text:
For many full-time employees in the United States, the five-day work week, paid overtime and holidays are expected benefits. This wasn't always so, and many workers' benefits today are the achievements of labor unions.
Just five decades ago, unions were on the frontline of the fight for the rights and wages of the middle class. But today, unions are on the decline.
After World War II, organized labor represented a third of America's workforce. Today, only 12 percent of the overall workforce belongs to labor unions both public and private. About 37 percent of the public sector workforce belong to unions as opposed to only 7 percent in the private sector, but they're now in the cross hairs of cash-strapped states and cities.
This month, Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker celebrated after winning a recall election that was triggered when he curtailed public union collective bargaining. Similar anti-union efforts took place in Indiana and Ohio.
Voters in Ohio later repealed a law that would limit collective bargaining for some public-sector unions, but unions in many states are still at odds with government. So if unions decline, where does that leave the middle class?
The Power Of Unions
Marcus Oladell, a 62-year-old from East Hartford, Conn., has been a bus driver in the area for about 15 years. Just 12 years ago, he helped form a union of school bus drivers with the Teamsters.
Since unionizing, he tells weekends on All Things Considered guest host Jacki Lyden, starting wages for drivers have doubled to $16 an hour. Before unionizing, senior drivers were given raises of a just a nickel an hour.
"If they ever tried to give us a nickel raise now, we'd be walking," Oladell says. "So we had no holidays, now we're up to eight a year. In our last contract, which we never had before, there was a longevity bonus given to members there for 10, 15 and 20 years."
While the workers are not getting rich, Oladell says, no one could argue the unions have raised the standards compared to what they had just 12 years ago.
Oladell became shop steward of his local for the Teamsters. He now travels across the country helping organize bus yards like his.
"The generation behind us has to get an understanding of how powerful a union can be," he says. "If that middle class is going to be strong, it has to be represented by unions.
Unions And The Middle Class
Middle class wages, at least for the majority of people, are the invention of American unions, says Harold Meyerson, a political columnist for The Washington Post and an editor-at-large at The American Prospect. He says if big labor dies, then America's middle class dies with it.
In a recent column, Meyerson points to the decades after World War II, a time of shared prosperity, when productivity and median household income both increased by over 100 percent. It was also a time of peak unionization.
"This had an effect on non-union workers as well," Meyerson tells Lyden. "Non-union workers in industries that were heavily unionized, ... their employers had to compete with union employers. This raised wages for everyone."
As unions have declined, Meyerson says, the average wage in some sectors has fallen — in some cases dramatically. In the auto industry, unionized jobs once paid upward of $28 an hour. He says workers in both union and non-union plants are now hired at about $13 to $15 an hour, and in some cases can't earn more than $19 an hour.
Without a middle class helped by unions, Meyerson says, the U.S. would continue down a path of massive inequality of wealth and low levels of mobility.
"People are not moving up the economic ladder now," he says. "We would have real decline in wealth because people's income isn't keeping up, so most of their wealth is in their homes ... [and] people have lost two decades worth of value on their homes. We would have a really strapped middle class."
This, in fact, is what we have now, he says.
Tough Choices For Cities
Public-sector unions have grown as cities and the demand for services has expanded. That's where the crisis comes in, especially as the economy has fallen.
On the same day as the tumultuous recall vote in Wisconsin, two California cities — San Diego and San Jose — were voting on measures to force city workers to pay more for their pensions. In San Jose, Democratic Mayor Chuck Reed took on the unions.
Reed pushed for a new law requiring workers to pay more for their pensions. He estimates that in the first year the measure would save the city about $25 million a year, but it would eventually save billions in the long run. It passed resoundingly, but the unions say in a lawsuit that the measure is anti-union.
As a member of the traditionally pro-labor Democratic Party, Reed had to weigh the political consequences of his decision.
"I think this is a choice that is very difficult for Democrats to make," he tells Lyden. "But it is a choice between providing services to the people or providing benefits to our employees.
