text: The term hypoallergenic is currently not regulated. The Skin Trust Society aims to change this by offering the first, dermatologist-developed, industry-wide definition for hypoallergenic skin care. The Skin Trust Society's Dermatologist Approved Hypoallergenic Products are fragrance-free, formaldehyde-free, MCI/MI-free, have less than two other medically recognized skin allergens, and were unanimously approved by our physicians. This is the toughest seal to earn in the industry! Read more »


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I have told myself that the only pair of shoes I will be buying this summer are the Jack Roger "Navajo" thong sandals.....the only problem is I want them in gold, silver, and platinum. What do you think? Check them out!
Monday, April 7, 2008
So Jackie O... Jack Rogers sandals
Posted by Shop Girl
Labels: Summer Shoes
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subset: commoncrawl


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Bell Telephonelaan 4, Westerlo
Price per room/night from EUR 85
More hotels in Westerlo
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Please note that the restaurant and bar are closed on Friday evenings, on Saturdays, on Sundays and during public holidays.
Continue to the next page for a full description of the available rooms and their prices. Choose and book your room.


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Why does this keep happening to me in a repeating pattern. It's driving me nuts!
I admit I broke up because 1. I accused him wrongly 2. I was jealous Why
Well, I loved him, very much, he was my first love.(It sounds silly to some but idc)
I tried moving on, tried to explain him the reason.
His friend told me about this girl that he "liked" while he was with me.
I just snapped and since we were on a distance relationship, I broke up thinking he cheated cause I've seen some things he commented on her pictures on FB.
I know most distance relationships didn't work, that's why we both wanted to take a risk.
I tried explaining him, but I obviously broke him. I know I screwed up BIG TIME, and I really feel bad that I even once cut myself.
i know I deserve better, but honestly as a person he was quite perfect in an unperfect way.
I don't know what to do. I tried moving on, but It's really hard since I've been having 2-3 dreams about him every njght or If I got nothing to do, like no homework, chore I just end up sitting and somehow He comes on my mind!
When I finally calmed down and faced the fact that we are probably never getting back together, I just was writing a short story until my phone showed me a message from him. We started chatting, bla bla until he asked me U still single? I said yh, iI asked about him he didn't want to answer. But since I had to go to bed, he said Goodnight 😒😄😚😚
Why do I act like this? I just was writing a short story until my phone showed me a message from him.
Why does this keep happening to me in a repeating pattern. It's driving me nuts!
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Status: Closed
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first cleveland.com user to add photos or videos of Pretty Paws Pet Salon
My dog loves going to this place and has never looked better! No other groomer for my dog. All natural shampoos , aroma therapy, and massage. No wonder my dog can't wait to get in the door! They take thier time and do a great job. I highly recommend this shop.
I give them 5 stars....they are the best....I have taken every dog that I have ever had for them to groom and they love the dogs! Their pictures are the best.
Judy Prouty
Tucker & Cody's Mom!!!!!
Pretty Paws Pet Salon can be found at Little York Rd 3430. The following is offered: Animal Services. The entry is present with us since Sep 8, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Dayton there are 42 other Animal Services. An overview can be found here.


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Paths to Inclusion: The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany
Paths to Inclusion: The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany
The United States and Germany are now the world's two largest recipients of immigrants. This commonality, which only emerged in the postwar period, provides a rich opportunity to compare the ways in which the two countries think about and approach the problem of inclusion and integration of migrants. Most Americans view themselves as descendants of immigrants, and large-scale immigration is an integral part of the United States' history, culture, politics, and self-understanding. For Germany; immigration marks a sharp departure from -- indeed a reversal of -- the historical pattern. Most Germans still see their country as an ethnically defined nation-state. This is one reason why ethnic Germans from the former Soviet Union are still admitted despite other policies designed to limit the current inflow of new immigrants.
Immigration thus poses an old challenge for the United States and an altogether new one for Germany. Moreover, the social, legal, economic, and political institutions for dealing with these challenges in the two countries are quite different. In this volume, we shall explore these differences and their implications for the integration of migrants in the United States and Germany. In the course of doing so, however, we shall also find some important and perhaps surprising areas of convergence.
During the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth, Germany was a country of mass emigration, sending some 90 percent of its overseas migrants to the United States . . .


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The Hotels
Below are some of the most luxurious, stunningly situated, and amenity filled hotels and resorts that may be part of your Autobahn Adventures experience
Interalpen HotelExperience The Hotel
The Interalpen Hotel lies at an altitude of 1,300 metres on Seefeld's High Plateau amidst the pristine natural landscapes of Tyrol's Alpine region. This five-star hotel impresses not only with its exclusive location, but also with the building's architecture. All rooms and suites at the hotel are luxuriously furnished in a modern Tyrolean style and have free wired internet access and a balcony with views of the valley and the mountains. The luxurious spa area with its Tyrolean sauna village is over 53,820 ft², making it one of the largest in the Alps. The hotel also features a large indoor and an outdoor pool with panoramic views. The restaurants serve an extensive range of dishes for every taste. Dinner features 6-courses with a choice of dishes, salads and cheese buffets. This is one of our guest's favorite hotels and is a staple on our Luxury European Driving Tours.
Villa HoneggExperience The Hotel
Rising high on Mount Bürgenstock, the 5-Star Hotel Villa Honegg offers luxurious rooms with balconies and a heated infinity pool overlooking Lake Lucerne. Facilities include a private movie theater and a spa center. The hotel was entirely renovated in 2011 and its air-conditioned rooms are decorated with leather armchairs and relaxing beige colors. All rooms feature free Wi-Fi, a flat-screen TV and safes. All guests receive coffee and tea in the room, as well as bathrobes and slippers There is an elegant restaurant with terrace that serves local dishes, while the lounge bar offers a fireplace and an extensive cocktail menu. Guests can exercise in the modern gym or relax in the spa area, with sauna, steam bath and indoor pool.
Lefay ResortExperience The Hotel
The Lefay Resort is a tranquil oasis overlooking Lake Garda in Northern Italy. Surrounded by natural terraces, woods and olive groves, this is a magical place with a superb spa at its very heart, together with delicious cuisine and comfortable, bright and spacious suites. Designed to blend in with the surrounding countryside, the suites at Lefay Resort are a tasteful mix of warm olive wood, stylish oak furniture and bathrooms in Italian marble. Each one has a terrace from which to appreciate the spectacular lake views. Make the most of the array of swimming pools and saunas at the resort. Spend time discovering the delights of the Lake Garda area with its historic villas, palazzos and churches. On your return, indulge in a spa treatment before a delicious dinner in the restaurant.
The Alpina GstaadExperience The Hotel
This luxury 5-star hotel in Gstaad was opened in December 2012. It features an elegant, Alpine-Swiss design with natural materials such as marble, sand stone and old wood. The Alpina Gstaad offers 3 restaurants and a private cinema.vThe unique rooms and suites all feature a balcony with mountain views. The marble bathrooms include a flat-screen TV, luxury toiletries, slippers and bathrobes. Some suites also have a fireplace, and an iPad you can use during your stay. One of the restaurants, the Megu, offers an array of Japanese cuisine to try while you savour the views over the Bernese Alps. Relax in the wine bar or in the inspired Havana cigar lounge. The Six Senses Spa features holistic treatments, an indoor and an outdoor heated pool, a gym and a relaxation area. Additional complimentary amenities include wifi in the entire building as well as covered parking. The center of Gstaad is an easy 5 minute walk.
The ChediExperience The Hotel
Surrounded by the natural, year round beauty of the Swiss Alps, The Chedi Andermatt nestles elegantly among the ski chalets of Andermatt, a village of timeless charms in the Urseren Valley. The hotel offers 105 spacious guest rooms and suites. Traditional materials such as warm woods and natural stone create intimate yet visually striking accommodations while the extensive facilities include fine restaurants and cosy lounges, a ski-in living room with sports boutique. Guests can use the 2,400 square metre spa and wellness centre. Swim power laps in our temperature-controlled outdoor lap pool or cozy up with organic tea by our 35-metre indoor pool poised to look out upon the Alps. Keep your heart healthy with state-of-the-art Technogym fitness equipment and free weights. Take yoga classes and personal training sessions with our certified instructors. Warm up in our bio and Finnish saunas, or try an organic sol steam bath.
Astoria Resort Hotel
Astoria Resort is a 5-star superior hotel located in the Seefeld area of Tyrol, Austria. From the luxurious rooms to the spa area and award-winning cuisine, you can look forward to much more than an everyday experience at the hotel. A haven of rest and relaxation, the hotel offers total rejuvenation just steps away from the city's numerous attractions. The Astoria is one of the most beautiful wellness hotels in Tyrol with 2,000 m² indoors and 20,000 m² outdoors. You can look forward to top-notch relaxation here from the saunas to beauty and cosmetics and the fitness area and interlinked pools. The Day Spa is also open to day guests, as is the award-winning restaurant.
Silver ShadowExperience the ship
Authentic experiences. Simple pleasures. Shared moments. Silversea's Millennium Class luxury cruise ship Silver Shadow offers you freedom and space to design your day. Silver Shadow retains Silversea's essence – spacious suites, a complement of only 382 guests, superior service – paired with a lively cosmopolitan atmosphere and enhanced amenities. Aboard the Silver Shadow, energize body and soul with complimentary Pilates and yoga in the expanded fitness center. Savor fine wines and regional culinary creations in La Dame, the only Wine Restaurant by Relais & Châteaux at sea. Or simply gaze at endless ocean views. Relish, relax, recharge … repeat … Silver Shadow.
Traube TonbachWatch The Video
The Hotel Traube Tonbach is 5-star luxury hotel situated in the romantic Black Forest of Germany. The hotel offers free Wi-Fi, a spa with several swimming pools and a choice of four restaurants with 3 Michelin stars. Dating back to 1789, the Traube Tonbach is a family owned hotel and offers elegant rooms including a luxury bathroom and a balcony with panoramic Black Forest views. A full breakfast buffet is provided each morning. Award-winning French and local Black Forest cuisine are served at the Schwarzwaldstube restaurant. The Traube Spa features an outdoor pool heated to 32°C filled with seawater and offering a view of the surrounding pine trees. Guests are also free to relax in the indoor pool, 4 jacuzzis, Finnish sauna, steam room and igloo.
Schloss FuschlExperience The Hotel
Overlooking one of Austria's largest lakes, the Schloss Fuschl Resort is on lush grounds made up of perfectly manicured lawns and landscapes. Host to noblemen, archbishops, movie stars, and empresses, this hotel has a unique historic atmosphere. The guest rooms at Schloss Fuschl Resort, include mini bars and safes and are equipped with plasma TVs with premium satellite channels and pay movies. Bathrooms offer separate bathtubs and showers, bathrobes, designer toiletries, and hair dryers. All rooms have refrigerators and coffee/tea makers. Additional amenities include complimentary weekday newspapers and slippers. The hotel offers a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. Complimentary wireless and wired high-speed Internet access is available in public areas and a business centre is located on site. Additional amenities at this 5-star hotel include an indoor pool, an outdoor pool, and a steam room.
Hotel am Schlossgarten
This 5-star hotel is located at the Schlossgarten Park in central Stuttgart, 350 feet from Stuttgart Central Station and the main shopping strasse. It includes 2 excellent restaurants, a rich breakfast buffet each morning, and a spacious terrace. All of the air-conditioned rooms at the Hotel feature soundproofed windows, free WiFi, and a modern bathroom. Many offer scenic views of the surrounding gardens and vineyards. The restaurant offers French cuisine with regional influences, and regional Swabian dishes can be enjoyed in the Vinothek Restaurant. A selection of rums, cocktails and fine wines are served in the American-style John Cranko Lounge, while the Café am Schlossgarten serves cakes, tarts and local delicacies. Guests can relax with a free newspaper on the terrace and rental bicycles are available for exploring the surrounding area. The State Gallery of Art can be reached in less than 10 minutes on foot.
Luxury Small Ship
Our luxury ship is not too big (you never feel lost). And it's not too small (you won't run out of new things to do and new people to meet). With a capacity of 690 guests it feels just right. Our smaller ship also offer the big advantage of being able to sail to places larger cruise lines can't. You'll never feel crowded in the comfortable social spaces of our bars, restaurants, lounges, Casino and Cabaret. Nor will you feel like a sardine jammed in around the pool, where our attentive staff is always ready to offer a complimentary bottled water, soft drink or fresh towel. Staterooms feature modern amenities, furnishings, and European linens. And one of the greatest features of this ship is the large number of staterooms with verandas. There's nothing better than opening your door to the fresh sea air and views.
Seehotel Überfahrt
The Seehotel Überfahrt combines Bavarian hospitality, luxurious ambience, personal service and culinary variety to provide a fascinating experience. The unique location directly by Lake Tegernsee and the spectacular panorama are extras that will provide an exceptional atmosphere at any time of the year. The elegant rooms at the Seehotel Überfahrt include satellite TV channels, a CD player and a balcony / terrace. Furthermore, the rooms have free internet access. The Il Barcaiolo restaurant offers homemade Italian dishes, and a view of the lake. The Überfahrt gourmet restaurant has 2 Michelin stars. The Seehotel Überfahrt's 2000 m² spa area features indoor and outdoor pools, 7 different saunas, a steam room and a jacuzzi. Massages and cosmetic treatments are also available here.
Castello di Casole
Castello di Casole is a luxury, all-suite hotel in Tuscany. The hotel sits on the highest part of the 4,200-acre estate, which offers guests private, spacious accommodations and unparalleled views of the surrounding Tuscan villages. Castello di Casole features three dining venues, a full-service spa, infinity pool, and concierges to assist with guided tours and special classes for an unforgettable Italian vacation. As an all-suite hotel, Castello di Casole offers the ultimate Tuscan accommodations with luxury amenities such as complimentary WiFi, flat-screen televisions, custom linens, floor heating, and air-conditioning. Between delicious homemade pastas, thin crust pizzas, fine Italian wines and more, there is something to suit everyone's taste at Castello di Casole.
Nassauer Hof
Hotel Nassauer Hof is our base hotel and has been a revered Wiesbaden landmark for over 200 years. It is a stately hotel offering the ideal combination of modern conveniences with traditional elegance. The hotel is centrally located and within walking distance of the Opera House and the main shopping strasse. Each guest room is luxuriously furnished with warn colours and elegant décor and include a mini-bar, stereo, Internet and LCD television. The spacious Spa on the 5th floor has a thermal pool, a fitness centre, 12 treatment rooms as well as saunas and solariums – the perfect setting to relax and unwind.


