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Gender differences in new brand name response
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References listed on IDEAS
- Tina M. Lowrey & L. J. Shrum, 2007. "Phonetic Symbolism and Brand Name Preference," Journal of Consumer Research, Oxford University Press, vol. 34(3), pages 406-414, June.
- Zhang, Shi & Sood, Sanjay, 2002. " "Deep" and "Surface" Cues: Brand Extension Evaluations by Children and Adults," Journal of Consumer Research, Oxford University Press, vol. 29(1), pages 129-141, June.
CitationsCitations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
Cited by:
- Ruth Pogacar & Emily Plant & Laura Rosulek & Michal Kouril, 2015. "Sounds good: Phonetic sound patterns in top brand names," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 26(4), pages 549-563, December.
- Kevin M. Kniffin & Mitsuru Shimizu, 2016. "Sounds that make you smile and share: a phonetic key to prosociality and engagement," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 273-283, June.
- Richard Klink & Gerard Athaide, 2012. "Creating brand personality with brand names," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 109-117, March.
- Alina Duduciuc, 2015. "Advertising Brands By Means Of Sounds Symbolism: The Influence Of Vowels On Perceived Brand Characteristics," Studies and Scientific Researches. Economics Edition, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, Faculty of Economic Sciences, issue 21.
- Valentyna Melnyk & Stijn Osselaer, 2012. "Make me special: Gender differences in consumers' responses to loyalty programs," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 545-559, September.
- Richard Klink & Lan Wu, 2014. "The role of position, type, and combination of sound symbolism imbeds in brand names," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 13-24, March.
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KeywordsBrand names; Gender; Sound symbolism;
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Tuesday, May 25, 2010
The ABC's of Children's Worship
There are probably five or six distinct times during a typical morning service at our church when we all sing, and the kids are upstairs with us (i.e. not downstairs in their Sunday school class) for most of them. Jada, ever drawing, just keeps on doing her thing, maybe every once in a while wanting to be held.
Aaron used to be the same. But this past Sunday, decided that if everyone else was singing, so would he. And the song he's taken great delight in singing lately has been the alphabet song. So here everyone else is, following along to a hymn or contemporary worship song, and our little boy is belting out his ABC's. Five or six times in one service, no less. Classic.
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There's a new and unhealthy trend building on the Internet, and it's called Chat Roulette. This website pairs you with a random stranger with which to webcam. Don't like what you see? Click next and move on. Anonymous, uninhibited webcam shenanigans with strangers.
Earlier this week, Sandlot tweeted the following thread: "Still haven't been on chatroulette... but quite intrigued now" along with the link to the following Tumblr address: http://chatroulette.tumblr.com/
(Apparently, Tumblr is the new hot blogging site. Both Sandlot and Mello have started one in the last week.)
This blog contains screenshots and videos of hundreds or thousands of Chat Roulette encounters. Should you be fascinated? If fascinated means mortified, then yes. If fascinated means you actually want to try this ridiculous piece of Internet trash, then I have to beg you - please, no.
After extensive browsing of these screenshots, I can reliably comment on the types of people who frequent Chat Roulette. Let me describe the demographic:
- 8/10 are perverted teenage boys or old men.
- Of these, 9/10 will ask to see your tits.
- 5/10 males will be shirtless.
- Of these, 5/10 will be lying on a bed or couch.
- 1/10 will be naked.
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- 1/100 will be on the toilet.
- 1/10 are girls or ladies looking for kicks.
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- 1/1000 will be masturbating.
- 1/10,000 will be having active coitus.
- 1/100,000 will be having it with an animal.
Brutus can convince you with the following link: "Show me your boobs or the bird dies!"
Besides, if you thought you were bearing your bust anonymously, think again.
The only thing that might make Chat Roulette seem even remotely worth trying is this:
- 1/1,000,000,000 times you'll end up at a Ben Folds concert.
- 999/1000 people he chats with won't know who he is.


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This 1991 BMW M5 is a 32k mile example on offer by the original owner. It is fitted with all of its original equipment from the stereo to the cool turbine wheels. Finished in black/black with good paint and a clean interior, the car has no modifications and is reported to be a strong driver on the road. Per the seller all features work as they should from the A/C and power seat controls to the cruise control, and the original books remain with the car. The car has remained in South Carolina since new and was serviced last month in preparation for sale.
Black paintwork suits the e34 M5 very well, and shows a good shine in photos. Per the seller the car has never been hit and retains its original paint. Lighting and trim all appear to be in very good condition throughout, and only a few small marks are apparent on the bodywork.
The enameled badging shows little evidence of fading or wear, and apart from some cracked rubber seals around the door handles no major flaws are noted on the exterior of the car.
The M-System turbine wheels fitted to this example would be superseded the following year by the "Throwing Star" M-System II wheels. At first glance the outer rim has the appearance of white-wall tires but this is the stock setup for the model. Wheels are in good condition all around.
The interior is in very good condition for a 25 year old car. There is some looseness and worn bolster on the drivers seat, as well as a scratch on the center arm rest. The stock radio and floor mats remain.
Some delamination which can be re-glued is noted on the rear passengers' door panel, and can be seen in the gallery. All features and instrumentation are said to work as they should, including the A/C and cruise control.
Around 500 miles have been added in the last month, and just 50 miles since the last service on February 19th.
The S38B36 engine used in the E34 M5 was largely carried over from the S38B35 unit used in the preceding US-Market M5 and M6. This example was recently serviced and received a new oil pan gasket, valve cover gasket and slave cylinder about 50 miles ago. The engine bay presents well with only light chipping in the black paint on the valve cover. A minor leak is noted in the rear shocks.
BMW's traditional flip-down tool kit remains fully stocked on the underside of the trunk.
Following a recent move the seller is trying to find the complete records for the car, though a substantial collection of documentation which came with the car and from the dealer are included. The car comes with a clean Carfax and clean South Carolina title.
|Winning Bid
|Auction Ended
|March 14, 2016 at 1:23PM PT
Did you mean to enter this number as a bid? If so please use the bidding box above.


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Fashionista in the Sea also had the opportunity to get a quick interview with Mayanne about her style and faith! So check it out below!:
Q) Fashionista: How would you describe your style?
A)Mayanne:Fun, girly and versatile in that I can be simple, or
dressed up depending on the day. I love to decide what to wear
and come up with different combinations for outfits.
Q) Fashionista:Has modeling been a dream of yours since you were a
A) Mayanne: Yes, I have always wanted to model and I modeled a
year for a modeling company.
Q) Fashionista:In ten years where do you see yourself? Modeling or
doing something else?
A) Mayanne:I see myself doing modeling or something with fashion.
Q) Fashionista:How would you say God has helped you in your life's
A) Mayanne: HE has given me a wonderful support system that helps
me with everything. MY family has always been by my side and God
has blessed me with a good head on my shoulders because I have
good intentions and goals and I believe anything is possible with
God's help.
Q) Fashionista: Do you have anything to say about yourself to your
A) Mayanne: I have to say that I am passionate about the things
that I do and I hope to live out many dreams that I have for
instance with fashion, art, and caring for and teaching children!


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Quinoa, spinach, gruyere and rosemary casserole: phenomenal and quite good for you (side bonus, really, because who doesn't love gruyere?!).
I found this recipe on my sister's cooking blog and I couldn't resist trying it out; it seemed fairly easy, and I already had a block of gruyere sitting in my fridge from my $20 quattro formaggi pizza (it was moldy, much to my dismay). You can find the original recipe here, but I recommend using hers if you ever try it out - she tends to add in her own notes and comments that are extremely helpful for a novice like me!