It's a choice Reed says all Democrats will be faced with as they deal with rising pension costs across the country.
The Road Ahead
The way forward is difficult for cities and unions. Central Falls, R.I., a city in bankruptcy, got the state to help pay pensions owed to police and fire retirees. They faced losing as much as 55 percent of their benefits.
Meyerson says it might be hard for people to have sympathy for union workers, even in public-sector jobs.
"It's a real problem since most private-sector workers have lost pensions of yore and have 401(k)s or nothing," he says, "and they're asked to support others."
One thing that is certain is that both public-sector and private unions will continue to be a topic for politicians during the next five months as we head toward a tumultuous Election Day.
This is WEEKENDS on ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Jacki Lyden. Guy Raz is away.
In a few moments, we'll discuss the White House's new immigration initiative and elections in Egypt. But first, are unions going away? There's no doubt that they're declining.
GOVERNOR SCOTT WALKER: Tonight, we tell Wisconsin, we tell our country, and we tell people all across the globe that voters really do want leaders who stand up and make the tough decisions.
LYDEN: That's Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker after winning his recall election, triggered when he curtailed public union collective bargaining.
PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN: If they do not report for work within 48 hours, they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated.
LYDEN: Thirty-one years ago in a move that historians say mark a turning point for public sector unions, President Ronald Reagan fired striking air traffic controllers. Their union was called PATCO and it folded. They've unionized again, agreeing not to strike. Just five decades ago, unions were on the front line of the fight for the rights and wages of the middle class.
UNIDENTIFIED MAN: The unions recruit millions of members in a nationwide drive for collective bargaining to close shop, higher wages, better working conditions.
LYDEN: After World War II, organized labor represented a third of America's workforce. What many workers today take for granted - the five-day workweek, paid overtime, holidays - were actually union achievements. Today, only 12 percent of the workforce belongs to private unions, three times that many belong to public sector unions, but they're in the crosshairs of cash strapped states and cities. That's our cover story today: the decline of union and where that leaves the American middle class.
MARCUS OLADELL: My name is Marcus Oladell. I'm from East Hartford, Connecticut. I'm 62 years old, and I'm currently driving for First Student School Bus since '96.
LYDEN: Marcus Oladell helped form a union for bus drivers with the Teamsters 12 years ago. Since unionizing, he says drivers' starting wages have doubled to $16 an hour. Before unionizing, senior drivers were given raises of just a nickel an hour.
OLADELL: If they ever tried to give us a nickel raise, we'd be walking. And we had no holidays. Now, we're up to eight holidays a year. And in our last contract, which we never had before, there was a longevity bonus given to members that were there for 10, 15 and 20 years. I mean, granted, we're not getting rich on this, but in the overall scheme of things, what we had 12 years ago, what we have now, no one could argue that we've raised these standards.
LYDEN: Oladell became shop steward of his local in Connecticut for the Teamsters. He's now traveling cross the country helping organize bus yards like his.
OLADELL: The generation behind us has to get an understanding of how powerful a union can be. If that middle class is going to be strong, it has to be represented by unions.
HAROLD MEYERSON: Well, middle-class wages for a majority of people are largely the invention of American unions.
LYDEN: Harold Meyerson is a political columnist for The Washington Post and editor at large of American Prospect magazine. He says if big labor dies, America's middle class dies with it. He points to the decades after World War II, a time of shared prosperity when productivity and median household income both increased by over 100 percent. It was also a time of peak unionization.
MEYERSON: This had an effect on non-union workers as well. Non-union workers in industries that were heavily unionized, or in regions that were heavily unionized, their employers had to compete with the union employers, and this raised wages for everyone. There's one study that shows it raised wages about 7 percent for non-union workers in those sectors and in those regions.
LYDEN: So tell me how union wages boost wages for those not in unions. How does that work?
