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When the novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie was growing up in Nigeria she was not used to being identified by the color of her skin. That changed when she arrived in the United States for college. As a black African in America, Adichie was suddenly confronted with what it meant to be a person of color in the United States. Race as an idea became something that she had to navigate and learn.
The learning process took some time and was episodic. Adichie recalls, for example, an undergraduate class in which the subject of watermelon came up. A student had said something about watermelon to an African-American classmate, who was offended by the comment.
"I remember sitting there thinking, 'But what's so bad about watermelons? Because I quite like watermelons,' " Adichie tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross.
She felt that her African-American classmate was annoyed with her because Adichie didn't share her anger — but she didn't have the context to understand why. The history of the trans-Atlantic slave trade was not taught to students in Nigeria. Adichie had yet to learn fully about the history of slavery — and its continuing reverberations — in the U.S.
"Race is such a strange construct," says Adichie, "because you have to learn what it means to be black in America. So you have to learn that watermelon is supposed to be offensive."
Adichie is a MacArthur Fellowship winner and author of the novels Purple Hibiscus and Half of A Yellow Sun. Her new novel, Americanah, explores this question of what it means to be black in the U.S., and tells the story of a young Nigerian couple, one of whom leaves for England and the other of whom leaves for America.
The title, she says, is a Nigerian word for those who have been to the U.S. and return with American affectations.
"It's often used," she says, "in the context of a kind of gentle mockery."
Interview Highlights
On being African but not African-American in the United States
"I think that one is not burdened by America's terrible racial history, and I think when people say to me, 'You're different. You're not angry,' in some ways it also feels that I'm being made complicit for something that I don't want to be complicit in. Because in some ways they're saying, 'You're one of the good ones.' And I think to say that is to somehow ignore the reality of American history. So for example, people will say, 'Oh, you're so easy to get along with.' And they'll tell me some story of some African-American woman they knew who just wasn't like me. Which I find quite absurd."
On the American tradition of higher education
"I really love the American liberal arts college education system and the way you can take classes in philosophy, political science and communications. I was thrilled [as an undergraduate]. I don't think I quite had a plan. I did think I would go back home, which in many ways I have, because I have a life in both places. But I didn't really have a firm idea of what I would do with it. I was just so grateful to have classes that I not only did well in, but also enjoyed."
On why she aspired to have straight hair in Nigeria
"[T]he rite of passage from girl to woman is when you can go get a relaxer and have your hair straight. I remember looking forward very much to my last day of secondary school. ... When I graduated secondary school, what I really wanted to do was go straight to the hair salon and get my relaxer, so my hair would be straight. Then I came to the U.S., and ... I couldn't afford to get a relaxer at a hair salon here because I thought it was just needlessly expensive. So I went to the drugstore and bought the relaxer kit and decided to do it myself, which didn't end well. Having then a scalp with really bad burns, I suddenly thought, 'Why am I even doing this?' And that's when I stopped using relaxers. And it took a while to accept my hair for the way that it grows from my head."
On the affect the war in Nigeria had on her family
"My father lost everything, every material thing he owned. He also lost his father, who died in a refugee camp. My mother lost her father. My parents had just come back from the U.S. months before the war had started. ... [My father] gets back to Nigeria, he starts teaching at the University of Nigeria, and months later this war starts. ...
"My father tells a story about his father dying in a refugee camp. His father was a titled man in Igboland, which meant that he was a great man. He had one of the highest titles a man could have. But his hometown fell, so he had to leave and go to a refugee camp, and he died and he was buried in a mass grave. Which is just heartbreaking for a man, particularly a man like him. My father, who's the first son, and who takes his responsibilities very seriously, couldn't go to bury his father because the roads were occupied. He was in a different part of Biafra and so it took a year until ... he could go to the refugee camp. ... And he goes there and he says, 'I want to know where my father was buried.' And somebody waved very vaguely and said, 'Oh we buried the people there.' So it was a mass grave. So many people had died. And my father says he went there and he took a handful of sand, and he said he's kept the sand ever since. For me, that was one of the most moving things I had ever heard."
On the influence of Christianity and education in contemporary Africa
"[M]issionaries brought education, so that it wasn't just education, it was religion: They both came hand-in-hand. So that for my father, for example, who was born in 1932 and who started to go to school in eastern Nigeria in 1936, you didn't just go to learn math, and English and science, you also learned that Jesus was Lord and everything your parents were doing at home was evil and demonic and all of that. And so now we have a generation of educated Africans who are also very Christianized. [And] not only Christianized, because I think it's possible to be Christianized and still have a respect for other traditions, but many of them don't because their version of Christianity — their God — was one in which to be Christian meant to not only reject, but demonize, traditional religion. So many people in my father's generation think that what their fathers and grandfathers and great-grandfathers did was evil, or they use interesting words like heathen and pagan."
This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. Being an African in America doesn't necessarily mean you know what it's like to be an African-American. That's one of the things my guest learned when she came to the U.S. from Nigeria to attend college. She found white and black people projecting things on her she didn't understand, and she was confused by the coded language that was often used to talk about race.
She didn't get it, but eventually she did. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie has written a new novel based on her experiences coming to America called "Americanah." Our book critic, Maureen Corrigan, described it as a big, knockout of a novel about immigration, American dreams, the power of first love and the shifting meanings of skin color.
Adichie's 2006 novel, "Half of a Yellow Sun," about the Biafran War, was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award. Later, we'll talk about the devastating effect of that war on her family. Chimamanda Adichie, welcome to FRESH AIR. I'd like to start with a reading from your book, and since your character blogs a lot, let's start with one of her blog posts. So if you could read the title of the post and the post.
CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE: So this post is titled To My Fellow Non-American Blacks, in America, you are black, baby. Dear Non-American Black, when you make the choice to come to America, you become black. Stop arguing. Stop saying I'm Jamaican or I'm Ghanaian. America doesn't care. So what if you weren't black in your country? You're in America now. We all have our moments of initiation into the society of former negroes. Mine was in a class in undergrad, when I was asked to give the black perspective, only I had no idea what that was. So I just made something up.
And admit it: You say I'm not black, only because you know black is at the bottom of America's race ladder, and you want none of that. Don't deny now. What if being black had all the privileges of being white? Would you still say don't call me black, I'm from Trinidad? I didn't think so. So you're black, baby.
And here's the deal with becoming black: You must show that you are offended when such words as watermelon or tar baby are used in jokes, even if you don't know what the hell is being talked about. And since you are a non-American black, the chances are that you won't know.
In undergrad, a white classmate asks if I like watermelon. I say yes. And another classmate says oh my God, that is so racist. And I'm confused. Wait, how? You must nod back when a black person nods at you in a heavily white area. It is called the black nod. It is a way for black people to say you're not alone, I'm here, too.
In describing black women you admire, always use the word strong because that is what black women are supposed to be in America. If you're a woman, please do not speak your mind, as you're used to doing in your country, because in America, strong-minded black women are scary. And if you're a man, be hyper-mellow. Never get too excited, or somebody will worry that you're about to pull a gun.
When you watch television and hear that a racist slur was used, you must immediately become offended even though you're thinking but why won't they tell me exactly what was said. Even though you would like to decide for yourself how offended to be or whether to be offended at all, you must nevertheless be very offended.
GROSS: And that's a reading from Chimamanda Adichie's new book "Americanah." So...
GROSS: It's a great passage. You weren't defined by race when you were in Nigeria, everyone around you was black. So how do things change when you were seen as black after coming to America and knowing here that you were defined by race, that race is the big divide in America?
ADICHIE: I think for me, I like to think of it as something of a journey for me. I remember when I first came to the U.S., I really didn't consciously think of myself as black because I didn't have to. I thought of myself as Igbo, which is my ethnicity. And then in the U.S., there's a moment when I had just arrived, and an - and I was in Brooklyn, and this African-American man called me sister.
And I remember reacting almost viscerally and thinking no, I am not your sister. And then I think also at the time I had very quickly absorbed all the negative stereotypes of blackness in America, and so I didn't want to associate myself with that. And I also remember in undergrad, when a professor of mine came into class and said who is Adichie because this person called Adichie, which is the way Americans often pronounce my last name, had written the best essay in class.
And I remember raising my hand, and for a fleeting moment, there was surprise on my face. And I realized that the person who wrote the best essay wasn't supposed to look like me.
GROSS: Do you feel like assumptions change about you when a white person or a black person finds out that you're from Nigeria and not born in the U.S.?
ADICHIE: Yes, yes. I think when I open my mouth and talk, and obviously everybody knows I don't have an American accent, they - in general I have been told such things as you're different, or you're not angry, or you don't have issues, that sort of thing. So there's sort of the assumption - I think there's a kind of - it's a strange thing, and it's complicated, but there's a certain, a certain privilege to not being African-American in certain circles in the U.S., being black but not African-American.
GROSS: What is the privilege and why do you think there is a sense of privilege?
ADICHIE: I think that one isn't burdened by America's terrible racial history. And I think that when people say to me you're different, and you're not angry, in some ways it's that I also feel that I'm being made complicit in something that I don't want to be complicit in because in some ways they're saying you're one of the good ones.
And I think to say that is to somehow ignore, you know, the reality of American history. And so for example people will say oh, you're so easy to get along with, and then they'll tell me a story about some African-American woman they knew who just wasn't like me and - you know, which I find quite absurd, but yes, but I think the honest - if we're honest about it, there is, there's a certain privilege to being black but not African-American.
GROSS: I think for white people, too, there's this burden of guilt that's lifted because I think there is a sense of kind of collective guilt that white people carry for enslaving African-Americans. And so if you were never - if your ancestors were never brought to the U.S. and enslaved, poof, in this relationship you're relieved of that guilt.
ADICHIE: Yeah, I think that is true. I mean, I - I think the part of my life where I feel that guilt, because I feel a certain amount of class guilt, I think I occupy a space of privilege when it comes to class, and I know for example that when I'm back in Nigeria I feel class guilt. And I don't necessarily think it's a bad thing. I do think it can get in the way of honest conversations.
So I realize that there is white guilt in the U.S., but I don't think it's very helpful. I don't know if that makes sense. I mean, I think that maybe what American blacks and American whites should take away from the table is the idea of personal responsibility.
GROSS: What do you mean by personal responsibility?
ADICHIE: I think that sometimes white Americans think that (unintelligible) they say things like well, it's not my fault, I didn't do anything. And I just feel like of course it isn't your fault. It's not - but the fact that white Americans benefit from a history that gives them white privilege doesn't mean that it's somehow their fault. They didn't ask to be born white.
I mean, so in the novel, for example, Ifemelu, who's the main character, goes to work for a white woman, and this white woman is very well-meaning, and she just is so uncomfortable about race that she won't say black. So if she wants to talk about black people, she says beautiful. So she'll say to Ifemelu oh, I'm going to go see my beautiful co-worker, or I have this beautiful woman that I met at the store.
And it turned out that every time Ifemelu actually did end up seeing these people, they were not particularly beautiful, but they were just black. And so Ifemelu says to her, you know, you can actually just say black. And for Ifemelu, it's the beginning of a friendship, that's the point where she imagines that this woman is her friend because that's for her when she thinks that they can actually talk honestly about things because, you know, not all black people are beautiful, and so it's actually OK to say black.