All in all, this was absolutely a success. It tastes amazing and I didn't burn anything in the process. The best part? It will keep for almost a week in the fridge - so you're lookin' at my lunch & dinner to carry me to the weekend (cooking for one is hard AND depressing)!


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more Valencia C.F., S.A.D. football formations
Valencia C.F., S.A.D. players:
- Ryan - Diego Alves
- Cancelo
- Barragán
- Santos
- Vezo - Abde
- Parejo
- Enzo
- Rodrigo Moreno
- Chery
- Feghouli
- Alcácer
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Welcome to the site and Bentley is a handsome bully for sure. Make yourself at home and jump right in.
Hello everyone,
My name is James and I'm a huge English bulldog fan. I'm convinced that they're the preferred breed of choice. I'm the proud father
of an 11 month old bully named Bentley. We're excited to be apart of this group. We look forward to meeting everyone. So stop by and say hi and take a look at some of the pictures in his album. Any advice with showing is welcome...
Talk to you soon,
James and Bentley
Last edited by Bentley Master Jedi; 01-16-2013 at 11:09 AM.
Welcome to the site and Bentley is a handsome bully for sure. Make yourself at home and jump right in.
Have a Great Bully Day.
Member of The Bulldog Club of America, The Bulldog Club of Texas and French Bulldog Club of America.
Bully hugs from - BeBe, Hazel, Lucy Lu, JLO, Hillary, Henri & Katie
Hello James to EBN, glad you and Bentley joined! He is a very handsome bully!!
I suffer from "M.B.S." (Multiple Bulldog Syndrome)
because one bulldog is NEVER enough!!
Good job James! But don't think we are going to let you get away without posting pics too! Ohhhh Nooooo!
Hi there James & Bently to EBN too. Just jump right on in and make yourself at home, don't be shy now, we're not..... Bently's gorgeous!
Three Hooligans and 1 Angel - Wilson, Sally, Emma & Jack
Hi there! My first bully was named Bentley - great name! He's a great looking boy and I hope you enjoy the forum!
"I think dogs are the most amazing creatures; they give unconditional love. For me they are the role model for being alive."
Bentley (5.24.04 - 6.26.10) & Linus (1.10.06 - 7.31.13)
Welcome!!! Bentley is a very handsome bully! Love the album and your pics r really nice too! Don't forget to enter our photo of the month contest, this months theme is bullies and their toys I think.
Welcome James and Bentley! So glad you could join us and wow! Bentley is one handsome dog. Jump in anywhere and join the fun!
Proud Mother of Winston Biscuit since October 30, 2010.
James and Bentley! Glad you joined the party! Bently is a handsome fella!
to EBN James and Bentley! Thanx for coming aboard. Hope you will join right in and participate.
Welcome James and Bently, he sure is a nice looking boy.


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Large Loet Vanderveen Cheetah Cougar Wild Life Home Garden Bronze Sculpture Sale
This item has been shown 0 times.
Large Loet Vanderveen Cheetah Cougar Wild Life Home Garden Bronze Sculpture Sale:
Large Loet Vanderveen Cheetah Cougar Wild Life Home Garden Bronze Sculpture SALE
The idea for Bronze Brilliance came into fruition after visiting the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City many years ago. Since then I have acquired an extensive collection, of which I am presenting to you. All pieces are pure bronze made using the lost wax method.
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Height: 10 inches
Width: 14 inches
Weight: 13 lbs
**Disclaimer: Some photos reflect a lighter color or darker color to better show the details. The true color is a dark brown. Thank you for your understanding.
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A study of islamic and hindu belief about life after death Essay
A study of islamic and hindu belief about life after death
The concept of life after death can be traced back to prehistoric periods. Man has always believed there is something beyond death and in our modern scientific world there is no exception. My aim is to explore the concept of life after death in two of the biggest world spread religions today.
I will be exploring Islam and Hinduism, two religions with very different concepts on the theory of life after death, but one thing in conman, the soul. Both religions have a common belief in the soul and my investigation will be strongly focusing on this along with the to the representation of the heaven and hell in each religion, including it postive and negative points. I also want to explore the concept of the soul within different sects such as Sunnis and shiahs in Islam and Saivism,Vaishnavism ,Shaktismin in Hinduism.
Islam is a religion with more than 1,400 million believers. It is dominant in East- and north africa, middle eastCentral Asia and in Indonesia. Islam is divided into many sects but the two main sects are sunnis which are the majority of muslims today and shiahs.
This religion is based upon the holy quran, and the examples of conduct from the messenger Muhammad's(pbuh) life, the Sunna, or had�th. According to Islam, the religion is dated back to Adam, the first man created. Ibrahim (pbuh)(also known in Judaism and Christianity as Abraham) has a central place in the history of Islam, and is the founder and builder of the Ka'ba in Mecca, which is by Islam defined as the centre of the world..
Western scientists and many Muslims, too, have a different point of view, and consider Islam as historically beginning with the first revelations to Muhammad in 610 in Mecca (Saudi Arabia).
This After Life is called the Real and the True Life accourding to islam. The Quran explicitly refers to the After Life as the True Life while the life in this world is a superficial one.
"What is the life of this world but amusement and play? But verily the Home of the Hereafter – that is Life indeed, if they but knew."(29:64)
In islam, one of the most major beliefs is that we live on this earth as part of a test . a test which will determine wiether we will enter heaven or hell after our deaths.
Death is inevitable. It is the one thing that we can be certain about in life. It is the islamic notion that we are born to die. Every soul shall have a taste of death no matter who they are. This is something which is confirmed many times in the holy Quran:
"Every soul shall have a taste of death: and only on the Day of
Judgement shall you be paid your full recompense." (Quran 3:185)In Islam man cannot feel sure that he or she will enter Paradise, unless he or she lives as a Muslim. Islam has a Day of Judgement, This day will be the day when all souls are reawakened to be judged. They will either be condemned to hell or let into Paradise
The concept of the soul in islam is that it has three stages of physical development , dust or clay, embryo and birth. There are also three stages of spiritual development, Death,the Grave and Resurrection, all indicated in the holy Quran. The journey of the soul begins in our mother's wombs. Forty days after conception the soul is blown into the fetus. The next part of the souls journey begins after we are born. This is the life of this world, in which we now reside and are familiar with. Here we grow up and acquire the means to happiness or misery.
We are given the ability to make choices after the age of puberty and
we will later be punished or rewarded based upon them.
In this life, the soul and the body are together except during sleep
when the soul may leave the body and come back in the morning or Allah may take the soul at that time. (can insert quote from quran here)
The next stage for the soul is when it body begins to die. Acourding to islamic belief the Angel of Death or Izraeel is said to come to take the soul out of the body and put it in a place called the Barzakh.
For those who led a life of evil, the removal of the soul is tough
and difficult. Sometimes, more than one angel has to work together to
beat the face and back of the deceased. But for those who lived a
good life, the soul yearns to meet its Lord and leaves the body with
After the soul is taken, if it is a pure soul and has relatives in the Next World who are people of the Garden, they come to meet the soul with great joy. The angels then take the soul from one heaven to the next(acourding to islam there are 7 levels of heaven) until it comes into the presence of Allah. Then the angels bring the soul back to see washing of the body, its shrouding, and the funeral procession. The soul stays floating above the body and when the corpse is placed in the grave, the soul inserts itself between the body and the shroud so that the questioning can take place.