MEYERSON: Well, if you were in an industry that was heavily unionized - let's say auto or steel - and you were at a non-union company, your employer was competing with union companies and you, the worker, in a booming economy, which the economy was at the height of union strength, you, the worker, could go over to one of those union companies and get a job and get benefits.
So your employer was more inclined to give you a higher wage. That worked in industries that were heavily unionized, which were abundant then and are scarce now, and that worked in regions and states that were heavily unionized.
LYDEN: So as unions have declined, have we seen a decline in the average wage?
MEYERSON: Oh, we sure have. And manufacturing is very dramatic, whereas the unionized jobs for employees have been there a while. In auto, let's say, pay about 27, 28 bucks an hour. The workers now being hired both in union and non-union plants are being hired at 13 to $15 an hour. And even in the unionized plants, they can't go higher than $19 an hour no matter how long they're there. So that is a real diminution. In some cases, it's half what these more senior union members are making.
LYDEN: So as the economy improved, how much of the profits, how much of the wealth went to the average person compared to today?
MEYERSON: The clearest way to look at that is how income was distributed across the entire economy. During the high point of union strength in the '70s, let's say, only a third of the national income went to the wealthiest 10 percent. Today, it's 50 percent of the national income goes to the wealthiest 10 percent. So that's about a 17 percent difference that makes a real difference in the lives of ordinary workers who are at the middle of the American economy.
LYDEN: What do you think that we would look like without a middle class generated by union workers?
MEYERSON: Well, it's pretty much what we look like now because, as we've noted, only 7 percent of private sector workers are unionized. We would have massive inequality of wealth. We would have low levels of intergenerational mobility, which studies have shown people are not moving up the economic ladder now. We would have real declines in wealth because people's income isn't keeping up, so most of their wealth is in their homes, and the Federal Reserve has just shown that people have lost two decades worth of value on their homes. We would have a really strapped middle class, which, in fact, is what we have now.
LYDEN: Washington Post columnist Harold Meyerson.
Public sector unions have grown as cities, and the demand for services have expanded. Therein comes the crisis, especially as the economy has fallen. On the same day as the tumultuous recall vote in Wisconsin, two California cities were voting on measures to force city workers to pay more for their pensions - San Diego and San Jose. In San Jose, Democratic Mayor Chuck Reed took on the unions. Retirement benefits there swelled to $245 million this year, a quarter of the city budget.
MAYOR CHUCK REED: We started this problem decades ago, and it has grown little by little over the years, occasionally growing rapidly. And at the end here, it is growing so rapidly that it threatens our life, much like cancer.
LYDEN: Mayor Reed pushed for a new law requiring workers to pay more for their pensions. It passed resoundingly, but the unions have now brought suit. Mayor Reed says things were getting desperate.
REED: Oh, there is nothing that hasn't been cut in the city of San Jose over the last decade. We laid off police officers, we laid off firefighters, we closed libraries, we spun off community centers, we closed community centers.
LYDEN: And how much money do you think you'll save?
REED: Well, it all depends on a lot of factors. But we know that in the first year, we'll save about $25 million. But over the course of time, those savings grow. At about 40 years out when the entire workforce has come under the new plan, we'll be saving around $180 million a year. So it's billions of dollars. This is a really huge problem that we're facing.
LYDEN: So, Mayor Reed, this is being interpreted as an anti-union vote by a Democrat, the party that traditionally supported organized labor. What do you think the political consequences are here?
REED: I think this is a choice that's very difficult for Democrats to make. But it is a choice between providing services to the people or providing benefits to our employees. And that's a hard choice that I came down on the side of I represent the people that elected me. I represent a million people in San Jose. And the unions represent the interests of themselves and their members.
And my job is to look out for all of the people. And as a Democrat, I believe I've got to deliver services to those people who are being injured because we're cutting services. So that's a choice, I think, all Democrats are going to be faced with as they deal with these rising pension costs throughout the country.