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Yuri Temirkanov conducts Rossini, Rachmaninov, Prokofiev HD
The very famous Overture of Rossini's Barber of Seville, which opens this concert, had initially been composed for another work, Aureliano in Palmira, and then used again by the composer for Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra. Yuri Temirkanov will then welcome a new piano-star, the young Daniil Trifonov, who has managed to succeed with the audience, the press and his peers, at only 23 years-old. Daniil Trifonov will play the virtuoso and very lyrical Concerto for piano No. 3 by Rachmaninov. Last but not least, Yuri Temirkanov will conduct the cantanta Alexander Nevsky by Prokofiev, composed for mezzo-soprano (Ekaterina Semenchuk at Verbier), choir and orchestra for Sergueï Eisenstein's movie


text: Two kids do Axel F - The Crazy Frog Dance. I wonder what kind of drugs they have used o_O. " Crazy Frog Bros" the Original version. But white people have invented modern dance and ballet and. Someone managed to track down a picture of one of the boys who appeared in viral YouTube video ' Crazy Frog Bros' and posted it on Reddit. Are they ok with being famous? Can I be in this too? Lol, but in all seriousness even today we are in the "early days of the internet. Mum defends decision to breastfeed son while having sex with husband. Direct links to major video sites are preferred magic spielautomaten.


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Town hall 9 Th9 War Base October 2016 VS Th11, Th10 Max Troop!! —————————————————————————— Thank you very much for all the …
Tags: 2016, attack, base, bomb tow..., clan war, clans, clash, clash of clans, coc, defense, hall 9, Hybrid, new update, october update, th9, town hall 9, Trophy, War
bomb tower replays?
Can you do a th 8.5 warbase with bomb tower?
Can you do a hybrid th8 base thx
crazy..Th10 and Th11 noot use 3Star ..Good Base
nice vid bro can you do a th10 and a th11 base


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Age 74, of Fenton, died Friday, May 24, 2013. Private services have been held. Mr. Takacs was born December 6, 1938 in Flint, the son of Frank and Elizabeth Takacs. He married Sandra Jones at St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church in Fenton, in 1964. He was a veteran of the U.S. Air Force. Elmer was a member of St. Mary's of Flint. He retired from the City of Flint as a Building Official. He had also worked at Holy Family Catholic Church, River Village Apartments and Auker Enterprises. He is survived by his wife, Sandra; two daughters, Shannon (Kyle) Scott of Grand Blanc, Kathleen Takacs of Mason; one granddaughter, Kristina Collins of Owosso; eight brothers and sisters. He was preceded in death by his parents. The family asks that in remembrance of Elmer please have an act of Kindness for another person. Online condolences may be shared at the obituary page of www.sharpfuneralhomes.com.
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lol, totally didn't read the question..I figured it was what time would you like to travel too.
I use a lot of satire and sarcasm so keep that in mind when reading my posts.
I would convince Einstein that forgeting gravity is a blessing now he can concentrate on the themodynamic properties of the universe. That way we can continue with science and stop this, "goofy celestial vacum crap" thats gotten way to much recognition and diverted our attention away from- learning more and more about less and less in the physical universe.
Ill play by the poll.
1701 to 1840, Id like to be involved in the founding of America.
1951 to 1980, Id like to play with all those wonderful cars.
'The whole universe is going to die!'
Poll does not back far enough for me. I would chose to go back to the founding of mankind when there were only tens of thousands of humans. It would be so nice to see the earth and nature before mankind polluted every inch with his laws and alterations.
1835, so I can meet Batman.
So follow me into the desert
As desperate as you are
Where the moon is glued to a picture of heaven
And all the little pigs have God