GROSS: In the blog post reading that your character does from your novel "Americanah," your main character, who's Nigerian, after coming to America finds herself in the middle of these, like, landmines about language and stuff that she doesn't really understand because she's not schooled in America's race conflicts.
Did that happen to you? Did you find yourself in the middle of conversations where you didn't really understand the subtext, so you had no idea why somebody was angry or how you were supposed to respond?
ADICHIE: Yes, I did initially. I mean, now, now of course, having read quite a bit about African-American history, and I know now, but initially I didn't. And I remember for example, and I use this in the book, a conversation in my undergrad class about watermelon.
And an African-American classmate was very annoyed because she said that somebody else in class had said something to her about watermelons. And I remember sitting there thinking but what's so bad about watermelons because I quite like watermelons and just really being confused and also feeling that the African-American woman was annoyed with me because she thought I should get it and that I should share in her rage.
And because I didn't quite understand that this watermelon comment was supposed to be racist, I couldn't share her rage, and so I just was sort of confused. And it was such a strange moment because looking back now, I realize it's how one learns: One, that race is such a strange construct because you learn - you have to learn what it means to be black in America. So you have to learn that watermelon is supposed to be offensive.
GROSS: So much of America's history and America's racial tensions have to do with slavery. You really can't understand America without understanding the history of slavery in America. And you're from Nigeria, which was a place that a lot of Africans were kidnapped from so as to be taken to the United States to become slaves.
And I'm wondering, like, was the slave trade a part of what you learned about in school when you were growing up?
ADICHIE: Not really, no. I really don't think that in general - and of course I'm generalizing - but I don't think there's a very strong sense of the magnitude and really the horror that the transatlantic slave trade was for people of my generation in Nigeria, and I'm probably going to say on most of the African continent.
I don't really remember learning very much about slavery when I was in school, and which I think is also why many Nigerians don't really get - they don't really get it, to put it simply, no.
GROSS: My guest is Chimamanda Adichie, author of the new novel "Americanah." We'll talk more after a break; this is FRESH AIR.
GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is Chimamanda Adichie, and she's the author of the new novel "Americanah," which is about a young Nigerian woman who comes to the United States to study. What brought you to America to study? Why did you want to come here?
ADICHIE: I had started - I was supposed to be a doctor in Nigeria. So I had started studying medicine. I did well in school. When you do well in school, they tell you you have to be a doctor. And I did that for a year and a half, and I was very unhappy. And my sister, who had been born here when my father was - my father got his Ph.D. in statistics at Berkeley, and my sister had been born here in the '60s, so she was a dual citizen, American and Nigerian, and she'd come here.
And I suddenly thought, you know, somebody's in America who will give me a bed and give me food. And so I took the SATs, and I was almost certain that I would get a scholarship so I could escape the study of medicine. So that's really it. And partly also because leaving medicine in Nigeria would have meant going on to do another thing that was in the sciences, and I was so tired of science.
GROSS: Wait, why couldn't you stay in Nigeria and major in literature?
ADICHIE: Because you can't move - there's something called the science track. So I had been in the science track from my fourth year in secondary school. And again there are assumptions about subjects of study. So if you do well in school, they tell you, you have to be in the sciences. And I had taken my exams in the junior secondary, got the best results, and I really wanted to study literature and history.
And they said to me oh no, you have to be in the biology and the chemistry and the physics. And so that's already a track. And so the exam that you take to get into university, you do the sciences, and so to change, you just can't change. I would have to go and start over, and I just wasn't prepared to do that, to take the entrance exams again, to - I just - you know, and also I hadn't been prepared in what they called the arts. So I just couldn't.
And so really for me America became escape. I - and just really because my sister was here, I had the choice of - I had the choice of that escape. So I took the SATs, got a scholarship, and I escaped the study of medicine.
GROSS: That's so interesting because so many come to America to escape war or poverty or, you know, an arranged marriage or something like that, and you come to escape having to be a science major.
ADICHIE: Yes, we all have our problems, don't we?
GROSS: When you came to America, did you expect, well, you know, I'll get my degree or my degrees and then return?
ADICHIE: I - yes, I mean, I was very vague. I was just so pleased to have escaped, really, the sciences. And I loved my classes. I loved, I really do love the American liberal arts college education system and the way that you can take - I took classes in philosophy and political science and communications. I was thrilled. And I don't think I quite had a plan.
I mean, I did think I would go back home, which in many ways I have because now I have a life in both places, but I didn't really have a firm idea of what I would do with it. I just, I was just so grateful to have classes that I actually not only did well in but enjoyed.
GROSS: Your character has several hair crises in your novel "Americanah."
GROSS: And initially she has to, like, travel to another city to have her hair braided. There's pressure to straighten her hair. She straightens her hair, and her whole scalp blisters. Her hair starts to fall out around the temples. She says she grew up in the shadow of her mother's hair. Was hair an issue for you when you came to the U.S.?
ADICHIE: Hair is an issue for me. It's an ongoing issue for me. And I quite like the expression hair crises. It wasn't really when I came, but it became an issue for me. I grew up - so in Nigeria, I had my hair braided often, but really what I aspired to was straight hair. And I very much...
GROSS: Wait, in Nigeria you aspired to straight hair?
ADICHIE: Oh yes, yeah.
GROSS: Why? Like what were the images you saw that made you want straight hair?
ADICHIE: Because everybody around me had straight hair because...
GROSS: In Nigeria?
ADICHIE: Yes because the norm is when you - because you really, the rite of passage from girl to woman is when you can go get a relaxer and have your hair straight. So I remember looking forward very much to my last day of secondary school because that's when I could - I remember actually the last day of secondary school graduating from secondary school, then what I really wanted to do was go straight to the hair salon and get my relaxer so my hair would be straight.