This life in the grave or barzack is the next part of the souls journey. this interspace separates two things: heaven and earth and this world and the Next World or the period between death and resurrection. The bliss or punishment of the Interpsace is not the same as what is follow, but rather something that
happens between the two worlds.
In death, the body remains in the ground while the soul is in the Barzakh between the two worlds. However, the two are still connected and so the bliss or punishment happens to both of
During this life in the grave the souls are divided into two groups: one group is punished and the other group is in bliss.
As various hadiths narrate, if the soul was a believing one, the soul is shown it's place in the Fire(hell) had they disobeyed god. Then they are shown the Garden(heaven) and their place there. The soul will be shown this untill the Day of Rising. Some of the sweetness and fragrance of the Garden reaches them and the grave is said to be made spacious. The believer sleeps in peace just as if they were in one of the meadows of the Garden. Their narrow grave expands and stretches for the soul as far as the eye can see.
If however the soul was a disbelieving one, the Garden is
opened for the unbeliever and they are told to look at what their
place would have been in the Garden had they obeyed Allah. Then it
they are told to look at heir place in the fire. It stays open and the blast of hot air from it continues to reach them until the Day of Rising. It is said that the earth presses in on them and they are crushed to the point that their ribs
split apart.
This part of the souls journey in the graves is still mostly unknown territory. Outwardly the grave is stillness and quiet while inwardly
it contains secrets and terrors which an ordinary person cannot
The next part of the souls journey is the resurection. Acording to islamic belief,
Allah will instruct the Angel Israfeel to blow the horn twice. The souls will come back from the barzakh to group on the mountain of arfat
Judgement Day will be the souls next stop. This is the day when Allah
personally will judge everyone directly . Each person will then receive a book that contains each and everything they have done from the time of birth till death. This book includes activites, appearance and intention. This is where the journey for the souls will near its end near the end. The soul will enter an
everlasting life, which will either be spent in heaven or hell.
The concept of hell in islam is one which is extreamly horrific,terrifying and graphic in comparison to hell of other world religions –
The prophet (saw) said:
"The mildest punishment to be inflicted upon
a person in Hell is that he will be made to wear a pair of sandals
made of fire which will be so hot that they will make his brain boil
like things boil on a stove. He will imagine that no one is
undergoing a punishment more severe although his punishment, in
reality, will be the mildest in Hell." [Bukhari, Muslim].
The belief about hell is that every individual will pass over Hellfire, some will remain there while others continue on.
Every persons Hell will take its shape according to his evil deeds ensuing from atheistic belief or polytheism, hypocrisy, base passion and evil practices, oppression of the innocent, sensuality and iniquity or vicious activities.
The islamic concept of heaven is on the opposite spectrum of hell, it is described as something incomprehendable to the human mind.
It is the last destination and hope of every muslim to arrive there. Paradise is said to have all the beauties of life to enjoy without ever being tired. It is a life of excitement, peace and happiness.
The prophet (saw) said:
"Allah, the Almighty, says, 'I
have prepared for My righteous servants that which no eyes have ever seen, no ears have ever heard and no heart has ever conceieved.'"
[Bukhari, Muslim]
The concepts and ideals of hinduism in comparison to islam are very different. There is however one coman denomenator, which is the soul. Although the theoryies surounding the soul in each religion are very, there is a general belief in It. The origins of Hinduism can be traced to the Indus Valley civilization sometime between 4000 and 2500 BCE. Though believed by many to be a polytheistic religion, the basis of Hinduism is the belief in the unity of everything. This totality is called Brahman. The purpose of life is to realize that the soul (or atman) is part of God and by doing so it can leave this plane of existance and rejoin with him.
This enlightenment can only be achieved by going through cycles of birth, life and death known as samsara. One's progress towards enlightenment is measured by his karma. This is the accumulation of all one's good and bad deeds and this determines the person's next reincarnation. Selfless acts and thoughts as well as devotion to God help one to be reborn at a higher level. Bad acts and thoughts will cause one to be born at a lower level, as a person or even an animal. Hindus follow a strict caste system which determines the standing of each person. The caste one is born into is the result of the karma from their previous life. Only members of the highest caste, the Brahmins, may perform the Hindu religious rituals and hold positions of authority within the temples.
According to Hinduism a soul reincarnates again and again on earth till it becomes perfect and reunites with it Source. During this process the soul enters into many bodies, assumes many forms and passes through many births and deaths. This concept is summarily described in the following verse of the Bhagavad gita(the holy scriptures for followers of hinduism):
"Just as a man discards worn out clothes and puts on new clothes, the soul discards worn out bodies and wears new ones." (2.22)
According to Hinduism a being has to live many lives and under go many experiences before it attains perfection and becomes one with the Divine. The Hindu theory of creation suggests that creation begins when the individual souls becomes separated from the undifferentiated One. the individual soul hides behind the false personality called jiva (Every being with Atman (a soul) is known as a Jiva,) The body and outer personality or the ego.
The jiva is made up of the subtle body, the subtle mind and a little bit of discretionary intelligence called buddhi. The ego is made up of the gross physical body, the surface consciousness consisting of innumerable desires and impulses. Since the Jiva and the ego have no idea of Truth or reality, they suffers from ignorance and illusion. They succumbs to illusion and suffer from the delusion of the outer mind. They behave selfishly as if they are different from the rest of creation and end up with suffering, indulging in acts of self perpetuation.
At the end of each life, the physical body and the gross mind return to the elements of the earth. But the Jiva and the soul survive death. Depending upon the nature of their past deeds and number of bodies it has passed on to, the Jiva either ascends to the heaven or descends into the hell. The Jiva stays in these worlds till it exhausts the fruits of its good or bad actions. Having learned some new lessons, it then returns to the earth again to take another birth. Thus the Jiva undergoes innumerable births and deaths..
Hinduism does speak of the existence of heavens above and hells below. The concept of heaven that it is sun filled and inhabited by gods and innumerable divine souls. The latter are dark worlds (asurya lokas) and populated by all the dark and demonic forces. The individual souls go into these worlds according to their deeds. But they do not stay there permanently till the end of destruction. They go there basically as a consequence of their actions, either to enjoy or to suffer. In either case they learn the lesson and come back to earth to start a new earthly life all over again. according to Hinduism, life in heaven may be longer, but still it is a mortal life only. There, a Jiva may enjoy extreme pleasures, but it would not last for ever. Once its karma is exhausted, the Jiva is thrown back from the heights of heavenly glory into the turmoil of unstable earthly life .
Hinduism does not accept that under normal circumstances an individual soul can free itself completely from the entanglement with Samsara and unite with its Creator in just one life time. The Jiva has to progressively evolve through the cycle of innumerable births and deaths before the soul can liberate itself. Freedom from the process of samsara can only come once a person realises they are actualydivine and belong to god. And this can take hundred of years to achieve.
Overall when looking at these two relgions view on the soul it is important to look at the differnts sect belief in the soul. in islam , the two major sects are sunis and shiah and these two sects seperated at back at the time of the prophets mohammed(pbuh) death. Though these two sect have many beliefs and practices which are are very different from one another, the actual belief in the soul and the concepts of barahkz ,ressurection,judgement,heaven and hell are in fact very simlar. There are not many differences. In hinduism however, there are four main sects Shaivism,Vaishnavism ,Shaktismin and smarta/liberal hinduism which I have just discussed.