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Cardi B Deletes Instagram Account Following Rift With Azealia Banks
Banks likened her to an "illiterate, untalented rat."By Devon Ivie
Banks likened her to an "illiterate, untalented rat."By Devon Ivie
Drake's "Nice for What" is finally his first genuine song for the ladies.By Vulture Editors
Banks also apologized for working with Minaj's ex Safaree Samuels.By Jackson McHenry
"Even the haters love it!"By Dee Lockett
"I dont expect you guys to understand why i would collaborate with someone who has publicly said they hope i die."By Halle Kiefer
Low blow.By Emma Barrie
She has the support of Milo Yiannopoulos, obviously.By Jordan Crucchiola
"Real witches do real things."By Jordan Crucchiola
The D.A. has said Crowe's actions were justified.By Jackson McHenry
Here we go.By E. Alex Jung
"Seeing is believing and I saw her behave as an obnoxious erratic individual."By Jordan Crucchiola and Karen Brill
Banks and Crowe have offered differing takes on why Crowe kicked her out of his party.By Jackson McHenry
The future of America is safe.By Dee Lockett
By Jenni Miller
"I want to extend my sincerest apologies to the world."By E. Alex Jung and Devon Ivie
She started another Twitter ... and got suspended again.By Dee Lockett
She was also dragged by a 14-year-old Disney Channel star.By Dee Lockett
She's in on the joke, guys.By Dee Lockett
She's still not back on Twitter full-time, though.By Sean Fitz-Gerald
Pettiness alert: "No one is talking about u so u choose to mention me.... Wrong move."By Sean Fitz-Gerald
There Are Not a Lot of Reasons to Watch 13 Reasons Why Season Two
Westworld Recap: Welcome to Shogun World
Retta on Aziz Ansari Sexual Misconduct Allegations: 'I Didn't Appreciate It'
Maggie Gyllenhaal Is Getting Tired Of the Sex Scenes in The Deuce
Billions Recap: I've Got a Bad Feeling About This
Our 9 Biggest Questions About Westworld, Episode 5
Watch Janet Jackson Get Nasty in Her Billboard Music Awards Icon Award Performance
Oprah Had to Change Her Royal Wedding Dress at the Last Minute
Nicki Minaj Hates Everyone You Hate in This Cut SNL Sketch, Which is Also a Haim Parody
BTS Debut 'Fake Love' at the BBMAs, Pandemonium Ensues


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GREEN-FINGERED residents have the chance to enjoy tea, cake and admire some beautiful gardens in Seaford on Sunday (July 17).
The Seaford in Bloom Open Gardens Day, sponsored by Rowland Gorringe Estate Agents, will be taking place between 2pm and 6pm.
Just £5 per person will gain entrance to all 10 gardens and tickets may be purchased at any one of the gardens.
The venues are:
* Driftwood, 4 Marine Drive, Bishopstone (No wheelchair access)
* 7 Hawth Park Road, Bishopstone (No wheelchair access)
* 9 Grosvenor Road (Ashley Stephenson L.V.O. Will be giving gardening advice from 4–5pm)
* 50 Beacon Drive (No wheelchair access)
* 11 Esher Close
* 1, The Barn House, Firle Road. Cream Teas available (No wheelchair access)
* Stones House, Crouch Lane (No wheelchair access)
* 8 Sandgate Close
* Old Tiles, Cuckmere Road (Ashley Stephenson L.V.O. Will be giving gardening advice from 2-3pm)
* 20 Arundel Road. Cream Teas available (No wheelchair access)
Details of the gardens to visit are posted around the town and information leaflets are also available at the Tourist Information Centre in Church Street and at Rowland Gorringe in Station Approach.


text: The trial of 17 journalists, columnists and editors of the Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet has began at the Istanbul Court of Justice.All of them are accused of having links with terrorist organizations, which is causing a storm of reactions both within Turkey as well as with international public opinion.The positive development is that the trial has in fact began as all journalists have been detained for more than 200 days in prison without even being tried. The UN commission demands that the journalists be released as it states the arrests violate the World Convention on Human Rights.The journalists are charged with relations with the Fethullah Gulen Hizmet Movement, which Ankara believes is behind the coup and PKK support. Lawyers and other journalists say the accusations have no basis since the particular newspaper was founded in 1924 and supports the secular character of Kemalism without having links to any Islamic movements.In 2014 Cumhuriyet argued that the Turkish Secret Service (MIT) was sending weapons to Islamists in Syria on the pretext of humanitarian aid.The judicial authorities accused the newspaper's former editor in chief Can Dundar for relations with Gulen. He, after being held for a few months, resigned and fled abroad and is currently in self exile, contrary to all the other journalists who did not escape and chose to be put on trialCumhuriyet editor-in-chief, Bulent Ozdogan, stated that the trial is not only about freedom of the press but about Turkey's post-coup d'état. All journalists face prison sentences of up to 43 years.Since March 2016, 173 Turkish media have been shut down, such as newspapers, television networks, radio stations, etc. 150 journalists have been detained and 800 journalists pass cards have been removed on accusations of Guilen connections.The trial began on the 109th anniversary of press freedom in Turkey on the occasion of the removal of censorship in the Ottoman Empire./ΙΒΝΑ


