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22 Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The related literature reviewed for better understanding of the problem and to interpret the results is presented in this chapter. The review was confined to the libraries of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Physical Education, Tiruchendur and through the Internet (web sources). The literature in any field forms the foundation upon which all future work will be built. If we fail to build upon the foundation of knowledge provided by the review of literature, the scholar might miss some work already done on the same topic. The reviews are classified under the following headings: 1. Studies on motor variables. 2. Studies on physiological variables. 3. Studies on psychological variables. 4. Summary of the literature. 1. Studies on motor variables Speed Carr, (2005) conducted a study on long jump. Most young athletes will have difficulty in performing the Hitch- kick, because it requires considerable speed and sufficient time in the air to perform 23 well. However, an elementary long jump and a rudimentary form of the hang technique are well within reach of young athletes. Remember that the most important requirements in this event are speed and springing abilities. An athlete does not have to perform a hitch-hick or a hang to jump good distance. Rogers, (2005), investigated a study on the long jump. This is an event which requires speed and powerful jumping ability. Speed is self evident but power needs to be defined as a very fast application of force, in other words a combination of speed and strength. The long jumper is required to generate maximum controllable speed on the run way to achieve the best results. The maximum controllable speed is determined by the athlete's sprint speed and how quickly maximum force can be applied into the ground at the take-off board. Therefore, the training emphasis will focus upon the development of (1) Sprint speed, (2) muscular strength, and (3) power. Li, et al., (2005), conducted a Kinematics study on the technical parameters demonstrated by Chinese and foreign elite female long jumpers which showed that the main methods of improving long jump results were as follows: increasing the absolute speed during the run-up and the angle of take-off, as well as achieving an optimal relationship between the initial velocity and the angle of take-off. 24 Xie, (2005), conducted a study on the effect of utilization ratio of speed in the long jump run-up of Chinese female long jumpers. The run-up speed of 49 elite female long jumpers was investigated. It was found that the main factor affecting long jump results was the utilization ratio of speed in the run-up. It was determined that the approximate scope of speed utilization ratio for achieving excellent long jump result was between 95.6% and 98.2%, which provides a scientific basis of reference for coaches. Mackenzie, (2005), conducted a study to find out what does the takeoff leg really do? The immediate implication of this study to the coach is that speed is critical to all jumpers Mackenzie, (2005), conducted a study on determining the force the take-off leg exerts in the long and high jumps, concluded that long jumpers should approach the take-off board at maximum speed and get as high as possible. Vladimir Popov, (2002), We must keep in mind that the additional load created by interval forces of the run up increase the muscular contraction capacity and therefore improves the take off. For this reason we are looking for optimal speed in the high jump run up and maximal speed in the run up of the horizontal jumps. Shepherd, (2005), conducted a study on the run up and take-off in the long jump, The key to long jumping is speed and the 25 greatest performance comes from a forceful and correctly angled run up and take off. Leg explosive power Cronin and Hansen, (2005), investigated the relationship between strength and power and measures of first-step quickness (5-m time), acceleration (10-m time), and maximal speed (30-m time). The maximal strength (3 repetition maximum [3RM]), power (30-kg jump squat, countermovement, and drop jumps), isokinetic strength measures (hamstring and quadriceps peak torques and ratios at 60 degrees .s(-1) and 300 degrees .s(-1)) and 5-m, 10-m, and 30-m sprint times of 26 part-time and full-time professional rugby league players (age 23.2 +/- 3.3 years) were measured. To examine the importance of the strength and power measures on sprint performance, a correlational approach and a comparison between means of the fastest and slowest players was used. It was suggested that improving the power to weight ratio as well as plyometric training involving countermovement and loaded jumpsquat training may be more effective for enhancing sport speed in elite players. Power, et al., (2004), examined whether a static stretching (SS) routine decreased isometric force, muscle activation, and jump power while improving range of motion (ROM). Twelve participants were tested pre- and post- (POST, 30, 60, 90, and 120 26 min) SS of the quadriceps and plantar flexors (PF) or a similar period of no stretch (control). Measurements during isometric contractions included maximal voluntary force (MVC), evoked contractile properties (peak twitch and tetanus), surface integrated electromyographic (iEMG) activity of the agonist and antagonistic muscle groups, and muscle inactivation as measured by the interpolated measurements twitch technique included (ITT). unilateral Vertical jump (VJ) concentric-only (no countermovement) jump height as well as drop jump height and contact time. ROM associated with seated hip flexion, prone hip extension, and plantar flexion-dorsiflexion was also recorded. The parallel duration of changes in ROM and quadriceps isometric force might suggest an association between stretch-induced changes in muscle compliance and isometric force output. Chelly and Denis (2001), determined sprint performance while running at maximal velocity. Results that include both of these characteristics have not been directly obtained in previous studies on human runners. They studied the link between leg power, leg stiffness, and sprint performance. The acceleration and maximal running velocity developed by 11 subjects (age 16 +/- 1) during a 40-m sprint were measured by radar. Their leg muscle volumes were estimated anthropometrically. Leg power was measured by an ergometric treadmill test and by a hopping test. Each subject executed a maximal sprint acceleration on the 27 treadmill equipped with force and speed transducers, from which forward power was calculated. A hopping jump test was executed at 2 Hz on a force platform. Leg stiffness was calculated using the flight and contact times of the hopping test. Although muscle power is needed for acceleration and maintaining a maximal velocity in sprint performance, high leg stiffness may be needed for high running speed. The ability to produce a stiff rebound during the maximal running velocity could be explored by measuring the stiffness of a rebound during a vertical jump. Terzis, et al., (2003), investigated the relationship between shot put performance and triceps brachii muscle fiber type composition and strength capacity. Thirteen male physical education students were selected to participate in the study based upon their shot put performance after 5 weeks of shot put technique instruction. At the completion of this technique-instruction period, they performed the following tests: shot put with a 6-kg shot, isokinetic torque measurements of the elbow extensors at 0, 0.52, 1.04, 1.57, 2.09, 3.14, and 4.19 rad.s(-1), maximal strength (1 RM) and explosive-throwing bench-press tests, one-arm seated shot put with 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6kg shot. Wholebody and dominant upper arm bioimpedance measurements were used to estimate whole body and upper arm muscle mass. Muscle biopsy samples from the long head of the dominant triceps brachii were obtained and analyzed for fiber type composition with ATPase histochemistry. Shot put 28 performance was significantly correlated with type II fiber area, onearm seated shot put, elbow extensors' isokinetic torque, bench-press tests and estimated arm muscle cross-sectional area. These results suggest that fiber type composition and the functional capacity of triceps brachii muscle explained a part of shot put performance. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients between shot put and the upper body power tests suggested that other body parts (e.g., lower extremities) may play a significant role in this event. Bora, (2005), investigated a study on the determinants of the high jump results in male physical education students. The analysis shows that the high jump results depend on the following factors: body size, body fat mass, explosive strength physical fitness test, technique and motor coordination. Peterson, et al., (2006), conducted a study on the contribution of maximal force production to explosive movement among young collegiate athletes. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationships between lower body muscular strength and several fundamental muscular strength and several fundamental explosive performance measures. Fifty four men and women collegiate athletes were tested to determine lower body muscular strength, countermovement vertical jump height and peak power out put, standing broad jump distance, agility and sprint velocity. Correlation data demonstrated that significant strong linear 29 relationships were indicated between muscular strength and power. Muscular strength, vertical jumping ability, peak power out put, standing broad jump, agility and sprint acceleration and sprint velocity were all shown to be highly related. Stockbrugger, (2003), examined the factors contributing to performance of a medicine ball throw across 2 types of athletes (jump athletes and non jump athletes). Twenty male volleyball players (jump athletes) and twenty wrestlers(non jump athletes) were evaluated on 4 measures of power, including B-MBT, chest medicine ball throw (C-MBT), countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and power index. The results of the study indicated that B-MBT was strongly correlated with C-MBT and CMJ. Only non jump athletes demonstrated strong correlations with strength for absolute LP and BP+ LP strength. The interaction of upper and lower body strength power in the performance of a B-MBT appears complex, with the contributing factors differing for athletes with divergent skills and performance demands. Agility Barnes, et al., (2007), studied to (a) quantify vertical and horizontal force during a COD task, (b) identify possible predictors of court-sport–specific performance agility difference performance, between National and (c) Collegiate examine Athletic Association Division I, II, and III athletes. Twenty-nine collegiate 30 female volleyball players completed a novel agility test, countermovement (CM) and drop jump tests, and an isometric