text:
With the recent investigation of mindfulness and how Kabat-Zinn has got mindfulness into science, I have been looking at how Matriellez might get Buddhism in the mainstream – without calling it such. Much of this has been discussed on the mindfulness meditation page.
I have recently restarted the Mandtao blog about what is knowledge and science. In this I have been investigating Natural Law. there is a place for Natural Law in Education so make sure this is included in the book.
Books:- Treatise, Wai Zandtao Scifi, Matriellez Education.
Blogs:- Ginsukapaapdee, Mandtao, Zandtao.
Phassa – The Conditioning Moment
On the mindfulness meditation page, I have described a thought process summarised as
This is a limited version of a much more profound teaching paticcasamuppada discussed by Ajaan Buddhadasa on p10 of Idappaccayata – download here. Here are the detailed stages he uses in his discussion of dependent origination (paticcasamuppada):-
"Then he realized that it came from jāti (birth). Jāti (birth), what does birth come from? Birth comes from bhava (becoming). Becoming arises from upādāna (clinging). Clinging comes from taṇhā (craving, ignorant desire). Craving comes from the vedanā (feeling). Feeling comes from phassa (contact). Contact comes from the āyatana (the senses). The senses come from nāma-rūpa (name and form). Name and form comes from viññāṇa (consciousness). Consciousness comes from saṅkhāra (the power of concocting). The power of concocting comes from avijjā (ignorance)."
In terms of the mindfulness discussion Buddhadasa says that a perfected person (arahant) "already possesses the perfect Right Mindfulness, he does not anymore experience suffering, because there is already the cessation of dependent arising." In the wider framework that is Buddhism, mindfulness leads to an end of suffering – a much greater goal than discussed by Kabat-Zinn.
Perhaps unwisely I have limited the dependent co-arising for academic consumption – guilty of what I accuse Kabat-Zinn of? In my limited model I focus on the moment between the senses and the arising of the emotions. In the original Buddhist model this is called phassa – point of contact. I want to describe it as the conditioning point, the moment when conditioning arises.
Let us examine racism. Because of forces behind Trump and Brexit racism has become increasingly more acceptable within the last few years. How does racism arise? In the very young races mix without problems, this indicates to me a natural law of equality, we are all different people together. As we get older we become conditioned. Through our senses thoughts arise that lead to racism. Let us consider this. By the time a person is a racist, it is rare they will change. However we can work on conditioning, and perhaps eliminate the conditioned racism in many young people. In my own case I grew up a racist, all the people in my middle-class suburb of Manchester were racists; it was just conditioning.
When I moved to London I came into contact with black people and began to change. With their help I learned to remove my conditioning, and thus see the different forces that lead to racism. As such I am now a strong anti-racist. Fortunately there was minimal emotion involved in my own racism, in fact emotionally my tendency would be to reject racism as being part of my upbringing that I also rejected.
This lack of emotion is not however the case with many white racists. Unlike me many white racists will be emotionally invested in their community and its racism, they could not stand up to their community by demanding anti-racism. Because of racism in British there are many reactions – often violent. In addition there is a black underclass of criminality. If a mugging is committed by a black person, white people associate this with blackness, and become emotionally invested in racism. I know of someone who was badly bullied at school. A group of boys would almost daily steal his dinner money, they were black boys and would claim legitimacy because the person they were stealing from was white – a criminal excuse. In my view this boy who is now in his 50s is still scarred by this, and exhibits racism. In his case I suggest that the thought of black bullying comes up as emotion as soon as any consideration of racism arises.
As with the more general emotions that arise as a consequence of thoughts on race, somehow we need to break the conditioning. Before the emotion that leads to desire, clinging and accumulation, there needs to be an interception – a mindful interception, that says "do not cling to this emotion, all people are equal under nature". There is a moment before the emotion kicks in, in which we can stand back and detach ourselves from any emotional consequences that arise. When friends start with their racism, stand back and listen, do not agree because they are friends, do not let emotions from personal experience pull you into a racist reaction. There is a moment when you don't have to immerse yourself in the clinging, hold onto that moment, step back and learn with discernment. Don't be conditioned.
Books:- Treatise, Wai Zandtao Scifi, Matriellez Education.
Blogs:- Ginsukapaapdee, Mandtao, Zandtao.
Mindful activism – A Fusion of Activisms
When I was active in politics I had as my underlying principle or mission the idea that I was working for political equality to enable wider spiritual involvement. By this I meant that people were unable to follow the spiritual path because they were wage-slaves. I still feel that.
Throughout my life I have been involved in two types of activism, one or other coming to the fore at various times – the spiritual activist and the political activist. My spiritual activism started when I hit bottom, and after that spiritual upheaval I was always on the Path to some extent or other. My political awareness was hindered when I was early on the Path by a collision with the extreme Liberalism of the SWP, this Trotskyite-Liberalism demanding that their creed be followed to the exclusion of all other. Fortunately towards the end of that period in my life I met African and Afro-Caribbean activists who began to open my mind to a world view of understanding that led to a period of political activism in the next phase of my life. Following that I became a teacher abroad, and my community activism was limited to education activism fighting against the inadequacies within the different school communities rather than the wider community of the different countries. If you examine my blog you will see blogs that oscillate between the Inner and Outer with the pendulum swinging between personal Buddhist development and anti-1% political activism (sadly only of a blog form).
On the negative side I retired because of the careerism and profiteering in education, but on a positive level it was because my spiritual path had become distanced from my actual life path and I needed to focus on the path. For the first years of my retirement I was dealing with personal damage. In terms of the blogs it showed in a predominance of Buddhist blogs although I had a separate STC blog which was concerned with political evaluation. But more importantly I was writing my spiritual book, A Treatise on Zandtao, and my education primer, Matriellez – neither of which are finished. The balancing in my life came with Occupy, and at that point I personally fused and recognised there was a wider need for such fusion.
Buddhism mostly has as its teachers monks, or at least people who teach in monasteries. In my view they are in monasteries for two purposes – to preserve and teach the dhamma, and to meditate. Whilst this is a legitimate life path it has an unfortunate side effect, people who follow Buddhism tend to want to do the same – study the dhamma and meditate. But people outside cloisters are living life, and in my view it is the intention of Buddhism to inform an activism in daily life which then transforms society. This is Engaged Buddhism but unfortunately not all Buddhism outside cloisters is engaged. If the role is not preserving and teaching the dhamma as in cloisters, then the Buddhist needs to be an activist, delivering their compassion through an active participation in social change.
This brings me to an excellent talk between Angela Davis and Jon Kabat-Zinn – between a political activist and a mindfulness activist. Let me begin this by re-evaluating Jon Kabat-Zinn. Because what I do is not comprehensive and academic, I do not always look in depth about what I am saying. In beginning examination of Kabat-Zinn I used his Oslo talk. For me there were weaknesses in his position, and I reacted quite strongly to his rejection of robes, that was what he presented in that talk I suspect because it was delivered to academics. I don't want to swing to a judgement in the opposite direction, but it could just have been a strategy to appease the rules and intellects of academy. For me the essence of his life's work has been to make mindfulness acceptable to academia, this has also tailored into HHDL's Mind and Life work.
And the reason I now consider it a strategy is the degree of non-dogmatic Buddhist awareness that is prevalent in the dialogues between he and Angela Davis, I only have a playlist of this dialogue. I took from this talk a mutual recognition of the other's position and a mutual agreement towards mindful activism in whatever form.
There is a particular aspect of mindfulness that is needed for political activists, and that is mindfulness of the attachment to sankhara; in non-Buddhist terms the dogmatic approach of most political activism towards holding a line and demanding that others follow it.
During my political activism in the 80s the Marxist left was split asunder by extreme Trotskyist parties who were demanding that all activists follow their political line. What they were correct about was that the only way forward was for the proletariat to unite against the bourgeoisie but instead of working in the interests of the proletariat they demanded that all follow their line. There were times when the Trotskyist Left were united but other times they squabbled. Within the proletariat as a whole they only sewed division.
What was needed within the proletariat was mass movement unity, no adherence to dogma, just working together against the proletariat, my great teacher at the time was George Cooper who spent all his life working within the Brighton Trade Union movement to promote mass movement unity. He was a Marxist but it was not the theory that mattered but how it was put into practice, and it could only be put into practice through diligence, compassion and working for unity – that was George Cooper.
Let us examine the world of Trump's neoliberalism (and Brexit neoliberalism). There are two themes common throughout his presidency – anti-Liberal division and pro-1% policies (often hidden). His tactics of division have been obvious to see from the beginning. In the Republican nominee race, he divided and attacked unscathingly; easy to do given the quality of the Republican nominees.
During his campaign he cemented a division between Liberals and non-Liberals, and managed to accrue all the non-Liberal vote gaining the Presidency. During his Presidency he has publicly denounced any form of Liberalism through racism, sexism and homophobia. Every week his Liberal-baiting has produced a torrent of Liberal abuse towards him in mainstream media and wider platforms. Meanwhile throughout his presidency the 1% have been adopting policies that promote their wealth the most obvious now being the tax reforms. Let us be clear the 1% put him in power – Robert Mercer, and since he has been in power he has been feathering their nest. This Trump neoliberalism is just an extreme form of the electoral neoliberalism in which a bilateral clone party system fight each other at elections, and then give token lip-service to party differences whilst all the while promoting policies of the 1%. Trump does this but in an extreme way.
I am anti-racist, anti-sexist, pro-LBGT and anti-Liberalism. Let me describe Liberal characteristics. These are people who demand that people follow what they say. Black liberalism demands we are all anti-racist and here is the anti-racist line, reformist feminism demands we are all feminist and here is the feminist line, and pro-LBGT demands that we all support the rights of all genders. What is the difference between what I say in the first sentence and this last sentence? Division. Demands create division.
At the same time these Liberal positions themselves are carrying out the work of neoliberalism because they create divisions. When I see Trump's America I see Trump liberal-baiting and liberal-bleating, I see increased accumulation amongst the 1%, and I see extreme sadness. Liberals perceive that the system is OK but it needs fixing – reform. They believe that the racism in the system can be reformed, sexism can be reformed and LBGT rights can be won under the existing system. They don't have to lose their jobs, their houses, their way of life, bleat a bit, a lot, and it will change.
Meanwhile there is a lot that liberals overlook. They do not see as the root of the problem the financial system that sees accumulation to the 1%. They cannot see that this financial system forces people to be greedy, to hold onto their good fortune at the expense of others. When white males claim that liberals are taking their jobs historically there is an element of truth in this. Historically the 1% advantaged white males as their wage-slaves and they became richer accordingly. Along came Liberals demanding jobs for all kinds of people and, once this happened, the whites reacted by bringing in Trump. What is not being attacked, because of the neoliberal system, is that the 1% has accumulated even more wealth than they did historically, and they have encouraged the delusion that this wealth went to the Liberals and their causes.
And where does all the wealth come from – wars and wage-slavery. But the Liberals don't fight this because they are involved in maintaining their way of life through identity struggles. Liberal demands are dividing the 99% turning people against each other whilst the 1% continue to profit.
The key phrase here is demand for a set of ideas, that is a characteristic of Liberalism. And this is why I call the Trotskyites extreme Liberals. They make demands for a particular set of ideas, and demand that the mass movement follow them. They are all divisive. We seek Unity, and removal of adherence to demanding ideas is the key to this. And this is a characteristic of the mindful activist. Such an activist adheres to compassion, does not demand that we follow a set of ideas but that we be compassionate; compassion directs the struggle. Buddhists go to the monasteries and learn compassion, and then engage that compassion in the struggle.
When I watch Angela and Jon, I see two activists who are convinced of their own approach. But I saw something else. I didn't see two separate activisms but one mindful activism in which there has been a fusion of the inner and outer struggles – except when Jon suggested Google money might fund a change. Whilst left-wing activism is dominated by Liberal demands, there is no future – there is only division. Mindfulness can help us not emotionally attach to our demands because of the heinousness they are trying to overcome. At present there is legitimate Liberal backlash to the chronic sexism in society that frequently leads to assaults. Unfortunately some of the demands that are coming out can only lead to further division. These Liberals need to consider that 53% of white women voted for Trump, they did not vote for Hillary – a flawed politician but a leading female icon. These 53% were alienated from what would benefit them, white women were divided amongst themselves because, in my view, of reformist Liberal demands. A backlash to sexism needs to attack the source of the problem, the accumulation of money to the 1%. If there were more money available people would not be fighting for the same crumbs, and this would ease the tension created within the 99%.