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"I have estimated that the bankers…made about $3 billion out of the [American] Civil War [of 1861-1865]." – Dr. Martin A. Larson
"The MONEY power preys upon the nation in times of peace and conspires against it in times of adversity. It is more despotic than monarchy, more insolent than autocracy, more selfish than bureaucracy. It denounces, as 'public enemies', all who question its methods or throw light upon its crimes." – Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865; 16th President of the United States)
"During [President Abraham] Lincoln's administration, the British inspired the Civil War. The war would create the need to finance the war through borrowing. The plotters realized that the American people would not accept a national bank without a reason for having one. They decided upon a war. Wars are costly, and they force governments into a position in which they must borrow to finance the [war] effort."
Ken Klein (author of the book America, Globalism, and the False Prophet)
((Ed. Comment for preceding quote: Certain banking interests had been controlling and using the British government, British intelligence services, and British military forces for their own purposes for decades prior to the American Civil War. The Rothschild banking dynasty for all extents and purposes had taken over Great Britain. Interestingly, one of the titles of the Rothschilds is "Guardians of the Vatican Treasury". Now these "banking interests" use the U.S. government, U.S. intelligence services, and U.S. military forces for their own purposes.))
"The Rothschilds were Jesuits who used their Jewish background as a façade to cover their sinister activities. The Jesuits, working through Rothschild and [financier Nicholas] Biddle, sought to gain control of the banking system of the United States."
Bill Hughes (author of the book The Secret Terrorists)
"President Abraham Lincoln…one of the most significant problems he faced was how he was going to finance the war effort. The English bankers told him they would lend him money, but only at very high interest rates… So 'Old Abe'…issued $450,000,000 of 'Lincoln Greenbacks' – legal tender issued directly from the U.S. Treasury – that was backed by gold and paid directly to the Union venders and soldiers, without creating interest debt.
…Lincoln's granddaughter…went on to claim that [assassin John Wilkes] Booth was hired by international bankers to kill the President. …Soon after the assassination, President Andrew Johnson ordered the recall of the [Lincoln] Greenbacks."
George Humphrey (author of the book Common Sense: An Introduction to The Dangers of The New World Order)
((Ed. Note: Five copies of this 60-page booklet can be purchased for $22.50 postpaid via credit card by calling Alex Jones' toll-free order line at 888-253-3139.))
"John Wilkes Booth, born May 10, 1838, was an actor who performed throughout the country in many plays. …In late summer of 1864 Booth began developing plans to kidnap [President] Lincoln. …Several attempts to do so failed, so he was instructed by his commander in the Knights of the Golden Circle to kill Lincoln instead." – Robert Gaylon Ross, Sr. (author of the book The Elite Serial Killers of Lincoln, JFK, RFK & MLK; former U.S. Army intelligence officer)
"The Elite, who resented [President] Lincoln's printing of the greenbacks to finance the U.S. government's debts, secretly financed the Knights of the Golden Circle, who paid Booth. The Rothschilds had made several attempts to establish a central bank in the U.S., so that they could control the creation of money in this fledgling nation." – Robert Gaylon Ross, Sr.
((Ed. Comment: I most highly recommend that you purchase a copy of the book The Elite Serial Killers of Lincoln, JFK, RFK & MLK by Robert Gaylon Ross, Sr. This 338-page hardback book is $38.95 postpaid. Please make check or money order payable to "Radio Liberty", and mail it to the following address: Radio Liberty // P.O. Box 969 // Soquel, CA 95073. Or, if you'd like to use a credit card, please call their toll-free order line at 800-544-8927.))
"War is a racket fought by the common man for the benefit of the rich and powerful."
Smedley D. Butler (1881-1940; Major General, U.S. Marine Corps, retired; double Medal of Honor recipient)
"The war [i.e., the American Civil War of 1861-1865] would never have been possible without the sinister influence of the Jesuits." – Abraham Lincoln
"The Jesuits would control both sides of the conflict [i.e., the American Civil War] as they did during the Napoleonic Wars. They controlled the radicals in the North, particularly Thaddeus Stevens in the House [of Representatives], Charles Sumner in the [U.S.] Senate, and Freemason Edwin Stanton, Lincoln's Secretary of War. They also controlled the leadership in the South, particularly President Jefferson Davis and Judah Benjamin, the [Confederate] Secretary of War." – Eric Jon Phelps (author of the outstanding book Vatican Assassins)
"The Jesuits, in control of the 'Radical Red Republican Party', insured [i.e., ensured] the election of [Abraham] Lincoln by disrupting the Democratic convention in Charleston with their Masonic tools – Stephen Douglas in particular." – Eric Jon Phelps
((Ed. Comment: The Jesuits clearly wanted the American Civil War to take place. One had to wonder whether they simply wanted to split the Union and make tons of money in the process, or whether they wanted to split the Union, make tons of money, and bleed both sides in the conflict as much as possible. Why would the Jesuits want to do that? It is because they hate religious liberty and popular, representative government.))
"…The Jesuits with their [control of] Freemasonry created the 'radical secessionists' in the South. They would hotly promote the withdrawing of the Southern States from the Union. Two Freemasons who were radical secessionists were John C. Calhoun and Robert Toombs.
…The greatest and most powerful American Freemason at this time [of the American Civil War]…was the evil Albert Pike. As the Sovereign Grand Commander of Scottish Rite Freemasonry and Confederate General, Albert Pike was to the War Between the States what Frederick the Great [another top-level Mason] was to the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars." – Eric Jon Phelps
"He [i.e., Union General Meade] LET the army of [Confederate General Robert E.] Lee escape, when it was so easy to cut his retreat and force him to surrender, after having lost nearly half of his soldiers in the last days' carnage. ((Ed. Note: At the battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863.))
When [General] Meade was to order the pursuit after the battle, a stranger came in haste to the headquarters – and that stranger was a disguised Jesuit. After a ten minute's conversation with him, Meade made such arrangements for the pursuit of the enemy, that he escaped almost untouched, with the loss of only two [artillery] guns!" – Abraham Lincoln
((Ed. Comment: This was done to prolong the war of annihilation on the South, and the bloodletting against both sides.))
"It would seem that the Jesuits had had it in mind, from the beginning of the war [i.e., the American Civil War of 1861-1865], to find an occasion for the taking off [i.e., the assassination] of Mr. [Abraham] Lincoln." – U.S. Army Brigadier General Thomas M. Harris (author of the book Rome's Responsibility for the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln)
"[John Wilkes] Booth was nothing but the tool of the Jesuits. It was Rome [Ed. Comment: More specifically, the Jesuit Order] who directed his arm…
And, after twenty years of constant and most difficult research, I come…before the American people to say and prove that the President, Abraham Lincoln, was assassinated by the priests and the Jesuits of Rome…" – Charles Chiniquy (Roman Catholic priest for 25 years)
"It was the Pope of Rome [i.e., Pope Pius IX], and he alone, of all the European potentates, that gave his recognition and blessing to the Confederate government…"
U.S. Army Brigadier General Thomas M. Harris
"I have fought against the people of the North because I believed they were seeking to wrest from the South dearest rights." – Robert E. Lee (1807-1870; General of the Confederate Army; Christian gentleman)
((Ed. Comment: Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson were the best two generals of the American Civil War, and possibly the best two American generals of all time!))
"The dictatorial power of Lincoln is evidenced when he suspended the writ of habeas corpus and then moved to silence his critics in the North, not in the South.
…Some writers place the number of Lincoln's political prisoners as high as forty thousand. They were held indefinitely, without knowing what, if any, charges were brought against them and without receiving bail or the services of an attorney. Indeed, many of their families did not even know where they were. ((Ed. Comment: Sounds a lot like some of the provisions of the Patriot Act and Homeland Security!)) More than three hundred newspapers and journals were shut down by executive order."
James and Walter Kennedy (authors of the book The South Was Right)
"Any people whatever have a right to abolish the existing government and form a new one that suits them better." – Abraham Lincoln (Congressional Records, 1847)
"If the Union was formed by the accession of States then the Union may be dissolved by the secession of States." – Daniel Webster (U.S. Senate, February 15, 1833)
"If the Declaration of Independence justified the secession of 3,000,000 colonists in 1776, I do not see why the Constitution ratified by the same men should not justify the secession of 5,000,000 of the Southerners from the Federal Union in 1861.
…And when a section of our Union resolves to go out, we shall resist any coercive acts to keep it in. We hope never to live in a Republic where one section is pinned to the other section by bayonets." – Horace Greeley (quote taken from the New York Tribune)
"John Quincy Adams [the 6th President of the U.S.], in 1839, and Abraham Lincoln, [in] 1847, make elaborate arguments in favor of the legal right of a State to Secede."
Judge Black of Pennsylvania (from Black's Essays)
"What passes as standard American history is really Yankee history written by New Englanders or their puppets to glorify Yankee heroes and ideals."
Dr. Grady McWhiney
((NOTE: The preceding last six quotes were taken from the outstanding book The South Was Right! by James and Walter Kennedy. This book gives a much more "balanced" presentation of the American Civil War than most American history textbooks, and is most highly recommended by Editor of TTT. Please see the last section of this newsletter for information on how to purchase a copy of it.))
(Note: Most of this introduction is the same as was used for "American History – Part I".)
Editor of TTT's favorite subject in both high school and college was history – especially American history. After I retired from military service, I began to read history books "outside of" mainstream publishing. To my horror I quickly discovered that a whole lot of very important information had been omitted from our history textbooks, especially in the public education system. Something very sinister happened in our beloved America in the 20th century, especially in the early to mid 1900s. It seems that some very wealthy individuals who hated America's national sovereignty, her Republican form of government, and our beloved Constitution took over the mainstream media, the major publishing companies, and our public education system.
Once this takeover was complete, these wealthy individuals, who had placed their well-paid lackeys in key positions, gave us a carefully "edited" and "sanitized" version of history! Oh, they left in tact the names of generals, senators, and presidents. They also left in tact dates of important battles. They, however, did do something that was very repugnant – they omitted many key facts, especially regarding reasons and motives for wars, assassinations, etc. Something they also omitted were any references to the globalist rich and power elite who often rule nations "from behind the scenes". They certainly omitted any references to the tremendous power and influence of "secret societies" on the course of history. They also at times actually "fabricated historical evidence", such as the "lone-nut assassin Oswald" and the "magic bullet" theories surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
Possibly worst of all, these maniacal, power-hungry "control freaks" (i.e., the globalist rich and power elite and their well-paid lackeys) have stolen the truth of history from numerous generations of Americans. And this is one of the main reasons why this editor of TTT writes newsletters – to try to get small pieces of historical truth out to a few more of those Americans who have been cheated by these "robbers of history".
I would like to cover three important topics in this issue of TTT:
(1) The American Civil War of 1861-1865;
(2) Abraham Lincoln – especially his role in the Civil War and his assassination; and,
(3) The Reconstruction period after the Civil War.
There are a lot of important facts concerning all three of these topics that are not covered in the vast majority of American history textbooks.
((NOTE: This newsletter will probably not please most Northerners or most Southerners, because my conclusions will be that BOTH sides [North and South] were partially right and partially wrong! The vast majority of the men who fought on BOTH sides were courageous men who most likely did not know that they were pawns being used by powers "behind the scenes" to harm America.))
NOTE: Number KILLED in the American Civil War: 498,332.
Most historians – remember, the victors write the history books – refer to the American Civil War as simply "the Civil War" or "the War Between the States". Some Southerners prefer to call the Civil War one of the following: "The War of Northern Aggression", "America's Second War for Independence", or "the War for Southern Independence". What all historians can agree upon is that the American Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history. That is, more American soldiers were killed than in any war prior to or since the Civil War. Americans fought Americans in such bloody battles as Antietam in western Maryland and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. At times, brother fought brother, as some families split over which "side" was in the right in this bloody war in which almost half a million of America's best young men fell slain on numerous battlefields!
However, it certainly is not the purpose to this newsletter to "rehash" such things as the dates of important battles and the names of key generals. Rather, if the reader gets nothing else out of this newsletter, let it be these two key facts:
(1) The war was NOT fought over slavery! ((This, on the surface, may sound preposterous; however, please read Section "A." that follows shortly.))
(2) The majority of the American people, at least initially, did NOT want war. Rather, it was evil international banking interests, certain European monarchs, and secret societies that fomented and orchestrated the American Civil War of 1861-1865.
- The American Civil War was NOT fought over slavery!
Oh yes, slavery indeed was used to agitate both sides (North and South) decades prior to the American Civil War. However, in Lincoln's inaugural speech, he promised not to interfere with slavery in the states. Additionally, in August 1862, President Lincoln had stated: "My paramount object is to save the Union and not either to save or destroy slavery." Lincoln had also stated one time that if he could save the Union without freeing one slave, he would do so. And while Lincoln's famous Emancipation Proclamation "on paper" 'freed' the slaves in the Southern states, it did NOT free a single slave in the North! (Yes, some of the Northern states still had slaves!)
The fact is that most Southerners did NOT own slaves. James and Walter Kennedy in their outstanding book The South Was Right! state: "It has been estimated that from seventy to eighty percent of the Confederate soldiers were NOT slave owners." The Kennedy brothers then go on to state the following: "Who in his right mind could honestly claim that the Southern soldiers and sailors, the vast majority of whom were NOT slave owners, went to war against a numerically superior foe and endured four long years of hardships, all in order to allow a few rich men to keep their slaves? Yet, the Yankee myth of history has been so pervasive that this is the message that our children usually receive from the educational system paid for by our taxes."
It might be important to note here that "honest" historians who study this period of history would have to admit that, in general, Black people (African-Americans) were treated far better in the South than they were in the North prior to and during the American Civil War! Yes, there were some nasty white Southern men and some nasty black Southern men who mistreated their slaves. Yes, there were black men who owned black slaves in the South! Yes, overall, Blacks and Whites got along far better in the South than in the North!
Many Southerners will tell you that the "War of Northern Aggression" was fought over "states' rights" – most specifically, the right of each individual state to secede from the Union. It is Editor of TTT's personal opinion that the Southern secessionists certainly had a solid argument that the written words of many of our founding fathers supported their right to secede.
Some Northern historians will admit part of the reason for the Civil War was economic – that is, Lincoln himself had stated that he could not AFFORD to allow the Southern states to secede because of all the revenue that tariffs on cotton in the South brought into the Federal treasury. In fact, most of Lincoln's cabinet had been AGAINST going to war with the South.
Sadly, the real reasons for the American Civil War had more to do with international banking, foreign intrigues, and secret societies.
- The Role of International Banking Interests, Certain European Monarchs, and Secret Societies
Many Americans, sadly, are unaware of the long-running battle over a "national bank" (or, "central bank") throughout American history. The international bankers (or, "banksters" as some folks like to say) have played an important role in American history. These mostly- European banking families like to control governments by getting a monopoly on the issuance of a nation's currency. Thus we see from the inception of this Republic a battle being waged by the banksters to establish a "central" or "national" bank (e.g., such as the "Federal Reserve", which is privately owned, and is neither "federal" nor has it any "reserves"). Mayer Amschel Rothschild had stated: "Give me the control of a nation's money supply; then I will not care who makes the laws."
America had a central bank early on in its history. President Andrew Jackson stopped the efforts to renew its charter (through his veto of the bill), and he was rewarded with an assassination attempt on his life on January 30, 1835. (Jackson miraculously survived when both pistols of the assailant misfired!) ((NOTE: America would avoid another "central bank" from the time of President Jackson until the Federal Reserve System of banks was established in 1914.))
Many Americans are unaware of the importance of the Congresses of Vienna and Verona, and of Pope Pius IX's "Syllabus of Errors" to both European and American history!