And then I came to the U.S., and really it started off because I couldn't afford to get a relaxer at a hair salon here because I thought it was just needlessly expensive. So I went to the drug store and bought the relaxer kit and decided to do it myself, which didn't end well.
And having then a scalp with really bad burns, I suddenly thought why am I even doing this, why - you know, it's sort of a moment where my scalp is burning, and I'm thinking why do I need to put terrible, horrible chemicals to get my hair to do what it wasn't intended to do. And that's when I stopped using relaxers.
But it did take a while for me to come around to sort of accepting my hair the way that it grows from my head and I think also the idea that mainstream culture tells us that what's beautiful is something that I think for many black women, I think for me, I mean I should speak for myself really, that when I first stopped using relaxers, I felt very self-conscious because I realized that the way my hair was as it grew from my head didn't match what mainstream - what mainstream sort of society said was beautiful.
So I then sort of went through a period when I would overcompensate by wearing big earrings because I wanted to still sort of make sure that I was feminine, right, even though I don't have the long hair and even though my hair is standing on my head rather than falling down. I'm still female, so, yeah, the big earrings.
GROSS: What kind of hair did your mother have? Did she straighten it?
ADICHIE: Yes. All her friends did. It was the norm. My mother was actually - my mother made history in Nigeria. She was the first woman who was registrar of the University of Nigeria. She's brilliant. She's - but yeah, and I think my mother still doesn't like my hair natural now. She really would just rather have me have a relaxer.
GROSS: I just find that so interesting, you know, because like in the '60s, when afros became popular, it was so important to so many people to have a kind of natural - to have natural hair and to not process it in any way. And it was in some ways an Afro-centric statement, too. And so to hear you talking about growing up in Nigeria, where you and your mother straightened your hair, I presume to look more Western.
ADICHIE: Yeah, well, you know, I suppose so, yes. I mean, I don't think that women in Nigeria were consciously aware. I mean, I don't suppose that they sat down and thought now we shall try to look white. I think it's just that there's a larger idea of what's beautiful that people just absorb and internalize. And, you know, these are women, my mother's generation, my mother's class, my mother's friends, were all women who were educated.
So when you think about it, my mother went to missionary school. She went to university. And when you think about what ideas did she receive about what's beautiful, and I don't think it's that surprising, really, that they would then go on to somehow associate beauty with straightened hair and the hair that grows on her head the way it is as something that one has to do something about.
It's actually an expression my mother still uses. She's say to me you need to do something about your hair.
GROSS: A lot of people have mothers who say that.
GROSS: I think when you're a mother, you're taught to say that.
GROSS: Chimamanda Adichie will be back in the second half of the show. Her new novel is called "Americanah." I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR.
GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross back with novelist Chimamanda Adichie. Her new novel, "Americanah," is based on her experiences coming of age in Nigeria, then moving to the U.S. to attend college. There's a lot of observations in the book about race, and what it was like, as an African-American, to learn what it means to be black in America. Adichie's 2006 novel, "Half of a Yellow Sun," is about the Biafran war.
You were born in a town called Nsukka. Am I saying that right?
ADICHIE: Nsukka.
GROSS: Nsukka.
ADICHIE: So the N is hummed.
GROSS: Yes. Nsukka. And that's the place where the University of Nigeria is?
ADICHIE: Yes.
GROSS: Your parents were both affiliated with the university. Growing up in Nigeria, race obviously, wasn't the defining trait of who your friend or who your enemy was or the history of conflict or anything. But ethnic identity really mattered a lot. Your family is Igbo. And correct me if I'm wrong, in the Biafran war, your child was part of the breakaway state of Biafra, but it was captured early in the war by Nigerian forces. So what did that word mean in the life of your family?
ADICHIE: My family was deeply affected by it. I like to say that my, I think that my parents' generation lost their innocence in that war. My father lost everything he owned - every material thing that he owned. He also lost his father - who died in a refugee camp. My mother lost her father. My parents had just come back from the U.S. months before the war started. My father was eager to get his degree and go back to Nigeria - because he was part of that generation - who very much wanted to build up their countries. And he gets back to Nigeria. He starts teaching at the University of Nigeria, and then months later, this war starts. And he tells just so many moving stories - many of which I used in my second novel - and I think the memory is still very much there for him and for his generation.
When I started researching the novel that's set around that period, I realized that talking to them was really, when they would tell me about it, it was the first time that they had actually really talked about many of the things that happened. And my father tells the story about his father dying in a refugee camp. And his father was titled man in Igboland - which meant that, you know, he was a great man, he had one of the highest titles that a man could have. But his home town fell so he had to leave and go to a refugee camp and he died and was buried in a mass grave - which, you know, is just heartbreaking for a man, particularly for a man like him.
And my father - who was the first son and who takes his responsibilities very seriously, very much wanted - he couldn't go to bury his father because the roads were occupied. He was in a different part of Biafra, and so it took a year until the war ended, then he could go to the refugee camp. And he says the first thing he wanted to do when the war ended was go to the refugee camp. And he goes there and he says, you know, I want to know where my father was buried. And he said somebody waved very vaguely and said, oh, we buried the people there. So it was a mass grave, because so many people had died. And my father said that he went there and he took a handful of sand and he says he's kept the sand ever since.
And for me, that was one of the most moving things that I'd ever heard, and it said so much to me about my father - who's such a lovely, gentle, quiet, stoic man. And I didn't realize - I don't know - I just hadn't imagined that my father would be a man to take a handful of sand and to keep it, and what that meant and the symbolism of it. And also, I think that story just says so much about what the war did to them - not just in the way that they lost material things - but in the way that they lost emotionally.