LYDEN: What do you think is the future between cities like yours, San Jose, I think - what is it - eighth, 10th in the country in terms of population...
REED: We're 10th largest in the country.
LYDEN: Tenth largest in the country and public sector unions?
REED: I think the unions will come to realize that it is in their interest or the interests of their members to ensure that these pension plans and retirement benefits are sustainable, because it is the employees who get hammered when these plans run out of money. Just look at what happened in Central Falls, Rhode Island. One day, they called their retirees up and said, hey, we're getting short of money, so we're only going to pay you half of what you were getting.
I don't want to do that to my people. I do want to do that to our employees. I want to say what you've earned, you're going to get paid, and the plan will be solvent, and the city will be solvent, so you can count on that.
LYDEN: The way forward is tough for cities and unions. Central Falls, Rhode Island, is a city in bankruptcy. It got the state to help pay pensions for retired police and firefighters who were losing as much as half of their benefits over the next four years.
Harold Meyerson says it may be hard for people who are working or without a job to have sympathy for union workers, even in public sector jobs.
MEYERSON: It's a real problem since most private sector workers have lost their defined benefit pensions of yore and have either 401(k)s or less than that or nothing. And they are being asked to support traditional retirement benefits for public sector workers. So that can be a real factor. But by the same token, it's hard to really be that envious when you think about it of cops, firefighters and teachers. These are not the economic elites in the United States. But if you know wealthy cops, firefighters or teachers, you don't know a lot of people.
LYDEN: Washington Post columnist Harold Meyerson.
LYDEN: You're listening to ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
Output Surveys
In 2014, 300 AGRM member missions served more than 65 million meals; provided more than 20 million nights of lodging; bandaged the emotional wounds of thousands of abuse victims; helped more than 36,000 people find independent housing; assisted some 45,000 people in finding employment; and graduated nearly 17,000 individuals from addiction recovery programs. Every year, the results of their work positively influence surrounding communities in countless ways.
Download Report
Compensation Survey
The 2015 Compensation Survey report is an important management tool for rescue missions. This year's survey report includes breakdowns by mission size and district, 25th and 75th percentiles, and relevant graphic data. The report also provides new information such as turnover rate, vacation days, paid holidays, and annual bonuses. Order your copy for only $149.
Purchase Report
Snapshot Survey Archive
October Survey by Association of Gospel Rescue Missions Nationwide Shows Slight Decline in Number of Iraq-Afghanistan Vets Homeless
(Nov. 25, 2013) – Overall, slightly fewer Persian Gulf and Afghanistan war veterans are seeking services from US rescue missions, according to a survey conducted by the Association of Gospel Rescue Missions (AGRM) in October of this year.
Download Report
SURVEY POINTS TO NEEDS OF IRAQ, AFGHANISTAN VETERANSOctober research focuses on thousands seeking help at rescue missions
(Nov. 13, 2012) – Twice as many veterans of conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan are seeking aid from rescue missions as were last year, according to the Association of Gospel Rescue Missions' 23rd annual Snapshot Survey of about 19,000 individuals. Although on the whole, the percentage of veterans (13 percent) has remained steady during the past year, this group has jumped from 6 percent in 2011 to 12 percent of those served at North American missions.
Download Report
AGRM ISSUES 22ND ANNUAL SNAPSHOT SURVEY OF THE HOMELESSData reveals never-before-homeless and victims of physical violence seeking assistance.
(Nov. 23, 2011) – Nearly one in five people experiencing homelessness (21%) have been the victims of physical violence within the past twelve months. According to the 22nd annual Snapshot Survey from the Association of Gospel Rescue Missions (AGRM), those reporting such recent assaults have risen 6 percent from the same time last year.
Download Report
MANY AMERICAN FAMILIES ARE LIVING ON THE EDGEAnnual survey: Intact families seeking aid from rescue missions nationwide
(Nov. 29, 2010) – With 43.6 million Americans slipping into poverty, members of the Association of Gospel Rescue Missions (AGRM) are seeing an increasing number of people on the brink of homelessness, according to the 21st annual Snapshot Survey of the Homeless.