The Congress of Vienna (with its "Holy Alliance") met from 1814 through 1815. The head of this congress was Prince von Metternich of Austria. The purpose of this congress was to suppress popular, representative movements wherever they appeared in Europe. They also plotted the destruction of the American Republic. ((NOTE: Austrian Prince Metternich was simply a tool of the Jesuits. Metternich was also a good friend of U.S. Senator Charles Sumner, a Radical Red Republican from the state of Massachusetts!))
Here is a quote from the famous American inventor, Samuel Morse: "He [Prince Metternich] persuaded the Emperor of Austria and [the] King of Prussia not to fulfill the promise they so solemnly made to their German subjects of giving them free constitutions. It was the influence of Metternich that prevented [Russian Czar] Alexander from assisting Greece in her struggles for liberty. He lent Austrian vessels to assist the [Moslem] Turks in the subjection of the Greeks. Metternich crushed the liberties of Spain by inducing [French King] Louis XVIII…to send 100,000 men there…'to restore public order'! When Sicily, Naples, and Genoa, in 1820-21, threw off the galling yoke of slavery, Metternich sent his 30,000 Austrian bayonets into Italy and re-established despotism."
- Wayne Laurens provides us with yet another proof of the animosity of some European monarchs towards the American Republic when he states: "The Duke of Richmond…in speaking of the government of the United States, said…'It will be destroyed, it ought not, and will not be permitted to exist…and so long as it exists, no prince will be safe upon his throne; and the sovereigns of Europe are aware of it, and they have determined upon its destruction…'."
The Congress of Verona was held in the town of Verona in northern Italy in 1822. According to author Bill Hughes, it was at Verona that "it was decided that America would be the target of Jesuit emissaries and that America was to be destroyed at all costs."
Another meeting was held at Chieri, Italy in 1825. Here is what author Hector Macpherson has to say about this little-known meeting:
"In 1825, some eleven years after the revival of the Jesuit Order, a secret meeting of leading Jesuits was held at their College of Chieri near Turin, in northern Italy. At that gathering, plans were discussed for the advancement of Papal power, world-wide, [and] for the destabilizing of governments who stood in the way, and for the crushing of all opposition to Jesuit schemes and ambitions…"
On December 8, 1864 Pope Pius IX proclaimed his "Syllabus of Errors" where he condemned popular, representative government and religious liberty. Author Bill Hughes states: "In 1864, in his encyclical letter, [Pope] Pius IX anathematized [i.e., condemned to hell] 'those who assert liberty of conscience and of religious worship'." Author Avro Manhattan puts it in even stronger language when he states: "The Vatican condemned the Declaration of Independence as 'wickedness'…and called the Constitution of the United States 'a Satanic document'."
Dear reader, the "Monroe Doctrine" of December 2, 1823 was America's response to the earlier Congresses of Vienna and Verona. The facts are that certain elements high in the Vatican (especially the Jesuit Order) and European despots and tyrants had long planned the destruction of the Republic of the United States! And why would they want to destroy America? The reason is quite simple: America stands for popular, representative government and religious liberty – things that the Jesuits and absolute monarchs and all despots HATE!
Why did I bring up these Congresses of Vienna and Verona, the meeting at Chieri, and the "Syllabus of Errors"? It is because those events show a clear pattern of intervention in American history by sinister elements that are dedicated to destroying this country. These elements had their fingers all over the American Civil War – and subsequent wars in our history.
Most Americans in the decades preceding the American Civil War, as already mentioned in this newsletter, were not interested in a war that would have Americans shedding other Americans' blood. So, the international banksters, certain European monarchs, the Jesuit Order, some top-level Masons, the Knights of the Golden Circle, the Radical Red Republicans, etc., all worked together to foment and orchestrate the American Civil War of 1861-1865. A number of Confederate generals were freemasons: General Beauregard (who fired on Fort Sumter) and General Albert Pike (33 degree Freemason & Sovereign Grand Inspector General; founder of the first Ku Klux Klan) come immediately to mind!
Southern militias in the decades leading up to the Civil War consisted mostly of very elderly gentlemen who got together once or twice a year for parades down main street. It took a lot of agents provocateur from the North heading below the Mason-Dixon Line to stir things up! Yes, Knights of the Golden Circle from Ohio and other northern parts headed South to get those Southern boys fired up for war, promising arms and support.
A number of European powers were quite eager to participate in the destruction of our Union and the American Republic. England, France, and Spain were preparing to provide major support to the South in her war with the North. In fact, some of these western European powers were planning on giving the South military support and troops through Mexico and Canada! (Louis Napoleon had sent French troops to keep Maximilian in power in Mexico. Great Britain had also sent extra British troops to Canada.) Fortunately for the Union, courageous Russian Czar Alexander II responded by sending part of his fleet to American waters in support of the North. Czar Alexander II threatened to intervene militarily on the side of the North should the British, French, and/or Spanish decide to provide troops to aid the South! Great Britain and France quickly backed down!
((NOTE: Payback time would come later to Czar Alexander II. The Jesuits made sure of that when they later assassinated him with a bomb. Five previous assassination attempts had failed.))
The Roman Catholic pope also got involved in the Civil War. Pope Pius IX had sent a letter of support to Confederate President Jefferson Davis in 1863. U.S. Brigadier General Thomas M. Harris stated, "This letter of the pope to Jefferson Davis, couched in such courteous and loving terms, and showing so clearly that his sympathy was with the Southern cause, was well understood by his loyal and faithful subjects all over the North. Roman Catholic officers began to resign and the rank and file began to desert, from the time of the publication of that letter in 1863 to the close of the war. …Of the 144,000 Irishmen that enlisted, 104,000 deserted. And it is reliably stated that most of these desertions occurred after the recognition of the Confederacy by the Pope."
One of my most important reasons for writing this newsletter on the American Civil War was to present some information on Abraham Lincoln that is probably not known by most Americans. Sadly, many Southerners view Lincoln strictly as a horrible tyrant who made vicious war against his Southern brothers. Equally as sad, many Northerners view Lincoln as a "saint" who "freed the slaves" and "preserved the Union". Neither view is completely correct. The truth indeed lies somewhere in between those two views.
Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 1809. For the most part, he was a self-educated man (i.e., he read a lot of books). He went on to become quite a good lawyer. In fact, Lincoln took the case of a Roman Catholic priest named Charles Chiniquy who had been framed by the Jesuits. Chiniquy had been trying to expose corruption in his own Church, and his reward was a frame-up by the Jesuit Order. Attorney Abraham Lincoln successfully defended Charles Chiniquy, thereby earning the hatred of the Jesuit Order. Lincoln's subsequent preservation of the Union, his refusal to take loans from the European banksters, and his refusal to severely punish the Southern States returning to the Union guaranteed his assassination.
Key facts in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, as in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, have been long suppressed by the establishment-controlled mainstream media in the United States. In both assassinations, there was a massive conspiracy with numerous conspirators. Books by such authors as Brigadier General Thomas M. Harris and Burke McCarty detail the conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln.
Brigadier General Thomas M. Harris was one of twelve members of the Military Commission that tried and convicted eight of the conspirators in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. The U.S. military hung four of the conspirators ('Davy' Herold, Louis Payne, Atzerodt, and Mary E. Surratt) by the neck until dead in July of 1865. John H. Surratt (son of conspirator Mary Surratt) escaped with the help of Roman Catholic priests first to Montreal, and from there eventually to Rome, where he joined the Pope's Zouave military unit. He was finally arrested by U.S. officials and brought back to trial in Washington, D.C. in 1867. Sadly, Jesuit priests from Georgetown "tampered" with the jury, having brought great pressure upon the Roman Catholic jurors, and John H. Surratt "walked". Surratt later died in Baltimore, Maryland in 1916 at the age of 72.
So convinced was the U.S. government of the Vatican's involvement in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, that it broke all diplomatic relations with the Vatican in 1867. These relations were not fully restored until 1984!
The important questions that all we Americans must ask are:
(1) Who has such power that they can suppress all this key historical information in our mainstream media and in our American history textbooks?
(2) Who continues to hate America, and is still working to destroy her?
In summary, Lincoln was both a tyrant and a great leader! Yes, he did do some tyrannical things at the beginning of the Civil War. But we must also remember that Lincoln was caught between the proverbial "rock and a hard place". Lincoln knew that the Southern States had a legitimate reason for leaving the Union. But Lincoln also knew that the international banksters, certain European powers, and the Vatican (most specifically, the Jesuit Order) wanted a Civil War and also wanted to destroy the Union along with its wonderful Constitution that guaranteed men freedom of conscience, freedom of speech, and religious liberty.
As far as Lincoln's moral character and religious beliefs, much has been written on that subject. His nickname of 'Honest Abe' gives us some insight into the man. One of the best appraisals of Lincoln comes from a man who knew him closely – i.e., Charles Chiniquy, the man whom Lincoln had successfully defended in court against the Jesuits. Charles Chiniquy, who tried unsuccessfully as a courageous Roman Catholic priest to fight the corruption he saw in his own Church, wrote a book entitled 50 Years in the Church of Rome. In this excellent book, Chiniquy writes much about his friend Abraham Lincoln. Some believe that Lincoln became a true believer in Jesus Christ sometime shortly after the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.
Lincoln succeeded in saving the Union "on paper"; however, he was not allowed to live so that the Southern States could come back under kind terms into the Union they had left.
One of the reasons that President Lincoln had been assassinated was that both he and his vice president (Andrew Johnson) had wanted to allow the Southern States back into the Union under generous and kind terms. The 'Radical Red Republicans', under the control of the international banksters and secret societies, would not allow this. Not only was the South to be severely punished under Reconstruction, but the Federal Government was to become much more powerful. As at least one Southerner has correctly noted, "States' rights died at Appomattox." (Confederate General Robert E. Lee had surrendered to Union General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.)
Yes, the evil people who fomented and orchestrated the American Civil War failed to dissolve the Union. So they settled for ripping out important rights from the U.S. Constitution and setting up a very powerful central government in the United States – a government that would be much easier for them to "manage". Space does not allow this editor to cover a lot of the Reconstruction measures that created the strong central (federal) government that we see today in the United States. The purpose of this issue of TTT has been to show that sinister and evil elements have worked, and continue to work, behind the scenes to foment and orchestrate wars in order to advance their own agenda. These same elements work today in America!
I had said earlier in this newsletter that most Northerners and most Southerners would probably not love this issue of TTT, since I had stated that neither side was completely correct in this bloody conflict. I will state here that I believe the South certainly had "most" of the "right" on their side, because the majority of our founding fathers believed, correctly, that states that had acceded into the Union had a RIGHT to secede from that Union. And if I had been living at that time (even though I am a Pennsylvanian), and knowing what most of the people knew at that time, I would have fought on the side of the South! (Because the South was RIGHT on the secession issue, and because I like the "underdog" – and the South was certainly the underdog in that war.)
However, knowing what I know today, that the international banksters and secret societies were running around trying to ignite the American Civil War, I would not have fought for either side. Rather, I would have fought against the international banksters and the secret societies that were trying so hard to destroy not only our Union, but also our freedoms and our Constitutional rights! I would have been trying to warn intelligent men on both sides NOT to take up arms against each other, but rather against the true enemies of our Republic – the banksters and the secret societies.
Yes, the American Civil War of 1861-1865 was a horribly bloody war that greatly changed America and our Constitutional Republic. Most Americans living in the 1850s and early 1860s did NOT want war! (Just as most Americans prior to the intervention of America into World Wars I and II were against going to war!)
Until we Americans can successfully identify the enemies of our Republic, and drive them from our shores, the destruction of our country, our freedom, and our national sovereignty will continue! And, we will continue to send the best of our young men and women off to fight in wars that are NOT in this Republic's best interests, but rather are in the best interests of the international banksters, secret societies, and other tools of the globalist rich and power elite who want to destroy America! ((Important Note: Secret societies, such as the Jesuits and the Freemasons – especially those at the higher levels – have NO place in a free America. They are anti-Christian and anti-freedom at the higher, professed degrees!))
The famous philosopher Santayana stated, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." The majority of us Americans can choose to remain in denial about what has happened, and continues to happen, in our Republic, or we can choose to get quickly informed about the grave threat facing America, and then quickly inform others. If we do nothing, this Republic will be destroyed. We've all got to be willing to invest both our money and time into this effort to save America, and that means obtaining good books, videotapes, audio tapes, and other informational tools, and then sharing them with others. The next section will give readers of this newsletter some good places to start in learning the truth that the globalist rich and power elite hope that most Americans will never discover!
- We need to get informed on what really happened prior to, during, and immediately after the American Civil War – because history has a nasty habit of repeating itself. Here are some recommended books for learning about many of the important gaps in American history concerning the American Civil War:
(a.) Rome's Responsibility for the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln by U.S. Brigadier General Thomas M. Harris; 64-pages (paperback); 1897; provides overwhelming evidence of Jesuit involvement in the assassination of President Lincoln; $9.95 postpaid. To order, make check or money order payable to "The Conversion Center, Inc." and send it to the following address: The Conversion Center // P.O. Box 31688 // Raleigh, NC 27622-1688.
((NOTE: Brigadier General Harris was a member of the 12-man military commission that tried and convicted eight of the conspirators involved in the assassination of President Lincoln.))
(b.) "Two books in one": The above-mention book PLUS The Suppressed Truth about the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln by Burke McCarty. There are 269 pages in this double-volume paperback book with numerous illustrations. It is $14.95 postpaid. To order, make check or money order payable to "Ozark Book Publishers" and send it to the following address: Ozark Books // P.O. Box 3703 // Springfield, MO 65808.
(c.) 50 Years in the Church of Rome by Charles Chiniquy; 366 pages (paperback); $15.75 postpaid. (Note: Charles Chiniquy was a friend of Abraham Lincoln, and part of this excellent book deals with Chiniquy's research into the Jesuit involvement in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. In fact, when Catholic priest Charles Chiniquy was framed by the Jesuits, it was a young lawyer named Abraham Lincoln who successfully defended him.) To order this book, make check or money order payable to "Chick Publications" and send it to the following address: Chick Publications // P.O. Box 3500 // Ontario, CA 91761-1019. For credit card orders, please call 909-987-0771.
(d.) The South Was Right! by James R. Kennedy and Walter D. Kennedy; 431 pages (hardback); 1998; Publisher: Pelican Publishing Company, Inc. // P.O. Box 3110 // Gretna, LA 70054-3110; ISBN 1-56554-024-7; gives the true history of events leading up to, and during, the Civil War of 1861-1865 in the words of both Northerners and Southerners. This book should be available in most large bookstore chains – or, please do a search for it on the Internet.
(e.) The Secret Terrorists by Bill Hughes; 151 pages (paperback); 2002; deals with the Jesuits and with the assassination of a number of U.S. presidents, to include President Lincoln. It is only $5 postpaid. To order, make check or money order payable to "Truth Triumphant Ministries" and send it to the following address: Truth Triumphant Ministries // P.O. Box 1417 // Eustis, FL 32727-1417.
((NOTE: Please remember to review the order information on several other books that I mentioned in the other sections of this newsletter.))
- After purchasing as many as possible of the books mentioned in this newsletter, please carefully read them and THEN share them with others. There are sinister forces working diligently to destroy our Republic, our Constitution & Bill of Rights, and our freedoms. Right now we are in an "information war" where it is absolutely critical that we all get informed, and then become teachers as we help inform others!
- Here are two of the best web sites for seeking truth: www.infowars.com and www.prisonplanet.com .


