered each day until recovery.
Feeling of weight in the pelvis; pain, radiating
to the back and limbs; irritability of the rectum and bladder; the uterus
is enlarged, soft, and tender, becoming hard later; menorrhagia; abortion;
sterility; reflex neuroses.
This disease, in its early stages, responds readily
to osteopathic treatment. In its later stages, however, it is not
treated with marked success.
1. See Acute Metritis.
2. General Treatment.
May be due to cold from exposure during menstruation;
vaginitis; excessive venery; or suppressed menstruation.
Discharge at first watery, later creamy; slight
elevation of temperature; dull pain in the back and pelvis; cervix enlarged,
soft, and sensitive.
See Acute Metritis.
May be due to retention of secundine products after
Pain in the back and pelvic region; dysmenorrhea;
menorrhagia; leucorrhea; abortion; and sterility; cervix usually tender
and slightly enlarged.
See Acute Metritis,
applying such additional treatment as conditions indicate.
May be due to extension upward of vaginitis, or
downward of corporeal endometritis; uterine flexions; enfeebled constitution,
Pain in the back and loins; leucorrhea; menorrhagia;
sterility; reflex neuroses.
1. General Treatment, which should be given
in a very careful manner.
2. Give such additional treatment as the conditions
Sense of weight in the pelvis; leucorrhea; os near
the vulva, or may protrude.
In its early stages this disease responds very readily
and is easily cured by osteopathic treatment. After the hypertrophy
has become pronounced, it cannot be benefited by Osteopathy.
1. See Amenorrhea.
2. Give conjoined manipulations.
Dysmenorrhea and sterility.
Feeling of weight in the pelvis; neuralgia; menorrhagia;
leucorrhea; sterility; reflex neuroses.
Not treated successfully by Osteopathy.
May be caused by removal of ovaries or tubes.
Amenorrhea; sterility; reflex neuroses.
May be benefited by General Treatment, but not
successfully treated by Osteopathy.
Dysmenorrhea; menorrhagia, followed by metrorrhagia;
pain, due to pressure on pelvic nerves, causing neuralgia and numbness;
constipation; leucorrhea.
1. Place the patient on the side; move the
muscles upward and outward gently but very deeply the entire length of
the spinal column. Treat the opposite side in a similar manner.
2. Place the patient on the back; flex the
limbs, strongly against the chest, one at a time, giving strong abduction
of the knee and adduction of the foot as the limb is extended.
3. Place the patient on the face; the operator
placing the thumbs upon each side of the spine, and close to the second
lumbar vertebra, an assistant raises the limbs slowly but quite strongly
as far as the patient can stand; move the thumbs down to the next vertebra
and raise the limbs as before; and repeat until the sacrum is reached.
In all cases where constipation is manifest,
see Constipation.
4. Manipulate the tumor as thoroughly as possible.
5. Place the hand lightly over the tumor,
and give thorough vibration two minutes.
Treatment should be given every other day, and will
require about twenty minutes.
Hemorrhages from the mucous membrane; pain; leucorrhea;
sterility; anemia; malaise.
See Uterine Fibroid
Pain; hemorrhage; offensive discharge; impaired
No cure in Osteopathy.
Pain; hemorrhage; watery discharge; impaired nutrition.
Most frequent between the ages of forty and fifty.
Dragging and burning pain in the region of the tube,
especially when walking or standing; dysmenorrhea: peritonitis; tenderness
in the lateral vaginal fornix on pressure.
1. Place the patient on the face; with the
hands both on the same side of and close to the first lumbar vertebra,
pressing rather hard, move the muscles slightly upward and strongly outward
from the spine, permitting the muscles to slip beneath the hand.
Treat in this manner through the lumbar and sacral region. Treat
the opposite side in a similar manner.
2. Place the left hand upon the center of
the sacrum; passing the right arm under the limbs, raise the limbs slowly
but as high as the patient can stand, pressing at the same instant upon
the sacrum.
3. Place the patient on the back; the hand
of the over the Fallopian tube, give gentle vibration one minute.
Treat the opposite tube in a similar manner.
This treatment should be given each day, and will
occupy about ten minutes.