Once there is money available, people will not be dividing an ever-decreasing cake, and will have the opportunity to attend education in mindfulness and others that removes the conditioning we all work within. With education people can see that racism is caused by the 1% and exploited by the same, sexism is caused by the 1% and exploited by the same, and aggression towards the LBGT community has the same sources. Once liberated from the 1% and their conditioning there is a chance that we can be compassionate.
Only 5 blogs today!!
Books:- Treatise, Wai Zandtao Scifi, Matriellez Education.
Blogs:- Ginsukapaapdee, Mandtao, Zandtao.
Mindfulness – a Brianblog
30 seconds on mindfulness meditation:-
Mindfulness meditation can help agitated minds including teenagers.
Boring ramblings – mindfulness meditation page, and tag – mindfulness.
Books:- Treatise, Wai Zandtao Scifi, Matriellez Education.
Blogs:- Ginsukapaapdee, Mandtao, Zandtao.
Kabat-Zinn and Sunnata
For me sunnata is most easily understood through the Buddhadasa systems:-
If we remove attachment to the 5 khandas, if we remove the I and mine from the 5 khandas, then we can experience sunnata, the fundamental Gaia, the life force that is Nature. In terms of the Buddhadasa systems, removing attachment to the 5 khandas (which are body and psyche) then we are left with self and sunnata. But the self builds up over the years by attaching to the 5 khandas, if we detach from the existing selves then all we are left with is sunnata – emptiness, as it says in the Tao te Ching the emptiness that is full.
Kabat-Zinn refers to this as an internal wisdom, something that is inside. He referred to this internal wisdom here.
But his answer to this one of Angela Davis's questions is perhaps far more significant, here the internal wisdom is a guiding force for good. Their talk is discussed in detail here.
Now I have alluded that mindfulness is a loose cannon. Kabat-Zinn has been at great pains to talk about mindfulness meditation as being relational, yet fundamentally he predicates it on this internal wisdom. Whilst I feel details of what this internal wisdom is needs to be investigated as it is the primary factor and as it is the root of mindfulness meditation in Buddhism that Kabat-Zinn claims to have eschewed. However internal wisdom is not part of academia so he would probably not have gained acceptance by demanding that mindfulness meditation is predicated on an undefined internal wisdom.
Internal wisdom prevents the cannon from being loose. If an internal wisdom is recognised then when mindfulness meditation is practised and there is no sankharic agitation the mind is free to reach for the internal wisdom that will guide. I cannot imagine that internal wisdom would be a core part of the mindfulness training for corporate execs!! Nor for young students.
Books:- Treatise, Wai Zandtao Scifi, Matriellez Education.
Blogs:- Ginsukapaapdee, Mandtao, Zandtao.
The Agitated Mind of Sankhara
Sankhara is one of the 5 khandas that is included in the psyche part of the Buddhadasa model:-
Sankhara is most important in considering the effectiveness of mindfulness meditation especially as to whether to introduce it into schools.
Sankhara is often translated as mental operations, so let me describe in part these mental operations with regards to meditation. In Anapanasati, meditating is concerned with bringing the mind back to the breath when it is wandering. Typically an adult is drawn to meditation for one reason or another. They sit down and try to watch the breath, and the mind is wandering all over the place. Out of control. For some people this wandering mind is so uncomfortable they decide they cannot meditate. As examples of this difficulty I know personally of two westerners who say they are unable to meditate yet claim they are Buddhists, yet the Buddha says to meditate. It is for them to decide but their example illustrates the difficulty with mind and meditation. It is this wandering mind being out of control that stops most people from meditating – and that is people who are choosing to meditate. Basically sankhara is the problem.
Through mindfulness the agitation of uncontrolled sankhara can be calmed.
Let us examine that uncontrolled sankhara in a typical educated western adult. They go to school, and are convinced that it is important to get an "education" ie pass exams. In class they force themselves to listen and work – discipline. Mostly passing exams is concerned with memory so they work with their memory to pass exams – sanna as memory is also one of the 5 khandas that is part of the psyche. OK, some sankhara is involved with the use of reason but that can be relatively limited in certain parts of the curriculum where there is an over-reliance on memory. But the dominant mental force in operation is discipline, somehow we apply discipline to control our use of memory and any mental operations that are required.
It is possible to go through life with disciplined use of memory and mental operations – sanna and sankhara, without ever having to look inside and cope with the agitation that occurs as a result of this discipline. Especially in the West it is this which is the normal "state of mind".
Now consider less educated people, those who are not academically successful. They do not have the motivation of academic success to help with the discipline so in school it is only discipline that controls them – and this discipline is fundamentally the fear of getting in trouble. If you are a delinquent without such fears you produce disruption in school.
For adolescents how can agitation arise? One obvious way this arises is that because they have limited hope of academic success they begin to question the point of being at school. Such questioning can obviously produce agitation. Adolescence is obviously dominated by growing sexual awareness. Especially in the West sex dominates the culture where sexual imagery is constantly offered in the media typically as advertising. For adolescents who have no involvement in academic success to motivate them, more emphasis on sexual discovery when growing up is bound to cause agitation, physical agitation can cause mental agitation, and that is before considering how much of a mental operation is involved in sexual desire.
Relationships with the family dominate the lives of teenagers. As they are beginning to see what life has ahead for them they begin to kick against immediate authority. Sadly parents bear the brunt of this attack but teachers are also a symbol of authority, and both are blamed for the world that we live in – yet neither are 1%.
So life awareness, family issues, sexual development and lack of academic involvement all contribute to mental agitation in teenagers.
If we are motivated to be mindful, mindfulness meditation can obviously help with this teenage mental agitation – sankhara.
But how can we possibly interest all teenagers in mindfulness meditation? I suspect there has to be an element of genuine teacher coercion in mindfulness classes but if the student attitude is to fight that coercion mindfulness cannot be beneficial. If a teacher is forcing a student to be quiet against their will what will that do to the student's mind? If a mindfulness session is the student sitting there silently steaming, I don't think that would be good. Yet having said that, the "Victorian" school discipline that existed in the 1950s and before developed concentration, and there was much that was lost in terms of concentration as education sought motivation and threw the concentration baby out with the bath water. Mindfulness has to offer benefits in most situations as it deals with agitation, but if there is coercion this might not be beneficial and simply add to the agitation. Possible coercion might explain this report in a South Australia school.
This agitation of mind, known as sankhara, is prevalent throughout the world, and mindfulness could help throughout. In the centre of Manchester there is a Buddhist Centre, when I was working there in 2003 it was good to sit in their quiet room. There was a Muslim prayer room at the Muscat school I taught in. A quiet room can be great for those who know they want to try to cope with their agitated minds.
Mindfulness meditation has got to be of benefit to all interested to cope with the agitation that is part of sankhara. It would be especially useful for adolescents for whom life is one whole agitation. But if mindfulness meditation is coerced through genuine teacher concern or institutional imposition, it might cause problems.
Books:- Treatise, Wai Zandtao Scifi, Matriellez Education.
Blogs:- Ginsukapaapdee, Mandtao, Zandtao.
Mindfulness is a Loose Cannon
Firstly I want to be upbeat about mindfulness meditation, it is useful. I want to encourage everybody to use it but we have to be mindful of mindfulness meditation – aaaggh.
Now the question of mindfulness meditation arises in the west and not in the east as meditation has been considered within eastern cultures a long time. In the West we have an excess of agitated minds quite simply because our establishment does not understand that minds can be agitated as it has always coped with such agitated minds. As a culture the West learns to deal with agitated minds, and within our communities and education we develop mechanisms of discipline that deal with the agitation. We control the agitation through discipline and repression, even when we are agitated we force ourselves to do the "right thing" – mostly. When Kabat-Zinn describes America as ADD LINK, he is describing the usual level of agitation that exists within western minds.
So wouldn't it be great if we did not experience this agitation? Wouldn't it be great if in adolescence there was not the embarrassment and agitation associated with developing sexual awareness?
Now mindfulness meditation can help people cope with this. If we were trained in mindfulness meditation we would be trained to cope with the agitations that are in the western mind – as many eastern children are trained. At present for many this agitation is controlled rather unhealthily by alcohol. So to introduce mindfulness meditation especially in schools is beneficial in coping with the agitated minds that tend to grow up in our society without any mechanisms for control. But all it is doing is calming the agitated mind, coping with minds that the West has only previously coped with by discipline and repression. And this is why so many western classrooms have such poor discipline because these agitated minds are rejecting the discipline for whatever reasons – quite often delinquency but also distrust as western societies have developed a distrust of the education system and its teachers.
For a simple example of the agitated mind consider Asian children who sit pillion on bikes with their mothers. They are completely still because their mothers demand it. With Asian children there is no issue because from birth they have meditated to some extent and their minds do not have the agitation characteristic of western children.
For this reason (calming agitation) alone, mindfulness meditation is worth introducing in western schools – and society in general.
But mindfulness meditation is simply judgement-free awareness. You start practicing sitting and the calmness of mind then transfers to the daily-life mind, so to some extent in daily life there is judgement-free awareness and generally a feeling of much less mental agitation.
But an aware mind that is judgement-free is just that – without judgement. When corporations like mindfulness meditation it is not inconsistent with the intention of mindfulness meditation because it is judgement-free. This is why it can be argued that there could be a murderer who uses mindfulness meditation. So when mindfulness coaches are being employed by such organisations as corporations and the military, they are being employed not to make judgements but simply control agitation. Typically a corporation worker joins a company accepts company policy and accepts the lifestyle that is concerned with career and remuneration. Accepting such a position requires that an individual does not introduce morality into the workplace, and there is no reason why judgement-free awareness could ameliorate the situation of stress brought about by moral or other awareness – although the mind would be less agitated. This is why corporations like mindfulness, it can be a tool for repression, repressing the natural agitation that comes from being in the wrong situation and moral conflict causing agitation.
It is this lack of morality that attracts many to mindfulness meditation. Because there are benefits to mindfulness meditation by coping with the anxiety and stress of the agitated mind I am not attacking Kabat-Zinn for introducing mindfulness meditation. But when he eschewed Buddhism from mindfulness meditation he was taking away the moral basis that Buddhism insists upon and he was taking away the purpose of meditation inherent in Buddhism. Basically once you go beyond the control of the agitated mind with mindfulness meditation you are creating a loose cannon unless you provide an appropriate framework (such as Buddhism). Morality could of course be that framework – although using that framework would be limited in terms of the possible wider benefits of Buddhism. Once the agitation of the western mind has been coped with, mindfulness meditation is a loose cannon.
Removing that agitation is sufficient raison d'etre for the introduction of mindfulness meditation but beyond that it is a loose cannon.
Books:- Treatise, Wai Zandtao Scifi, Matriellez Education.
Blogs:- Ginsukapaapdee, Mandtao, Zandtao.
Kabat-Zinn limitations
I am not sure I can ever get a grip on what Kabat-Zinn and his mindfulness meditation actually mean. It is difficult to understand it in terms of Buddhism with all its proliferations, but once academia has been let loose on it it has become a mental free-for-all.
Let me begin with Buddhadasa's 4-system model:-
Let's further be clear the purpose of meditation is to help with a model that fits the Buddhist system, a model such as this. This is Buddhadasa's path through the forest as opposed to wandering through underbrush and thickets.
Ultimately Buddhism deals with Nirvana connected to emptiness or sunnata yet that has to be rejected by academia. Without sunnata there is no genuine methodology, no appropriate ultimate direction or purpose. Does that mean that the mindfulness cannot be used fruitfully? And the answer has to be a careful no. Mindfulness is a tool. You cannot use a hammer to chop wood nor can you use a saw for a nail. But within the context of the ultimate direction it might be possible to find suitable usages for young people. However I note that in a Buddhist country meditation is used but not heavily. For example it is not used to create an "impact on self-reported measures of anxiety, depression, weight/shape concerns, well-being and mindfulness", the benchmarks used in this study. The more I look I am seeing a western approach that is out of context.
Significant within Buddhadasa's 4-system approach is being mindful of sankhara – mental proliferations, part of his psyche system. Based on the way benchmarks are used above it appears to me that mindfulness has proliferated into a form of panacea. Kabat-Zinn's talk in Oslo was well attended, and as it was given to support those involved with MBSR (mindfulness-based stress reduction) I can see how academia can have proliferated benchmarks directly into the underbrush and thicket, it has always been difficult to see academic minds keep on track.
Kabat-Zinn's mindfulness meditation will also not be making any attempt within the third system of self. It is quite possible that his mindfulness would be used for removing some selves – to reduce stress for example, but the whole question of whether an I need exist beyond the 5 khandas would not even be considered within the realm of academia.