All these sect have a belief that the human soul is imortal and passes from body to body untill they can reunite with god. The difference in each sect is that are each represented by a different god who they hope to become one with. Smarta hinduism which I have discused believe that they are all apart of the one god known as brahmin. in Shaivism, these followers bielieve it is the god known as shiva who is one god they hope to reunite with. In Vaishnavism it's the god Vishnu, and in Shaktism it is the god Shakti. These are the major differences between the sects, the ideals and concepts of hinduism such as karma, reincartion, the soul, heaven are the same.
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text: U.S. Senator Rand Paul Sen. Rand Paul Stages 'Filibuster' To Protest Patriot Act By Scott Neuman • May 21, 2015 Updated at 11:20 a.m. ET Protesting the soon-to-expire Patriot Act, presidential candidate Sen. Rand Paul held the floor of the Senate for nearly 11 hours late Wednesday in a filibuster-like speech railing against the law and the government's continued surveillance of Americans' phone records. "I don't think we're any safer looking at every American's records," Paul said. NY Times: Analysis of Paul Fundraising Shows Campaign Has Strong Appeal in Small Towns, Rural Areas By Kevin Willis • May 7, 2015 ASHLEY LOPEZ, WFPL An analysis of fundraising data from the beginning weeks of Rand Paul's presidential campaign shows he has strong support from donors in small towns. The New York Times reports the Bowling Green Republican took in $1 million online in less than 30 hours after formerly launching his campaign April 7. Rand Paul Is The First Presidential Candidate To Accept Bitcoin Donations By Ashley Lopez • Apr 14, 2015 Flickr Commons- Zach Copley. Rand Paul's presidential campaign will be the first to accept political contributions in Bitcoin, a relatively new—and completely unregulated—type of digital currency. Can Libertarian Rand Paul Win A Republican Primary? By Mara Liasson • Apr 7, 2015 Rand Paul is not like other potential presidential candidates. The Kentucky senator, who announced his candidacy for the White House on Tuesday morning, doesn't fit neatly into the molds of either party. Socially liberal on issues of crime and punishment — especially when it comes to drug sentencing — against a federal ban on same-sex marriage, and no foreign policy hawk, he's not your prototypical Republican. As a fiscal conservative and an opponent of abortion rights, though, he's certainly no Democrat either. Rand Paul's Kentucky Problem By S.V. Dáte • Nov 11, 2014 Everyone knows Sen. Mitch McConnell had a great election night in Kentucky last week. As for the state's other Republican senator, Rand Paul, that's a different matter. That's because while McConnell was cruising to a big re-election win on his way to becoming Senate majority leader, things did not go so well for Paul. He was hoping Republicans, who already control the Kentucky Senate, would also take over the state House — a result that would grease the path for a state law allowing him to run for both re-election and the presidency at the same time. Rand Paul Would Forgo Using Executive Orders as President By Phillip M. Bailey • Aug 13, 2014 Republican U.S. Senator Rand Paul said Tuesday that if he is elected to the White House, he would only use his executive authority to revoke previous presidential orders. Kentucky's junior senator, who is gearing up for a 2016 presidential run, made the comments at a luncheon for the Louisville chamber of commerce, where he addressed a range of topics, from local issues to world affairs. Rand Paul Bids To Loosen Democratic Hold On African-American Vote By Liz Halloran • Apr 22, 2014 For more than a year, GOP Sen. Rand Paul has been staking out positions on issues that resonate in the black community, including school choice and prison sentencing reform. And he's been showing up in some unexpected — for a Republican — venues, including historically black colleges. It's stirred an unusual degree of curiosity about the freshman Kentucky senator — and 2016 GOP presidential prospect — among the Democratic Party's most reliable voting bloc. Mitch McConnell Supports a Kentucky State Bill Days After Saying He Generally Doesn't Do That By Jonathan Meador • Mar 13, 2014 Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell told RollCall on Wednesday that he supports a bill filed in the Kentucky state legislature that aids his junior Senate counterpart—less than a week after he said he doesn't take positions on state-level legislation. Rand Paul Says He Will Sue President Obama Over NSA Domestic Surveillance Program By Gabe Bullard • Feb 11, 2014 RandPAC, Kentucky Senator Rand Paul's political arm, has announced that the Republican lawmaker will join a class action lawsuit against President Barack Obama. In a statement, Paul says the NSA's monitoring of American citizens violates the Fourth Amendment. He will file the suit in Washington D.C. Wednesday, then hold a press conference. Rand Paul Talks State Of The Union, His State And His Party By editor • Jan 30, 2014 Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST: From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Robert Siegel. AUDIE CORNISH, HOST: And I'm Audie Cornish. Last night, President Obama laid out his agenda for the coming year and there was no shortage of Republican responses. Pages« first ‹ previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 next › last »


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Are you a smoker and you have accidentally made a cigarette burn hole in your car seat? This is frustrating and also makes your car seat looks terrible. Seeing your car seat filled with dirt and dust doesn't speak well about the value of your car amid reselling.
So are you wondering how to fix it? Do not fret, it's nothing serious and in this article, you will learn how to do it in 3 different ways.
Image source: crvownersclub.com
Cigarette burn holes can be baffling. Some burn holes are noticeable immediately, while others might be too small to be noticed. The issue with a burn hole in an automobile seat is that, the fabric have the tendency to spread open more after some time if nothing serious is done about it.
The issue can also deteriorate as a result of the steady wear and tear after some time. It is recommended for you to have them fixed as quickly as you can!
As stated earlier, a cigarette burn hole isn't as serious as you may think and can easily be done in 3 different ways without wasting much of your time. The 3 methods include; reweaving the fabric of the car seat, gluing the fabric of the car seat and utilizing the cigarette burn repair kit, specifically made for incident like this.
However, you are most likely to opt for a method contingent upon the intensity of the burn. For example, a minor burn may just require you to glue the seat fabric.
Tools Needed:
For a few sorts of fabrics, reweaving is a reasonable option. Particularly helpful for fixing antique fabrics in some classic cars, this method enables a car owner to keep up with the original car seat without replacing a whole segment of the fabric. Fabrics with loosely woven threads and plain tweeds are the best contender for this technique. The 3 steps involved are listed below.
Step by Step Guide to Fixing Cigarette Burn in Car Seat Using Reweaving Method
Trim Off the Melted Edges
With a sharp, small scissors, owners can trim away the melted edges in the seat, to begin with, so there could be a neat and plain platform to weave on.
Start Reweaving
Utilizing identical thread, then, the owner should begin weaving about a half-inch away from where the whole is by running the needle through the traverse threads in and then skipping the hole surface.
Tie the Thread at Both Ends and Repeat the Process
Lastly, the owner must be sure to tie the thread at both ends and repeat the procedure, utilizing the in place threads near the hole as a guide until the point when the hole is fixed.
Tools Needed:
For a splendidly uniformed repair, this method uses encompassing fabric to disguise the cigarette burn hole and thus, a decent alternative for delicate fabrics, such as velour. Below are the 3 simple steps involved in this process.
Step by Step Guide to Fixing Cigarette Burn in Car Seat Using Gluing Method
Cut Off An Unnoticeable Part of the Seat
The owner have to cut a part of the car seat that is not easily noticeable using a razor blade so it could release a pea-sized measure of fuzz.
Press a Drop of Super Glue into the Burn Hole
The next thing is to press a drop of super glue straightforwardly into the cigarette burn hole. Owners can therefore delicately press the fuzz straight to the glue with the aid of a pencil tip. Continue moving the fuzz inside the hole until the point when the glue hardens.