Generally due to salpingitis, sepsis during parturition,
or cold during menstruation.
Acute form usually accompanies salpingitis or peritonitis.
Sharp pain in the ovarian region, radiating to the back; may be pain in
micturition and defecation; reflex neuroses. In chronic form symptoms are
less marked.
See Salpingitis.
Due to obstructed circulation, tumor, cold during
menstruation, diseases of the heart, lungs, etc.
Ovary enlarged and sensitive to pressure; throbbing
pain over the ovary; menorrhagia.
May be due to congestion of the organ or displacement
of the uterus.
Similar to Ovaritis. Ovarian compression;
painful defecation, and dyspareunia.
1. In case of Displacement
of the Uterus.
2. Careful but thorough manipulation of the
ovaries, with a view to relaxing the muscles in the immediate region and
freeing the circulation to the ovaries.
3. Place the hand lightly over the ovary, and
vibrate one minute.
4. Place the patient on the side; one hand
of the operator against the sacrum, with the other grasp the knee of the
patient, drawing the limbs slowly but quite strongly backward; hold in
this position a few seconds. Treat the opposite side in a similar
Treatment should be given every other day, and will
occupy fifteen or twenty minutes.
Dull pain over iliac fossa, with sense of fullness
or throbbing; dragging pains; dysuria; rectal disorders; fatigue after
exertion; localized peritonitis; no leucorrhea or menorrhagia; uterus not
See Ovarian Prolapsus.
Difficult to distinguish from ovarian cyst, except
by tapping.
1. See Ovarian
2. Manipulate, as thoroughly as possible,
the cyst; also vibrate over it one minute.
Due generally to poor health, irritating discharges
from the cervix, retention of secretions, etc.
In acute form, sense of heat and burning in the
vagina; pelvic pain; frequent desire to micturate; excoriation of the parts
above the vulva; in chronic form, itching and leucorrhea.
1. Place the patient on the side; beginning
at the upper cervicals, move the muscles upward and outward slowly, gently,
but very deep, the entire length of the spinal column, being very careful,
but thorough, in all regions where any tenderness or abnormal temperature
is manifest.
2. Place one hand under the chin, the other
under the occipital bone, and pull slowly but strongly until the body moves.
3. Give gentle extension of the neck, rotating
the head from side to side.
4. Flex the limbs, one at a time, slowly but
strongly against the abdomen, giving strong abduction of the knee and extending
with a light jerk.
5. Pass the finger carefully into the vagina,
manipulating the mucous membrane and muscles gently, but as thoroughly
as possible.
6. Place the patient on the face; the operator
placing one hand upon the center of the sacrum, and passing the other beneath
the limbs of the patient, raise the limbs slowly but strongly, pressing,
at the same instant quite hard upon the sacrum. Care must be exercised
not to use sufficient strength to injure the patient.
Treatment will occupy about twenty minutes; an immediate
change should be noticed for the better, and a continuation of the treatment,
given every other day, will usually effect a cure.
Result of pregnancy, or simple or specific vaginitis.
Similar to Simple and Specific Vaginitis, with pruritus
vulvae, lichenous eruptions about the pubes.
See Simple
Catarrhal Vaginitis.
Similar to simple vaginitis; heat and burning in
the vagina; heat and sense of weight in the perineum; scalding in micturition,
which is frequent; profuse leucorrhea, purulent and offensive in character.
See Simple
Catarrhal Vacinitis.
Scaling of squamous epithelium in spots, and if
spots are raw and in apposition, there may be adhesion; usually slight
leucorrhea, which irritates the vulva, causing pruritus.
Similar to constitutional diphtheria, with membrane
resembling that usually found in the throat. May appear first in
the vagina.
See Simple
Catarrbal Vaginitis.
May be due to uncleanliness, discharges from the
cervix or vagina, injury or friction from exercise, parasites, foreign
bodies, excessive venery, or eruptive disorders.
Local pain and burning; parts congested; edematous,
and covered with a glairy mucus; excoriating discharges; and general malaise.
Intense itching of the parts; discomfort in micturition
and walking; stained linen.
May be due to irritating discharges, boil or abscess,
traumatism, or eruption of the skin.