Whilst it need not be restricted to such, mindfulness was a tool designed to work with a mind that is aggregated from the 5 khandas of body-rupa, vedana – feeling, sanna – perception, sankhara – mental operations and vinnana – consciousness. Through conditioning, selves come into existence as described arising in paticcasamuppada or dependent origination, ignorance, consciousness, mind-body, sense, phassa, sensation, desire, clinging, becoming, self, suffering. Whilst there is consideration of this with regards to reincarnation, Buddhadasa does not look at it for that purpose but for the birth of selves that aggregate into I. This whole approach is ignored by Kabat-Zinn's mindfulness meditation. Whilst such a doctrinal approach is not going to be accepted in schools, its tool, mindfulness, is unlikely to have any impact either because it is not used for its original purpose. For adults paticcasamuppada is difficult, it would be far too demanding to consider its application in this form within a school curriculum.
"Dependent on ignorance, reaction (conditioning) arises;
Can the core of the teaching be used in schools? Possibly. But surely it depends on purpose. For schools Buddhadasa's emptiness and self systems are not appropriate but as indicated on the mindfulness meditation page there might be applications within morality, what is described on that page is based on paticcasamuppada.
It concerns me how this mindfulness is being applied in schools, how are the teachers chosen? Throughout my career I have seen various programmes connected with personal and social education that are perhaps of more interest to the teacher than the student, whilst the intentions were good the results were not – students did not get involved based on restrictions understood through considering the hidden curriculum. In this situation teachers need to be meditators, and I met few that were. A course on mindfulness meditation does not make a meditator. If careers can be made in mindfulness meditation, then that makes for greater potential to redirect to the underbrush and thickets.
Mindfulness meditation might have more success if it could be brought into schools as a tool of its original purpose – Buddhism. Rather than eschewing Buddhism as Kabat-Zinn has done, perhaps more can be done to adapt Buddhism to suit curricular models. If it is now acceptable to consider a modular mind, then there is a possible direction there. The use of a limited version of paticcasamuppada as described on my mindfulness meditation page is one such example, there needs to be investigation to find more. Kabat-Zinn has established mindfulness meditation in academia, this is positive. However his eschewing of Buddhism completely has seriously limited its impact, and possibly led to erroneous applications. Using mindfulness meditation in its original Buddhist context has much more potential for application in schools than appears to have been developed so far.
Books:- Treatise, Wai Zandtao Scifi, Matriellez Education.
Blogs:- Ginsukapaapdee, Mandtao, Zandtao.
Wise Relationship
Case Study, David:- In the 80s a white man went to a majority-black school. At this school black delinquents daily stole his "dinner money" under threat of violence. He could not turn to the teachers because liberal teachers colluded with an education authority who were avoiding recognising that such violence occurred. The liberal teachers did not believe in having security in the school to protect students, and the authority were unwilling to pay for it – hence the collusion. As an adult this man now made comments usually attributed to a racist, and still felt pain about the situation.
I started listening to Kabat-Zinn and began to realise that David, who I had been in discussion with, had reached some of his understanding through a "wise relationship with his pain". Kabat-Zinn talks about this as healing taken from a talk mindfulness introduction in Oslo. In this case study David was living with his pain, seeing it as permanent and had come to accept it, he had a wise relationship with it in that he considered himself compassionate, considered he had good relationships with black people, yet used descriptions of them and their community which were negative and disparaging – although they could be seen as true – in my view partial truth. His mindfulness was concerned with relationship based on accepting his pain as permanent, Kabat-Zinn talked about seeing ourselves with our imperfections as perfect.
Kabat-Zinn had earlier talked of ancient wisdom, that this ancient wisdom did not come from the East but was inside us. There is within us a perfect state, this is the perfect state of anatta, no-self, but why don't we live in a state of no-self as sunnata, and the answer is imperfections. If we internalise emotions such as greed and hate (including anger) and accept them as permanent – delusion, we are living with imperfections. To accept who we are as a totality of perfect and imperfect is a delusion. It appears to me that David deluded himself into accepting this totality. The way he talked he might well have a wise relationship with his pain, and might well be managing his pain relatively successfully but his case illustrates a weakness with what I perceive as MBSR. If this MBSR-mindfulness is only concerned with relations what are the fundamental axioms that MBSR-mindfulness is based on?
[Please note the Kabat-Zinn proviso discussed in the final paragraph, if Kabat-Zinn is only talking of pain from physical illness such as cancer this blogpost does not apply to him. However he does say MBSR applies to phrase "chronic pain". In my view the blogpost does however apply to David although I am almost completely certain he would not agree.]
These fundamental axioms come down to right view, the view that in Buddhism uses mindfulness meditation to achieve awakening, Nibbana or whatever. In this case study right view talks about the inner "perfection" but says that the imperfections can be removed. Right view talks about what is permanent and does not see imperfections that arise from greed and anger as permanent. Here is the danger of MBSR, Kabat-Zinn eschewing Buddhism, he does not have the right view.
Buddhadasa talks about "seeing what is" without any imperfections – without conditioning. If we internalise selves such as greed and anger then we cannot see without conditioning. In David's case his pain arose from the negative conditioning that came from the criminals. These criminals hid behind their race using racial difference as an excuse to steal, and because the boys who were committing the violent crime were black David became a racist. Instead of using mindfulness to see through the racism he used mindfulness to accept himself as he was with perfections and imperfections, and came to terms with himself as being David with perfections and imperfections. This is mindfulness without right view, without the basic truth of what is as a basis to apply the tool. And this could be a weakness in Kabat-Zinn.
The basic truth in David's case is not a Buddhist right view although it is part of the right view that is accepted by Buddhists. All people are equal but it is conditioning that makes them behave badly. There is no defence of the criminals who bullied David in his youth, further there is no defence of the liberal-education authority collusion that allowed such criminality to exist.
As an aside let us examine who that collusion was defending. These criminals were gang members. They didn't always come to school but when they did it was to collect money to buy drugs in the evening. The establishment could not accept such a description because it would be against black people. At the time there was a legitimate grievance against the police from within the black community as demonstrated by the Brixton uprising that spread around UK black communities, and the Scarman report recognised this legitimate grievance. Independent security might have prevented the bullying but Authority-Liberal collusion allowed the violence to continue. It should be noted here that the racism against black people at the time caused far more of a totality of hardship than was caused to people like David, but it should never have happened to David.
Back to David's case. The pain that David was in needs to be perceived as temporary conditioning that can be removed. Instead because MBSR is not based on a right view mindfulness is used to manage the situation, accept the pain (imperfection) and live with it in a better way – what Kabat-Zinn calls healing. The Buddhist way sees the pain as a consequence of the conditioning and by seeing this conditioning and detaching from it releases the pain (imperfection), and helps David or any individual to embrace the perfection that is within.
This Kabat-Zinn relational aspect of mindfulness is consistent with science as a whole. In general science uses reason in a relational way. Whilst in branches of science it accepts axioms and uses reason to develop those axioms – such as maths, in other areas science ignores axioms claiming they cannot be verified – and the tautological consistency is that verification only means "proving by scientific method"; science can only verify scientific axioms. This goes back to an oft-repeated argument I have put forward. Francis Bacon dichotomised knowledge into that which could be scientifically verified and that which was empirical – such as religious knowledge. At his time it was all knowledge but over the years scientific knowledge has become science and all knowledge that is not science has become religion or superstition, and has been dismissed therein. This was the basis of writing by Gary Zukav and Fritjof Kapra. With Kabat-Zinn's mindfulness meditation the right view has been removed, wysiwyg patients turn up and rather than working on eschewing imperfections such as pain bodies mindfulness works on accepting the wysiwyg package as a totality. The Buddhist approach would get rid of the pain, MBSR keeps it. It makes no sense.
In truth I might be nailing Kabat-Zinn incorrectly. It might well be that David has accepted a psychological spin-off of MBSR. When Kabat-Zinn is talking in the clip of accepting pain he is talking of living with permanent illness – although he mentions chronic pain. In the case of physical illness the Buddhist approach and his MBSR would be the same, using mindfulness meditation to live with the pain. I knew already that David was into meditation, and I couldn't understand how he accepted his pain, I can now see how the relational nature of Kabat-Zinn's mindfulness could be misapplied – as yet I don't know whether Kabat-Zinn would choose to do so.
Interestingly the latest from the Buddhadasa Archives is this meme (arriving 2 days after blogpost):-
Books:- Treatise, Wai Zandtao Scifi, Matriellez Education.
Blogs:- Ginsukapaapdee, Mandtao. Zandtao.
Fake News Censorship and Discernment
I am now a committed writer, and at the beach I was thinking about efforts to finish Matriellez and the Treatise.
Since starting Matriellez there has been the emergence of the right – Trump Brexit and elsewhere. Fake News had been originally the accusation of leftie conspiracy theorists like me, but it has now become mainstream attacks on Fake News. This has got to have an impact on education.
Undoubtedly with the rise of the alt-right education has completely failed. Teachers have been pigeon-holed as leftie liberals and whilst there is truth in this, that is far too simplistic. A new way of teaching is required to deal with these manipulations.
First and foremost there has to be an end to classroom censorship along the lines that students can't cope. There was a liberal ill-conceived approach of mollycoddling students so that they would not be exposed to the worst sort of indoctrination. Instead of that working, students as usual were alienated from teachers and some have become attracted to the alt-right as an alternative to liberalism.
Let's examine liberalism in schools. Now what happens in discussions on social issues in schools. Teachers are supposed to present a balanced viewpoint so there is a sea-saw in which the distance between the two ends of left and right is very small. This is ludicrously artificial. Students often do not fall between these arbitrary extremes – especially on the right. Students are expected to fall between this balanced spectrum, and in discussions teachers direct students within these limits. This is censorship.
The consequence of this censorship is that students repress their views, and seek support outside of education where they might be able to learn. It is this censorship that leads to the alt-right pigeon-holing of PC and liberalism.
What I experienced was totally different. I was not liberal, I was genuine left and my views were considered too extreme. In fact I never believed that students should follow my views. What I do believe is that students should be exposed to all views and learn to discern what is the truth for them. It is discernment we should be teaching and not views. End the sea-saw and teach discernment.
It is my view that a teacher as in any other situation of moderation should express their view so that the students know and draw conclusions for themselves. But then in discussion the teachers should not participate whilst maintaining facilitative control. In this way I feel the spectrum widens.
With the widening spectrum more views could well be expressed. Students must feel they have the freedom to express their views. I had a recent discussion in which a white student who was regularly attacked by black bullies to get dinner money etc. felt that he could not describe his experience in a majority black school. All people should have been aware of his experience and further all people should know that the school avoided trying to resolve this criminal bullying (hiding behind race). This could only come out if all people were aware of the problem.
The classroom needs to be seen as a protected environment – a commitment from all students that nothing said will be responded to outside. The classroom needs also to be seen as a non-insulting environment. "White people not allowed to use the word "nigger" whilst black people can" is an appropriate topic for discussion but not if people in the room feel they have the right to insult others. To determine whether an insult has occurred would be the right of the class. The teaching point is discernment and not views.
This discernment can be then extrapolated to consideration of "fake news", and the teaching point that is needed is that students should not accept anything unless they know it to be true. This creates difficulty for education because liberal education tends to present its own viewpoint as truth and eschew other viewpoints – censorship. It is this censorship that has enabled the alt-right to influence ignorant minds. Such minds are willing to accept as truth statements that many including factcheck organisations dismiss as lies because that truth fits in with a particular cultural outlook – often racist. If those minds were used to being heard, if their views were expressed and accepted as experience as opposed to being confronted by liberalism. If white youth feel fear on black streets that fear should be expressed. If black people say "man up" every black person suffers from racism and has to deal with it. That also needs to be heard. At present neither is, as it is not liberal.
It is important to recognise that liberal censorship is in operation and that this censorship has been manipulated into being a significant factor in the move to the right. Such censorship needs to end and genuine education by understanding as opposed to liberal imposition needs to be the modus operandi.
It is not likely that liberals will give up their foothold.
|Books:- Treatise, Wai Zandtao Scifi, Matriellez Education.
Blogs:- Ginsukapaapdee, Mandtao, Zandtao.