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Importing render elements
Nowadays, using render elements have become part of the production process. As such, companies often find themselves having to come up with quick ways to help speed up the transition between 3ds max and Photoshop
The one technique that's widely implemented by most companies to import render elements, is the "Load Files into Stack" script".
The script essentially "does exactly what it says on the tin", by simply collecting and stacking multiple files in one PSD document, whilst preserving each stacked file with its original name.
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To use this script, simply go to the main Photoshop toolbar and click on the "File" button.
Choose the "Scripts" option from the dropdown list, followed by selecting the "Load Files into Stack" function. Its dialog should pop up.
By default, its "Use" is set to "Files". However, when all the relevant files are in one folder, it's preferable to use the "Folder" option.
To choose the "Folder", simply click on the "Browse" button, followed by locating and selecting the relevant folder.
If perchance the "Files" option is chosen, simply repeat the above mentioned steps, in addition to selecting all the relevant files inside its respective folder.
Creating PhotoShop Actions
During production, there are instances when users are required to apply identical image effects and/or edit transforms to multiple files. This operation can at times be tedious and time consuming.
Numerous companies tend to create Photoshop actions to help fast-track this process. For the purpose of this simple exercise, we're emulating a basic string of actions.
To do so, simply do the following:
1- Open the relevant files in Photoshop. For this exercise, it's also worth creating a brand new folder to save your new files into, as a precautionary measure.
Select the first file/document in Photoshop and Open the "Actions" dialog by pressing "Alt+F9" on your keyboard; or by simply clicking on the "Window" main toolbar and choosing the "Actions" function from the drop down list.
2- Its dialog should pop up. To create a new action folder, simply click on its toggle on the top far right corner, and choose the "New Action" option from its drop down list.
3-In the "New Action" dialog, rename it according to the actions you're planning to execute. The dialog also allows users to create a "Function Key" for the action/s.
The "Function Key" is an alternative shortcut to the "play selection" button. Click "Record" to begin capturing your actions.
4- As mentioned earlier, for this exercise we've simply recorded basic actions such as re-sizing the image/document, blurring, saving the file in a new folder, and closing it thereafter. However, feel free to record more/different actions.
Note how each action is being added orderly in the newly created "Resize, Filter & save as"" action folder. In addition, the record button is turned on/red.
5-Once finished, simply click on the "Stop playing/recording" button to stop.
6-To apply the previous actions to a new file/document, simply pick the relevant document, followed selecting the action folder in its dialog, and pressing the "Play selection" button.
Please note that, once a file/document is closed, Photoshop selects the next existing file/document automatically. Hence the "Close" action was also recorded in action folder.
Photoshop actions can also be used for a variety of different purposes such as setting up PSD files/layers/adjustment layers, etc.
I hope you've found the above tips useful.
Finally, the next article will focus in other commonly used techniques to help speed up your production workflow!
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New Book: 3D Photorealistic Rendering: Interiors & Exteriors with V-Ray and 3ds Max
Post-production techniques
Photoshop tips & tricks, for production (part 2)
Essential tips & tricks for VRay & mental ray
Photorealistic Rendering
Creating Customised IES lights
Realistic materials
Creating a velvet/suede material
Please also check:
My 3D Portfolio:
New Book: 3D Photorealistic Rendering: Interiors & Exteriors with V-Ray and 3ds Max
Post-production techniques
Photoshop tips & tricks, for production (part 2)
Essential tips & tricks for VRay & mental ray
Photorealistic Rendering
Creating Customised IES lights
Realistic materials
Creating a velvet/suede material