GROSS: In your book, the main character's mother in Nigeria converts to evangelical Christianity - converts from Catholicism. And when she's born again, she burns all of her Catholic objects. Is that based on a real story?
ADICHIE: Yes. I think many Nigerians will probably find that familiar. There's a growing Pentecostal - Christian Pentecostalism is growing in Nigeria. It's been growing, I think, for the past 20 years. So I grew up in a Catholic family - very moderate Catholic. And growing up, I realized that slowly people were leaving the Catholic Church, and there were expressions like, it's a dead church and there's a lot of devil worshiping and that sort of thing. And so I have a relative who left the Catholic Church and I was very, I found it very interesting that what he did, the first thing he did to show that he was making this break from the Catholic Church and was going to join a Pentecostal church was that he gathered all his rosaries and all of his Sunday missals and he burnt them.
GROSS: That's really quite an statement.
ADICHIE: I thought it was and I was quite young but I was very much struck by, so I've actually use - which is why I use a version of that story in my book. Because it's, you know, it's also quite powerful, and makes one think about how, you know, because I think that for him being Catholic meant that he had invested a lot of his faith in those objects. And I think it was his way of saying, that's it. I'm not doing the rosary and the scapula and the Miraculous Medal and that sort of thing. And, yeah, it's interesting; Nigeria now - Nigeria is very religious - extremely religious and on both sides. So it's very religious in the north with Islam. It's very religious in the south with Christianity. But what's interesting is that the version of Christianity now is very Pentecostal, very prosperity preaching; and for me, also quite strange and troubling.
GROSS: Again, a kind of comparison between the U.S. and Nigeria, where you're from, I think there's a lot of African-Americans who want to absorb a certain amount of traditional African religion into their life. Whatever, you know, that religion of choice is. But at the same time in Africa, so many people have been converted to, you know, Pentecostalism or another form of even of, you know, evangelical Christianity, or even like the Mormon faith. And I just think it's just an interesting contrast.
ADICHIE: It is. It is. But I suppose again, just thinking about also how education came to Africa and to West African continent...
GROSS: You mean, like, through missionaries?
ADICHIE: Yes. But education came with - came, that missionaries brought education. So that it wasn't just education, it was religion, so both came hand-in-hand. So that for my father, for example, who was born in 1932, and who started to go to school in eastern Nigeria in 1936, you didn't just go to learn math and English and science, you also learned that Jesus was Lord and that everything your parents were doing at home was evil and demonic, and all of that. And so now we have a generation of educated Africans who are also very Christianized, but not only Christianized though, because I think it's possible to be Christianized and still have a certain respect for other traditions. But many of them don't, because the version of Christianity they got was one in which to be Christian meant, not only to reject, but to demonize traditional religion. So many people in my father's generation think that what their fathers and grandfathers and great-grandfathers did, was, you know, evil or the use interesting words like heathen and pagan and that sort of thing, and the very negative associations. And so it is interesting.
I, for example, wish that I had been taught a bit more about Igbo traditional religion. The little did I know about it, it seems to me to have been a very accepting, open and quite beautiful way of looking at the world.
GROSS: Does religion - any religion - have a place in your life now, if that's not too personal to ask?
ADICHIE: I don't know.
GROSS: Is it you don't know if it's too personal or you don't know if it does?
ADICHIE: Both.
ADICHIE: I mean it's, yeah. I mean I do feel ambivalent because I'm very interested in religion. When I was growing up, I was - I grew up Catholic and my family was moderate, my father - who's still very much a devoted Catholic - was very kind and also very open to my asking questions, and I was a child who endlessly asked questions. And, oh, and I should also say that when I was growing up, there was often a divide between the Catholics and the Anglicans - not the Pentecostalists - these are, it was a more orthodox denominations, but still the children would have these fights in the playgrounds about Catholics versus Anglicans. And I was always the spokesperson for the Catholic side. And because I was also fairly good at talking about things I knew nothing about, I would speak very, very forcefully for Catholicism, so we always want the arguments. And maybe my interest in religion has become a lot more - I don't know if political is the right word - so I'm a lot more interested in how religion shapes the way people make choices that affect their lives. The way people will vote for a certain thing or person, because of religion. And also how religion can be such a good force in people's lives.
I've seen people who have faith and for whom it's just brought a lot of meaning and hope and, you know, I also respect that. So, and it's impossible not to, I think it's impossible to engage with Nigeria - which is a country I love very much - without engaging with religion. It's just impossible.
GROSS: Can you give us an example of how you would defend the Catholic faith to your Anglican friends when you were a kid?
ADICHIE: Yes. Absolutely. So they would - so we were often accused of worshiping the Blessed Virgin. And so I would then, sort of, go on and on about, you don't know the difference between honoring and worshiping. We honor her because she's the mother of Christ, but we don't worship her. What we worship is the Blessed Trinity. Right, and these poor kids would think, oh my Lord, she's probably right because she seems to be making sense.
ADICHIE: And then I would selectively read the Bible, so that I would only get the bits that I felt supported Catholic teaching. And I should note that I was about 10 when this was going on.
ADICHIE: And so I still have memories, I still have some of them in my head. And so the Anglicans would make fun of us about the Anointing of the Sick - which is one of the sacraments in Catholicism. I would then quote from a passage from the Letter of St. James, I think, which goes: Is anyone sick among you? Let him bring in the priest of the church and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord and the prayer of faith shall save the sick man, and the Lord shall raise him up. And if he'd be in sin, they shall be forgiven. So if you're 10, and you have your playmates reciting this in support of Catholicism, I think you would sort of very easily give up.
ADICHIE: So it worked out quite well for the Catholic group and yeah, some of my friends and I still talk about it and laugh.