Pain and heat, increased by standing or walking;
congestion; induration; swelling; and suppuration.
Membrane resembles that usually found in the throat.
May first appear in the vulva. Symptoms same as Constitutional Diphtheria.
May be caused by uncleanliness, vaginitis, pregnancy,
or eruptions of the skin.
Burning and itching in the vulva, with increased
granular secretions; urethra may be inflamed at the vulva extremity; vaginismus;
mucous membrane very red in spots; sebaceous ducts and hair-follicles appear
as little, round, red papillae with a drop of pus appearing in their apices.
1. See
Simple Catarrhal Vaginitis.
2. Very thorough and careful manipulation
of' the muscles in the immediate region of the vulva.
A patch or vesicle of grayish, reddish, or blackish
hue which ulcerates and becomes depressed in swollen and indurated tissues
- red in color; gangrene at once sets in; vital forces break down.
See Simple
Catarrhal Vaginitis.
If taken in very early stage, relief is often given.
If not taken, however, in its earliest stages, this disease is not treated
osteopathically with any marked success.
Formed by distension of the gland, caused by occlusion,
of the duct, probably due to inflammation.
1. Manipulate the muscles in the immediate
region of the gland, gently but very thoroughly, with a view of removing
the occlusion of the duct.
2. Knead and manipulate the cyst in a careful but
thorough manner.
May be produced by the same cause as vulvitis.
Pain heat, redness, especially near the orifice
of the gland; tender on pressure; at first hard, later fluctuating.
1. Place the patient on the side; beginning
at the first lumbar vertebra, move the muscles upward and outward, to the
lower extremity of the sacrum, gently but very deep. Treat the opposite
side in a similar manner.
2. Place the patient on the face; the operator
placing one hand upon the center of the sacrum, passing the disengaged
arm beneath the limbs, raise the limbs slowly but rather strongly, pressing
hard at the same instant upon the sacrum. Great care must be exercised
not to use sufficient strength to injure the patient.
3. Pass the finger into the vagina, manipulating
the parts in such a manner as to free the ducts and circulation to the
gland. Also manipulate the abscess gently, but as thoroughly as possible.
Treatment should be given every other day, and will
occupy about fifteen minutes.
Generally caused by irritating discharges from the
cervix or vagina.
In acute form, parts become red and edematous; vesicles
appear, break, and discharge a tenacious fluid; severe burning and itching.
In chronic form, parts become thickened and scaly.
Caused by uncleanliness, irritating discharges,
exercise, etc.
Parts become sensitive, red, excoriated. and painful.
If due to irritating discharges, see Simple
Catarrhal Vaginitis. If caused by uncleanliness, the treatment
would be apparent.
May be due to menopause, hysteria, etc.
Hyperesthesia about the labia minora and vestibule;
no inflammation or pruritus.
If due to menopause, see Menopause.
If due to hysteria, see Hysteria.
If due to other causes, the operator should endeavor
to apply such treatment as conditions indicate.
Due to irritating discharges, parasites, eruption,
Intense itching at intervals, later constant; sometimes
leads to nervous depression.
Due to dense hymen, narrow vagina, or disturbance
of sexual functions.
May be due to inflammation of the uterus, ovaries,
or tubes, parturition, or abortion.
Pain and tenderness in the lower abdomen; patient
lies on back, with knees elevated; pulse small and rapid; temperature may
be 1040 to 1050; nausea and vomiting; tympanites;
constipation; often metrorrhagia.
1. Place the patient on the side; beginning
at the first lumbar vertebra, move the muscles upward and outward, gently
but deeply, to the lower part of the sacrum. Treat the opposite side
in a similar manner.
2. Flex the limbs slowly but quite strongly
against the chest; hold a few seconds in this position.
3. Place one hand against the sacrum, with
the other draw the limb of the patient slowly backward while pressing hard
on the sacrum. Treat the opposite side in a similar manner.
4. The patient lying on the back; the operator
places his hand lightly over the pubes, vibrating gently two minutes.
The above treatment starts the circulation through
the pelvic region, thereby reducing the inflammation.