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Great flight
Great flight
Could not get seat assignment on AMS-LJU flight. Adriana airlines did not recognize booking code.
Nice flight
Very nice experience!
They did not have a vegetarian meal for me 😟
Flight attendants wear full uniforms, including caps.
As usual, Air Serbia was very good!


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During the War of 1812, Americans burned York, the forebear of Toronto, provoking the retaliatory burning of Washington by the British fleet. In the 1840's, some Americans tried to start wars of national liberation to make Canada part of the United States. During the Civil War, the Confederates used Canada as a sanctuary for raids in Vermont. Since then, the border has been pretty quiet.
But now, in this year of the North American Free Trade Agreement, comes Michael Moore, who is shooting his first commercial feature film here, a satire called "Canadian Bacon" that portrays Canada as America's post-cold war enemy.
Mr. Moore is a genial troublemaker best known for his 1989 documentary "Roger and Me," about the troubles in his hometown, Flint, Mich., after General Motors closed its plant there and put 30,000 people out of work. In the film, Mr. Moore doggedly pursues G.M.'s chairman, Roger Smith, who just as doggedly avoids him.
Making "Canadian Bacon" is much easier, Mr. Moore said. "I have great actors," he said. "I know exactly what we're going to do each day. I have a little bit of money to put the camera on a tripod. In 'Roger and Me,' I had to sell everything I owned." 'Too Left for Mother Jones'
Mr. Moore, 39, the son of an auto worker, went to Canada in his youth for his "foreign travels." He started writing "Canadian Bacon" during the George Bush Administration's 1990 campaign to whip up sentiment for the Persian Gulf war.Continue reading the main story
"So here was Iraq, an ally of sorts," the film maker said. "We'd given Saddam Hussein $4 billion in aid to fight Iran, and the very next thing he's the enemy. I started thinking, What would be the most absurd example of how the Government and the media could convince people to fear and hate? And I thought, well, it's right here, the longest unprotected border in the world, the second largest country in land mass, after Russia."
Mr. Moore, who published an alternative newspaper in Michigan in the 1970's, and in 1986 found himself dismissed from Mother Jones magazine, is a round-faced, roly-poly man, who could convincingly dress in a Santa suit. "I was too left for Mother Jones," he said. "Can you imagine being too left for Mother Jones?" His body ripples. An Enemy Restored
In the movie, to be released next summer by MGM/UA and now being shot on location in Toronto and along the border, Canadian Bacon becomes the military code name for the campaign to whip up anti-Canadian hysteria and give back to the United States the enemy it lost when Russia became an ally.
A national security adviser in the mold of Dr. Strangelove, played by the stand-up comedian Kevin Pollak, convinces a well-meaning President that this is the way to get defense industries humming and lift his popularity in an election year, when he's being murdered in the polls.
"When we started working on this I thought, well, this is fun because it's so preposterous," said Alan Alda, who plays the harried chief executive. "But the more I do it, the more I think it's not so preposterous. The President never intends to get into any kind of war situation. He gets carried away by events."
Mr. Alda said he had no particular President in mind. "It's a bipartisan takeoff," he said, "a bipartisan knock." A City Plays Itself
The movie is one of scores shot every year in Toronto, which, thanks to the favorable exchange rate, cooperative unions and visual similarities to so many American cities, has been nicknamed "Hollywood North."
But this is one of the few films where Toronto is actually Toronto, not New York, Cleveland or Chicago. Most films shoot around the landmark CN Tower, the tallest free-standing structure in the world. In this one, the 1,800-foot tower, helicopters swarming around it, is not only visible but crucial to the climax.
Grist for this satire is most Americans' lack of knowledge about Canada. While Japan is generally considered the biggest foreign owner of American assets, Canada is actually No. 1, followed by Britain, the Netherlands and then Japan. Polls show that few Americans can name the Canadian Prime Minister (Jean Chretien), while virtually every Canadian can name the American President.
"What do we really know about what they're doing up there," asked Mr. Moore, "with all that fresh water and all that ice and all those Zamboni machines?" His grin was like a wide-angle lens.
Among "un-American activities" the Canadians find themselves accused of in the movie is eliminating the Miss Canada contest. Canadians Abroad
The plot also benefits from what Mr. Moore calls the "fifth column," the large number of Canadians in the American news and entertainment industry. They include the singer Joni Mitchell; the broadcasters Peter Jennings, Morley Safer and Robert MacNeil, and the actors Donald Sutherland, the late Raymond Burr and William Shatner.
"You round up the Arabs as car bombers of the World Trade Center, but how do you round up Canadians?" Mr. Moore asked. "They look like us. They talk like us. They walk among us undetected."
Mr. Jennings, the ABC anchor and, as that network's publicity describes him, the most-watched man in America, is sinisterly identified by an American in the script as the man who "knows who's won our elections before we do, and he doesn't even vote."
In all the nationality-scrambling, the Canadian-born John Candy stars as an American, the overzealous, superpatriotic sheriff of Niagara Falls, N.Y., whose mobilization in something called the General Schwarzkopf Shopping Mall helps the President improve his ratings. His deputy, a gun nut played by Rhea Perlman, best known as Carla the barmaid in "Cheers," plays the climactic scene in the CN Tower.
Canadians and Americans are depicted in stereotypes. Canadians are portrayed as polite and peace-loving, always willing to bow to the United States. Jokes target bilingualism. Americans are shown as aggressive, bombastic, a shade Teutonic. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, played by Rip Torn, is a loud-mouthed general named Panzer.
When the plot of the movie was described to them, several Canadians expressed amusement. "I don't know anyone who would take offense," said Robert Bothwell, a professor of Canadian history at the University of Toronto.
Although Canada and the United States stopped fighting so many years ago, tensions between them have been an occasional theme of potboilers and the movies. In a 1967 movie, "The President's Analyst," James Coburn, playing a psychiatrist selected to be the President's secret analyst, falls prey to the Canadian secret service as it tries to subvert the United States. But the ultimate villain is the phone company.Continue reading the main story


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Cullis Wade Depot
The Cullis Wade Depot houses the university's Welcome Center, the Depot Art Gallery and Barnes & Noble at Mississippi State Bookstore. Guests begin their official visit to campus at the Welcome Center, which also includes a clock museum and small theater where visitors can watch university videos. The Depot Gallery is a revolving exhibit by national and local artists. Barnes & Noble has its usual inventory of books and magazines, all the Mississippi State paraphernalia, and Starbucks coffee house. The second floor is dedicated to textbooks and school supplies. It is the flagship campus bookstore for Barnes & Noble.
75 B.S. Hood Dr.


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Carbon dating earth technique Free web cam chat pittsburgh
19-Jun-2016 06:52
Radiometric dating is also used to date archaeological materials, including ancient artifacts.
Different methods of radiometric dating vary in the timescale over which they are accurate and the materials to which they can be applied.
Recall that atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
Atoms are made up of much smaller particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.
All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements, each with its own atomic number, indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
Additionally, elements may exist in different isotopes, with each isotope of an element differing in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
There are more than 80 such technologies that are claimed to work.
Coins found in excavations may have their production date written on them, or there may be written records describing the coin and when it was used, allowing the site to be associated with a particular calendar year.Scientists use a technique called radiometric dating to estimate the ages of rocks, fossils, and the earth.Many people have been led to believe that radiometric dating methods have proved the earth to be billions of years old.Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.
The method compares the abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope within the material to the abundance of its decay products, which form at a known constant rate of decay.
For some reason, which I have not yet figured out, at least one person per week has been asking me about the Carbon-14 Radiometric Dating Technique.


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Senior Full Stack Web Engineer (.NET Core) - Boston
TribalScale is an innovation firm that brings organizations - from the startup to the enterprise - into the future. We build digital products, transform teams, and grow startups. We're headquartered in Toronto and have offices around the world. The future is bright, and we're always looking for excited technologists to create with us.
Some of the platforms that we work with:
- Mobile & Web (iOS, tvOS, Android)
- Voice User Interfaces (Amazon Alexa, Google Home)
- Connected Cars and Homes
- OTT (Roku, Fire TV)
- Beacon Solutions
You are excited about connecting the world and want to join a small team of ambitious technologists. You have a strong passion about building cool products and want to work somewhere where you're trusted from Day 1. You appreciate the sense of ownership and being recognized and rewarded properly for all the work that you have done.
- Elegantly bring designs to life by using cutting edge technologies and techniques
- Lead client-facing projects in small teams
- Take ownership of the quality and usability of your code
- Be a team player of a highly collaborative environment
- 4+ years professional experience with .NET, with at least one year with .NET Core
- 2+ years of experience with front end web, preferably React / Angular
- Proficiency with SQL and NoSQL data stores such as MongoDB, Cassandra or Redis
- Experience writing Cloud Native (12-factor) applications on cloud platforms such as AWS, Azure, Cloud Foundry, Heroku, RackSpace or similar platforms
- Preferred experience working directly with clients
- Able to travel and work out of client offices
- Strong communication skills in a pair programming environment
- Team Player: You believe that you can achieve more on a team — that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. You rely on others' candid feedback for continuous improvement.
- Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment
- System architecture and design
- Test Driven Development
- Cloud Foundry
- Apigee
- New Relic
- Chef or Kubernetes
- RabbitMQ or Kafka
- Our values: Meritocracy, empowerment, and transparency.
- Our skills: Our teams were at the front the mobile revolution, are expert builders in Voice tech, and now, they're connecting the world. They've work with brands including the NBA, Twitter, ABC, the CBC, Autonomics, and tons more.
- You matter: Everyone sits at the table and brings value. We love to be challenged, are happy to go with the flow, and we trust our gut.
- Growth: We're a rocketship ready to take-off, you'll get your hands dirty in every aspect of the business and there are tremendous opportunities for personal and professional growth. Seize them.
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- Health benefits: 99% dental and vision coverage, 80% health coverage and 50% dependent coverage
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Discover Your Potential
- Tickets to local events, conferences & meet-ups
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Want To See The World?
Our employees have the opportunity to rotate through our offices, giving employees the chance to travel, experience new cultures and discover their full potential.