Download Report
ECONOMY ADDING TO RESCUE MISSION POPULATIONSMen with children and intact families needing help on the rise
(Nov. 25, 2009) – Gospel rescue missions across North America are working harder than ever to offer help and hope to the growing population of men, women and children—hit hard by high unemployment rates and financial struggles— experiencing hunger and homelessness for the very first time, in addition to serving the chronically homeless and addicted. The Association of Gospel Rescue Missions' (AGRM) 20th annual Snapshot Survey of the Homeless points to this increasing need and provides insights about who gospel rescue missions are serving.
Download Report

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Café, Chinese, European, Mauritian
Friends Cafe Restaurant has 2 reviews
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Choose your ideal advertising packages from our FREE Listings to the low cost Gold package… Learn More...
Restaurants.mu is the leading and biggest restaurant directory and guide in Mauritius offering the most up-to-date information on Restaurants, Bars, Clubs, Cafes, Catering services, Food shops and related businesses in Mauritius.
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text:
While my lovely daughter wolfed down Callebaut Chocolate Mousse:
The photos are not clear perhaps from the late evening or maybe too much wine....wink...wink...
Is that my daughter holding her stomach...she has "no room in the inn" either.
Bouchons does not offer your typical French fare with tons of butter and cream but they still have high quality creative dishes and pay attention to every detail. This restaurant is highly recommended and somewhat casual. Come to think of it everything about Kelowna is a casual resort town where suits and ties are almost taboo.


text:
Bluray Ripper
C: \ Audio & Multimedia \ Video Tools \ Spherical Panorama 360 Doughnut Video Player 5.02
Spherical Panorama 360 Doughnut Video Player 5.02 - Detailed Description Page
Program ID:
Spherical Panorama Inc. All programs by this author
Shareware [?]
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Last Updated:
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Users Rating:
(total votes: 0)
Report broken download Report spyware [?]
Spherical Panorama 360 Video Doughnut Player is intended for viewing any 360 degree and doughnut movies directly from camera in a local mode.
Spherical Panorama 360 Video Doughnut Player is intended for viewing any 360 degree and doughnut movies directly from camera in a local mode.
This is a newly created 360 video player which enables you to view doughnut format, 360 video straight from the camera.
Spherical Panorama 360 Video Doughnut Player's important features are :
- Easy to use
- Simple pull down menus
- Special frame correction for 360 video stream
- Direct mouse control of the 360 video
- Supports mulitple video formats
- Restart video mode
- Mulitple qualities available
Spherical Panorama 360 Video Doughnut Player for Internet has been designed to be user-friendly.
Spherical Panorama 360 Video Doughnut Player for Internet the software is windows compatible.
Keywords: spherical, panorama, 360, flash, html, html5, image, video, presentation, theta, lens, samsung, nikon, realtor, mirror, windows, MAC, stitcher, virtual tour, builder, fisheye, real, estate, tourism, compass, map, software, camera, Shareware, Audio & Multimedia, Video Tools, Spherical Panorama 360 Doughnut Video Player, Spherical Panorama Inc.
Recent Changes: Not Established
Install Support: Install and Uninstall
Supported Languages: English
Additional Requirements: Pentium 1000 mhz
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Stanczyk likes genealogy and Stanczyk loves technology. Hence why I had to go to RootsTech 2012. You are reading a blog article that I have created in ScribeFire 4.1 . Actually, I have been dabbling with ScribeFire, since I saw it mentioned by WordPress.
It gives me a greater control over my fonts — somthing I have been missing, without getting my hands dirty with CSS/Styles. I have resisted doing too much HTML coding of my blog — I just want to muse and not have to do a lot of bit-fiddling to get my thoughts down on … uh CRT glass (or whatever glass you have on your mobile device).