text:
Chairman of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce Fayez Ezz el Din said on Wednesday that 28 Canadian companies will participate in Egypt Economic Development Conference, slated on March 13-15.
In statements to MENA, Ezz el Din said the majority of companies are working in the fields of solar power generation and minerals.
He also expected the Canadian SkyPower company to pump investments worth 12 billion dollars into the Egyptian market.
Source: MENA
GMT 20:21 2017 Tuesday ,21 NovemberNader Mohamed underlines World Bank's support
GMT 12:51 2017 Wednesday ,08 NovemberAl Walwel says Palestinian people able
GMT 22:32 2017 Tuesday ,07 NovemberUK queen's offshore investments
GMT 19:27 2017 Monday ,30 OctoberGovt committed to economic reform
GMT 17:50 2017 Wednesday ,18 OctoberUK Brexit budget offer is 'peanuts'
GMT 07:18 2017 Monday ,09 Octobertakes eurozone farewell bow
GMT 15:08 2017 Sunday ,08 OctoberDeutsche Bank plots more moderate
GMT 16:07 2017 Saturday ,07 OctoberSaudi companies invest in liquefied gas

subset: commoncrawl


text:
No end to credit crisis – F&C
Investors would be "foolish" to believe the latest writedowns by UBS and Deutsche Bank are "the beginning of the end of the subprime crisis", according to Jeremy Tigue, manager of the F&C Investment Trust.
The "dirty laundry" from the credit crunch has only just been "put out to air", he says.
In a recent release, Tigue warned investors to expect more writedowns in the next few weeks, notwithstanding the positive news from Lehman Brothers and UBS in raising funds through rights issues.
An example
More on Structured products
7 days in 60 seconds
VM change, Libor fallback and DTCC blockchain
The week on Risk.net, November 10-16, 2017Receive this by email