GROSS: My guest is Chimamanda Adichie, author of the new novel "Americanah." We'll talk more after a break.
This is FRESH AIR.
GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is Chimamanda Adichie, and her new novel is called "Americanah." And it's about a young woman who moves from Nigeria to the U.S. to go to college.
There's a scene in your novel where the woman who later moved to America to go to college, she has a, you know, a boyfriend, they've had premarital sex, and she has what turns out to be appendicitis, but she thinks she's pregnant and it terrifies her. And so the question of abortion comes up and the question of birth control comes up. And the boyfriend's mother tries to tell them like you should wait. You should really wait before having sex, but if you do have sex, you have to take responsibility for it. You should have condoms. You should be prepared. And I wonder if there was anybody in your life could give you that kind of talk.
ADICHIE: There wasn't. I wish there had been. I think part of the reason that that character, Obinze's mother in the novel, is actually I think my favorite character in the novel. And also I think she embodies all of the things I love and admire in women. And my mother was fairly - I mean I should say my mother was fairly - liberal in the sense that I had many friends who couldn't have boyfriends openly, so they had to sort of sneak around and they couldn't go to parties, so they would come to my house and change into their little dresses, or shorts, or tight clothes or something before going to a party because they couldn't dress that way from home.
And in my family, my mother was, my mother made it very clear that if I had a boyfriend she wanted to know who he was, he could come visit at home and that sort of thing - which was unusual, actually. Because something else about that generation is that there's an incredible sense of conservatism about sexuality - particularly about girl's sexuality. So people in my mother's generation don't much mind if their sons have girlfriends. That's fine. They don't, you know, they don't care. But the girls having boyfriends, no way. I mean there's just a - and, of course, you know, when it's time for marriage, you're supposed to bring the perfect man home and nobody wonders where the heck you're supposed to meet him.
But I wish that I had somebody like Obinze's mother, who would just be very blunt and open about sexuality - about acknowledging that young people are interested in such things and just, you know, and talking to people about birth control. And, but she's unusual and many Nigerian readers have actually talked to me about her. Some women have said ah, we wish Obinze's mother had been our mother.
GROSS: So did you experience culture shock, sexually, when coming to the United States?
ADICHIE: No, I don't think, you know, I sometimes it seems to me that America is often seem to be much more sexually liberal than it actually is. I think what I - I mean when I go to Holland, that's where I experience sexual - I mean...
ADICHIE: You know, when you when somebody will say oh, when I was 13 I was having sex and my parents knew. And I'm thinking what? Right. But I don't think that's necessarily the case in the U.S. So not really. In fact, what I quite liked, actually, when I came to the U.S. was the idea that a boy and a girl could be friends and nobody - and people didn't automatically assume that there was a lot more going on.
Which is the case in Nigeria. So you're friends with - just friends with a boy and it's very hard for people to understand the idea of a friendship between a male and female that has nothing to do with sex or sexuality. And I found in the U.S. that this was not the case. And I quite like that.
GROSS: I'd like you to explain the title of your book "Americaha." You might spell it for us first. And tell us if you feel like you are perceived as being an Americaha or if you see yourself that way.
ADICHIE: So "Americaha," which is America and then with two extra letters, A and H at the end. It's actually a Nigerian word so it's a kind of playful word that's used for people who have been to the U.S. and who come back to Nigeria with American affectations, or who go to the U.S. and come back and pretend that they no longer understand Igbo or Yoruba or Hausa.
Or who come back to Nigeria from the U.S. and, you know, who suddenly won't eat Nigerian food and everything is about when I was in America. And also often it's used for people who are genuinely Americanized. But it's a very playful way of - it's often used in the context of a kind of gentle mockery. And I don't think of myself as Americaha. I think partly because I was fortunate enough to go back to Nigeria after only four years in the U.S.
Unless some people who just can't get to go back. Like the character in the novel; she doesn't go back for 13 years. And when she goes back she's really changed and Nigeria has also changed. But I went back after four years and even then it had changed. But there are times when my friends tease me about such things as going to a restaurant in Lagos and ordering steamed vegetables.
GROSS: Is that so weird?
ADICHIE: Because they say to me - so sometimes when we're sort of - we're getting there at the restaurant, my friends, particularly my friend Choma who is this lovely woman who lives in Lagos. And she'll turn to me and say do not ask for steamed vegetables today. They don't do steamed vegetables. That is an American thing.
And, because, you know, vegetables are often drenched in oil or - so it's something. And I did have my phase of slightly American eating issues when I would, sort of, say I don't want any oil. Or I would say things like what kind of oil is that? Then my friends would say please just stop being so American. Oh, and I would complain about people smoking in public places and they would just shake their heads and say how American.
So little things of that sort. But I think that in general - but on the other hand, some of my cousins are very disappointed at my still remaining resolutely Nigerian. So when I go to my ancestral hometown I don't speak a word of English. I speak only Igbo. And my cousins are so disappointed, particularly that I don't have an American accent. They're very unhappy about that.
GROSS: OK. I want to thank you so much for talking with us. Thank you.
ADICHIE: Thank you.
GROSS: Chimamanda Adichie is the author of the new novel "Americaha." Her last name is spelled A-D-I-C-H-I-E. You can read an excerpt of "Americaha" on our website freshair.npr.org. Coming up, film critic David Edelstein reviews a new comedy from Pedro Almodovar and a new vampire film from Neil Jordan. This is FRESH AIR. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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I want you to watch this clip. Got it? Did your eyeballs drink that in? Good, because that's the most you will ever root for Notre Dame. You will root for Notre Dame when a Disney version of a true story (Rudy sells used cars now) stars the fat hobbit, the cast of Swingers ("he's so little!") and has a song track better than most fight songs.