leg extensor test. The number of athletes by division was as follows: I (n = 9), II (n = 11), and III (n = 9). The agility test consisted of 4 5-meter sprints with 3 180° turns, including 1 on a multiaxial force platform so that the kinetic properties of the COD could be identified. This study indicates that individuals with greater CM performance also have quicker agility times and suggests that training predominantly in the vertical domain may also yield improvements in certain types of agility performance. This may hold true even if such agility performance requires a horizontal component. Vescovi, and Mcguigan, (2008), studied the relationships between various field tests in female athletes. Altogether, 83 high school soccer, 51 college soccer, and 79 college lacrosse athletes completed tests for linear sprinting, countermovement jump, and agility in a single session. Linear sprints (9.1, 18.3, 27.4, and 36.6 m) and agility tests (Illinois and pro-agility) were evaluated using infrared timing gates, while countermovement jump height was assessed using an electronic timing mat. The relationship between countermovement jump height and linear sprinting was stronger with the longer distances (27.4 and 36.6 m) than with the shorter distances (9.1 and 18.3 m), and showed a stronger relationship within the college athletes (r = -0.658 to -0.788) than high school soccer players (r = -0.491 to -0.580). The results of this study 31 indicate that linear sprinting, agility, and vertical jumping are independent locomotor skills and suggest a variety of tests ought to be included in an assessment protocol for high school and college female athletes. Little and Williams, (2005), assessed 106 professional soccer players for 10-m sprint (acceleration), flying 20-m sprint (maximum speed), and zigzag agility performance. Although performance in the three tests were all significantly correlated (p < 0.0005), coefficients of determination (r(2)) between the tests were just 39, 12, and 21% for acceleration and maximum speed, acceleration and agility, and maximum speed and agility, respectively. Based on the low coefficients of determination, it was concluded that acceleration, maximum speed, and agility are specific qualities and relatively unrelated to one another. The findings suggested that specific testing and training procedures for each speed component should be utilized when working with elite players. Coh, et al., (2002), examined the anthropometric characteristics of elite junior javelin throwers on a sample of eleven male and twelve female finalists of the European Junior Championship in Athletics. The chosen subjects were measured with a set of nine anthropometric variables, according to the methodology recommended by the International Biological 32 Programme. The results show that no common constitutional type of a junior male or female javelin thrower exists, but that the anthropometric characteristics are very individually defined. At least two constitutional types exist for each gender, ensuring equal success in javelin. Correlational analysis shows that no statistically significant correlations exist between the individual anthropometric characteristics of the male and female throwers with their competitive result. Success in this track and field discipline is therefore more a synthesis of anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities, as well as an optimal technique. Vescovi, (2007), conducted a study on relationships between sprinting, agility and jump ability in female athletes. The results indicated that the relationship between countermovement jump height and linear sprinting was stronger with the longer distances than the shorter distances and showed a stronger relationship within the college athletes than the school soccer players. 2. Studies on Physiological Variables Resting pulse rate Dasgupta, et al., (2000), selected short distance runners, middle distance runners and long distance runners who were subjected to grade exercise on a treadmill. The maximum aerobic power (VO2 max) and other indices related to oxygen transport 33 system viz. heart rate, ventilation volume, breathing reserve, dyspnoeic index, O2 pulse and RQ were recorded at respective VO2 max work loads, and the values were compared. Long distance runners and middle distance runners showed a significantly higher VO2 max than the short distance runners when VO2 max was expressed per unit of body weight. Among the endurance runners, long distance runners had a significantly lower resting pulse rate as well as the maximum heart rate during work than the middle distance runners. On comparison, Ventilation Volume, Breathing reserve, Dyspnoeic index, O2 pulse and RQ at VO2 max workloads do not differ significantly among different categories of runners. Campbell, (1995), studied of 221 competitors in a University half marathon in 1993 and 1998 replied to a questionnaire before the race which asked for details of training, age, height, weight and resting pulse rate. Finishing times of all competitors were recorded. In a multiple regression analysis significant predictors of running speed were: amount of training, expressed as distance run per week and number of weeks training for the event, the Body Mass Index (weight/height) and resting pulse rate. We conclude that for assessing running speed amongst competitors with similar amounts of training, the Body Mass Index and the resting pulse rate are useful substitutes for more elaborate and expensive measures. 34 Anaerobic Power Tessitore, et al., (2006), provided aerobic and anaerobic profiles of senior (55 +/- 5 years) basketball players (n = 10), and evaluated the physiological load and the match analysis of a senior basketball match. Participants were administered a maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)) and anaerobic tests (jump tests: counter movement jump (CMJ) and bounce jump (BJ), and running tests: 10-m sprint and running 10 m while bouncing the ball (10-m(BB)). During a senior basketball match, the players' heart rate (HR), electrocardiogram (ECG), blood lactate concentration (LA) and motor activities were recorded. Older basketball players undergoing a training regimen of 1.5 h.week(-1) showed good anaerobic characteristics and a moderate aerobic capacity. Although the senior basketball match required high intensities (only 3% of total match time spent at HR <70% of HR(max)), the ECG Holter monitoring showed no adverse event, ST-segment changes or complex arrhythmias. Finally, their play did not include the technical skills recently introduced to basketball. Busso and Chatagnon, (2006), applied a mathematical model of performance describing aerobic and anaerobic energy production during exercise to middle-distance running data from world records (WR) and from a group of elite runners (NL). The model is based on the assumption that, above a critical power (Pc), a continuous rate of anaerobic energy production occurs, until the 35 entire anaerobic stores (W') were depleted. The fraction of metabolic power above Pc provided by anaerobic metabolism is denoted alpha. A second power threshold (Pt) sets the limit above which any further increase in power is met exclusively by anaerobic sources. The oxygen uptake kinetics was described by a monoexponential equation with time constant tau. The results showed that the model successfully fit the WR over 1,500-5,000 m. However, in the range of distances from 800 to 5,000 m the performance over 800 and 1,000 m were overestimated. Contrary to Pc and the anaerobic contribution at steady state oxygen uptake, the estimate of W' was sensitive to the value assigned to tau in the range from 0 to 30 s. Using best performances from 1,500 to 5,000 m in NL resulted in Pc estimates not significantly different from the metabolic power at the lactate threshold. The anaerobic contribution at steady state oxygen uptake increased from zero at Pc to 8.3% (WR) and 7.8+/-3.1% (NL) at Pt. This suggested that a substantial contribution of anaerobic processes occurred in the range between Pc and Pt, even though the exercise does not elicit maximal aerobic power. Kasabalis, et al., (2005), evaluated the anaerobic power of elite male volleyball players, using the Wingate Anaerobic Test to examine the relationship between anaerobic power and jumping performance. Athletes (n=56) and Nonathletes (n=53) were divided into three age groups: Adults (18-25 yr.), Juniors (15-16 yr.), and Youth (10-11 yr.). Measurements of height, body mass, vertical jump 36 and Wingate scores indicated higher values for athletes. The specific training effects of anaerobic power were more pronounced at the age of 10-11 years than for Nonathletes. A significant correlation coefficient between peak power and vertical jump was found for Athletes (r=.86) and for the total group (r=.82). These results indicated that vertical jump may predict the maximal anaerobic power and could be used by coaches as a practical and easy-toapply field screening test for evaluation in volleyball training. Sinnett, et al., (2001), investigated the relationship between several field tests of anaerobic power and distance running performance. Thirty-six trained runners (20 men and 16 women; mean +/- SD age, 27.9 +/- 5.7 years) participated in this study. Tests of anaerobic power consisted of a 50-m sprint; vertical jumps from a static take-off position and with a countermovement, a plyometric leap test, and a 300-m sprint. The results indicated that gender, height, weight, percent body fat, 50-m sprint time, the height and power of both types of vertical jumps, plyometric leap distance, and the 300-m sprint time were significantly correlated with 10-km run time (p < or = 0.05) in the total subject pool (N = 36). Stepwise multiple regressions identified the plyometric leap distance to explain 73.9% of the variance in run time. When combined with 300-m sprint time, 77.9% of the variance (standard error of the estimate, 2.92 minutes) was explained. The regression equation developed is Y' (10-km time) = 57.22 - 5.15(plyometric leap 37 distance in meters) + 0.27(300-m sprint time in seconds). The results indicated that anaerobic power was significantly related to distance running performance and might explain a meaningful percentage of variability in 10-km run time. Therefore, it may be beneficial for distance runners to supplement aerobic training with some power and speed development such as plyometrics and sprinting. Meckel et al., (1995), compared physiological characteristics of three different levels of 100 m female sprinters. The 30 subjects in this study (20 female track athletes and 10 recreationally trained females) were assigned, according to their 100 m running time, to one of three different groups: "Fast" (11.8 +/- 0.1 sec), "Average" (12.7 +/- 0.1) and "Slow" (14.2 +/- 0.1 sec). All subjects were tested for performance in the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), strength (squat exercise), fat % (hydrostatic weighing), reaction time, flexibility (sit-and-reach test), aerobic power (peak VO2) and running skill. The ANOVA indicated significant differences among all three groups for performance in the Wingate Anaerobic Test and relative strength. Significant differences in fat % and running skill were found between the fast and the slow groups and between the average and the slow groups. However, no significant difference in fat % and running skill existed between the fast and the average groups. The differences in reaction time were significant only between the fast and the average groups. No two groups were 38 significantly different from each other for flexibility and peak VO2. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to determine the relationships between the 100m running time and each of the variables tested. Significant and negative correlations were found between the 100m running time and skill, relative strength, and performance in the WAnT. Significant and positive correlations were found between running time and fat %. No significant correlations were found between running time and peak VO2 reaction time and flexibility. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the combination of performance in the WAnT and strength provided the most efficient (R = 0.92) prediction of 100 m run times. This study demonstrated that the main difference among female sprinters of different performance levels lies in their ability to produce muscular power, strength and running technique. Other physiological components, such as flexibility, peak VO2, and reaction time do not differ among female sprinters of different performance levels as represented in the tested groups. Ronnie, et al., (2004), the obvious requirement for 100mts sprint is the immediate availability of energy that a sprinter develops relies mostly on the rate that energy is being produced in the working muscles. This energy is released through the anaerobic pathways of adenosine tri phosphate (ATP), Creatine phosphate(CP) and Glycolysis. 39 VO2 max Rotstein, et al., (2005), examined the preferred transition speed (PTS) between walking and running and the energetically optimal transition speed (ETOS), in runners and non runners. A total of 19 young men were asked to walk on a treadmill at 5 km.h (-1). Speed was then increased by 0.2 km.h(-1) every minute. Subjects were instructed to start running at a particular speed they felt was easier. PTS for each subject was determined as the mean of the walk-run and the run-walk transitions. Subjects were also asked to walk and to run for 5 min at each of the following velocities: PTS 1 km.h(-1), PTS - 0.5 km.h(-1), PTS, PTS + 0.5 km.h(-1), and PTS + 1 km.h(-1). This procedure was performed twice, once walking and once running, at all speeds. Physiologic measurements of oxygen consumption, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were performed at each stage. EOTS was determined by plotting individual curves for each subject with the energy cost of locomotion as a function of velocity. This study indicated that 1) the preferred PTS was slower than the EOTS, and 2) the PTS and EOTS were not dependent on the aerobic capacity or the training status. Lysenko, (2001), investigated the 54 elite male athletes aged 19-24, specializing in different running distances (100, 800 and 5000 m), the influence of specific character of long-term adaptation in the body of athletes on general level of aerobic power and conditions of maximum manifestation of cardio respiratory 40 system aerobic capacity was demonstrated. The determine maximum level of aerobic capacity in the athletes, motor tests that take into account the features of maximum aerobic capacity mobilization conditions due to specifics of sports specialization were selected. Billat, et.al., (2002), examined the influence of time run at maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) on the off-transient pulmonary oxygen uptake phase after supra-lactate threshold runs. This study showed that among the velocities eliciting VO2 max, vdelta75 is the velocity at which the longer the duration of the time at VO2 max, the longer is the off-transient phase of oxygen uptake kinetics. It may be possible that at vdelta50 there is not an accumulated oxygen deficit during the plateau of VO2 at VO2 max and that the duration of the time at VO2 max during the exhaustive runs at vdelta100, could be too short to induce an accumulating oxygen deficit affecting the oxygen recovery. Larsen, et al., (2002), developed a submaximal, 1.5-mile endurance test for college-aged students using walking, jogging, or running exercise. College students (N = 101: 52 men, 47 women), ages 18-26years, successfully completed the 1.5-mile test twice, and a maximal graded exercise test. Participants were instructed to achieve a "somewhat hard" exercise intensity (rating of perceived exertion = 13) and maintain a steady pace throughout each 1.5-mile 41 test. Multiple linear regression generated the following prediction equation: VO2 max = 65.404 + 7.707 x gender (1 = male; 0 =female) 0.159 x body mass (kg) - 0.843 x elapsed exercise time (min; walking, jogging or running). This equation shows acceptable validity (R = .86, SEE = 3.37 ml x kg(-1) min(-1)) similar to the accuracy of comparable field tests, and reliability (ICC = .93) is also comparable to similar models. The statistical shrinkage is minimal (R(press) = 0.85, SEE(press) = 3.51 ml x kg(-) x min(-1)); hence, it should provide comparable results when applied to other similar samples. A regression model (R =.90, and SEE = 2.87 ml x kg(-1) min(-1)) including exercise heart rate was also developed: VO2 max = 100.162 +/- 7.301 x gender(1 = male; 0 =female) - 0.164 x body mass (kg) - 1.273 x elapsed exercise time -0.156 x exercise heart rate, for those who have access to electronic heart rate monitors. This sub maximal 1.5-mile test accurately predicts maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) without measuring heart rate and is similar to the 1.5-mile run in that it allows for mass testing and requires only a flat, measured distance and a stopwatch. Further, it can accommodate a wide range of fitness levels (from walkers to runners). Legaz Arrese, et al., (2005), assessed the relationship between VO2 max (mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and running performance in cross-sectional studies. Follow-up studies of the long-term effects of running training on the changes in performance and VO2 max 42 have not been undertaken. Twenty-five male endurance-trained (MET) and 8 female endurance-trained (FET) athletes were tracked over 4 years. In each event the athletes were divided into Class A, including half the number of athletes with the best performances, and Class B. VO2 max, examined at the end of the competitive season, and the best performance was chosen each year. This study shows that in older runners with more years of training, heavy training does not produce improvements in running performance neither changes in the VO2 max. It is possible that these elite athletes have reached the plateau in their performance; although unlikely, some improvement in training techniques may happen and break the present limit. In younger runners with less years of training, heavy training produce improvements in running performance without changes in the VO2 max. These athletes that had not attained the biological limits at the beginning of study improved the performance in competition and it is quite probable that this improvement be due to training. The changes in performance were not related to changes in VO2 max. Consequently, another physiological or psychological variables must be studied by longitudinal form to explain the variability of performance in competition. Hawkins, et al., (2001), determined the longitudinal change in VO2 max and HR max in male and female master endurance runners and to compare these changes based upon 43 gender, age, and change in training volume. Eighty-six male (53.9 +/- 1.1 yr) and 49 female (49.1 +/- 1.2 yr) master endurance runners were tested at an average of 8.5 yr apart. Subjects were grouped by age at first visit, change in VO2 max, and change in training volume. Measurements included body composition by hydrostatic weighing, maximal exercise testing on a treadmill, and training history by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and multiple regression. In conclusion, these data suggest that VO2 max declines in male and female master athletes at a rate similar to or greater than that expected in sedentary older adults. Additionally, these data suggest that maintenance of LBM and VO2 max were associated in men, whereas in women, estrogen replacement and maintenance of training volume were associated with maintained VO2 max. Sharwood, et al., (2002), determined whether oxygen consumption during sub maximal running increases in proportion to years of accumulated training and racing in masters runners after a bout of downhill running. They selected seventeen male masters distance runners (45-55 years) with a range of training (3,536 km to 79,320 km) and racing (205 km to 12,218 km) experience. A 40-minute continuous treadmill run was given at 70% of peak treadmill running speed, consisting of two horizontal runs of 10 minutes each, separated by a 20-minute downhill (-10%) run. Heart rate and oxygen consumption were measured continuously 44 during the run. Data were analyzed to identify correlations between the end of the first horizontal section (minute 10) and the first minute of the second horizontal run (minute 31). Delta values were related to current training mileage (km/wk), total accumulated racing distance (km), and total accumulated training distance (km). The results of this study suggest either that sub maximal oxygen consumption is not a sensitive marker of changes in neuromuscular activity or that the downhill protocol did not impose a sufficient eccentric stress for the subjects. Pakkala, et al., (2005), determined during exercise the maximum related oxygen transport viz, maximum heart rate (max HR), dyspnoeic index (DI), oxygen pulse (O2 pulse), recovery heart rate in an athletic and a non-athletic group. Both study groups were subjected to graded treadmill exercise testing and pulmonary function test (PFT) was done using an electronic spirolyser. Results were compared and analysed. Significantly higher values in athletes were observed as compared to non-athletes regarding the following parameters: VO2 max, V(E) max, delta heart rate and max O2 pulse where resting heart rate, DI at VO2 max and recovery heart rate were lower in athletes while there was no significant change in both the groups in observed value of: MW, BR at VO2 max HR. The observations suggested an overall higher adaptability of the cardiovascular system and the relative refractoriness of the respiratory system to the effects of training and the maximum 45 oxygen consumption in both the groups show similar values as that from other parts of the country while MW, V(E) max, BR at VO2 and DI at VO2 max differ. A higher delta heart rate in athletes suggested a lesser risk for cardiovascular mortality in this group. Arrese et al, (2005), The VO2 max values of groups of athletes on different levels of performance is considered important for determining the maximal performance limit of an athlete. Baxter-Jones A. et al., (1993), Study design was of a mixed longitudinal type with five age cohorts (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 yr) followed for 3 consecutive years. 