5. Place the hands upon the sides of the
neck, the fingers almost meeting over the upper cervicals; tip the
head backward, pressing rather hard with the fingers at the same
instant; hold in this position three or four minutes. See
This treatment will occupy about fifteen minutes,
and should be given each day until recovery.
Dull pain in the pelvis; usually vesical and rectal
irritation; leucorrhea and menorrhagia.
See Acute Pelvic
Treatment should be given every other day.
Due to parturition, abortion, or operation.
Rigor; elevation of temperature to 1030
to 1050; pulse full and rapid; occasional nausea; no vomiting;
may be formation of pus above pubes.
See Acute
Pelvic Peritonitis.
Usually caused by tedious labor.
Urinous odor about person; involuntary escape of
urine; irritation; and excoriation about the vulva.
No cure in Osteopathy.
Usually caused by long-continued pressure during
Discharge of offensive gas or fecal matter by the
No cure in Osteopathy.
May be caused by a fall, kick, or blow, etc.
Pain in the coccygeal region, increased by motion
or pressure on the coccyx, and on rising after sitting.
This disease is usually the result of dislocation
of the coccyx, and can be quickly, easily, and permanently cured by reduction
of the dislocation.
Dislocation of the Coccyx.
Frequent and painful micturition; dysuria increases;
pain on walking, pressure, or friction; bleeds easily; may be single or
1. Place the patient on the side; beginning
at the first lumbar vertebra, move the muscles upward and outward, gently
but deep, through the lumbar and sacral regions. Treat the opposite
side in a similar manner.
2. Flex the limbs strongly against the chest;
hold in this position a few seconds, giving strong abduction to the knee
and adduction to the foot as the limb is extended.
3. Manipulate the muscles in the immediate
region of the growth carefully but very deeply, with a view of freeing
the venous circulation in the immediate region, an obstruction of which
is the true cause of this trouble.
4. Manipulate the caruncle very gently but
as thoroughly as possible.
Treatment will occupy about ten minutes, and should
be given every third day.
May be due to frequent child-bearing or vesical
and rectal irritation.
Protrusion at first pink in color, later red, and
may become excoriated and sensitive; frequent micturition, becoming painful,
and tenesmus.
1. Careful but very thorough General Treatment
to stimulate and equalize the circulation and nerve-wave.
2. If due to rectal or vesical irritation,
such additional treatment should be applied as conditions indicate.
May be due to frequent parturition, atrophy of the
walls excessive weight, violent effort, vaginitis, etc.
Sense of discomfort in the vagina, with tendency
to bearing down, as if to expel something; feeling of heat, fullness, and
throbbing at the vulva; presence of a tumor between the labia, which touch
will show to contain no liquid.
1. See
Simple Catarrhal Vaginitis.
See Displacements of the Uterus.
Cystocele consists of descent of the bladder toward
the vulva, so as to impinge upon the vaginal canal.
Rectocele occurs similar to eystocele, the posterior
wall of the vagina ceasing to give support to the anterior wall of the
Enterocele consists in descent of the small intestine
into the pelvis, encroaching upon the vaginal canal.
No cure in Osteopathy.
Generally congenital from maldevelopment.
Accumulation of menstrual blood; no blood appearing
at menstrual period; may produce rupture of hymen or vagina, and cause
Not treated successfully by Osteopathy.
Caused by a blow fall coughing, or violent exertion.
If intestine gives impulse on coughing; if ovary
gives ovarian sensation on pressure; also size and tenderness. increased
during menstruation.
Not treated successfully by Osteopathy.
May be caused by muscular efforts, blows, rupturing
the labia, or by punctures.
Pain and throbbing; swelling first soft, later hard;
if effusion reaches urethra, there is obstruction to micturition.
See Simple
Catarrhal Vaginitis, applying the treatment with a view of equalizing
the circulation to the parts involved, manipulating the vagina in such
a manner as to stretch the muscles and free the circulation, thereby checking
the effusion of blood.
Same as Pudendal Hematocele.
See Pudendal Hematocele.
May be due to ruptured extra-uterine fetation sac
or tubal abortion.