Outside of that, the film only acts as a historical reference point for you to realize how much these Irish fans care about this football team. You Dad could think you are a failure until you go to Notre Dame. Your brother could hate you until you go to Notre Dame. Your girl leaves you for your other brother and playing for Notre Dame is all that matters. You keep getting rejected from fucking going to Notre Dame and you still want to help paint the helmets.
All of this and these people are fighting to drive hours out of Chicago, where it's awesome, to toil in South Bend, Indiana which except on game day is the most depressing place I have ever been. Yes, the grotto is pretty. Sure, there's a sense of nature. But if we are talking grottos, I'll take the one at the Playboy Mansion in Holmby Hills ever single time. If that's sacrilegious apologies, but let's keep it real "football fan", it's probably a bigger crime not to choose that grotto with the half naked girls and millionaire in a smoking jacket who just wants you to party.
It's gameday and I can say that it's the strangest I've ever experienced. ESPN is on campus, but our fans don't seem to be. ESPN is simply advertising that for the first time since you had a cassette player, Notre Dame is a win away from the title game. They are a win away from waking up their echoes.
Now, I have been calling Notre Dame a paper tiger all season. Time to find out.
I am not going to bullshit anyone today (unless I end up at a farmer's market and need to haggle for a WWII pistol). I don't think our season is defined by this game. I don't think Max Wittek needs to look like Matt Barkley for him to end up the next great Trojan quarterback. I don't even think it matters if Notre Dame wins because as much as I think the SEC is a myth, this Notre Dame team isn't going to be the one to prove it unless they teach Manti Teo to play all positions on both sides of the field.
This game matters because when you are in a rivalry, you either get fed or get fed on. How often do you get to be "spoiler" Arrogant Nation? It doesn't really matter what bowl we go to, I just hope we have a team that is cool to play as a litmus test. This game doesn't matter to something larger, to some sequence of 1s and 0s that determine if we "look good" in the computers. All we have to do is look good in our uniforms.
We can throw deep. We can run trick plays. We can be assholes all day and if we lose, okay, we went for it, we played like historical Trojans. If we win, we fuck over one of the most myopic, self-aggrandizing, but insecure fan bases in the history of fans and bases. The Notre Dame fan knows they've been irrelevant for so long and every time they get close, they Chicago Cub it.
Not historically, I respect ND's traditions, successes and so on. Shaking Coach Parseghian's hand at the Bush Push game was a sporting highlight for me. Notre Dame fans on game day (save that one who called her priest at halftime to ask God to fire Willingham before the 3rd quarter) are some of the most polite I've enjoyed playing. Their fathers teach their sons the joys of our rivalry, not the kind where you ban a marching band, but the kind where bold traditions take in each other and want to prove theirs is best.
Ours has been best for a long time, a reversal from the previous trend, which was preceded by many reversals before it. Notre Dame and USC is a magical rivalry and this year with the Bruins proved it.
UCLA beat us 13-9 and made t-shirts celebrating us not going to the national championship. We then went to the Rose Bowl.
Winning today would be more than just playing spoiler. This would be reminding Notre Dame that when we started the greatest inter-sectional rivalry in sport, they accepted that the road to an undefeated season would always go through Troy. And we committed our road would always have to go a really long way through cow pastures into a part of Indiana Google Earth doesn't even take satellite pictures of.
UCLA shutting us out of the title that year hurt, it hurt because they are our cross town rival and their culture is so at odds with ours. It feels awful to lose to a school who doesn't actually care about football at all and their traditions are stale, the kind that no one outside the Pac 12 knows.
Michigan knows Conquest as we know Hail to the Victors. Traveler and the Dotting of the I can stand in the same hallowed hall. Our song girls sweaters have sent heartbeats racing for decades just as there is not one college football fan who doesn't know the tune of Wake Up the Echoes or the image of Touchdown Jesus looking down on the field.
When tradition faces tradition for high stakes, it is a chance to write your name in a real history book. When we stop Notre Dame today, for this bearfighter at least, it will be with respect to their tradition and enjoyment that this defeat is dealt with our own tradition to burn into their memory. They can sing our fight song as well as we reluctantly can sing theirs.
Max Wittek, who I have liked for a long time, gets to have the most imposing first start since Matt Leinart, another Mater Dei legacy, walking into #1 ranked Auburn's Jordan-Hare Stadium and put them down 24-0. He was a big guy like Wittek and I admit, I am excited to see a 6'4″ QB again (I know Matt Leinart was 6'5″). I am excited to see a big arm air it out and to see that moxie that could make for a classic game.
It's our tradition against theirs. It's good for the game. It's good for us. It's an opportunity to have new heroes be made and old ones to write final chapters. There's nothing I'd rather be doing than taking this one in and that includes riding a supermodel as a surfboard at Jaws with everyone on earth cheering for me and making me bourbon-based drinks.
I have no prediction. I don't want one this week. I just want their band to play and our band to play. I want our teams to hit the field and go to war. And when the dust settles, I want to hear Conquest. I want to flip on ESPN and watch Lou Holtz apologize.
This season has been marked by too many expectations and confusion of what the purpose is. Today is a beautiful reminder that the point is simple. The point is to destroy our opponent and hopefully in a manner that is worthy of our greatest rivalry. We all know what they have to lose. I am excited about what we have to gain.


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So, my kids had fun at the library. Brooklyn played with the kitchen set and brought me the same egg, bread, and watermelon 4000 times.
"Mom, here's your lunch."
"Oh thank you!"
"No Mommy. You have to eat it!"
"Oh ok. Mmmm yummy. What juicy watermelon! Ooo that's some tasty bread! You're a good baker!"
Happy that I'd "eaten" my lunch, she trotted back to the kitchen to put the plates back in the microwave. A few seconds later, she retrieved the plates and walked back to my table.