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Critics agree that much of Southeast Asia desperately needs judicial reform and rule of law. Yet, there is remarkably little comparative scholarship on law and legal institutions in the region. In this blog, I'll follow constitutional developments in Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, as well as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Thursday, March 25, 2010
Courting Constitutional Chaos
I recently wrote an article for Tom Ginsburg's Comparative Constitutions Blog about the constitutional crisis in the Philippines. You can find it here. By the way, if you don't follow the Comparative Constitutions Blog, you really ought to. Daily analysis of constitutional developments around the world from leading experts - it doesn't get much better than that. Also (mercifully) most of the posts are short.
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Introduction: Pharmacokinetic modeling (PKM) of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI-data (DCE-MRI) is increasingly used for in vivo monitoring of drug response or in the evaluation of novel antiangiogenic therapies. Several studies have shown a strong correlation between the Tofts kinetic parameter Ktrans and histological tumor grade or a significant reduction in Ktrans after successful therapy. The prognostic value of pre- and posttreatment Ktrans-change, is however strongly dependent on its reproducibility. Up to now, therapy induced microvascular changes are considered to be statistical significant when procentual Ktrans-change exceeds an experimental threshold, determined from paired DCE-MRI examinations. This threshold depends on study design, patient population and tumor type, but is independent of the values of the kinetic parameters, Ktrans and νe, themselves. In previous work we have developed a statistical framework, based on Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLB), to determine the standard deviation of Ktrans for a given DCE-MRI protocol. In this study, it is aimed to perform an in vivo validation of the CRLB and to investigate the current method of statistical significance testing.
Methods: Three groups of 2 test animals (mice with induced ht29-tumor) were scanned in paired examinations (48 hours in between) with a inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo sequence (Ti = 422-560-680 ms, flip angle = 10-12-15°, Te = 4.12 ms, Tr = Δt = 1-3-5 s) after injection of Gd-DTPA (Dose = 0.1 mM kg−1), for a total of 500 images. Arterial input function was taken as the average concentration curve over both examinations in the femoral artery. Tissue concentration curves in tumor tissue and muscle were fit pixelwise to the Tofts kinetic model without vascular term. In muscle, experimental procentual standard deviation σexp was calculated from spatial variation in Ktrans over the region of interest (ROI) for both examinations. In tumor the coefficient of within patient variation (CWV) between examinations was calculated in both tumor rim and tumor core. For the three protocols, the theoretical standard deviation σth was calculated with the CRLB, evaluated in the mean Ktrans and νe-values of the corresponding ROI.
Results: Simulations show that Ktrans-reproducibility is higher in tissue with increasing extravascular extracellullar space (increasing νe). In muscle, the correlation coefficient between σexp and σth is 87%, showing experimental validity of CRLB for a given protocol. In tumor the correlation coefficient between σth and CWV is 76% and 79% in tumor core and tumor rim respectively, indicating that CRLB can explain the major part of the Ktrans-variation between paired scans. Other errors, as improper scan-rescan positioning or natural microvascular changes, can account for the remaining part.
Conclusion: When using a fixed threshold for treatment evaluation by means of Ktrans-change, statistical significance will be concluded more often in tissues with small EES-volumes. CRLB have been validated in vivo and can be used in combination with standard statistical test to evaluate statistical significance of Ktrans-change for in vivo monitoring of drug response.
- ©2010 American Association for Cancer Research


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Tuesday, November 07, 2017
iOptigan - MIDI Chord Detection Modes Tutorial
Published on Nov 7, 2017 optigandotcom
iTunes: iOptigan - Stefan Stenzel
"Another iOptigan tip, until we finish the user manual: there are three triggering modes for the chord buttons, selectable in the settings.
"MIDI G#0-E2 for Chords" lays out all the chord buttons in a chromatic mapping. Priority was placed on fitting everything with the keyboard scale on a standard 61-note keyboard, so the layout isn't very intuitive, but it gets the job done. Chords are at the lower end of the keyboard, SFX tabs at the upper end.
"MIDI Chord Detection I" is a more intuitive mode, which allows the user to simply finger the desired chord in the low octave of the keyboard. Playing a C maj triad produces the C maj chord. Playing a C min triad produces the C min chord. etc.
"MIDI Chord Detection II" allows for more extended chords to be played using the time-honored Optigan technique of playing two chord buttons at once to approximate more complicated chords. There's alot of trial-and-error involved with this, and results vary depending on the disc, but if you finger, say, a Cmaj7 chord on the keyboard (again, in the low octave), iOptigan will play the C maj and E min chords simultaneously. Try fingering other extended chords to see what you get, and you'll likely stumble upon some unexpectedly pleasing combinations!"
Posted by matrix at 11/07/2017 09:46:00 PM | SUPPORT MATRIXSYNTH | eBay: US | UK | AU | DE
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text: COUNTY BOARD APPROVES $2 MILLION TREE PLANTING PROGRAM tree plantingtreesGreen SceneCommunitiesMountains By Michelle Mowad, County of San Diego Communications Office January 11, 2018 (San Diego) - The Board of Supervisors Wednesday approved a $2 million expansion of a program to remove and replace weakened trees in County parks. The action authorizes the Department of Parks and Recreation to advertise and award the contract for its Comprehensive Tree Program. Read more about COUNTY BOARD APPROVES $2 MILLION TREE PLANTING PROGRAMLog in or register to post comments


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Nature: Preclinical study hints at how ApoE4 affects Alzheimer's risk
"Understanding the role of ApoE4 in Alzheimer's disease may be one of the most important avenues to a new therapy," said principal investigator Berislav Zlokovic, MD, PhD, director of the Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, in a statement. "Our study shows that ApoE4 triggers a cascade of events that damages the brain's vascular system," he said, referring to the system of blood vessels that supply the brain.
The ApoE gene encodes a protein that helps regulate the levels and distribution of cholesterol and other lipids in the body. The gene exists in three varieties:
- ApoE2 is thought to play a protective role against both Alzheimer's and heart disease;
- ApoE3 is believed to be neutral; and
- ApoE4 confers a higher risk for both conditions.
Zlokovic and colleagues studied several lines of genetically engineered mice, including one that lacks the ApoE gene and three other lines that produce only human ApoE2, ApoE3 or ApoE4. Mice normally have only a single version of ApoE. The researchers found that mice whose bodies made only ApoE4, or made no ApoE at all, had a leaky blood-brain barrier. With the barrier compromised, harmful proteins in the blood made their way into the mice's brains, and after several weeks, the researchers were able to detect loss of small blood vessels, changes in brain function and a loss of connections between brain cells.
"The study demonstrates that damage to the brain's vascular system may play a key role in Alzheimer's disease, and highlights growing recognition of potential links between stroke and Alzheimer's-type dementia," said Roderick Corriveau, PhD, a program director at NIH's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, which helped fund the research. "It also suggests that we might be able to decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease among ApoE4 carriers by improving their vascular health."
The researchers also found that ApoE2 and ApoE3 help control the levels of an inflammatory molecule called cyclophilin A (CypA), but ApoE4 does not. Levels of CypA were raised about five-fold in blood vessels of mice that produce only ApoE4. The excess CypA then activated an enzyme, called MMP-9, which destroys protein components of the blood-brain barrier. Treatment with the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine A, which inhibits CypA, preserved the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and lessened damage to the brain. An inhibitor of the MMP-9 enzyme had similar beneficial effects. In prior studies, inhibitors of this enzyme have been shown to reduce brain damage after stroke in animal models.
"These findings point to cyclophilin A as a potential new drug target for Alzheimer's disease," said Suzana Petanceska, PhD, a program director at NIH's National Institute on Aging, which also funded Zlokovic's study. "Many population studies have shown an association between vascular risk factors in mid-life, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, and the risk for Alzheimer's in late-life. We need more research aimed at deepening our understanding of the mechanisms involved and to test whether treatments that reduce vascular risk factors may be helpful against Alzheimer's."
Zlokovic's study and others point to a complex interplay between beta-amyloid and ApoE4, according to the NIH statement. On the one hand, beta-amyloid is known to build up in and damage blood vessels and cause bleeding into the brain. On the other hand, Zlokovic's data suggest that ApoE4 can damage the vascular system independently of beta-amyloid. He theorized that this damage makes it harder to clear beta-amyloid from the brain. Some therapies under investigation for Alzheimer's focus on destroying amyloid plaques, but therapies designed to compensate for ApoE4 might help prevent the plaques from forming, he said.