Sudden sharp pain; symptoms of shock and hemorrhage;
face pallid; pulse rapid and feeble; temperature subnormal; cold perspiration;
may be nausea and vomiting; symptoms of peritonitis; tumor bulging down
in posterior fornix of vagina.
Not treated successfully by Osteopathy.
While the change is in progress there is commonly
more or less functional disturbance of the general health, the nervous
system especially manifesting various changes, such as vertigo, syncope,
headache, flushes of heat, urinary troubles, pains in the back extending
down the thighs with creeping sensations, heat in the lower part of the
abdomen, occasional swelling of the lower extremities, itching of the private
parts, mental irritability and restlessness culminating seriously sometimes,
especially in patients of a decided nervous character. Sometimes
menstruation ceases abruptly.
The monthly period may be arrested by cold, fright, or some illness; earlier
in life the suppression would have been followed by a return of menstruation
after removal of the cause, but now Nature adopts this opportunity to terminate
the function. Gradual termination is, however, more frequent and
is attended with less disturbance of health. In gradual extinction
one period is missed and then there is a return, a longer time elapses
and there is an excessive flow; this continues for a time, the returns
being fewer and farther apart, until they cease altogether.
At this critical period there is not infrequently
an enlargement of the abdomen, which, though it may occur earlier in life,
is due to causes peculiar to this.
A General Treatment every other day will equalize the circulation
and give wonderful relief.


text:
Now Playing
Get Lucky Daft Punk Feat. Pharrell & Nile Rogers Download 'Get Lucky' on iTunes
Staten Island teacher Adriana Lopez was diagnosed with breast cancer not too long ago.
The choir, PS22, at the school where Ms Lopez teaches put together a special arrangement of Martina McBride's "I'm Gonna Love You Through It" and it certainly had an effect on Ms Lopez. Watch the amazing video below:
They modified the lyrics for her and sang their hearts out while the 48 year old mother of two chokes back tears.
It's bound to bring a tear to your eye!

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
From: Debbe Eilts
Date: 4/20/99
Time: 11:28:10 AM
Remote Name: 184.108.40.206
This will be the third year that a pair of Swainson's Hawks have nested on the island in the lake in front of our home, in Hammil Valley. They seem to be a little later this year. They are busy rebuilding their nest. There has been a pair out by Hwy 6 nesting at the entrance (the past two years) to the ranch, we haven't seen them yet this year.


text:
CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Certified. White 2013 GMC Yukon SLT RWD 6-Speed Automatic Electronic with Overdrive Vortec 5.3L V8 SFI Flex Fuel ! 1 owner w/ clean carfax !.Recent Arrival! Odometer is 16422 miles below market average!GMC Certified Pre-Owned Details:* Limited Warranty: 12 Month/12,000 Mile (whichever comes first) from certified purchase date* Powertrain Limited Warranty: 72 Month/100,000 Mile (whichever comes first) from original in-service date* Warranty Deductible: $0* 172 Point Inspection* 24 months/24,000 miles (whichever comes first) CPO Scheduled Maintenance Plan and 3 days/150 miles (whichever comes first) Vehicle Exchange Program* Transferable Warranty* Vehicle History* Roadside AssistanceAwards:* JD Power Dependability StudyExpect A Great Deal!Reviews:* Seats as many as nine people, stout towing capability, comfortable ride, smooth powertrains. Source: Edmunds
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Hi there! My boy is sleeping longer at night and exclusively breastfed. In fact two nights ago he slept 6.45pm-7am! Needless to say my boobs were sooo full and painful in the morning. I'm concerned about this potentially affecting supply. Has anyone got any advice? Or did anyone encounter any problems with this?
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14-06-2014 11:25 #1
Sleeping through
Last edited by Luvmyfam; 14-06-2014 at 11:32.
14-06-2014 12:05 #2Member
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How old is your LO? I've read somewhere that while breastfeeding is the sole source of nutrition to not go longer than 9-10 hours without a feed or expressing to keep supply up. That said, everyone's body is different. Also, you don't want to be so full that you risk mastitis or blocked ducts.
What I normally do is express before I go to bed and if I'm still feeling really full in the morning, I will express the first letdown before feeding him.