Besides fonts and font sizes, superscripts, subscripts, it also gives me a convenient table tool and it will also seek out related links for my article too (using Zemanata — see below) !


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Royal Flush
- Height:
- Ascents: 7
- Ethic:© inherited from Morialta
Morialta is primarily a trad climbing and toproping area. Chipping, excessive chalk, litter and new bolts are all frowned upon and/or illegal.
Some routes have good natural gear, some have none (if the first ascensionist soloed it that is a good giveaway.) Most routes can be toproped and there are ring bollards in the more popular areas - use these where available and do not tie off to trees.
Any bolt repairs should be done in conjunction with the Climbing Club of South Australia.
- Tags:
Route History:
- There is no known route history.
Located in The Throne Room approx:
Lat/Long: -34.909869,138.714041
Some content has been provided under license from: © Cameron Roy (CC BY-SA 3.0 AU)
Route Grade Citations
|Community registered grade
|Adelaide Hills Online Guide
Route quality
Overall quality score: 42%
Lead Styles
Comments keywords
Learn about creating circuits.
Activity Configure
Check out what is happening on Royal Flush (note there is an unresolved system issue where ascents logged before 2010 are not displayed in the stream below). If you just want to see beta then click on view ascents with beta.


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Defend your hoard. Send forth your raiders. Battle your rivals. Become the Dragon King!
Dungeon Assault Members' Benefits
Dragons love nothing more than a great, big pile of treasure on which to sleep. The wealthier a dragon is, the more powerful it must be, so they will go to any lengths to increase their hoard of gold. The open war between dragons that was fuelled by this lust for wealth, was destroying the realm of Dungaria, so the gods decreed for it to become a more ritualised form of combat.
As the dragons are no longer able to engage in open war with their kin, they've taken to recruiting raiders to assault the dungeons of other dragons and steal their treasure. In Dungeon Assault, you must take on the mantle of dragonhood, strengthening the protections around your hoard and sending out raiding parties of your own.
1. Why are there two menu options locked when I first play?
These two options - 'Dungeon and Stable' and 'Dragons and Raids' - only become available after you have completed the Dungeon Assault tutorial. This game has a lot of depth and we wouldn't want for any player to be at a disadvantage, by not learning the game's intricacies first. The tutorial only takes a few minutes to play through and covers all aspects of the game.
2. What is Renown and why is it so important?
Renown is the measure by which all dragons regard each other. Great and mighty dragons are as such because they have high Renown, whereas a dragon with low Renown is considered with less regard. As your Renown increases, more highly skilled raiders and dangerous monsters will be drawn by your reputation, which will allow you to better defend your hoard and raid your rivals' dungeons with greater ease.
3. I've run out of Treasure to spend; how do I earn more?
Successfully raiding another dragon's hoard will give reward you with a percentage of the gold stolen as Treasure for you to spend. You will also receive some Treasure once every hour, even if you're not logged in, based upon how successful your raids and dungeon defences were in the previous hour. Note, however, that as your Renown increases, the amount of gold you receive in this way will decrease. Dragons do not gain respect from just lazing away on their hoards of gold, so get out there and raid!
4. How come my dungeon can be raided when I am not logged into the game?
Dungeon Assault is a persistent-world game, meaning that your dungeon exists in the game world even when you are not logged into the game - this is the case for all players. You need to make sure that your dungeon is well defended before you head off on a raid of your own, or before you log out, as it's near certain that another player will be raiding your dungeon before long.
5. How do I change my dungeon's layout?
The layout of your dungeon is randomly generated when you first gain access to it. Constructing an Orb of Mastery will also randomly change your dungeon's layout.
6. What are the Orbs of Mastery?
The Orbs of Mastery are powerful artefacts imbued with ancient magics from a time before the Binding (the gods' decree to stop open war between dragons). These orbs have various properties and only the most powerful of dragons are capable of wielding them.