"Mom, here's your lunch."
"Oh thank you, honey."
"No Mommy! You have to eat it!"
"Oh ok. Mmmm yummy! This bread is delicious. Yummy eggs and watermelon! Thank you."
Beaming that I liked her meal, she made her way back to the kitchen to put the plates back in the microwave. A few seconds later, she retrieved the plates and walked back to my table.
Are you seeing a pattern here? FOR AN HOUR AND A HALF this went on. I must have "eaten" 17,000 calories yesterday morning.
When we left the library, Brooklyn insisted she stay at the drinking fountain for
When we arrived at home, she cried and yelled even more when I tried to unbuckle her and take her out of the car. Although I was tempted to just leave her in the car for the rest of the afternoon, I took her out and put her in my room and closed the door. About 20 minutes later, she finally stopped.
Yesterday, she had a tantrum because she's stubborn and only wanted me to open the door for her when she came inside from playing in the water. I opened the door and told her to get her towel. She refused. I told her she could come inside when she calmed down and got her towel. She screamed harder so I walked away and let her cry. Austin took pity on her, picked her up, brought her inside and put her in the bathtub.
All was fine until I drained the tub and told her to get out. She threw another fit because she wanted to stay in the tub. She continued crying for another 15 minutes. When she finally settled down, I put a diaper and jammies on her. Then she threw the biggest fit of the day because I had the nerve, the sheer audacity, to put her pink pajamas on her. Apparently I failed to get the memo informing me that she would not, under any circumstances, wear her pink jammies. She pulled her jammies off and screamed and cried, tears streaming down her face, that she didn't want those jammies! I just walked away. About 15 minutes later, she cried herself to sleep.
None of my other kids were like this. Well, Austin was like this to a degree, but as far as I can remember, he never threw fits quite as often and long and intense. Savannah, Lex, and Jax never really went through a "terrible two" period. I mean, if I had told them "no", they didn't throw a fit. It was no big deal. With Clay, if he got a "no" from me, he didn't ever throw a fit either; he just looked at me as if to say, "Oh yeah? Well, I didn't want that anyway!" Then he'd just run off and get into some other kind of mischief.
I know this is a phase and if I can keep my sanity, she'll grow out of it eventually. But I'm pretty sure that if Brooklyn had been born first, she'd be an only child.
Oh and my foot? Well, the pain from the shot was gone yesterday. Now I'm just back to the level of pain I had before the shot. However, when I was picking the kids up from school yesterday, I got stung by a bee on the SAME FOOT! I was afraid my whole foot would blow up because the last time I got a bee sting on my thigh, my entire leg swelled up and turned red. The time before that, my arm had a pretty large area of swelling and redness too. This time thankfully, there was just a small red spot on my toe, however, about 10-15 minutes after I got stung, I started feeling dizzy. It got worse as the night went on. In fact, I'm still dizzy today. It stinks. I'd take some Benedryl, but I'm afraid I'd pass out and the kids would blow up the house. Come on bedtime!


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The Neosho Transportation Development District's Board of Directors have planned a public informational meeting for 6:30 p.m. Thursday at the Neosho Middle School.
The Neosho Transportation Development District's Board of Directors have planned a public informational meeting for 6:30 p.m. Thursday at the Neosho Middle School.
Attendees will be able to see the location and design of future road work near Highway 60, which includes the addition of outer roads and three traffic lights.
Aerial maps provided by the Missouri Department of Transportation will also be available for viewing to allow members of the public to see what the project entails.
Ray Stipp, TDD board chairman, said the event will also serve as a way to update the public about the TDD's projects.
"Recently we were able to get some maps from MoDOT that show the overhead view of the actual roads and we were so impressed with that we just wanted to share it with the public," Stipp said. "And, it's been awhile to update the public on the reason for the project to begin with and the advantages that we see that come from it."
Stipp said board members would be on hand to answer the public's questions about the TDD projects.
Work is currently under way on the first of the TDD projects, a traffic light at Kodiak Road and Highway 60, which also includes the widening of Kodiak Road as it approaches the highway on both sides.
The Kodiak Road and Highway 60 project is expected to cost $824,000, according to an earlier MoDOT release.
Contractor crews from APAC-Missouri are performing the work and the project is expected to be completed by June 30, though weather or construction delays could postpone the project.
While the initial TDD project has begun, Stipp said all other projects have been put on hold pending the Neosho City Council's decision on whether or not to appeal a November court ruling regarding the city's challenge of the TDD.
The Neosho City Council is set to meet at 9 a.m. Wednesday in open session at city hall council chambers, 203 E. Main St., to discuss whether or not to appeal Judge Kevin Selby's ruling.
The city filed a petition in Newton County Court in August 2012, challenging the validity of the TDD based on state statute.
However, on Nov. 30, Selby ruled against the city's petition, basing his ruling on the doctrine of laches, which meant the city had waited too long to bring their complaint forward.
On Jan. 17, Neosho City Attorney Steve Hays filed a notice of appeal, though Neosho Mayor Richard Davidson said that move was simply protecting the city's right to appeal if they decided to do so in the future.
Davidson said that decision has not yet been determined, and will be discussed publicly in Wednesday's meeting.
Stipp said when the remaining projects will move forward depends on what decision the Neosho City Council comes to.
"If they decide to not appeal and to terminate their appeal we would immediately get with MoDOT and see if they would begin again on the engineering and planning," Stipp said. "There is a delay from this."
The transportation development district was created in February 2011, and stretches from Waldo Hatler Drive to Industrial Drive, and from Kodiak Road to just east of Laramie Lane.
A half-cent sales tax has been collected at businesses within the district since Jan. 1, 2012.