Use More Fuzz if Needed and Repeat the Process
Finalizing this procedure, owner can utilize more fuzz if needed until the point when the hole is undetectable.
Car seat repair kits are available at different prices for a wide range of sorts of upholstery. Owners must ensure to carefully read the label in order to know precisely which application the repair kit is made for.
For example, cigarette burn holes found on the seat of a car need a sturdier repair solution than holes found in areas that experience less stress do.
Tools Needed:
The kit has 27 different velour colors in 1oz. containers, Mask-A-Tak velour spray glue, water based velour glue, twofold sided stiff bristle and hogs hair brush to equitably apply velour atomizer, velour flock, foam sub bunch trim outs, and a cleverly compact case. This is an awesome beginner kit, if you are just starting out.
Fixing Cigarette Burn Hole in Car Seat Using Cigarette Burn Repair Kit
This method has to be broken down into a step by step guide because it is somewhat longer and has to be done more delicately than the aforementioned two methods.
Keep in mind that you won't necessarily make use of all the tools in the kit for this process as the kit is also made for other burns. So the following are 8 basic steps involved in fixing your car seat with a cigarette burn repair starter kit;
Step 1: Trim Off the Blackened Fabric
Using the nail trimming scissors, trim off the blackened fabric. Try not to cut excessively and do not touch any of the unaffected fabric.
Step 2: Use the Foam Cushioning to Form a Plug Like Foam
Get the craft scissors and slice the foam cushioning to shape up a little plug like foam that fits in to the hole caused by cigarette burn. The plug made ought to be sufficiently big to fit cozily into the burn hole, yet not all that big as to make a bump in the seat.
You may have to try out various sizes until the point that you find the correct one for your requirements.
Step 3: Sew Fabric and the Foam Plug Together
What is next now is to use a clear, thin fishing line to thread the curved needle and precisely sew fabric and the foam plug together. Try not to get the needle caught in the foam.
The objective is to have the attachment situated underneath the fabric weave. This deals with the affected area that cannot be easily reached or the small cigarette burns.
Step 4: Check the Seat's Underside for Material Swatches
Check the seat's underside. In the event that you have multiple or larger cigarette burns you need material swatches that match the texture of your fabric seat. Much of the time you will find that the material extended over the framing has a touch of overage that is not required but rather was not totally cut off amid manufacture. Remove that bit of overage.
Step 5: Fill the Holes with the Foam Plugs
Cut through the foam plugs to fill in the multiple holes or hole. Indeed, ensure the fit is cozy and the holes aren't overstuffed by the plugs.
Step 6: Stitch Both Edges Together
Thread the color matched sewing thread with the curved needle. Stitch the edges of the plugs and the edges of the cigarette burns together. Try not to pull the thread too hard, since it can tear directly over the foam.
Step 7: Cover up the Remaining Holes
Cut the piece of material you removed, so you could fit it over the rest of the holes. Make it slightly bigger than the real hole. Clue the foam plug with the piece of fabric using super glue.
Try not to utilize excess glue but rather utilize sufficiently only to cover the foam plug and an unendingly small bit of the edge that exhibits your sewing.
Step 8: Let the Glue Dry off Completely
Allow the applied glue to dry off totally. Cut off any overage that is left subsequent to covering the foam plugs using the nail trimming scissors.
Well… right now you are reading this article, "how to fix a cigarette burn in a car seat," so most likely you are a smoker, or someone close to you is; but did you know that you can fix your smoking habit as well, so that you no longer have that urge to smoke again, forever?
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Wish or Helping your closed people to Quit Smoking As Well?
Yes, it is 100% possible; you can altogether put a once-and-for-all ending to that habit of smoking and you'll never have to deal with the fear of relapse, white smoke death and cigarette burns in car again.
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Facts About Smoking that Will Make You Want to Stop Immediately
See, practically speaking there is every reason for you to quit smoking and you know what, you are lucky because you already have a reliable solution with the e-book by Quit Smoking Magic.
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If you are similar to the majority of in-a-hurry people, odds are you invest a considerable amount of your time in your car, turning it to your mobile home away from home. When you are spending hours running errands or cruising down the open roads, the exact opposite thing you need to see in the rear view of your car is a big cigarette burn hole in your car seat.
When something hot like a cigarette inadvertently touches your car seat, do not freeze because it's nothing serious. With the above do-it-yourself steps, you can impeccably fix the cigarette burn hole yourself. You can also use the car seat cushion to prevent the cigarette burn and protect your health.


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Computerised Tomography (CT)
Computerised Tomography (CT) scans rely on a rotating X-Ray source to provide clinicians and radiologists with images up to 100 times more detailed than a standard X-Ray. In ALS they were typically used in research up until the 1990's when Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners became more commonplace. In one of the first case studies of MND-Dementia in 1979, CT identified frontotemporal cerebral atrophy and enlarged ventricles (Mitsuyama and Takamiya 1979). Subsequently, an early neuropsychological investigation of ALS found that 8 of 14 patients displayed cortical atrophy on CT scan although this was neither quantified nor analysed by region (David and Gillham 1986). A later study using a larger sample size refuted this finding, however, and identified no significant differences between 28 ALS patients and 28 matched controls (Gallassi et al. 1989).
More recently, serial CT was carried out on an annual basis to investigate 22 ALS patients and again found evidence of frontotemporal cerebral atrophy (Kato et al. 1993). Of note, the involvement of the precentral gyrus became more marked in a subset of patients who required ventilation during the course of the study, with further atrophy identified in the postcentral gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, and corpus callosum. It is unclear whether decreased respiratory function affected the brains of these patients or whether the higher degree of atrophy reflects a more advanced stage of disease. In addition, six ALS patients developed atrophy in the medial temporal and parahippocampal gyri. The distribution of cerebral atrophy appeared similar in patients with ALS and MND-D. Furthermore, three patients with prolonged survival times (between 10 and 22 years of disease) showed little or no cerebral atrophy despite a typical pattern of ALS involvement of the upper and lower motor neurones.
Structural MRI
In neuroimaging research, CT eventually became superceded by MRI, which provides quantified, higher resolution images of deep brain structures, and does not involve exposure to a radioactive source.
Apart from its applications in research, MRI is also used during the diagnostic process in ALS to exclude the differential diagnosis of MS or spinal cord damage (Kiernan and Hudson 1994; Basak et al. 2002). As MRI scanners become more widespread they represent an attractive option; they are non-invasive, produce quantifiable data, and can be repeated safely (Leigh et al. 2002). Unfortunately, they are not suitable for anyone with metal in their body (e.g. aneurysm clips, shrapnel), or people that are claustrophobic, and they are more costly than CT. An early study using structural MRI found abnormally high T-2 weighted signal in the frontal and anterior temporal lobes (Kato et al. 1993). Additionally, three of their patients had slightly increased signal intensity in the cerebral white matter anterior to the postcentral sulcus and five had increased signal in the corticospinal tract. A later, quantitative analysis compared the cortical and white matter surface area of the precentral gyri, anterior frontal cortex, and parietal lobes in 11 ALS patients, 8 PLS patients and 49 matched controls (Kiernan and Hudson 1994). They found that whilst ALS patients showed significant (~6%) reductions in frontal lobe white matter compared to controls there was no corresponding cortical atrophy in this region.