One of the side effects of constructing an Orb of Mastery is that doing so will randomly reorder your dungeon's layout. The other, more notable, effect is that your Renown will be reset to it's starting value. Don't worry, though, as once you have constructed an Orb of Mastery, it is yours forever, and your rise to prominence will be that much easier next time...
7. What are the minimum specifications for this game?
The minimum specifications we recommend for this game are:
The recommended specifications for getting the most out of this game are:
Below is an explanation of the terms in our technical specifications.
Megahertz (MHz) / Gigahertz (GHz) is a measure of how fast your computer's processor is. This affects how quickly you can run things like games and applications.
Megabytes (MB) are used to measure how much memory your computer has. This affects how quickly your computer runs when using large programs such as games, or when you run a lot of programs at once.
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This gravestone marks the resting place of two sisters who were born within three years of each other but who died nearly half a century apart.
Mary Ellen Gawthrop (nee Snowden) was born about 1869 in Cowling, West Yorkshire and her sister Leah was born about 1872, also in Cowling.
Mary Ellen is the wife of my 1st cousin 3x removed.
On the 1881 UK census Mary Ellen and Leah were living with their parents John (48) and Ann Snowden (44) and their seven other siblings
Alice (19)
Annie (19)
John (16)
Emily (14)
Selina (10)
Dinah (6)
James (4)
The family is living at Fold Lane, Cowling. The father is working as a weaving overlooker at a worsted factory. The four oldest children are working as worsted weavers and the remaining children are recorded as scholars.
Mary Ellen married Joseph Gawthrop sometime in Q3 of 1889. In the 1891 UK census they are living at 7 Gladstone Terrace, Trawden, Lancashire. Jospeh's occupation is cotton weaving overlooker and Mary Ellen is working as a cotton winder.
The following year their son, Wilfred, was born and his birth is registered at Burnley, Lancashire in Q3 1892.
I have no other information about Mary Ellen until her death on 29th April 1897.
Joseph married Selina Bannister in 1898 and they had twin boys the following year, John Elvin and Joseph Arthur.
In 1891 the UK census shows Leah Snowden living with her widowed mother Ann and still at Fold Lane, Cowling. Also still living at home are siblings Emily (24), Selina (20), Dinah (16) and James (14). All the children are working as cotton weavers.
In 1901 the family are still together and still living in Fold Lane and still working as cotton weavers.
In 1911 Leah remains living at home with her mother and three siblings – Emily (44), Selina (40), and James (35).
I have no other information about Leah until her death on 1st June 1944. And I find it really interesting that sisters were buried together after so much time between their deaths.


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In the 1980s, Pierre Gervais and his wife, Louise Bourgault, were living in Montreal, but they longed for a house in the country. When their work brought them to the Eastern Townships - Gervais is a pharmacologist, Bourgault is a consultant in health ethics - they were able to find the kind of place they were dreaming of, only 20 minutes from their jobs in Sherbrooke.
The house, situated in Melbourne, was constructed in 1903 and it hadn't known many owners. The property had once encompassed 405 hectares, acquired by one Colonel Frank who, before Confederation, served in the British Army. One of Frank's descendants lived in the house her entire life (the road on which it stands is still called Chemin Frank), but by the time Gervais and Bourgault came along, the property had changed hands and much of the land had been sold off. The lot had dwindled to 25 hectares, but the house had potential, so the couple snapped it up and set about whipping it into shape.
According to Gervais, at the time, they probably didn't realize just how much they were taking on.
"We did know that renovating the house wasn't going to be easy. It was in pretty rough shape. The roof was leaking and in one corner of the dining room there was a large hole covered with a piece of plywood, to stop the squirrels coming in. The room that is now the solarium was falling apart. Weeds were pushing up through the floor. Plants like to grow and these ones were certainly growing!