text: Does anyone have experience with onyx sand that also keeps Corydoras catfish? If so, has the onyx proved to be just fine, or is it abrasive to the barbels ("whiskers") on the Corys? Thanks. Walter B. Klockers Plano, TX --- StripMime Report -- processed MIME parts --- multipart/alternative text/html ---


text:
Lempster, NH Whole Life Insurance Quotes
Are you looking for Lempster, NH whole life insurance. We can help you compare the best life insurance options in your Sullivan area. To begin simply enter your Zip Code at the top of the page and press "Compare Options". The search engine will take you to a page listing all life insurance companies that are recommended and have proven to be reputable in Lempster, NH.If you have not yet decided to get a life insurance policy, it is something that you should consider. Whether you are single with a significant other, or a family person, is nice to have a policy like this so that you can give them something if you unexpectedly depart. We never know about the future, and this can protect us, regardless of what the odds actually are. Having a life insurance policy is a guarantee that in your absence after death, the people that you care about are going to be financially okay. The question that most people ask is what type of policy is best. For some people, a whole life insurance policy is the best way to go. The following suggestions will allow you to quickly get whole life insurance quotes in Lempster, NH, helping you to quickly get your policy started and active.
Why Choose Whole Life?
How Do You Get Quotes For Whole Life Insurance?
There are a couple different strategies that you can use in order to get Lempster, NH whole life insurance policy estimates. For example, you may see companies that are advertising online, and you can give them a call. The same is true for any of the insurance companies that you see that are advertising in your local paper. Doing it this way, however, can be very time-consuming. That's why you need to find a website that will submit information that you provide for them to multiple companies, all for free, allowing you to simply wait for" to come in.
What Should You Expect?There are a couple of things that you should expect when you use one of these services. First of all, you are going to get several quotes just hours after this information is submitted. The remainder of the quotes will typically come in over the next two days, and this will be plenty of information for you to consider. What you are looking for is a whole life policy that is actually very affordable, and one that will be easy to get approval for. Almost all of them require a physical, but some of them are much more stringent in regard to your medical history. Finally, you also need to choose one that has a reasonably large death benefit.
The policy that you select should be one that originates from a reliable company. This can be verified through the Better Business Bureau or online comments that you can read. If there is no problem with the reputation of the company, it's just a matter of choosing one that is going to provide you with a large death benefit, and a sizable annuity, all provided to you for a reasonable price.
More New Hampshire Cities Nearby:
Investing in a life insurance coverage coverage can be a single of the smartest choices to make. However, not every policy is the exact same. It normally takes a small time and hard work to pick the greatest plan for your specific requirements. You may question exactly where to commence when buying for a life insurance coverage.
If you satisfy with an agent for lifestyle insurance or for that issue, any kind of insurance coverage and they pay attention to your wants and make suggestions on the location, you may want to take into account assembly with a person else. An agent ought to get to know you and your needs, do some research to locate the greatest achievable choices and then meet up with with you yet again to talk about them and then, prepare a program of motion.
Try out to figure out for by yourself how a lot life insurance you actually need. Numerous daily life insurance policies vendors supply a number of methods in which they can make their personal estimations. They normally over estimate in buy to switch a greater income. Do your own estimating so that you can be certain you aren't obtaining ripped off.
Try out to acquire your lifestyle insurance policies policy as before long as you require it. It is absolutely greatest to do this when you are youthful and healthy simply because the policy's premiums are inclined to be significantly cheaper. If you wait around till later when you are more mature or when you are in poor wellness, the rates can be extremely costly.
Do what you can to better your credit. The decrease your credit rating score, the increased your monthly rates could perhaps be. This is due to the fact that a coverage holder with a reduced rating is noticed as a large chance to the insurance company. This is what leads to them to charge the larger premiums. It really is so they can offset the threat.
Disclose almost everything with regards to your lifestyle and your wellness when acquiring existence insurance. If something that you failed to point out contributes to your passing, you may possibly have rendered your insurance policy null and stay away from. The most pricey insurance coverage policy in the planet is the 1 that isn't going to pay out when it's required.
Prior to acquiring lifestyle insurance policies, you need to fully grasp the difference in between expression insurance policies and long lasting insurance since this can help you make a better selection about what type of policy you require. A phrase insurance policy policy should cover most of your debt and monetary requirements, so consequently, a expression insurance coverage coverage may be very best for you. Do not permit a agent notify you that you should obtain long term insurance policy because a phrase insurance coverage plan is only far better in specified situations.
It may possibly be simpler explained than accomplished, but consider to avoid larger commissions when acquiring your palms on a new life insurance policies plan. Premiums can rise substantially if brokers and brokers fold their expenses into premiums that you will be paying. You can help save a great deal of money with "no load" policies if you can find an insurance coverage company who will directly promote you this sort of policy.
Look at out for insurance coverage salesman that make unrealistic claims about their information or overall performance. Any agent that seems vague, or who will not give straight info concerning scores, should not be dealt with. Also, consider the time to lodge a complaint about the agent with their superiors.
Right after reading through these tips you must come to feel far more comfy with the matter of life insurance policy. Hopefully you can now realize just how important it can be for the foreseeable future of your family members, especially if you are ever not about any much more to get care of them. These ideas need to aid to prepare you with seeking for and maintaining a very good lifestyle insurance policy account.


text:
Gambling online low priced laptops.
People who have a degree in arts can make a fine living, doing the thing that they love. the choice is yours. in some situations, the person who is feeling ill will need to go to the doctor's office. since they have been doing this for years they have the template that should be followed to create an honest and safe gambling web site. thus you get an instant reply and the spontaneity of the conversation is not interrupted Gambling online low priced laptops First i want to explain how it works so you can decide if it's something you want to use on your computer. after that, it is all up to you! take the choice, for example gambling This makes for meaningful and lasting relationships. you know, the social butterfly type. plus, your faxes can be encrypted so it is much more secure than the traditional way of faxing Gambling online low priced laptops Online sites are currently offering the latest movies as soon as they are released, and there is no waiting list to purchase them. there are also sites which provide complete video tutorials and it is the easiest option available for you online Gambling online low priced laptops • social networking creating pages on myspace, facebook, twitter and other social networking sites is a great way to advertise products and services. unfortunately, not all people can afford hgh injections. the system is very accurate and effective
Gambling online low priced laptops Asking questions anonymously online is an advantage there is one distinct advantage to use services such as calling the nurse phone call center or asking a doctor for help online. there are a lot of people out there who want to take you for a ride Gambling online low priced laptops The insurance can be viewed online and logged into after being purchased. 2.dating online is relatively safe gambling
You have the option of hopping online and placing orders as need be. selfbranding is one aspect of your business that surely requires constant attention. both these types of interfaces have their own functionality. of course the first thing you need is a website Gambling online low priced laptops You may need to be more proactive in marketing your product. this increases the item's value, especially when purchased at a good and fair price. you may still be able to place the order online, but will have to wait for the prescription to be verified before the order is shipped to you. you won't have to wait in line trying to make a purchase
There are several great sources to help you find websites to purchase, not only for supporting your original site you're trying to get traffic for, but also for using other people sites to either fix up and resell or use as a source of generating new revenue. trust me on this one, gang Gambling online low priced laptops You need to learn the technical things of your business and get the motivational courses that can help you grow yourself and succeed. by shopping online, you are able to shop without the added pressure of a salesperson looking over your shoulder. you can search for them internationally gambling Simply put, online dating eliminates the awkwardness during initial introductions. remember, in order to use online fax you have to signup to an internet fax service provider who will act as your intermediary to handle all your faxing. to synthetic fabrics like nylon. many people however don't really know what all is involved in the obtaining of an arts degree from a online school. despite all these problems, you can still find perfectly normal levitra prescriptions online for about half the price of what you would pay at a drug store. 1.online dating is very convenient casino online hd
Injections vs. become one of the 3 percent. a forum or membership sites were you can interact with others who are also losing weight with online diets. is the site linked to an actual place of business? these devices are installed with a program that instantly solves equations when numbers are inputted. another thing that would be beneficial for you to do is to get several different quotes from different lenders in order to ensure that you find the best financing company that suits your own personal financial situation. there is another interesting element of pursuing an online it degree. when online dating don't just talk to people who you think look hot. if you have still not taken benefits of the large number of internet sites providing recipes of all types, you are really losing a lot. despite relationships being important, more and more men are losing their jobs due to the recession. not fun casino online nz This is especially important if you are buying a highpriced item such as a good piece of jewelry. lastly, do not be such an addict! online job sites offer employers vast options and tool as well. this can make you lose precious time and make you bewildered so why not use an online shopping directory do the work for you and find out the right product that you are looking for? buying in bulk is a great way to save money