It's great that he's sleeping so well though! My son has started to stretch his night time sleep as well, but not consistently.. Which makes it a bit of a guessing game for me whether to express before I go to bed or not!
14-06-2014 12:07 #3
DS2 began sleeping through 7-7 at 12 weeks. Apart from being full and sore in the morning my supply settled down and myy boobs adjusted. Enjoy the sleep!
Sent from my XT925 using The Bub Hub mobile app
14-06-2014 12:23 #4
Dd would sleep 9-11 hours from about 4 weeks. She made up for it during the day feeding 1-2hrly then cluster feeding in the late afternoon for about 3hrs. We have only ever had over supply issues. Glad I got that sleep when I did as the 4 month sleep regression hit us hard and it has taken until 13 months when I night weaned for her to get a decent sleep overnight. She is almost 15 months now and has only sttn a handful of times since 4 months. So if your happy, bubs is happy and your breast are happy make the most of it!
14-06-2014 12:25 #5
I agree - enjoy the sleep Your supply will adjust within a few days.
My 2 slept through from a very young age, and I only expressed to relieve some of the pressure during long overnight periods if I was absolutely bursting and couldn't sleep.
As another poster said, keep an eye out for mastitis.
14-06-2014 14:27 #6
DS is just over 5 months. I had mastitis a few weeks back as my son had a terrible cold and feeding terribly because he couldn't get his breathing sorted. Poor thing. So I'm on the lookout for it.
I'm concerned about my supply but I shouldn't really worry do you think? I pretty much demand feed which works out to be every 2.5 - 3 hours through the day, roughly. My let down and flow is quite strong. I'm trusting my gut here and saying my body will get used to it. As it's only early days of longer night stretches I might just take your advice and do a comfort express session before I go to bed.
As for enjoying the sleep, oh it was awesome the other night. I did wake at around 4 am because of my boobs. Took me a while to get back to sleep. But it was lovely, and this being my second bub I know how quickly things change so I'm certainly not calling it just yet!
Thanks for helping ladies!
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Est. Mortgage: $/month
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5 Takeaways That I Learned About Restaurants
Secret Best Burgers in the World
Not all people abhor the thought of eating venison, on the contrary, there are relatively more people who prefer to eat meat the regular way than by sticking with vegetables and dairy. Proof of this the demand for applebees menu that more and more people are discovering, are done quite to their liking.
There is that seemingly overall connotation that fast food could likely be the best decision when you want to eat out, especially late at night – but not all the time. As much as possible, if you opt to settle on fast food then so be it, but ensure that you are getting quality sustenance that would satisfy your body as much as your taste bud, in the way that the choices presented in an applebees menu does.
With its unique and highly comforting taste, burgers have become the quintessential eating favorite of most people. As such, it cannot be denied that they are sold in popular burger joints, hole-in-the-wall type of eateries, fine dining locales, steakhouses, and more for the diners genuine eating pleasure and enjoyment.
Still, when it comes to the choicest burgers, there are definitely some names that stand out from the others.
Without a doubt, the choicest and most popular pick when it comes to burger would be, Applebee's. If you are in doubt, then go ahead and check out what the applebees menu consists of so you can see for yourself why most people prefer this one over the others. Likewise, the diverse choices of yummy and healthy sustenance – from vegetables to burgers would definitely satisfy the cravings of the pickiest eater too. On the off chance that you are a burger darling, then the choice of food present in an applebees menu would be perfect for you and your companion. The best part is that, in such an outstanding type of food business, you can count on their sustenance to be sensibly estimated and not at all that pricey. But in the event that you and your companions are quite on the adventurous side, feel free to discover more about the diverse food choices they have available that is not given in the applebees menu – chances are, you will be glad that you did.


text:
Surprise Splurge
Black Friday, Mall open 8am!
This Black Friday (November 24), be 1 of the first 500 shoppers to enter through the Food Court for a chance to receive an exclusive Shoppers Mall Tote Bag. Inside will be a surprise gift card valued between $5 and $100. The perfect opportunity to splurge on something for yourself this holiday season!
*Quantity of tote bags and gift cards is limited. Must be 13 or older to receive a tote bag and gift card.