More recently, an automated volumetric analysis was used to contrast grey and white matter densities in 16 ALS patients and 8 matched controls (Ellis et al. 2001). The authors found significantly decreased regions of grey matter in the superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, and mid frontal gyrus amongst ALS patients, once more supporting the notion of extra-motor involvement in ALS. Furthermore, there was an increased amount of white matter found in the right inferior frontal gyrus amongst ALS patients. In analyzing the clinical features of their patients, there was a higher degree of white matter loss in the corticospinal tract amongst patients with a bulbar onset as opposed to a limb onset. Patients with a limb onset also had a lower degree of grey matter density in the right cingulate gyrus and medial frontal gyrus compared with bulbar-onset patients.
Using the same MRI technique, grey and white matter densities were examined in ALS patients with and without cognitive impairment, compared to matched controls (Abrahams et al. 2004a). Whilst there was no significant reduction in grey matter densities, white matter losses were found amongst cognitively impaired ALS patients in the motor tracts, medial temporal lobe, anterior cingulate gyrus, and medial frontal lobes.
These changes included frontotemporal association fibres adjacent to the ventricles, as well as parts of the limbic system and connections between the temporal poles. ALS patients without cognitive impairment also showed a less widespread decrease in white matter density in the corpus callosum, posterior cingulum, posterior cingulate gyrus, and the association fibres of the precuneus. The authors suggest that extra-motor degeneration in ALS patients without cognitive impairment may precede cognitive change and adds support to the hypothesis of a continuum of impairment and extra-motor change in ALS.
In a large MRI study of 72 consecutive ALS patients and 56 matched controls, Frank et al (1997) found marked neuropsychological deficits amongst the majority of the group (n=45), classified as cognitively impaired. By contrast, the unimpaired group consisted of only 15 patients. In addition to poorer performance on tasks associated with frontal lobe performance such as the D2 test, WCST, and verbal fluency, the impaired group had significantly enlarged ventricles relative to patients in the unimpaired group, an indicator of cerebral atrophy. Like most of the studies described above, no correlational analysis was undertaken between cerebral atrophy and neuropsychological test performance. As these patients represent a consecutive series it is possible that some participants from the ALS group may have had MND-D, although given the rarity of this association this is unlikely to account for the magnitude of the impairment found in the majority of their patients.
Functional Imaging
Single Photon Emission Computerised Tomography (SPECT)
Unlike traditional CT or MRI, SPECT imaging produces an image of organ function within the body through the use of radionuclide-labeled tracers injected into the body. Whilst providing a different perspective from anatomical scans, the disadvantage in this technique is a relatively poor spatial and temporal resolution, little quantifiable output, and the added complication of generating and safely using a radioactive source within the body (Leigh et al. 2002).
In ALS, SPECT has been the methodology most frequently employed in examining patients with cognitive change, such as Neary et al's study which identified reduced tracer uptake in the frontal lobes of four patients with MND-Dementia (Neary et al. 1990). Pathological examination on two of these patients revealed a corresponding degree of cortical atrophy, spongiform change, and gliosis in the frontal lobes (see Section 2.4). SPECT analysis of a cognitively heterogeneous group of ALS patients found a similar pattern of reduced frontal lobe uptake amongst a subgroup of four patients with MND-D (Abe et al. 1993). A subgroup of two ALS patients with 'borderline dementia' showed a similar, if less marked pattern of reduced uptake, whilst eight ALS had reduced uptake confined to the motor area. Finally, four PMA patients (with no clinical signs of UMN involvement) showed a normal pattern of tracer uptake.
A number of subsequent studies have replicated these findings, establishing via SPECT that frontotemporal lobe involvement is widespread in ALS patients, particularly those with MND-Dementia or a predominance of UMN involvement (Abe et al. 1997; Neary et al. 1990; Portet et al. 2001; Talbot et al. 1995; Vercelletto et al. 1999; Vercelletto et al. 2003; Mantovan et al. 2003). Three similar studies have used SPECT to compare neuroimaging outcomes and neuropsychological test scores amongst subgroups of ALS patients. In one study, reduced cerebral glucose uptake was found in frontal regions amongst ALS patients with cognitive impairment but not in those without (Abe et al. 1997). Another study subdivided 23 ALS patients into cognitively impaired and unimpaired groups, and found SPECT abnormalities of a frontal nature in 3 of 11 (27%) unimpaired patients and 7 of 9 (78%) impaired patients (Portet et al. 2001). Finally, the most comprehensive investigation of cognitive function carried out SPECT imaging using 99mTc-hexamethylpropylene and a neuropsychological test battery amongst 19 ALS patients, 8 MND-D patients, 29 FTD patients, and 10 controls (Talbot et al. 1995). Neuropsychologically, ALS patients performed significantly worse than controls on tasks associated with frontal lobe functioning, although only performance on a picture sequencing task reached significance. SPECT imaging found ALS patients to have a relative reduction of rCBF in bilateral anterior and medial orbitofrontal cortex, anterior and medial frontal cortex and anterior temporal lobes bilaterally(~20-25% reduction).
A more marked and widespread pattern of impairment was found in patients with MND-D throughout the same areas as ALS patients but also the posterior frontal (~25-30% reduction), parietal and occipital lobes bilaterally (20-25% reduction). Patients with FTD had an identical pattern of reduced rCBF as MND-D with greater reduction (>30%) throughout . Unfortunately, neuropsychological testing could not be carried out in the latter two groups of patients. Whilst a useful tool in initially identifying extra-motor change in ALS, SPECT does not easily lend itself to quantifiable correlational analysis.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Like SPECT, PET relies on the detection of radiation emitted by a radiolabelled tracer (such as glucose) to construct an image of tracer uptake in the brain. However, it benefits from producing quantifiable data, is more sensitive to biological changes, and provides images of a resolution superior to those provided by SPECT (Leigh et al. 2002; Turner and Leigh 2000).
The combined use of PET and MRI allows for image co-registration, so that detailed quantitative data on the function of biological systems with PET can be associated with specific regions by detailed structural images obtained from MRI (Turner and Leigh 2000). Broadly, there are two types of PET study. PET activation studies with tracers such as radiolabelled water identify changes in cerebral blood flow whilst performing a particular task. PET Ligand/Tracer studies use ligands that bind to specific receptors, (11C)-Flumazenil for GABAA receptors for example, to evaluate in detail the structural and functional integrity of neural systems.
Ligand PET
An early study used the radiolabelled glucose ligand (18F)2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) to assess Regional Cerebral Metabolic Rates for Glucose (rCMRGlc) in 12 ALS patients and 11 age-matched controls (Dalakas et al. 1987). They found significantly reduced global rCMRGlc of around 21% amongst ALS patients, but not in patients with PMA, who showed around a 5% reduction. The former group also had specific regions of reduced rCMRGlc in the cortex and basal ganglia. A small number of patients had follow-up scans 12 months after the initial scan.
Of these, three of four patients with UMN involvement showed further reduction of rCMRGlc associated with worsening progression of symptoms. By contrast, a PMA patient showed no significant change in rCMRGlc despite a worsening of symptoms that caused death 3 months after the second scan. In contrast to all of these findings, CT scans showed no evidence of significant atrophy. The inclusion of patients with PMA provides an interesting group for comparison (see Chapter 4), and a more detailed analysis of the differences between these patient groups was carried out by Kew et al (Kew et al. 1994b; Kew et al. 1994a)(see Section 18.104.22.168.2). Dalakas' study provided early in vivo evidence of extra-motor change in patients with ALS, dissociated cerebral changes in ALS and PMA, and prompted further investigations using PET.