text:
Advanced Search
Professional Development | News
To help support a three-year digital transition, Illinois' Des Plaines Consolidated School District 62 will launch a program to develop new teacher leaders by working with Discovery Education's Digital Leader Corps PD program.
The Digital Leader Corps is a multi-year professional development program that trains teacher leaders to create and implement new teaching strategies across their district. Specifically, educators from De Plaines will focus on integrating technology and digital media into instruction. Before rolling these strategies out to their peers and classrooms, teacher leaders will participate in learning labs, which allow them to practice in a mock classroom setting.
The program provides teachers with continuous customized, job-embedded consultation throughout the process with on-going modeling, coaching and feedback from Discovery Education DLC experts.
"To truly transform teaching and learning and ensure a successful digital transition, our teachers need a supportive environment where they can continuously improve their skills, knowledge and instructional practices," said District 62 Superintendent Jane Westerhold in a statement. "We are thrilled to partner with Discovery Education to support our educators in becoming digital leaders and agents for change within their schools."
The district is in the midst of a three-year plan to increase digital delivery of learning materials and improve digital literacy skills. Part of the plan includes adding more Internet-ready devices, beefing up wireless access, and exploring options for a 1-to-1 take home program.
About the Author
Stephen Noonoo is an education technology journalist based in Los Angeles. He is on Twitter @stephenoonoo. Follow @stephenoonoo
Sign up for our newsletter.
I agree to this site's Privacy Policy.
All Webcasts
Did you know ALL schools that applied for E-rate have been funded for the last three years? Are you missing out on opportunities to improve your classroom Wi-Fi? Find out how easy it can be to apply for and receive E-rate funding for your in-school network. We'll go over everything you need to upgrade your network with help from the Federal E-rate program.
Read more...
All Whitepapers


text:
NEW YORK, May 5 (IFR) - Portugal is more likely to increase the size of its outstanding bonds at auction than to come to market with a new benchmark issue, the country's debt office (IGCP) said on Monday.
The Ba3/BB/BB+ rated sovereign confirmed Sunday that it will exit its three-year 78bn bailout this month, drawing a line under its rocky path in the wake of the global financial crisis.
IGCP's head of issuance, Paulo Ribeiro, said that with 7bn already raised towards its 2014 issuance target of 11-13bn, Portugal had shown its ability to raise fresh debt.
"We have already sent a clear message that we can access the debt capital markets," he told IFR.
"What we will consider more is where the demand is, and what tenors we can issue."
Issuance so far this year has included some pre-funding for 2015 from the sale of two syndicated bond taps of five-year and 10-year bonds in January and February.
Its 5.65% February 2024s were increased by 3bn in February and by a further 750m via an auction in April, but is still just 6.75bn in size.
"We still have relatively small outstanding bonds that we could tap going forward," said Ribeiro.
Tapping bonds with 10-year maturities would be preferable to increasing outstanding five-year issues, but there could be scope to sell even longer dated debt further ahead.
Portugal's bond yields have rallied sharply, bringing its funding costs close to eight-year lows from near 17% at the height of the debt crisis in 2012.
One banker saw the 2024s bid at 116.545 to yield 3.609% on Monday, 10bp tighter on the day, but flat in spread terms over German bunds due to a quiet day with London on holiday.
"We could move towards longer bonds if market access continues to improve the maturity fits our funding plan and redemption profile," said Ribeiro.
While auctions are preferred for now, syndicated issues would allow Portugal to better diversify its maturity profile, avoiding heavy redemptions around specific points in the curve.
"Ideally, I think 7.5bn would be a good size to stop," said a banker close to the sovereign, referring to the size of single bond tranches.
"It would make the notes quite liquid - and would represent on average half of their annual funding program. Ireland has tapped the same 2024 maturity three times. But is it an optimal strategy? I think a mix [of different funding tools] would be a better balance."
Syndication would also give the issuer more control over how the bonds are placed among investors.
"I would have thought that the country would want to move quickly with a syndicated deal while there is a positive tone about its story," said Sandra Holdsworth, an investment manager at Kames Capital.
"The banks leading the deal would also have a strong incentive to make sure it goes well."
Portugal could also tap pockets of demand, including from retail investors and use of its MTN programme, Ribeiro said.
In February, one investor swapped an existing short-term position for a new 4.6% EUR1.25bn October 2022.
Although Portugal's yields have made a remarkable recovery, Holdsworth said, there is likely to be a limit to how much more they can rally.
"The major impediment for Portugal is its credit rating," she said.
"It is still sub-investment grade, so some funds will not be able to buy its bonds. So although it has had tremendous success with both syndicated deals and auctions, there is a limit to how much lower its yields go until it is rated investment grade."
That said, Greece, rated Caa3/B-/B-, staged a 3bn 4.75% April 2019 bond at a yield of 4.95% - its first deal since the EU and the IMF rescued it four years ago. That deal attracted more than 20bn of interest. (Reporting by Natalie Harrison and Davide Scigliuzzo; Editing by Marc Carnegie)


text:
Read the opening extract of the brand new A. J. Finn book before its publication on 22/01/2018
Color-Blindness Its Dangers and Its Detection
Benjamin Joy Jeffries
Color-Blindness Its Dangers and Its Detection by Benjamin Joy Jeffries
About the Author
Book Info
Publication date20th August 2008
AuthorBenjamin Joy Jeffries
More books by Benjamin Joy Jeffries
Author 'Like for Like'
336 pages
I love reading books I wouldn't normally choose before everyone else gets to read them!Dawn Lynch
Lovereading helps me decide what real people read.Kerry Bridges
If you LOVE reading then you will love LOVEREADING! It's a 'novel' idea. Seriously though I could not recommend them enough.Rebecca Whymark
I read new, exciting writers and established authors before publication and there is a great website full of brilliant books and opinions.Lynda
I love Lovereading for the wonderful like for like author recommendations and for highlighting new books, it's a great resource for readers!Lindsay
Love books. Love reading. Love reading books. And, here's the trick. Here's a website which caters for people like me.Ian Harvey-brown
I love the honest opinions, recommendations for every genre and every reader, wish lists and Like for Like.Amrita Dasgupta
Its jam packed with fantastic titles, informative descriptions & fantastic reviews and has a vast array of great features & competitions.Linda Rollins


text:
Snorkeling with wild dolphins. Haunting colonial ruins. Millionaire hideaways. Northern Mozambique is as far off-the-grid as you can get. And perfect for a post-safari idyll.
Ibo Island Lodge, Mozambique: A trip back in time to a forgotten place
Mozambique's Ibo Island Lodge simply oozes character; it's a fab restored colonial mansion! Must-do: Breakfast on the sandbar under a Bedouin tent.
Chinzombo: Zambia safari camp wows with luxury and killer leopards
Chinzombo had us at the private pool. And we loved the eco-friendly air-conditioner above our bed. Killer leopard sightings at this luxury safari camp were a bonus.
Wine Flies Tour: A day of wine tasting in Stellenbosch
Not kitschy. Educational and fun. Our Wine Flies Tour from Cape Town took us to five Stellenbosch wineries, including Annandale for bold, luscious, old-world reds.
Beware the lions! Our walking safari in Zambia with Norman Carr Safaris
You don't really want to see lions on a walking safari in Zambia (just small critters). Being exposed out in the bush with Norman Carr Safaris is thrilling enough.
LAM Review: What's it like to fly on Linhas Aereas de Mozambique?
How to get from Johannesburg to Pemba and the off-the-beaten-path luxury resorts in northern Mozambique? Here's our LAM review. Expect delays and an overnight in Maputo if you fly LAM.
African river cruise on the elegant "Zambezi Queen"
"See the hippos!" Our guide, Gilbert, points to a jumble of large round boulders in the mud flats. One boulder moves. We make out red-rimmed eyes and little piggy ears. Sure enough, it's a hippo. It stands up, waddles sideways, …
Design City: Revitalized Cape Town travel guide
Congrats Cape Town! You beat out L.A., Perth and Rotterdam to top the New York Times list of best places to go in 2014! That's in part because you were honored as the World Design Capital 2014. What exactly is …
Chiawa safari camp nails glamping in Zambia
It's like a scene from "Out of Africa." Except that this is Zambia (which offers some of Africa's most authentic safari experiences), not Kenya. And instead of Karen Blixen's bush tents, Chiawa camp hugs the mighty Zambezi River. Unforgettable elephants …
A sultan's palace? No, Baraza Resort and Spa
Had we accidentally walked into a sultan's palace? The gleaming white entrance lobby – embellished with marble floors, gold silk divans and battered brass lanterns – sure made us think so. Staff padded about wearing flowing white gowns. And through …
Old-fashioned opulence on the Blue Train
Blame it on Agatha Christie. The Blue Train from Cape Town to Pretoria caught our eye. Ever since reading Murder on the Orient Express, we've hankered to chuff along in an opulent vintage train. We'd love to sip chilled bubbly, nosh …
andBeyond Mnemba Island Lodge on Zanzibar
No doors, no keys (never any thefts), no worries. Yes, it's true. andBeyond Mnemba Island Lodge is the quintessential private-island paradise – and a barefoot one too. There's no question Zanzibar's beaches are beautiful (on some you can go "reef walking". …
Stone Town, Zanzibar: Haunting slave markets and palaces
On a morning walking tour through Stone Town's twisted alleyways, we ogle crumbling limestone palaces, mosques and faded mansions. Our guide also points out the elaborately carved Zanzibari doors, symbolic of Stone Town. Some doors reflect an Indian influence. They're …
Romancing The Palms: Zanzibar hotel with a heart
Talk about romance! An attentive butler. A lavish 1,400 sq. ft. villa with silk-draped king-size bed and midnight-blue plunge pool. Your own curtained cabana with daybed for relaxing on the beach. And the most elegant candle-light dinners. All-inclusive at The Palms, Zanzibar …
- Page 1 of 2
- 1
- 2