Event Dates:
November 24, 2017


text:
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text: Bicchieri's work has broad implications not only for understanding human behavior, but for changing it for better outcomes. People have a strong conditional preference for following social norms, but that also means manipulating those norms (and the underlying social expectations) can produce beneficial behavioral changes. Bicchieri's recent work with UNICEF has explored the applicability of her views to issues of human rights and well-being. Is it possible to change social expectations around forced marriage, genital mutilations, and public health practices like vaccinations and sanitation? If so, how? What tools might we use? This short book explores how social norms work, and how changing them--changing preferences, beliefs, and especially social expectations--can potentially improve lives all around the world.


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The legal profession is vast, with each attorney having his or her specialties. Here are some of the most common attorneys individuals seek out when they require legal aid:
Criminal Lawyer
A criminal defense lawyer is probably the attorney the average person imagines. Criminal attorneys are the men and women who defend individuals accused of a crime. The lawyer may work pro bono - for the public good - so the accused is certain to have representation, even if he or she cannot afford an attorney.
Criminal lawyers are experts in the criminal justice system. They help their clients decide how to plead when first charged by the police and guide them through trial procedures. Defense lawyers must use every bit of their knowledge and resources to get their clients the fairest results from criminal proceedings.
Business Lawyer
If you are a small business owner or the head of a larger corporation, you may come into contact with a business lawyer. Many big companies keep a legal staff on payroll to deal with the daily operations of running and maintaining a large enterprise. Business lawyers may have more specific specialties like copyright law, product liability and mergers and acquisitions.
Business attorneys may focus their practices on certain industries. There are entertainment lawyers to guide artists through royalties and media contracts, while hospitals employ malpractice attorneys to protect doctors from aggressive litigation.
Employment Lawyer
When you work for a company, you may find yourself in need of an employment lawyer - especially if the relationship between you and your employer sours. An employment attorney prevents people from losing their jobs due to unfair reasons. Workers' compensation lawyers help maintain safe employment conditions and ensure workers receive fair compensation after workplace injury or discrimination.
Finance Lawyer
A personal finance attorney can protect and manage your investments and securities. You may use a finance lawyer to help you prepare your taxes, but you might be better off working with an accountant. A tax attorney is more commonly contacted after a business or individual runs into trouble with the IRS or state regulators.
Real Estate Lawyer
Your family may keep a lawyer on retainer to guide you through the major expenses that come up in life. When buying a home, you could work with a real estate lawyer to make sure you get the best deal and won't get taken advantage of by tricky mortgage agreements or unfair landlords. An estate attorney can help you plan for the worst by creating a will and preparing your finances for after your death.
Bankruptcy Lawyer
A bankruptcy lawyer is essential to help you resolve your financial difficulties when they start to spin out of control. Certain attorneys help create strategies to bring you out of debt and speak to your creditors. A lawyer can advise you on which type of bankruptcy you should file for.
Civil Lawyer
If you are suing someone or being sued, you need a civil lawyer. Civil attorneys - and criminal lawyers - are the legal representatives who argue on your behalf in a courtroom setting. Civil lawyers may represent you on matters of business, finance or a wide variety of other specialized needs.
One of the most common types of civil attorneys is a personal injury lawyer. When you're hurt by an outside party and you would like to hold them legally responsible, a personal injury attorney conducts litigation and negotiates settlements to compensate for your pain and suffering. Sometimes many wronged people will join together with a single civil lawyer or law office to form a class action lawsuit.
Family/Divorce Lawyer
Most people will turn to a lawyer during a divorce to navigate the emotionally charged legal proceedings. A divorce attorney can assist in determining grounds for separation, division of property and custody of children.
Family attorneys deal with much more personal matters. If you're getting married, a family lawyer can help you prepare a prenuptial agreement or other family planning paperwork such as adoption or inheritance documents.
To ensure you find a competent attorney who won't abuse your trust or drain your finances, you have to make the proper inquiries. There are several questions you should ask, but the majority will fall under three general topics:
Training and Experience Questions
One of the best ways to determine quality is to examine an attorney's history. When you first step into a lawyer's office, you should check for the appropriate certifications and diplomas. You have to ask how long he or she has practiced law and request information that demonstrates the practice's success. Look for precise details such as percentage of cases settled out of court.