453 athletes drawn from soccer, swimming, gymnastics, and tennis. A multilevel regression modeling procedure was used to identify the independent effects of predictor variables while accounting for the effects of growth, such as changes in body size. When age, height, and weight were controlled for, VO2 max in males significantly increased with pubertal status, indicated by the coefficient value of 0.15 l/min being greater than its associated SE of 0.07 l/min. Females showed a similar pattern, with a coefficient value of 0.13 +/- 0.07 l/min, although the significant increase in VO2 max (P < 0.05) found in males in the latter stages of puberty was not shown in females. Swimmers had the highest VO2 max values (P < 0.001) at all ages. 46 3. Studies on Psychological Variables Anxiety Robazza, et al., (2008), examined the impact of emotions on athletic performance within the frameworks of the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model and the directional perception approach. Intensity, functional impact, and hedonic tone of trait and state anxiety, self-confidence, idiosyncratic emotions, and bodily symptoms were assessed in high-level Italian swimmers and track and field athletes (N = 56). Three standards of performance (poor, average, and good), derived from retrospective self-ratings across one to three competitions (a total of 90 observations), were used as independent variables in the analysis of variance of intensity, intra-individual, and direction scores of anxiety, self-confidence, idiosyncratic emotions, symptoms. The results provided support for the and bodily predictions stemming from both the IZOF model and the directional approach, as well as help in interpreting direction of anxiety and other idiosyncratic emotions within the IZOF framework. Millet, et al., (2005), investigated the effects of 40-week training on anxiety and perceived fatigue in four elite triathletes. Anxiety and perceived fatigue were self-reported by the subjects twice a week by the way of a specific questionnaire and were linked by a mathematical model to the training loads calculated from the 47 exercise heart rate. A significant relationship between the training loads and anxiety was identified using a two-component model: a first, negative (i.e., anxiety decreased) short-term function and a second, positive long-term function. The relationship between the training loads and perceived fatigue was significant (r=0.30; p<0.001), with one negative function. This mathematical model can potentially describe the relationships between training loads and anxiety or perceived fatigue and may improve both the adjustment of the duration of tapering and the early detection of staleness. Mullen, et al., (2005), investigated the effects of anxiety on motor performance. The aim of the study was to examine the conscious processing anxiety/performance hypothesis as relationship. an explanation Findings of indicated the that performance was impaired in the high anxiety shadowing and tonecounting conditions, supporting an attentional threshold interpretation. Mullen and Hardy, (2000), examined an alternative explanation for the robustness under stress of implicit task performance. They tested this interpretation while controlling for a further rival hypothesis generated by Eysenck's Processing Efficiency Theory. They also examined the effect of increased state anxiety on the kinematic processes underlying performance breakdowns. For task performance, they found evidence that 48 partially supported the conscious processing hypothesis, while the results of the kinematic analysis of the putting stroke were equivocal. Analysis of self-reported effort scores provided partial support for processing efficiency theory. Russell, (2001), studied the relationship between competitiveness and paratelic dominance on intensity and directions of precompetitive state anxiety. Competitiveness appears to be important in moderating appraisal of anxiety and out come, while goal expectancy may moderate the relationship between anxiety appraisal and paratelic dominance. Parfitt, (1999), this study considered the influence of competitive anxiety and self-confidence state responses upon components of performance. Basketball players (n = 12) were trained to self-report their cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and selfconfidence as a single response on several occasions immediately before going on court to play. Performance was video-recorded and aspects of performance that could be characterized as requiring either largely anaerobic power (height jumped) or working memory (successful passes and assists) were measured. Intra-individual performance scores were computed from these measures and the data from seven matches were subjected to regression analyses and then hierarchical regression analyses. The results indicated that, as anticipated, somatic anxiety positively predicted performance that 49 involved anaerobic demands. Self-confidence, and not cognitive anxiety, was the main predictor of performance scores with working memory demands. It would appear that different competitive state responses exert differential effects upon aspects of actual performance. Identifying these differences will be valuable in recommending intervention strategies designed to facilitate performance. Achievement Motivation Skordilis, et al., (2003), examined the differences in sport achievement orientation among 35 professional, 36 amateur, and 35 wheelchair basketball athletes, these men completed three subscales of Competitiveness, Win orientation, and Goal orientation of the 25-item Sport Orientation Questionnaire. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant differences among groups. Win orientation was the factor, through discriminant function analysis, that significantly separated the athletes into the three groups. The highest win score was obtained by the professional, followed by the amateur and wheelchair groups. Replication study was necessary to confirm the present findings. Harwood, et al., (2003), studied imagery use in elite youth sport participants: Reinforcing the applied significance of achievement goal theory, the findings of the study concluded that 50 role of achievement motivation in influencing young athletes behavioural investments in mental strategies. Kim, (2001), investigated a study on the relationship between achievement motivation, affect and coping strategies among Korean intercollegiate athletes and the results indicated that the way a Korean athlete feels has better predictability of the coping process than do motivational factors. These findings will be discussed in terms of theoretical applicability of achievement goal theory and implications for further understanding the coping behaviours of Korean athletes. Thomassen and Halvari, (1996), tested 213 pupils (M=17.2 yr.) on the motive to achieve success, the motive to avoid failure, future time orientation, perceived instrumentality of cognitive and physical tasks at school, and the involvement in sport competitions. Analysis shows a significant positive correlation between the scores on motive to achieve success and the amounts of competitive involvement in sport. Conversely, the motive to avoid failure was negatively correlated with the involvement in sport. Further, a positive significant correlation for the involvement in sport competitions with perceived instrumentality of physical or sport tasks at school appeared. The relations were similar for both girls and boys. A hypothetical model based on hierarchical 51 regression of the data showed that all independent variables affected involvement in sport competitions directly or indirectly. Self Confidence Bekiari et al., (2006) examined the relation of verbal aggressiveness and state anxiety (somatic, cognitive, and selfconfidence) in sports settings based on the ratings by volleyball coaches and their athletes. The sample consisted of volleyball athletes (n=208; 98 men and 110 women) and their coaches (n=20; 16 men and 4 women). Analysis showed that male volleyball players rated somatic anxiety higher and were more affected by the verbal aggressiveness of their coaches than female volleyball players. No mean differences were significant for male and female coaches on somatic or cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, or verbal aggressiveness. Also, correlation between subscale scores for male and female volleyball players and coaches was found. The correlations of verbal aggressiveness with self-confidence and anxiety were positive for these athletes, leading them to better behavior. This relationship needs further examination in sport settings. Mellalieu, et al., (2006), examined whether self- confidence mediated the relationship between competitive anxiety intensity and direction. Elite (n = 102) and non elite (n = 144) participants completed the self-confidence subscale of the 52 Competitive Trait Anxiety Inventory-2 and the worry and somatic subscales from the Sport Anxiety Scale. Consistent with procedures recommended by Baron and Kenny (1986), linear regression analyses were used. The findings for elite athletes revealed worry intensity to significantly predict self-confidence and worry direction. However, when self-confidence was controlled, worry intensity did not predict worry direction over that which was significantly predicted by self-confidence. Within the analysis for somatic symptoms, only self-confidence was found to predict somatic symptom direction. For the non elite athletes, worry and somatic symptom intensity predicted both self-confidence and direction, and direction when self-confidence was controlled. The findings for the elite athletes suggested self-confidence mediates the relationship between performers' worry symptoms and subsequent directional interpretations. However, the findings suggested that high levels of self-confidence and low symptom intensity were needed for non elite athletes to demonstrate a less debilitative interpretation. O'Brien, et al., (2005), investigated differences in the labeling of symptoms associated with pre-competition anxiety and self-confidence as a function of goal attainment expectation and competition goal generation. Team sport performers (N = 96) were divided into outcome, performance and process goal groups. Anxiety intensity and direction, and self-confidence were then examined as a function of goal expectancy (positive or negative) and perceived input 53 into goal production (input or no input). MANOVA and follow-up ANOVA supported the study predictions. Specifically, participants who reported positive expectations of goal achievement and indicated some input into the goal generation process experienced the most facilitative interpretations of cognitive symptoms and greater self-confidence. The results highlighted the need to consider how goals were generated when attempting to foster a sense of control and helped athletes cope with the psychological demands of competition. Kais and Raudsepp, (2004), examined the influence of competitive anxiety and self-confidence state responses upon athletic performance. 