text:
Zenonia 3: The Midgard Story Answers for iPhone - iPadHome / iPhone - iPad /
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Zenonia 3: The Midgard Story question for iPhone - iPad and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
- Developer: Gamevil
- Publisher: Gamevil
- Genre: Role-Playing Action RPG
- Release: Apr 28, 2011
- ESRB: Not Set
Question & Answers
How to enter cave in delfoy?
How to enter cave in delfoy on Zenonia 3: The Midgard Story?
Answer from: mac
You cant u can only exit from it
Answer from: cam
How do you get into the cave then?
Answer from: Brady
In deep shade woods (the south-western most area of shade woods, the forest near town of delfoy), where you meet the misty ogres and negir, going down a ladder and into the cave entrance there takes you to that door. so in other words, you can't enter the door; only exit it. it's kind of a shortcut for after defeating the ogre king, so you can hurry up and confront luxferre.
- Dunk Dive, (iOS)
- Pixel Neighbor: Welcome Home, (iOS)
- Survivor Royale, (iOS)
- BoardyBlock, (iOS)
- Bug Bites, (iOS)
- Ishido, (iOS)
- Crests Of Courage, (iOS)
- Zombie Virus Apocalypse, (iOS)
- Stickman Cross Golf Battle, (iOS)
- Time Recoil, (iOS)
- Knives Out, (iOS)
- Tiny Defense 2, (iOS)
- Wheels Of Aurelia, (iOS)
- Secret Files 2: Puritas Cordis, (iOS)
- Radiation City, (iOS)
- A Boy And His Blob, (iOS)
- Sky Gamblers: Infinite Jets, (iOS)
- Quiz: Video Games, (iOS)
- Dragon Hills 2, (iOS)


text:
When you've identified the product you're interested, you would have arrived on to a page similar to the screenshot below. This is the Product Detail Page and it contains a wealth of information pertaining to the product. Here's what you get on the top half of a typical product detail page:-
Next we focus on the various tabbed information that make up the bottom-half of the product detail page:-
Reward yourself this festive holiday with Cashback of up to $200!
Dell updates Inspiron 7000 series with 8th Gen Intel Core processors.
Find out how the HT-ST5000 delivers a truly immersive experience.
A shared-world, first-person shooter wrapped in an epic adventure.
The 5 things you should know before buying your next TV
Get your daily dosage of everything ROG right here at Hardware Zone.


text:
A Ghanaian man identified as Kofi Shanti Baofo, has killed himself after his parents refused to allow him to marry his baby mama whom he called Deevi.
Baofo who posted his decision to take his life on his Facebook page, fulfilled his promise by drinking a poisonous substance shortly after posting the suicide note on his wall.
In the long and emotional 'goodbye' post, Baofo explained that his parents' refusal to sanction his marriage to the mother of his child was something he could not take and therefore, there was nothing for him to live for any longer.
The letter also accused Deevi of not loving him enough to hold on in the face of the opposition from his family.
Read the post here:
"Dear all, you have to know that you will not be seeing me anymore, and perhaps the knowledge is better than the months of uncertainty which I have been through.
There are one or two things which I should like you to know, and which I have been too shy to let you know in person.
Firstly, let me say how splendid you have been during this terrible 'war'. None of you has known how hard things must have been, and when peace comes, this will serve to knit the family together as it should always have been knit.
As a family, we are terribly afraid of showing our feelings, but my life has uncovered unsuspected layers of affection beneath the crust of gentlemanly reserve.
Secondly, I would like to thank you all for what you have done for me personally. Nothing has been too much trouble, and I have appreciated this to the full, even if I have been unable to show it.
Finally, a word of comfort. You know how I have gone through this life, but it has, however, done this for me. It has shown me new realms where man is free from earthly restrictions and conventions; where he can be himself playing hide and seek with the clouds, or watching a strangely silent world beneath, rolling quietly on, touched only by vague unsubstantial shadows moving placidly but unrelenting across its surface.
So, please, don't pity me for the price I have had to pay for this experience. This price is incalculable, but it may just as well be incalculably small as incalculably large, so why worry?
And to Dad and Mum
If you get this message or reading this, then you should know I won't be coming home. I am up in the stars now looking down on you making sure that you are happy as you wanted.
I am sorry for all the times I have been a pain but I know the good times outweighed the bad in ten folds. Thank you for being the best parents anyone could ever have wished for.
You gave me everything I could ever have wanted and more but not the marriage that I wanted. You have both gotten long lives ahead of you yet, so make sure you make use of every second you have, because sitting here writing this now, I know just how precious time is.
Tell the rest of the family I was thinking of them and make sure they take care. Forgiveness is something everybody deserves because one day, it may be too late.
Remember that every time you are thinking of me, I am thinking of you, too. Look after yourselves and not to think of my children, forget about them.
And to the love of my life Deevi
I cannot seem to say these words out loud. To me, saying goodbye has always seemed so final. Life is crazy like that. People come in and out of your life; neither one is ever expected.
I have found, however, that some people will always come back to you. The ones meant to be in your life will return somewhere down the road. Unfortunately, I do not believe you will ever return. That is why I have to say goodbye.
Our relationship, like so many others, had its extreme ups and downs. I tried to focus on the ups, while relentlessly making excuses for you for the downs. 'He's just busy' and 'He treats everyone like that' became the norm.
I put you before almost anything and anyone else in my life. You knew I loved you, yet you did nothing about it. All I had was hope. You were so important to me. It is extremely difficult writing these words in the past tense. I once thought you would be in my life forever.
I can't let you hurt me any longer. Life is too short to repeatedly get your heart broken by the same person without doing anything to fix it. Everyone deserves more than that.
I need to do what is best for me. The only way to fix it is by saying goodbye. I know this is going to be a long and difficult journey, but it is something I must do.
My heart is so full of you. Waking up every morning without you in my life will get a little easier every day until you are nothing but a memory to me.
ALSO READ: "Good Riddance: Ghana man commits suicide after lover dumped him; leaves note"
I'm glad we have few same friends, so your name won't get brought up in conversations. It is time to move on. I can erase you from my life, but the memories will remain forever.
I may have lost someone that didn't love me, but you lost someone that truly loved you.
This is my goodbye
There is only one thing to add. Good luck to you all
Shanti writes to you all.
Am much grateful and appreciate your time and effort to me."
Related Articles
Here's The Student Forced To "Drink Blood" By Ritualistic Kidnappers
We reported earlier how Omoniyi Olumide, a student of University of Ilorin, was recently kidnapped by suspected ritualists and forced to drink blood. Pictured above
Wild elephant kills 35-year-old man
A wild elephant in Nepal killed a 35-year-old man who attempted to chase it away, Police said on Wednesday. The man was among a group of
Tragic Death: 3 reported dead after amala meal
Three people have been reported dead after reportedly eating amala in Ibokun, Obokun Local Government Area of Osun State on Friday, October 27. Daily Post reports
Most Watched VideosView all posts
Extremely brazen couple filmed having sex while riding a motorbike
This is the bizarre moment a young couple were caught on camera having sex while riding a motorcycle. Police have launched an investigation after the
Medical Video: Here Is What Eating Pork Does Inside Your Body!!
The consumption of pork is forbidden in many countries and one of the great reasons is because it's considered as "unclean". Do you need any
Praise & Worship by 12 years old Odehyieba Priscilla ( Must Watch)
Remain Blessed for Worshipping with Me to give Glory to God.
'Alarming' footage of youth jumping from roof to roof 20ft up
Alarming' footage of youth jumping from roof to roof 20ft up
World's fattest woman sheds 260kg and now seeks for love (photos, video)
- The world's former fattest woman has lost 260kg and now is looking for a lover - The woman, aged 40, who was bed bound now
Most Read NewsView all posts
Anambra election: PDP wins in Peter Obi's Agulu ward two
The Anambra state Governorship election has been released in Agulu ward two in Amatutu village, Agulu, Anaocha Local Government Area of the State which is the
NNPC completes 539km of gas pipelines
Okechukwu Nnodim, Abuja The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation on Tuesday said it had so far completed 500 kilometres of gas pipelines between 2010 to date as
Apapa gridlock: Lagos reconstitutes joint security task force to ensure sanity
The Lagos State Government has reconstituted the Joint Security Task Force established to tackle Apapa gridlock and other security threats within the axis brought about
How I tackled Nigeria's poor performance in sports – Dalung
By Luminous JannamikeABUJA – The Minister of Youth and Sports Development, Solomon Dalung, has explained how he addressed the challenge of Nigerian's poor performance in
Pulse Opinion: Robert Mugabe leaves power, a thoroughly disgraced old man
Robert Mugabe has resigned as President of Zimbabwe, just hours after parliament commenced impeachment proceedings against him.He was going to be kicked out, anyway, if
I'm Bigger Than Wizkid & Shatta Wale Combined – Stonebwoy
Shatta Wale received millions of back lash from Nigerians, when he referred to Wizkid as an ordinary artiste. Shatta Wale further stressed that he does not
Most Watched Movies
Dangerous Visitors
Ugly Intimidation 2
She is the Governor's daughter and she is having a secret affair with their cook. Her best friend finds out and goes to taste the
Ugly Intimidation
She is the Governor's daughter and she is having a secret affair with their cook. Her best friend finds out and goes to taste the
Heart Of Giving 4
Starring; Yul Edochie
In Bed With My Sister 2
Movies 2017|latest nollywood movies| 2017 Nigerian movies The secrets of Mr Ozor, an Occult man, has been revealed through the wife but she has to
Inside Beauty 2
Nigerian Movies 2017|latest nollywood movies| 2017 Nigerian movies A twin born lady who was born with a scar on her face which made her feel