A slightly larger study used PET with the FDG ligand amongst 18 ALS patients and 12 controls (Ludolph et al. 1992). A subgroup of 14 patients also carried out a number of neuropsychological tests. A Region-Of-Interest (ROI) analysis found significantly decreased rCMRGlc in the frontal cortex and superior occipital cortex amongst ALS patients compared to controls. In contrast to the findings of Dalakas et al, Ludolph et al did not find an association between reduced rCMRGlc and disease severity as assessed by the Norris Score.
More recently, further evidence of extra-motor involvement in ALS was provided by Lloyd et al who used the GABAA ligand (11C) Flumazenil with PET to study cerebral dysfunction (Lloyd et al. 2000). Unlike the studies of Ludolph and Dalakas, this study employed a ligand used in identifying regions of focal neuronal loss associated with, for example, epilepsy (Turner and Leigh 2000), rather than an indirect measure such as glucose uptake. Comparing 17 ALS patients with 17 age-matched controls, they found significant bilateral reductions in Flumazenil binding in the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, visual association cortex, and left motor/premotor cortices. Reductions were also in the left ventral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Broca's area, the right temporal cortex and right visual association cortex. In addition to adding further evidence of extra-motor involvement in ALS, the authors suggest that reduced Flumazenil binding may be associated with a loss of interneurones. Of note, they did not find reduced Flumazenil binding in the primary motor cortex, which suggests that dysfunction in this area is due to a different neuropathological process to that of extra-motor areas.
Flumazenil has also been used to show phenotypic variations in motor and extra-motor changes in different subgroups of ALS (Turner et al. 2005a)(see Chapter 6). As expected, 24 Sporadic ALS patients showed decreased flumazenil binding relative to 24 matched controls in premotor regions, motor cortex, and posterior association areas. In addition to these groups, 10 patients with the slowly progressive D90A SOD1 mutation also underwent PET scanning with the same ligand. In contrast to the predominantly motor picture of neuronal loss, decreased flumazenil binding in this subgroup was restricted to the left fronto-temporal junction and medial anterior cingulate gyrus. Furthermore, two asymptomatic participants testing positive for the D90A SOD1 gene mutation had a similar, but less marked, pattern of neuronal loss suggesting a preclinical syndrome. Flumazenil PET is discussed in more detail in Section 6.3.
The same group investigated the use of two other ligands as potential surrogate markers for ALS. The ligand (11C)-PK11195 is a proposed marker of activated microglia and therefore a correlate of inflammatory neuropathological mechanisms. Ten ALS patients were compared with 14 age-matched controls and scanned with PET (Turner et al. 2004). Significantly increased binding, representative of activated microglia, was found amongst ALS patients in the motor cortex, pons, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and thalamus. In addition, there was a strong correlation between (11C)-PK11195 binding in the motor cortex and clinical extent of UMN involvement, but not with disease duration or score on the ALS Functional Rating Scale Revised (ALSFRS-R) (Cedarbaum et al. 1999). This study establishes microglia as playing a role in neuronal loss both in motor and extra-motor regions in ALS, and the authors suggest that future studies may be able to identify "at risk" individuals such as asymptomatic SOD1 mutation carriers.
Finally, the ligand WAY100635, which binds to 5HT1A ('Serotonin') receptors was used to investigate receptor changes in 21 Sporadic ALS patients and 19 matched controls (Turner et al. 2005b)(see Section 6.4). This study found decreased uptake globally (~21%) and more specifically between 16-29% in frontotemporal regions, cingulate, and lateral precentral gyri, more so in patients positive for bulbar involvement.
In summary, ligand PET imaging studies have found extensive evidence of extra-motor cortical change in ALS, in terms of abnormal glucose utilization, changes in a proposed marker of neuronal loss, and an increased number of activated microglia in both motor and extra-motor regions. In particular, the degree of motor cortex involvement is thought to be associated with clinical signs of UMN damage such as spasticity, brisk reflexes, and increased tone. Future studies seeking to identify objective markers of UMN change such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) might be useful in future applications of PET imaging.
Activation/Functional PET
A series of studies by Kew et al (Kew et al. 1993a; Kew et al. 1993b; Kew et al. 1994b; Kew et al. 1994a) used radiolabelled water to trace regional cerebral blood flow in ALS patients during the performance of a joystick movement task. In the first study (Kew et al. 1993b), 12 ALS patients and 6 matched controls underwent PET scanning both at rest and whilst performing a joystick movement (motor) task requiring them to make either 'random' joystick movements or predefined 'stereotyped' movements in one of four directions. During the stereotyped motor task, ALS patients had significantly increased rCBF in the contralateral regions of the ventral sensorimotor cortex (associated with the face and adjacent to the hand area), ventral premotor cortex, anterior insula and the ipsilateral anterior cingulate cortex. During the random motor task these areas also showed evidence of increased rCBF but to a more significant degree. The random motor task also produced decreased rCBF amongst ALS patients in the medial prefrontal cortex and left parahippocampal gyrus. A subsequent study also using radiolabelled water (Kew et al. 1993a) found that ALS patients showed significant bilateral reduction of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) in the sensorimotor cortex, lateral premotor cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, superior parietal lobe, inferior parietal lobe, paracentral lobule, left anterior insula and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. By contrast, the occipital and temporal lobes had no areas of reduced rCBF at rest.
The authors also found that increased activation in the face area of the sensorimotor cortex was positively associated with the degree of upper limb spasticity in the patient. As no facial muscle movement was recorded during scanning, and as facial movement would normally cause bilateral activation, the authors suggest that increased rCBF in this area may reflect compensatory recruitment of adjacent cortical neurones as an adaptation to corticospinal tract degeneration. A later study (Kew et al. 1994b) reported no differences in rCBF at rest between ALS patients and PMA patients, although PMA patients did show significantly greater activation in the contralateral anterior insula. The authors suggest that this dissociation between abnormal sensorimotor cortex function in ALS patients but only isolated changes in the anterior insula amongst PMA patients may indicate that changes in the latter area are associated as an adaptation to weakness rather than corticospinal tract degeneration.
In the earliest PET study comparing neuropsychology findings with neuroimaging, Ludolph et al found that performance on a task of verbal fluency was significantly correlated with glucose metabolism across the entire cortex (Ludolph et al. 1992). As the most robust of neuropsychological findings (see Section 22.214.171.124), tests of verbal fluency have been used in subsequent scanning studies including several originating from the Institute of Psychiatry. Kew et al used radiolabelled water with PET to compare rCBF in two subgroups of ALS patients; 5 with impaired verbal fluency scores (ALSi), and 5 with unimpaired fluency scores (ALSu) during the performance of a motor task described above (Kew et al. 1993a). Across the whole cortex, ALSi patients showed significantly greater reduction in rCBF at rest than ALSu patients, particularly in the bilateral supplementary motor area, bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, and left paracentral lobule. During the activation task, ALSi patients showed significantly lower activation in the right parahippocampal gyrus, right anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral anterior thalamic nuclear complex. In terms of specific test results, both verbal fluency and age scaled KOLT scores were found to be significantly correlated with activation in the right parahippocampal gyrus.
Another study by the same group used the same scanning technique to measure rCBF in two groups of 6 ALS patients; ALSi and ALSu (as above) as assessed by performance on the written verbal fluency task, as well as 6 age-matched controls (Abrahams et al. 1996).