66 male beach volleyball players completed the translated and modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, which included the original intensity scale and a direction scale of Jones and Swain. Players' performance was scored from the video records using a standard rating scales. Correlations indicated scores on Direction subscale of modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and Self-confidence were moderately positively (r=.27 to .51) correlated with different skill components and sum of skill components of beach volleyball. Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that, as anticipated, directional perceptions of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence were significant predictors of beach volleyball performance but accounted for only 42% of variance. Original Intensity subscales of somatic and cognitive 54 anxiety did not predict performance. Findings support the notion that direction of anxiety responses must be taken into consideration when examining anxiety-performance association in sport. Zchao kou, (2003), investigated a study on effects of Cognitive Anxiety, Somatic Anxiety, Self-Confidence and Trait Anxiety in Performance in Taiwanese Weightlifters. The result of the study indicated that there were significant differences between male and female weightlifters in somatic anxiety and self confidence; male weight lifters were more stable in somatic state anxiety and they had higher self-confidence than female weight lifters. Craft, et al., (2003), investigated a study on the relationship between the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 and sport performance: a meta- analysis, the findings revealed that the exploratory modeling showed that self-confidence displayed the strongest and most consistent relationship with performance. Hanton and Connaughton, (2002), examined performers' retrospective explanations of the relationship between anxiety symptoms, self-confidence, and performance. Interviews were used to determine how the presence of symptoms and the accompanying directional interpretation affected performance in six elite and six subelite swimmers. Causal networks revealed that perceived control was the moderating factor in the directional interpretation of anxiety and not the experience of anxiety symptoms alone. Symptoms 55 perceived to be under control were interpreted to have facilitative consequences for performance; however, symptoms not under control were viewed as debilitative. Increases or decreases in selfconfidence were perceived to improve or lower performance. Findings reveal how cognitive and somatic information was processed, what strategies were adopted, and how this series of events related to performance. Kjormo and Halvari, (2002), tested among 136 Norwegian Olympic-level athletes yielded two paths related to performance. The first path indicated that self-confidence, modeled as an antecedent of competitive anxiety, is negatively correlated with anxiety. Competitive anxiety in turn is negatively correlated with performance. The second path indicated that group cohesion is positively correlated with group goal-clarity, which in turn is positively correlated with performance. Competitive anxiety mediates the relation between self-confidence and performance, whereas group goal-clarity mediates the relation between group cohesion and performance. Results from multiple regression analyses supported the model in the total sample and among individual sport athletes organized in training groups (n = 100). Among team sport athletes (n = 36), personality and group measures were more strongly intercorrelated than among individual sport athletes, and the relation with performance was more complex for the former group. 56 The interaction of self-confidence and competitive anxiety was related to performance among team sport athletes. 4. Summary of literature The reviews are presented under the following three sections, namely studies on motor variables (n=18) [Speed [n=8), leg explosive power [n=7) and agility [n=3)], physiological variables (n=17) [Resting pulse rate (n=2), Anaerobic power (n=6) and VO2 max (n=9)] and Psychological variables (n=17) [anxiety (n=5), achievement motivation (n=4) and self confidence (n=8)]. A serious review of literature helped the scholar from the methodological point of view too. It was learnt that most of the research studies cited in this chapter on analysis as the appropriate methods for finding out suitable remedy. The present study may serve as a foundation and main ingredient for future research to enhance the athletic performance variables.
© Copyright 2018 ExploreDoc


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When my family and I set sail on a Christmas cruise this past December, Yoga and Pilates were the two classes I signed up for at sea. Back on land, I'm excited to have a found a place near my home where I can do both: Pilates one day, yoga the next -- and then throw some Zumba in there, too, and I've got quite a exercise program going on, I'd say.
Today, I am simply "bottling" the great feeling of exercise. I took a Pilates class yesterday morning and a Zumba class last night. At the end of the hour-long Pilates workout, the instructor said to me, "You make it look easy." That was sweet of her, but I still want/need to get my core strengthened far more. But, if I did "make it look easy," I'm sure the yoga teacher training program I'm doing is certainly helping with that. Talking about yoga, that's Kate Potter (yellow shirt), creator of the Namaste Yoga TV show, pictured with me (green pants) about three or so years ago.
I ended up at Zumba last night because I felt an urge to go cardio-crazy, so to speak. The class had two instructors -- lovely and lively French gals -- and we partied away, Zumba-style! (By the way, Didier, my Yoga Teacher Training teacher is also French.) The Zumba fitness room had lots of space for moving around -- and the atmosphere just made me feel like I was dancing in my own living room. After class, I joined my husband and son at their basketball practice. Initially, I was going to go with them but decided that rather than just watch my husband coach and watch my son get all of his exercise in, I might as well get some of my own in! So, it was my "date" with Zumba until I met up with my family, and so I got the best of both exercise "worlds".
Today, after Chapel at my son's school, it was off to Victoria's yoga class at the gym -- where I got to do headstands and backbends (wheel). Thanks, Victoria! Victoria received her yoga teacher's certification from the same school where I'm getting mine, so her classes feel as if they're an extension of my training program. Perhaps that's why throughout her class today, I heard Didier's voice in my head reminding me that: "Yoga is about energy," and then I could feel myself giving more energy to the postures while feeling stronger and more alive in the process. For instance, here's a little exercise where you, too, might be able to experience this difference I speak of:
~ With your arms about shoulder width apart, extend them straight up above your head and look up.
~ Bring them back down by your sides.
~ Now, with your arms hanging down by your sides, stretch your fingers open wide and begin the motion of raising your arms (shoulder width apart) above your head. Raise them with purpose and intention. Raise them as if you have the head of a tiny infant resting on your wide-opened finger tips of one hand and the infant's feet resting on the finger tips of the opposite hand. Feel the strength it takes to lift the precious "infant" up towards the sky as you look up with shoulders relaxed and away from the ears. With that stretch, remember to spread your fingers apart like five-pointed stars....because you are a star! ;-)
Did you feel the difference between the two variations of the stretch? Did you feel more electrified by the second one? I did. :-)
Exercising with Energy,
Thursday, February 26, 2009
Bottling Exercise
Posted by Penny Powell at 1:15 PM
Labels: bottling health, Excersise, Pilates, yoga, yoga teacher training, Zumba
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subset: commoncrawl


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As we move into the next and succeeding chapters of Isaiah - being now, as I have said, on the positive, the resurrection side, the constructive side of the Cross - we fin that one thing comes very much into view: namely, the recovery of God's testimony in the City and in the nations. That is the key to this section of Isaiah from chapter 54 onward. You will notice that Zion is much in view here. If you run through and circle the words ' Zion' and 'Jerusalem', you will see that that is the center, the focal point of the testimony; but again, the nations are very much in view also. This will come out more fully as we proceed.
We come, then, first, to chapter 55, and we notice two things that mark this chapter.
Abundant Grace, and God's Sure Word
In verses 1-9, we see the freeness and the abundance of grace released to the people of God on this resurrection ground - free and abundant grace. "Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters, and he that hath no money; come ye, buy, and eat; yea, come, buy wine and milk without money and without price ..." How much of the New Testament could be crowded into that!
Then, from verse 10 to verse 13, we have God's sure word: "My word ... shall not return unto Me void." Nowadays, we usually claim that promise from the Lord when we are going to give a message, that His word shall not return to Him void. Of course, the principle is of general application; we are not wrong at any time in taking hold of that, provided that it really is the word of the Lord that we have to deliver. But I want to point out that that is not the particular meaning of the statement here. You will notice the sequence in verses 11 and 12: "So shall My word be that goeth forth out of My mouth: it shall not return unto Me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it. FOR ..." (you must stop there) - "FOR ye shall go out with joy, and be led forth with peace: the mountains and the hills ..." and so on. The immediate meaning of the promise of the sure and effectual word is: This people had been promised by God deliverance; they had been assured that the Lord was going to bring them back from captivity. (Compare Isa. 35:10; 48:20; 52:12). He had given His word that they should go out with joy and in peace, in these conditions. That was the word, and that word was not going to fail.