Once you inquire about the broad details of their legal career, you should ask questions about their experience that pertains to your specific issue. You should ask how many similar cases they have handled and if they have special skills or training that applies specifically to your needs. Lawyers can't mention clients by name, but you should ask for basic details about identical past cases.
Financial Questions
You need to ask about every possible fee that will come up when working with an attorney. You should request a list of all costs in advance so you won't be surprised by additional expenses like overhead. Also determine exactly when you will start being billed. You want to inspect paperwork carefully. If the attorney charges you for his or her experience, you need to make sure he or she will perform tasks personally and not hand it off to an assistant.
Find out if the attorney has a flat fee or charges by the hour. Many civil lawyers work on contingency. Whatever the payment plan, make inquiries about how the lawyer plans to provide service for your money and what you can do if you start to feel unsatisfied with his or her performance.
Lawyer/Client Relationship Questions
When you hire a lawyer, you're agreeing to work with someone over a certain period of time. You need to ask questions about how the attorney will communicate with you and what responsibilities you hold in the relationship. The attorney should let you know the best channel for quick communication and you need to inform him or her when you want updates.
You should also ask questions to get to know the attorney as an individual in order to ensure this is a person you can trust. Ask about their legal philosophy and how he or she views the lawyer/client relationship. Great questions to start off with are ones that will make your life easier, such as how to keep fees down or what daily disruptions you should expect from a long legal battle. The more forthcoming the lawyer appears to be with individual needs, the better.
You may keep a lawyer on retainer or you could turn to an attorney during specific situations. Here are some common reasons people begin seeking legal representation or advice:
You Know Your Limitations
If you sign documents and you come across a word you don't recognize, you need assistance. You may need a third party to help you navigate important employment or real estate paperwork. It's essential you fully understand the terms of any legally binding documentation or activity you become a part of. If you are not an expert in a given field, you'll want to hire an attorney who is.
A lawyer may find legal implications or opportunities you might miss. If you find yourself in a civil or criminal matter, a proper attorney ensures you don't receive a harsh punishment for a small mistake.
You're Facing an Important Event/Decision
When making decisions critical to your financial stability or personal life, you may want a lawyer with expertise in your situation to make sure you do everything you can to arrive at the proper resolution. This is especially true when you become involved in a criminal case and your freedom is on the line.
It's not just a matter of legal knowledge; lawyer's have access to numerous resources you do not. They have staff ready to work around the clock and experts in a variety of fields to give your important issues the attention they deserve.
You Can't Be Impartial
During times when personal matters intersect with legal proceedings, you may need to have an advocate to prevent your emotions from getting in the way of level-headed thinking. For example, divorce lawyers can mediate a heated argument and help both partners get on with their lives.
Emotional investment could be subtle. You may want to have a lawyer look over an investment opportunity that looks too good to be true or investigate the merits of a possible civil suit when you feel wronged.
You're Out of Options
Many people turn to lawyers when they are in trouble. If you've been accused of a crime or are in a terrible financial situation, you can find an attorney who will work with what you have available to assist you as you deal with your problems.
Personal injury lawyers find solutions for people who can no longer work under their own power and bankruptcy attorneys prevent people from giving in to debt. If you find yourself in a situation where you can't find a solution, a lawyer may be able to offer the counsel you need.
When it comes time to choose a lawyer, you should start by searching close to home. While you probably don't want the conflict of interest that comes from being represented by a family member, friends and loved ones can recommend lawyers who served them well in the past. If you do have attorneys you are familiar with, ask who they believe would be best for you.
After going through personal references - especially from individuals who had similar needs - you should broaden your search through public information resources. You can call your area's attorney referral service or check legal organizations like Martindale-Hubbell. There are other resources available online. You should check websites for client reviews and other third-party forms of approval.
When you build a list of possible candidates, perform a background check on each one. See if you can find information on their history and success record. Once you find a possible lawyer, you should call to arrange a consultation so you can ask your important questions in person.
By performing the necessary research and taking every available precaution, you can narrow your search to the attorney most suited to your needs.


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