"We soon discovered that when you're renovating, there are two things that typically happen," he said. "The first is that the construction goes according to plan. The other is the 'oops' factor. I'm afraid we had rather a lot of the oops factor."
Gervais recalled that his father-in-law was appalled by the state of the building but said he was "nice enough" not to dissuade them from going ahead with the purchase. Gervais and Bourgault, for their part, were visualizing what the country house could become.
Their vision has certainly paid off. The house today, now surrounded by two hectares of rolling land (the rest was sold off), is a stunning, 4,571-square-foot home on four flours with 17 rooms and an in-ground swimming pool. There are four bedrooms and three bathrooms. The basement boasts a wine cellar.
Seven of the rooms are on the main floor. They include a library/home office, an open-plan kitchen, a dining room and a cozy den with a wood-burning fireplace. Also on the main floor is the solarium, where the family gathers to watch television, read or play games. According to Gervais, it's everybody's favourite place to hang out. One entire wall is filled with DVDs. Another is lined with books. A bay window, which stretches almost from the ceiling to the floor, looks out over the garden.
The décor was largely the choice of Bourgault, who clearly has an artistic eye. The entire house is a symphony of colours and textures and her touches are evident throughout. The solarium, for example, has a charcoal-coloured slate floor, which sets off the mustard armchairs. In the dining room, hardwood floors echo the wood trim around the windows and doors. The walls of the den are painted an eye-catching lime green, tempered by a chocolate-coloured leather sofa and the bricks of the fireplace.
"Louise is very creative," Gervais said. "This was the kind of house she was dreaming about and she could see its potential right away."
The couple, who hired contractors to help them, were working within a limited budget, so they decided to tackle the house, room by room, year by year.
"We quickly found out that our estimate of what things would cost, inevitably fell short of the final amount. That was one of the 'oops' factors. Our rule of thumb became to work out a price and then multiply by 1.5 in the hope that would be more or less accurate.
"The other 'oops' factor was of course thinking that a job would be quite simple, then finding out that it wasn't. Each time we touched a room, we found we had to tear everything down. There were multiple challenges. We had to redo the insulation, put in new windows, demolish walls, construct a chimney, open up the basement - everything!"
Gervais recalled that one of the most unexpected challenges was finding out an entire corner of the house was rotten - something that was revealed only when an inside wall was being taken down. Fifteen thousand dollars later, with two men working flat out for a week and a half while the corner was open to the elements, it was replaced.
The other major challenge was revamping the kitchen.
"The kitchen was tiny and it was so badly insulated that each time the wind blew, it actually ruffled Louise's hair!" Gervais said.
The couple wanted the kitchen to be big enough to entertain close friends, as well as to prepare food. (The dining room, furnished with antiques and original artwork, is their more formal entertaining area.) A balcony and a tiny window were demolished and replaced by an extension to the building.
The new kitchen has a long work area with a row of off-white cabinets, glass-fronted cupboards and a stainless steel sink. Above the sink is a picture window overlooking the surrounding countryside. Opposite the work area is a breakfast bar and at the far end, a pantry. At the opposite end of the kitchen is the dining area, which has a white table with a pine surface and matching white Windsor chairs. The floor is covered with smart black and white tiles.
The walls are painted a pale primrose, which, along with the white wood, reflect the light from the surrounding windows and a multi-paned French door that leads to a patio.
"We love to sit outside and just enjoy the scenery," Gervais said. "Sometimes we're lucky enough to see the animals that live around us. We've spotted deer, wild turkeys and even a family of foxes with their young - one of the joys of living in the country."
Gervais and Bourgault have recently decided, with regret, to put their house up for sale. Louise is being plagued with arthritis, which makes it increasingly difficult for her to negotiate their four floors of living space. The couple, who still work in Sherbrooke, intend to stay in the area and are on the lookout for another country home within reach of the city. Their house is listed at $695,000.
For further information, call Maxime Pothier, (819) 868-6000.


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