The House of Prayer, and The Need for Meekness
When you come to chapter 56, you find that everything centers in the House of Prayer for all peoples. "Even them will I bring to My holy mountain, and make them joyful in My house of prayer: their burnt offerings and their sacrifices shall be accepted upon My altar: for Mine house shall be called an house of prayer for all peoples" (verse 7). This is still related to the recovery of the Lord's testimony, and it is to be found in His House - 'My house of prayer.'
In chapter 57, we find some further warnings to the Lord's people against any recurrence of that which had destroyed the testimony before. It seems always necessary for the Lord to say, and to say again: Be careful of the coming back of those old things which wrecked your testimony in the past; the things which (to use Jeremiah's phrase from the potter's house) 'marred' the vessel of testimony. (see Jeremiah 18:4). So He gives here admonition concerning such ever-present perils. Then, in verse 15, the ground of the Lord's presence and committal is mentioned. "For thus saith the high and lofty One That inhabiteth eternity, Whose name is Holy; I dwell in the high and holy place, with him also that is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones." These are the conditions of the Lord's presence, those in which His testimony will be reconstituted.
Chapter 58 and 59 are full of more warnings, more admonitions, more instructions, by way of clearing the skies of the clouds that would obscure the testimony. Notice chapter 58, verse 8: "Then shall thy light break forth as the morning ..." It is the shining out of this testimony that is governing everything with the Lord. These warnings and admonitions are given in order to bring about the removal of the clouds that are lingering about the sky and trying to obscure the clear shining.
~T. Austin-Sparks~
(continued with # 2 - "A Clear Shining Testimony Recovered")


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Central Electoral Committee for the election of the board of representatives
For the purpose of electing next years board of representatives, the current student council will choose attendees for the Central Electorall Committee during its Spring meeting. For this, we are searching for 2-6 persons to work for the committee.
Applying for the Committee is a great and an easy way to start taking part in LAMKO activities. It also offers valuable knowledge on meeting practices, and working within positions of trust
You can apply for the committee until the Spring meeting, which is held on 28.3.2018. To apply, send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com. Please also attach your resume in the email.
The Central Electoral Committee will organize during a 30 day period after the spring meeting.
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- 1 bar Dr. Bronner's Pure Castile Soap (I like the lavendar)
- 1 cup washing soda
- 1 cup borax
- About 3 gallons of water
- Shred soap with a grater. Heat about 4 cups of water over medium high heat and slowly add soap until melted.
- Pour 3 gallons of water into a 5 gallon bucket. Add borax, washing soda and melted soap.
- Seal bucket and let sit for 24 hours. It will turn kind of gloopy.
That's it! I pour it into my old store-bought laundry detergent containers for easier access. Add about a cup per load into your laundry and enjoy clean, lavendar scented laundry for about half the price of Tide!


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However, in the 12th minute the Cherries found an opening, with Charlie Adams grabbing the lead for the home side with a superb volley from a tight angle.
Gabriel Jesus levelled the game a few minutes later, whilst Sterling game Man City the three points thanks to a late victor in the 96 minute.
And there was more drama to come, as referee Dean showed Sterling a second yellow card for jumping into the crowd during his celebration, the England winger's first red card in 162 Premier League games.
The player's actions made things pretty hard for stewards, who had plenty to do after several members of City's support made it on to the pitch to join in the festivities. Check out some of the best reaction tweets below.
The outcome was harsh on Bournemouth, which is still searching for its first point of the season.
While it is permissible for a player to demonstrate his joy when a goal has been scored, the celebration must not be excessive.
Manchester City boss Pep Guardiola has refused to comment on his transfer targets and has said that the future of all the players being linked will depend on their respective clubs.
It could have been worse for the home side two minutes later when last-man Nathan Ake was robbed of possession by Jesus.
West Ham have lost their first three games for the first time since the 2010-2011 season when they were relegated.
Nicolas Otamendi also struck the post with 16 minutes to go, and that looked to be City's final chance, as Bournemouth seemed destined to hold on.
Huddersfield remain unbeaten and second in the table after dominating their game against Southampton and David Wagner's side are yet to concede a league goal this season. Instead, he sent off Sterling for expressing his happiness for one of the latest winners ever.
With a goal miraculous, because countered, Raheem Sterling, already scorer of the savior in the face of Everton (1-1) on Monday at the Etihad Stadium.
"We've just got to be a bit more clinical".
"Winning in the last minute is always special", he said.
"If I get that chance again, we win the game. We had to be disciplined, which I felt we were, but one or two moments of class from them can hurt you".
This message certainly did not come standard with Taylor's iPhone ( she has an iPhone ), so clearly she had to record it herself. Swift wiped her social media pages clean last week and caused a frenzy online with video snippets of slithery snake parts.
The gunman is said to be a disgruntled ex-employee of the diner in a tourist area of Charleston , the city's mayor told Fox News . One witness told The Post and Courier that the gunman looked like "an ordinary grandpa, but he had a insane look".
The Cavaliers were a much better team with him on the court , but Irving still struggled when James was on the bench. Celtics small forward Jayson Tatum expressed excitement at the news of Irving joining his team.
Those missing include German, Austrian and Swiss citizens, the report said. "The noise was deafening", one of them said. Villages on the Italian border were struck by a landslide that destroyed several buildings on Wednesday.
Perhaps the scariest part was handling raw chicken, but KFC provided gloves, as well as hairnets and aprons with KFC-cook-in-training name badges.
The US delegation's visit to the region comes as Palestinian figures have become more vocal in expressing disappointment in Washington's unclear approach to peace efforts so far.
They followed the August 12 violence in Charlottesville, Va., and were conducted in the midst of Trump's responses to that unrest. In Michigan , voters by a 42-to-39 percent margin say the USA economy has been strengthened by Trump's decisions as president.
And Inkster, the victorious captain as well in 2015, joined Judy Rankin as the only women to captain to back-to-back winning U.S. I see a lot of me in her, just that grinder attitude, doesn't matter where the game is at.
Parliament also said that the clock's faces would have to be covered up while they are being repaired. After Monday, one of London's most iconic sounds won't be heard for almost four years.
LG has finally moved on from a flat screen to adopt a curvier design with bezels as thin as those in the Galaxy S8 and Note 8. Samsung will be using a dual camera rig on the Note 8, and I'm sure there will be some impressive tricks up Samsung's sleeve.
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Brian from Gloucestershire
Orchard Park had a Tingdene Regency Classic, Show Home, until Brian saw it that is. As soon Brian viewed the home, he knew it was for him and wasted no time in securing it…. and moving in.
Brian's wife sadly passed away over 2 years ago and although he was originally keen to remain in the house that he shared 44 happy years with his wife, the fact remained that a 4 bedroom house was demanding, from the point of view of upkeep, and he started to consider downsizing.
Brian's brother-in-law suggested park homes to him and he started visiting a few parks and giving the idea some serious consideration. He was living in Tamworth, Birmingham and originally wanted to remain within the area. However, things changed after visiting one particular park in the Cotswolds. He viewed a Tingdene Regency Classic Show Home and it was that home that made his decision for him as it was exactly what he was looking for. Unfortunately someone else purchased this particular show home so Brian starting searching the internet for a Regency Classic and came across the home on Orchard Park.
With Orchard Park being further away from Tamworth than he originally wanted it was a difficult decision to make, however the Regency Classic was the home he wanted and he hasn't regretted his decision for one moment.
After only 4 weeks on the park, Brian commented that he felt completely at home and as though he had been on the park for years. He also commented that has been very impressed with the support and friendship provided by the Park Manager, Helen. Brian loves the overall community atmosphere on Orchard Park and is looking forward to making more new friends amongst the ever increasing neighbours.


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Worporn-series: This Madness Called love (chp.28)..
Ps :As promised. Two chapters per week so we round this story up. #Anticipate The #BoogieMan. I hope you are following my story on #Madivas "All I want for Christmas " chapter one has been running for a week. Chapter two would be up this weekend. Go to the website http://www.madivas.com and search for it. Read, share/rbc and please please drop a comment. This is a 4 or 5 chapters story, we looking to end on Christmas day. It's a Christmas story after all, you don't want to miss it.
Now, back to Bruno and Amara.
Pss: next two chapters comes up on wednesday $ Saturday so stay tuned.
Over to you itchy fingers… *I walk away*
*Curtain closes and opens to find itchy fingers playing a soft tune on the keyboard, then a dramatic hight pitched tune that crescended to a shrill stop."
Itchy fingers :hello, welcome. Shall we begin??
I always prided myself about following my instincts , letting it lead me. When I don't feel right about something I don't do it or go to a place I originally wanted to. When I feel good and comfortable, I felt I was trusting enough so I went.