For this study a verbal fluency activation paradigm was used whereby participants had to generate words beginning with a given letter. This was compared with a condition in which they repeated words. Amongst control participants, performance of the verbal fluency generation task significantly increased rCBF across the bilateral prefrontal cortex, right lateral premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus. Relative to these controls, ALSi patients showed significantly reduced activation across extensive cortical regions, notably the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, insular cortex, and thalamus, despite matched performance during scanning as measured by the number of words produced. Thus far, PET studies have provided researchers with the highest level of anatomical detail for correlates of cognitive change. Future studies may apply similar paradigms in the context of functional MRI imaging which is less invasive and becoming a more widespread technology than PET (Leigh et al. 2002)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
fMRI can demonstrate which brain regions are activated by cognitive or motor tasks. This relies on the fact that brain areas being used for a specific task experience a ~1-10% increase in regional blood flow approximately 6 seconds after task initiation. The iron content in deoxygenated blood affects the T2* weighted signal in a consistent manner known as the Blood Oxygen Level Dependant (BOLD) effect and can be detected by more powerful (≥ 1.5 Tesla) MRI scanners. This information is then processed by computer to produce a map of millimeter level voxels (3-D pixels) of brain activation. Using a simple motor task, one group found fMRI evidence that in ALS the loss of neurones in the motor and premotor cortices leads to the recruitment of compensatory areas to allow motor function (Konrad et al. 2002). In contrast to the typical pattern of localized contralateral activation during motor tasks, fMRI revealed ALS patients had more activation in ipsilateral motor areas, in addition to more widespread activation of the contralateral motor areas. The authors discuss these findings in terms of a compensatory cortical reorganization response to neuronal loss in the motor system. Whilst the authors do not specifically address the issue of the implications for adjacent frontal lobe regions, it would be interesting to have obtained neuropsychological data on these participants to identify any correlations between cognitive dysfunction and the degree of compensatory neurone recruitment.
A recent fMRI study of word retrieval in ALS (Abrahams et al. 2004a) compared 28 ALS patients to 18 matched controls during performance of two tasks: verbal fluency and confrontation naming. Despite similar levels of task performance from both groups, the ALS group had significantly reduced activation relative to controls in extensive regions of the prefrontal cortex (including Broca's area), anterior cingulate, temporal and parietal lobes during the verbal fluency task. A similar, though less extensive pattern was also observed during the confrontation naming task, with reduced activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and regions of the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. This study suggests a broad pattern of extra-motor involvement in these tasks with altered cortical function in predominantly frontal regions and establishes the viability of fMRI as a useful technique in integrating neuroimaging and cognitive testing.
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text:
"Patanjali defines the mind as a dynamic composite of the activities that occupy it:
deep sleep and memory
comprehension, misapprehension, imagination.
Each of these can either cause blockage or facilitation of Samadhi."
"There are eight components of Yoga. These are:
Yama: our attitudes towards our environment
Niyama: our attitudes towards ourselves
Asana: the practice of body exercises involving alertness and relaxation
Pranayama: the practice of breathing exercises
Dharana: the ability to direct the mind
Dhyana: the ability to develop interactions with the others
Samadhi: complete and dynamic integration with the object of attention"
"When an object satisfies a desire, it provides a moment of happiness based on valuing possession over loss. Excessive attachment is based on the assumption that it will contribute to everlasting happiness. Whether an object is perceived or not depends on its accessibility as well as the individual's motivation for interaction."
How to work on alertness and assertive_openness_trust_engagement as a joy of desire_attention_interaction and possible connection?*
excerpts from "Reflections on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali"
by TKV Desikachar
ed. krishnamacharya yoga mandiram
* added by Catarina


text:
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It is apparently built on a centuries-old Muslim grave. Yet, as this report notes, for decades, Muslims have shown absolutely no concern for this area — until now when Israelis want to make use of it. More on this story.
"Jewish Museum of Tolerance Is Intolerable to Muslims," by Julie Stahl for CNSNews, December 5:
Jerusalem (CNSNews.com) — A planned Museum of Tolerance in western Jerusalem is creating another rift between Jews and Muslims.
An American Muslim group says the museum is going up on the site of a Muslim cemetery and it wants construction stopped.
Israel's supreme court, however, ruled that the museum is being built on land that's been used for decades as a parking lot without complaint from Muslims.
The Los Angeles-based Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC), a Jewish human rights group, recently won a three-year court battle to continue building its Museum of Tolerance. The $250-million facility is intended to promote "mutual respect and social responsibility," said Rabbi Marvin Hier, SWC"s founder and dean.
The Council on American-Islamic Relations in Los Angeles has asked the SWC not to build on the site. In a letter to SWC on Thursday, CAIR-LA said, "the land on which you plan to build is the site of a Muslim cemetery, a historic landmark, and a place revered by many."
According to historians, the planned museum site "was once the largest Muslim cemetery in Palestine," CAIR-LA said. Companions of Islam's Prophet Muhammad and Islamic jurists and scholars are said to be buried there.[…]
SWC noted on its Web site that bones found during construction of the museum were 300-400 years old and were unaccompanied by any markers, monuments, tombstone, family name or religion. (According to the Jerusalem Post, the Israeli supreme court instructed project managers to come up with a plan for removing and reburying human remains or for installing a barrier to prevent graves from being disturbed.)
According to the SWC, Muslim scholars and religious leaders have ruled that a cemetery that is not in use for 37 years is considered "mundras" — an abandoned cemetery that has lost its sanctity.
But according to CAIR, "the cemetery land"¦ was designated as 'absentee property' when West Jerusalem came under Israel's control after 1948. The land was ruled no longer sacrosanct in 1964 by a body called the 'Islamic Sharia Court,' whose members were appointed by Israel and largely distrusted by the Muslim population. In violation of international law, the land was then designated by Israel as public open space, and the municipality built a parking lot over it."
This doesn't change the fact that, as a parking lot, Muslims had no complaints, but now that it's going to be a museum — of "tolerance," no less — Muslims are grieved.
SWC noted that Muslims themselves have either proposed or completed construction projects on cemetery grounds over the years.
For example, in 1946, the Muslim mufti of Jerusalem planned to build a Muslim university on the entire cemetery. It was never built. And during the time of the British Mandate in the 1920s, parts of the cemetery were used for "development purposes," including the Palace Hotel compound built by the Grand Mufti himself.
"Documents prove"¦the existence of building plans on the area of the cemetery that were prepared with the approval of the Muslims themselves," Israel's Antiquities Authority says.
Israel's supreme court ruled in October that SWC"s planning for the museum site "was performed without prior knowledge of the finding of graves at the site; that the area has not been classified as a cemetery for decades; that the plans were prepared properly without anyone expressing opposition."
"For decades this area was not regarded as a cemetery by the general public or by the Muslim community"¦no one denied this position," the court said.
Sheikh Mohammed Hussein, the Mufti of Jerusalem, was quoted as saying that the court decision harms Muslim holy sites.
But Hier rejected that criticism: "The opposition to the move is not motivated by religious concerns but is a political attempt at a land grab by Islamic fundamentalists,"
Hier was quoted as telling the Jerusalem Post.
One of those fundamentalists, Sheikh Raed Salah, heads the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel. It was Salah, a man with ties to Hamas, who brought the case before Israel's High Court in early 2006.
When the Israeli supreme court ruled that the museum construction could proceed, Salah called on the Arab and Muslim world to "mobilize" against the project.