text:
In the third and fourth chapters of Cities and the Wealth of Nations, Jane Jacobs distinguishes between two kinds of non-urban regions. The first, which she calls the "city region," is the inevitable byproduct of economically vibrant cities. The second, "supply regions," do not replace imports and tend to export one or more staple commodities. Neither type of region can be economically self-sufficient.
To recapitulate Jacobs's second premise, vibrant city economies excel at import replacement and export creation. They replace imports with locally produced goods, and through innovation they develop new types of goods which they then export to other regions. Transactions between cities and their city regions, however, do not constitute imports or exports. Indeed, one of the ways in which cities replace imports is by drawing on city-region production.
City regions are areas of activity that is intimately dependent upon their center cities. They lie beyond the cities' suburbs. (Jacobs also refers to such regions as hinterlands.) Not all cities sprout city regions. Jacobs's list of cities that don't is interesting. It includes many capitals and administrative centers. "Rome," she writes, "has an amazingly small and feeble city region, considering the city's own size." This makes sense, however, because symbolic cities, such as capitals (and certainly Rome) don't require active economies at all. The inhabits work in the city's symbolic industry, which either grows slowly over time or doesn't grow at all. Churches and legislatures don't produce more and more of something; they just go on reproducing and exporting the same sorts of things in the same quantities. Their populations are stable. Not that a capital need be stable. London, Paris, Copenhagen and Amsterdam are just four examples of capitals that double as active economic centers, and they all have vast city regions.
What distinguishes a city region from, say, the towns in Southern states that boast large automotive factories? Jacobs lists five factors that characterize urban expansion. Because I find it handy to view these factors in list form, I have broken out the quotation into bullets. They are:
"city markets for new and different imports,
abruptly increased city jobs,
technology for increasing rural production and productivity,
transplanted city work, and
city-generated capital."
In a city region, these factors are brought to bear more or less equally, as we shall see. A Southern town whose economy is dominated by a single industry resembles a supply region: it exports the labor, if not the workers themselves, of local inhabitants. The number of jobs is relatively fixed. The investment of city-generated capital used to build the industry is not correlated to any change in the local markets, for what the city imports to feed its industry (other than raw materials), it does not purchase locally. And industrial domination means that changes in larger markets can cause the local industry to collapse. The Southern town, in short, has a transplant economy, and Jacobs will this up in her seventh chapter.
Once again, Jacobs has a textbook case to illustrate the workings of a city region economy. Her source is Shinohata: Portrait of a Japanese Village, by Ronald P Dore, a British sociologist (Pantheon, 1978). Mr Dore gave the object of his study a fictitious name to protect the village's privacy, so don't go looking for it on a map, where the actual town could be found less than a hundred miles north of Tokyo. Until 1955, Shinohata enjoyed a poor agricultural economy, often at subsistence levels. Between 1900 and 1955, Jacobs notes, the third item of her list, enhanced technology, freed rice farmers to devote more time to cocoon cultivation, but Shinohata's overall economy improved only slightly; Jacobs notes elsewhere that improved technology alone can be nothing more than a way of putting lots of people out of work.
In 1955, presumably owing to expansions of Tokyo's population and its transportation network, Shinohata became engaged in the capital's city-region economy. As she did in the case of Bardou, Jacobs provides a wealth of details, many of them charming, to recount the big local changes brought about by a more-or-less distant city. Here, however, she uses them to show how each of the five factors was brought to bear in an articulated manner upon the village's economy. I shall compress them into five brief bullets.
Once they were directly connected to Tokyo's markets, the villagers found that there was a demand for all sorts of new agricultural products, or what we call truck farming.
By 1975, all the children in fourteen of the forty-nine households had left Shinohata for jobs elsewhere in the Tokyo region. "In the meantime, one outside family arrived and added a fiftieth house to the hamlet: a Tokyo professor and his wife who chose it as a weekend and holiday retreat."
The villagers developed a vastly superior technology for harvesting one of their new exports, oak mushrooms. In some cases, technological improvement was paid for by children who resettled in Tokyo, nicely showing the mesh between this factor and the final one.
A substantial food-processing plant, with a relatively small workforce, was followed four other factories, the most interesting of which is a repair shop for medical centrifuges. A Shinohata man worked for the manufacturer in Tokyo, and when he decided to return to the village he managed to get the local franchise for repairing the machines. Here we have a mesh with the second factor.
Important capital improvements include reliable concrete dikes and the extraction of gravel from the riverbed; all but fifteen percent of such improvements were funded by the government, which is, of course, redistributing city-generated wealth.
Note that each of these factors ties Shinohata to the greater Tokyo economy in many different ways, and that there is no preponderant factor. Children have left, but natives have returned and newcomers have shown up. Villagers work less but earn more, and the village is no longer subject to a twenty-year cycle of flood and famine. It sounds too good to be true, but even allowing for a rosy bias in Jacobs's account, it is not hard to see that easy intercourse with Tokyo and with Tokyo's region is responsible for each of Shinohata's transformations. At the same time, no one can claim that Shinohata has become a city in its own right. Its luster depends entirely on Tokyo's.
It is tempting to attribute Shinohata's economic transformations to the industriousness, intelligence, and resourcefulness of its people. But people in the transformed Shinohata are the first to admit that their forebears worked harder than they do. As for resourcefulness, it takes more of that to make straw rain capes, as the people of old Shinohata did, than to go to a store and buy rain gear as Shinohatans do today. Considering how little they had to work with, the people of old Shinohata were unbelievably resourceful. Their present-day descendeants are the "same" people - some of them literally the same individuals, in fact. What has changed is not their attributes as human beings, but rather the fact that city markets, jobs, technology, transplants and capital all came to bear upon Shinohata, massively and in reasonable proportion to one another. The transformations are inexplicable in other terms.
In supply regions, in contrast, "cities shape stunted and bizarre economies in distant regions," where only one or two of the five factors is brought to bear, "massively," but not in reasonable proportion. Jacobs's case study here is Uruguay. Uruguay was basically one big ranch, supplying beef to Europe, for most of its modern existence. In the immediate postwar period, devastated Europe's demand caused Uruguayan exports to boom, but the boom didn't last, and the bust has proven to be persistent. While the going was good, Uruguayans were content to import what they needed. When the going got bad, they discovered that you cannot set up import-replacement overnight. In a paragraph that corresponds to the preceding quotation, she writes,
It may be tempting to lay Uruguay's economic troubles to incompetence, fecklessness, lack of foresight, self-indulgence and the like. But actually, Uruguayans ran their supply economy competently and responsibly. What they did do, they did well. What they did not do was create a productive city for themselves - a city replacing wide ranges of its imports from time to time in the normal course of growth, and thus automatically generating a complex and many-sided city region producing amply and diversely for its own people and producers as well for others.
As I noted on the previous page, when I look at today's New York, I see a supply region. New York exports many symbolic goods, for many of which the market is expanding at the moment. But it imports almost everything material from somewhere else. (It was the two chapters under discussion, by the way, that made me realize that New York City would never be a viable economic unit if it did not control its enormous watershed.) For decades, city leaders have sought to drive industry out of the city, failing to realize that industry has changed. It is no longer a blight. It is no longer dirty. In most cases, it is no longer "heavy." It is pretty much what it was in old Florence: artisanal. Only now the tools run on electricity and involve computers.
To embark on a tangent of my own, I'd point out that in order to keep a diverse population employed diversely, every city has a very great interest in the regulation of rents. This is so out of fashion, however, that cities resort to tax breaks, which amounts to transferring public wealth into private pockets. I don't want to sound too Maoist, but property owners contribute almost nothing to the general wealth, and their perspicacity, or, more likely, that of their ancestors, ought not to be too ludicrously rewarded, at least at the expense of a city's economic health. I have watched "rising rents" transform what was still a distinctively German neighborhood in 1980 into an open-air mall, one largely dedicated to regional and national chain stores specializing in clothes and consumer electronics. It is true that most of the German-speaking residents of Yorkville - once known as "Germantown" - had long since moved to the suburbs. But to the extent that rising rents were a factor in the transformation, it was a gratuitous worsening.
Jacobs ends the chapter by debunking the supply-side syllogism that, in supply economies, "specialties represent division of labor at the regional or international scale, that division of labor is efficient, and therefore that supply economies form and persist because the arrangement is efficient. First, she counters that the argument is "teleological ... On might as well say that rain is beneficial to plants and that that is why it rains." Supply regions don't exist because they're efficient, but because they have no import-replacing cities of their own, and often can't. Supply economies are "efficient," perhaps, for cities, but the inhabitants of supply regions are often desperately poor. This is Jacobs's second argument. It has become common, since Cities and the Wealth of Nations appeared, to distinguish extractive from productive regions. The efficient extraction of a commodity does not imply an efficient local economy. "An economy that can fill few of the needs of its own people and producers is not efficient." Adam Smith believed the supply-side argument, of course, because he viewed economy from national perspective, jumbling together the wildly different economies of, say, London on the one hand and Wales on the other. (May 2006)
Permalink | Back to Related Links | Portico
Copyright (c) 2006 Pourover Press


text:
4 Rippeths were recorded as miners in the 1901 Census.
Explore the lives of your ancestors
Your name is all it takes to get started
Uncover your family tree
We'll help you connect with your ancestors and explore their lives
Your name is all it takes to get started, and it's FREE!
The earliest occurrence of the Rippeth surname in our family history documents is from 1592, and we currently have 1,774 records where Rippeth appears. Here are a few more facts to get you started…
4 Rippeths were recorded as miners in the 1901 Census.
In the early 1900s Rippeths were most likely to live in Durham.
Not all Rippeths were law-abiding. We found 3 in criminal records.
1 Rippeths served in the First World War.
Become one of the millions of users who are building their family tree with us. Create yours today for free.
Were your ancestors war heroes?
Where did your family live & what did they do?
Did your family have a brush with the law?
Where were your family born, married, and buried?