Mama used to be all superstitious; to her, hitting a right foot meant maybe something was about to happen, and when it happens more than once, it meant it was something bad. If whatever she was holding and she drops suddenly stood on its own, maybe before hitting a flat line, someone was coming. Itchy palm meant money was coming.
I would look at her at wonder why, it was funny to me because it didn't make sense.
But today, leaving Amara's shop and heading to her place, I felt some sort of uneasily, a bad vibe, some negativity crawling up my sleeve and clawing at my heart , shaking it off only made it worse and my thoughts kept going to one name.
"Driver, step on it" I told him.
Something was wrong.
"I did tell you that I was going to see you later didn't I? " junior says, having pushed the door close following Amara into her house, making her back away from the door with the way he forced it open, her scream not helping matters. Junior turns , removing the key from the outside and locks the door swiftly. It felt as though it was something he usually did and was good at it.
"Why did you follow me. Please leave, mama is on her way coming . " she looks around, hoping she could see someone epass from the window so she could call out.
She had closed and locked the windows while they went out this morning, incase rain fell so water wouldn't enter into their tiny room. No one would hear her scream. Junior came closer to her, while she backed away to the door.
"I wonder if you miss me sometimes Ama? I mean for someone who contantly wants you, isn't there some kind of twisted emotion somewhere within you that tends to desire that disturbance sometimes.?" He was close to her now, her back pinned against the wall.
"Ama, should I tell you what thinking about you does to me? It intoxicates me, drives me crazy. I go wild, little junior pokes at my thighs every night and even when I am slidding into another wet Warmth of some faceless bimbo, I think of you and I explode with ease. Do you know what that means my dear Amara?"
Back against the wall,
"Junior, my mother is coming. If you don't leave now she is going to come and break your head I will tell her every thing. Every single thing. She would call all the boys and they would beat you . Please just leave and I promise I won't tell anyone anything " she begged, from the corner of get eyes the stool stood too far away from her, the kitchen was like travelling across the sea, no protection from this menacing prey that had a human face.
God please help me.
His face a mere inches from her, his breath already caressing her skin, he stood right in front of her , placing both hands to the wall on either side of her head.
"Your scent Amara, your Virginia scent is soooo tempting. Your skin so fair, and the way your full lips are inviting me to kiss them makes me want to just give in and I would. But the thing is, I have been waiting for you to want me on your own, come to me willingly, in all your womanly glory and beg me to have you. But every single time you see me you ignore me, snub me and all I see is hate in your eyes. And that hurts me, it hurts me a lot!
"But I hate you . "! She whispered in fear
Junior laughs,
"Oh well, good thing scares a lot of people so I can let that slide. But, doesn't change the fact that I want you so fxxking bad Ama, so would you stop all this your childishness and let's have some fun. I promise you would like it " he caresses her cheeks, trailing a line down her neck
Amara hits his hands away "don't please"
"Oh don't be a kill joy. Why are you acting as though a guy hasn't made his intentions known to you. Like you haven't kissed a guy before and let him touch you , OK I know you are a Virgin and all, which is pretty obvious but it could also be because you haven't met someone you are willing to give it up for. But c'mon, you watch movies movies and read those exotic books, so you do know about a man and a woman and what they do. Aren't you curious? Didn't you like the way he" he looks down "feels against you , don't you feel the heat rising up your thighs, don't you get tingly huh"? He rubbed his hardness against her
Amara made to move but he stops her
"You do know that it's just both both of us here, no mother to save you not for a couple of hours at least. So, we have enough time to hit it two ways to Sundays and go another if you like it that much. I really listen to the desires of my ladies and you Ama would be one special treat" he grabs her jaw and forces his lips on hers, she pushes him and slaps him SMACK across his face, her eyes deadly.
She won't give in . She was going to fight him.
Junior laughs touching his face.
"Nice Amara, feisty. I love" he grabs her and pins her to the wall again,
"no one likes an inactive lay anyways"
he grabs her tighter and crushes her in another kiss, deepening it, fiddling with her cloths with the other hand, tearing her button and grabbing her breast. She screamed into his mouth , struggling but he wouldn't let her go.
"Oh dear Ama, so soft " pinning both hands up above her head, using his leg to keep her lower body in place, he puts his head to her breast and takes her into his mouth, sucking hard ..
She screamed, kicking and struggling and in the process his teeth cuts into her flesh, in pain her scream became louder. He leaves her breast and closes her mouth, tears streaming down her face
"Please please please please let me go pleas " Amara pleaded
"If you promise not to scream or try to run away but be nice and let us play"? She nodded, he stares at her for a minute. Then he let's her go stepping back. Her eyes darted to the door, she looks down at her shirt realising he had ripped aside her bra and her breast were laid open, a sob escapes from her lips, she tries to conceal her bosom
"No no no baby. They are pretty, let me marvel at their perkiness. Damn Ama, I want you now. " he fiddles with his jeans, removing his buckle.
Make a Run for it Amara.
Her eyes darted to the door, then she ran to it , but not too quick, strong arms grabs her and pulling her to the chair , both of them falling on it with junior on top.
"I kept my promise but you didn't. Now am angry".
He pins her hands over her head again , separating her legs with one leg, with the other hands he raises up her top and pushes the extra cloth to her mouth stuffing it in, having free rein with the other hand he frees little junior from his cage,
"Argh damn" he mutters rubbing it to her thighs, he drags her panties to the side and let his finger tweak her flower
Amara didn't stop crying , her struggles seemed to be making him even more excited, he suckles on her breast, licking her nipples, kissing her body while he had her pinned..he brings his finger and places it to his tongue, he moans from the taste
"Damn, I wish I can use my tongue first Ama, you would have loved it but you are being too stubborn. But that would be for another day, now it just want to feel you up, with all of me, and watch you surrender when you begin to enjoy the goodness little junior can bring "
A muffled plea
"Do you know why I want you so much? Because you are beautiful so so beautiful. You haven't been touched, not even by Bruno and the mere fact that Bruno wants you too should scare you more. See I am the angel to where Bruno stands. At least I come out to tell you what I want , Bruno is just pretending. He is worse than me, waving the whole good boy flag , wanting to pay your fees, some he would come knocking to collect what he wants, at least you would feel better than I am helping you give up that which he wants the most. So you should thank me'
Another muffled plea. ., pleading eyes as tears streaked down her face.
"Ama, I am making you a woman, after today you would thank me and come for more. I promise to be gentle.." he kisses her cheeks, caressing her breast as his hands goes down between her legs, he touches himself and rubs her core, raising her up from below he made to force his way into her core, ..
Knock knock
He froze, Amara's eyes shoots open.
Knock knock knock!!
" Amara?" I call out.
Silence. I look around, curtains were closed and windows, it didn't look as though she had gotten up. Or did she branch elsewhere first. But her mother did say she had gone home.
Knock knock knock
"Amara? Are you there. Amara?" I call out again.
Maybe I should leave and come back later
I turn walking away
Hands to her mouth, and finger to his
"Sssshhh. I swear if you make one sound I would strangle you Amara, I swear it" he whispers
Scream Amara scream.!!
She struggles free and let's out a scream, the slap made her dizzy, he stuffs more things into her mouth and covers her mouth more, pressing her face into the chair
"Shut TF up . Sssshhh! ! " he whispers, holding her still
I stop , hearing someone scream but then silence. That feeling creeps back at the back of my head.
Something was wrong. I can feel it.
A few people walk pass and go on their way. Maybe it was nothing. I shrugged it off, and continue back on the road.
He peers and sees junior leaving. Sweats breaking over his forehead, he swallows hard.
But something was wrong. Amara wasn't moving .
"Amara?" He shakes her. She remained still.
"Amara, hey wakeup. Was just a slap. Wakeup!"
She didn't move. He quickly removes the gag from her mouth, touching her. She remained still.
"Fxxk. I told you not to scream dammit! "
He touches her wrists, but his heart was beating fast so he couldn't tell if there was as pulse.
No time. He needed to leave.
He pulls his trousers up, checks around to make sure he didn't leave anything lying around, he peers outside opening the door, seeing that no body was about and junior wasn't in sight. He runs through the opposite direction after closing the door.
It was when I hit my leg the second time to a stone I didn't see that I stopped.
Mama was never always wrong. And since I couldn't get Amara's name out of my head, I turn quickly and ran back to the house.
Breathing heavily, I stood at the door and pounder it
"Amara, Amara!!!! Amara????!!"
Silence still.
No, I wasn't leaving. I pound again and the door gives way, opening up.
I pause for only a second and run in, finding her lifeless on the chair, her dress opened and her bosom bare
"Oh God No!!!" I grab her face, shaking her
"Amara, Amara?" I shake her up. "God please no!" I look around, something had happened here, someone had being here, had done this to her, had had –
My chest had begun to hurt, I laid my head to her chest, faint heartbeat. Her wrist suggested a faint pulse too
"Thank God!" I ran ran into the kitchen, came back with a bowl of water and springled across her face until I saw her blink, a maon escapes from her lips.
"Thank God Amara!!" I gather her in my arms
But she struggles up screaming and hitting me, trying to run away from me
"Hey! Hey Amara stop stop it its me. You are safe now. It's me, you are safe. No one would hurt you again. I promise, " restraining her, gathering her again in my arms, covering her up, "it's me Bruno
She begins to cry, wailing and shaking
"Who did this Amara, tell me who did this to you. I will find him amara and make him regret. Tell me, did you see his face?did he-did he-" I couldn't bring myself to say it
I should have busted the door in when I heard that scream. I should have listened to my instincts, this wouldn't have happened. I woul have caught the bastard. This was my fault, I didn't listen even when I felt something was wrong.
"I am so sorry Amara, it's my fault. If I had come in earlier this wouldn't have happened. Who did this, tell me".?
She didn't stop crying , I rock her
"Let's go to the hospital, you need to be checked just incase- I don't want you falling sick. Then we would go to the police station, you ate going to tell them everything , who whoever did this to you would be caught. " I couldn't say it.
I kept clenching and unclenching my fists. Anger rising in me. I wanted to hurt someone bad.
She was shaking her head.
"No hospital, no police. Please"
"Why Amara, why! You fainted, you were-
Amara whoever did this needs to be caught and God help him if I find him first. We need to go now" I try to help her up, my chest didn't let up. I felt pain in her pain.
"No!! Please don't tell my mother. He tried but he didn't, no hospital. No police. Pleae"
"Amara, do you know who did this. Did he threaten you? Tell me Amara"
She was shaking. Who was making her scared
She was silent.
"Amara? Tell me, please. Let me protect you from him."
"I didn't see his face. I am scared and I don't want mama to worry. Please" she begged
I didn't understand it. Who got her this scared. She was lying. Who ever it was must have threatened her.
"I am fine Bruno. Please before my mother comes back and finds out." She covers herself tightly, I shake my head
"She knows I am here, I went to your kiosk before coming. You know you are going to tell me the truth Amara. I know the truma of people finding out is scaring you but how do you stop it from happening again if you don't talk and report it so the culprit be apprehended?" I look at her sadly
"I-i am fine. I want to be alone please "
Bruno is not different from me. I am an angel where he stands. He is going to come collect his too. Don't be deceived by his good boy pretense.
Junior's words replayed in her mind.
"Or you want to finish what he started?"
I was taken aback.
"Amara?" I couldn't believe believe my ears
"I want to be alone please. Just go away. Please go away" she began to cry again. She wast hurting, I knew that but she didn't have to compare me to the animal who did this to her and i wasn't leaving till I was sure She was safe, even if it meant doing the unthinkable.
I get up,finding my way to their tiny room. On the wall a big shirt was hug and a Jean laid on the bed. I grab both of them and come out
"Wear this now!! And you are doing everything I say" I was firm
"Amara I am not taking No for an answer and I am sure as hell not leaving you here alone. We would call your mother on the way"
I waited. She didn't move
"I am dead serious"
It took her about 20 minutes. I grab her hands, locked the door and pulled her along.
"Please Bruno , please no police, don't tell mama, no doctors" she begged pulling back
I didn't want to listen.
All I wanted was to find the bastard but I also wanted to keep her safe too.
I stop a taxi, giving him directions, she didn't stop sobbing.
She only raised her head after after few minutes, "The hospital and clinic is that way" she says pointing amidst her tears
"I know" I close my eyes resting my head
I was taking her home.
For now
"Timothy, guy if anyone asks I have been at your place since morning . Do this for me Bro " Junior breaths heavily, as he grabs a cold bottle of water from his fridge
"What the Fxxk have you done this time Junior?" Timothy stares hard at him.
"I think I killed her mehn. She wasn't breathing. I think I fxxking killed her" he cleans sweat from his brows
Timothy just stares at him with his mouth open.
Junior's phone rings
"Bruno is calling" Timothy says staring at the caller
Junior moves away from the phone as though it's a plague
"Don't pick!" He mutters
To be continued


text:
Lomond inkjet photo paper matt lomond
Vuzil • Photo paper • 2017-10-15 • 8 Comments
Thanks for the essay, you deserve full stars.
But in a hurry, I not sure I gave you full stars or not. If not, can I rate you full stars again.
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5 Comments
Meztijinn 17.10.2017 в 13:51
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text:
Hello all. So I just got back today from the killer-est three day manori trip. I would tell you all about it but I'm still bewildered by the Sprite incident. And if you're a person that's been screwed over by a soft drink, you'll understand why I'm still suspicious of all liquids in green bottles.
Anyway, point is, I washed the dishes. Played some badminton. Chilled a bit, ate potatoes..all the while wondering if I should drink again cos who drinks two nights in a row and won't I feel sick tomorrow. (I did drink again and I didn't feel too sick on the morrow). It took a couple of hours, a weak will and a lot of courage; but I got up and poured myself some gin. Where there's gin there will be Sprite, so I threw in a glassful. Sat down. Stretched. Sipped. And spat it out.
Have you ever tasted gin and water, Dear Reader? I hope not, cos I'm a sweet person that wishes you well. Its really not something you want to allow into your system unless your taste buds are dysfunctional. So I poured it out. Sad waste of good gin that was soon to be finished by the way, but I didn't think of it then. So I poured myself another drink. Went all the way upstairs opened another bottle of sprite and went all the way back downstairs. Found a nice spot. Sat down. Anticipated the taste of perfectly mixed gin and sprite. Sipped. Spat. Sigh. And now you think its becoming a habit. But really, I swear, I would never intentionally make a gin and water drink in order to keep spitting it out. So I poured it out again. All I can say is, some of those plants in Goldy's garden are having a little party of their own right now.
Anyway. I gave up. Threw up my hands and asked someone else to pour some real sprite out for me. The rest of the night was pretty uneventful. Partly cos the gin got over and I switched to whiskey– Pepsi, unlike sprite, is not colorless and therefore cannot pose as water. So I drank my weight in alcohol (that's not much really, so chill), passed out and woke up dehydrated today morning. Looked everywhere for water. After half an hour,and no rehydrating liquid in sight, I finally went down and asked Goldy where the fuck is all the water gone.
It was in a sprite bottle.


text:
Hi, I'm Shawna, pleased to meetcha! Or, wait, I think I did that already...
Bear with me, please, it's my day off and I'm feeling a bit loopy! : )
By the way, I'm 34, and I'm also here because I want to lose some weight, tone up, and be somewhat skinnier. Not tons, but it would be nice to be able to buy smaller clothes.
So far, my exercise consists of walking Tex 2 or 3 times a day (each walk is generally 10 minutes or so) and walking a LOT around my work. I have cut way back on the amount of soda I drink, and generally cut down on food portions. I've got some yummy sounding healthy recipes that I'll be testing and sharing with y'all.
Wednesday, 11 June 2008
Labels: introduction
1 comment:
- Nettie said...
Way to go on cutting back on the soft drink. I'm addicted to coke zero and although it doesn't have any calories, nothing that colour can be good for you!
Christian doesn't see why it's so hard to just not drink the stuff but I don't think he realises that soft drinks can be quite addictive. Good on you darl, hope I can follow your example!
- 12 June 2008 at 00:58
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text:
- 92
- 3 years ago
Playing tracks by
Joe Gibbs & the Professionals, Keith Hudson, The Revolutionaries, Phylis Dillon, Africa Dances and more.
After visiting the dynamite Life Changing Ministry record swap in Oakland, CA and picking up a weight of new vinyl, I decided to put out some mixes of strictly vinyl finds...so here is Volume 1. Enjoy!
Download the mix here! www.gigantesound.com/mixes.html
Lord Tang is a dub producer not producing dub. You can find him at www.gigantesound.com
:: Tracklist ::
Joe Gibbs & the Professionals - Chapter Three
Keith Hudson - Higher Heights Dub Two
The Revolutionaries - Love
Phylis Dillon - Hanging on the Wall
Africa Dances - Toomus Meremereh Nor Good
Ja Bolina - Tahla lidova melodie z Moravy
Lata Mangeshkar - Pardesiyon Se Na Akhiyan Milana
Dancing Numerals - Counting in 2's, 3's etc.
Frischer Wind - In mir klingt ein Lied
Akken Organ Company - A Study in Classical Sounds